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Cruel to Be Kind
Cruel to Be Kind - wikipedia Cruel to Be Kind Jump to : navigation , search `` Cruel to Be Kind '' Cover of the 1979 UK single Single by Nick Lowe from the album Labour of Lust B - side `` Endless Grey Ribbon '' Released 31 August 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 31 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Power pop Length 3 : 31 Label Radar Songwriter ( s ) Nick Lowe Ian Gomm Producer ( s ) Nick Lowe Nick Lowe singles chronology `` Cracking Up '' ( 1979 ) `` Cruel to Be Kind '' ( 1979 ) `` Switch Board Susan '' ( 1979 ) `` Cracking Up '' ( 1979 ) `` Cruel to be Kind '' ( 1979 ) `` Switch Board Susan '' ( 1979 ) `` Cruel to Be Kind '' is a 1979 single by Nick Lowe , co-written by Lowe and his former Brinsley Schwarz bandmate Ian Gomm , that peaked at No. 12 in both the UK and U.S. charts that summer . It also peaked at No. 12 in both Canada and New Zealand . In the U.S. , where it is one of Lowe 's most well - known works , it remains his only single to hit the top 40 , whereas in the UK `` I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass '' remains his biggest hit after reaching No. 7 a year earlier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release history 3 Music video 4 Cultural reference 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Covers 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) `` Cruel to Be Kind '' was originally written by Nick Lowe and Ian Gomm while in Brinsley Schwarz , having been recorded as a demo during this period . Lowe stated , `` I wrote that when I was with a band , Brinsley Schwarz , that I was with from the early ' 70s to about the mid - ' 70s ... We recorded it on a demo , it never came out , and when I signed to Columbia Records the A & R man there at the time suggested I record it again . And I did n't think it would do anything , but he kind of bullied me into it . '' Musically , the song was originally closer to a soul style . Lowe later said , `` I originally wrote that to sound a bit like Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes , it was more of a soul thing . '' Release history ( edit ) The song was originally written and recorded for the last Brinsley Schwarz album It 's All Over Now , which was never officially released . It next appeared as a non-album B - side on the single `` Little Hitler '' off Nick Lowe 's first solo album Jesus of Cool ( retitled Pure Pop for Now People in the U.S. ) . This is now known as the `` original '' version , as compiled on Lowe 's 1999 Box Set The Doings : The Solo Years , as well as a bootleg based on the unreleased `` It 's All Over Now '' , of the same title . ( Not to confused with the `` Jesus of Cool '' version ) . It was finally released on Nick Lowe 's first solo album Jesus of Cool ( 1978 ) but was then re-recorded with Rockpile and appeared on Lowe 's second ( 1979 ) album Labour of Lust , where it became a UK top 10 hit . It was released on the Radar Records label in the UK and Columbia Records in the United States . The single was backed with the non-album Lowe solo song `` Endless Grey Ribbon '' which Lowe had originally composed for fellow Rockpile member Dave Edmunds , as seen in the ITV documentary `` Born Fighters '' . Lowe included the Labour of Lust version of the song on the 1984 12 '' single of `` Half a Boy and Half a Man '' off his album Nick Lowe and his Cowboy Outfit , as well as the EP version of his single `` All Men are Liars '' from 1990 's Party of One . It also appears on the 2010 `` soundtrack '' album `` inspired '' by the 2006 motion picture The Ant Bully . Live versions of the song appear on Lowe 's 1998 EP `` You Inspire Me '' , off his Dig My Mood album , and on the 2004 live album Untouched Takeaway . The re-recorded , Labour of Lust , version of the song has been included in many compilations of Nick Lowe 's work , including 1985 's 16 All Time Lowes , 1990 's Basher : The Best of Nick Lowe , 1999 's The Doings : The Solo Years , 2002 's Anthology and 2009 's Quiet Please ... The New Best of Nick Lowe . It has also been included on many various artists compilations of hits of the 70s , such as Poptopia ! 70 's Power Pop Classics . Music video ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The video to the song was one of the first music videos aired on MTV , and is a combination of actual footage of Lowe 's wedding to Carlene Carter , as well as a humorous re-enactment of the wedding , featuring Carter as herself , Dave Edmunds as their limo driver , Terry Williams as the photographer , Billy Bremner as the baker , and Jake Riviera ( Nick 's manager at the time ) as the best man . The wedding took place on August 18 , 1979 , at the Tropicana Motel in West Hollywood . All family stayed there for the wedding and reception ( also featured in the video ) . Filming for the video took so long that Lowe was actually late to the wedding . Cultural reference ( edit ) The song was featured in the 1999 film 10 Things I Hate About You , where it was sung by alternative rock band Letters to Cleo in the prom scene . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australia 12 Canada RPM 12 New Zealand 12 UK 12 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Rank Canada 90 U.S. Cash Box 93 Covers ( edit ) The track has been covered by many artists , notably including co-writer Ian Gomm , first on his own 1997 album Crazy for You , then again in 2005 for the various artists tribute album Lowe Profile : A Tribute to Nick Lowe . Japanese - and Greek - language versions have been released by various artists , as well as both instrumental versions and dance remixes . A Wilco iTunes - only release in January 2012 features Lowe on vocals with the band backing ( they were touring together at the time ) . The original recording was played during the end credits for the documentary I.O.U.S.A. . Freedy Johnston often performs the song in concert , accompanied by solo ukulele . Year Singer / Group Album Comments 1982 Enjoh Santyuutei Koi No Howan Howan ( single ) Japanese version 1999 Pitwork Shine ( EP ) 1999 Letters to Cleo 10 Things I Hate About You included on the 2008 Letters to Cleo compilation album When Did We Do That ? Marshall Crenshaw and Christine Ohlman Labour of Love : The Music of Nick Lowe tribute album to Nick Lowe 2002 Poti Poti Poti Poti Children 's version 2002 Naím Thomas No Tenga Prisa also released as a single , with a dance remix version 2002 Robin Renée All Six Senses Kay Hanley Instant Live : The Paradise Boston MA 8 / 26 / 04 former lead singer of Letters to Cleo 2005 The Bleeding Hearts eMusic Live : The Bleeding Hearts at Cat 's Cradle 3 / 18 / 2005 2006 Jody Whitesides Cruel to be Kind ( single ) 2007 Lazlo Bane Guilty Pleasures 2007 Sammy G You Do n't Listen to Me Kurt Baker Got It Covered contains both vocal and instrumental versions Matt Durket Atomic Batteries to Power Stavros Michalakakos Vres to Nisi ( single ) Greek version ( `` Find the Island '' ) 2011 Lovers and Poets Cruel to be Kind ( single ) 2017 Lisa Mitchell When They Play That Song The Lowe / Gomm composition should not be confused with the song `` You 've Got to Be Cruel to Be Kind '' which was a UK hit for Unit 4 + 2 in December 1965 , nor for the song `` Cruel To Be Kind '' by Spacehog , released in 1996 . No doubt all of these songs owe their inspiration , directly or indirectly , to Shakespeare 's Hamlet ( Act III , scene 4 ) , in which Hamlet tells his mother , `` I must be cruel only to be kind . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mason , Stewart . Nick Lowe - Cruel to Be Kind at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Lowe , `` Cruel to be Kind '' Chart Positions `` . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Lowe , `` I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass '' Chart Position `` . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Daily Cut : Nick Lowe `` Cruel to Be Kind '' `` . 98.5 WNCX . CBS . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ ``. O.U.S.A. ( 2008 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Music video of the song on YouTube ( hide ) Nick Lowe His Cowboy Outfit : Martin Belmont Paul Carrack Bobby Irwin Studio albums Jesus of Cool Labour of Lust Nick the Knife The Abominable Showman Nick Lowe and His Cowboy Outfit The Rose of England Pinker and Prouder Than Previous Party of One The Impossible Bird Dig My Mood The Convincer At My Age The Old Magic EPs Bowi Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds Sing The Everly Brothers Live ! On the Battlefield Live albums Untouched Takeaway Singles `` So It Goes '' `` Keep It Out of Sight '' `` Halfway to Paradise '' `` I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass '' `` Little Hitler '' `` American Squirm '' `` Cracking Up '' `` Cruel to Be Kind '' `` Switch Board Susan '' `` Stick It Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Burning '' `` My Heart Hurts '' `` Ragin ' Eyes '' `` Cool Reaction '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Half a Boy & Half a Man '' `` L.A.F.S. '' `` I Knew the Bride ( When She Used to Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' `` Lovers Jamboree '' `` All Men Are Liars '' `` You Got the Look I Like '' `` True Love Travels on a Gravel Road '' `` I Live on a Battlefield '' `` You Inspire Me '' `` Lately I 've Let Things Slide '' `` She 's Got Soul '' Compilations 16 All - Time Lowes Nick 's Knack Basher : The Best of Nick Lowe The Wilderness Years Boxed The Doings Quiet Please ... The New Best of Nick Lowe The Brentford Trilogy Related articles Brinsley Schwarz Stiff Records Dave Edmunds Rockpile Little Village Carlene Carter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruel_to_Be_Kind&oldid=800735957 '' Categories : 1978 songs 1978 singles Songs written by Nick Lowe Nick Lowe songs Song recordings produced by Nick Lowe Stiff Records singles Radar Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang cruel to be kind in the right measure
[ "\"Cruel to Be Kind\" is a 1979 single by Nick Lowe, co-written by Lowe and his former Brinsley Schwarz bandmate Ian Gomm, that peaked at No. 12 in both the UK and U.S. charts that summer.[2] It also peaked at No.12 in both Canada and New Zealand. In the U.S., where it is one of Lowe's most well-known works, it remains his only single to hit the top 40, whereas in the UK \"I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass\" remains his biggest hit after reaching No. 7 a year earlier.[3]" ]
[ "Nick Lowe" ]
7031502876217560606
List of National Basketball Association single-game steals leaders
List of National Basketball Association single - game steals leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game steals leaders This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have recorded nine or more steals in a game . 51 different players have recorded nine or more steals in a game . It has occurred 72 times in total in NBA history . Allen Iverson is the only player to record nine or more steals in a playoff game . The NBA did not record steals until the 1973 -- 74 season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game Steals Player Team Score Opponent Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Triple - double Led the league in steals Notes Ref . 11 Larry Kenon San Antonio Spurs 110 -- 105 Kansas City Kings December 26 , 1976 44 29 15 Yes No 11 Kendall Gill New Jersey Nets 88 -- 77 Miami Heat April 3 , 1999 40 15 10 Yes Yes 10 Jerry West * Los Angeles Lakers 111 -- 115 Seattle SuperSonics December 7 , 1973 37 27 5 5 No No 10 Larry Steele Portland Trail Blazers 112 -- 99 Los Angeles Lakers November 16 , 1974 44 12 11 9 Yes No 10 Fred Brown Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 112 Philadelphia 76ers December 3 , 1976 40 29 7 No No 10 Gus Williams Seattle SuperSonics 94 -- 83 New Jersey Nets February 22 , 1978 42 31 No No 10 Eddie Jordan New Jersey Nets 98 -- 110 Philadelphia 76ers March 23 , 1979 39 13 No No 10 Johnny Moore San Antonio Spurs 108 -- 102 Indiana Pacers March 6 , 1985 35 16 7 8 No No 10 Lafayette `` Fat '' Lever Denver Nuggets 126 -- 116 Indiana Pacers March 9 , 1985 31 13 15 Yes No 10 Clyde Drexler * Portland Trail Blazers 89 -- 95 Milwaukee Bucks January 10 , 1986 42 26 9 11 Yes No 10 Alvin Robertson San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns February 18 , 1986 36 20 11 10 Yes Yes 10 Alvin Robertson ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs 109 -- 102 Los Angeles Clippers November 22 , 1986 39 30 5 6 No Yes 10 Ron Harper Cleveland Cavaliers 91 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers March 10 , 1987 44 28 5 7 No No 10 Michael Jordan * Chicago Bulls 120 -- 93 New Jersey Nets January 29 , 1988 27 32 No Yes 10 Alvin Robertson ( 3 ) San Antonio Spurs 117 -- 122 Houston Rockets January 11 , 1989 44 20 5 7 No No 10 Alvin Robertson ( 4 ) Milwaukee Bucks 114 -- 104 Utah Jazz November 19 , 1990 39 16 9 No Yes 10 Kevin Johnson Phoenix Suns 114 -- 95 Washington Bullets December 9 , 1993 38 17 13 Yes No 10 Clyde Drexler * ( 2 ) Houston Rockets 96 -- 85 Sacramento Kings November 1 , 1996 42 25 10 9 Yes No 10 Daron `` Mookie '' Blaylock Atlanta Hawks 95 -- 94 Philadelphia 76ers April 14 , 1998 44 14 8 11 Yes Yes 10 Allen Iverson * Philadelphia 76ers 97 -- 85 Orlando Magic May 13 , 1999 43 33 5 5 No -- 10 Michael Finley Dallas Mavericks 98 -- 114 Philadelphia 76ers January 23 , 2001 45 27 6 7 No No 10 Brandon Roy Portland Trail Blazers 100 -- 87 Washington Wizards January 24 , 2009 39 : 04 22 5 7 No No 10 Draymond Green ^ Golden State Warriors 122 - 107 Memphis Grizzlies February 10 , 2017 38 12 10 Yes Yes 10 Lou Williams ^ Los Angeles Clippers 113 -- 125 Utah Jazz January 20 , 2018 40 31 7 No No 9 Calvin Murphy * Houston Rockets 106 -- 114 Boston Celtics December 14 , 1973 43 21 10 No No 9 Larry Steele ( 2 ) Portland Trail Blazers 107 -- 102 Los Angeles Lakers March 5 , 1974 40 15 5 10 No Yes 9 Rick Barry * Golden State Warriors 130 -- 101 Buffalo Braves October 29 , 1974 43 30 10 11 Yes Yes 9 Don `` Slick '' Watts Seattle SuperSonics 100 -- 114 Philadelphia 76ers February 23 , 1975 43 13 6 14 No No 9 Larry Steele ( 3 ) Portland Trail Blazers 120 -- 98 Phoenix Suns March 7 , 1975 39 12 5 5 No No 9 Larry Steele ( 4 ) Portland Trail Blazers 114 -- 103 Detroit Pistons March 14 , 1976 40 22 7 8 No No 9 Quinn Buckner Milwaukee Bucks 109 -- 116 Indiana Pacers January 2 , 1977 33 16 7 7 No No 9 Don `` Slick '' Watts ( 2 ) Seattle SuperSonics 100 -- 121 Phoenix Suns March 27 , 1977 36 14 8 No No 9 Earl Tatum Detroit Pistons 105 -- 103 Los Angeles Lakers November 28 , 1978 33 19 No No 9 Gus Williams ( 2 ) Seattle SuperSonics 103 -- 100 Washington Bullets January 23 , 1979 37 24 7 6 No No 9 Ron Lee Detroit Pistons 99 -- 102 Houston Rockets March 16 , 1980 42 20 5 6 No No 9 Dudley Bradley Indiana Pacers 106 -- 108 Utah Jazz November 10 , 1980 39 14 6 No No 9 Dudley Bradley ( 2 ) Indiana Pacers 117 -- 101 Cleveland Cavaliers November 29 , 1980 28 11 0 No No 9 Micheal Ray Richardson New York Knicks 114 -- 117 Chicago Bulls December 23 , 1980 44 19 6 6 No No 9 Johnny High Phoenix Suns 98 -- 108 Washington Bullets January 28 , 1981 26 11 No No 9 Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * Los Angeles Lakers 99 -- 101 Phoenix Suns November 6 , 1981 40 11 7 16 No Yes 9 Jack Sikma Seattle SuperSonics 110 -- 103 Kansas City Kings January 27 , 1982 40 20 9 No No 9 Rickey Green Utah Jazz 125 -- 119 Denver Nuggets November 10 , 1982 45 24 5 11 No No 9 Rickey Green ( 2 ) Utah Jazz 113 -- 126 Philadelphia 76ers November 27 , 1982 44 26 7 12 No No 9 Micheal Ray Richardson ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors 106 -- 102 San Antonio Spurs February 5 , 1983 42 10 5 11 No Yes 9 Darwin Cook New Jersey Nets 122 -- 128 Portland Trail Blazers December 3 , 1983 44 17 6 No No 9 Gus Williams ( 3 ) Washington Bullets 119 -- 104 Atlanta Hawks October 30 , 1984 39 23 5 9 No No 9 Johnny Moore ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs 139 -- 94 Golden State Warriors January 8 , 1985 36 26 11 13 Yes No 9 Larry Bird * Boston Celtics 110 -- 94 Utah Jazz February 18 , 1985 33 30 12 10 Yes No 9 Micheal Ray Richardson ( 3 ) New Jersey Nets 147 -- 138 Indiana Pacers October 30 , 1985 54 38 11 11 Yes No 9 Maurice Cheeks * Philadelphia 76ers 108 -- 102 Los Angeles Clippers January 5 , 1987 42 22 10 No No 9 T.R. Dunn Denver Nuggets 98 -- 93 New Jersey Nets January 6 , 1988 32 5 No No 9 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) Chicago Bulls 110 -- 104 Boston Celtics November 9 , 1988 42 52 No No 9 Hersey Hawkins Philadelphia 76ers 116 -- 94 Boston Celtics January 25 , 1991 41 38 8 6 No No 9 John Stockton * Utah Jazz 113 -- 92 Houston Rockets February 12 , 1991 35 19 11 No No 9 Michael Adams Washington Bullets 109 -- 103 Indiana Pacers November 1 , 1991 42 23 13 No No 9 Glenn `` Doc '' Rivers Los Angeles Clippers 111 -- 87 Phoenix Suns November 6 , 1991 18 5 5 No No 9 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) Chicago Bulls 118 -- 105 New Jersey Nets April 2 , 1993 38 40 7 7 No Yes 9 Lafayette `` Fat '' Lever ( 2 ) Dallas Mavericks 87 -- 77 Washington Bullets February 10 , 1994 34 7 No No 9 Scottie Pippen * Chicago Bulls 116 -- 95 Atlanta Hawks March 8 , 1994 42 39 6 10 No No 9 Eric Murdock Milwaukee Bucks 96 -- 104 Washington Bullets April 2 , 1994 37 18 5 7 No No 9 Daron `` Mookie '' Blaylock ( 2 ) Atlanta Hawks 98 -- 127 Houston Rockets February 17 , 1997 34 18 0 5 No Yes 9 Doug Christie Toronto Raptors 124 -- 122 Denver Nuggets February 25 , 1997 46 27 5 No No 9 Eddie Jones Charlotte Hornets 98 -- 89 Indiana Pacers November 4 , 1999 36 22 No Yes 9 Paul Pierce Boston Celtics 96 -- 84 Miami Heat December 3 , 1999 38 26 5 No No 9 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) Philadelphia 76ers 89 -- 85 Orlando Magic March 19 , 2000 42 18 10 No No 9 Andre Miller Cleveland Cavaliers 91 -- 94 Philadelphia 76ers December 15 , 2001 44 14 22 No No 9 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers 107 -- 104 Los Angeles Lakers December 20 , 2002 48 32 5 No Yes 9 Dirk Nowitzki ^ Dallas Mavericks 98 -- 101 Houston Rockets March 7 , 2004 45 18 No No 9 Rafer Alston Houston Rockets 104 -- 83 Charlotte Bobcats February 10 , 2007 41 : 13 14 8 No No 9 Chris Paul ^ New Orleans Hornets 104 -- 93 Dallas Mavericks February 20 , 2008 40 : 38 31 5 11 No Yes 9 Mario Chalmers ^ Miami Heat 106 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers November 5 , 2008 30 : 32 6 6 No No 9 John Wall ^ Washington Wizards 116 -- 115 Philadelphia 76ers November 2 , 2010 44 : 48 29 13 No No 9 Michael Carter - Williams ^ Philadelphia 76ers 114 -- 110 Miami Heat October 30 , 2013 36 : 10 22 7 12 No No See also ( edit ) NBA regular season records List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 11 or more steals in a game Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kendall Gill had quarterly steals of 0 , 5 , 3 and 3 . He had no steals in the first quarter . Jump up ^ Jerry West had 6 steals in the first half and 4 steals in the second half . Jump up ^ Larry Steele barely missed a quadruple - double , by one assist . Jump up ^ Fred Brown had 8 steals in a half , tying the NBA record . Jump up ^ This was the second game of a double header , which was only the second double header in NBA history . Jump up ^ Fat Lever had 8 steals in the third quarter , setting the NBA record . He had 8 steals in the second half , tying the NBA record . Jump up ^ Clyde Drexler barely missed a quadruple - double , by one rebound . Jump up ^ Alvin Robertson achieved the second quadruple - double in NBA history . It is the only NBA quadruple - double with steals as one of the four statistics in double figures . Jump up ^ Ron Harper established the rookie single - game record . He had five steals in each half . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan had 6 steals within the third quarter . He left the game early due to the Bulls ' comfortable lead . Jump up ^ The game went to overtime . Jump up ^ Clyde Drexler had 8 steals in the second half , tying the NBA record . It was the first game of the season , marking the most steals in a season opener . For a second time in his career , Drexler barely missed a quadruple - double , this time by one assist . Jump up ^ Allen Iverson had quarterly steals of 3 , 3 , 3 and 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Finley had 8 steals in the first half , tying the NBA record . He had 5 steals in the first quarter . Jump up ^ First player in NBA history to record 10 steals and 5 blocks in one game . Jump up ^ First player in NBA history to record 30 points , 10 steals , and 7 assists in a game since steals became a recorded stat . Jump up ^ Rick Barry barely missed a quadruple - double , by one steal . Jump up ^ Slick Watts fouled out of the game . Jump up ^ Quinn Buckner was a rookie . The Bucks combined for 21 steals . Jump up ^ Gus Williams had 8 steals in the second half , tying the NBA record . Jump up ^ Ron Lee shot 6 -- 12 from three - point range , tying the NBA record for three - point attempts at the time . Jump up ^ Dudley Bradley had eight steals in the second half , tying the NBA record . He had six steals in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ Dudley Bradley had five steals in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ Magic Johnson had five steals in a half and four steals in the other half . Jump up ^ The game went to overtime . Darwin Cook fouled out . Jump up ^ Johnny Moore barely missed a quadruple - double , by one steal . Jump up ^ Larry Bird did not play in the fourth quarter due to the Celtics ' 22 point lead , as well as his own volition . He barely missed a quadruple - double , by one steal . Jump up ^ Micheal Ray Richardson registered a triple - double , and nearly reached a quadruple - double . The game went to triple overtime . Jump up ^ Maurice Cheeks had seven steals in a half . Jump up ^ T.R. Dunn did not start the game . Teammate Fat Lever had eight steals in the same game . It is the only time in NBA history that two teammates have both collected eight or more steals in the same game . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan had 8 steals in the first half , tying the NBA record . Jump up ^ Doc Rivers had seven steals in a half . Jump up ^ The game went to overtime . Jump up ^ Paul Pierce had six steals in the first quarter and seven steals in the first half . Jump up ^ Allen Iverson had seven steals in the second half . Jump up ^ Andre Miller had six steals in the second half . Jump up ^ The game went to overtime . Jump up ^ Rafer Alston had eight steals in the second half , tying the NBA record . Jump up ^ Chris Paul had seven steals in the first half . Jump up ^ Mario Chalmers was a rookie . Jump up ^ John Wall was a rookie . He had seven steals in the second half . The game went to overtime . Jump up ^ The game was Michael Carter - Williams ' NBA debut , marking the most steals in an NBA debut . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Carter - Williams , 76ers hold on , stun Dwyane Wade-less Heat '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Sporting News , The ( 2005 ) . 2005 -- 06 Official NBA Guide . National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_steals_leaders&oldid=833482592 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
most steals in nba game by one player
[ "\n\n\nSteals\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nScore\n\nOpponent\n\nDate\n\nMinutes played\n\nPoints\n\nRebounds\n\nAssists\n\nTriple-double\n\nLed the league in steals\n\nNotes\n\nRef.\n\n\n11\n\nLarry Kenon\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n110–105\n\nKansas City Kings\n\nDecember 26, 1976\n\n44\n\n29\n\n15\n\n4\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\nKendall Gill\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\n88–77\n\nMiami Heat\n\nApril 3, 1999\n\n40\n\n15\n\n10\n\n3\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\n[a]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nJerry West*\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n111–115\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\nDecember 7, 1973\n\n37\n\n27\n\n5\n\n5\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[b]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nLarry Steele\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n112–99\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNovember 16, 1974\n\n44\n\n12\n\n11\n\n9\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[c]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nFred Brown\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n121–112\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nDecember 3, 1976\n\n40\n\n29\n\n3\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[d]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nGus Williams\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n94–83\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\nFebruary 22, 1978\n\n42\n\n31\n\n4\n\n4\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nEddie Jordan\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\n98–110\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nMarch 23, 1979\n\n39\n\n13\n\n1\n\n1\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[e]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nJohnny Moore\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n108–102\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\nMarch 6, 1985\n\n35\n\n16\n\n7\n\n8\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nLafayette \"Fat\" Lever\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\n126–116\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\nMarch 9, 1985\n\n31\n\n13\n\n4\n\n15\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[f]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nClyde Drexler*\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n89–95\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\nJanuary 10, 1986\n\n42\n\n26\n\n9\n\n11\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[g]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nAlvin Robertson\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n120–114\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nFebruary 18, 1986\n\n36\n\n20\n\n11\n\n10\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\n[h]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nAlvin Robertson (2)\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n109–102\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\nNovember 22, 1986\n\n39\n\n30\n\n5\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nRon Harper\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n91–100\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nMarch 10, 1987\n\n44\n\n28\n\n5\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[i]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n120–93\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\nJanuary 29, 1988\n\n27\n\n32\n\n1\n\n4\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n[j]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nAlvin Robertson (3)\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n117–122\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nJanuary 11, 1989\n\n44\n\n20\n\n5\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[k]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nAlvin Robertson (4)\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n114–104\n\nUtah Jazz\n\nNovember 19, 1990\n\n39\n\n16\n\n3\n\n9\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nKevin Johnson\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\n114–95\n\nWashington Bullets\n\nDecember 9, 1993\n\n38\n\n17\n\n3\n\n13\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nClyde Drexler* (2)\n\nHouston Rockets\n\n96–85\n\nSacramento Kings\n\nNovember 1, 1996\n\n42\n\n25\n\n10\n\n9\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[l]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nDaron \"Mookie\" Blaylock\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n95–94\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nApril 14, 1998\n\n44\n\n14\n\n8\n\n11\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nAllen Iverson*\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n97–85\n\nOrlando Magic\n\nMay 13, 1999\n\n43\n\n33\n\n5\n\n5\n\nNo\n\n–\n\n[m]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nMichael Finley\n\nDallas Mavericks\n\n98–114\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nJanuary 23, 2001\n\n45\n\n27\n\n6\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[n]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nBrandon Roy\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n100–87\n\nWashington Wizards\n\nJanuary 24, 2009\n\n39:04\n\n22\n\n5\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nDraymond Green^\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\n122-107\n\nMemphis Grizzlies\n\nFebruary 10, 2017\n\n38\n\n4\n\n12\n\n10\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\n[o]\n\n\n\n\n10\n\nLou Williams^\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n113–125\n\nUtah Jazz\n\nJanuary 20, 2018\n\n40\n\n31\n\n2\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[p]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nCalvin Murphy*\n\nHouston Rockets\n\n106–114\n\nBoston Celtics\n\nDecember 14, 1973\n\n43\n\n21\n\n2\n\n10\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nLarry Steele (2)\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n107–102\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nMarch 5, 1974\n\n40\n\n15\n\n5\n\n10\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nRick Barry*\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\n130–101\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\nOctober 29, 1974\n\n43\n\n30\n\n10\n\n11\n\nYes\n\nYes\n\n[q]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDon \"Slick\" Watts\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n100–114\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nFebruary 23, 1975\n\n43\n\n13\n\n6\n\n14\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[r]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nLarry Steele (3)\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n120–98\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nMarch 7, 1975\n\n39\n\n12\n\n5\n\n5\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nLarry Steele (4)\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n114–103\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\nMarch 14, 1976\n\n40\n\n22\n\n7\n\n8\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nQuinn Buckner\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n109–116\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\nJanuary 2, 1977\n\n33\n\n16\n\n7\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[s]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDon \"Slick\" Watts (2)\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n100–121\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nMarch 27, 1977\n\n36\n\n14\n\n3\n\n8\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nEarl Tatum\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n105–103\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNovember 28, 1978\n\n33\n\n19\n\n2\n\n2\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nGus Williams (2)\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n103–100\n\nWashington Bullets\n\nJanuary 23, 1979\n\n37\n\n24\n\n7\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[t]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nRon Lee\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n99–102\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nMarch 16, 1980\n\n42\n\n20\n\n5\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[u]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDudley Bradley\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\n106–108\n\nUtah Jazz\n\nNovember 10, 1980\n\n39\n\n14\n\n2\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[v]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDudley Bradley (2)\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\n117–101\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\nNovember 29, 1980\n\n28\n\n11\n\n0\n\n2\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[w]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMicheal Ray Richardson\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n114–117\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nDecember 23, 1980\n\n44\n\n19\n\n6\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nJohnny High\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\n98–108\n\nWashington Bullets\n\nJanuary 28, 1981\n\n26\n\n11\n\n4\n\n2\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nEarvin \"Magic\" Johnson*\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n99–101\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nNovember 6, 1981\n\n40\n\n11\n\n7\n\n16\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n[x]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nJack Sikma\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n110–103\n\nKansas City Kings\n\nJanuary 27, 1982\n\n40\n\n20\n\n9\n\n3\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nRickey Green\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n125–119\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\nNovember 10, 1982\n\n45\n\n24\n\n5\n\n11\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nRickey Green (2)\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n113–126\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nNovember 27, 1982\n\n44\n\n26\n\n7\n\n12\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMicheal Ray Richardson (2)\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\n106–102\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\nFebruary 5, 1983\n\n42\n\n10\n\n5\n\n11\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDarwin Cook\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\n122–128\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\nDecember 3, 1983\n\n44\n\n17\n\n2\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[y]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nGus Williams (3)\n\nWashington Bullets\n\n119–104\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\nOctober 30, 1984\n\n39\n\n23\n\n5\n\n9\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nJohnny Moore (2)\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n139–94\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\nJanuary 8, 1985\n\n36\n\n26\n\n11\n\n13\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[z]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nLarry Bird*\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n110–94\n\nUtah Jazz\n\nFebruary 18, 1985\n\n33\n\n30\n\n12\n\n10\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[aa]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMicheal Ray Richardson (3)\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\n147–138\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\nOctober 30, 1985\n\n54\n\n38\n\n11\n\n11\n\nYes\n\nNo\n\n[ab]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMaurice Cheeks*\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n108–102\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\nJanuary 5, 1987\n\n42\n\n22\n\n3\n\n10\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ac]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nT. R. Dunn\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\n98–93\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\nJanuary 6, 1988\n\n32\n\n2\n\n5\n\n3\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ad]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMichael Jordan* (2)\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n110–104\n\nBoston Celtics\n\nNovember 9, 1988\n\n42\n\n52\n\n3\n\n2\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ae]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nHersey Hawkins\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n116–94\n\nBoston Celtics\n\nJanuary 25, 1991\n\n41\n\n38\n\n8\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n113–92\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nFebruary 12, 1991\n\n35\n\n19\n\n3\n\n11\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMichael Adams\n\nWashington Bullets\n\n109–103\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\nNovember 1, 1991\n\n42\n\n23\n\n4\n\n13\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nGlenn \"Doc\" Rivers\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n111–87\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nNovember 6, 1991\n\n18\n\n5\n\n1\n\n5\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[af]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMichael Jordan* (3)\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n118–105\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\nApril 2, 1993\n\n38\n\n40\n\n7\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nLafayette \"Fat\" Lever (2)\n\nDallas Mavericks\n\n87–77\n\nWashington Bullets\n\nFebruary 10, 1994\n\n34\n\n4\n\n7\n\n3\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nScottie Pippen*\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n116–95\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\nMarch 8, 1994\n\n42\n\n39\n\n6\n\n10\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nEric Murdock\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n96–104\n\nWashington Bullets\n\nApril 2, 1994\n\n37\n\n18\n\n5\n\n7\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDaron \"Mookie\" Blaylock (2)\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n98–127\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nFebruary 17, 1997\n\n34\n\n18\n\n0\n\n5\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDoug Christie\n\nToronto Raptors\n\n124–122\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\nFebruary 25, 1997\n\n46\n\n27\n\n5\n\n3\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ag]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nEddie Jones\n\nCharlotte Hornets\n\n98–89\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\nNovember 4, 1999\n\n36\n\n22\n\n3\n\n3\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nPaul Pierce\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n96–84\n\nMiami Heat\n\nDecember 3, 1999\n\n38\n\n26\n\n5\n\n4\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ah]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nAllen Iverson* (2)\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n89–85\n\nOrlando Magic\n\nMarch 19, 2000\n\n42\n\n18\n\n3\n\n10\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ai]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nAndre Miller\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n91–94\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nDecember 15, 2001\n\n44\n\n14\n\n4\n\n22\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[aj]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nAllen Iverson* (3)\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n107–104\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nDecember 20, 2002\n\n48\n\n32\n\n2\n\n5\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n[ak]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nDallas Mavericks\n\n98–101\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nMarch 7, 2004\n\n45\n\n18\n\n1\n\n1\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nRafer Alston\n\nHouston Rockets\n\n104–83\n\nCharlotte Bobcats\n\nFebruary 10, 2007\n\n41:13\n\n14\n\n1\n\n8\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[al]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nChris Paul^\n\nNew Orleans Hornets\n\n104–93\n\nDallas Mavericks\n\nFebruary 20, 2008\n\n40:38\n\n31\n\n5\n\n11\n\nNo\n\nYes\n\n[am]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMario Chalmers^\n\nMiami Heat\n\n106–83\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nNovember 5, 2008\n\n30:32\n\n6\n\n4\n\n6\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[an]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nJohn Wall^\n\nWashington Wizards\n\n116–115\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nNovember 2, 2010\n\n44:48\n\n29\n\n2\n\n13\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ao]\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nMichael Carter-Williams^\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n114–110\n\nMiami Heat\n\nOctober 30, 2013\n\n36:10\n\n22\n\n7\n\n12\n\nNo\n\nNo\n\n[ap]\n\n[1]\n" ]
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Treaty (song)
Treaty ( song ) - Wikipedia Treaty ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Treaty '' Single by Yothu Yindi from the album Tribal Voice A-side `` Treaty '' B - side `` Yolngu Boy '' Released June 1991 Format 7 '' Single Recorded 1991 Genre Pop , new wave , indigenous Length 3 : 35 Label Mushroom Razor Songwriter ( s ) Paul Kelly , Mandawuy Yunupingu , Stuart Kellaway , Cal Williams , Gurrumul Yunupingu , Milkayngu Mununggurr , Banula Marika , Peter Garrett Producer ( s ) Mark Moffatt Yothu Yindi singles chronology `` Mainstream '' ( 1989 ) `` Treaty '' ( 1991 ) `` Djäpana ( Sunset Dreaming ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Mainstream '' ( 1989 ) `` Treaty '' ( 1991 ) `` Djäpana ( Sunset Dreaming ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Treaty '' is a song by Australian indigenous music band Yothu Yindi , which is made up of Aboriginal and balanda ( non-Aboriginal ) members . Released in June 1991 , `` Treaty '' peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart in September . `` Treaty '' was the first song by a predominately - Aboriginal band to chart in Australia and was the first song in any Aboriginal Australian language ( Yolngu - Matha ) to gain extensive international recognition , peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play singles charts . In May 2001 `` Treaty '' was selected by Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time . In 2009 ' Treaty ' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Musical style 3 Videos 4 Track listing 4.1 Yothu Yindi original version 4.2 Yothu Yindi ( Filthy Lucre remix version ) 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) In 1988 , as part of Bicentennial celebrations , Prime Minister of Australia , Bob Hawke , visited the Northern Territory for the Barunga festival where he was presented with a statement of Aboriginal political objectives by Galarrwuy Yunupingu and Wenten Rubuntja . Hawke responded to the Barunga Statement with a promise that a treaty would be concluded with Indigenous Australians by 1990 . In 1991 , Yothu Yindi were Hughie Benjamin on drums , Sophie Garrkali and Julie Gungunbuy as dancers , Stuart Kellaway on bass guitar , Witiyana Marika on manikay ( traditional vocals ) , bilma ( ironwood clapsticks ) and dance , Milkayngu Mununggurr on yidaki ( didgeridoo ) , Gurrumul Yunupingu on keyboards , guitar and percussion , Makuma Yunupingu on yidaki , vocals , bilma , Mandawuy Yunupingu on vocals and guitar , Mangatjay Yunupingu as a dancer . Mandawuy Yunupingu , with his older brother Galarrwuy , wanted a song to highlight the lack of progress on the treaty between Aboriginal peoples and the federal government . Mandawuy Yunupingu recalls : Bob Hawke visited the Territory . He went to this gathering in Barunga . And this is where he made a statement that there shall be a treaty between black and white Australia . Sitting around the camp fire , trying to work out a chord to the guitar , and around that camp fire , I said , `` Well , I heard it on the radio . And I saw it on the television . '' That should be a catchphrase . And that 's where ' Treaty ' was born . -- Mandawuy Yunupingu , 8 July 2004 `` Treaty '' was written by Australian musician Paul Kelly and Yothu Yindi members Mandawuy Yunupingu , Kellaway , Williams , Gurrumul Yunupingu , Mununggurr and Marika and Peter Garrett . The initial release received limited radio and television exposure ( mainly on ABC radio and SBS television ) and failed to chart . Melbourne - based DJ Gavin Campbell ( Razor Records ) having heard Treaty , approached Mushroom Records to create a dance - orientated remix . The Filthy Lucre ( Paul Main , Gavin Campbell and Robert Goodge ) ) remix was produced without the band 's involvement but with the understanding that the ' Yolngu ' side of the music was preserved . The remix not only modified the musical backing but dispensed with the majority of the English language lyrics , with the song sung almost entirely in the Aboriginal language , Gumatj . The Filthy Lucre remix , was released in June , entering the charts in July and peaking at No. 11 on the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) singles charts by September , spending a total of 22 weeks in the national charts . Success for the single was transferred to the related album Tribal Voice which peaked at No. 4 on the ARIA Albums Chart . The album produced by Mark Moffatt for Mushroom Records was released in September 1991 . Mandawuy Yunupingu took leave of absence from his duties as principal to tour and promote the single and album . Other singles from the album were a re-released `` Djäpana ( Sunset Dreaming ) '' which peaked at # 13 in 1992 and `` Tribal Voice '' which did n't reach the Top 50 . At the 1992 ARIA Awards Yothu Yindi won awards for ' Engineer of the Year ' for `` Maralitja '' ( maralitja is Yolngu matha for crocodile man - one of Mandawuy Yunupingu 's tribal names ) , `` Dharpa '' ( dharpa is tree ) , `` Treaty '' , `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre remix ) '' and `` Tribal Voice '' by David Price , Ted Howard , Greg Henderson and Simon Polinski ; ' Song of the Year ' for `` Treaty '' ; and ' Single of the Year ' for `` Treaty '' . Both `` Treaty '' in 1992 and `` Djäpana ( Sunset Dreaming ) '' in 1993 charted on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play singles charts , with `` Treaty '' peaking at # 6 . In May 2001 `` Treaty '' was selected by Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time . Musical style ( edit ) Musically the song is a mixture of Yolgnu and Balanda ways . The timbres of the song include the Balanda rock ensemble of electric guitars , keyboard and drumkit , and on occasion Balanda voices . The Yolgnu sounds include the lead singer 's vocal quality , and the traditional instruments , bilma ( ironwood clapsticks ) and yidaki ( didgeridoo ) . The song 's text is partly in English and partly in Yolgnu Matha , and the form of the song , while conforming to the Balanda rock structure of verses and choruses with an ' instrumental ' break , and the process of intensity through repetition of short motives , is nevertherless that of a djatpangarri , a form of Yolgnu popular music . Videos ( edit ) There were two video clips for `` Treaty '' . The first features footage of the 1988 Barunga Festival where the Barunga Statement is shown in its final stages of preparation , and Prime Minister Hawke is shown participating didjeridu - playing and spear - throwing competitions . As the Barunga Statement is presented to the Prime Minister , he is accompanied by the Minister for Indigenous Affairs , Gerry Hand . Also included in this first clip are images of the band in concert , and footage from the Gove Peninsula of industrial bauxite mining , ceremonial dancing led by Witiyana in the bush and children dancing on the beach . According to the director , Stephen Johnson , it was never his intention to make a consciously ' political ' video . A second clip for `` Treaty '' was made to accompany the Filthy Lucre remix . It was also directed by Stephen Johnson and dispenses with the overtly political shots of the previous video . The video features images of the band in concert as well as footage from the Gove Peninsula of ceremonial dancing led by Witiyana in the bush , Witiyana and Milkayngu dancing with their instruments on the beach , Mandawuy Yunupingu singing over a blazing fire and children dancing on the beach with portable stereo given to them by Mandawuy Yunupingu . We wanted to portray Yolngu people having a good time ... we had the political stuff in the first clip ... it is political enough in the sense that it is showing a positive , healthy and strong side of Aboriginal culture - that 's the best message of all ... I wanted people to dance , pick up on the movements and Yolgnu style of dancing . -- Stephen Johnson Track listing ( edit ) Yothu Yindi original version ( edit ) `` Treaty '' ( Paul Kelly , Mandawuy Yunupingu , Stuart Kellaway , Cal Williams , Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu , Milkayngu Mununggurr and Witiyana Marika ) -- 3 : 35 `` Yolngu Boy '' ( Mandawuy Yunupingu ) -- 4 : 14 Yothu Yindi ( Filthy Lucre remix version ) ( edit ) `` Treaty '' ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) -- 6 : 52 `` Treaty '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 50 `` Treaty '' ( Dub ) -- 7 : 30 Personnel ( edit ) Production details Engineer -- David Price , Ted Howard , Greg Henderson , Simon Polinski Producer -- Mark Moffatt Remixers -- Robert Goodge , Gavin Campbell , Paul Main ( Filthy Lucre version ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 72 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 6 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McFarlane , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Encyclopedia entry for ' Yothu Yindi ' '' . Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 768 - 2 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Holmgren , Magnus ; Warnqvist , Stefan . `` Yothu Yindi '' . Australian Rock Database . Passagen.se ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nimmervoll , Ed . `` Yothu Yindi '' . HowlSpace -- The Living History of Our Music ( Ed Nimmervoll ) . Archived from the original on 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yothu Yindi discography '' . Australian Charts Portal . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book Ltd . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . NOTE : Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988 . In 1992 , Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970 -- 1974 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charting the genius of Yothu Yindi '' . University of Sydney . 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yothu Yindi - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kruger , Debbie ( 2 May 2010 ) . `` The songs that resonate through the years '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Howie - Willis , Ian ( 2001 ) . `` Barunga Statement '' . The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies ( AIATSIS ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` George Negus Tonight Profiles - Transcripts - Mandawuy Yunupingu '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . 2004 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` APRA 2001 Top 30 Songs '' . 2001 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` YOTHU YINDI ANNOUNCED AS 2012 HALL OF FAME INDUCTEE '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Music Lesson '' . ABC Australian Story . 8 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward , Philip , ed. ( 1998 ) . `` 12 : Yothu Yindi : Context and Significance '' . Sound Alliances : Indigenous Peoples , Cultural Politics , and Popular Music in the Pacific . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30470 - 050 - 9 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 : 6th Annual ARIA Awards '' . ARIA Music Awards . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Awards 2008 : History : Winners by Artist : Yothu Yindi search results '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stubington , Jill ; Dunbar - Hall , Peter ( 1994 ) . `` 13 '' . Yothu Yindi 's ' Treaty ' : Ganma in Music . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 -- 259 . doi : 10.1017 / S0261143000007182 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Yothu Yindi -- Treaty '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Yothu Yindi -- Treaty '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Yothu Yindi -- Treaty '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Yothu Yindi -- Treaty '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yothu Yindi : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yothu Yindi -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Yothu Yindi . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) ' Treaty ' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia registry in 2009 Listen to an excerpt of ' Treaty ' and read more about the song on australianscreen online Aaron Corn ( 2009 ) Reflections & voices : exploring the music of Yothu Yindi with Mandawuy Yunupingu Sydney : Sydney University Press ( ISBN 9781920899349 ) Castles , J. ( 1992 ) Tjungaringanyi : ' Aboriginal Rock Hayward , Philip ( ed ) From Pop to Punk to Postmodernism Sydney : Allen and Unwin APRA Award for Song of the Year `` Treaty '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` Heaven Knows '' by Rick Price ( 1993 ) `` Distant Sun '' by Crowded House ( 1994 ) `` My Island Home '' by Christine Anu ( 1995 ) `` Was n't It Good '' by Tina Arena ( 1996 ) `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' by Leonardo 's Bride ( 1998 ) `` Buses and Trains '' by Bachelor Girl ( 1999 ) `` Passenger '' by Powderfinger ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Amazing '' by Alex Lloyd ( 2002 ) `` Not Pretty Enough '' by Kasey Chambers ( 2003 ) `` Zebra '' by John Butler Trio ( 2004 ) `` Scar '' by Missy Higgins ( 2005 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2006 ) `` One Crowded Hour '' by Augie March ( 2007 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2008 ) `` White Noise '' by The Living End ( 2009 ) `` Sweet Disposition '' by The Temper Trap ( 2010 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2012 ) `` Feels Like We Only Go Backwards '' by Tame Impala ( 2013 ) `` Riptide '' by Vance Joy ( 2014 ) `` Chandelier '' by Sia ( 2015 ) `` Let It Happen '' by Tame Impala ( 2016 ) ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_(song)&oldid=801020308 '' Categories : 1991 singles APRA Award winners ARIA Award - winning songs Australian songs Indigenous Australian music Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use Australian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 05 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which group from the north of australia sang the hit song treaty
[ "\"Treaty\" is a song by Australian indigenous music band Yothu Yindi, which is made up of Aboriginal and balanda (non-Aboriginal) members.[1][2][3] Released in June 1991, \"Treaty\" peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart in September.[4][5] \"Treaty\" was the first song by a predominately-Aboriginal band to chart in Australia[6] and was the first song in any Aboriginal Australian language (Yolngu-Matha) to gain extensive international recognition, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play singles charts.[6][7]" ]
[ "Yothu Yindi" ]
1051373667596970438
Genesis 1:1
Genesis 1 : 1 - wikipedia Genesis 1 : 1 Jump to : navigation , search The first chapter of Genesis ( B'reshit in Hebrew ) written on an egg in the Israel Museum . Genesis 1 : 1 is the first verse of the first chapter in the Book of Genesis in the Bible and forms the opening of the Genesis creation narrative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hebrew text 2 English translation 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Bibliography 5 Further reading Hebrew Text ( edit ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 5 Genesis 1 verses 1 -- 5 sung in Hebrew as a cantillation Problems playing this file ? See media help . In the Masoretic Text the verse consists of 7 words and 28 letters and is as follows : Vocalized : בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ ‬ Transliterated : Bereshit bara Elohim et hashamayim ve'et ha'aretz . The first word is b'reishit , or bereishit ( בְּרֵאשִׁית ‬ ) . The definite article ( i.e. , the Hebrew equivalent of `` the '' ) is missing , but implied . The complete word literally means `` in ( the ) beginning ( of ) '' . The same construction is found elsewhere in the Hebrew bible , usually dealing with the beginning of a reign . The second word is the Hebrew verb bara ( ברא ‬ ) ( `` ( ( he ) created / creating '' ) . It is in the masculine form , so that `` he '' is implied . A peculiarity of this verb is that it is always used with God as its subject , meaning that only God can `` bara '' ; it is the characteristic verb for God 's creative activity in Genesis 1 . `` Bara '' is also used in Genesis 2 verses 3 and 4 . John Walton claims that the meaning of `` bara '' is not `` create '' in the modern sense , but to differentiate / separate and to allocate roles -- e.g. , in the creation of Adam and Eve , God allocates gender roles to `` male and female '' . Elohim ( אלהים ‬ ) is the generic word for God , whether the God of Israel or the gods of other nations . It is used throughout Genesis 1 , and contrasts with the phrase Elohim YHWH , `` God YHWH '' , introduced in Genesis 2 . Et ( אֵת ‬ ) is a particle used in front of the direct object of a verb ; in this case , it indicates that `` the heavens and the earth '' is what is being created . The word ha preceding shamayim ( heavens ) and aretz ( earth ) is the definite article , equivalent to the English word `` the '' . English translation ( edit ) The Opening of Genesis Chapter 1 from a 1620 -- 21 King James Bible in black letter type . The first edition of the KJV was 1611 . Genesis 1 : 1 -- 2 can be translated into English in at least three ways : As a statement that the cosmos had an absolute beginning ( In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth ) . As a statement describing the condition of the world when God began creating ( When in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth , the earth was untamed and shapeless ) . Taking all of Genesis 1 : 2 as background information ( When in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth , the earth being untamed and shapeless , God said , Let there be light ! ) . The idea that God created the universe out of nothing ( creatio ex nihilo ) has become central to Judaism , Christianity and Islam , but it is not found directly in Genesis , nor in the entire Hebrew Bible , and is not the preferred option . The Priestly authors of Genesis 1 , writing around 500 -- 400 BCE , had been concerned not with the origins of matter ( the material which God formed into the habitable cosmos ) , but with the fixing of destinies . This was still the situation in the early 2nd century CE , although early Christian scholars were beginning to see a tension between the idea of world - formation and the omnipotence of God . By the beginning of the 3rd century this tension was resolved , world - formation was overcome , and creation ex nihilo had become a fundamental tenet of Christian theology . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Genesis 1 : 2 Parashat Bereshit References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011 , pp. 3 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Walton 2006 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Bandstra 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Nebe 2002 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ May 2004 , p. 179 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alter , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Five Books of Moses . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 33393 - 0 . Bandstra , Barry L. ( 1999 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth Publishing Company . Bandstra , Barry L. ( 2008 ) . Genesis 1 -- 11 : A Handbook on the Hebrew Text . Baylor University Press . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Creation , Un-Creation , Re-Creation : A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1 -- 11 . T&T Clarke International . Dumbrell , William J. ( 2002 ) . The Faith of Isarel : A Theological Survey of the Old Testament . Baker Academic . Hamilton , Victor P ( 1990 ) . The Book of Genesis : Chapters 1 -- 17 . New International Commentary on the Old Testament ( NICOT ) . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2521 - 4 . Knight , Douglas A ( 1990 ) . `` Cosmology '' . In Watson E. Mills ( General Editor ) . Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 402 - 6 . May , Gerhard ( 2004 ) . Creatio ex nihilo . T&T Clarke International . Nebe , Gottfried ( 2002 ) . `` Creation in Paul 's Theology '' . In Hoffman , Yair ; Reventlow , Henning Graf . Creation in Jewish and Christian Tradition . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567573933 . Walton , John H. ( 2006 ) . Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament : Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible . Baker Academic . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 2750 - 0 . Wenham , Gordon ( 2003 ) . Exploring the Old Testament : A Guide to the Pentateuch . Exploring the Bible Series . 1 . IVP Academic . p. 223 . Further reading ( edit ) Curzon , David . Modern poems on the Bible : an anthology . Phila : Jewish Publication Society , 1994 . Full translation of Rashi on Genesis 1 : 1 `` Genesis 1 : 1 . '' Online Parallel Bible . ( 1 ) Jewish Publication Society . The Torah : The Five Books of Moses ( 3rd ed ) . Philadelphia : 1999 . Kselman , John S. `` Genesis '' in Harper 's Bible Dictionary . Rosenbaum and Silberman . Pentateuch with Rashi 's Commentary . The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha Torat Chaim Chumash . Mossad HaRav Kook. 1986 Urbach , Ephraim E. The Sages : the world and wisdom of the rabbis of the Talmud . Von Rad , Gerhard . Genesis : A commentary . Phila : The Westminster Press , 1972 Preceded by - Book of Genesis Succeeded by Genesis 1 : 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genesis_1:1&oldid=802387561 '' Categories : Genesis 1 Hebrew Bible verses Bereshit ( parsha ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 21 : 16 . About Wikipedia
what are the first three words of the book of genesis
[ "As a statement that the cosmos had an absolute beginning (In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth)." ]
[ "In the beginning" ]
3312761222376284114
Glasgow Coma Scale
Glasgow Coma scale - wikipedia Glasgow Coma scale Not to be confused with Glasgow Outcome Scale . Glasgow Coma Scale Medical diagnostics MeSH D015600 LOINC 35088 - 4 ( edit on Wikidata ) The Glasgow Coma Scale ( GCS ) is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment . A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale , and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 ( indicating deep unconsciousness ) and either 14 ( original scale ) or 15 ( more widely used modified or revised scale ) . GCS was initially used to assess level of consciousness after head injury , and the scale is now used by first responders , EMS , nurses , and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients . In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in intensive care . The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett , professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow 's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city 's Southern General Hospital . GCS is used as part of several ICU scoring systems , including APACHE II , SAPS II , and SOFA , to assess the status of the central nervous system , as it was designed for . The initial indication for use of the GCS was serial assessments of patients with traumatic brain injury and coma for at least 6 hours in the neurosurgical ICU setting , though it is commonly used throughout hospital departments . A similar scale , the Rancho Los Amigos Scale is used to assess the recovery of traumatic brain injury patients . GCS was updated following a review of the helpfulness and usefulness of the scale from Clinicians . It was decided that several things required updating , like the Eye Response element , meaning that instead of responding to `` Painful Stimuli '' being regarded as a 2 , a patient that opens their eyes in response to pressure is now considered a 2 in the Eye Response element . Contents 1 Elements of the scale 1.1 Eye response ( E ) 1.2 Verbal response ( V ) 1.3 Motor response ( M ) 2 Interpretation 3 Revisions 4 Controversy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Elements of the scale ( edit ) Glasgow Coma Scale 5 6 Eye Does not open eyes Opens eyes in response to pain Opens eyes in response to voice Opens eyes spontaneously N / A N / A Verbal Makes no sounds Makes sounds Words Confused , disoriented Oriented , converses normally N / A Motor Makes no movements Extension to painful stimuli ( decerebrate response ) Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli ( decorticate response ) Flexion / Withdrawal to painful stimuli Localizes to painful stimuli Obeys commands Note that a motor response in any limb is acceptable . The scale is composed of three tests : eye , verbal and motor responses . The three values separately as well as their sum are considered . The lowest possible GCS ( the sum ) is 3 ( deep coma or death ) , while the highest is 15 ( fully awake person ) . Eye response ( e ) ( edit ) There are four grades starting with the most severe : No eye opening Eye opening in response to pain stimulus . ( a peripheral pain stimulus , such as squeezing the lunula area of the patient 's fingernail is more effective than a central stimulus such as a trapezius squeeze , due to a grimacing effect ) . Eye opening to speech . ( Not to be confused with the awakening of a sleeping person ; such patients receive a score of 4 , not 3 . ) Eyes opening spontaneously Verbal response ( v ) ( edit ) There are five grades starting with the most severe : No verbal response Incomprehensible sounds . ( Moaning but no words . ) Inappropriate words . ( Random or exclamatory articulated speech , but no conversational exchange . Speaks words but no sentences . ) Confused . ( The patient responds to questions coherently but there is some disorientation and confusion . ) Oriented . ( Patient responds coherently and appropriately to questions such as the patient 's name and age , where they are and why , the year , month , etc . ) Motor response ( M ) ( edit ) There are six grades : No motor response Decerebrate posturing accentuated by pain ( extensor response : adduction of arm , internal rotation of shoulder , pronation of forearm and extension at elbow , flexion of wrist and fingers , leg extension , plantarflexion of foot ) Decorticate posturing accentuated by pain ( flexor response : internal rotation of shoulder , flexion of forearm and wrist with clenched fist , leg extension , plantarflexion of foot ) Withdrawal from pain ( absence of abnormal posturing ; unable to lift hand past chin with supraorbital pain but does pull away when nailbed is pinched ) Localizes to pain ( purposeful movements towards painful stimuli ; e.g. , brings hand up beyond chin when supraorbital pressure applied ) Obeys commands ( the patient does simple things as asked ) Interpretation ( edit ) Individual elements as well as the sum of the score are important . Hence , the score is expressed in the form `` GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07 : 35 '' . Generally , brain injury is classified as : Severe , GCS < 8 -- 9 Moderate , GCS 8 or 9 -- 12 ( controversial ) Minor , GCS ≥ 13 . Tracheal intubation and severe facial / eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses . In these circumstances , the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached ( e.g. `` E1c '' , where `` c '' = closed , or `` V1t '' where t = tube ) . Often the 1 is left out , so the scale reads Ec or Vt . A composite might be `` GCS 5tc '' . This would mean , for example , eyes closed because of swelling = 1 , intubated = 1 , leaving a motor score of 3 for `` abnormal flexion '' . The GCS has limited applicability to children , especially below the age of 36 months ( where the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor ) . Consequently , the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale was developed for assessing younger children . Revisions ( edit ) Glasgow Coma Scale : While the 15 - point scale is the predominant one in use , this is in fact a modification and is more correctly referred to as the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale . The original scale was a 14 - point scale , omitting the category of `` abnormal flexion '' . Some centres still use this older scale , but most ( including the Glasgow unit where the original work was done ) have adopted the modified one . The Rappaport Coma / Near Coma Scale made other changes . Meredith W. , Rutledge R , Fakhry SM , EMery S , Kromhout - Schiro S have proposed calculating the verbal score based on the measurable eye and motor responses . The most widespread revision has been the Simplified Motor and Verbal Scales which shorten the respective sections of the GCS without loss of accuracy . The GCS for intubated patients is scored out of 10 as the verbal component falls away Controversy ( edit ) The GCS has come under pressure from some researchers who take issue with the scale 's poor inter-rater reliability and lack of prognostic utility . Although there is no agreed - upon alternative , newer scores such as the Simplified motor scale and FOUR score have also been developed as improvements to the GCS . Although the inter-rater reliability of these newer scores has been slightly higher than that of the GCS , they have not gained consensus as replacements . See also ( edit ) AVPU scale Blantyre coma scale Early warning score Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale Rancho Los Amigos Scale Revised Trauma Score Triage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Teasdale G , Jennett B ( 1974 ) . `` Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness . A practical scale '' . Lancet . 2 ( 7872 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 74 ) 91639 - 0 . PMID 4136544 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new - Glasgow Coma Scale '' . www.glasgowcomascale.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Russ Rowlett . `` Glasgow Coma Scale '' . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Jump up ^ Hutchinson 's clinical methods 22nd edition Jump up ^ `` The Glasgow Coma Scale : clinical application in Emergency Departments '' . Emergency Nurse. 14 ( 8 ) : 30 -- 5 . 2006 . doi : 10.7748 / en2006. 12.14. 8.30. c4221 . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/masstrauma/resources/gcs.pdf Jump up ^ Gill M , Windemuth R , Steele R , Green SM ( 2005 ) . `` A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale score to simplified alternative scores for the prediction of traumatic brain injury outcomes '' . Ann Emerg Med. 45 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2004.07. 429 . PMID 15635308 . Jump up ^ Green S.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Cheerio , Laddie ! Bidding Farewell to the Glasgow Coma Scale '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 58 ( 5 ) : 427 -- 430 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2011.06. 009 . PMID 21803447 . Jump up ^ Iver , VN ; Mandrekar , JN ; Danielson , RD ; Zubkov , AY ; Elmer , JL ; Wijdicks , EF ( 2009 ) . `` Validity of the FOUR score coma scale in the medical intensive care unit '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 84 ( 8 ) : 694 -- 701 . doi : 10.4065 / 84.8. 694 . PMC 2719522 . PMID 19648386 . Jump up ^ Fischer , M ; Rüegg , S ; Czaplinski , A ; Strohmeier , M ; Lehmann , A ; Tschan , F ; Hunziker , PR ; Marschcorresponding , SC ( 2010 ) . `` Inter-rater reliability of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in critically ill patients : a prospective observational study '' . Critical Care . 14 ( 2 ) : R -- 64 . doi : 10.1186 / cc8963 . PMC 2887186 . PMID 20398274 . Teasdale G , Murray G , Parker L , Jennett B ( 1979 ) . `` Adding up the Glasgow Coma Score '' . Acta Neurochir Suppl ( Wien ) . 28 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 7091 - 4088 - 8_2 . PMID 290137 . Meredith W , Rutledge R , Fakhry SM , Emery S , Kromhout - Schiro S ( 1998 ) . `` The conundrum of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients : a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores '' . J Trauma . 44 ( 5 ) : 839 -- 44 ; discussion 844 -- 5 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005373 - 199805000 - 00016 . PMID 9603086 . External links ( edit ) Website to calculate the Glasgow Coma Scale Glasgow Coma Scale Calculator Glasgow + Coma + Scale at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Dr. Graham Teasdale speaks with The Lancet - podcast , August 2014 Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 Simplified Motor Score Glasgow Coma Scale Calculator for OS Android Intensive care medicine Health science Medicine Medical specialities Respiratory therapy General terms Intensive care unit ( ICU ) Neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) Pediatric intensive care unit ( PICU ) Coronary care unit ( CCU ) Critical illness insurance Conditions Organ system failure Shock sequence SIRS Sepsis Severe sepsis Septic shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Other shock Cardiogenic shock Distributive shock Anaphylaxis Obstructive shock Neurogenic shock Spinal shock Organ failure Acute renal failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute liver failure Respiratory failure Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Neonatal infection Polytrauma Coma Complications Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy Critical illness -- related corticosteroid insufficiency Decubitus ulcers Fungemia Stress hyperglycemia Stress ulcer Iatrogenesis Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oxygen toxicity Refeeding syndrome Ventilator - associated lung injury Ventilator - associated pneumonia Dialytrauma Diagnosis Arterial blood gas Catheter Arterial line Central venous catheter Pulmonary artery catheter Blood cultures Screening cultures Life - supporting treatments Airway management Chest tube Dialysis Enteral feeding Goal - directed therapy Induced coma Mechanical ventilation Therapeutic hypothermia Total parenteral nutrition Tracheal intubation Drugs Analgesics Antibiotics Antithrombotics Inotropes Intravenous fluids Neuromuscular - blocking drugs Recombinant activated protein C Sedatives Stress ulcer prevention drugs Vasopressors ICU scoring systems APACHE II Glasgow Coma Scale PIM2 SAPS II SAPS III SOFA Physiology Hemodynamics Hypotension Level of consciousness Acid -- base imbalance Water - electrolyte imbalance Organisations Society of Critical Care Medicine Surviving Sepsis Campaign European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Related specialties Anesthesia Cardiology Internal medicine Neurology Pediatrics Pulmonology Surgery Traumatology Neurosurgical and other procedures ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 01 -- 05 + 89.1 , ICD - 10 - PCS 00 -- 01 ) Skull Craniotomy Decompressive craniectomy Cranioplasty CNS Brain thalamus and globus pallidus : Thalamotomy Thalamic stimulator Pallidotomy ventricular system : Ventriculostomy Suboccipital puncture Intracranial pressure monitoring cerebrum : Psychosurgery Lobotomy Bilateral cingulotomy Hemispherectomy Anterior temporal lobectomy pituitary gland : Hypophysectomy hippocampus : Amygdalohippocampectomy Brain biopsy Cerebral meninges Meningeal biopsy Spinal cord and spinal canal Spinal cord and roots Cordotomy Rhizotomy Vertebrae and intervertebral discs : see Template : Bone , cartilage , and joint procedures Medical imaging Computed tomography of the head Cerebral angiography Pneumoencephalography Echoencephalography / Transcranial Doppler Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain Brain PET Myelography Diagnostic Electroencephalography Lumbar puncture Polysomnography CPRs Glasgow Coma Scale Mini -- mental state examination National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale CHADS2 score PNS Cranial and peripheral nerves Nerve block Vagotomy Sympathetic nerves or ganglia Ganglionectomy Sympathectomy Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy Nerves ( general ) Axotomy Neurectomy Nerve biopsy Diagnostic Nerve conduction study Electromyography Medical imaging Magnetic resonance neurography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Coma_Scale&oldid=854022399 '' Categories : Emergency medicine Intensive care medicine Neuropsychological tests Medical scales Memory tests Scottish inventions Coma Medical assessment and evaluation instruments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 12 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
a patient in the deepest coma would be scored a on the glasgow coma scale
[ "Note that a motor response in any limb is acceptable.[4]\nThe scale is composed of three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately as well as their sum are considered. The lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep coma or death), while the highest is 15 (fully awake person).\n" ]
[ "3" ]
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The Bachelor (season 20)
The Bachelor ( season 20 ) - wikipedia The Bachelor ( season 20 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Bachelor ( season 20 ) Promotional poster Starring Ben Higgins Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 ( including 3 specials ) Release Original network ABC Original release January 4 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) -- March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 19 Next → Season 21 The 20th season of The Bachelor premiered on January 4 , 2016 . This season features 26 - year - old Ben Higgins , a software salesman from Warsaw , Indiana . Higgins attended Indiana University where he was graduated with a BS in business administration and management through the school of Public and environmental affairs ( SPEA ) . In addition , he was also a member of Delta Upsilon 's Indiana chapter where he served as the vice president of external affairs . He placed third on the 11th season of The Bachelorette featuring Kaitlyn Bristowe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filming and development 1.1 Casting and contestants 1.2 Production 2 Contestants 2.1 Future appearances 2.1. 1 The Bachelorette 2.1. 2 Bachelor in Paradise 2.1. 3 Happily Ever After ? 2.1. 4 The Bachelor Winter Games 3 Call - out order 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Filming and development ( edit ) Casting and contestants ( edit ) Casting began during the 19th season of the show . On August 24 , 2015 , during season one , episode four of Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise , Ben Higgins was announced as the next Bachelor . The cast includes season 19 runner - up Becca Tilley and fellow contestant Amber James , news anchor Olivia Caridi from WCYB - TV and Joelle `` JoJo '' Fletcher , who is a half - sister of Ready for Love star Ben Patton . Production ( edit ) The season traveled to many places including Las Vegas , Nevada , Mexico City , Mexico , Pig Island in The Bahamas and the state of Indiana . With appearances from rapper Ice Cube , comedian Kevin Hart , soccer players Alex Morgan , Kelley O'Hara , comedian Terry Fator , and Indiana Pacers basketball player Paul George . Contestants ( edit ) The season began with 28 contestants , including a set of twins . Name Age Hometown Occupation Outcome Place Ref Lauren Bushnell 25 West Linn , Oregon Flight Attendant Winner Joelle `` JoJo '' Fletcher 24 Dallas , Texas Real Estate Developer Runner - up Caila Quinn 24 Hudson , Ohio Software Sales Representative Week 9 Amanda Stanton 25 Rancho Santa Margarita , California Esthetician Week 8 Becca Tilley 26 Shreveport , Louisiana Chiropractic Assistant Week 7 5 Emily Ferguson 23 Las Vegas , Nevada Waitress 6 Lauren Himle 25 Dexter , Michigan Kindergarten Teacher Week 6 7 Olivia Caridi 23 Bristol , Virginia Former News Anchor 8 Leah Block 25 Greenwood Village , Colorado Event Planner 9 Jennifer Saviano 25 Lauderdale Lakes , Florida Small Business Owner Week 5 10 Jubilee Sharpe 24 Fort Lauderdale , Florida War Veteran 11 Amber James 30 Kankakee , Illinois Bartender Week 4 12 -- 13 Rachel Tchen 23 Little Rock , Arkansas Unemployed Haley Ferguson 23 Las Vegas , Nevada Waitress 14 Jami Letain 23 St. Albert , Alberta Bartender Week 3 15 -- 16 Shushanna Mkrtychyan 27 Salt Lake City , Utah Mathematician Lace Morris 25 Denver , Colorado Real Estate Agent 17 ( quit ) Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Dion 23 Newport Beach , California Gerontologist Week 2 18 -- 20 Amanda `` Mandi '' Kremer 28 Portland , Oregon Dentist Samantha Passmore 26 New Smyrna Beach , Florida Attorney Lauren `` LB '' Barr 23 Stillwater , Oklahoma Fashion Buyer 21 ( quit ) Laura Esselman 24 Louisville , Kentucky Account Executive Week 1 22 -- 28 Breanne Rice 30 Seattle , Washington Nutritional Therapist Lauren Russell 26 Houston , Texas Math Teacher Isabel `` Izzy '' Goodkind 24 Branford , Connecticut Graphic Designer Maegan Miller 30 Visalia , California Cowgirl Jessica Moser 23 Boca Raton , Florida Accountant Tiara Soleim 27 Redmond , Washington Chicken Enthusiast ^ Jump up to : Emily and Haley are identical twins . They were competed individually . Future appearances ( edit ) The Bachelorette ( edit ) Caila Quinn was originally chosen to be the bachelorette for season twelve of The Bachelorette , but the producers dropped her just days before filming started and chose Joelle `` JoJo '' Fletcher as the next lead instead . Bachelor in Paradise ( edit ) Season 3 Quinn , Lauren Himle , Tiara Soleim , Jami Letain , Shushanna Mkrtychyan , Jennifer Saviano , Isabel `` Izzy '' Goodkind , Lace Morris , Jubilee Sharpe , Leah Block , Haley Ferguson , Emily Ferguson , and Amanda Stanton were chosen to compete for the third season of Bachelor in Paradise . Sharpe and Block were eliminated in the first week . The Ferguson sisters quit in the fourth week . Quinn , Goodkind , and Mkrtychyan quit in week five . Letain , Himle , and Soleim were eliminated in week five . Saviano left in week six . Morris and Stanton ended the season engaged with Bachelor Nation alumni , Grant Kemp and Josh Murray respectively . Season 4 Stanton returned for the fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise , marking her third reality show appearance . The Ferguson twins appeared on the fourth season as well and their third appearance in the Bachelor Nation franchise , but they quit in week four . Stanton quit in week four as well . Happily Ever After ? ( edit ) Outside of the Bachelor Nation franchise , Higgins and Lauren Bushnell appeared in their own reality series Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? on the sister network Freeform . The Ferguson sisters star in the Freeform reality series The Twins : Happily Ever After ? . The Bachelor winter Games ( edit ) Higgins appeared in his third Bachelor Nation appearance in The Bachelor Winter Games competing as Team USA . He quit in week three . Call - out order ( edit ) Order Bachelorettes Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lauren B . Olivia JoJo Lauren B . JoJo Amanda Caila Amanda Lauren B . JoJo Lauren B . Caila Lauren B . Caila Amber Lauren B . Olivia Amanda Lauren B . Caila Lauren B . JoJo Jennifer LB Olivia Jubilee Becca Lauren H . Emily JoJo JoJo Caila Jami Caila Amanda Lauren H . Amanda Caila Becca Caila Amanda 5 Samantha Amber Jubilee Amanda Lauren H . Lauren B . JoJo Becca 6 Jubilee Jami Lauren B . Becca Jubilee JoJo Lauren B . Emily 7 Amanda Jennifer Leah Haley Emily Becca Lauren H . 8 Lace Jubilee Becca Emily Caila Leah Olivia 9 Lauren R . Amanda Rachel Rachel Jennifer Emily Leah 10 Shushanna JoJo Lace Caila Leah Jennifer 11 Leah Leah Jennifer JoJo Olivia Jubilee 12 JoJo Rachel Emily Jennifer Amber Rachel 13 Lauren H . Samantha Jami Leah 14 Laura Jackie Lauren H . Olivia Haley 15 Mandi Haley Shushanna Jami Shushanna 16 Emily Haley Emily Haley 17 Shushanna Amber Lace 18 Maegan Lauren H . Jackie Mandi Samantha 19 Breanne Becca 20 Izzy Mandi 21 Rachel Lace LB 22 Jessica Breanne Izzy Jessica Laura Lauren R . Maegan Tiara 23 Tiara 24 LB 25 Jackie 26 Olivia 27 - 28 Amber Becca The contestant received a first impression rose The contestant received a rose during the date The contestant was eliminated The contestant was eliminated during the date The contestant was eliminated outside the rose ceremony The contestant quit the competition The contestant won the competition Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 194 `` Season 20 Premiere : Week 1 '' January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 7.55 Ben meets three former bachelors Jason Mesnick , Sean Lowe and Chris Soules at the mansion where they give him tips about his new role as the bachelor . On night one , Ben greets twenty - six new bachelorettes at the mansion . Lauren B. holds a wing pin ; Lauren R. stalks Ben in social media ; followed by Shushanna introduces to Ben in Russian ; Leah catches a football ; JoJo wears a unicorn head which surprises Ben ; Mandi arrives with a huge `` first impression rose '' on her head ; Izzy arrives wearing a onesie ; and Rachel rides in on a hoverboard . Two former contestants , Amber and Becca , have come back to be part of the cast . Ben gives the first impression rose to Olivia . At the rose ceremony , Breanne , Izzy , Jessica , Laura , Lauren R. , Maegan and Tiara are eliminated . 195 `` Week 2 : Back to School '' January 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) 2002 6.90 The first group date involves the ten chosen women participating in a `` Bachelor High '' competition at Verdugo Hills High School . The competition has five different challenges . Mandi is crowned homecoming queen after winning all of the challenges , but JoJo receives the rose for the date . On the one - on - one date , Ben and Kevin Hart stopped by at the mansion to pick up Caila . The trio travel around Los Angeles buying condoms and relaxing at a spa . Ben and Caila attend a concert with Amos Lee at the Regent theater and Ben gives her the date rose . The second group date involves six women who go with Ben to a LoveLab facility at Azusa Pacific University for a scientific test using an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) sensor and electroencephalogram ( EEG ) . Olivia receives the date rose . At the rose ceremony , LB decides to leave , while Jackie , Mandi and Samantha are sent home . 196 `` Week 3 : Soccer Date '' January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 2003 7.56 Lauren B. got the first one - on - one date for the week and riding an airplane overlooking Southern California including a view of the mansion , she and Ben ended up with a private stage by Lucy Angel where Lauren B. received the rose . The twelve chosen ladies went to Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to meet with Alex Morgan and Kelley O'Hara where they play soccer , separating into two teams : Stars and Stripes . Team Stripes won and continued for a night after party and the rose was received by Amber . Jubilee got the one - on - one date to Cal - A-Vie Health Spa Vista via helicopter where Ben shared about her past and Ben gave the rose to her . At the cocktail party , Ben told the ladies received a bad news from his family . Jubilee caused major upset and Amber confronted her at the bathroom . Lace decided to leave the competition . At the rose ceremony , Jami and Shusanna were eliminated . 197 `` Week 4 : Las Vegas '' January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 7.73 The fourteen ladies traveled to Las Vegas , Nevada and saw a sign on a building upon arrival . JoJo got the first one - on - one to a penthouse to whisk away into a helicopter ride at Las Vegas Strip watching spectacular fireworks , Ben gave the rose to her . The ten selected ladies went to The Mirage to an annual talent show by Terry Fator . Emily and Haley excelled with Irish dance moves , where Olivia showed up with a showgirl costume left with panic attack . Lauren B. received the date rose . Becca got the one - on - one date and received a package from a hotel , she is taken to a wedding chapel to actual couples for marriage . She received the rose . Ben brought Emily and Haley to their house where they met with their mom to discuss with opportunity issues and he decides to send Haley packing . At the rose ceremony , Amber and Rachel were eliminated . 198 5 `` Week 5 : Mexico City '' February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 2005 7.50 The eleven remaining ladies traveled to Mexico City , Mexico . Amanda got the one - on - one date and was awaken by Ben to travel to the ancient city of Teotihuacan for a morning scenic view and a picnic , they ended up at Santa Fe district and Amanda got the rose . The nine selected ladies took Spanish language lessons on a school to buy items for a Mexican food and ended up with six teams of two , Olivia left to pair up with Ben , leaving a dismay to others . The team of Jubilee and Lauren B. got their dish was praised by local chefs . Lauren B. and Ben serenaded through the city , while Jubilee was sent home as the rose was received by Olivia . Lauren H. got the one - on - date at Pineda Covalin headquarters to take part for a Mercedes - Benz Fashion Week join with Ben and actual models , and Lauren H. received the rose . At the cocktail party , Olivia was offended on her harsh behavior by calling Amanda a `` Teen Mom '' . As the rose ceremony was about to start , Ben asked to speak to Olivia in private , but the episode ended in cliffhanger . 199 6 `` Week 6 : Bahamas '' February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 2006 8.62 Concluding from the previous episode , Ben pulled aside to Olivia for a talk that told there was nothing in it . They rejoined with others at the rose ceremony where Jennifer was eliminated . The nine ladies traveled to Exuma in The Bahamas . Caila got the one - on - one date for the week to a deep sea fishing trip and Ben gave the rose to her . The seven chosen ladies got the group date , Leah became very upset that she did n't get the one - on - one date . They went to Pig Beach to swim with pigs . Lauren B. was differed broke down against Leah 's meltdown . Amanda got the group date rose . Leah talked to Ben that the connection was n't feeling enough and sent her home . Olivia and Emily got the two - on - one date took place on an uninhabited private island . Ben had some one - on - one time with those ladies , the rose gave to Emily and Olivia left behind on a wind - swept beach . At the rose ceremony , Lauren H. was sent home . 200 7 `` Week 7 : Warsaw , Indiana '' February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 2007 7.24 The remaining six ladies traveled to Ben 's hometown of Warsaw , Indiana , where Ben meets his parents at the restaurant . Lauren B. got the one - on - one showing the tour of the whole town and ended up at Baker Youth Club to play basketball with Indiana Pacers basketball players Paul George and George Hill drop in and lead the kids in some exercises . JoJo went to Wrigley Field in Chicago to play baseball by themselves , she and Ben wore `` Mrs. Higgins '' and `` Mr. Higgins '' uniforms , ended up on a dinner on a center field . Caila , Amanda and Becca went to the farm for a group date , Ben gave the rose to Amanda to continue the portion for the date as the two went to a McDonald 's and ended up to a crowded carnival . Emily went to Ben 's house to meet with Ben 's parents that she is more immaturity to become a wife and was sent packing . At the rose ceremony took place at Old Kosciusko County Courthouse , Becca was sent home . 201 8 `` Week 8 : Hometown Dates '' February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 2008 8.67 Ben traveled the hometowns of the final four ladies . Amanda 's hometown date began in Laguna Beach in Orange County , California and brought alongside her daughters to spend at the beach . Ben wrote a storybook for Amanda 's daughters to read a story . Lauren 's hometown took place in Portland , Oregon and explored around Pioneer Square and the city 's famous food trucks where she and Ben ate a traditional Georgian khachapuri pie and end hung out at Multnomah Whiskey Library . Caila 's hometown date took place at Hudson , Ohio to explore a tour of her former high school , including a visit to a toy factory where her dad works . Caila and Ben were surprised by her family eating a traditional Philippine food for dinner . JoJo 's hometown date began in Dallas , Texas with an envelope and roses left by her ex-boyfriend from a doorstep and instead she brought Ben to meet her family , including her brother , Ready for Love star Ben Patton . JoJo 's brothers accused Ben of brainwashing him . At the rose ceremony , Amanda was sent home . 202 9 `` Week 9 : Jamaica '' February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 2009 8.17 Ben and the final three ladies traveled to Ocho Rios in Jamaica for an overnight dates . Caila took a ride on a wooden raft down the Martha Brae River , followed by a riverside lunch of jerk chicken , and ended with a night of fireworks . Lauren B. traveled to a preservation mission where they assisted baby turtles , she admitted that she is falling in love with Ben and he said he loved her too . They ended up watching reggae musicians on a bar stage . JoJo rode in a helicopter to a waterfall near Negril and swam and expressed their feelings for one another , recalling the difficulties with her overprotective brothers during the hometown date . Ben told JoJo that he was in love with her . All three dates ended on a fantasy suite . Caila went to a bachelor pad to talk with Ben that did not decide against her feelings and was sent her home . 203 10 `` The Women Tell All '' March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) N / A 7.48 Seventeen of the twenty - six eliminated contestants attended the `` Women Tell All '' special , sitting in this particular order : Lace , Tiara , Amber , Jami , Izzy , Rachel , Jubilee , Shushanna , Jennifer , Lauren H. , Leah , Olivia , Becca , Haley , Emily , Amanda and Caila . Several of the contestants spoke of their lives after the competition like Jubilee promoted to Sergeant in the United States Army . Lace reveals a tattoo from a Bachelor fan and Chris asks to join her in Bachelor in Paradise cast . Olivia recalling a situation where Olivia calls Amanda a `` Teen Mom '' . She states that she felt targeted , and revealed that she was bullied as a child . She gives Amanda a heartfelt apology . Caila explained her emotions when she told Ben she loved him and he did n't tell her he loved her back . Ben shows up to the ladies and finishes the show by stating that he is engaged to the winner and `` would marry her tomorrow '' . 204 11 `` Season Finale : Week 10 '' March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 9.58 Both Lauren and JoJo have an opportunity to meet Ben 's parents ( David and Amy ) on a villa in Jamaica where they have spent time with Ben . Lauren 's final date involved snuggling on a catamaran and they had a picnic on a beach . JoJo 's final date also involved swimming in the waterfalls . Ben 's feelings on Lauren and JoJo admitting that he is falling in love with both of them , each ladies sobbing about sacrifices on a path of love after their respective dates . At the final rose ceremony , JoJo came to see Ben , stating how much she wanted to be with him and how in love with him she was and leaving herself blindsided that Ben could n't live without her . Ben called Lauren 's dad to ask him for permission to take Lauren 's hand in marriage and he gives Ben his blessing . Lauren arrives , they profess their love to each other and Ben kneels down on one knee and asks Lauren to marry him . She accepts and Ben asks , `` Lauren , will you accept this rose ? '' , with her answer being `` Yes '' . 205 12 `` After the Final Rose '' March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) N / A 9.24 During the women The Women Tell All special , Ben indicated that he would `` marry her ( the winner ) tomorrow '' , so Chris arranged for both families and Ben 's pastor to be on hand in case they wanted to marry on live TV . JoJo came out first to face Ben for the first time , Ben apologized again for breaking her heart but he simply realized that he loved Lauren even more than her . Afterwards , Chris announced her that she would be the next Bachelorette . Then , Lauren came out and she and Ben continued to profess their strong love for each other during their first public appearance and discuss her move from Southern California ( Marina del Rey ) to Denver , Colorado to be with Ben . In addition to Ben 's pastor and the families , Jimmy Kimmel appears in the audience as well , making jokes about their overnight date from Week 9 . They decided not to get married during the show , but Ben proposed to Lauren once again in front of the studio audience with their families present . They have promised to marry soon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ABC winter / spring 2016 premieres : ' The Family ' to Sundays , longs breaks for ' Scandal ' , ' OUAT ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Higgins is the Next Bachelor '' . ABC . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bachelor ' Ben Higgins ' Ladies Heading To L.A. , ABC Sets Season 20 Premiere Date '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huggins , Sarah ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Bachelor 2016 Contestants Revealed '' . ABC . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dinges , Gary ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Austin native among this season 's ' Bachelor ' contestants '' . Austin - American Statesman . Texas . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , Paige ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Fletcher , Do n't Let Us Down on The Bachelor '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sara ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Bachelor Season 20 Premiere Spoilers : Guest Stars and Shocking Eliminations '' . ABC . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vivian , Krystal ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Bachelor contestants for 2016 season include kindergarten teacher , twins , news anchor '' . Michiana 's News Channel . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turnquist , Kristi ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' Season 20 Portland connections : The wacky dentist , and the frontrunner ( video ) '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Del Rey Woman Seeking Love On ' The Bachelor ' '' . Santa Monica Mirror . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilstrom , Andrew ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Oregon Local News - West Linn 's Lauren B. an early ' Bachelor ' favorite '' . Lake Oswego Review . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corinthios , Aurelie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor Finale Recap : Ben Higgins Makes His Final Pick -- and Proposes ! -- but Does He Still Love Both Women ? '' . People . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Carrie ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' : Chris Harrison on 6 Women to Watch in Season 20 '' . Yahoo . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` New season of ' The Bachelor ' features woman from Hudson , two fan favorites and twins '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cappadona , Bryanna ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` What we know about Caila Quinn , the Bachelor contestant from Boston '' . Boston.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bonner , Mehera ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' Recap : Ben Higgins Says ' I Love You ' to Two Women During Fantasy Suites '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Austin , Paige ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` South County Woman to Vie for Affections of ' The Bachelor ' '' . Patch Media . San Juan Capistrano Patch . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Robbyn ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Bachelor , ' Season 20 , Episode 8 : Real recognizes real '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennewein , Chris ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` San Diego 's Becca Tilley Gets Another Chance at Love on ' Bachelor ' '' . Times of San Diego . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rees , Stephen ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor Season 20 Episode 7 Recap : Back Home in Indiana '' . National Ave . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Cassie ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Double take ! Twins Emily and Haley Ferguson compete for The Bachelor Ben Higgins ' affection in season 20 trailer '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKee , Jenn ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Arbor woman is looking for love on ' The Bachelor ' '' . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Booth Newspapers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor recap : Ben and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovece , Frank ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' runner - up Ben Higgins gets his run on ' The Bachelor ' '' . Long Island , New York : Newsday . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Claire ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' Season 20 Episode 5 Recap : The Ladies Caucus For Ben 's Heart '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Eliminated ' Bachelor ' contestant from Chicago to compete on new season '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Annie ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor Season 20 , Episode 4 Recap : What Happened In Vegas ... '' Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riddle , Brandon ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Little Rock native among women competing on ABC 's ' The Bachelor ' '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Melissa ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Watch The Bachelor Season 20 Premiere Live Stream Online ! Which Sexy Woman Will Receive Ben 's First Impression Rose in 2016 Episode 1 ? '' . Hollywood Take . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Jim ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor Recap : Another Contestant Walks Away in Episode 3 '' . ABC . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` There 's another Utahn on upcoming season of ' The Bachelor ' '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Utah . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` What is a Gerontologist Bachelor Contestant Jackie Dion Uses Her Career to Help Others '' . Bustle . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Jim ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor Recap : Kevin Hart and Ice Cube Crash Ben Higgins ' First Date '' . ABC . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' features New Smyrna attorney '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherrow , Rita ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Oklahoman is contestant on new season of ' The Bachelor ' '' . Tulsa World . Oklahoma . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huggins , Sarah ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Bachelor 2016 Premiere Recap : Who Did Ben Higgins Send Home ? '' . ABC . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Higgins cuts 7 in ' The Bachelor ' premiere '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Luna , Marcy ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` ( The Bachelor 's Texas Ties ) Houston math teacher , twins and contestant with fowl obsession have their eyes on The Bachelor '' . Houston Culture Map . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig , Anne ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's `` The Bachelor '' features Connecticut Gal `` . New Haven , Connecticut : WTNH - TV . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Derek ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Former UCF Student and Kappa Delta Sister Stars on The Bachelor '' . Knight News . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hodapp , David ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Redmond woman will be a contestant on ' The Bachelor ' '' . Ledger Gazette . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Caila Quinn Is the Next Bachelorette ! All the Details '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Switches Bachelorettes After Initially Picking Ben Higgins ' Castoff Caila Quinn : Details ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' rerun adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Masterchef Celebrity Showdown ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Grammys and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Prince Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Ben Flajnik Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Ben Higgins Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn Meredith Phillips Jen Schefft DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Ashley Hebert Emily Maynard Desiree Hartsock Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Becca Kufrin Contestants Ryan Sutter Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag Ed Swiderski David Homyk Evan Bass Chad Johnson Jordan Rodgers Kenny Layne International versions Australia 1 : Sam Frost 2 : Georgia Love 3 : Sophie Monk Canada India Tamil Nadu ( State of India ) Germany Romania Switzerland Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise 5 Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes Bachelor Live The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia Hosts Chris Harrison Melissa Rycroft ( Bachelor Pad Season 1 only ) International versions Australia 1 : Tim Robards 2 : Blake Garvey 3 : Sam Wood 4 : Richie Strahan 5 : Matty Johnson Brazil 1 : Gianluca Perino Canada 1 : Brad Smith 2 : Tim Warmels 3 : Chris Leroux Romania 1 : Cătălin Botezatu 2 : Edward Popescu Strohlen 3 : Sergiu Barboni 4 : Bogdan Vlădău United Kingdom 1 : David Donald 2 : Jamie Williams 3 : Anthony Thomas 4 : Gavin Henson 5 : Spencer Matthews New Zealand 1 : Arthur Green 2 : Jordan Mauger 3 : Zac Franich italics - Non-selected roles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bachelor_(season_20)&oldid=832175240 '' Categories : The Bachelor seasons 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 08 : 53 . 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how many episodes in the bachelor season 20
[ "\n\nThe Bachelor (season 20)\n\n\n\nPromotional poster\n\n\n\nStarring\nBen Higgins\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13 (including 3 specials)\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nOriginal release\nJanuary 4 (2016-01-04) – March 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 19\nNext →\nSeason 21\n\n\n" ]
[ "13" ]
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I Can Make You Feel Good
I Can Make You Feel Good - Wikipedia I Can Make You Feel Good Jump to : navigation , search `` I Can Make You Feel Good '' Single by Shalamar from the album Friends B - side `` Playing to Win '' Released 1982 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Genre Post-disco , funk Label SOLAR Songwriter ( s ) William Shelby , Howard Hewett , Renwick Jackson Shalamar singles chronology `` A Night to Remember '' ( 1982 ) `` I Can Make You Feel Good '' ( 1982 ) `` There It Is '' ( 1982 ) `` A Night to Remember '' ( 1982 ) `` I Can Make You Feel Good '' ( 1982 ) `` There It Is '' ( 1982 ) `` I Can Make You Feel Good '' is a 1982 song by American funk band Shalamar from their album Friends . It reached No. 7 in the UK just beneath their previous single `` A Night to Remember '' and their following single `` There It Is '' which both peaked at No. 5 . In 1997 , the song was covered by English singer Kavana . His version reached No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 102 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 33 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Can Make You Feel Good '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shalamar -- I Can Make You Feel Good '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Shalamar : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Shalamar Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Shalamar Jeffrey Daniel Jody Watley Gary Mumford Gerald Brown Howard Hewett Delisa Davis Micki Free Sydney Justin Carolyn Griffey Studio albums Uptown Festival Disco Gardens Big Fun Three for Love Go for It Friends The Look Heartbreak Circumstantial Evidence Wake Up Singles `` Ooh Baby , Baby '' `` The Second Time Around '' `` This Is for the Lover in You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` I Can Make You Feel Good '' `` There It Is '' `` Dancing in the Sheets '' Related articles Discography Soul Train Records SOLAR Records External links ( edit ) Video on YouTube Page On Discogs This 1980s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Make_You_Feel_Good&oldid=751484087 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles Shalamar songs 1980s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 November 2016 , at 00 : 20 . About Wikipedia
who sang i can make you feel good
[ "\"I Can Make You Feel Good\" is a 1982 song by American funk band Shalamar from their album Friends. It reached No. 7 in the UK just beneath their previous single \"A Night to Remember\" and their following single \"There It Is\" which both peaked at No. 5." ]
[ "Shalamar" ]
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Staten Island Ferry
Staten Island ferry - Wikipedia Staten Island ferry Staten Island Ferry Locale Staten Island and Manhattan , New York City Waterway Upper New York Bay Transit type Passenger ferry Operator New York City Department of Transportation Began operation 1817 System length 5.2 mi ( 8.4 km ) No. of lines No. of vessels 8 No. of terminals 2 ( Whitehall , St. George ) Daily ridership 65,479 trips per day ( July 2016 to June 2017 ) The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger ferry route operated by the New York City Department of Transportation . The ferry 's single route runs 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) through New York Harbor between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island , with ferry boats making the trip in approximately 25 minutes . The ferry operates 24 hours a day , 7 days a week , with boats leaving every 15 to 20 minutes during peak hours and every 30 minutes at other times . It is the only direct mass - transit connection between the two boroughs . Historically , the Staten Island Ferry has charged a relatively low fare compared to other modes of transit in the area ; and since 1997 , the route has been fare - free . The Staten Island Ferry is one of several ferry systems in the New York City area , and is operated separately from other systems such as NYC Ferry and NY Waterway . The Staten Island Ferry route terminates at Whitehall Terminal in Lower Manhattan and St. George Terminal in St. George , Staten Island . At Whitehall Street , connections are available to the New York City Subway and several local New York City Bus routes . On the St. George side , there are transfers to the Staten Island Railway and to the St. George Bus Terminal 's many bus routes . Passengers on any bus or subway route can exit at Whitehall Street , take the ferry for free , and use their MetroCard farecards for a free transfer to a bus or train at St. George . The same is true for passengers from Staten Island who want to transfer to the subway or bus in Manhattan by riding the Staten Island Ferry . The Staten Island Ferry originated in 1817 , when the Richmond Turnpike Company started a steamboat service from Manhattan to Staten Island . Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the Richmond Turnpike Company in 1838 , and it was merged with two competitors in 1853 . The combined company was in turn sold to the Staten Island Railroad Company in 1864 . The Staten Island Ferry was then sold to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1884 , and the City of New York assumed control of the ferry in 1905 . In the early 20th century , the city and private companies also operated publicly and privately operated ferry routes from Staten Island to Brooklyn . Owing to the growth of vehicular travel , all of the routes from Staten Island to Brooklyn were decommissioned by the mid-1960s ; but the route to Manhattan was maintained due to its popularity with passengers . By 1967 , the Staten Island - to - Manhattan ferry was the only commuter ferry within the entire city . A fast ferry route from Staten Island to Midtown Manhattan ran briefly from 1997 to 1998 , with proposals to revive the route resurfacing in the 2010s . The Staten Island Ferry has a high commuter ridership due to the lack of transit connections between Staten Island and the other boroughs . With 23.9 million riders in fiscal year 2016 , the Staten Island Ferry is the single busiest ferry route in the United States as of 2016 , as well as the world 's busiest passenger - only ferry system . The ferry is also popular among tourists and visitors , due to the views of the New York Harbor a trip affords ; and it has been featured in several films . Contents 1 History 1.1 Predecessors 1.2 Early years 1.3 Staten Island Railway era 1.4 End of Staten Island Railway era 1.5 City ownership and other ferries 1.6 Later history 2 Operations 2.1 Route 2.2 Terminals 2.2. 1 Whitehall Terminal 2.2. 2 St. George Terminal 2.3 Fares 2.4 Ridership 3 Fleet 3.1 Current 3.1. 1 Kennedy class 3.1. 2 Barberi class 3.1. 3 Austen class 3.1. 4 Molinari class 3.2 Future 3.3 Former 4 Incidents 4.1 Early 20th century , after city takeover 4.2 Late 20th century 4.3 21st century 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The MV John F. Kennedy Predecessors ( edit ) Before the New York City area was colonized , the indigenous Lenape Native Americans traversed the area 's waterways by boat , traveling from Staten Island to present - day Manhattan and New Jersey . The area was then known as Lenapehoking , and the Lenape traveled along nearby waterways such as Arthur Kill , Kill Van Kull , and Raritan Bay . The area would first be colonized as part of Dutch New Netherland in 1624 . New Netherland was taken over by the British Province of New York in 1664 , and the British province finally became part of the United States in 1776 . During the 18th century , the City of New York occupied only the southern tip of Manhattan , and Staten Island was not incorporated within the greater city . At the time , ferry service along New York Harbor between Staten Island and Manhattan was conducted by private individuals in `` periaugers '' . These shallow - draft , two - masted sailboats , used for local traffic in New York Harbor , were also used for other transport in the area . Early years ( edit ) Cornelius Vanderbilt , an entrepreneur from Stapleton , Staten Island , who would become one of the world 's richest people , started a ferry service from Staten Island to Manhattan in 1810 . Although Cornelius was only 16 years old at the time , he had sailed extensively enough in his father 's periauger that he could easily navigate the New York Harbor Estuary on his own . He earned $100 for his birthday in May 1810 , which he used to purchase a periauger called Swiftsure . Vanderbilt then used the periauger to transport passengers from Staten Island to the Battery at Manhattan 's tip . He competed against other boatmen providing service in the harbor , who called him `` Commodore '' because of his youthful eagerness ; although the nickname was intended to be jocular , it applied to him for the rest of his life . The War of 1812 meant restricted access to New York Harbor from elsewhere along the East Coast . During the war , Vanderbilt profited from carrying cargo along the Hudson River , and he bought extra boats with these profits . After the war , he transported cargo in the harbor , earning even more money and buying more boats . Around the same time , U.S. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins secured a charter for the Richmond Turnpike Company as part of his efforts to develop the village of Tompkinsville , which would become Staten Island 's first European settlement . The company was incorporated in 1815 , and the land comprising Tompkinsville was purchased around this time . The company built a highway across Staten Island ; it also received the right to run a ferry to New York . The Richmond Turnpike Company began to operate the first motorized ferry between New York and Staten Island in 1817 , Nautilus , which was commanded by Captain John DeForest , the brother - in - law of Cornelius Vanderbilt . This new ferry broke the short monopoly on steamboat operations that had been held by the Fulton Ferry , which had connected Manhattan and Brooklyn since it began operation in 1814 . Since the steamboats provided much faster means of transportation across the harbor , Vanderbilt sold all his ships to his father in 1818 . He subsequently started working for Thomas Gibbons , a small - steamboat operator , operating steamboat lines for Gibbons in New Jersey before later operating his own lines in New York . When Tompkins died in 1825 , the company 's stocks were placed in a trust at the Fulton Bank in lower Manhattan . Under an act passed in 1824 , the bank was to be incorporated under two conditions : it had to acquire the Richmond Turnpike Company 's stock , and it would cease operations in 1844 . Vanderbilt , who had grown wealthy in the steamboat business in New York waters , bought control of the Richmond Turnpike Company in 1838 . After the company 's original charter expired in 1844 , Vanderbilt transferred the former company 's leases and titles to himself and the company 's other chief officer , Oroondates Mauran . This was done in their capacity as private citizens rather than as chief officers . When Mauran died in 1848 , his share of the company was purchased by Vanderbilt . By the mid-18th century , there were three separate ferry companies offering services between lower Manhattan and the eastern shore of Staten Island . The Tompkins and Staples Ferry , operated by Vice President Tompkins 's son Minthorne , ran from a pier at the Tompkinsville end of the highway to Whitehall Street in lower Manhattan . The New York and Staten Island Steam Ferry Company , or `` People 's Ferry '' , was operated by George Law and ran from Stapleton , Staten Island , to Liberty Street , Manhattan . The third ferry was the Richmond Turnpike Ferry , also the `` Staten Island Ferry '' ; it originated at Vanderbilt 's Landing at Clifton , Staten Island , and terminated in Manhattan . All of these companies merged in 1853 , after Vanderbilt , who was focused on business ventures elsewhere , convinced Law and Tompkins to buy out his ferry company for $600,000 . Vanderbilt remained a dominant figure in the ferry business until the Civil War in the early 1860s . Hunchback ( 1852 ) on the James River in Virginia during the Civil War The combined company , the Staten Island and New York Ferry Company , ran services from Whitehall Street to Tompkinsville , Stapleton , and Clifton . It originally ran single - ended boats but eventually expanded its fleet to include double - ended boats . The Staten Island and New York Ferry 's vessel Hunchback was built in 1852 , becoming the first double - decked boat to operate in the harbor . To accommodate growing ridership , three double - ended boats -- Southfield I , Westfield I , and Clifton I -- were purchased for the ferry between 1857 and 1861 . Westfield and Clifton were purchased by the Union Army in September 1861 , almost immediately after they had been delivered . The army also purchased Hunchback and Southfield in December of that year . The Union used the ships to man the blockade against the Confederate Army during the Civil War . Of the four boats , only Hunchback survived ; after the war , it was redocumented and bought by someone in Boston ; it was abandoned by 1880 . Due to the loss of these boats , another three boats -- Westfield II , Northfield , and Middletown -- were obtained in 1862 -- 1863 . A fourth boat , Clifton II , was also built , but it was purchased by the U.S. shortly after completion ; the vessel was then redocumented , and by 1868 it had been destroyed . Staten Island Railway era ( edit ) The Staten Island Railway ( SIR ) opened in stages in 1860 . It was necessary to have a direct connection between the new railroad trains and the infrequent ferries to and from Manhattan , but this turned out to be difficult during the beginning of operation . The ferries serving Vanderbilt 's Landing were owned by George Law , who operated a competing ferry service called the New York and Staten Island Steam Ferry . Afterwards , Vanderbilt tried to operate a ferry service between Manhattan and Staten Island that would rival Law 's ferry service . Vanderbilt started construction on his plan for a central dock on the island , but he abandoned the scheme after a storm destroyed the timber work . Only the large stone foundation remained ; this was still visible in 1900 at low tide . A long franchise battle ensued ; and as a result , Vanderbilt sold his ferry service to Law in 1862 . Vanderbilt subsequently lost interest in Staten Island 's transit operations , and he handed the operations of the ferry and railroad over to his brother , Jacob Vanderbilt , who was the president of the company until 1883 . In March 1864 , Vanderbilt bought Law 's ferries , bringing both the railroad and the ferries under the same company . The railway assumed the Staten Island and New York Ferry Company 's operations in 1865 . Westfield disaster , an 1871 wood engraving On July 30 , 1871 , Westfield II was damaged when its boiler exploded while sitting in its slip at South Ferry in Manhattan . Within days of the disaster , between 45 and 91 had died , and from 78 to 208 listed as injured , although figures varied widely between the Times , Herald , Tribune , and World . Among those injured was Antonio Meucci , an Italian immigrant who was developing the first telephone at the time ; he was so poor that his wife sold his lab and telephone prototype to buy $6 worth of medications . Jacob Vanderbilt was arrested for murder , though he escaped conviction . This had an adverse effect on the railroad 's finances ; and on March 28 , 1872 , the railway and the ferry went into receivership . On September 17 , 1872 , the property of the company was sold to George Law in foreclosure , with the exception of the ferryboat Westfield II , which was purchased by Horace Theall . Erastus Wiman , a Canadian entrepreneur , planned to develop Staten Island by adding transit . Wiman had become one of Staten Island 's most notable figures since moving to New York in 1867 , and he had built an amusement area on the island to help develop it . He incorporated the Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad Company on March 25 , 1880 ; and the incorporation of the company was formalized on April 14 , 1880 . Two years later , Wiman applied to build a ferry dock in Manhattan in order to serve his new ferry routes . Wiman also proposed combining the six to eight separate ferry operations so as to use just one Staten Island terminal . This became the St. George ferry landing , which opened in March 1886 . On April 3 , 1883 , the Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad Company gained control of the SIR and its boats . A new boat , Southfield II , was delivered that year . The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) obtained control of the Staten Island Railway Ferry Company 's operations the next year . A controlling interest in the Railway Ferry Company was obtained by the B&O in 1885 , through purchases of stock . On November 21 , 1885 , Robert Garrett , president of the B&O , leased the Railway Ferry Company to the B&O for 99 years . The B&O could now provide service to a ferry terminal that was closer to Manhattan public transit . Formerly , passengers had to transfer to the Central Railroad of New Jersey ( CNJ ) 's ferries , which went from the Jersey City Terminal to the Liberty Street Ferry Terminal in Manhattan ; and the latter was not close to any elevated rail stations in the area . With this acquisition , the B&O could start operating ferries to the Whitehall Street terminal , where there was a direct transfer to an elevated station . Two 225 - foot ( 69 m ) steel - hulled ferryboats were built during this time and delivered in 1888 . These boats were Erastus Wiman ( renamed Castleton in 1894 ) and Robert Garrett . They were the first boats of the Staten Island Railway Ferry fleet to be powered by multi-cylinder inclined steam engines , which pumped steam more efficiently than the single - cylinder vertical engines on previous boats . Garrett resigned from his position at the B&O in 1887 , and his successors did not show as much interest in Staten Island transit operations . Wiman lost significant amounts of money in the Panic of 1893 ; and two years later , much of his property was auctioned to pay off debts . In 1893 , the B&O commenced plans to divert some CNJ ferries from Jersey City to Whitehall Street , with the latter ordering Easton and Mauch Chunk ferries for the Whitehall Street service . The boats started running in 1897 . As part of a general improvement , the B&O also started building a new ferry terminal at St. George in 1895 . In 1899 , the Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) and the New York Central Railroad ( NYCRR ) formed a partnership in which they were to buy smaller freight railroad companies . PRR president Alexander Cassatt had devised the plan because he thought that two large freight - shipping companies , Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel , were artificially depressing freight - shipping rates by cajoling smaller companies for rebates . Among the PRR 's acquisitions was the B&O , which in turn owned the Staten Island Railway and Ferry . Cassatt started buying B&O stock in 1899 and owned much of the B&O stock two years later . End of Staten Island Railway era ( edit ) The South Street Seaport , where the damaged Northfield II sank By the 1900s , Staten Islanders were becoming dissatisfied with the railway - operated ferry service to Manhattan , which they felt was unsafe . The turning point came on June 14 , 1901 , when the CNJ ferry Mauch Chunk struck the B&O ferryboat Northfield II as the latter was leaving the ferry port at Whitehall , tearing a 10 - by - 20 - foot ( 3.0 by 6.1 m ) hole through the middle of Northfield . Damaged beyond repair , Northfield II sank within ten minutes , ending up near the modern South Street Seaport . The crash claimed few victims : out of 995 passengers aboard , only four or five were killed . The dead were not recovered for several days , and one man 's body drifted around the southern tip of Manhattan and across the Hudson River . An investigation into the crash found that Northfield II had sunk because of the extent of the damage rather than because of its 38 - year age . Despite this , neither captain was criminally charged , although Mauch Chunk 's captain was `` censured '' for speeding as well as for not helping the passengers aboard Northfield . In the meantime , the B&O borrowed the paddle - wheeler John Englis from the Williamsburg Ferry Company . On February 21 , 1902 , two hundred people held discussions with MacDougal Hawkes , the head of the New York City Department of Docks , to demand that the Whitehall - to - St. George ferry service be improved . In summer 1902 , as the B&O fought to retain its ownership of the ferry , Henry Huttleston Rogers demonstrated that his steam - powered yacht was faster than the SIR 's vessels , and argued that he should thus be allowed to operate the ferry route . Throughout the rest of the year , Rogers 's Standard Oil - affiliated transit venture , which also operated streetcar routes on Staten Island , competed with the B&O for the rights to the ferry . The locations of the Staten Island terminal were also debated ; and West Brighton , Tompkinsville , Stapleton , and Port Richmond were suggested as possible locations . The B&O wanted to offer service to St. George and at least one other terminal , while Rogers wanted to use only the Tompkinsville and West Brighton terminals . The two groups submitted their proposals in November 1902 ; and by February 1903 , the Sinking Fund Commission announced their decision to give B&O the operating license . This decision proved controversial : Hawkes made a recommendation to Mayor Seth Low on February 21 , and dissatisfied Staten Islanders showed up to the commission 's meeting on February 25 . These residents , voicing their dissent , helped cause the commissioners to reject Hawkes 's proposal . Shortly after , the government of New York City announced its intent to acquire ownership of the ferry . Instead of offering the franchise to either the B&O or Rogers , the Sinking Fund Commission decided , in March 1903 , that the city could run two ferry routes from Staten Island . One route would travel to Manhattan , terminating at any North River port between 23rd Street and Battery Park , while the other route would go from Staten Island to Sunset Park , Brooklyn . The bill authorizing the city to acquire ferry operations was passed by the 126th New York State Legislature , and it was signed into law by Governor Benjamin B. Odell in May 1903 . The city would pay $3.2 million to take over operations of the ferry , including $2 million for five new screw - propelled ships , one named for each of the five boroughs . The city began soliciting tenders for ferryboats , ultimately deciding to pay $1.7 million for four of the five boats from the Maryland Steel Company . The contract was signed on June 20 , 1904 . The fifth boat , Richmond , was built on Staten Island by the Burlee Dry Dock Company . The ferryboat Castleton at the Whitehall Street terminal From 1902 to 1903 , there were debates on where to put the new Whitehall terminal ; and Whitehall Street was decided on as the best location . In 1904 , after the Staten Island Railway Company refused the city 's offer of $500,000 for the two terminals , the city started a process to condemn the land around the terminals . Although the B&O had been set to give up the Staten Island Ferry franchise in early 1904 , the new borough - class ferryboats were not ready by that time . So , the B&O was granted a two - year contract extension , on the condition that the contract could be canceled with 30 days ' notice . In return , the city could purchase the B&O 's ownership share in the terminals and the five existing ships from B&O , namely Westfield II , Middletown , Southfield II , Robert Garrett , and Castleton , for a set price . A new St. George Terminal was built by the city for $2,318,720 , replacing the existing terminal . All of the ships except for Richmond were finished by April 1905 and delivered during the late summer and early fall of that year . Richmond was ready by May 20 ; and as it had been built in Port Richmond , there was no need to transport the boat . On October 25 , 1905 , the Department of Docks and Ferries assumed ownership of the ferry and terminals ; and the borough ferryboats started their maiden voyages . The next year , the city took ownership of the five B&O ships . City ownership and other ferries ( edit ) The ferry service from St. George to 39th Street , Brooklyn , became city - operated on November 1 , 1906 , as provided for by the 1903 law transferring ownership of that route to the city . Its Brooklyn terminus was located near the Brooklyn , Bath and West End Railroad 's former 39th Street terminal , but as that railroad had been converted into the West End subway line , the Brooklyn ferry now primarily served industrial interests in Sunset Park . Mayor George McClellan , elected as Low 's successor in 1903 , and Docks Commissioner Maurice Featherson were initially skeptical of the acquisition ; but despite their objections , the Sinking Funds Commission approved the private line 's acquisition in 1905 . The route started with three ferryboats from the Union Ferry Company of Brooklyn . Three new boats were then commissioned for the 39th Street route . Named Gowanus , Bay Ridge , and Nassau , they were smaller than the borough - class boats . Bay Ridge was the first to arrive , in July 1907 , followed by Gowanus in August , and Bay Ridge in September . A second route from St. George to Brooklyn started operating on July 4 , 1912 . The privately operated Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company operated the service to 69th Street in Bay Ridge . New York City started operating a line from Battery Park to Stapleton in May 1909 . This service ran every 90 minutes between 4 a.m. and 8 p.m. daily . It was discontinued at the end of 1913 , due to low ridership . Staten Islanders protested against the city 's discontinuance of the Stapleton ferry , to no avail . Former pier for 69th Street ferry service Mayor McClellan 's successor , William Jay Gaynor , was opposed to what he saw as a hasty purchase of the 39th Street line . Upon becoming mayor in 1910 , Gaynor communicated to his administration 's docks commissioner , Calvin Tompkins , that the operating costs of that route needed to be reduced ; in response , Tompkins replaced the superintendent of ferries . Neither of the city 's Staten Island ferries showed a profit until 1915 , under John Purroy Mitchel 's mayoral administration . The city 's purchase of the two Staten Island ferry routes was intended to be temporary , until private operators could be found , but it never happened . These were the only two routes the city operated at the time , but the city continued to award privately operated ferry franchises elsewhere . The ferryboat Mayor Gaynor was delivered in 1914 , during Mitchel 's administration , to boost service on the Whitehall route , although it had originally been intended for the Sunset Park route . It was not as efficient as the borough - class boats ( see § Former ) , so it was relegated to supplementary service . Another vessel in the fleet , Castleton , was sold to a private owner in 1915 ; its classmate , Robert Garrett ( renamed Stapleton in 1906 ) would remain in city ownership until 1922 . Mayor Mitchel 's successor , John Francis Hylan , was elected in 1917 ; and he immediately commissioned a series of new boats . The result was President Roosevelt ( also known as T.R. ) , delivered in 1921 , and American Legion I , delivered five years later . The names of both boats triggered some controversy -- President Roosevelt due to resentment of Theodore Roosevelt , and American Legion I due to the fact that it was named after the American Legion , which was only one of the various veterans ' organizations in existence . At the same time , Hylan also ordered three more boats for the 39th Street route , and he ordered 11 boats for other city - operated routes . This brought the number of boats ordered by Hylan 's administration to 16 . After Hylan 's electoral defeat by Jimmy Walker in 1925 , George W. Loft and William Randolph Hearst were respectively renamed to West Brighton and Whitehall II . In April 1926 , the white paint scheme of the boats was replaced by a maroon scheme , which was better at hiding the accumulations of grime on the boats ' exteriors . In March 1924 , New York City Plant and Structures Commissioner Grover A. Whalen suggested that the infrequent 69th Street service be placed under city administration , a request that ultimately went unfulfilled , as the Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry would continue to operate the route until 1939 . However , in June 1924 , the route to 39th Street was taken over by New York Bay Ferry . By the end of that summer , the three ferry routes were advertised as the most convenient way to get to Staten Island until a tunnel between Staten Island and Brooklyn could be completed , although the tunnel never was finished because its construction was halted a year later . In the 1930s , the ferry routes to Whitehall Street and 39th Street each received one class of three new boats . The boats in the Dongan Hills class were delivered from 1929 to 1931 for the 39th Street route , and the boats in the Mary Murray class were delivered from 1937 to 1938 for the Whitehall Street route . The classes ' engines and dimensions were similar , but each class 's exterior appearance was very different from the other . The Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company found it increasingly difficult to maintain its aging fleet , especially with the competition from the 39th Street ferry 's new , problem - free ferryboats . This resulted in infrequent service on the Bay Ridge ferry to 69th Street , which lead to a decline in patronage and fare revenues . In February 1939 , the United States Department of Commerce ordered the Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company to cease all operations after finding that one of its 40 - year - old boats was in a severely deteriorated condition . The Bay Ridge operation was subsequently taken over by the Electric Ferries company on March 1 , 1939 . Electric Ferries , which also operated other routes in the area , bought three secondhand ferryboats from other companies to supplement seven new boats . In 1940 , the Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company asked the city to stop its municipal operation to 39th Street , so the 69th Street ferry could carry all Staten Island - to - Brooklyn traffic , thus enabling them to lower rates . However , the city refused . The St. George Terminal , reconstructed in 1951 After the end of World War II in 1945 , the city wanted to reconstruct St. George Terminal , which would in turn improve ferry service to Whitehall Street . On June 25 , 1946 , a fire occurred at St. George , killing three people and destroying the slips for the Whitehall ferry route . The only ferry slips that had not been damaged in the fire were those used by the 39th Street ferry . Because the Whitehall route had more ridership , the 39th Street ferry service was suspended so that Whitehall ferries could stop at St. George . The suspension of ferry service was supposed to be temporary ; but when service was still suspended after a year had elapsed , merchants at Brooklyn 's Bush Terminal , near 39th Street , began petitioning the city to resume service . However , this service was apparently never resumed . The new terminal was completed in June 1951 . From 1950 to 1951 , the city ordered the construction of three new Merrell - class boats for the Whitehall Street route . These boats differed significantly from their predecessors in that they used 6 - cylinder `` Unaflow '' engines , which allowed for a more efficient steam - powered ferryboat compared to the two 2 - cylinder compound steam engines of earlier models . With the lowest bid for the three boats coming in at $6.44 million , the Merrell class was more expensive than the Mary Murray class before it , which had cost only $1 million a boat . The Merrell class would quickly become outdated with the introduction of a subsequent class whose diesel engines were even more powerful . Around this time , ferry services in the area were being discontinued and replaced by bridges and tunnels , leading to the eventual demise of the 69th Street ferry . The exception was the direct ferry from Manhattan to Staten Island , which was not expected to see a significant decrease in ridership because it provided the only direct link between the two boroughs . Electric Ferries ' franchise for the Bay Ridge ferry expired on March 31 , 1954 ; and the city contracted the 69th Street ferry 's operation to Henry Shanks in order to keep that ferry running . The 69th Street ferry ceased operation in 1964 , due to the opening of the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge a short distance south of its route . At the time of the 69th Street ferry 's discontinuation , it was being used by 7,000 passengers daily , who paid five cents each , and 8,000 vehicles daily , which were charged 75 cents apiece . Each boat could fit between 500 and 750 passengers but only 42 vehicles , which meant for traffic jams at both of the ferry 's slips , due to the boats ' low capacity . However , the route between St. George and Whitehall Streets was kept open , since the bridge 's opening was expected to spur an influx of residents to Staten Island , with a potential increase in commute ridership on the ferry to Manhattan . Later History ( edit ) By 1967 , all other ferries in New York City had closed due to competition from automobile traffic , and the St. George to Whitehall route was the only ferry in the city . It remained as such until the 1980s , when other ferry routes were restarted . Off - peak service was reduced in 1967 , but two months later that service was restored . However , due to the mid-1970s New York City fiscal crisis , night service ended on July 1 , 1975 , with alternate service being provided by the Fourth Avenue subway . Night service was restored in the 1980s after two boats , comprising the current Austen class , were ordered specifically for night voyages . These boats entered service in 1986 . A Staten Island ferryboat in the Upper New York Bay By the late 1980s , ferries had again become a popular mode of transport in the area . In 1991 , seventy companies expressed interest in bidding for the rights to operate new ferries across the city . This list of potential bidders was reduced to three companies by 1993 . One of these ferries was to be a ferry from Staten Island to midtown Manhattan ; this new ferry would travel at top speeds of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) , as opposed to the existing Whitehall - to - St. George ferry 's 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . New York Fast Ferry was ultimately selected to run a ferry from St. George to East 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan , starting service in January 1997 with about 1,650 commuters a day using the service . The Midtown ferry proved successful until the city essentially eliminated the competing Whitehall Street route 's fare in July 1997 , as part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) 's `` one - city , one - fare '' transfer scheme : Staten Island transit riders could pay a single $1.50 fare with a MetroCard on a Staten Island bus or train and get a free transfer to a Manhattan bus or subway by taking the St. George -- Whitehall ferry at no additional cost , with return trips handled similarly . As a result , daily ridership on the $5 - per - ticket Midtown ferry decreased to 400 passengers , and New York Fast Ferry was unable to make a profit on the route . New York Fast Ferry went out of business at the end of 1997 , at which point NY Waterway took over the route . NY Waterway also failed to break even on the Midtown route , and it was eliminated on July 31 , 1998 . Immediately after the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , Staten Island ferryboats were used to evacuate attack victims from the World Trade Center . The line was then temporarily closed for a week , with ferry service restored by September 18 . When it reopened , some ferries were diverted to Bay Ridge due to the closures of subways and roads across the East River . This continued into 2002 , by which time some 2,200 passengers per day were using the ferry , and continued to do so even after the subways and highways were reopened . In 2003 , both terminals ' lower levels were closed , and all vehicular traffic on the ferry was banned , due to the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 . Under this act , passengers would have to board and depart from different sections of the ferry ; and since the lower levels of each ferry were used for departing , they could not be used for boarding . This made boarding the ferry inconvenient for park - and - ride users at the St. George Terminal . The lower levels of each terminal were reopened in 2017 , to reduce passenger crowding on the ships ' upper levels . The St. George Terminal 's lower level was opened during morning rush , and the Whitehall Terminal 's lower level was opened during middays and the evening rush . In 2002 , the city again proposed eliminating night service , with plans to outsource nighttime operations to other ferry companies in the area . However , night and weekend service was increased in 2004 due to growing ridership . Before the 2004 increase in night service , boats only ran once an hour between midnight and 7 a.m. The ferry had not added more trips during nights and weekends , even though Staten Island 's population had increased since 1990 . Ridership continued to increase ; and in November 2006 , additional ferries , running every 30 minutes , were provided during the weekend morning hours . In 2015 , weekend - morning and late - night frequencies were increased to every thirty minutes . Efforts to revive the Staten Island - to - Midtown ferry persisted ; and in 2013 , city councilman James Oddo advocated for a revival of fast ferry service to Staten Island as part of his campaign to become that borough 's president . After Oddo 's election as borough president , he pushed New York City mayor Bill de Blasio to consider a Staten Island fast ferry as part of de Blasio 's proposed Citywide Ferry Service ( later renamed NYC Ferry ) . At the time , the new system 's only proposed ferry stop on Staten Island was at Stapleton , which was already adequately served by the Whitehall -- St. George route . Citywide Ferry Service was not planning to serve transit - deprived South Shore . Later , the citywide ferry 's Stapleton route was relegated to an unfunded plan , leaving Staten Island with no stops on the new system . With the opening of NYC Ferry in 2017 , politicians and Staten Island residents again advocated bringing more ferry service to Staten Island , including adding one ferry each to Manhattan and Brooklyn , a stop on the South Shore , and extra stops on the Whitehall -- St. George ferry . In April 2017 , Oddo announced a tentative agreement with NY Waterway to possibly implement a fast route from St. George to Midtown Manhattan in 2018 . The ferry would go to West Midtown Ferry Terminal , as opposed to East 34th Street . Unlike NYC Ferry , the Staten Island - to - Midtown route would not receive any per - passenger subsidies from the city . By September 2017 , private developers on the South Shore were also negotiating with SeaStreak to run a separate fast ferry route from the South Shore to Lower Manhattan . View of the Manhattan skyline from a Whitehall Street - bound ferry in 2006 Operations ( edit ) The Staten Island Ferry operates 24 / 7 . A new ferry trip begins every 30 minutes most hours of the day and night , with more frequent service during peak times , and takes 25 minutes to complete the 5.2 - mile ( 8.4 km ) route . The ferry carried 23.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2016 . The Staten Island Ferry is administered separately from NYC Ferry . Route ( edit ) Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap A map showing the route of the ferry through Upper New York Bay The ferry to Staten Island departs Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal at South Ferry , at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near the Battery , and follows a single route . On Staten Island , ferryboats to Manhattan depart from the St. George Ferry Terminal on Richmond Terrace , near Richmond County 's Borough Hall and Supreme Court . The ferry ride affords views of the Lower Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty and thus is a popular destination on Saturday nights , as beer and food items are served at the snack bar . The backdrop of the Staten Island Ferry 's route also makes it a popular place for film shoots , and the ferry has been featured in various films , such as Working Girl ( 1988 ) , How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days ( 2003 ) , and Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) . Many other films and TV episodes use the Staten Island Ferry in establishing shots . In the past , ferries were equipped for vehicle transport , and operators charged $3 per automobile . A vehicle ban was approved in 1992 , after the Whitehall Terminal was destroyed and subsequently rebuilt without vehicle loading areas . Although the temporary terminals included car loading areas , car boarding was discontinued after the September 11 attacks . There was a plan to reinstate car boarding because of rising tolls on the Verrazano Bridge , but that was seen as infeasible due to the amount of effort needed to screen every car . While the ferries no longer transport motor vehicles , they do transport bicycles . There is a bicycle entrance to the ferry at either terminal . The bike entrance is always on the ground level , so bicyclists can enter the ferry without needing to enter the building . The ground entrance was reserved exclusively for bike riders until September 2017 , when lower - level boarding and disembarking was restored for all passengers . Cyclists are subject to screening upon arrival at the ferry terminals and must dismount and walk their bicycles to the waiting area and onto the boat . Bicycles must be stored in the designated bicycle storage area on each boat . Bicycles may be taken on the lowest deck of the ferry without charge . During rush hours , ferries usually run at 15 - to - 20 - minute intervals , increasing to 30 minutes during the mid-days and evenings . Ferries run at 30 - minute intervals for a few hours during the early morning -- usually 12 a.m. to 6 a.m. -- and on weekends . Terminals ( edit ) Whitehall terminal ( edit ) Main article : Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal The Staten Island Ferry Terminal , located in Lower Manhattan There have been at least two terminals on the site of the current Whitehall Terminal . When the original terminal opened in 1903 , its Beaux - Arts design was identical to the Battery Maritime Building , which still exists . In 1919 , a fire at the South Ferry elevated station damaged the building . A $3 million renovation of the terminal was announced in 1953 , and it opened on July 24 , 1956 . The old terminal burned down in a fire on September 8 , 1991 . A new design was announced the next year , and a temporary terminal was opened at the site to accommodate passengers in the meantime . On February 7 , 2005 , a completely renovated and modernized terminal , designed by architect Frederic Schwartz , was dedicated , along with the new two - acre Peter Minuit Plaza in the Battery . The terminal contains connections to the New York City Subway 's South Ferry / Whitehall Street station complex , as well as to buses and taxis . A `` gateway to the city '' , set against the backdrop of Manhattan 's greatest buildings on one side and the river on the other , the design was created to imbue the terminal `` with a strong sense of civic presence '' . In his remarks at the terminal 's dedication , Mayor Michael Bloomberg stated that `` You can walk into this spectacular terminal day or night and feel like you 're part of the city ... ( the terminal ) is a continuation of what you feel on the ferry ... in a sense you are suspended over the water . '' Described as `` an elegant addition to ( the ) city 's architecture '' , the transit hub was described by a Newsday editor as so beautiful that it had become a tourist attraction in its own right . St. George terminal ( edit ) The St. George Terminal on Staten Island Main article : St. George Terminal § Staten Island Ferry A new ferry and rail terminal at St. George 's Landing and an extension of the Staten Island Railway north from Vanderbilt 's Landing had been proposed in the 1870s by the owners of the railroad ( George Law , Cornelius Vanderbilt , and Erastus Wiman ) to replace the various ferry sites on the north and east shores of Staten Island . St. George was selected due to its being the point where Staten Island is closest to Manhattan , approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) away . The terminal and local neighborhood were renamed `` St. George '' in honor of Law , allegedly as a concession by Wiman in order to build the terminal and connecting tunnel on land owned by Law . The ferry terminal was opened in early 1886 . On June 25 , 1946 , a large fire destroyed both the wooden ferry and rail terminals , killing 3 people and injuring more than 200 . Full service was restored in July of that year . A new $21 - million facility was built by the city , and opened on June 8 , 1951 . Plans for a renovation of the terminal were announced in March 1997 , and the terminal was renovated in the 2000s , as part of a $300 million renovation of several ferry terminals in the area , including the Whitehall Terminal . As of 2013 , St. George 's direct rail - sea connection is one of a few left in the United States . Fares ( edit ) There is no charge to take the ferry . However , riders who want to make a round trip must disembark at each terminal and reenter through the terminal building to comply with Coast Guard regulations regarding vessel capacity . The turnstiles were dismantled when fares were discontinued in 1997 , so there is no easy way to count the number of passengers boarding the ferry , although the crew of each boat can estimate the number of passengers aboard the vessel . The state 's per - passenger subsidy in 2012 was $4.86 , paid for through taxes . This subsidy rose to $5.87 in 2016 , before dropping to $5.16 in 2017 . By comparison , the city 's per - passenger subsidy for NYC Ferry , in 2017 , was $6.50 , after accounting for the $2.75 per - passenger fare . For most of the 20th century , the ferry was famed as the biggest bargain in New York City , as it charged the same one - nickel , or five - cent , fare as the New York City Subway . In 1882 , riders protested against a proposed fare increase to 10 cents per ride , but were unsuccessful in obtaining a fare reduction . The fare - reduction movement resurfaced in 1894 , with multiple petitions being submitted to the New - York Sinking Fund Commissioners . However , these petitions were all denied . By 1898 , the fare had been reduced back to a nickel . The fare for the ferry remained a nickel when the subway fare was increased to 10 cents in 1948 . Despite the ferry 's growing operational shortfalls in the 1950s , the five - cent fare remained , regardless of inflation . By 1968 , the Citizens Budget Commission was proposing to hike fares to close the subsidy deficit , with Staten Island commuters to pay 20 cents , and others 50 cents , for a one - way trip . In May 1970 , then - Mayor John V. Lindsay proposed that the fare be raised to 25 cents , pointing out that the cost for each ride was 50 cents , or ten times what the fare was bringing in . As part of a city budget passed in June of that year , the nickel fare was kept . Due to the city 's financial crisis in the mid-1970s , Mayor Abraham Beame submitted a proposal to increase the fare in July 1975 . On August 4 , 1975 , the fare was increased to 25 cents for a round trip , collected in one direction only . The fare increase was intended to earn the ferry service an extra $1.35 million in annual revenue . In 1990 , the charge for a round trip was increased to 50 cents , provoking a backlash among Staten Islanders , and sparking calls for its complete abolition . In 1993 , grievances over the fare partly contributed to Staten Island 's passing a non-binding referendum to secede from New York City . Rudy Giuliani 's three - percent margin of victory in the concurrent mayoral elections was in considerable part due to the support of 80 % of Staten Island voters , whose concerns he had pledged to address . The passenger fare was subsequently eliminated altogether , in July 1997 , as part of the implementation of the MTA 's `` one - city , one - fare '' system , which allowed for more free transfers between different modes of transit in New York City . The $3 car fares were not affected , as they were separate . The new MetroCard was configured to allow one free transfer between buses and subways ; if the rider had paid a fare less than two hours prior , a ferry trip to be regarded as part of that transfer . Eliminating the ferry fare was seen as an action to standardize Staten Islanders ' MetroCard fares with those of commuters in other boroughs . Despite the fact that the ferry fare had netted $6 million in annual revenue for the city , its abolition only cost the city about $1 million . The other $5 million represented the money saved not having to maintain the now - removed turnstiles , as well as the revenue from MetroCard fares . Some riders disliked the fares ' discontinuance , as they felt that free service might mean lower - quality service . In 2014 , the city 's Independent Budget Office conducted a study investigating the viability of collecting fares from everyone except Staten Island residents . The study found that a $4 fare would garner $35.5 million in fifteen years , while a $2 fare would bring in only $804,000 during the same time . Approximately 4 million passengers would be subject to the fare annually , based on the previous year 's ridership figure of 21.9 million . Ridership ( edit ) Ridership Fiscal Years 2007 -- 2017 Fiscal Year Ridership ( millions ) Ref . 2007 18.953 2008 19.757 2009 20.118 21.464 2011 21.404 2012 22.178 2013 21.399 2014 21.256 2015 21.9 2016 23.1 2017 23.9 Detailed ridership figures for many fiscal years are not widely available because , in many cases , they not have been publicly released . A 1958 New York Times article cited a figure of 24 million annual riders . Ridership on the ferry peaked in 1964 , with 27.5 million passengers , but the figure dropped to 22 million in 1965 , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge opened . In the early 2000s , ridership mostly fluctuated between 18 and 19 million , rising to 21.8 million in 2006 before dropping to 18.5 million the next year . Afterward , ridership started rising again , reaching over 21 million in fiscal year 2011 . In fiscal 2012 , the ferry carried 22.18 million passengers , the highest figure in several decades . The figure in fiscal 2013 declined slightly to 21.4 million . Ridership for fiscal 2014 declined again to 21.25 million , while ridership on private ferry services increased . Public ridership then began rising in subsequent years , especially after the 2015 increase in trip frequency , when ridership reached 21.9 million . In fiscal 2016 , ridership on the ferry increased to 23.1 million passengers ; and in fiscal 2017 , ridership increased further , to 23.9 million passengers , breaking the previous year 's record . The Staten Island Ferry is the single busiest ferry route in the United States as of 2016 , as well as the world 's busiest passenger - only ferry . Although not the busiest US ferry system overall -- that distinction belonging to the multiple - route Washington State Ferries , which carried 24.2 million passengers in 2016 -- the Staten Island Ferry carried 23.9 million passengers over its single route in fiscal 2017 . Fleet ( edit ) Current ( edit ) There are eight ferry boats currently in service , from four classes -- Kennedy , Barberi , Austen , and Molinari . Kennedy class ( edit ) The John F. Kennedy class boat of the Staten Island Ferry The `` Kennedy class '' comprises MV John F. Kennedy , MV American Legion II , and MV Governor Herbert H. Lehman , which were built in 1965 . Only John F. Kennedy remains in service as of 2017 . Each boat had a crew of 15 and could carry 3,055 passengers and 40 vehicles . The boats were 297 feet ( 91 m ) long and 69 feet 10 inches ( 21.29 m ) wide , with drafts of 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.11 m ) , tonnage of 2,109 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines capable of 6,500 horsepower ( 4.8 MW ) . They were built by the Levingston Shipbuilding Company in Orange , Texas . The American Legion II 's inspection certificate lapsed in 2006 , and it was retired with the acquisition of the Molinari - class ferries . Herbert H. Lehman was retired on June 30 , 2007 , after the 10 : 30 p.m. run from Whitehall Street to St. George . John F. Kennedy is being kept for the time being , as captains considered it to be the most reliable vessel in the fleet , and riders preferred its abundant open - air deck space . Barberi class ( edit ) Samuel I. Newhouse , one of two Barberi class ferryboats in the fleet , crosses Upper New York Bay The `` Barberi class '' comprises MV Andrew J. Barberi and MV Samuel I. Newhouse , which were built in 1981 and 1982 , respectively . Each boat can carry 6,000 passengers , but not any cars . The boats are 310 feet ( 94 m ) long and 69 feet 10 inches ( 21.29 m ) wide , with a draft of 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.11 m ) , tonnage of 3,335 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines capable of 8,000 horsepower ( 6.0 MW ) . The boats are each manned by a crew of 15 . The Barberi class was built at the Equitable Shipyard in Florida , at a cost of $16.5 million each . At the time of construction , the ships ' capacity was the largest of any licensed ferry in the world . Andrew J. Barberi was named after the man who coached Curtis High School 's football team from the 1950s through the 1970s , while Samuel I. Newhouse was named after the Staten Island Advance 's publisher from 1922 to 1979 . Austen class ( edit ) The `` Austen class '' comprises MV Alice Austen and MV John A. Noble , which were built in 1986 and are commonly referred to as `` the Little Boats '' or `` Mini Barberis '' . Each boat carries 1,280 passengers , but not cars . The boats are 207 feet ( 63 m ) long and 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide , with a draft of 8 feet 6 inches ( 2.59 m ) , tonnage of 499 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines capable of 3,200 horsepower ( 2.4 MW ) . Each boat has a crew of nine . Their namesakes are Alice Austen ( 1866 -- 1952 ) , a Staten Island photographer , and John A. Noble ( 1913 -- 83 ) , a Staten Island marine artist . Austen - class vessels usually operate late at night and into the early morning , when ridership is lower . Plans call for either the Alice Austen or the John A. Noble to be converted from using low - sulfur diesel as fuel to liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) , in an effort to halve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent . Molinari class ( edit ) The passenger space of a Molinari - class ferryboat of the Staten Island Ferry The `` Molinari class '' comprises MV Guy V. Molinari , MV Senator John J. Marchi , and MV Spirit of America . Each boat carries a maximum of 4,427 passengers and up to 30 vehicles . The boats are 310 feet ( 94 m ) long by 70 feet ( 21 m ) wide and have drafts of 13 feet 10 inches ( 4.22 m ) , tonnage of 2,794 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines capable of 9,000 horsepower ( 6.7 MW ) . Built by the Manitowoc Marine Group in Marinette , Wisconsin , they are designed to have a look and ambiance reminiscent of the classic New York ferryboats . The lead boat is named after Guy V. Molinari , a former U.S. Representative for several Staten Island districts , who later became a borough president of Staten Island . It was delivered in September 2004 . The second ferry was named for State Senator John Marchi , who represented Staten Island for fifty years . The third ferry , Spirit of America , was to be put into service on October 25 , 2005 , to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the municipal takeover of the Staten Island Ferry from the B&O railroad . Mechanical problems on the Molinari - class ferries and legal proceedings kept Spirit of America sidelined at the Staten Island Ferry 's St. George maintenance facility until its maiden voyage on April 4 , 2006 . Since delivery , the ferries have been beset by frequent breakdowns , with 58 such incidents from 2008 to 2014 ; almost half of these breakdowns have been on Guy V. Molinari . Future ( edit ) Main article : Ollis - class ferry Starting in 2019 , John F. Kennedy , Samuel I. Newhouse , and Andrew J. Barberi are to be replaced by three new 310 feet ( 94 m ) vessels , named the Ollis class , after US Army Staff Sgt . Michael Ollis of Staten Island , who was killed in action during the War in Afghanistan . Elliott Bay Design devised the plans for the new ferries . As part of the new acquisition , city officials allowed passengers to vote on the types of seats that would be installed in the new fleet . In November 2016 , Eastern Shipbuilding was confirmed as the low bidder for constructing the ships , and the shipyard was awarded the contract with a notice to proceed on March 1 , 2017 . Delivery of the new ships is planned for 2019 and 2020 . A petition to name one of the Ollis - class ships after Staten Island firefighter John G. Chipura , who died in the September 11 attacks , had 11,000 signatures by September 2017 . Former ( edit ) Several ferry classes , purchased since the city assumed ownership of the ferry , have been retired . The ferries named after the five boroughs , Bronx , Brooklyn , Manhattan , Queens , and Richmond , were the first ones commissioned for the city line in 1905 . All of the boats except Richmond were 246 feet ( 75 m ) long and 46 feet ( 14 m ) wide , with a draft of 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) and a gross tonnage of 1,954 . Richmond had the same width and draft as its classmates , but was 232 feet ( 71 m ) long with a gross tonnage of 2,006 . All of the borough - class boats were retired in the 1940s . Manhattan went out of documentation by 1941 , when Bronx was the first of the remaining boats to be scrapped . The three remaining ferries were scrapped by 1947 , Brooklyn having served as a floating school for the United States Coast Guard in Williamsburg , Brooklyn , beginning in 1943 , and Richmond having been converted to a barge in 1944 . The city 's next class , delivered two years after the borough - class boats , was Gowanus , Bay Ridge , and Nassau , which were used for the Brooklyn line . Each boat was 182 feet ( 55 m ) long and 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide , with a draft of 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) and a gross tonnage of 862 . These boats were all sold by 1940 . Bay Ridge was used as the barge Rappahannock River while the other two were scrapped . The third class consisted of Mayor Gaynor ( 1914 ) , followed by President Roosevelt ( 1922 ) and American Legion I ( 1926 ) . Each boat in the class differed in dimensions and gross tonnage from the others . Mayor Gaynor had a different engine and vastly different dimensions than its other two classmates , so it is sometimes considered as a different class . Mayor Gaynor 's 4 - cylinder triple - expansion engine was not as efficient as the 2 - cylinder compression engines of the previous borough - class boats , so the two vessels following it reverted to the more reliable borough - class engine . Additionally , Mayor Gaynor was 210 feet ( 64 m ) long and 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide , with a draft of 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) and a gross tonnage of 1,634 . The other two boats were approximately 251 feet ( 77 m ) long by 46 feet ( 14 m ) wide , and had a draft of 17 or 18 feet ( 5.2 or 5.5 m ) and a gross tonnage of 2,029 ( for President Roosevelt ) or 2,089 ( for American Legion I ) . Mayor Gaynor was the first to be dismantled , in 1951 , while President Roosevelt and American Legion I were scrapped in 1956 and 1963 , respectively . In 1923 , the steam turbine - powered ferryboats William Randolph Hearst , Rodman Wanamaker , and George W. Loft were built . The names of the boats , which were all derived from those of prominent New York City businessmen , were kept secret until the vessels were unveiled . All of these boats had a length of 205 feet ( 62 m ) , a width of 45 feet ( 14 m ) , a draft of 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) , and a gross tonnage of 875 . George W. Loft shared her name with another boat used up the Hudson River , and so the other boat had to be renamed . Used mostly on the 39th Street route , these boats went into service in June 1924 and were out of documentation by 1954 . The ferryboat Dongan Hills , pictured in 1945 A subsequent class , delivered from 1929 through 1931 , consisted of Dongan Hills , Tompkinsville , and Knickerbocker , in order of delivery . The first two boats had the same dimensions as President Roosevelt , while Knickerbocker was one foot longer and one foot wider , with a gross tonnage of 2,045 . Tompkinsville and Dongan Hills were out of documentation in 1967 -- 1968 , while Knickerbocker was sold for scrap in 1965 . The fifth class -- the Miss New York class , comprising Miss New York , Gold Star Mother , and Mary Murray -- was delivered in 1938 . They had the same width , length , and draft as Knickerbocker , with a gross tonnage of 2,126 . Gold Star Mother was decommissioned in 1969 , to save money before being auctioned off in 1974 . Gold Star Mother 's sister Mary Murray was retired in 1974 and sold at auction . From 1982 through the mid-2000s , it then sat as a floating wreck on the Raritan River , within view of the New Jersey Turnpike , and was partially broken up for scrap in 2008 . The third sister ship , Miss New York , was decommissioned in 1975 and auctioned . Miss New York was used as a restaurant for a while , but then sank . The most recently fully retired class of ferryboats , Cornelius G. Kolff , Private Joseph F. Merrell , and Verrazzano , went into service in 1951 . These boats were slightly larger than their predecessors , with a length of 269 feet ( 82 m ) , a width of 69 feet ( 21 m ) , a draft of 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) , and a gross tonnage of 2,285 . They were built at the Bethlehem Steel Company shipyard on Staten Island . Verrazzano was decommissioned and sold at auction in the 1980s , with proposals to use the old ferry at a Japanese amusement park . The deal fell through , and it became a floating wreck at the Red Hook Container Terminal . Its two classmates , Kolff ( later Walter Keane ) and Merrell ( later Vernon C. Bain , then Harold A. Wildstein ) were shipped to Rikers Island in 1987 to deal with prison overcrowding there , to be used as an interim housing solution while new jail facilities were being built . Keane and Wildstein , along with the retired British troop carriers Bibby Resolution and Bibby Venture , were used to house 1,000 inmates . The vessels were removed from prison use in 1997 , after the Vernon C. Bain floating barge was built ; and both vessels were scrapped in 2004 . American Legion II , a now - retired Kennedy - class ferry , on its way to Staten Island Most of the Kennedy class , built in 1965 , has also been scrapped . American Legion II was retired in 2006 and sold for scrap . Its classmate Governor Herbert H. Lehman was retired in 2007 and sold at auction by the city in 2011 . By 2012 , it was being scrapped at Steelways Shipyard in Newburgh , New York , where it sank after developing a leak . The third boat in the class , John F. Kennedy , is still in service as of 2017 . Incidents ( edit ) Early 20th century , after city takeover ( edit ) In November 1910 , the ferryboat Nassau ran aground on the seawall of Governors Island , but most passengers were able to jump off the boat safely . The boat only suffered minor damage to its propeller . The ferryboat Mayor Gaynor ran aground near Robbins Reef Light , in the middle of the harbor , on October 31 , 1921 . This was a result of a heavy fog , which caused other transit accidents that injured a total of 20 people that day . The same boat was involved in another crash , on February 24 , 1929 , when it ran into the Whitehall ferry slip and injured three people . Coincidentally , Mayor Gaynor collided with the same spot a year and a day later , injuring seven people . Late 20th century ( edit ) A heavy fog across the East Coast on January 16 , 1953 , caused four ferry accidents in New York Harbor . One of these accidents was when Gold Star crashed into the United States Lines freighter American Veteran , injuring 13 people . In another heavy fog four days later , Joseph F. Merrill crashed into an Ellis Island ferryboat , jolting several passengers but injuring no one . Five years later , on February 8 , 1958 , Dongan Hills was hit by the Norwegian tanker Tynefield , injuring 15 people . On November 7 , 1978 , American Legion II crashed into the concrete seawall near the Statue of Liberty ferry port during a dense fog , injuring 173 people on board. American Legion II was involved in another crash two and a half years later . On May 6 , 1981 , at 7 : 16 am EDT , American Legion II , en route from Staten Island to Manhattan with approximately 2,400 passengers aboard , was rammed in dense fog by the M / V Hoegh Orchid , a Norwegian freighter inbound from the sea to a berth in Brooklyn . The ferryboat was damaged from below the main deck up to the bridge deck ; and 71 passengers were treated for injuries , three of whom were hospitalized . The absence of a gyrocompass , which could have supplemented existing radar capabilities in helping the ferry master to avoid collisions , was noted in the February 2 , 1982 , report by the National Transportation Safety Board . On July 7 , 1986 , a mentally ill man , Juan Gonzalez , attacked passengers with a sword on Samuel I. Newhouse . He killed two and injured nine before being detained and sent to a hospital for psychiatric evaluation . On April 12 , 1995 , Andrew J. Barberi rammed her slip at St. George , due to a mechanical malfunction . The doors on the saloon deck were crushed by the adjustable aprons , which a quick - thinking bridgeman lowered to help stop the oncoming ferryboat . Several people were injured . The terminal was also the site of an incident involving a vehicle two years later , on September 19 , 1997 . A car plunged off John F. Kennedy as she was docking , causing minor injuries to the driver and a deckhand who was knocked overboard . 21st century ( edit ) Damage to Andrew J. Barberi 's interior after the 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash The new century featured the city 's deadliest mass - transit incident in 50 years . On October 15 , 2003 , at 3 : 21 pm EDT , Andrew J. Barberi collided with a pier on the eastern end of the St. George ferry terminal , killing eleven people , seriously injuring many others , and tearing a huge slash through the lowest of the three passenger decks . The incident spurred an investigation into safety practices aboard the ferry , as well as an accident investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board . Andrew J. Barberi 's captain at the time of the incident was fired , and Andrew J. Barberi returned to service in 2004 . The St. George terminal was also the site of two minor ramming incidents . On July 1 , 2009 , at 7 : 09 pm EDT , John J. Marchi lost power and hit a pier at the St. George Terminal at full speed , resulting in 15 minor injuries . The boat was cited as having a history of electrical problems since being put into service in 2005 . A similar incident at the same location occurred on May 8 , 2010 , at 9 : 20 am EDT . As the then - recently - rebuilt Andrew J. Barberi approached the dock , the reverse thrust failed to respond ; and the boat could not slow down . Thirty - seven of the 252 passengers on board were injured . See also ( edit ) Staten Island Ferry Disaster Memorial Museum , a memorial sculpture commemorating a fake giant - octopus attack on the Staten Island Ferry Other ferry systems in the New York City area : NYC Ferry SeaStreak New York Water Taxi NY Waterway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2017 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2017 . p. 272 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzi , Nicholas ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Things You Did n't Know About the Staten Island Ferry '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 Jump up ^ Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society . New Jersey Historical Society . 1918 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur T. Vanderbilt ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Fortune 's Children . Sphere . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7474 - 0620 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Virginia N. ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` 13 things to know about Tompkinsville , where European settlers arrived 375 years ago '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles 2009 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Laws of the State of New York . 1825 . p. 147 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of New York ... 1816 . ^ Jump up to : New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` TOMPKINSVILLE ( JOSEPH H. LYONS ) POOL '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1983 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Stiles 2009 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , William Thompson ( 1907 ) . Proceedings . Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles 2009 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles 2009 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 402 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1983 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` Tmh Army and Navy : THE PURCHASED FLEET. ; Troops for Gen. Lane . Inspection of Col. Doubleday 's heavy artillery regiment '' . The New York Times . 1862 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Historical Society Quarterly . New York Historical Society . 1963 . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Cotham Jr. , Edward T. ( 2009 ) . The Southern Journey of a Civil War Marine : The Illustrated Note - Book of Henry O. Gusley . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 9780292782457 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 402 -- 403 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 403 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Irvin ; Matus , Paul ( January 2002 ) . `` Staten Island Rapid Transit : The Essential History '' . thethirdrail.net . The Third Rail Online . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morris 1900 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ `` City Items ; Change in Ownership of the Staten Island Ferry '' ( PDF ) . New - York Tribune . June 18 , 1862 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Pitanza , Marc ( 2015 ) . Staten Island Rapid Transit Images of Rail . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2338 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` APPALLING DISASTER . - Explosion of a Staten Island Ferry - Boat Boiler . Wreck of the Steamer Westfield at South Ferry . Dreadful Loss of Life and Limb the Result '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 31 , 1871 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Was to Blame ? '' ( PDF ) . New - York Tribune . August 2 , 1871 . p. 4 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Paratico , Angelo ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) . `` The tragic tale of the telephone 's real inventor , Antonio Meucci '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Legislature , New York ( State ) ( 1945 ) . Legislative Documents . J.B. Lyon Company . p. 553 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , pp. 228 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Advance ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` For Erastus Wiman , St. George was a golden opportunity '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ New York ( State ) Legislature Senate ( 1913 ) . Documents of the Senate of the State of New York . E. Croswell . p. 1257 . Jump up ^ New York ( State ) Board of Railroad Commissioners ( 1893 ) . Annual Report of the Railroad Commissioners of the State of New - York , and of the Tabulations and Deductions from the Reports of the Railroad Corporations , Made to the Board , for the Year Ending ... C. Van Benthuysen . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW STATEN ISLAND FERRY '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 5 , 1882 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid Transit on Staten Island '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . January 17 , 1886 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Eugene ( 2013 ) . The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9781300633051 . ^ Jump up to : Harwood , Herbert H. ( 2002 ) . Royal Blue Line : The Classic B&O Train Between Washington and New York . JHU Press . ISBN 9780801870613 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , pp. 124 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ `` Garrett Resigns '' . The Washington Post . October 13 , 1887 -- via ProQuest . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` Large Sale of Lots at Rosebank '' . New - York Tribune . July 17 , 1895 . p. 8 . ISSN 1941 - 0646 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` New Ferry Boats on Staten Island '' . New - York Tribune . October 25 , 1895 . p. 9 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Stover , John F. ( 1995 ) . History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . Purdue University Press . ISBN 9781557530660 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : `` FERRYBOAT NORTHFIELD SUNK BY COLLISION ; MANY RESCUED ; SOME MAY BE LOST '' ( PDF ) . New York Tribune . June 14 , 1901 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` CROWDED FERRYBOAT SUNK IN COLLISION ; Staten Island Boat Northfield Hit by the March Chunk . TERRIBLE PANIC ON BOARD Fleet of Tugs Follows and Aids the Doomed Vessel . NO LOSS OF LIFE REPORTED It Is Thought , However , that Several Persons Must Have Been Drowned -- Some Passengers Injured , but None Dangerously -- Charges of Cowardice Against Men '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . June 15 , 1901 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ `` SINKING OF THE NORTHFIELD. ; Investigation Begun Before the Board of Steam Vessel Inspectors '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . June 29 , 1901 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE NORTHFIELD ACCIDENT. ; Age of the Ferryboat Not the Cause of Its Sinking , Says Gen. James A. Dumont '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 25 , 1901 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` WAR OVER RICHMOND 'S RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM ; Standard Oil Interests to Fight for Ferry Franchise . IN CONTROL IN DIRECTORATE Roggers - Ryan Syndicate Proposes Greatly Increased Facilities for Staten Island and Accuses Baltimore and Ohio Interests '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 2 , 1902 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND PROTESTS ; Residents Against Commissioner Hawkes 's Ferry Plans . Object to Another Lease to the Rapid Transit Company -- Mayor Hears Their Plaints '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 26 , 1903 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laws of the State of New York passed at the sessions of the Legislature ... 126th sess. : v. 2 . Laws of New York . Albany , N.Y. : State of New York . 1903 . pp. 1412 -- 1418 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND FERRY TO BE OWNED BY CITY ; Sinking Fund Commission Adopts Mayor Low 's Suggestion . Will Expend $2,000,000 for New Boats -- Alderman McCall 's Plea for Municipal Ownership May Be Granted '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 3 , 1903 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` CONDEMN STATEN ISLAND FERRY TERMINALS NEXT ; Sinking Fund Commission So Authorizes Controller '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 21 , 1904 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton , George Woodman ( 1964 ) . The Staten Island Ferry . Howell - North Books . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Ferryboat Coming '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 22 , 1905 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` TWENTY - MINUTE FERRY TO STATEN ISLAND NOW ; Mayor Said : `` Go Ahead , Bunt , '' and the First Boat Was Off . JOYFUL DAY IN RICHMOND McClellan , Cromwell , and Others Speak -- Schedule Knocked Out Last Night by the Nasty Weather '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 26 , 1905 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 403 -- 404 . Jump up ^ `` City Takes Another Ferry '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . November 2 , 1906 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ `` URGE CITY TO ACQUIRE 39TH ST . FERRY PLANT ; Speakers Say Present Company Cannot Give Adequate Service . PRICE SET FOR UNION CO . Sinking Fund Commissioners Take No Action , but Mr. Fornes Says New Arrangement Must Be Made '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . April 13 , 1905 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Fast M.O. Ferryboat '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 4 , 1907 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Ferry to Brooklyn '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 16 , 1907 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : `` FERRY TO STAPLETON NOW. ; Municipal Boats Turned Over by the Mayor -- Staten Island Celebrates '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 28 , 1909 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STAPLETON FERRY PROTEST ; Staten Islanders Object to Losing Its Service on Dec. 31 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 26 , 1913 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury Creeps Up to 90 '' ( PDF ) . New York Sun . August 10 , 1914 . p. 10 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` JEALOUS OF BROOKLYN '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . April 7 , 1914 . p. 2 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 223 , 232 . Jump up ^ `` NEW CITY FERRYBOAT HERE. ; Mayor to Attend Maiden Trip of the Roosevelt Today '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 27 , 1921 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Refuses to Give Stand on Narrows Tunnel '' ( PDF ) . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 30 , 1926 . p. 24 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 260 -- 261 . Jump up ^ `` Whalen Suggests City take Over Bay Ridge Ferry '' ( PDF ) . Brooklyn Standard Union . March 9 , 1924 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ `` A Welcome Ferry Route '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . June 12 , 1924 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` The Future Staten Island '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 28 , 1924 . p. 65 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` DELAYS DUE TO THE MAYOR ; Board of Estimate Also Criticized in an Exhaustive Report . BUS OPERATION ILLEGAL Completion of Existing Lines , With Shop and Yard Facilities , Is Urged . RECOMMENDS MORE TRAINS In Non-Rush Hours -- Demand for Larger Borrowing Capacity for City Approved '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 9 , 1925 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 273 , 275 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Adams 1983 , p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` FERRY CHANGE ASKED FOR STATEN ISLAND ; Company Wants City to Stop One of Its Brooklyn Lines '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . January 31 , 1940 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 280 . ^ Jump up to : `` STATEN ISLAND FIRE WRECKS FERRY TERMINAL , KILLS 3 ; DAMAGE PUT AT $2,000,000 ; 22 GO TO HOSPITALS Flames Start Under Car , Spread Fast to Set Off 2 Paintshop Blasts BLAZE FLARES UP IN NIGHT Resumption of Service This Morning Threatened by New Damage to Remaining Slips ... Fire Creeps Under Slips Thousands Watch at Night Fire Starts in Rail Terminal '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . June 26 , 1946 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ `` Merchants of Bush Terminal Lead Fight To Restore 39th St. Kings - Richmond Ferry '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . June 21 , 1947 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Ferry Depot Will ' Open ' Today : Mayor to Dedicate Terminal at Staten Island That Has Been Used in Part for Year '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . June 8 , 1951 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry to End Brooklyn Runs '' . The New York Times . November 20 , 1964 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Eftimiades , Maria ( December 24 , 1989 ) . `` Ferryboats Again Becoming a Familiar Sight Along Hudson '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Horne , George ( 1958 ) . `` FARE STAYS AT 5C TO STATEN ISLAND ; Ferry Ride Is Nation 's Best Travel Bargain -- It Shows a Perennial Deficit '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ferry to Continue at 69th St. ; City Awards Contract '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . May 14 , 1954 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Philip H. ( November 26 , 1964 ) . `` BROOKLYN FERRY ENTERS OBLIVION '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas ( September 10 , 1993 ) . `` 3 Companies Are Picked For Ferries '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` How a Ferry Ride Helped Make Brooklyn the Original Suburb '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kihss , Peter ( July 15 , 1975 ) . `` Beame Asks End of 5 ‐ Cent Ferry Fare '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Martin ( February 10 , 1984 ) . `` THE FERRY STILL STIRS HEARTS ALONG HUDSON '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Pristin , Terry ( July 7 , 1998 ) . `` Speedy Ferry Service Between Staten Island and West 38th St. Is Ending '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sontag , Deborah ( July 5 , 1997 ) . `` On the Staten Island Ferry , Illusory ' Free Ride ' Is Reality '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia R. ( December 27 , 1997 ) . `` City Works To Preserve A Ferry Route '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , James ( December 27 , 1997 ) . `` FAST FERRY HITS ROUGH SEAS '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( December 30 , 1997 ) . `` Another Ferry Service to Take Over Staten Island Route '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Caroline ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Secrets of the Staten Island Ferry '' . am New York . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eyepop Productions ( 2010 ) . BOATLIFT , An Untold Tale of 9 / 11 Resilience ( video ) . YouTube . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ( September 13 , 2001 ) . `` AFTER THE ATTACKS : THE GOVERNMENT ; Still Reeling From Losses , New York Looks for Makeshift Solutions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( September 18 , 2001 ) . `` A NATION CHALLENGED : THE SCENE ; Returning to the Office On the First Monday Since the City Changed '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bahrampour , Tara ( March 17 , 2002 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : BAY RIDGE ; One Happy Result of 9 / 11 : Free Ferry Will Stay Afloat '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry Terminal Lower Level Boarding Starts Today '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Anna ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry commuters cheer lower level boarding '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island ferry gets new entrance to ease overcrowding '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Jim ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : STATEN ISLAND UP CLOSE ; For Ferry 's Wee Hours , a Plan to Downsize and Privatize '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( December 8 , 2004 ) . `` Citing Growth , Council Votes to Expand S.I. Ferry Service '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Assessment of Staten Island Ferry Service and Recommendations for Improvement '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . New York City Council . November 2004 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Cost to Operate S.I. Ferries Soared Over the Last 5 Years '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry expected to run at least every 30 minutes starting this fall '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry to Add More Early Morning Trips '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Jillian ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Video : Oddo wants to deliver fast ferry service to Staten Island '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vincent ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Oddo shows potential for fast ferry service across Staten Island '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` City reverses course on South Shore fast ferry '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizzi , Nicholas ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` When Big Orange Boats Are n't Enough : Staten Islanders Want More Ferries '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzi , Nicholas ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` 25 - Min . Ferry From Staten Island to Midtown Could Start Next Year , BP Says '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` New fast ferry from St. George to Midtown ; Oddo reveals deal '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC launches ferry service with Queens , East River routes '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . May 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Alexandra S. ; Wolfe , Jonathan ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` New York Today : Our City 's New Ferry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizzi , Nicholas ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` 45 - Minute Ferry From South Shore to Lower Manhattan May Launch Service '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Transportation . September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry Schedule '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Transportation . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017 '' . NBC New York . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ferried Between Islands Toward Love and Its Promise '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shariatmadari , David ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Why Working Girl offers the real deal '' . the Guardian . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( February 7 , 2003 ) . `` Neuwirth , Hamlisch and NYC Featured in ' How To Lose A Guy in 10 Days , ' Movie Opens Feb. 7 '' . Playbill . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Scott R. ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry fight is front and center as ' Spider - Man ' opening nears '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alleman , R. ( 2013 ) . New York : The Movie Lover 's Guide : The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York . Crown / Archetype . pp. 316 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 3778 - 2 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levy , Clifford J. ( September 16 , 1992 ) . `` Vehicle Ban On S.I. Ferry Is Planned '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( November 7 , 1992 ) . `` Face of Future At Ferry Dock Is 120 Feet Tall '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yates , Maura ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Are passenger cars on Staten Island ferryboats a safety risk ? '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cars on the Staten Island Ferry again ? Not likely '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference sisilive201709182 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` NYC DOT - Bikes on Transit '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BATTERY ELEVATED TERMINAL BURNS ; Hundreds of Passengers and Employes Barely Escape as Swift Flamas Sweep Station . EMPLOYES DROP TO STREET Women Crawl Along Roof with Fire Roaring Through Frame Shell Under Them . STARTS UNDER WOODEN CAR An Downtown Firemen and Fleet of Fireboats Kept Busy -- Ferry House Damaged '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 3 , 1919 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FERRY HOUSE , 50 , TO GET NEW FACE ; Interior Rejuvenation Also Is Slated in $3,000,000 Job at Tip of the Battery '' . The New York Times . 1953 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FERRY STATION TO OPEN ; $2,800,000 Whitehall Terminal Starts Operating Today '' . The New York Times . July 24 , 1956 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( September 9 , 1991 ) . `` BIG FIRE DESTROYS TERMINAL OF FERRY TO STATEN ISLAND '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( February 9 , 2005 ) . `` Metro Briefing New York : Manhattan : Rebuilt Ferry Terminal Opens '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hill , John . Guide to Contemporary New York City Architecture . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 73326 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Lower Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SchwartzArch.com , Ferry Terminal description , retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Justin , Newsday , April 14 , 2005 , `` At last , welcome to Manhattan ! '' , retrieved February 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , pp. 226 -- 228 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Islanders Worried : Anxious to Know Who Will Run the Ferryboats to This City '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 25 , 1893 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minn , Michael ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` History and Future of the North Shore Rail Line on Staten Island '' ( PDF ) . michaelminn.net . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Ferry Terminal Named to ' Canonize ' George Law '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waite , Thomas L. ( July 19 , 1987 ) . `` IF YOU 'RE THINKING OF LIVING IN ; ST . GEORGE '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , David W. ( March 20 , 1997 ) . `` Sleeker Design for Staten Island Ferry Terminal Is Unveiled '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( April 7 , 2002 ) . `` Launching a Flotilla of Ferry Terminals '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. George , Staten Island : THE BOROUGH 'S TRANSIT , CIVIC AND CULTURAL HUB '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . New York City Economic Development Corporation . August 2011 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Office of Diane J. Savino ( 2013 ) . `` State Senator Diane J. Savino 's 2013 Staten Island Railway Rider Report '' ( PDF ) . nysenate.gov . New York State Senate . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ; McIntire , Mike ; Rashbaum , William K. ; O'Donnell , Michelle ( October 25 , 2003 ) . `` Crash of Ferry Leaves Questions On Enforcement of Safety Rules '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen , Ken ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry costs taxpayers $4.86 per passenger , per trip '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2015 . p. 249 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzi , Nicholas ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Sees Record Number Of Riders in Past Year '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND FERRY FARES '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 19 , 1882 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND FERRY FARES. ; Supt . Gannon 's Answer to These Who Want Then Reduced to Five Cents '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 21 , 1894 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NO BELIEF FOR STATEN ISLANDERS. ; Their Petition Denied for a Five - Cent Ferry Charge '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 19 , 1894 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( October 7 , 1968 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Fare Hike Proposed '' ( PDF ) . Salamanca Republican Press . Salamanca , New York . p. 1 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ United Press International ( October 7 , 1968 ) . `` NY Nickel Ferry Faces Cigar 's Fate '' ( PDF ) . The Post-Standard . Syracuse , New York . p. 3 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Asks 25c As S.I. Ferry Fare '' . The New York Times . May 10 , 1970 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prial , Frank S. ( June 14 , 1970 ) . `` Budget Pact Preserves 5c Ferry Fare '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maitland , Leslie ( August 4 , 1975 ) . `` 5 ‐ Cent Staten Island Fare Sails Into History '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Witt , Karen ( August 2 , 1990 ) . `` S.I. Ferry : Still a Bargain at Twice the Price '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , June ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` After Brexit , Staten Island recalls its own secession movement '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liff , Bob ( April 28 , 1997 ) . `` UNFARE ? FERRY RIDE TO BE FREE ; S.I. GETS A RUDY GIFT '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( July 8 , 1997 ) . `` Looking A Gift Fare In the Mouth '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vincent ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Setting tourist - only Staten Island Ferry fare at $4 would bring in millions annually , study shows '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimate of Revenues and Costs of Staten Island Ferry Tourist Fare '' ( PDF ) . Independent Budget Office of the City of New York . September 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` STATEN ISLAND : THEN AND NOW '' ( PDF ) . Center for an Urban Future . May 2011 . p. 37 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2013 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2013 . p. 151 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2014 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2014 . p. 232 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2016 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2016 . p. 252 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verrazano Bridge Cuts Into S.I. Ferry Revenue '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 1966 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Ferry 2015 - 16 Grant Program Projects '' . United States Department of Transportation . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Ferries - Traffic Statistics Rider Segment report - Jan 1 , 2016 thru Dec 31 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Department of Transportation . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1983 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 408 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Staten Island Ferry Current Ferries '' . The History of the Staten Island Ferry. 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vandam , Jeff ( April 16 , 2006 ) . `` Ferries of a Certain Age '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maskaly , Michelle ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` All ashore for the Lehman ferryboat '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SI Ferry captain warns : the ships are ticking time bombs '' . New York Post . April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Next generation of ferries to be modeled after popular Kennedy class boats '' . Staten Island Advance . SILive.com . July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry : A look back at the various boats '' . Staten Island Advance. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 408 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Barry , Keith ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Goes Green With Natural Gas '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : Koeske , Zak ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Molinari - class ferry boats have broken down 58 times since 2008 , report says '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg Welcomes the Guy V. Molinari to Staten Island Ferry Fleet '' . nyc.gov . Office of Mayor Michael Bloomberg . September 27 , 2004 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Michael ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Breakdowns plague the three newest Staten Island ferries '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern low bidder for Staten Island Ferry contract '' . Marine Log . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vin ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` New York City selects designer for new fleet of Staten Island ferries '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Riders Helping to Pick New Seats '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastern low bidder for Staten Island Ferry contract '' . Marine Log . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Shipbuilding confirms deal for Staten Island Ferries '' . Marine Log. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porpora , Tracey ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Petition to name ferry boat after 9 / 11 hero reaches 11,000 '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , pp. 404 -- 405 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Staten Island Ferry Past Ferries 1 '' . The History of the Staten Island Ferry. 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ `` Old City Ferryboat Now Is a School Ship For Training Members of the Coast Guard '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 6 , 1943 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 232 , 234 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 237 -- 238 . Jump up ^ `` GEORGE W. LOFT ' ON 2 FERRYBOATS ; Whalen Names Third of New Ferry Craft Before He Is Reminded of Coincidence '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 11 , 1923 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 236 -- 237 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Staten Island Ferry Past Ferries 2 '' . The History of the Staten Island Ferry. 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 407 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferry Good Boat Now For Sale '' ( PDF ) . Ridgewood Times . Ridgewood , New York . January 24 , 1974 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Ferry to Cut Night Trips '' ( PDF ) . Post Star . Glens Falls , New York . 1970 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ United Press International ( July 22 , 1976 ) . `` Farewell Mary Murray -- she was `` good girl '' '' ( PDF ) . Tonawanda News . North Tonawanda , New York . p. 10 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Ferryboat Mary Murray to leave its riverside home '' . Staten Island Advance . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yates , Maura ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Owner of beached Staten Island ferryboat Mary Murray dies '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Want to purchase used ferryboat ? '' ( PDF ) . Daily News . Tarrytown , New York . July 29 , 1975 . p . A2 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 407 -- 408 . Jump up ^ `` BETHLEHEM WINS CITY FERRY AWARD ; Board of Estimate Approves Contract for 3 New Ships for Staten Island Service '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 19 , 1949 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rikers floating dorm scrapped ( the Walter Keane ) '' . Correction History . c. 2005 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhovek , Sam Howe ( March 25 , 1987 ) . `` S.I. CHIEF AGREES TO A NEW 4,000 - INMATE CITY JAIL '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purnick , Joyce ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` City studies plan to use two ferries for inmates '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency plan uses jail boat '' ( PDF ) . Finger Lakes Times . October 9 , 1986 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Bohlen , Celestine ( March 3 , 1989 ) . `` Jail Influx Brings Plan For 2 Barges '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raab , Selwyn ( 1992 ) . `` Bronx Jail Barge to Open , Though the Cost Is Steep '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` SI ferry 's bidder end '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Workers to refloat decommissioned Staten Island Ferry Herbert H. Lehman '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horrigan , Jeremiah ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Decommissioned ferry sinks at Newburgh dock '' . Times Herald - Record . Newburgh , New York . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EARLY MORNING FOG CAUSES ACCIDENTS ; 400 Marooned When Ferryboat Goes Aground -- Rescued After Four Hours . MANY LINERS ARE DELAYED S.R.T. Crews Exonerated of Blame for Crash That Injured 20 -- Four Girls Escape Prison . '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 31 , 1921 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HURT IN FERRYBOAT CRASH. ; Three Women Injured , Hundreds Shaken as Craft Hits Slip '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 24 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TWO CRASHES MARK DENSE HARBOR FOG ; Staten Island Ferryboat Rams Dock at Battery , Hurling Five Girls Down Stairs . FALL RIVER SHIP DAMAGED The Plymouth Backs Into Wrong Pier , Hitting the Yale -- Many Incoming Vessels Delayed '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 25 , 1930 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOG HERE CAUSES 4 HARBOR MISHAPS ; 12 Hurt in Ferryboat Crash -- Air Travel at a Standstill -- Relief Expected by Noon FOG HERE CAUSES 4 HARBOR MISHAPS '' . The New York Times . January 16 , 1953 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TWO FERRYBOATS CRASH AT BATTERY ; Staten Island Vessel Enters Wrong Slip in Heavy Fog , Hits Ellis Island Craft '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1953 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tanker Collides With N.Y. Ferry '' . Los Angeles Times . February 9 , 1958 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blum , Howard ( November 8 , 1978 ) . `` 173 Hurt in Staten Island Ferry Crash '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collision of Norwegian Cargo Vessel M / V Hoegh Orchid and New York Ferry American Legion : May 6 , 1981 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . February 2 , 1982 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Man with Sword Kills 2 and Wounds 9 on S.I. Ferry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grynbaum , Michael M. ; McGeehan , Patrick ( May 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Barberi Had Problems Before Its First Voyage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( September 20 , 1997 ) . `` Long Drive Off Short Ferry Puts Commuter in the Bay '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spicuzza , Mary ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` Ferry Involved in Fatal Crash Is Returning to Staten Island Service '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Janny ; Rashbaum , William K. ( October 16 , 2003 ) . `` THE FERRY CRASH : OVERVIEW ; 10 Die as Staten Island Ferry Slams Into Pier '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allision of Staten Island Ferry Andrew J. Barberi : St. George , Staten Island , New York : October 15 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . March 8 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC fires captain of ferry that crashed '' . CNN . November 26 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Danna , Eddie ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Transformer failure caused Staten Island Ferry crash , officials say '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Chloe ; Goldiner , Dave ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Staten Island ferry crash at St. George Terminal caused by faulty transformer '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island ferry accident injures more than a dozen '' . 6abc Philadelphia . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Ben ; Nocera , Kate ; Kemp , Joe ; Lemire , Jonathan ( May 8 , 2010 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry in Fatal 2003 Crash Slams into Terminal Again '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Arthur G. ( 1983 ) . The Hudson through the years . Lind Publications . ISBN 978 - 0823216772 . Cudahy , Brian J. ( 1990 ) . Over and Back : The History of Ferryboats in New York Harbor . Fordham Univ Press . ISBN 9780823212453 . Morris , Ira ( 1900 ) . Morris 's Memorial History of Staten Island , New York . 2 . Memorial Publishing Company . Roess , Roger P. ; Sansome , Gene ( 2013 ) . The Wheels That Drove New York : A History of the New York City Transit System . Springer . pp. 223 -- 247 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 30484 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 30484 - 2 . Staten Island Museum ( 2014 ) . Staten Island Ferry . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781439647066 . Stiles , T.J. ( 2009 ) . The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780375415425 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staten Island Ferry . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Staten Island Ferry KML is not from Wikidata Official website Ferry Schedule ( PDF ) Staten Island Ferry Rider 's Guide ( PDF ) from the Staten Island Museum . Staten Island Railway Lines Bachmann 's Spur Mount Loretto Spur North Shore Branch South Beach Branch West Shore Line Travis Branch Stations Main Line stations Tottenville Atlantic Arthur Kill Nassau Richmond Valley Pleasant Plains Prince 's Bay Huguenot Ocean Park Annadale Woods of Arden Eltingville Great Kills Bay Terrace Oakwood Heights New Dorp Grant City Jefferson Avenue Dongan Hills Old Town Grasmere Clifton Stapleton Tompkinsville St. George North Shore Branch stations Port Ivory Arlington Harbor Road Mariners ' Harbor Lake Avenue Elm Park Tower Hill Port Richmond West New Brighton Livingston Sailors ' Snug Harbor Clinton Avenue New Brighton RCB Ballpark South Beach Branch stations Bachmann Rosebank Belair Road Fort Wadsworth Arrochar Cedar Avenue South Beach Wentworth Avenue Infrastructure Unused / Never Built : Robin Road Trestle Staten Island Tunnel North Shore Branch ( freight ) Arlington Yard Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge ExpressRail Howland Hook Marine Terminal Linden Yard Other Rolling Stock ME - 1 R44 History Ferry Related Staten Island light rail Cornelius Vanderbilt Transportation in New York City Public transit Currently operating AirTrain JFK Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad MTA Regional Bus Operations Select Bus Service Bus lanes New York City Subway NJ Transit NYC Ferry PATH Roosevelt Island Tramway Staten Island Ferry Staten Island Railway Proposed / Future Brooklyn -- Queens Connector Private transit Aviation Bridges and tunnels Bicycling Citi Bike Dollar vans Taxis Boro taxi Major construction projects Currently operating 7 Subway Extension Fulton Center Second Avenue Subway History World Trade Center Transportation Hub Canceled Access to the Region 's Core Lower Manhattan -- Jamaica / JFK Transportation Project Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway Program for Action Staten Island Tunnel Proposed / Future AirTrain LaGuardia East Side Access Gateway Program Moynihan Station Penn Station Access Staten Island light rail Traffic proposals Congestion pricing in New York City PlaNYC Vision Zero Operators Public NYC Department of Transportation Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City Transit Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Board of Transportation ( defunct ) Private Hornblower Cruises Liberty Water Taxi New York Water Taxi NY Waterway Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation Organizations Regional Plan Association Straphangers Campaign Transportation Alternatives Tri-State Transportation Campaign Other History Mass Transit Super Bowl Port of New York and New Jersey See also : Category Commons category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staten_Island_Ferry&oldid=854735433 '' Categories : Staten Island Ferry 1817 establishments in New York ( state ) American companies established in 1817 Ferry companies of New York City No - fee ferries Port of New York and New Jersey Staten Island Railway Transport companies established in 1817 Transportation in Manhattan Transportation in Staten Island Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with broken reference names Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles using KML not from Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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how far is it from staten island to manhattan
[ "The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger ferry route operated by the New York City Department of Transportation. The ferry's single route runs 5.2 miles (8.4 km) through New York Harbor between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, with ferry boats making the trip in approximately 25 minutes. The ferry operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with boats leaving every 15 to 20 minutes during peak hours and every 30 minutes at other times. It is the only direct mass-transit connection between the two boroughs. Historically, the Staten Island Ferry has charged a relatively low fare compared to other modes of transit in the area; and since 1997, the route has been fare-free. The Staten Island Ferry is one of several ferry systems in the New York City area, and is operated separately from other systems such as NYC Ferry and NY Waterway.\n" ]
[ "5.2 miles (8.4 km)" ]
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Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation does not imply causation - wikipedia Correlation does not imply causation Jump to : navigation , search See also : Illusory correlation In statistics , many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated , it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other . That `` correlation proves causation , '' is considered a questionable cause logical fallacy when two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause - and - effect relationship . This fallacy is also known as cum hoc ergo propter hoc , Latin for `` with this , therefore because of this , '' and `` false cause . '' A similar fallacy , that an event that followed another was necessarily a consequence of the first event , is the post hoc ergo propter hoc ( Latin for `` after this , therefore because of this . '' ) fallacy . For example , in a widely studied case , numerous epidemiological studies showed that women taking combined hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) also had a lower - than - average incidence of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , leading doctors to propose that HRT was protective against CHD . But randomized controlled trials showed that HRT caused a small but statistically significant increase in risk of CHD . Re-analysis of the data from the epidemiological studies showed that women undertaking HRT were more likely to be from higher socio - economic groups ( ABC1 ) , with better - than - average diet and exercise regimens . The use of HRT and decreased incidence of coronary heart disease were coincident effects of a common cause ( i.e. the benefits associated with a higher socioeconomic status ) , rather than a direct cause and effect , as had been supposed . As with any logical fallacy , identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not imply that the resulting conclusion is false . In the instance above , if the trials had found that hormone replacement therapy does in fact have a negative incidence on the likelihood of coronary heart disease the assumption of causality would have been correct , although the logic behind the assumption would still have been flawed . Indeed , a few go further , using correlation as a basis for testing a hypothesis to try to establish a true causal relationship ; examples are the Granger causality test and convergent cross mapping . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 General pattern 3 Examples of illogically inferring causation from correlation 3.1 B causes A ( reverse causation or reverse causality ) 3.2 Third factor C ( the common - causal variable ) causes both A and B 3.3 Bidirectional causation : A causes B , and B causes A 3.4 The relationship between A and B is coincidental 4 Determining causation 4.1 In academia 4.2 Causality construed from counterfactual states 4.3 Causality predicted by an extrapolation of trends 5 Use of correlation as scientific evidence 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Usage ( edit ) In logic , the technical use of the word `` implies '' means `` is a sufficient circumstance for '' . This is the meaning intended by statisticians when they say causation is not certain . Indeed , p implies q has the technical meaning of the material conditional : if p then q symbolized as p → q . That is `` if circumstance p is true , then q follows . '' In this sense , it is always correct to say `` Correlation does not imply causation . '' However , in casual use , the word `` implies '' loosely means suggests rather than requires . The idea that correlation and causation are connected is certainly true ; where there is causation , there is a likely correlation . Indeed , correlation is used when inferring causation ; the important point is that such inferences are made after correlations are confirmed as real and all causational relationship are systematically explored using large enough data sets . Edward Tufte , in a criticism of the brevity of `` correlation does not imply causation '' , deprecates the use of `` is '' to relate correlation and causation ( as in `` Correlation is not causation '' ) , citing its inaccuracy as incomplete . While it is not the case that correlation is causation , simply stating their nonequivalence omits information about their relationship . Tufte suggests that the shortest true statement that can be made about causality and correlation is one of the following : `` Empirically observed covariation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for causality . '' `` Correlation is not causation , but it sure is a hint . '' General pattern ( edit ) For any two correlated events , A and B , the different possible relationships include : A causes B ( direct causation ) ; B causes A ( reverse causation ) ; A and B are consequences of a common cause , but do not cause each other ; A and B both causes C , which is ( explicitly or implicitly ) conditioned on . If A and B cause C , why do A and B have to be correlated ? ; A causes B and B causes A ( bidirectional or cyclic causation ) ; A causes C which causes B ( indirect causation ) ; There is no connection between A and B ; the correlation is a coincidence . Thus there can be no conclusion made regarding the existence or the direction of a cause - and - effect relationship only from the fact that A and B are correlated . Determining whether there is an actual cause - and - effect relationship requires further investigation , even when the relationship between A and B is statistically significant , a large effect size is observed , or a large part of the variance is explained . Examples of illogically inferring causation from correlation ( edit ) B causes a ( reverse causation or reverse causality ) ( edit ) Reverse causation or reverse causality or wrong direction is an informal fallacy of questionable cause where cause and effect are reversed . The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa . Example 1 The faster windmills are observed to rotate , the more wind is observed to be . Therefore wind is caused by the rotation of windmills . ( Or , simply put : windmills , as their name indicates , are machines used to produce wind . ) In this example , the correlation ( simultaneity ) between windmill activity and wind velocity does not imply that wind is caused by windmills . It is rather the other way around , as suggested by the fact that wind does n't need windmills to exist , while windmills need wind to rotate . Wind can be observed in places where there are no windmills or non-rotating windmills -- and there are good reasons to believe that wind existed before the invention of windmills . Example 2 When a country 's debt rises above 90 % of GDP , growth slows . Therefore , high debt causes slow growth . This argument by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff was refuted by Paul Krugman on the basis that they got the causality backwards : in actuality , slow growth causes debt to increase . Example 3 Driving a wheelchair is dangerous , because most people who drive them have had an accident . Example 4 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect . For example : Children that watch a lot of TV are the most violent . Clearly , TV makes children more violent . This could easily be the other way round ; that is , violent children like watching more TV than less violent ones . Example 5 A correlation between recreational drug use and psychiatric disorders might be either way around : perhaps the drugs cause the disorders , or perhaps people use drugs to self medicate for preexisting conditions . Gateway drug theory may argue that marijuana usage leads to usage of harder drugs , but hard drug usage may lead to marijuana usage ( see also confusion of the inverse ) . Indeed , in the social sciences where controlled experiments often can not be used to discern the direction of causation , this fallacy can fuel long - standing scientific arguments . One such example can be found in education economics , between the screening / signaling and human capital models : it could either be that having innate ability enables one to complete an education , or that completing an education builds one 's ability . Example 6 A historical example of this is that Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that lice were beneficial to your health , since there would rarely be any lice on sick people . The reasoning was that the people got sick because the lice left . The real reason however is that lice are extremely sensitive to body temperature . A small increase of body temperature , such as in a fever , will make the lice look for another host . The medical thermometer had not yet been invented , so this increase in temperature was rarely noticed . Noticeable symptoms came later , giving the impression that the lice left before the person got sick . In other cases , two phenomena can each be a partial cause of the other ; consider poverty and lack of education , or procrastination and poor self - esteem . One making an argument based on these two phenomena must however be careful to avoid the fallacy of circular cause and consequence . Poverty is a cause of lack of education , but it is not the sole cause , and vice versa . Third factor C ( the common - causal variable ) causes both a and B ( edit ) Main article : Spurious relationship The third - cause fallacy ( also known as ignoring a common cause or questionable cause ) is a logical fallacy where a spurious relationship is confused for causation . It asserts that X causes Y when , in reality , X and Y are both caused by Z . It is a variation on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and a member of the questionable cause group of fallacies . All of these examples deal with a lurking variable , which is simply a hidden third variable that affects both causes of the correlation . A difficulty often also arises where the third factor , though fundamentally different from A and B , is so closely related to A and / or B as to be confused with them or very difficult to scientifically disentangle from them ( see Example 4 ) . Example 1 Sleeping with one 's shoes on is strongly correlated with waking up with a headache . Therefore , sleeping with one 's shoes on causes headache . The above example commits the correlation - implies - causation fallacy , as it prematurely concludes that sleeping with one 's shoes on causes headache . A more plausible explanation is that both are caused by a third factor , in this case going to bed drunk , which thereby gives rise to a correlation . So the conclusion is false . Example 2 Young children who sleep with the light on are much more likely to develop myopia in later life . Therefore , sleeping with the light on causes myopia . This is a scientific example that resulted from a study at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center . Published in the May 13 , 1999 issue of Nature , the study received much coverage at the time in the popular press . However , a later study at Ohio State University did not find that infants sleeping with the light on caused the development of myopia . It did find a strong link between parental myopia and the development of child myopia , also noting that myopic parents were more likely to leave a light on in their children 's bedroom . In this case , the cause of both conditions is parental myopia , and the above - stated conclusion is false . Example 3 As ice cream sales increase , the rate of drowning deaths increases sharply . Therefore , ice cream consumption causes drowning . This example fails to recognize the importance of time of year and temperature to ice cream sales . Ice cream is sold during the hot summer months at a much greater rate than during colder times , and it is during these hot summer months that people are more likely to engage in activities involving water , such as swimming . The increased drowning deaths are simply caused by more exposure to water - based activities , not ice cream . The stated conclusion is false . Example 4 A hypothetical study shows a relationship between test anxiety scores and shyness scores , with a statistical r value ( strength of correlation ) of +. 59 . Therefore , it may be simply concluded that shyness , in some part , causally influences test anxiety . However , as encountered in many psychological studies , another variable , a `` self - consciousness score '' , is discovered that has a sharper correlation ( +. 73 ) with shyness . This suggests a possible `` third variable '' problem , however , when three such closely related measures are found , it further suggests that each may have bidirectional tendencies ( see `` bidirectional variable '' , above ) , being a cluster of correlated values each influencing one another to some extent . Therefore , the simple conclusion above may be false . Example 5 Since the 1950s , both the atmospheric CO level and obesity levels have increased sharply . Hence , atmospheric CO causes obesity . Richer populations tend to eat more food and produce more CO . Example 6 HDL ( `` good '' ) cholesterol is negatively correlated with incidence of heart attack . Therefore , taking medication to raise HDL decreases the chance of having a heart attack . Further research has called this conclusion into question . Instead , it may be that other underlying factors , like genes , diet and exercise , affect both HDL levels and the likelihood of having a heart attack ; it is possible that medicines may affect the directly measurable factor , HDL levels , without affecting the chance of heart attack . Bidirectional causation : a causes B , and B causes a ( edit ) Causality is not necessarily one - way ; in a predator - prey relationship , predator numbers affect prey numbers , but prey numbers , i.e. food supply , also affect predator numbers . The relationship between a and B is coincidental ( edit ) The two variables are n't related at all , but correlate by chance . The more things are examined , the more likely it is that two unrelated variables will be appear to be related . For example : The result of the last home game by the Washington Redskins prior to the presidential election predicted the outcome of every presidential election from 1936 to 2000 inclusive , despite the fact that the outcomes of football games had nothing to do with the outcome of the popular election . This streak was finally broken in 2004 ( or 2012 using an alternative formulation of the original rule ) . A collection of such coincidences finds that for example , there is a 99.79 % correlation for the period 1999 - 2009 between U.S. spending on science , space , and technology ; and the number of suicides by suffocation , strangulation , and hanging . The Mierscheid law , which correlates the Social Democratic Party of Germany 's share of the popular vote with the size of crude steel production in Western Germany . Alternating bald -- hairy Russian leaders : A bald ( or obviously balding ) state leader of Russia has succeeded a non-bald ( `` hairy '' ) one , and vice versa , for nearly 200 years . Determining causation ( edit ) In academia ( edit ) Main articles : Causality and Causality ( physics ) The nature of causality is systematically investigated in several academic disciplines , including philosophy and physics . In academia , there are a significant number of theories on causality ; The Oxford Handbook of Causation ( Beebee , Hitchcock & Menzies 2009 ) encompasses 770 pages . Among the more influential theories within philosophy are Aristotle 's Four causes and Al - Ghazali 's occasionalism . David Hume argued that beliefs about causality are based on experience , and experience similarly based on the assumption that the future models the past , which in turn can only be based on experience -- leading to circular logic . In conclusion , he asserted that causality is not based on actual reasoning : only correlation can actually be perceived . Immanuel Kant , according to Beebee , Hitchcock & Menzies ( 2009 ) , held that `` a causal principle according to which every event has a cause , or follows according to a causal law , can not be established through induction as a purely empirical claim , since it would then lack strict universality , or necessity '' . Outside the field of philosophy , theories of causation can be identified in classical mechanics , statistical mechanics , quantum mechanics , spacetime theories , biology , social sciences , and law . To establish a correlation as causal within physics , it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism ( cf . for instance the concept of impact ) or a nonlocal mechanism ( cf . the concept of field ) , in accordance with known laws of nature . From the point of view of thermodynamics , universal properties of causes as compared to effects have been identified through the Second law of thermodynamics , confirming the ancient , medieval and Cartesian view that `` the cause is greater than the effect '' for the particular case of thermodynamic free energy . This , in turn , is challenged by popular interpretations of the concepts of nonlinear systems and the butterfly effect , in which small events cause large effects due to , respectively , unpredictability and an unlikely triggering of large amounts of potential energy . Causality construed from counterfactual states ( edit ) See also : Verificationism Intuitively , causation seems to require not just a correlation , but a counterfactual dependence . Suppose that a student performed poorly on a test and guesses that the cause was his not studying . To prove this , one thinks of the counterfactual -- the same student writing the same test under the same circumstances but having studied the night before . If one could rewind history , and change only one small thing ( making the student study for the exam ) , then causation could be observed ( by comparing version 1 to version 2 ) . Because one can not rewind history and replay events after making small controlled changes , causation can only be inferred , never exactly known . This is referred to as the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference -- it is impossible to directly observe causal effects . A major goal of scientific experiments and statistical methods is to approximate as best possible the counterfactual state of the world . For example , one could run an experiment on identical twins who were known to consistently get the same grades on their tests . One twin is sent to study for six hours while the other is sent to the amusement park . If their test scores suddenly diverged by a large degree , this would be strong evidence that studying ( or going to the amusement park ) had a causal effect on test scores . In this case , correlation between studying and test scores would almost certainly imply causation . Well - designed experimental studies replace equality of individuals as in the previous example by equality of groups . The objective is to construct two groups that are similar except for the treatment that the groups receive . This is achieved by selecting subjects from a single population and randomly assigning them to two or more groups . The likelihood of the groups behaving similarly to one another ( on average ) rises with the number of subjects in each group . If the groups are essentially equivalent except for the treatment they receive , and a difference in the outcome for the groups is observed , then this constitutes evidence that the treatment is responsible for the outcome , or in other words the treatment causes the observed effect . However , an observed effect could also be caused `` by chance '' , for example as a result of random perturbations in the population . Statistical tests exist to quantify the likelihood of erroneously concluding that an observed difference exists when in fact it does not ( for example see P - value ) . Causality predicted by an extrapolation of trends ( edit ) See also : Inertia See also : Life - time of correlation When experimental studies are impossible and only pre-existing data are available , as is usually the case for example in economics , regression analysis can be used . Factors other than the potential causative variable of interest are controlled for by including them as regressors in addition to the regressor representing the variable of interest . False inferences of causation due to reverse causation ( or wrong estimates of the magnitude of causation due the presence of bidirectional causation ) can be avoided by using explanators ( regressors ) that are necessarily exogenous , such as physical explanators like rainfall amount ( as a determinant of , say , futures prices ) , lagged variables whose values were determined before the dependent variable 's value was determined , instrumental variables for the explanators ( chosen based on their known exogeneity ) , etc . See Causality # Statistics and economics . Spurious correlation due to mutual influence from a third , common , causative variable , is harder to avoid : the model must be specified such that there is a theoretical reason to believe that no such underlying causative variable has been omitted from the model . Use of correlation as scientific evidence ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Correlation does not imply causation . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Much of scientific evidence is based upon a correlation of variables -- they are observed to occur together . Scientists are careful to point out that correlation does not necessarily mean causation . The assumption that A causes B simply because A correlates with B is often not accepted as a legitimate form of argument . However , sometimes people commit the opposite fallacy -- dismissing correlation entirely , as if it does not suggest causation at all . This would dismiss a large swath of important scientific evidence . Since it may be difficult or ethically impossible to run controlled double - blind studies , correlational evidence from several different angles may be the strongest causal evidence available . The combination of limited available methodologies with the dismissing correlation fallacy has on occasion been used to counter a scientific finding . For example , the tobacco industry has historically relied on a dismissal of correlational evidence to reject a link between tobacco and lung cancer , as did biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher . Correlation is a valuable type of scientific evidence in fields such as medicine , psychology , and sociology . But first correlations must be confirmed as real , and then every possible causative relationship must be systematically explored . In the end correlation can be used as powerful evidence for a cause - and - effect relationship between a treatment and benefit , a risk factor and a disease , or a social or economic factor and various outcomes . But it is also one of the most abused types of evidence , because it is easy and even tempting to come to premature conclusions based upon the preliminary appearance of a correlation . See also ( edit ) Affirming the consequent Alignments of random points Apophenia : Post-hoc analysis Multiple comparisons problem Look - elsewhere effect Data dredging Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Bible code Coincidence # Coincidence and causality Confounding Confusion of the inverse French paradox Design of experiments Joint effect Normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent Pirates and global warming Reproducibility Spurious relationship References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tufte 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Aldrich , John ( 1995 ) . `` Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 10 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 376 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1177009870 . JSTOR 2246135 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lawlor DA , Davey Smith G , Ebrahim S ( June 2004 ) . `` Commentary : the hormone replacement - coronary heart disease conundrum : is this the death of observational epidemiology ? '' . Int J Epidemiol. 33 ( 3 ) : 464 -- 467 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / dyh124 . PMID 15166201 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tufte 2006 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Reinhart - Rogoff , Continued '' . ^ Jump up to : Labossiere , M.C. , Dr. LaBossiere 's Philosophy Pages Jump up ^ Quinn , Graham E. ; Shin , Chai H. ; Maguire , Maureen G. ; Stone , Richard A. ( May 1999 ) . `` Myopia and ambient lighting at night '' . Nature . 399 ( 6732 ) : 113 -- 114 . doi : 10.1038 / 20094 . PMID 10335839 . Jump up ^ CNN , May 13 , 1999 . Night - light may lead to nearsightedness Jump up ^ Ohio State University Research News , March 9 , 2000 . Night lights do n't lead to nearsightedness , study suggests Jump up ^ Zadnik , Karla ; Jones , Lisa A. ; Irvin , Brett C. ; Kleinstein , Robert N. ; Manny , Ruth E. ; Shin , Julie A. ; Mutti , Donald O. ( 2000 ) . `` Vision : Myopia and ambient night - time lighting '' . Nature . 404 ( 6774 ) : 143 -- 144 . doi : 10.1038 / 35004661 . PMID 10724157 . Jump up ^ Gwiazda , J. ; Ong , E. ; Held , R. ; Thorn , F. ( 2000 ) . `` Vision : Myopia and ambient night - time lighting '' . Nature . 404 ( 6774 ) : 144 -- 144 . doi : 10.1038 / 35004663 . PMID 10724158 . Jump up ^ Stone , Richard A. ; Maguire , Maureen G. ; Quinn , Graham E. ( 2000 ) . `` Vision : reply : Myopia and ambient night - time lighting '' . Nature . 404 ( 6774 ) : 144 -- 144 . doi : 10.1038 / 35004665 . Jump up ^ Carducci , Bernardo J. ( 2009 ) . The Psychology of Personality : Viewpoints , Research , and Applications ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3635 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ornish , Dean . `` Cholesterol : The good , the bad , and the truth '' ( 1 ) ( retrieved 3 June 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Spurious Correlations '' . Tylervigen.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Beebee , Hitchcock & Menzies 2009 Jump up ^ Morris , William Edward ( 2001 ) . `` David Hume '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Lloyd , A.C. ( 1976 ) . `` The principle that the cause is greater than its effect '' . Phronesis. 21 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 156 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852876x00101 . JSTOR 4181986 . Jump up ^ Holland , Paul W. ( 1986 ) . `` Statistics and Causal Inference '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 81 ( 396 ) : 945 -- 960 . doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1986. 10478354 . Jump up ^ Pearl , Judea ( 2000 ) . Causality : Models , Reasoning , and Inference . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521773621 . ^ Jump up to : Novella . `` Evidence in Medicine : Correlation and Causation '' . Science and Medicine . Science - Based Medicine . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Michael ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) . `` If correlation does n't imply causation , then what does ? DDI '' . Michaelnielsen.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence in Medicine : Correlation and Causation -- Science - Based Medicine '' . Sciencebasedmedicine.org. 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2015 ) , The Signal and the Noise : Why So Many Predictions Fail -- But Some Do n't ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Penguin Books , pp. 254 -- 255 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( July 6 , 1957 ) , `` Dangers Of Cigarette - Smoking '' , The British Medical Journal , London : British Medical Association , 2 : 43 , JSTOR 25383068 -- via JSTOR , ( Registration required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( August 3 , 1957 ) , `` Dangers Of Cigarette - Smoking '' , The British Medical Journal , London : British Medical Association , 2 : 297 -- 298 , JSTOR 25383439 -- via JSTOR , ( Registration required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( 1958 ) , `` Cigarettes , Cancer , and Statistics '' ( PDF ) , The Centennial Review of Arts & Science , East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press , 2 : 151 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( 1958 ) , `` The Nature of Probability '' ( PDF ) , The Centennial Review of Arts & Science , East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press , 2 : 261 -- 274 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( July 12 , 1958 ) , `` Lung Cancer and Cigarettes '' ( PDF ) , Nature , London : Nature Publishing Group , 182 : 108 Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald ( August 30 , 1958 ) , `` Cancer and Smoking '' ( PDF ) , Nature , London : Nature Publishing Group , 182 : 596 Bibliography ( edit ) Beebee , Helen ; Hitchcock , Christopher ; Menzies , Peter ( 2009 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Causation . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 162946 - 4 . Tufte , Edward R. ( 2006 ) . `` The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint : Pitching Out Corrupts Within '' ( 2nd ed . ) . Cheshire , Connecticut : Graphics Press . ISBN 0 - 9613921 - 5 - 0 . External links ( edit ) `` The Art and Science of cause and effect '' : a slide show and tutorial lecture by Judea Pearl Causal inference in statistics : An overview , by Judea Pearl ( September 2009 ) Spurious Correlations , site searching and showing such correlations . 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reverse causality problem in determining cause and effect
[ "Reverse causation or reverse causality or wrong direction is an informal fallacy of questionable cause where cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa." ]
[ "informal fallacy of questionable cause" ]
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A Christmas Story
A Christmas Story - wikipedia A Christmas Story Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Christmas Story ( disambiguation ) . A Christmas Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Bob Clark Produced by Rene Dupont Bob Clark Written by Jean Shepherd Leigh Brown Bob Clark Based on In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash 1966 novel by Jean Shepherd Starring Melinda Dillon Darren McGavin Peter Billingsley Narrated by Jean Shepherd Music by Carl Zittrer Paul Zaza Cinematography Reginald H. Morris Edited by Stan Cole Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by MGM / UA Entertainment Co . Release date November 18 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 18 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.2 million Box office $19.3 million A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Christmas comedy film directed by Bob Clark , and based on Jean Shepherd 's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash , with some elements from his 1971 book Wanda Hickey 's Night of Golden Memories . A seasonal classic in North America , it is shown numerous times on television , usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System . Since 1997 , a marathon of the film titled `` 24 Hours of A Christmas Story '' has aired annually on TNT and / or TBS , comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year . The film earned director Clark two Genie Awards . In 2012 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 3.2 Red Ryder BB gun 3.3 Dating the story 4 Soundtrack 5 Release and reception 6 Broadcasting and home video release 6.1 Television 6.1. 1 24 Hours of A Christmas Story 6.2 Subsequent and earlier works 6.2. 1 Stage adaptations 6.3 Home video releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is presented in a series of vignettes , with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old . Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas : a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200 - shot Range Model air rifle . Ralphie 's desire is rejected by his mother , his teacher Miss Shields , and even a Santa Claus at Higbee 's department store , all giving him the same warning : `` You 'll shoot your eye out . '' Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents . Although he does receive some presents he enjoys , Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything . After it appears all of the presents have been opened , Ralphie 's father , `` The Old Man , '' directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden . Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted . Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard . However , the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off . While searching for them , thinking he has indeed shot his eye out , Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them . He lies to his mother that a falling icicle broke his glasses , and she believes him . Ralphie is in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side . The adult Ralphie narrates that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive . In the other vignettes , The Old Man wins a `` major award '' in a contest , which turns out to be a lamp in the shape of a woman 's leg wearing a fishnet stocking , which was derived from the logo for Nehi ( pronounced `` knee - high '' ) pop , a popular soft drink of the period . The Old Man is overjoyed by the lamp , but Mrs. Parker does not like it and a feud over it -- referred to by adult Ralphie as `` The Battle of the Lamp '' -- develops and results in the lamp 's `` accidental '' destruction . The Old Man also fights a never - ending battle with the malfunctioning furnace in the Parker home . His frustrations cause him to swear quite often , including one profanity - laden rant that the adult Ralphie says `` is still hanging in space over Lake Michigan . '' Still another source of frustration for The Old Man is the dogs that belong to the next door neighbors , the Bumpuses . The Bumpuses own `` at least 785 smelly hound dogs '' that harass The Old Man whenever he comes home from work . On Christmas Day , the dogs ruin the family 's Christmas dinner by romping through their kitchen and eating their turkey . This results in the family having dinner at a Chinese restaurant instead . Ralphie and his friends Flick and Schwartz are tormented by the neighborhood bullies Scut Farkus and Grover Dill . Ralphie eventually snaps and beats up Farkus . Cast ( edit ) Peter Billingsley as Ralphie Parker Jean Shepherd as adult Ralphie ( voice ) Ian Petrella as Randy Parker Melinda Dillon as Mrs. Parker Darren McGavin as Mr. Parker ( The Old Man ) Scott Schwartz as Flick R.D. Robb as Schwartz Zack Ward as Scut Farkus Yano Anaya as Grover Dill Tedde Moore as Miss Shields Jeff Gillen as Santa Claus The screenplay was written by Jean Shepherd , Leigh Brown , and Bob Clark . Several subplots are incorporated into the body of the film , based on other separate short stories by Shepherd . Shepherd provides the film 's narration from the perspective of an adult Ralphie , a narrative style later used in the dramedy television series The Wonder Years . Shepherd , Brown and Clark all have cameo appearances in the film : Shepherd plays the man who directs Ralphie and Randy to the back of the Santa line at the department store ; Brown -- Shepherd 's wife in real life -- plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd ; Clark plays Swede , the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene . In the DVD commentary , director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man ; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead , who later appeared in several other Clark films . He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Peter Billingsley was already a minor star from appearing in many commercials and co-hosting the TV series Real People ; Clark initially wanted him for the role of Ralphie , but decided he was `` too obvious '' a choice and auditioned many other young actors before realizing that Billingsley was the right choice after all . Ian Petrella was cast immediately before filming began . Tedde Moore had previously appeared in Clark 's film Murder by Decree and was the only onscreen character from A Christmas Story who was played by the same actor in the sequel , My Summer Story . Jeff Gillen was an old friend of Clark 's who had been in one of his earliest films . Production ( edit ) The screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherd 's collection of short stories , In God We Trust , All Others Pay Cash . Three of the semi-autobiographical short stories on which the film is based were originally published in Playboy magazine between 1964 and 1966 . Shepherd later read `` Duel in the Snow , or Red Ryder nails the Cleveland Street Kid '' and told the otherwise unpublished story `` Flick 's Tongue '' on his WOR Radio talk show , as can be heard in one of the DVD extras . Bob Clark states on the DVD commentary that he became interested in Shepherd 's work when he heard `` Flick 's Tongue '' on the radio in 1968 . Additional source material for the film , according to Clark , came from unpublished anecdotes that Shepherd told live audiences `` on the college circuit . '' Locations ( edit ) The front of the Parkers ' house where A Christmas Story was filmed , in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland 's west side . The building has now been restored , reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors , and opened to the public as A Christmas Story House . The film is set in Hohman , Indiana , a fictionalized version of Shepherd 's hometown of Hammond , named for Hohman Avenue , which runs through downtown Hammond . Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street ( where Shepherd spent his childhood ) . Other local references include mention of a person `` swallowing a yo - yo '' in nearby Griffith , the Old Man being one of the fiercest `` furnace fighters in northern Indiana '' and that his obscenities were `` hanging in space over Lake Michigan , '' a mention of the Indianapolis 500 , and the line to Santa Claus `` stretching all the way to Terre Haute , Indiana . '' The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears ( whom he jokingly calls the `` Chicago Chipmunks '' ) and White Sox , consistent with living in northwest Indiana . Director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming . Cleveland was chosen because of Higbee 's Department Store in downtown Cleveland . ( Since Higbee 's was exclusive to northeast Ohio , the department store referenced in Shepherd 's book and the film is most likely Goldblatt 's , located in downtown Hammond ( with the Cam - Lan Chinese Restaurant three doors down on Sibley Ave ) . ) Until they connected with Higbee 's , location scouts had been unsuccessful in finding a department store that was willing to be part of the film . Higbee 's vice president Bruce Campbell agreed to take part in the project on the condition he be allowed to edit the script for cursing . Ultimately , Higbee 's was the stage for three scenes in the film : The opening scene in which Ralphie first spies the Red Ryder BB Gun in the store 's Christmas window display . Higbee 's was known for its elaborate , child - centered Christmas themes and decorations , with Santa as the centerpiece . The parade scene , filmed just outside Higbee 's on Public Square at 3 AM . The parade was filmed at night because during the daytime the 1960s Erieview Tower and Federal Building were visible from the Public Square , as was the BP Tower , which was under construction at the time . Ralphie and Randy 's visit to see Santa , which was filmed inside Higbee 's . The store kept the Santa slide that was made for the film and used it for several years after the film 's release . Higbee 's became Dillard 's in 1992 and closed for good in 2002 . In addition to the scenes involving Higbee 's , the exterior shots ( and select interior shots where Ralphie lived , including the opening of the leg lamp ) of the house and neighborhood , were filmed in the Tremont section of Cleveland 's West Side . The house used as the Parker home in these scenes has been restored , reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors , and opened to the public as `` A Christmas Story House '' . Appropriately , the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street , the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up . However , Cleveland was only one of several locations used . The school scenes were shot at the Victoria School in St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada . The Christmas tree - purchasing scene was filmed in Toronto , Ontario , as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home . The `` ... only I did n't say fudge '' scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto ; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto 's port , which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced . In 2008 , two fans from Canada released a documentary that visits every location used in the film . Their film , Road Trip for Ralphie , was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields ' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old Victoria School was gutted for renovation , discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick , locating all the original costumes from the film , and tracking down the real - life location of the film 's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto . Red Ryder BB gun ( edit ) Main article : Red Ryder BB Gun The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and remains available today , but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film . The Daisy `` Buck Jones '' model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock , but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model . The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie 's BB gun , but on the opposite side of the stock due to Peter Billingsley being left - handed . Dating the Story ( edit ) Director Bob Clark stated in the film 's DVD commentary that he and author Shepherd wished for the film to be seen as `` amorphously late - ' 30s , early - ' 40s '' . A specific year is never mentioned in the film ; however , numerous sources including The New York Times and CBS News have dated the film variously at 1940 to the early 1940s . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Christmas Story Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 10 , 2009 Recorded Genre Instrumental , holiday Label Rhino Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Release and reception ( edit ) Initially overlooked as a sleeper film , A Christmas Story was released a week before Thanksgiving 1983 to moderate success , earning about $2 million in its first weekend . Vincent Canby 's mostly negative New York Times review echoed the more common response . Roger Ebert suggested the film had only modest success because holiday - themed films were not popular at the time . The film would go on to win two Genie Awards , for Bob Clark 's screenplay and direction . By Christmas 1983 the film was no longer playing at most venues , but remained in about a hundred theaters until January 1984 . Gross earnings were just over $19.2 million . In the years since , due to television airings and home video release , A Christmas Story has become widely popular and is now an annual Christmas special . The film was produced and released by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The rights to the film were acquired by Turner Entertainment Co. after Ted Turner 's purchase of MGM 's pre-1986 film library . Subsequently , Time Warner purchased Turner Entertainment , and currently holds rights to the film . Over the years , the film 's critical reputation has grown considerably and it is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1983 . Based on 52 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 89 % , with an average score of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Both warmly nostalgic and darkly humorous , A Christmas Story deserves its status as a holiday perennial . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In his movie guide , Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare four - star rating , calling the film `` Delightful '' and `` Truly funny for kids and grown - ups alike '' with `` Wonderful period flavor . '' On December 24 , 2007 , AOL ranked the film their # 1 Christmas film of all time . IGN ranked the film the top holiday - themed film of all time . In 2012 , a Marist Poll named the film the favorite holiday film in the U.S. American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` You 'll shoot your eye out . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Broadcasting and home Video release ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985 , and quickly attracted a growing following . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN . In 1988 , then - fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving . In 1989 -- 1990 , TBS showed it Thanksgiving night , while in 1991 -- 1992 , they aired it the night after . 24 Hours of a Christmas Story ( edit ) Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights , and since the mid-1990s , aired the film increasingly on TBS , TNT , and TCM . By 1995 , it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24 -- 26 , and in 1996 , it was aired eight times over those three days . Due to the increasing popularity of the film , in 1997 , TNT began airing a 24 - hour marathon dubbed `` 24 Hours of A Christmas Story , '' consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day . This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December . In 2004 , after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format , sister network TBS , under its comedy - based `` Very Funny '' moniker , took over the marathon . Clark stated that , in 2002 , an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another , nearly one sixth of the country . TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005 , and 45.5 million in 2006 . In 2007 , new all - time ratings records were set , with the highest single showing ( 8 p.m. Christmas Eve ) drawing 4.4 million viewers . Viewership increased again in 2008 , with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers , and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million , and 54.4 million total . As of 2009 , the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks . In 2007 , the marathon continued , and the original tradition was revived . TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend ( November 25 ) . In 2009 , the 24 - hour marathon continued on TBS , for the 13th overall year , starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve . In 2009 , the film aired on TBS during a 24 - hour marathon on Christmas Eve . The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating ( 18 -- 49 ) and beat the major broadcast networks ( NBC , ABC , CBS , and Fox ) . In 2010 , the marathon averaged 3 million viewers , up 2 % from the previous year , ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24 - hour period . The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers , and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers . The marathons in 2011 and 2012 continued to see increases in ratings . For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon , Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS , marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations ; the two networks set their airings one hour apart ( so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film ) . Subsequent and earlier works ( edit ) A sequel involving Ralphie and his family , titled My Summer Story ( originally released as It Runs in the Family ) , was made in 1994 . With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie 's teacher ( Miss Shields ) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator ( the voice of the adult Ralphie ) , it features an entirely different cast . A series of television films involving the Parker family , also from Shepherd stories , were made by PBS , including Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss ( 1988 ) , The Star - Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski ( 1985 ) , The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters ( 1982 ) , and The Phantom of the Open Hearth ( 1976 ) . A Christmas Story 2 is another sequel which ignores the references and events of My Summer Story and was released direct - to - video in 2012 and directed by Brian Levant . It was filmed in New Westminster , British Columbia , Canada . Stage adaptations ( edit ) In 2000 , a stage play adaptation of A Christmas Story was written by Philip Grecian . In November 2012 , A Christmas Story : The Musical , based on the film , opened on Broadway . Written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( music and lyrics ) and Joseph Robinette ( book ) , the musical opened to positive reviews . The run ended December 30 , 2012 . The musical was directed by John Rando with choreography by Warren Carlyle and featured Dan Lauria as Jean Shepherd . The musical received Tony Award nominations for Best Musical , Best Book of a Musical ( Robinette ) , and Best Original Score ( Music and / or Lyrics ) Written for the Theatre . The musical was then adapted for television as A Christmas Story Live ! , which aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17 , 2017 . Home Video releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Betamax ( 1985 ) VHS ( 1984 , 1985 , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 , 2000 ) LaserDisc ( 1985 ) : pan and scan LaserDisc ( 1993 ) : deluxe letterbox edition DVD ( 1997 , reissued by Warner Home Video in 1999 ) : fullscreen , includes original theatrical trailer DVD ( 2003 ) 20th Anniversary 2 - Disc Special Edition DVD ( 2003 ) : Widescreen & Fullscreen ; includes cast interviews , audio commentary , and featurettes . HD DVD ( 2006 ) Blu - ray ( 2006 ) DVD ( 2008 ) Ultimate Collector 's Edition : Metal tin case features the same 2003 two - disc special edition , but includes special memorabilia . Blu - ray ( 2008 ) Ultimate Collector 's Edition : Metal tin which features the same 2006 Blu - ray disc , but also includes a strand of Leg Lamp Christmas lights . Blu - ray ( 2013 ) 30th Anniversary Edition : Steelbook with Blu - ray in 1080p ( like the previous Blu - ray and HD - DVD ) with a DTS - HD Master Audio mono track ( whereas the previous releases had Dolby Digital mono ) , and more special features than the previous Blu - ray and HD - DVD . See also ( edit ) Film portal Christmas portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' . Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.flicklives.com/index.php?pg=272 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jean ( 1966 ) . `` My Old Man And The Lascivious Special Award That Heralded The Birth Of Pop Art '' . In God We Trust All Others Pay Cash ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Bantam Books . p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia -- A Christmas Story House '' . Turner Entertainment Co . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFW Staff . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About ' A Christmas Story ' '' . thefw.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Facts & Trivia : A Christmas Story '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Bob ; Billingsley , Peter ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary : A Christmas Story ( DVD special feature ) . MGM . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jean ( 2003 ) . A Christmas Story . New York : Broadway Books . indicia . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1622 - 0 . Jump up ^ Warner Home Video ( 2003 ) . Radio Readings by Jean Shepherd ( DVD extra ) . Warner Video . Jump up ^ `` Famous Hammond Personalities : Jean Shepherd '' . HammondIndiana.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Hammond Personalities : Jean Shepherd '' . HammondIndiana.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Higbees '' . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Higbees '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' . Movie Rewind . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Road Trip for Ralphie '' . roadtripforralphie.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daisy Red Ryder : A History ( DVD extra ) . Warner Video . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Air Guns : Pyramyd Air Report '' . pyramydair.com . March 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary by Bob Clark Jump up ^ FILM : ' CHRISTMAS STORY , ' INDIANA TALE By Vincent Canby Published : November 18 , 1983 , New York Times Jump up ^ `` Reliving the holiday favorite ' A Christmas Story ' '' , CBS News Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , ' Christmas Story ' fans to convene in Cleveland ' Ralphies ' gathering on Thanksgiving weekend November 4 , 2007 , By Marylynne Pitz Jump up ^ 30 Years of ' A Christmas Story ' `` , My San Antonio.com By René A. Guzman , San Antonio Express - News : December 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` Review : A Christmas Story Original Soundtrack '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( January 8 , 1984 ) . `` IN THE ARTS : CRITICS ' CHOICES '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Popular misconceptions can get a movie off to a slow start , and they may have helped turn ' A Christmas Story ' into the sleeper of this season . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for A Christmas Story '' . Box Office Mojo.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 18 , 1983 ) . `` FILM : ' CHRISTMAS STORY , ' INDIANA TALE '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ' A Christmas Story ' was released in the Christmas season of 1983 , and did modest business at first ( people do n't often go to movies with specific holiday themes ) . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . It got warm reviews and two Genie Awards ( the Canadian Oscars ) for Bob Clark 's direction and for the screenplay . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1983 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-christmas-story Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . 2013 Movie Guide . Penguin Books . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 23774 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Best Christmas Movies : Top 25 of All Time '' . AOL . December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Holiday Movies of All - Time '' . IGN . November 23 , 2005 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Christmas Story ' and ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' Top List of Favorite Holiday Films '' . Marist University . 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Sentinel Television Listings -- Researched from original microfilm at The Orlando Public Library on November 17 , 2007 '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1987 -- 2001 . Jump up ^ West - Volland , Patricia A. ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` House that appeared in classic film ' A Christmas Story ' open to public '' . Coshocton Tribune . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woulfe , Molly ( December 25 , 2007 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story ' now part of pop culture '' . NWI.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 31 , 2007 ) . `` ' Christmas Story ' still a hit with cable viewers '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` Few lumps of coal for networks during a merry Christmas week '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A Christmas Story ' marathon slated for 13th year on TBS '' . Examiner.com . December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story -- Upcoming Airings '' . TBS . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Football Boosts CBS , NBC : NFL Games Give Networks a Bump '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ratings Notes for TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network ; Including ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon , ' Conan , ' ' Men of a Certain Age ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon Dominate Christmas + ' Leverage ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' A Christmas Story ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , College Football , ' Teen Mom 2 ' & More '' . Zap2It . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://fansided.com/2014/12/22/annual-marathon-christmas-story-begins-wednesday-tbs/ Jump up ^ http://decider.com/2014/12/24/in-defense-christmas-story-marathon/ Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story 2 ' goes straight to DVD '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story ' Sequel in Pre-production '' . Beck / Smith Hollywood . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grecian , Philip ( 2000 - 08 - 01 ) . A Christmas Story : A Play in Two Acts . ISBN 9781583420317 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Dreams of a Big Haul From Santa Claus : ' A Christmas Story , the Musical , ' at the Lunt - Fontanne Theater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ' A Christmas Story , The Musical ' Listing playbillvault.com Jump up ^ ' A Christmas Story The Musical ' Listing ibdb.com , accessed April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Nominations Announced for 67th Annual Tony Awards ; ' Kinky Boots ' Earns 13 Nominations '' Archived October 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` ' A Christmas Story ' Live Musical Set at Fox '' . Variety . 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story -- HD DVD Review '' . High - Def Digest . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ High - Def Digest Staff ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` A Christmas Story -- Blu - ray Review '' . High - Def Digest . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spurlin , Thomas ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) -- DVD Review '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story ( Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) -- Blu - ray Review '' . High - Def Digest . October 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Christmas Story Official DVD site TBS. com 's A Christmas Story website A Christmas Story on IMDb A Christmas Story at AllMovie A Christmas Story at the TCM Movie Database A Christmas Story at the American Film Institute Catalog A Christmas Story at Box Office Mojo A Christmas Story at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Man Who Told A Christmas Story : What I learned from Jean Shepherd '' by Donald Fagen -- Slate Links to related articles A Christmas Story Films A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) My Summer Story / It Runs in the Family ( 1994 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Related works In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss A Christmas Story : The Musical A Christmas Story Live ! Related articles Jean Shepherd A Christmas Story House Red Ryder BB Gun Films directed by Bob Clark The Emperor 's New Clothes ( 1966 ) She - Man ( 1967 ) Children Should n't Play with Dead Things ( 1972 ) Deathdream ( 1972 ) Black Christmas ( 1974 ) Breaking Point ( 1976 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Tribute ( 1980 ) Porky 's ( 1982 ) Porky 's II : The Next Day ( 1983 ) A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Turk 182 ( 1985 ) From the Hip ( 1987 ) Loose Cannons ( 1990 ) My Summer Story ( 1994 ) I 'll Remember April ( 1999 ) Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) Now & Forever ( 2002 ) The Karate Dog ( 2004 ) Superbabies : Baby Geniuses 2 ( 2004 ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs Oxford Book of Carols New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christmas_Story&oldid=816029756 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1980s comedy films Films based on works by Jean Shepherd American films American Christmas films American comedy films Films scored by Paul Zaza Films about bullying Films about families Films based on American novels Films based on multiple works Films directed by Bob Clark Films set in Indiana Films set in the 1940s Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in Toronto Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Works by Jean Shepherd Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 10 . 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what state is a christmas story based in
[ "The film is set in Hohman, Indiana, a fictionalized version of Shepherd's hometown of Hammond, named for Hohman Avenue, which runs through downtown Hammond.[11] Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street (where Shepherd spent his childhood). Other local references include mention of a person \"swallowing a yo-yo\" in nearby Griffith,[12] the Old Man being one of the fiercest \"furnace fighters in northern Indiana\" and that his obscenities were \"hanging in space over Lake Michigan,\" a mention of the Indianapolis 500, and the line to Santa Claus \"stretching all the way to Terre Haute, Indiana.\" The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears (whom he jokingly calls the \"Chicago Chipmunks\") and White Sox, consistent with living in northwest Indiana." ]
[ "Indiana" ]
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Hand
Hand - wikipedia Hand Jump to : navigation , search `` Hands '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hand ( disambiguation ) and Hands ( disambiguation ) . Hand Palmar and dorsal aspects of human right hand X-ray of human hand Details Vein dorsal venous network of hand Nerve Ulnar , median , radial nerves Identifiers Latin Manus MeSH A01. 378.800. 667 TA A01. 1.00. 025 FMA 9712 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A hand is a prehensile , multi-fingered organ located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans , chimpanzees , monkeys , and lemurs . A few other vertebrates such as the koala ( which has two opposable thumbs on each `` hand '' and fingerprints remarkably similar to human fingerprints ) are often described as having `` hands '' instead of paws on their front limbs . The raccoon is usually described as having `` hands '' though opposable thumbs are lacking . Some evolutionary anatomists use the term hand to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb more generally -- for example , in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand . The human hand normally has five digits : four fingers plus one thumb . In some languages , the human hand is said to have five fingers , including the thumb as one of the fingers . It has 27 bones , not including the sesamoid bone , the number of which varies between people , 14 of which are the phalanges ( proximal , intermediate and distal ) of the fingers and thumb . The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist . Each human hand has five metacarpals and eight carpal bones . Fingers contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings in the body , and are the richest source of tactile feedback . They also have the greatest positioning capability of the body ; thus , the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands . Like other paired organs ( eyes , feet , legs ) each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere , so that handedness -- the preferred hand choice for single - handed activities such as writing with a pencil , reflects individual brain functioning . Among humans , the hands play an important function in body language and sign language . Likewise the 10 digits of two hands , and the 12 phalanges of 4 fingers ( touchable by the thumb ) have given rise to number systems and calculation techniques . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Areas 1.2 Bones 1.2. 1 Arches 1.3 Muscles 1.3. 1 Intrinsic 1.3. 2 Extrinsic 1.4 Innervation 1.5 Skin 1.6 Variation 2 Clinical significance 3 Evolution 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Many mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws , claws , and talons , but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands . The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism . The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates . Hands must also have opposable thumbs , as described later in the text . The hand is located at the distal end of each arm . Apes and monkeys are sometimes described as having four hands , because the toes are long and the hallux is opposable and looks more like a thumb , thus enabling the feet to be used as hands . The word `` hand '' is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three digits of the bird hand and the dinosaur hand . Areas ( edit ) Human hand parts Areas of the human hand include : The palm ( Volar ) , which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand , located superficially to the metacarpus . The skin in this area contains dermal papillae to increase friction , such as are also present on the fingers and used for fingerprints . The opisthenar area ( dorsal ) is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand . The heel of the hand is the area anteriorly to the bases of the metacarpal bones , located in the proximal part of the palm . It is the area that sustains most pressure when using the palm of the hand for support , such as in handstand . There are five digits attached to the hand , notably with a nail fixed to the end in place of the normal claw . The four fingers can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects . Each finger , starting with the one closest to the thumb , has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others : index finger , pointer finger , forefinger , or 2nd digit middle finger or long finger or 3rd digit ring finger or 4th digit little finger , pinky finger , small finger , baby finger , or 5th digit The thumb ( connected to the first metacarpal bone and trapezium ) is located on one of the sides , parallel to the arm . A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs . Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers , a muscle action known as opposition . Bones ( edit ) Bones of the human hand Hand - bone animation The skeleton of the human hand consists of 27 bones : the eight short carpal bones of the wrist are organized into a proximal row ( scaphoid , lunate , triquetral and pisiform ) which articulates with the bones of the forearm , and a distal row ( trapezium , trapezoid , capitate and hamate ) , which articulates with the bases of the five metacarpal bones of the hand . The heads of the metacarpals will each in turn articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanx of the fingers and thumb . These articulations with the fingers are the metacarpophalangeal joints known as the knuckles . The fourteen phalanges make up the fingers and thumb , and are numbered I-V ( thumb to little finger ) when the hand is viewed from an anatomical position ( palm up ) . The four fingers each consist of three phalanx bones : proximal , middle , and distal . The thumb only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx . Together with the phalanges of the fingers and thumb these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly - articulated chains . Because supination and pronation ( rotation about the axis of the forearm ) are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist , the ulna and radius are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand . There are numerous sesamoid bones in the hand , small ossified nodes embedded in tendons ; the exact number varies between people : whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints , sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb ( 72.9 % ) and at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the little finger ( 82.5 % ) and the index finger ( 48 % ) . In rare cases , sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger . The articulations are : interphalangeal articulations of hand ( the hinge joints between the bones of the digits ) metacarpophalangeal joints ( where the digits meet the palm ) intercarpal articulations ( where the palm meets the wrist ) wrist ( may also be viewed as belonging to the forearm ) . Arches ( edit ) Arches of the hand Red : one of the oblique arches Brown : one of the longitudinal arches of the digits Dark green : transverse carpal arch Light green : transverse metacarpal arch The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches : longitudinal arches ( the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones ) , transverse arches ( formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones ) , and oblique arches ( between the thumb and four fingers ) : Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand , that of the thumb is the most mobile ( and the least longitudinal ) . While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility , the remaining rays are firmly rigid . The phalangeal joints of the index finger , however , offer some independence to its finger , due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons . The carpal bones form two transversal rows , each forming an arch concave on the palmar side . Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row , it is by necessity flexible . In contrast , the capitate , the `` keystone '' of the distal arch , moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid . The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones , and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension . The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands , but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch . The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the transverse carpal ligament and the intercarpal ligaments ( also oriented transversally ) . These ligaments also form the carpal tunnel and contribute to the deep and superficial palmar arches . Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch . Compared to the carpal arches , the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals ( thumb and little finger ) . As these two metacarpals approach each other , the palmar gutter deepens . The central-most metacarpal ( middle finger ) is the most rigid . It and its two neighbors are tied to the carpus by the interlocking shapes of the metacarpal bones . The thumb metacarpal only articulates with the trapezium and is therefore completely independent , while the fifth metacarpal ( little finger ) is semi-independent with the fourth metacarpal ( ring finger ) which forms a transitional element to the fifth metacarpal . Together with the thumb , the four fingers form four oblique arches , of which the arch of the index finger functionally is the most important , especially for precision grip , while the arch of the little finger contribute an important locking mechanism for power grip . The thumb is undoubtedly the `` master digit '' of the hand , giving value to all the other fingers . Together with the index and middle finger , it forms the dynamic tridactyl configuration responsible for most grips not requiring force . The ring and little fingers are more static , a reserve ready to interact with the palm when great force is needed . See also : arches of the foot Muscles ( edit ) Main article : Muscles of the hand Muscles and other structures of wrist and palm The muscles acting on the hand can be subdivided into two groups : the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups . The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors . They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm . Intrinsic ( edit ) The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar ( thumb ) and hypothenar ( little finger ) muscles ; the interosseous muscles ( four dorsally and three volarly ) originating between the metacarpal bones ; and the lumbrical muscles arising from the deep flexor ( and are special because they have no bony origin ) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism . Extrinsic ( edit ) Extensor compartments of wrist ( back of hand ) The fingers have two long flexors , located on the underside of the forearm . They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers . The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx , and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx . The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers . The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group . The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group ( opponens and abductor brevis muscle ) , moving the thumb in opposition , making grasping possible . The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers . The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism . The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits . The thumb has two extensors in the forearm ; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box . Also , the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor , used , for instance , pointing . The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments . Compartment 1 ( Most radial ) Compartment 2 Compartment 3 Compartment 4 Compartment 5 Compartment 6 ( Most ulnar ) Abductor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum communis The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna . The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna . Innervation ( edit ) Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb The hand is innervated by the radial , median , and ulnar nerves . Motor innervation The radial nerve innervates the finger extensors and the thumb abductor , thus the muscles that extends at the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints ( knuckles ) ; and that abducts and extends the thumb . The median nerve innervates the flexors of the wrist and digits , the abductors and opponens of the thumb , the first and second lumbrical . The ulnar nerve innervates the remaining intrinsic muscles of the hand . All muscles of the hand are innervated by the brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) and can be classified by innervation : Nerve Muscles radial Extensors : carpi radialis longus and brevis , digitorum , digiti minimi , carpi ulnaris , pollicis longus and brevis , and indicis . Other : abductor pollicis longus . median Flexors : carpi radialis , pollicis longus , digitorum profundus ( half ) , superficialis , and pollicis brevis ( superficial head ) . Other : palmaris longus . abductor pollicis brevis , opponens pollicis , and first and second lumbricals . ulnar Flexor carpi ulnaris , flexor digitorum profundus ( half ) , palmaris brevis , flexor digiti minimi , abductor digiti minimi , opponens digiti minimi , adductor pollicis , flexor pollicis brevis ( deep head ) , palmar and dorsal interossei , and third and fourth lumbricals . Cutaneous innervation The radial nerve innervates the skin the back of the hand from the thumb to the ring finger and the dorsal aspects of the index , middle , and half ring fingers as far as the proximal interphalangeal joints . The median nerve innervates the palmar side of the thumb , index , middle , and half ring fingers . Dorsal branches innervates the distal phalanges of the index , middle , and half ring fingers . The ulnar nerve innervates the ulnar third of the hand , both at the palm and the back of the hand , and the little and half ring fingers . There is a considerable variation to this general pattern , except for the little finger and volar surface of the index finger . For example , in some individuals , the ulnar nerve supplies the entire ring finger and the ulnar side of the middle finger , whilst , in others , the median nerve supplies the entire ring finger . Skin ( edit ) Left : papillary ridges of palm Right : sexual dimorphism The glabrous ( hairless ) skin on the front of the hand , the palm , is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand 's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones . Compared to the rest of the body 's skin , the hands ' palms ( as well as the soles of the feet ) are usually lighter -- and even much lighter in dark - skinned individuals , compared to the other side of the hand . Indeed , genes specifically expressed in the dermis of palmoplantar skin inhibit melanin production and thus the ability to tan , and promote the thickening of the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum layers of the epidermis . All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges ( fingerprints ) acting as friction pads . In contrast , the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin , soft , and pliable , so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched . On the dorsal side , the skin can be moved across the hand up to 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) ; an important input the cutaneous mechanoreceptors . The web of the hand is a `` fold of skin which connects the digits '' `` Web '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) . These webs , located between each set of digits , are known as skin folds ( interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis ) . They are defined as `` one of the folds of skin , or rudimentary web , between the fingers and toes . '' . Variation ( edit ) Further information : Digit ratio The average length of an adult male hand is 189 mm , while the average length of an adult female hand is 172 mm . The average hand breadth for adult males and females is 84 and 74 mm respectively . The ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger in adults is affected by the level of exposure to male sex hormones of the embryo in utero . This digit ratio is below 1 for both sexes but it is lower in males than in females on average . Clinical significance ( edit ) X-ray of the left hand of a ten - year - old boy with polydactyly . A number of genetic disorders affect the hand . Polydactyly is the presence of more than the usual number of fingers . One of the disorders that can cause this is Catel - Manzke syndrome . The fingers may be fused in a disorder known as syndactyly . Or there may be an absence of one or more central fingers -- a condition known as ectrodactyly . Additionally , some people are born without one or both hands ( amelia ) . There are several cutaneous conditions that can affect the hand including the nails . The autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis can affect the hand , particularly the joints of the fingers . Some conditions can be treated by hand surgery . These include carpal tunnel syndrome , a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of the median nerve , and Dupuytren 's contracture , a condition in which fingers bend towards the palm and can not be straightened . A similar condition to this is where some of the fingers can not be flexed due to injury to the ulnar nerve . A common fracture of the hand is a scaphoid fracture -- a fracture of the scaphoid bone , one of the carpal bones . This is the commonest carpal bone fracture and can be slow to heal due to a limited blood flow to the bone . There are various types of fracture to the base of the thumb ; these are known as Rolando fractures , Bennet 's fracture , and Gamekeeper 's thumb . Another common fracture , known as Boxer 's fracture , is to the neck of a metacarpal . Evolution ( edit ) `` Hands '' of a Javanese tree shrew and a human The prehensile hands and feet of primates evolved from the mobile hands of semi-arboreal tree shrews that lived about 60 million years ago . This development has been accompanied by important changes in the brain and the relocation of the eyes to the front of the face , together allowing the muscle control and stereoscopic vision necessary for controlled grasping . This grasping , also known as power grip , is supplemented by the precision grip between the thumb and the distal finger pads made possible by the opposable thumbs . Hominidae ( great apes including humans ) acquired an erect bipedal posture about 3.6 million years ago , which freed the hands from the task of locomotion and paved the way for the precision and range of motion in human hands . Functional analyses of the features unique to the hand of modern humans have shown that they are consistent with the stresses and requirements associated with the effective use of paleolithic stone tools . It is possible that the refinement of the bipedal posture in the earliest hominids evolved to facilitate the use of the trunk as leverage in accelerating the hand . While the human hand has unique anatomical features , including a longer thumb and fingers that can be controlled individually to a higher degree , the hands of other primates are anatomically similar and the dexterity of the human hand can not be explained solely on anatomical factors . The neural machinery underlying hand movements is a major contributing factor ; primates have evolved direct connections between neurons in cortical motor areas and spinal motoneurons , giving the cerebral cortex monosynaptic control over the motoneurons of the hand muscles ; placing the hands `` closer '' to the brain . The recent evolution of the human hand is thus a direct result of the development of the central nervous system , and the hand , therefore , is a direct tool of our consciousness -- the main source of differentiated tactile sensations -- and a precise working organ enabling gestures -- the expressions of our personalities . A gorilla , a large extant primate with small thumbs , and the hand skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus , a large Pliocene primate with relatively human - like thumbs There are nevertheless several primitive features left in the human hand , including pentadactyly ( having five fingers ) , the hairless skin of the palm and fingers , and the os centrale found in human embryos , prosimians , and apes . Furthermore , the precursors of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are present in the earliest fishes , reflecting that the hand evolved from the pectoral fin and thus is much older than the arm in evolutionary terms . The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic ( shared by both ancestors and extant primate species ) ; the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates . Humans did not evolve from knuckle - walking apes , and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion . Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee - human last common ancestor ( CHLCA ) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and Homo floresiensis . This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools , and that these changes are associated with tool - related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins . The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus , an early hominin , are almost as robust as in humans , so this may be a primitive trait , while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb 's original function has been lost ( most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey ) . In humans , the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb . There is a hypothesis suggesting the form of the modern human hand is especially conducive to the formation of a compact fist , presumably for fighting purposes . The fist is compact and thus effective as a weapon . It also provides protection for the fingers . However , this is not widely accepted to be one of the primary selective pressures acting on hand morphology throughout human evolution , with tool use and production being thought to be far more influential . Additional images ( edit ) Illustration of Hand and Wrist Bones . Bones of the left hand . Volar surface . Bones of the left hand . Dorsal surface . Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand . Cuban doctor checks the hand of a patient . Sara , Guinea - Bissau , liberated zones , 1974 See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Dactylonomy Dermatoglyphics Finger - counting Finger tracking Handstand Hand strength Hand walking Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism Knuckle - walking Palmistry -- fortune - telling based on lines in hand palms . Manus ( anatomy ) Mudra -- Hindu term for hand gestures . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , Dorcas MacClintock ; illustrated by J. Sharkey ( 2002 ) . A natural history of raccoons . Caldwell , N.J. : Blackburn Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930665 - 67 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Xu et al. 2009 ^ Jump up to : Mark L. Latash ( 18 March 2008 ) . Synergy . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 137 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533316 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tracy L. Kivell ; Pierre Lemelin ; Brian G. Richmond ; Daniel Schmitt ( 10 August 2016 ) . The Evolution of the Primate Hand : Anatomical , Developmental , Functional , and Paleontological Evidence . Springer . pp. 7 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 3646 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt & Lanz 2003 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Marieb 2004 , p. 237 Jump up ^ Tubiana , Thomine & Mackin 1998 , p. 4 Jump up ^ ( Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill , 2007 . Print . ) ^ Jump up to : Tubiana , Thomine & Mackin 1998 , pp. 9 -- 14 Jump up ^ Austin 2005 , pp. 319 -- 320 Jump up ^ `` Medical mnemonics '' . LifeHugger . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Jones & Lederman 2006 , pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006 , p. 257 Jump up ^ Jones & Lederman 2006 , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` web of fingers / toes '' . Farlex Medical Dictionary . Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Agnihotri et al. 2006 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt & Lanz 2003 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Key and Lycett ( 2011 ) Technology based evolution ? A biometric test ... Journal of Archaeological Science ^ Jump up to : Rolian et al. , 2011 Jump up ^ Marzke 2009 Jump up ^ Flanagan & Johansson 2002 Jump up ^ Putz & Tuppek 1999 Jump up ^ Almécija 2009 Jump up ^ Kivella & Schmitt 2009 ^ Jump up to : Lovejoy et al. 2009 , Abstract , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Tocheri et al. 2008 Jump up ^ Reardon 2012 , Knight 2012 , Morgan & Carrier 2013 Jump up ^ Key and Lycett , 2011 Jump up ^ williams et al. , 2012 Jump up ^ Key , 2013 References ( edit ) Agnihotri , A.K. ; Purwar , B. ; Jeebun , N. ; Agnihotri , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Determination Of Sex By Hand Dimensions '' . The Internet Journal of Forensic Science . 1 ( 2 ) . ISSN 1540 - 2622 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Almécija , Sergio ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the hand in Miocene apes : implications for the appearance of the human hand ( PhD Thesis ) '' ( PDF ) . Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona . Austin , Noelle M. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The Wrist and Hand Complex '' . In Levangie , Pamela K. ; Norkin , Cynthia C. Joint Structure and Function : A Comprehensive Analysis ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Company . ISBN 0 - 8036 - 1191 - 9 . Flanagan , J Randall ; Johansson , Roland S ( 2002 ) . `` Hand Movements '' . Encyclopedia of the human brain ( PDF ) . Elsevier Science . Jones , Lynette A. ; Lederman , Susan J. ( 2006 ) . `` Structure of the Skin '' . Human hand function . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517315 - 4 . Kivella , Tracy L. ; Schmitt , Daniel ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Independent evolution of knuckle - walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle - walking ancestor '' . PNAS. 106 ( 34 ) : 14241 -- 14246 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 10614241K . PMC 2732797 . PMID 19667206 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0901280106 . Knight , Kathryn ( 2012 ) . `` Fighting Shaped Human Hands '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 083725 . Lovejoy , C. Owen ; Suwa , Gen ; Simpson , Scott W. ; Matternes , Jay H. ; White , Tim D. ( October 2009 ) . `` The Great Divides : Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes '' . Science . 326 ( 5949 ) : 73 , 100 -- 106 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 326 ... 100L . PMID 19810199 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1175833 . Marieb , Elaine N ( 2004 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( Sixth ed . ) . Pearson PLC . ISBN 0 - 321 - 20413 - 1 . Marzke , Mary . `` Evolution of the hand and bipedality '' . Massey University , NZ . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Morgan , Michael H. ; Carrier , David R. ( January 2013 ) . `` Protective buttressing of the human fist and the evolution of hominin hands '' . J Exp Biol. 216 : 236 -- 244 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 075713 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Putz , RV ; Tuppek , A. ( November 1999 ) . `` Evolution of the hand '' . Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 31 ( 6 ) : 357 -- 61 . PMID 10637723 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 1999 - 13552 . accessdate = Reardon , Sara ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Human hands evolved so we could punch each other '' . New Scientist . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Ross , Lawrence M. ; Lamperti , Edward D. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System . Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 419 - 9 . Schmidt , Hans - Martin ; Lanz , Ulrich ( 2003 ) . Surgical Anatomy of the Hand . Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 007 - X . Tocheri , Matthew W. ; Orr , Caley M. ; Jacofsky , Marc C. ; Marzke , Mary W. ( 2008 ) . `` The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo '' . J. Anat. ( 212 ) : 544 -- 562 . PMC 2409097 . PMID 18380869 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2008. 00865. x . ( Abstract , PubMed ) ( PDF , Smithsonian ) Tubiana , Raoul ; Thomine , Jean - Michel ; Mackin , Evelyn ( 1998 ) . Examination of the Hand and Wrist ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85317 - 544 - 2 . Xu , X ; Clark , JM ; Mo , J ; Choiniere , J ; Forster , CA ; Erickson , GM ; Hone , DWE ; Sullivan , C ; Eberth , DA ; Nesbitt , S ; Zhao , Q ; Hernandez , R ; Jia , CK ; Han , FL ; Guo , Y ( 2009 ) . `` A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies '' . Nature . 459 ( 7249 ) : 940 -- 944 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 459 ... 940X . PMID 19536256 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08124 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hand anatomy ( eMedicine ) Watch the National Film Board of Canada documentary Faces of the Hand ( Requires Adobe Flash ) American Society for Surgery of the Hand The Common Hand article in the May 2012 National Geographic Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis GND : 4023207 - 4 NDL : 00572746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand&oldid=803510347 '' Categories : Upper limb anatomy Hand Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 23 : 54 . 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the five long thin bones that form the palm of the hand are the
[ "The human hand normally has five digits: four fingers plus one thumb.[3][4] In some languages, the human hand is said to have five fingers, including the thumb as one of the fingers.[3] It has 27 bones, not including the sesamoid bone, the number of which varies between people,[5] 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate and distal) of the fingers and thumb. The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist. Each human hand has five metacarpals[6] and eight carpal bones." ]
[ "metacarpals" ]
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The Simpsons (season 1)
The Simpsons ( season 1 ) - wikipedia The Simpsons ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Simpsons ( season 1 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Fox Original release December 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 17 ) -- May 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 13 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Simpsons episodes The Simpsons ' first season originally aired on the Fox network between December 17 , 1989 and May 13 , 1990 , beginning with the Christmas special `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' . The executive producers for the first production season were Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , and Sam Simon . The series was originally set to debut in autumn 1989 with the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , which was meant to introduce the main characters ; during the first screening of the episode , the producers discovered that the animation was so appalling that 70 % of the episode needed to be redone . The producers considered aborting the series if the next episode turned out as bad , but it only suffered from easily fixable problems . The producers convinced Fox to move the debut to December 17 , and aired `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' as the first episode of the series . The first season won one Emmy Award , and received four additional nominations . The DVD boxset was released on September 25 , 2001 in Region 1 and September 24 , 2001 in both Region 2 and Region 4 Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origin of The Simpsons 1.2 Production 2 Reception 2.1 Ratings 2.2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 DVD release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Development ( edit ) Origin of the Simpsons ( edit ) Main articles : History of The Simpsons and The Simpsons shorts The Simpsons creator Matt Groening The Simpsons creator Matt Groening conceived the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks 's office . Brooks , the producer of the sketch comedy program The Tracey Ullman Show , wanted to use a series of animated shorts as bumpers between sketches . He had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts , which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series . When Groening realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life 's work , he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family . The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production . The animators merely re-traced his drawings , which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes . Production ( edit ) In 1989 , a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half - hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house . During the years of producing the shorts , everything was created in - house . Due to the increased workload of the full - length episodes , production was subcontracted to South Korean animation studio AKOM . While character and background layout is done by the domestic studio , tweening , coloring , and filming are done by the overseas studio . The Simpsons was co-developed by Groening , James L. Brooks , and Sam Simon , a writer - producer with whom Brooks had worked on previous projects . Groening and Simon , however , did not get along and were often in conflict over the show ; Groening once described their relationship as `` very contentious '' . Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called `` the mainstream trash '' that they were watching . Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show 's content . Fox was nervous about the show because they were unsure if it could sustain the audience 's attention for the duration of the episode . They proposed doing three seven - minute shorts per episode and four specials until the audience adjusted , but in the end , the producers gambled by asking Fox for 13 full - length episodes . Simon assembled and led the initial team of writers , consisting of John Swartzwelder , Jon Vitti , George Meyer , Jeff Martin , Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky . Simon has been credited as `` developing ( the show 's ) sensibility '' . Ken Levine says he `` brought a level of honesty to the characters '' and made them `` three - dimensional '' , adding that Simon 's `` comedy is all about character , not just a string of gags . In The Simpsons , the characters are motivated by their emotions and their foibles . ' What are they thinking ? ' -- that is Sam 's contribution . The stories come from the characters . '' Simon saw The Simpsons as a chance to solve `` what ( he ) did n't like about the Saturday - morning cartoon shows ( he had ) worked on ... ( he ) wanted all the actors in a room together , not reading their lines separated from each other . The Simpsons would have been a great radio show . If you just listen to the sound track , it works . '' The music for all 13 episodes was composed by former Oingo Boingo member Richard Gibbs , who would depart the show at the end of the season . The series was originally set to debut in the fall of 1989 with the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , which was meant to introduce the main characters . A debacle erupted when the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , the first to return from animation in Korea , was screened in front of the production staff at the Gracie Films bungalow . The executive producer and developer James L. Brooks ' initial reaction to the animation was `` This is shit . '' After that reaction the room almost cleared . A heated argument ensued between Brooks and Klasky - Csupo animation studio head Gábor Csupó , who denied that there was anything wrong with the animation and suggested that the real problem was the quality of the show 's writing . The problem with the animation from the producers ' point - of - view was that it did not exhibit a distinct style envisioned for the show . At the time there were only a few choices for animation style . Usually , they would either follow the style of Disney , Warner Bros. , or Hanna - Barbera . Disney and Warner Bros. cartoons had a universe that was bendy and the characters seemed to be made of rubber . The producers wanted a realistic environment in which the characters and objects could not do anything that was not possible in the real world . One example with the early animation being cartoonish was that the doors behaved liked rubber when slammed . The style of Hanna - Barbera featured the use of cartoon sounds , which they did not want either . However , during the first screening of the episode , the producers discovered that the animation was so appalling that 70 % of the episode needed to be redone . The producers considered aborting the series if the next episode ( `` Bart the Genius '' ) turned out as bad , but it only suffered from a few , easily fixable problems . The producers convinced Fox to move the debut to December 17 , and aired `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' as the first episode of the series . The half hour series premiere debuted on December 17 , 1989 with `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' a Christmas special . The next episode `` Bart the Genius '' was the first to feature the series ' full title sequence , including the chalkboard gag and couch gag . Matt Groening developed the lengthy sequence in order to cut down on the animation necessary for each episode , but devised the two gags as compensation for the repeated material each week . Groening , who had not paid much attention to television since his own childhood , was unaware that title sequences of such length were uncommon by that time . As the finished episodes became longer , the production team were reluctant to cut the stories in order to allow for the long title sequence , so shorter versions of it were developed . In some of the episodes the characters act completely differently to how they do in later seasons ; Lisa , for example , is undisciplined and short - tempered , while Homer is the voice of reason ; these roles are reversed in later episodes . Mr. Burns , was voiced by Christopher Collins in `` Homer 's Odyssey '' . Originally , the character was influenced by Ronald Reagan , a concept which was later dropped . The first episode featured many new characters such as Seymour Skinner , Milhouse Van Houten , Sherri and Terri , Moe Szyslak , Mr. Burns , Barney Gumble , Patty and Selma , Ned and Todd Flanders , Santa 's Little Helper , Snowball II , Dewey Largo , and Lewis . Snowball I is mentioned for the first time and Waylon Smithers can be heard over the speaker at the power plant , but he is not seen . The following episodes in the season saw the introduction of several new recurring characters , including Martin Prince , Richard , Edna Krabappel , Dr. J Loren Pryor , Waylon Smithers , Otto Mann , Chief Wiggum , Jasper Beardley , Sam & Larry , Mr. & Mrs. Winfield , Sherri and Terri , Dr. Marvin Monroe , Eddie and Lou , Nelson Muntz , Herman , Bleeding Gums Murphy , Jacqueline Bouvier , Sideshow Bob , Reverend Timothy Lovejoy , Krusty the Clown , Jimbo Jones , Kearney Zzyzwicz , Dolphin `` Dolph '' Starbeam , Ms. Albright , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon , Lenny and Carl , Kent Brockman and Agnes Skinner . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The Simpsons first season was the Fox network 's first TV series to rank among a season 's top 30 highest - rated shows . It won one Emmy Award , and received four additional nominations . Although television shows are limited to one episode a category , `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' was considered a separate special , and nominated alongside fellow episode `` Life on the Fast Lane '' for Outstanding Animated Program ; `` Life on the Fast Lane '' won the award . `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' was also nominated for `` Outstanding Editing in a Miniseries or Special '' , while `` The Call of the Simpsons '' was nominated for `` Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special '' . The main theme song , composed by Danny Elfman , was nominated for `` Outstanding Achievement in Main Title Theme Music '' . Reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , a site which uses a weighted mean score , the season scored a 79 / 100 from six critics , translating to `` generally favorable reviews . '' However , the show was controversial from its beginning . The rebellious lead character at the time , Bart , frequently received no punishment for his misbehavior , which led some parents to characterize him as a poor role model for children . Several US public schools even banned The Simpsons merchandise and t - shirts , such as one featuring Bart and the caption `` Underachiever ( ' And proud of it , man ! ' ) '' . Despite the ban , The Simpsons merchandise sold well and generated US $ 2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Simpsons episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' David Silverman Mimi Pond December 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 17 ) 7G08 26.7 While Christmas shopping , Bart sneaks off and gets a tattoo . Marge soon discovers this and uses the family 's Christmas savings to get it removed . Meanwhile , Homer discovers that he will not be getting a Christmas bonus from Mr. Burns and thus the family has no money to buy Christmas presents . He decides to keep their financial troubles a secret and gets a job as a department store Santa , but later discovers that the job does not pay enough . Desperate for a miracle , Homer and Bart go to the dog racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of earning some money . He bets it all on a longshot named Santa 's Little Helper , who loses . Santa 's Little Helper 's owner furiously disowns the dog for completing last and Homer lets Bart keep him . Later on , Homer attempts to come clean to everyone , but Bart exclaims that they have a dog and everyone happily welcomes the newest member of the Simpson family . `` Bart the Genius '' David Silverman Jon Vitti January 14 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 14 ) 7G02 24.5 Bart has trouble on an intelligence test and sneakily switches tests with Martin Prince , the class genius . After the results are tabulated , the school psychiatrist labels Bart a genius and sends him to the Enriched Learning Center for Gifted Children . Homer starts treating Bart with respect , but Bart immediately feels out of place among his new classmates and is alienated from his old peers . He confesses that he cheated on the test and is subsequently sent back to Springfield Elementary School . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' Wesley Archer Jay Kogen & Wallace Wolodarsky January 21 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 21 ) 7G03 27.5 Bart 's class visits the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant and Homer , anxious to look like he is working , accidentally crashes his cart into a radioactive pipe , causing him to be fired . Depressed and unable to find a new job , he decides to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge . His family discover his plan and try to stop him , but in the process they are almost run over by a truck . Discovering his new purpose , Homer embarks on a safety crusade and eventually decides to go after the Nuclear Plant and holds protest rallies . To end Homer 's furor , Mr. Burns offers him a job as safety inspector , with increased salary , which Homer accepts . Guest star : Sam McMurray `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' Gregg Vanzo & Kent Butterworth Al Jean & Mike Reiss January 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 28 ) 7G04 20.2 Homer takes his family to the company picnic at Mr. Burns 's manor . Marge , Bart and Lisa embarrass Homer and he notices that Mr. Burns seems to favour a family who love and respect one another . Convinced that both he and his family are pathetic , he takes everyone to Dr. Marvin Monroe 's family therapy center . When standard methods prove useless in civilizing the family , Monroe resorts to shock therapy and wire the Simpsons to electrodes . Soon the Simpsons start shocking one another and cause Springfield to lose power . 5 5 `` Bart the General '' David Silverman John Swartzwelder February 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 04 ) 7G05 27.1 Bart runs afoul of Nelson Muntz , the school bully , who begins attacking Bart every day after school . Homer suggests fighting back , which does not work . Desperate for a solution , Bart visits Grampa for advice . Grampa takes Bart to meet Herman , who suggests that Bart rally all of the school children and declare war on Nelson . Bart and his army attack Nelson and successfully manage to convince him to give up his bullying ways . 6 6 `` Moaning Lisa '' Wesley Archer Al Jean & Mike Reiss February 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 11 ) 7G06 27.4 Lisa becomes depressed , which begins to affect her performance in school . Neither Marge nor Homer are able to make Lisa happier . One night , she hears distant Jazz music and sneaks out of her room to follow it . She meets Bleeding Gums Murphy , who teaches her how to express her music through the saxophone . When Marge drops Lisa off at school the next day , she suggests that Lisa smile no matter how she feels . However , Marge sees that Lisa is being denied her creativity and realizes that that 's what is disappointing her . Marge tells Lisa to just be herself , and the entire family go to see Murphy perform at a local Jazz club . Guest star : Ron Taylor . 7 7 `` The Call of the Simpsons '' Wesley Archer John Swartzwelder February 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 18 ) 7G09 27.6 Homer becomes envious of Flanders ' new RV and goes to `` Bob 's RV Round - up '' to buy one of his own . Settling on a dilapidated camper , he takes the family camping and in the process destroys the RV . Leaving Lisa and Marge behind , Bart and Homer try to find their way back to civilization , but have little luck . Later on , Homer is mistaken for Bigfoot and captured . Marge , Bart and Lisa are saved and Homer is released , although scientists say that they can not determine which species he belongs to . Guest star : Albert Brooks . 8 8 `` The Telltale Head '' Rich Moore Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Sam Simon & Matt Groening February 25 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 25 ) 7G07 28 Bart becomes friends with Jimbo , Dolph , and Kearney , a group of local troublemakers . Trying to impress them , Bart decides to cut off and steal the head of the statue of Jebediah Springfield . The next day , the entire town grieves for the vandalized statue and Bart discovers that his new friends want to attack the vandal . Feeling remorse , Bart confesses to his family and Homer and Bart take the head back to the statue after passing through the furious people . Notes : First episode to feature Krusty , Sideshow Bob and Reverend Lovejoy . 9 9 `` Life on the Fast Lane '' David Silverman John Swartzwelder March 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 18 ) 7G11 33.5 Having forgotten about Marge 's birthday , Homer rushes to the Springfield mall and impulsively buys her a bowling ball . Marge is not impressed with the gift and after discovering that he intends to use it , she decides to spite him by going bowling herself . While at the alley , she meets Jacques , a charming French bowling instructor , who offers her lessons . Jacques begins to fall for Marge and invites her to his apartment . Although she agrees , Marge undergoes a moral dilemma . In the end , Marge visits Homer at the nuclear plant . Guest star : Albert Brooks . 10 10 `` Homer 's Night Out '' Rich Moore Jon Vitti March 25 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 25 ) 7G10 30.3 Bart purchases a mini spy camera and manages to take a picture of Homer dancing next to stripper named Princess Kashmir at a co-worker's strip club party . He gives copies of the picture to his friends , and eventually the picture starts to circulate around until eventually Marge sees it . She kicks Homer out of the house , but the next day explains that she is not upset about him dancing next to a woman , but rather that Bart saw it . She demands that he take Bart and go apologize to Princess Kashmir . Homer agrees and says that he is ready to start respecting women . Guest star : Sam McMurray . 11 11 `` The Crepes of Wrath '' Wesley Archer & Milton Gray George Meyer , Sam Simon , John Swartzwelder & Jon Vitti April 15 , 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 15 ) 7G13 31.2 Principal Skinner finally becomes fed up with Bart 's pranks and proposes that Bart be sent to France as part of the student exchange program . The family agrees and Bart is sent to the `` beautiful '' Château Maison , which is actually a dilapidated farmhouse on a neglected vineyard . Bart is treated like a slave by two unscrupulous winemakers , César and Ugolin , who eventually feed him wine tainted with antifreeze . Meanwhile , an Albanian boy named Adil starts to live with the Simpsons who , unbeknownst to Homer , is a spy sent by his country to obtain nuclear blueprints . Back in France , Bart learns French and reports the winemakers ' crimes to the authorities . Note : First episode to feature Agnes Skinner . 12 12 `` Krusty Gets Busted '' Brad Bird Jay Kogen & Wallace Wolodarsky April 29 , 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 29 ) 7G12 30.4 While buying ice cream at the Kwik - E-Mart , Homer witnesses a robbery perpetrated by a man believed to be Krusty the Clown , host of `` Krusty the Clown Show '' , Bart 's favorite program . Krusty is sent to jail and his show is taken over by his assistant , Sideshow Bob . Bart is certain that Krusty is innocent , and gathers evidence to support his claim , which he takes to `` Krusty 's bestest friend '' , Sideshow Bob . Bart realizes that the robbery was actually committed by Bob , who was trying to frame Krusty . Bob is arrested and Krusty thanks Bart for saving him . Guest star : Kelsey Grammer . Note : First episode to feature Kent Brockman . 13 13 `` Some Enchanted Evening '' David Silverman & Kent Butterworth Matt Groening & Sam Simon May 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 13 ) 7G01 27.1 Marge , feeling unappreciated by Homer , makes a call to a radio therapist , which Homer overhears at work . Homer , wanting to make it up to Marge , decides to take her to dinner at a fancy restaurant and hires a babysitter to take care of Bart and Lisa . They are sent Ms. Botz , who Bart and Lisa soon discover is actually a burglar nicknamed `` The Babysitter Bandit '' . They are captured by Ms. Botz and tied up but eventually are freed by Maggie . Bart and Lisa capture Ms. Botz and call the police . Meanwhile , Marge and Homer return home and find Ms. Botz is tied up . Homer , unaware of her true identity , frees her and Ms. Botz makes a clean getaway just moments before the police arrive . Guest stars : June Foray , Christopher Collins , Penny Marshall and Paul Willson . DVD release ( edit ) The DVD boxset for season one was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada in September 2001 , eleven years after it had completed broadcast on television . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes , Animatics , and commentaries for every episode . The Complete First Season Set Details Special Features 13 episodes 3 - disc set 1.33 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 , with subtitles ) French ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Spanish ( subtitles only ) Optional commentaries for all 13 episodes Original scripts for `` Bart the Genius '' , `` Bart the General '' , `` Moaning Lisa '' and `` Some Enchanted Evening '' Unaired version of `` Some Enchanted Evening '' with Optional Commentary Albert Brooks outtakes BBC Special : America 's First Family ABC News : Bart T - shirt Controversy The Tracey Ullman Show short : Good Night '' Foreign Language Clips Early Sketches Stills and magazine covers Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 25 , 2001 September 24 , 2001 September 24 , 2001 See also ( edit ) The Simpsons portal List of The Simpsons episodes The Simpsons shorts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Groening , Matt ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Silverman , David ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Emmy Awards official site Archived February 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . `` The Simpsons '' `` 1989 -- 1990 '' emmys.org . Retrieved on July 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 14 February 2003 ) . `` Fresh Air '' . NPR ( Interview ) . Interview with David Bianculli . Philadelphia : WHYY . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 2000 ) . ' The Simpsons ' : America 's First Family ( 6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD ) ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . UK : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Deneroff , Harvey ( January 2000 ) . `` Matt Groening 's Baby Turns 10 '' . Animation Magazine , Vol. 14 , # 1 . pp. 10 , 12 . Jump up ^ Ortved 2009 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Judy ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Matt Groening 's Reaction to The Critic 's First Appearance on The Simpsons '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Scott 2001 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( 12 March 1993 ) . `` Toon Terrific '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 48 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Kuipers , Dean ( 2004 - 04 - 15 ) . `` ' 3rd Degree : Harry Shearer ' '' . Los Angeles : City Beat . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brooks , James L. ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Ortved 2009 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Owen , David ( 2000 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Taking Humour Seriously '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Rapoport , Ron ( 2009 ) . `` Sam Simon 's Next Trick '' . Stanford Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clark , Rich ( 2010 ) . Mixing , Recording , and Producing Techniques of the Pros : Insights on Recording Audio for Music , Film , TV , and Games ( 2nd ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59863 - 915 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brooks , James L. ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Groening , Matt ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Bart the Genius '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Silverman , David ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Bart the Genius '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Reiss , Mike ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire BBC.co.uk . Retrieved on March 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` Bart the Genius '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` Bart the General '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Moaning Lisa BBC.co.uk . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Call of the Simpsons BBC.co.uk . Retrieved on August 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Crepes of Wrath BBC.co.uk . Retrieved on August 29 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1989 -- 1990 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Turner 2004 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Martin ( 2007 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Is The Simpsons still subversive ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Nick ( 2000 - 04 - 15 ) . `` America 's First Family '' . The Times Magazine . pp. 25 , 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Matthew ( April 2007 ) . `` Do n't Ask me , I 'm Just a Girl : Feminism , Female Identity , and The Simpsons '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 40 ( 2 ) : 272 -- 303 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5931.2007. 00379. x . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; A ' Grand ' entrance for NBC '' . USA Today . January 24 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; AMA gets the popular votes '' . USA Today . January 31 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; ' Amen , ' wedded to ratings win '' . USA Today . February 7 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; ' Faith ' abides for No. 1 NBC '' . USA Today . February 14 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; ' Home Videos ' a hit for ABC '' . USA Today . February 21 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; ' Videos ' is a repeat winner '' . USA Today . February 28 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; ' Simpsons ' soar for No. 4 Fox '' . USA Today . March 21 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; Fox builds Sunday strength '' . USA Today . March 28 , 1990 . p. 03. D . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ unknown ( April 27 , 1990 ) . `` The Ratings . TV chart for week of April 9 -- 15 , 1990 '' . TV ARTICLE . Published in issue # 11 Apr 27 , 1990 . Entertainment Weekly . In millions of viewers ... The Simpsons Fox , 31.2 Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ unknown ( May 11 , 1990 ) . `` The Ratings '' . TV ARTICLE . Published in issue # 13 May 11 , 1990 . Entertainment Weekly . In millions of viewers ... The Simpsons Fox , 30.4 Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` NIELSENS ; Sunday night sinks NBC '' . USA Today . May 16 , 1990 . p. 03. D . ^ Jump up to : `` Simpsons , The -- The Complete 1st Season '' . TV Shows on DVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Simpsons Season 1 DVD '' . The Simpsons Shop . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Bibliography Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M . Ortved , John ( 2009 ) . The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History . Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 503 - 9 . Scott , A.O. ( 2001 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Homer 's Odyssey '' . The New York Times Magazine . pp. 42 -- 47 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Turner , Chris ( 2004 ) . Planet Simpson : How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation . Foreword by Douglas Coupland . ( 1st ed . ) . Toronto : Random House Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 31318 - 2 . OCLC 55682258 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Simpsons ' season 1 Season 1 at The Simpsons.com Season 1 at the BBC Season 1 at TV.com The Simpsons Characters Homer Marge Bart Lisa Maggie Recurring characters One - time characters Production History Cast members Guest stars Non-English versions Writers Directors Awards Episodes Seasons 1 -- 20 Seasons 21 - present Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Hallmarks Opening sequence Main title theme Treehouse of Horror episodes ( list ) Couch gags The Itchy & Scratchy Show ( episode list ) Themes Media Politics Religion Locations Springfield The Simpsons house Kwik - E-Mart Derivative works Home video Video games Books Comics Simpsons Illustrated World of Springfield Mr. Burns , a Post-Electric Play Frinkiac Miscellaneous The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show ( `` Good Night '' ) The Simpsons Movie The Longest Daycare Discography `` D'oh ! '' `` ¡ Ay , caramba ! '' Products Duff Beer Springfield ( Florida , Hollywood ) The Simpsons Ride Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl 20th Anniversary Special `` The Simpsons Guy '' Related The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets ( 2013 book ) The Simpsons ( franchise ) Portal The Simpsons episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Season 1 `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' `` Bart the Genius '' `` Homer 's Odyssey '' `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' `` Bart the General '' `` Moaning Lisa '' `` The Call of the Simpsons '' `` The Telltale Head '' `` Life on the Fast Lane '' `` Homer 's Night Out '' `` The Crepes of Wrath '' `` Krusty Gets Busted '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Simpsons_(season_1)&oldid=794475015 '' Categories : The Simpsons seasons 1989 American television seasons 1990 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Galego Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar नेपाल भाषा Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 07 : 58 . 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when was the first episode of simpsons aired
[ "The half hour series premiere debuted on December 17, 1989 with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" a Christmas special. The next episode \"Bart the Genius\" was the first to feature the series' full title sequence, including the chalkboard gag and couch gag. Matt Groening developed the lengthy sequence in order to cut down on the animation necessary for each episode, but devised the two gags as compensation for the repeated material each week.[20] Groening, who had not paid much attention to television since his own childhood, was unaware that title sequences of such length were uncommon by that time.[20] As the finished episodes became longer, the production team were reluctant to cut the stories in order to allow for the long title sequence, so shorter versions of it were developed.[21]" ]
[ "December 17, 1989" ]
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Government of Australia
Government of Australia - wikipedia Government of Australia This article describes the federal government of Australia . For a description of other jurisdictions , politics and political institutions , see Politics of Australia . Government of the Commonwealth of Australia Appointer Governor - General Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Malcolm Turnbull Deputy Prime Minister : Michael McCormack Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia ( also referred to as the Australian Government , the Commonwealth Government , the Federal Government , and formally Her Majesty 's Government ) is the government of the Commonwealth of Australia , a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self - governing British colonies , which became the six states . The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution , which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums . The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor - General of Australia , with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government , the Prime Minister of Australia . The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the executive branch , composed of the Federal Executive Council presided by the Governor - General , which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia led by the Prime Minister , the legislative branch composed of the Parliament of Australia 's House of Representatives and Senate , and the judicial branch composed of the High Court of Australia and federal courts . Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution , the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters ( chapters I to III ) . The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics , and has been characterised as a `` Washminster mutation '' . Contents 1 Structure 2 Legislature 3 Executive 3.1 Head of state 3.2 Executive Council 3.3 Cabinet 3.4 Departments 4 Judiciary 5 Publicly owned entities 5.1 Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament 5.2 Government Business Enterprises 5.3 Other public non-financial corporations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Citations 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The three branches of the federal government of Australia The legislature : Parliament House in Canberra , the seat of the Federal Parliament The Executive : Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull ( left ) representing the Federal Executive Council , and Governor - General Peter Cosgrove ( right ) who by convention follows the Council 's advice The judiciary : The High Court of Australia , the nation 's highest court Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature , the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia , and two houses of parliament , the Senate and the House of Representatives . Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the Commonwealth government . All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States ( previously separate colonies ) . Further , each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can encroach on the functions of any other . The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States , or among the States , concerning their respective functions . The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution . To become effective , the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age , and must receive a `` double majority '' : a majority of all votes , and a majority of votes in a majority of States . The Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth . This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum ( a vote on whether the proposed transfer of power from the States to the Commonwealth , or vice versa , should be implemented ) . More commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved . This `` transfer '' legislation may have a `` sunset clause '' , a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period , at which point the original division of power is restored . In addition , Australia has several `` territories '' , two of which are self - governing : the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) and the Northern Territory ( NT ) . These territories ' legislatures , their Assemblies , exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth ; the Commonwealth Parliament remains able to override their legislation and to alter their powers . Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament . The territory of Norfolk Island was self - governing from 1979 until 2016 , although it was never represented as such in the Commonwealth Parliament . The other territories that are regularly inhabited -- Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands -- have never been self - governing . The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution . The House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States . Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five . But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States : all States elect 12 Senators , regardless of population . This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority and thus be able to amend or reject bills originating in the House of Representatives . The ACT and the NT each elect two Senators . The third level of government after Commonwealth and State / Territory is Local government , in the form of shires , towns and cities . The Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives ( known as either councillor or alderman , depending on the State ) , usually serving part - time . Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located . Government at the Commonwealth level and the State / Territory level is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government : Legislature : The Commonwealth Parliament Executive : The Sovereign of Australia , whose executive power is exercisable by the Governor - General , the Prime Minister , Ministers and their Departments Judiciary : The High Court of Australia and subsidiary Federal courts . The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities largely separately from each other : the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills , and provides a legislative framework for the operations of the other two arms ; the sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament , but takes no active role in these matters , except that ( representing the sovereign ) Governors - General , State Governors and Territory Administrators sign enactments into law through providing Royal Assent the Executive administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law , applying both statute law and the common law ; the Australian courts can not give an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a law , but the High Court of Australia can determine whether an existing law is constitutional the Judiciary is appointed by the sovereign 's representatives , on the advice of the Commonwealth or State / Territory government ; but the Legislature and the Executive should not try to influence its decisions . Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986 , and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal . With this act , Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign , and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal . The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Australia The Australian Senate chamber The Australian House of Representatives chamber The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate . The Australian Parliament is bicameral , consisting of the Queen of Australia , a 76 - member Senate and a 150 - member House of Representatives . Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six - year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` quota - preferential voting '' : see Australian electoral system ) , with half elected every three years . In addition to the state Senators , two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) , while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory ) . Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting , but their term of office is not fixed ; it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election . The members of the House of Representatives are elected by majority - preferential voting using the non-proportional Instant - runoff voting system from single - member constituencies allocated among the states and territories . In ordinary legislation , the two chambers have co-ordinate powers , but all proposals for appropriating revenue or imposing taxes must be introduced in the House of Representatives . Under the prevailing Westminster system , the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister . The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must , in most circumstances , be members . General elections are held at least once every three years . The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor - General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time , but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution . The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016 . The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures operate within the conventions of the Westminster system , with a recognised Leader of the Opposition , usually the leader of the largest party outside the government , and a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who `` shadow '' each member of the Ministry , asking questions on matters within the Minister 's portfolio . Although the Government , by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature , can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house , the Opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses . The day - to - day business of the House of Representatives is usually negotiated between the Leader of the House , appointed by the Prime Minister , and the Manager of Opposition Business in the House , appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Commonwealth parliament , currently Bill Shorten . Executive ( edit ) Head of state ( edit ) Main articles : Monarchy of Australia and Governor - General of Australia The Australian Constitution dates from 1901 , when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states , and does not use the term `` head of state '' . As Australia is a constitutional monarchy , government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state . In practice , the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people , the Queen of Australia and the Governor - General of Australia , who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia . Though in many respects the Governor - General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they independently exercise many important powers in their own right . The governor - general represents Australia internationally , making and receiving state visits . Government House , Canberra The Sovereign of Australia , currently Queen Elizabeth II , is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom . Like the other Dominions , Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom by virtue of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which was adopted in Australia in 1942 with retrospective effect from 3 September 1939 . By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia , and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed , making her Queen of Australia . Section 61 of the Constitution provides that ' The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor ‐ General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' . Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor - General shall represent the Queen in Australia . In practice , the Governor - General carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state , without reference to the Queen . Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor - General 's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers . The Governor - General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom . These are rarely exercised , but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor - General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister . Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy . In a 1999 referendum , the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution . The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor - General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but subject to the approval of a two - thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament . The proposal was defeated . The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia , opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League . Further information : Constitutional history of Australia , Australian republicanism , and Australian head of state dispute Executive Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Executive Council ( Australia ) The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet , and to carry out various other functions . All Ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled `` The Honourable '' , a title which they retain for life . The Governor - General usually presides at Council meetings , but in his or her absence another Minister nominated as the Vice-President of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the Council . Since 20 December 2017 , the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator Mathias Cormann . There are times when the government acts in a `` caretaker '' capacity , principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election . Cabinet ( edit ) Main articles : Cabinet of Australia and List of Australian Ministers The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown , responsible to the Federal Parliament . The ministers are appointed by the Governor - General , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who serve at the former 's pleasure . Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated . Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers , called Parliamentary secretaries , responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister . The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity ; it exists solely by convention . Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force . However , it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council , which is Australia 's highest formal governmental body . In practice , the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet . All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council . While the Governor - General is nominal presiding officer , he almost never attends Executive Council meetings . A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor - General . Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet . The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical , and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two - tier ministry , with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank , also known within parliament as the front bench . This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam Government . When the non-Labor parties are in power , the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion , although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments . When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios . When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet . In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios . This practice was followed until 2007 . Between 1907 and 2007 , Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries , although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence . Prior to the 2007 general election , the then Leader of the Opposition , Kevin Rudd , said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister . His party won the election and he chose the ministry , as he said he would . The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne . Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places , such as major regional cities . There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital , with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street . Departments ( edit ) There are 18 departments of the Australian Government . Attorney - General 's Department Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Department of Communications and the Arts Department of Defence Department of Education and Training Department of Employment Department of the Environment and Energy Department of Finance Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Department of Health Department of Home Affairs Department of Human Services Department of Industry , Innovation and Science Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Department of Social Services Department of the Treasury Department of Veterans ' Affairs Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Australian court hierarchy Courtroom 1 in the High Court in Canberra . As a federation , in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts . Federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts created by the Federal Parliament , including the Federal Court of Australia , the Family Court of Australia , and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia . Additionally , unlike in the United States , the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts . Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level , only courts may exercise federal judicial power ; and conversely , non-judicial functions can not be vested in courts . State judicial power is exercised by each State 's Supreme Court , and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments . The High Court is the final court of appeal in Australia and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals on matters of both federal and state law . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by federal and State parliaments , and has jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia . Unlike in the United States , there is only one common law of Australia , rather than separate common laws for each State . Publicly owned entities ( edit ) Corporations prescribed by acts of Parliament ( edit ) The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament : Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ) Special Broadcasting Service ( Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ) Government business Enterprises ( edit ) The following corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises ( GBEs ) by section 5 ( 1 ) of the Public Governance , Performance and Accountability ( PGPA ) Rule : Australian Postal Corporation ( `` Australia Post '' ) Defence Housing Australia The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5 ( 2 ) of the PGPA Rule : ASC Pty Ltd Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited Moorebank Intermodal Company Limited ( ACN 161 635 105 ) NBN Co Limited ( ACN 136 533 741 ) Other public non-financial corporations ( edit ) Airservices Australia Snowy Hydro Limited See also ( edit ) Australian federal budget Australian Public Service Referendums in Australia ( and non-binding plebiscites ) Second Turnbull Ministry References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Prior to 1931 , the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King , with dominion ministers , if they met the King at all , escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister . After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as His ministers as of right , equal in Commonwealth status to Britain 's ministers , meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for , or an acceptance of , the presence of British ministers . The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the Irish Free State . Australia and other dominions soon followed . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ House of Representatives , The Australian System of Government ( PDF ) , Australian Government Publishing Service , p. 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2011 , retrieved 10 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` History and Culture : Quick Answers '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Protocol > Protocol guidelines > The Australian Government '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission . `` About the Commission > The Australian experience of public sector reform > The Constitutional and Government framework '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Citizenship -- Our Common Bond '' ( PDF ) . Department of Immigration and Citizenship . August 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Elaine ( 1980 ) . `` The `` Washminster '' Mutation `` . Australian Journal of Political Science . 15 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Act 1986 '' . Office of Legislative Drafting , Attorney - General 's Department . Commonwealth of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority - Preferential Voting '' . Palgrave Macmillan Ltd . Jump up ^ `` The first Parliament : Developments in the Parliament of Australia '' . Parliamentary Education Office of the Government of Australia . Jump up ^ The Constitution ( 2012 ) Overview by the Attorney - General 's Department and Australian Government Solicitor ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Governor - General 's Role '' . Office of the Governor - General . 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Worsley , Ben ( 11 September 2007 ) . `` Rudd seizes power from factions '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Cutting bureaucracy wo n't hurt services : Rudd '' . News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . archive.org. 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/renamed_depts-21_Sept_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` List of departments and agencies '' . Australian Government . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert French , ' Two Chapters about Judicial Power ' , speech given at the Peter Nygh Memorial Lecture , 15 October 2012 , Hobart , p 3 . Jump up ^ R v Kirby ; Ex parte Boilermakers ' Society of Australia ( 1956 ) 94 CLR 254 . Jump up ^ Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 520 at 563 . Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ' ( 2 ) ' Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ' ( 3 ) ' ^ Jump up to : Australian Government - Current Government Business Enterprises ' ( 4 ) ' External links ( edit ) Library resources about Government of Australia Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Australian Federal Government Government of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Governments of Australia Barton Deakin I Watson Reid Deakin II Fisher I Deakin III Fisher II Cook Fisher III Hughes Bruce Scullin Lyons Menzies I Fadden Curtin Chifley Menzies II Holt Gorton McMahon Whitlam Fraser Hawke Keating Howard Rudd I Gillard Rudd II Abbott Turnbull Governments of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Departments of the Australian Government Australian Government Agriculture and Water Resources Attorney - General 's Communications and the Arts Defence Education and Training Jobs and Small Business Environment and Energy Finance Foreign Affairs and Trade Health Home Affairs Human Services Infrastructure , Regional Development and Cities Industry , Innovation and Science Prime Minister and Cabinet Social Services Treasury Veterans ' Affairs List of Australian government entities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Australia&oldid=853680616 '' Categories : Government of Australia Westminster system governments Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 09 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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who makes up the legislative branch in australia
[ "The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the executive branch, composed of the Federal Executive Council presided by the Governor-General, which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia led by the Prime Minister, the legislative branch composed of the Parliament of Australia's House of Representatives and Senate, and the judicial branch composed of the High Court of Australia and federal courts. Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution, the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters (chapters I to III). The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics, and has been characterised as a \"Washminster mutation\".[6]\n" ]
[ "the Parliament of Australia's House of Representatives and Senate" ]
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Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase - wikipedia Phenylalanine hydroxylase Jump to : navigation , search PAH Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB ( show ) List of PDB id codes 1DMW , 1J8T , 1J8U , 1KW0 , 1LRM , 1MMK , 1MMT , 1TDW , 1TG2 , 2PAH , 3PAH , 4ANP , 5PAH , 6PAH , 5FII Identifiers Aliases PAH , PH , PKU , PKU1 , phenylalanine hydroxylase External IDs OMIM : 612349 MGI : 97473 HomoloGene : 234 GeneCards : PAH ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 12 ( human ) Band 12q23. 2 Start 102,836,885 bp End 102,958,410 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 10 ( mouse ) Band 10 C1 10 43.64 cM Start 87,521,795 bp End 87,584,136 bp ( hide ) RNA expression pattern More reference expression data ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function iron ion binding phenylalanine 4 - monooxygenase activity metal ion binding monooxygenase activity catalytic activity oxidoreductase activity , acting on paired donors , with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen , reduced pteridine as one donor , and incorporation of one atom of oxygen oxidoreductase activity Cellular component cytosol Biological process catecholamine biosynthetic process neurotransmitter biosynthetic process L - phenylalanine catabolic process cellular amino acid biosynthetic process aromatic amino acid family metabolic process metabolism oxidation - reduction process Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5053 18478 Ensembl ENSG00000171759 ENSMUSG00000020051 UniProt P00439 P16331 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_000277 NM_001354304 NM_008777 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000268 NP_001341233 NP_032803 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 12 : 102.84 -- 102.96 Mb Chr 10 : 87.52 -- 87.58 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Phenylalanine hydroxylase ( PAH ) ( EC 1.14. 16.1 ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side - chain of phenylalanine to generate tyrosine . PAH is one of three members of the biopterin - dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases , a class of monooxygenase that uses tetrahydrobiopterin ( BH , a pteridine cofactor ) and a non-heme iron for catalysis . During the reaction , molecular oxygen is heterolytically cleaved with sequential incorporation of one oxygen atom into BH and phenylalanine substrate . Reaction catalyzed by PAH Phenylalanine hydroxylase is the rate - limiting enzyme of the metabolic pathway that degrades excess phenylalanine . Research on phenylalanine hydroxylase by Seymour Kaufman led to the discovery of tetrahydrobiopterin as a biological cofactor . The enzyme is also interesting from a human health perspective because mutations in PAH , the encoding gene , can lead to phenylketonuria , a severe metabolic disorder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enzyme mechanism 2 Enzyme regulation 3 Structure 3.1 Catalytic domain 3.2 N - terminal regulatory domain 3.3 Tetramerization domain 4 Biological function 5 Disease relevance 6 Related enzymes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Enzyme mechanism ( edit ) The reaction is thought to proceed through the following steps : formation of a Fe ( II ) - O-O - BH bridge . heterolytic cleavage of the O-O bond to yield the ferryl oxo hydroxylating intermediate Fe ( IV ) = O attack on Fe ( IV ) = O to hydroxylate phenylalanine substrate to tyrosine . PAH mechanism , part I Formation and cleavage of the iron - peroxypterin bridge . Although evidence strongly supports Fe ( IV ) = O as the hydroxylating intermediate , the mechanistic details underlying the formation of the Fe ( II ) - O-O - BH bridge prior to heterolytic cleavage remain controversial . Two pathways have been proposed based on models that differ in the proximity of the iron to the pterin cofactor and the number of water molecules assumed to be iron - coordinated during catalysis . According to one model , an iron dioxygen complex is initially formed and stabilized as a resonance hybrid of Fe O and Fe O . The activated O then attacks BH , forming a transition state characterized by charge separation between the electron - deficient pterin ring and the electron - rich dioxygen species . The Fe ( II ) - O-O - BH4 bridge is subsequently formed . On the other hand , formation of this bridge has been modeled assuming that BH4 is located in iron 's first coordination shell and that the iron is not coordinated to any water molecules . This model predicts a different mechanism involving a pterin radical and superoxide as critical intermediates . Once formed , the Fe ( II ) - O-O - BH bridge is broken through heterolytic cleavage of the O-O bond to Fe ( IV ) = O and 4a - hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin ; thus , molecular oxygen is the source of both oxygen atoms used to hydroxylate the pterin ring and phenylalanine . PAH mechanism , part II Hydroxylation of phenylalanine by ferryl oxo intermediate . Because the mechanism involves a Fe ( IV ) = O ( as opposed to a peroxypterin ) hydroxylating intermediate , oxidation of the BH cofactor and hydroxylation of phenylalanine can be decoupled , resulting in unproductive consumption of BH4 and formation of H2O2 . When productive , though , the Fe ( IV ) = O intermediate is added to phenylalanine in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that reduces iron from the ferryl to the ferrous state . Although initially an arene oxide or radical intermediate was proposed , analyses of the related tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylases have suggested that the reaction instead proceeds through a cationic intermediate that requires Fe ( IV ) = O to be coordinated to a water ligand rather than a hydroxo group . This cationic intermediate subsequently undergoes a 1 , 2 - hydride NIH shift , yielding a dienone intermediate that then tautomerizes to form the tyrosine product . The pterin cofactor is regenerated by hydration of the carbinolamine product of PAH to quinonoid dihydrobiopterin ( qBH ) , which is then reduced to BH . Enzyme regulation ( edit ) PAH is proposed to use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation . Mammalian PAH exists in an equilibrium consisting of tetramers of two distinct architectures , with one or more dimeric forms as part of the equilibrium . This behavior is consistent with a dissociative allosteric mechanism . Many studies suggest that mammalian PAH shows behavior comparable to porphobilinogen synthase ( PBGS ) , wherein a variety of factors such as pH and ligand binding are reported to affect enzyme activity and protein stability . Structure ( edit ) The PAH monomer ( 51.9 kDa ) consists of three distinct domains : a regulatory N - terminal domain ( residues 1 - 117 ) , the catalytic domain ( residues 118 - 427 ) , and a C - terminal domain ( residues 428 - 453 ) responsible for oligomerization of identical monomers . Extensive crystallographic analysis has been performed , especially on the pterin - and iron - coordinated catalytic domain to examine the active site . The structure of the N - terminal regulatory domain has also been determined , and together with the solved structure of the homologous tyrosine hydroxylase C - terminal tetramerization domain , a structural model of tetrameric PAH has been proposed . Model of the active site of PAH bound to BH4 , ferrous , and a phenylalanine analogue. ( from PDB 1KW0 ) Phenylalanine analogue , BH4 , iron , Fe ( II ) - coordinated His and Glu residues Catalytic domain ( edit ) Solved crystal structures of the catalytic domain indicate that the active site consists of an open and spacious pocket lined primarily by hydrophobic residues , though three glutamic acid residues , two histidines , and a tyrosine are also present and iron - binding . Contradictory evidence exists about the coordination state of the ferrous atom and its proximity to BH4 within the active site . According to crystallographic analysis , Fe ( II ) is coordinated by water , His285 , His290 , and Glu330 ( a 2 - his - 1 - carboxylate facial triad arrangement ) with octahedral geometry . Inclusion of a Phe analogue in the crystal structure changes both iron from a six - to a five - coordinated state involving a single water molecule and bidentate coordination to Glu330 and opening a site for oxygen to bind . BH4 is concommitantly shifted toward the iron atom , although the pterin cofactor remains in the second coordination sphere . On the other hand , a competing model based on NMR and molecular modeling analyses suggests that all coordinated water molecules are forced out of the active site during the catalytic cycle while BH4 becomes directly coordinated to iron . As discussed above , resolving this discrepancy will be important for determining the exact mechanism of PAH catalysis . N - terminal regulatory domain ( edit ) The regulatory nature of the N - terminal domain ( residues 1 - 117 ) is conferred by its structural flexibility . Hydrogen / deuterium exchanges analysis indicates that allosteric binding of Phe globally alters the conformation of PAH such that the active site is less occluded as the interface between the regulatory and catalytic domains is increasingly exposed to solvent . This observation is consistent with kinetic studies , which show an initially low rate of tyrosine formation for full - length PAH . This lag time is not observed , however , for a truncated PAH lacking the N - terminal domain or if the full - length enzyme is pre-incubated with Phe . Deletion of the N - terminal domain also eliminates the lag time while increasing the affinity for Phe by nearly two-fold ; no difference is observed in the V or K for the tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor . Additional regulation is provided by Ser16 ; phosphorylation of this residue does not alter enzyme conformation but does reduce the concentration of Phe required for allosteric activation . This N - terminal regulatory domain is not observed in bacterial PAHs but shows considerable structural homology to the regulatory domain of phosphogylcerate dehydrogenase , an enzyme in the serine biosynthetic pathway . Tetramerization domain ( edit ) Prokaryotic PAH is monomeric , whereas eukaryotic PAH exists in an equilibrium between homotetrameric and homodimeric forms . The dimerization interface is composed of symmetry - related loops that link identical monomers , while the overlapping C - terminal tetramerization domain mediates the association of conformationally distinct dimers that are characterized by a different relative orientation of the catalytic and tetramerization domains ( Flatmark , Erlandsen ) . The resulting distortion of the tetramer symmetry is evident in the differential surface area of the dimerization interfaces and distinguishes PAH from the tetramerically symmetrical tyrosine hydroxylase . A domain - swapping mechanism has been proposed to mediate formation of the tetramer from dimers , in which C - terminal alpha - helixes mutually alter their conformation around a flexible C - terminal five - residue hinge region to form a coiled - coil structure , shifting equilibrium toward the tetrameric form . Although both the homodimeric and homotetrameric forms of PAH are catalytically active , the two exhibit differential kinetics and regulation . In addition to reduced catalytic efficiency , the dimer does not display positive cooperativity toward L - Phe ( which at high concentrations activates the enzyme ) , suggesting that L - Phe allosterically regulates PAH by influencing dimer - dimer interaction . Biological function ( edit ) PAH is a critical enzyme in phenylalanine metabolism and catalyzes the rate - limiting step in its complete catabolism to carbon dioxide and water . Regulation of flux through phenylalanine - associated pathways is critical in mammalian metabolism , as evidenced by the toxicity of high plasma levels of this amino acid observed in phenylketonuria ( see below ) . The principal source of phenylalanine is ingested proteins , but relatively little of this pool is used for protein synthesis . Instead , the majority of ingested phenylalanine is catabolized through PAH to form tyrosine ; addition of the hydroxyl group allows for the benzene ring to be broken in subsequent catabolic steps . Transamination to phenylpyruvate , whose metabolites are excreted in the urine , represents another pathway of phenylalanine turnover , but catabolism through PAH predominates . In humans , this enzyme is expressed both in the liver and the kidney , and there is some indication that it may be differentially regulated in these tissues . PAH is unusual among the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases for its involvement in catabolism ; tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases , on the other hand , are primarily expressed in the central nervous system and catalyze rate - limiting steps in neurotransmitter / hormone biosynthesis . Disease relevance ( edit ) Deficiency in PAH activity due to mutations in the PAH gene causes hyperphenylalaninemia ( HPA ) , and when blood phenylalanine levels increase above 20 times the normal concentration , the metabolic disease phenylketonuria ( PKU ) results . PKU is both genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous : Over 300 distinct pathological mutants have been identified , the majority of which correspond to missense mutations that map to the catalytic domain . When a cohort of identified PAH mutants were expressed in recombinant systems , the enzymes displayed altered kinetic behavior and / or reduced stability , consistent with structural mapping of these mutations to both the catalytic and tetramerization domains of the enzyme . BH4 has been administered as a pharmacological treatment and has been shown to reduce blood levels of phenylalanine for a segment of PKU patients whose genotypes lead to some residual PAH activity but have no defect in BH4 synthesis or regeneration . Follow - up studies suggest that in the case of certain PAH mutants , excess BH4 acts as a pharmacological chaperone to stabilize mutant enzymes with disrupted tetramer assembly and increased sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage and aggregation . Mutations that have been identified in the PAH locus are documented at the Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Locus Knowledgbase ( PAHdb , http://www.pahdb.mcgill.ca/ ) . Since phenylketonuria can cause irreversible damage , it is imperative that deficiencies in the Phenylalanine Hydroxylase are determined early on in development . One method is a post-parturition screening test known as the Guthrie Test . The common method is via drawing blood from a small needle prick at the heel of the newborn and testing it for phenylketonurea , indicative of a PH deficiency . Placing the individual on a low phenylalanine , high tyrosine diet can help prevent any long - term damage to their development . Related enzymes ( edit ) See also : Biopterin - dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase Phenylalanine hydroxylase is closely related to two other enzymes : tryptophan hydroxylase ( EC number 1.14. 16.4 ) , which controls levels of serotonin in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract tyrosine hydroxylase ( EC number 1.14. 16.2 ) , which controls levels of dopamine , epinephrine , and norepinephrine in the brain and the adrenal medulla . The three enzymes are homologous , that is , are thought to have evolved from the same ancient hydroxylase . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000171759 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000020051 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick PF ( 1999 ) . `` Tetrahydropterin - dependent amino acid hydroxylases '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 68 : 355 -- 81 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 68.1. 355 . PMID 10872454 . Jump up ^ Kaufman S ( Feb 1958 ) . `` A new cofactor required for the enzymatic conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 230 ( 2 ) : 931 -- 9 . PMID 13525410 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick PF ( Dec 2003 ) . `` Mechanism of aromatic amino acid hydroxylation '' . Biochemistry . 42 ( 48 ) : 14083 -- 91 . doi : 10.1021 / bi035656u . PMC 1635487 . PMID 14640675 . Jump up ^ Panay AJ , Lee M , Krebs C , Bollinger JM , Fitzpatrick PF ( Mar 2011 ) . `` Evidence for a high - spin Fe ( IV ) species in the catalytic cycle of a bacterial phenylalanine hydroxylase '' . Biochemistry . 50 ( 11 ) : 1928 -- 33 . doi : 10.1021 / bi1019868 . PMC 3059337 . PMID 21261288 . Jump up ^ Bassan A , Blomberg MR , Siegbahn PE ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Mechanism of dioxygen cleavage in tetrahydrobiopterin - dependent amino acid hydroxylases '' . Chemistry . 9 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / chem. 200390006 . PMID 12506369 . Jump up ^ Olsson E , Martinez A , Teigen K , Jensen VR ( Mar 2011 ) . `` Formation of the iron - oxo hydroxylating species in the catalytic cycle of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases '' . Chemistry . 17 ( 13 ) : 3746 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / chem. 201002910 . PMID 21351297 . Jump up ^ Bassan A , Blomberg MR , Siegbahn PE ( Sep 2003 ) . `` Mechanism of aromatic hydroxylation by an activated FeIV =O core in tetrahydrobiopterin - dependent hydroxylases '' . Chemistry . 9 ( 17 ) : 4055 -- 67 . doi : 10.1002 / chem. 200304768 . PMID 12953191 . Jump up ^ Pavon JA , Fitzpatrick PF ( Sep 2006 ) . `` Insights into the catalytic mechanisms of phenylalanine and tryptophan hydroxylase from kinetic isotope effects on aromatic hydroxylation '' . Biochemistry . 45 ( 36 ) : 11030 -- 7 . doi : 10.1021 / bi0607554 . PMC 1945167 . PMID 16953590 . ^ Jump up to : Flatmark T , Stevens RC ( Aug 1999 ) . `` Structural Insight into the Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases and Their Disease - Related Mutant Forms '' . Chemical Reviews . 99 ( 8 ) : 2137 -- 2160 . doi : 10.1021 / cr980450y . PMID 11849022 . Jump up ^ Selwood T , Jaffe EK ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Dynamic dissociating homo - oligomers and the control of protein function '' . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 519 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2011.11. 020 . PMC 3298769 . PMID 22182754 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffe EK , Stith L , Lawrence SH , Andrake M , Dunbrack RL ( Feb 2013 ) . `` A new model for allosteric regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase : implications for disease and therapeutics '' . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 530 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2012.12. 017 . PMC 3580015 . PMID 23296088 . ^ Jump up to : Erlandsen H , Fusetti F , Martinez A , Hough E , Flatmark T , Stevens RC ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria '' . Nature Structural Biology . 4 ( 12 ) : 995 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1038 / nsb1297 - 995 . PMID 9406548 . Jump up ^ Andersen OA , Flatmark T , Hough E ( Jul 2002 ) . `` Crystal structure of the ternary complex of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase with tetrahydrobiopterin and 3 - ( 2 - thienyl ) - L - alanine , and its implications for the mechanism of catalysis and substrate activation '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 320 ( 5 ) : 1095 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 02 ) 00560 - 0 . PMID 12126628 . Jump up ^ Teigen K , Frøystein NA , Martínez A ( Dec 1999 ) . `` The structural basis of the recognition of phenylalanine and pterin cofactors by phenylalanine hydroxylase : implications for the catalytic mechanism '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 294 ( 3 ) : 807 -- 23 . doi : 10.1006 / jmbi. 1999.3288 . PMID 10610798 . ^ Jump up to : Li J , Dangott LJ , Fitzpatrick PF ( Apr 2010 ) . `` Regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase : conformational changes upon phenylalanine binding detected by hydrogen / deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry '' . Biochemistry . 49 ( 15 ) : 3327 -- 35 . doi : 10.1021 / bi1001294 . PMC 2855537 . PMID 20307070 . Jump up ^ Li J , Ilangovan U , Daubner SC , Hinck AP , Fitzpatrick PF ( Jan 2011 ) . `` Direct evidence for a phenylalanine site in the regulatory domain of phenylalanine hydroxylase '' . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 505 ( 2 ) : 250 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2010.10. 009 . PMC 3019263 . PMID 20951114 . ^ Jump up to : Kobe B , Jennings IG , House CM , Michell BJ , Goodwill KE , Santarsiero BD , Stevens RC , Cotton RG , Kemp BE ( May 1999 ) . `` Structural basis of autoregulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase '' . Nature Structural Biology . 6 ( 5 ) : 442 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / 8247 . PMID 10331871 . Jump up ^ Daubner SC , Hillas PJ , Fitzpatrick PF ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Expression and characterization of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase '' . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 348 ( 2 ) : 295 -- 302 . doi : 10.1006 / abbi. 1997.0435 . PMID 9434741 . ^ Jump up to : Bjørgo E , de Carvalho RM , Flatmark T ( Feb 2001 ) . `` A comparison of kinetic and regulatory properties of the tetrameric and dimeric forms of wild - type and Thr427 -- > Pro mutant human phenylalanine hydroxylase : contribution of the flexible hinge region Asp425 - Gln429 to the tetramerization and cooperative substrate binding '' . European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 268 ( 4 ) : 997 -- 1005 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1432 - 1327.2001. 01958. x . PMID 11179966 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman S ( Mar 1999 ) . `` A model of human phenylalanine metabolism in normal subjects and in phenylketonuric patients '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 6 ) : 3160 -- 4 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.6. 3160 . PMC 15912 . PMID 10077654 . Jump up ^ Lichter - Konecki U , Hipke CM , Konecki DS ( Aug 1999 ) . `` Human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene expression in kidney and other nonhepatic tissues '' . Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 67 ( 4 ) : 308 -- 16 . doi : 10.1006 / mgme. 1999.2880 . PMID 10444341 . Jump up ^ Muntau AC , Gersting SW ( Dec 2010 ) . `` Phenylketonuria as a model for protein misfolding diseases and for the development of next generation orphan drugs for patients with inborn errors of metabolism '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 33 ( 6 ) : 649 -- 58 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 010 - 9185 - 4 . PMID 20824346 . Further reading ( edit ) Eisensmith RC , Woo SL ( 1993 ) . `` Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and related hyperphenylalaninemias : mutations and polymorphisms in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene '' . Human Mutation. 1 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 1380010104 . PMID 1301187 . Konecki DS , Lichter - Konecki U ( Aug 1991 ) . `` The phenylketonuria locus : current knowledge about alleles and mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in various populations '' . Human Genetics . 87 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 88 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00197152 . PMID 1679029 . Cotton RG ( 1991 ) . `` Heterogeneity of phenylketonuria at the clinical , protein and DNA levels '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 13 ( 5 ) : 739 -- 50 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01799577 . PMID 2246858 . Erlandsen H , Fusetti F , Martinez A , Hough E , Flatmark T , Stevens RC ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria '' . Nature Structural Biology . 4 ( 12 ) : 995 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1038 / nsb1297 - 995 . PMID 9406548 . Waters PJ , Parniak MA , Nowacki P , Scriver CR ( 1998 ) . `` In vitro expression analysis of mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase : linking genotype to phenotype and structure to function '' . Human Mutation. 11 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 17 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 1004 ( 1998 ) 11 : 1 < 4 : : AID - HUMU2 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - L. PMID 9450897 . Waters PJ ( Apr 2003 ) . `` How PAH gene mutations cause hyper - phenylalaninemia and why mechanism matters : insights from in vitro expression '' . Human Mutation. 21 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 69 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 10197 . PMID 12655545 . External links ( edit ) GeneReviews / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency Locus - specific database of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene variants Molecule of the Month : Phenylalanine Hydroxylase PDB gallery 1dmw : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DOUBLE TRUNCATED HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE WITH BOUND 7 , 8 - DIHYDRO - L - BIOPTERIN 1j8t : Catalytic Domain of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Fe ( II ) 1j8u : Catalytic Domain of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Fe ( II ) in Complex with Tetrahydrobiopterin 1kw0 : Catalytic Domain of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase ( Fe ( II ) ) in Complex with Tetrahydrobiopterin and Thienylalanine 1lrm : Crystal structure of binary complex of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase with dihydrobiopterin ( BH2 ) 1mmk : Crystal structure of ternary complex of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase ( ( FeII ) ) complexed with tetrahydrobiopterin and thienylalanine 1mmt : Crystal structure of ternary complex of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase ( Fe ( II ) ) complexed with tetrahydrobiopterin and norleucine 1pah : HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE DIMER , RESIDUES 117 - 424 1phz : STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHORYLATED PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE 1tdw : Crystal structure of double truncated human phenylalanine hydroxylase BH4 - responsive PKU mutant A313T . 1tg2 : Crystal structure of phenylalanine hydroxylase A313T mutant with 7 , 8 - dihydrobiopterin bound 2pah : TETRAMERIC HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE 2phm : STRUCTURE OF PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE DEPHOSPHORYLATED 3pah : HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE CATALYTIC DOMAIN DIMER WITH BOUND ADRENALINE INHIBITOR 4pah : HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE CATALYTIC DOMAIN DIMER WITH BOUND NOR - ADRENALINE INHIBITOR 5pah : HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE CATALYTIC DOMAIN DIMER WITH BOUND DOPAMINE INHIBITOR 6pah : HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE CATALYTIC DOMAIN DIMER WITH BOUND L - DOPA ( 3 , 4 - DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE ) INHIBITOR Metabolism : Protein metabolism , synthesis and catabolism enzymes Essential amino acids are in Capitals K → acetyl - CoA LYSINE → Saccharopine dehydrogenase Glutaryl - CoA dehydrogenase LEUCINE → Branched - chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase Methylcrotonyl - CoA carboxylase Methylglutaconyl - CoA hydratase 3 - hydroxy - 3 - methylglutaryl - CoA lyase TRYPTOPHAN → Indoleamine 2 , 3 - dioxygenase / Tryptophan 2 , 3 - dioxygenase Arylformamidase Kynureninase 3 - hydroxyanthranilate oxidase Aminocarboxymuconate - semialdehyde decarboxylase Aminomuconate - semialdehyde dehydrogenase PHENYLALANINE → tyrosine → ( see below ) G → pyruvate → citrate glycine → serine → Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Serine dehydratase glycine → creatine : Guanidinoacetate N - methyltransferase Creatine kinase alanine → Alanine transaminase cysteine → D - cysteine desulfhydrase threonine → L - threonine dehydrogenase G → glutamate → α - ketoglutarate HISTIDINE → Histidine ammonia - lyase Urocanate hydratase Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase proline → Proline oxidase Pyrroline - 5 - carboxylate reductase 1 - Pyrroline - 5 - carboxylate dehydrogenase / ALDH4A1 PYCR1 arginine → Ornithine aminotransferase Ornithine decarboxylase Agmatinase → alpha - ketoglutarate → TCA Glutamate dehydrogenase Other cysteine + glutamate → glutathione : Gamma - glutamylcysteine synthetase Glutathione synthetase Gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase glutamate → glutamine : Glutamine synthetase Glutaminase G → propionyl - CoA → succinyl - CoA VALINE → Branched - chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex Enoyl - CoA hydratase 3 - hydroxyisobutyryl - CoA hydrolase 3 - hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase ISOLEUCINE → Branched - chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex 3 - hydroxy - 2 - methylbutyryl - CoA dehydrogenase METHIONINE → generation of homocysteine : Methionine adenosyltransferase Adenosylhomocysteinase regeneration of methionine : Methionine synthase / Homocysteine methyltransferase Betaine - homocysteine methyltransferase conversion to cysteine : Cystathionine beta synthase Cystathionine gamma - lyase THREONINE → Threonine aldolase → succinyl - CoA → TCA Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase G → fumarate PHENYLALANINE → tyrosine → Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine aminotransferase 4 - Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Homogentisate 1 , 2 - dioxygenase Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase tyrosine → melanin : Tyrosinase G → oxaloacetate asparagine → aspartate → Asparaginase / Asparagine synthetase Aspartate transaminase Oxidoreductases : dioxygenases , including steroid hydroxylases ( EC 1.14 ) 1.14. 11 : 2 - oxoglutarate Prolyl hydroxylase Lysyl hydroxylase 1.14. 13 : NADH or NADPH Flavin - containing monooxygenase FMO1 FMO2 FMO3 FMO4 FMO5 Nitric oxide synthase NOS1 NOS2 NOS3 Cholesterol 7 alpha - hydroxylase Methane monooxygenase 3A4 Lanosterol 14 alpha - demethylase 24 - hydroxycholesterol 7α - hydroxylase 1.14. 14 : reduced flavin or flavoprotein 19A1 2D6 2E1 1.14. 15 : reduced iron - sulfur protein 11B1 11B2 11A1 1.14. 16 : reduced pteridine ( BH4 dependent ) Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine hydroxylase Tryptophan hydroxylase 1.14. 17 : reduced ascorbate Dopamine beta - hydroxylase 1.14. 18 - 19 : other Tyrosinase Stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 1.14. 99 - miscellaneous Cyclooxygenase Heme oxygenase ( HMOX1 ) Squalene monooxygenase 17A1 21A2 Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Monoamine metabolism modulators Non-specific AAAD Substrates → Products : L - DOPA ( levodopa ) → Dopamine 5 - HTP → Serotonin L - Histidine → Histamine Phenylalanine → Phenethylamine L - Tyrosine → Tyramine Tryptophan → Tryptamine Inhibitors : Benserazide Carbidopa DFMD Genistein Methyldopa MAO Substrates → Products ( with ALDH / ALR ) : Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) → DHMA Metanephrine → MHPG / VMA Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) → DHMA Normetanephrine → MHPG / VMA Dopamine → DOPAC 3 - Methoxytyramine → HVA Serotonin → 5 - HIAA Inhibitors : Non-selective : Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Guineesine Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine Inhibitors : MAO - A-selective : Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline CX157 ( Tyrima ) Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids ( e.g. , harmine , harmaline , harman , norharman , tetrahydroharmine ) Methylene blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone Inhibitors : MAO - B selective : Adarigiline Almoxatone D - Deprenyl Ethanol Ladostigil Lazabemide Milacemide Mofegiline Nicotine Pargyline Rasagiline Safinamide Selegiline ( L - Deprenyl ) Sembragiline Phenethylamines ( dopamine , epinephrine , norepinephrine ) PAH Substrates → Products : Phenylalanine → Tyrosine Inhibitors : 3 , 4 - Dihydroxystyrene TH Substrates → Products : Tyrosine → L - DOPA ( levodopa ) Inhibitors : 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 3 - Iodotyrosine Aquayamycin Bulbocapnine Metirosine Oudenone DBH Substrates → Products : Dopamine → Norepinephrine ( Noradrenaline ) Inhibitors : Bupicomide Disulfiram Dopastin Fusaric acid Nepicastat Phenopicolinic acid Tropolone PNMT Substrates → Products : Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) → Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) Inhibitors : CGS - 19281A SKF - 64139 SKF - 7698 COMT Substrates → Products : Dopamine → 3 - Methoxytyramine DOPAC → Homovanillic acid Norepinephrine → Normetanephrine Epinephrine → Metanephrine DOPEG → MOPEG DOMA → VMA 2 - Hydroxyestradiol → 2 - Methoxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestrone → 2 - Methoxyestrone 4 - Hydroxyestradiol → 4 - Methoxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestrone → 4 - Methoxyestrone Inhibitors : 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestrone Entacapone Nitecapone Opicapone Tolcapone Tryptamines ( serotonin , melatonin ) TPH Substrates → Products : Tryptophan → 5 - HTP Inhibitors : AGN - 2979 Fenclonine ( PCPA ) Telotristat ethyl AANAT Substrates → Products : Serotonin → N - Acetylserotonin ASMT Substrates → Products : N - Acetylserotonin → Melatonin Histamine HDC Substrates → Products : L - Histidine → Histamine Inhibitors : Catechin Alpha - Fluoromethylhistidine Histidine methyl ester Meciadanol Naringenin Tritoqualine HNMT Substrates → Products : Histamine → N - Methylhistamine Inhibitors : Amodiaquine Diphenhydramine Harmaline Metoprine Quinacrine SKF - 91488 Tacrine DAO Substrates → Products : Histamine → Imidazole acetic acid Inhibitors : Pimagedine ( aminoguanidine ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine neurotoxins Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylalanine_hydroxylase&oldid=825645027 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 12 EC 1.14. 16 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 15 : 38 . 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where is phenylalanine hydroxylase found in the body
[ "In humans, this enzyme is expressed both in the liver and the kidney, and there is some indication that it may be differentially regulated in these tissues.[25] PAH is unusual among the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases for its involvement in catabolism; tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, on the other hand, are primarily expressed in the central nervous system and catalyze rate-limiting steps in neurotransmitter/hormone biosynthesis.[13]" ]
[ "In humans, this enzyme is expressed both in the liver and the kidney" ]
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Anna (Disney)
Anna ( Disney ) - wikipedia Anna ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Princess Anna '' redirects here . For other uses , see Princess Anna ( disambiguation ) . Anna Frozen character First appearance Frozen ( 2013 ) Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Kristen Bell Livvy Stubenrauch ( 5 years old , speaking ) Katie Lopez ( 5 years old , singing ) Agatha Lee Monn ( 9 years old , singing ) Information Title Princess of Arendelle Family The King and Queen of Arendelle ( parents ) Queen Elsa of Arendelle ( older sister ) Princess Anna of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced by Kristen Bell as an adult . At the beginning of the film , Livvy Stubenrauch and Katie Lopez provided her speaking and singing voice as a young child , respectively . Agatha Lee Monn portrayed her as a nine - year - old ( singing ) . Created by co-directors Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck , Anna is loosely based on Gerda , a character from the Danish fairytale `` The Snow Queen '' by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , Anna is depicted as the princess of Arendelle , a fictional Scandinavian kingdom and the younger sister of Princess Elsa ( Idina Menzel ) , who is the heiress to the throne and possesses the elemental ability to create and control ice and snow . When Elsa exiles herself from the kingdom after inadvertently sending Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation , fearless and faithful Anna is determined to set out on a dangerous adventure to bring her sister back and save both her kingdom and her family . The original fairytale in general and the character of the Snow Queen in particular posed long - term problems to adapt into a feature - length production . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , made their attempts towards the story and numerous adaptations were shelved as the filmmakers could not work out the characters . Finally , directors Buck and Lee solved the issue by portraying Anna and Elsa as sisters , establishing a dynamic relationship between the characters . Anna has received widespread acclaim from film critics , who praised the determination and enthusiasm in her personality . Bell was also extolled by various reviewers for her performance in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and conception 1.2 Voice 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Character model 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Once Upon a Time 2.3 Frozen Fever 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and conception ( edit ) An illustration of Gerda , the character Anna is based upon . Attempts to produce an adaption of `` The Snow Queen '' in the Disney studio dated back to 1943 , when Walt Disney considered collaborating with Samuel Goldwyn to produce a biography film of Hans Christian Andersen . However , the story and particularly the Snow Queen character proved to be too problematic to Disney and his animators . Namely one of the troubles they encountered was that the original story lacked necessary interaction between the main protagonist , Gerda ( who later served as an inspiration for Anna ) , and the Snow Queen . Most obviously , Andersen 's version did not feature any confrontation between them : when brave little Gerda enters the Snow Queen 's ice castle and sheds her tears on Kay , the Snow Queen is nowhere to be seen . There just was not enough character conflict to form a full - length feature . Later on , Glen Keane , Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Harvey Fierstein , Dick Zondag and Dave Goetz were among other Disney executives to make efforts towards translating this potential material to the big screen , but none of them made their way . Around 2008 , Chris Buck pitched Disney his version of The Snow Queen . At the time , the project was planned to be traditionally animated under the name of Anna and the Snow Queen . However , by early 2010 , the project encountered the same problem and was stuck again . Jennifer Lee , Frozen 's co-director , later recalled , `` The issue with the original for us in a lot of ways is it 's a very symbolic story . It 's very hard to translate symbolism into concrete things . Film is concrete , so you translate it . '' After the success of Tangled ( 2010 ) , on December 22 , 2011 , Disney announced a release date , November 27 , 2013 , for the film , together with a new title , Frozen , and Peter Del Vecho and John Lasseter took up as the project 's producers . Now , when the film was revived again , one of the main challenges that Buck and his team had to face with was the character . The storyboards were presented to John Lasseter , who would tell the assembled production team `` You have n't dug deep enough . '' Lasseter commended that Chris Buck 's latest version was fun and very light - hearted , but the characters were not multifaceted , and thus did not resonate for the producer . The original character of Gerda , known as Anna , was one of the three major characters in the script at this time , along with the Snow Queen , Elsa and Kristoff , loosely based on Kay . The characters were not considered to be well - rounded or relatable , but an interpersonal , family dynamic was created once Anna and Elsa were established as sisters , an idea suggested by someone on the writing team that no one remembered who . This changed the story dramatically , shifting from the conflict between the good and the evil to the conflict between love and fear . Buck stated that their script still retained basic parts of the story and the character of Gerda , citing the similarities between the original story and his version , `` ( Gerda ) wo n't give up on finding her friend Kai . The only thing she really has in her , she 's not a superhero or anything , but she has love . And it 's love that conquers fear in the end . '' Voice ( edit ) Kristen Bell provided the voice for Anna On March 5 , 2012 , Kristen Bell was cast to voice the adult Anna . Livvy Stubenrauch was chosen to portray Anna as a young child , while Katie Lopez , daughter of the husband - and - wife songwriting team of the film , Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez , provided the singing voice for young Anna in `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' musical sequence . Additionally , Agatha Lee Monn , daughter of the film 's director Jennifer Lee , portrayed teenage Anna in this song . Lee explained about these casting decisions , `` We really wanted to use the first two verses of this song to show you Anna 's personality . And we wanted the singing to be done by real - sounding kids , not necessarily Broadway kids . '' Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel ( who voiced Elsa in the film ) had both auditioned for Rapunzel in Tangled and had already known each other , but they did not get the part . Talking about her feelings when she got the part , Bell expressed , `` Since I was 4 years old , I dreamed of being in a Disney animated film , '' she said . `` It was the first goal I ever set for myself . It seemed like it would be a very unrealistic one . '' She described Disney movies as `` the ones ( she ) watched over and over again when ( she ) was a kid , '' and continued , `` I knew every line from The Little Mermaid . I love Aladdin . When asked about her favorite Disney character , Bell said , `` Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Because I think it was a shift that Disney had , where a female lead -- the `` princess , '' I guess -- did n't just want to find her mate . She was singing `` I want to be where the people are . I want to see the world . I want to venture outside my comfort zone . '' '' Bell described her initial reaction when she first found that she was cast as `` I was in glee '' . Lee admitted Bell 's casting selection was influenced after the filmmakers listened a couple of vocal tracks from The Little Mermaid , including `` Part of Your World '' that the actress recorded when she was young , stating that without these recordings , it would 've been very difficult to the find the right one to play Anna . The two directors , Buck and Lee , were also impressed by how Kristen and Idina related . `` During one of our early read - throughs , Kristen and Idina sang a ballad to each other which had so much emotion that everyone in the room was in tears , '' Buck said . `` It not only showed how great their voices were together , but showed the power the music would have in the story . '' However , Bell was n't all confidence when recording with Menzel , described the experiences working with her co-star as `` nerve - racking '' . The duo had rehearsed at Idina 's house a song called `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' , in which Bell greatly commended Idina 's powerful voice . Regarding the songs that she performed in the film , Kristen said , `` We 're singing the lovely songs of Kristen and Bobby Lopez , who wrote ' Book of Mormon . ' So it 's really , really funny music . It 's really good music . They 're amazing to work for . '' Director Jennifer Lee strongly believed that there could n't be any other Anna but Kristen Bell , saying , `` It was definitely a wonderful surprise hearing her voice ( during auditions ) , not knowing that she had been classically trained . Also , she had such a warm , sweet voice . She was everything that we could 've hoped for Anna . '' Co-director Chris Buck shared Lee 's ideas , commenting , `` Kristen Bell for Anna was the very first person that we saw . We did a lot of casting to find Anna , but she just hit it out of the park . From the beginning we loved her , and she just kind of became Anna and Anna became her . I do n't know which one is which . '' Idina Menzel was also surprised by her co-star's singing ability , stating that , `` I did n't know how great a singer she was . I quickly found out and need to constantly tell her because she does n't tell anybody else ! She 's always playing it down . '' Songwriter Kristen Anderson - Lopez later commended Bell 's quick comprehension of her ideas , saying that she would collaborate with the actress for `` the rest of ( her ) life '' if she could . Anna 's animator Becky Bresee commented that Bell 's voice `` lends itself well , so you are taking bits and pieces . '' During production , Bell and Menzel had to do a lot of recordings and re-recordings , and were required to be together in the same room when on the key emotional scenes between Anna and Elsa . `` We even got Kristen and Idina together for a song . That really helped elevate the song because they have a duet in the movie and it definitely helped drive that , '' said producer Peter Del Vecho . Chris Buck later commented that getting the actresses in together as much as they could helped add the real , amazing chemistry between them and made them really interact . Bell 's recording sessions were completed while she was pregnant , and later she had to re-record some of the lines after giving birth , as her voice had deepened . After watching the completed film , Bell described her performance as `` cool and weird and surreal and jarring '' , saying that she was really proud that Anna `` came out like she did that ( the directors ) let ( Bell ) do her like this . '' Design and characterization ( edit ) Anna in particular and the whole film in general had undergone a number of changes in the story , most notably making the heroine the younger sister of the Snow Queen . Describing the character 's development process , director Jennifer Lee admitted , `` Even with Anna there was a tug of war for a long time . There are elements of it that we did n't land on with Anna until late into production , so we changed some of the animation to support it . '' Bell generally described her character as `` She does n't have good postures , she 's not very elegant , but she 's a good person and she 's utterly determined . '' Lee added , `` She does n't have any superpowers , but Anna is one of these ordinary people doing an extraordinary thing . '' Contrary to her sister Elsa who represents fear , Anna represents love , she is filled with optimism with an extraordinary heart . Director Chris Buck later stated , `` ( Anna 's ) secret weapon is love , '' while head of story Paul Briggs commented that she is `` a character who is willing to stand beside you and stand up for what 's right . Her sister was born with a condition that 's shaped a world where Anna does n't belong . '' In the images of Frozen 's main characters released by Disney in July 2013 , Anna and her role in the film was described as follows : Anna is more daring than graceful and , at times , can act before she thinks . But she 's also the most optimistic and caring person you 'll ever meet . She longs to reconnect with her sister , Elsa , as they were close during their childhood . When Elsa accidentally unleashes a magical secret that locks the kingdom of Arendelle in an eternal winter , Anna embarks on a dangerous adventure to make things right . Armed with only her fearlessness , a never - give - up attitude and her faith in others , Anna is determined to save both her kingdom and her family . `` I 'm really excited to show it to people . I became a part of the kind of movie I wanted to see as a kid , '' she said . `` I always loved Disney animation , but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me . Their posture was too good and they were too well - spoken , and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward . I 'm really proud of that . '' -- Kristen Bell on her approach to the character of Anna . In order to have one person fully understand and develop their own character , as well as later be able to impart that to the crew , the film 's directors and producers decided to have character leads and supervising animators on specific characters . First - time character lead Becky Bresee serves as the supervising animator for Anna . She described her job as `` making the character more believable '' . To achieve this , she had to act out part of a sequence in the movie between Anna and Kristoff for a number of times , each of them emphasizing the character 's gestures differently . `` Anna 's a little bit nervous and uncomfortable , and I had to find a way to put that into the animation , '' explained Bresee . Bell said that at first Anna was written plainer and more general . `` In the first draft of the script she was written more , in my opinion , prissy . She was kind of specific and very girly , '' which Bell did n't find appealing . She admitted that she had always wanted to be part of Disney animated feature , but she `` wanted to be a very specific type of princess '' , who `` was way more awkward than the normal princesses '' , not someone with too good postures or too well - spoken . As she was offered the role of Anna , she came up with a lot of suggestions for the directors . They were responsive and allowed the actress to mould the character the way she wanted , since they wanted the film to be truthful . Bell significantly made specific changes to Anna , including the infusion and incorporation of the actress ' own personality to the character , embodying a relatable heroine , which received full support from the directors . She called the scene where Anna first meets Hans is a `` typical Disney moment '' , as they come too close physically and find out that they both fall in love with each other . Bell wanted Anna 's words to reflect what she herself would say in real life , which included some `` nonsensical rambling '' . `` I think I said , `` This is awkward . You 're not awkward . Me , I 'm awkward . You 're gorgeous . Wait -- what ? '' Words just spill out of her mouth too quickly and she has to backtrack . '' Bell continued . Or the whole scene where she wakes up in the beginning with saliva all over the face , Bell `` wanted her to also have hair in her mouth '' , which took inspiration from her own real life . `` Sometimes I wake up like that . Then you have hair in your mouth , and you start coughing . The animators totally got what I was trying to do . It 's cool , and way more fun when stuff is realistic like that , instead of the perfection of waking up with mascara on . '' Anna 's snorting and tripping over also drew inspirations from Bell 's real life . Bell 's recording sessions were also videotaped to assist in animating the character , and animators took into considerations even subtle things like the actress ' biting her lip a lot . According to director Jennifer Lee , Anna is a bit flawed . `` I think I 'll be the most proud of this character for a long time . There was so much of me that was put into this character . There was a lot of collaboration , and not just in the fact of , here is the character , and here is what I want to bring , and here is what you want to bring . I really wanted to infuse her with who I am . I wanted the heart behind it to be that things did n't come to her ; the birds did n't come and braid her hair . She went out and fought for things . I 'm really proud that little girls will be able to see that , because that 's what I wanted . So I will be thinking about her for a while . '' -- Kristen Bell on Anna 's influence to her in the future . When asked about Anna 's biggest charm , Bell said that `` her charm is caught somewhere between her sincerity and optimism . Anna is genuine , sincere and compounded with optimism , and eternally optimistic people are the most charismatic people , much more attractive than those with a bad mood . '' She also expressed why the character seemed to loveable to her , `` To have Anna in a situation where she starts the movie without any friends , because her lifestyle has n't allowed her to have a full kingdom . She runs around , because she wants friends . '' Bell called the film 's story is `` another turning point '' for Disney animation because the love depicted in this story is the love between siblings , a non-romantic love . Anna wants the world and she wants to explore , but she also wants to nurture the relationships around her , particularly the family relationship . `` It 's very non-traditional for a Disney movie , '' she added . Regarding Bell 's influence on Anna , director Chris Buck said her personality was just so fun and energetic . `` We had an Anna character but Kristen really came in and pushed it and made it even funnier and even sweeter I think , and more believable as a three - dimensional character , '' he said . He also admitted that he `` fell in love with ( Bell ) 's voice and ( Bell ) 's spirit '' . Director Jennifer Lee said that she loved Bell because the actress shared a similarity with her , that girls could be funny . `` So she was a fantastic collaborator , '' Lee added . Songwriting duo Kristen - Anderson Lopez and Robert Lopez later commented that they had written a lot of first songs for Kristen , for Anna but , `` The more we were working with Kristen Bell , the more , the more she influenced . '' They quickly understand who Anna was because Anna 's Kristen Bell . From left to right : Anna 's coronation dress , her winter travel outfit and her summer casual wear . Anna 's costumes in the film were informed by the research of Norwegian clothing styles . Based on these findings , art director Brittney Lee and her team later found out what materials should be used for the costumes . Co-director Jennifer Lee created a cheerful wardrobe featuring `` playful '' floral patterns and saturated colors in order to accurately reflect Anna 's personality . The animators also took into account the climate that Anna is living in , costuming her in heavy wools and velvets , reflecting traditional winter clothing of the Scandinavian area . The animators added structures to the costumes in a way , such as pleated dresses , that allows movements , giving the character a free range of `` twirl ( ing ) all she wants '' throughout the film . In order to deepen the cultural context of the film , rosemaling , a traditional form of Norwegian decorative folk art , was added to almost every character 's costumes . Anna and her sister , Elsa , also enjoyed a large number of types of costumes and the layers of costuming that have never been done before . As these characters are running around in the snow , they have to have petticoats , undergarments , capes , `` and they have all these layers and layers of things that are all meticulously designed , '' Brittney explained . Character model ( edit ) Anna has distinguishable facial features of a typical Disney heroine , including big eyes , thin lips and a small nose . Her physical appearance has drawn much comparison between her and Rapunzel from Tangled , however there are considerable differences between them . Anna 's eyes are slightly more upturned , her cheeks are a bit fuller , her face and chin are generally rounder , and her eyebrows and eyelashes are thicker than Rapunzel 's . She also has more freckles than Rapunzel and even has them on her shoulders . Anna 's eyebrows wrinkle when they move , and she has prevalent neck muscles that appear when she speaks . Anna 's travel outfit generally consists of magenta , black , dark and light blue , with flowery designs on the bottom of her dress . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Anna is the younger child in the royal family of Arendelle , whose older sister , Elsa is born with the power to create and control ice and snow . As children , they enjoy the life of princesses using Elsa 's abilities to create a winter wonderland for their enjoyment . After they create a snowman named Olaf in the throne room , Elsa accidentally strikes Anna unconscious with her magic . The king and queen hurriedly take Anna to the mountain trolls for help . The troll king , Pabbie , erases Anna 's memory of her sister 's magic , nulling Elsa 's power , only leaving memory of the fun the sisters shared . Pabbie warns Elsa to control her powers -- a strike to Anna 's heart would have been fatal . In an effort to protect Anna , the king and queen lock the castle gates and generally restrict Elsa to her new separate bedroom . Confused by the sudden loss of contact by Elsa , Anna makes repeated failed attempts to draw her out of her room . Elsa cares too much for her sister , traumatized by the near - death experience and she resists reconnecting with Anna . Eventually , the younger sister ceases trying to rekindle their bond . The sisters become even more isolated from each other after their parents , the King and Queen of Arendelle , die in a shipwreck . Devastated by the news , Anna tries to reunite with her sister , looking for love and comfort in the tragedy . Elsa remains in her room , not attending her parents ' funeral . Three years later , when Elsa becomes a young adult , she is set to be crowned queen . The people of Arendelle are joyously preparing for her coronation day . Anna is flushed with excitement as the castle gates are opened for the first time since the sisters ' childhood . The young princess expresses how cheerful she is when she leaves her lonely life and meets people , as well as her hopes to find romance and a love interest . While exploring the town , Anna bumps into a horse owned by Prince Hans of the Southern Isles . Despite the awkward meeting at first , the pair quickly get acquainted and develop a mutual attraction for each other . Though Elsa fears of her secret being revealed to the public , her coronation goes on without incident . At the reception party , Anna is offered a waltz from Hans and the two have a date around the kingdom . They later find out that they have much in common , and Anna agrees to Hans ' marriage proposal . Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Hans , but she refuses and criticizes her for engaging with someone she has just met . This raises an argument between the two with Anna losing her temper , culminating in Elsa getting angry and accidentally exposing her abilities . Upon the guests ' ( including Anna ) horrified reactions , Elsa flees the castle in panic and goes into hiding in the icy mountains . During her retreat , she inadvertently unleashes an eternal winter throughout Arendelle . Far from there , Elsa decides to let go her powers and build an enormous ice palace . Anna , believing it 's her fault , determines to find her sister and bring her back , leaving Hans in charge of Arendelle . At a trading post on her journey , Anna meets a mountain man named Kristoff , an ice harvester who agrees to lead her to the North Mountain , where he knows that a magical phenomenon has occurred and helps her escape a pack of wolves , resulting in his sled being destroyed after falling down into a large hole and catching on fire . The duo and Kristoff 's reindeer Sven , where being chased by wolves on the way and encounter the sister 's snowman , Olaf , who was unknowingly brought to life by Elsa and later leads them to her palace . The sisters reunite , but Elsa is reluctant to help Anna by ending the eternal winter . Upset , she loses control of her powers , striking Anna in her heart . Desperate to get her sister to leave , Elsa creates a giant snow creature , and it throws Anna and her friends away from the palace . Upon noticing Anna 's hair is turning white , Kristoff takes her back to his adoptive family of trolls . Pabbie tells Anna that her heart has been frozen by her sister 's magic and only an act of true love can save her from freezing completely . Kristoff , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will heal her , takes Anna back to the kingdom . Meanwhile , Hans has led a group of soldiers to the ice palace . Elsa 's defenses are not enough and she is taken back to Arendelle 's dungeon unconscious . At the castle , Anna 's request for a kiss is denied by Hans , who reveals their engagement was merely a ploy to seize the throne of Arendelle . He locks Anna in her room without a fire , leaving her to die . Hans falsely claims that Anna is already dead and that they spoke their marriage vows before she died , making him the ruler of Arendelle . Olaf aids Anna while revealing to her Kristoff 's love for her . Elsa also escapes into the fjord , her fears triggering a massive blizzard , but breaks down in shock when Hans tells her that she killed Anna and the blizzard stops . While the end of the storm allows Anna to reunite with Kristoff , she sees Hans ready to kill Elsa , and with her final breath , she stops him from killing her sister and inadvertently knocks him unconscious just as she freezes solid -- a result of the earlier accident . As Elsa grieves for her sister , Anna begins to thaw , since her choice to sacrifice herself to save her elder sister rather than herself constitutes `` an act of true love '' . Realizing love is the key to controlling her powers , Elsa is able to thaw the kingdom and use her magic safely in public . Anna confronts Hans and punches him in the face , making him fall off the ship into the water . She then buys Kristoff a previously - promised new sled and they share a kiss , starting their new relationship . Anna and Elsa 's sisterly bond is rekindled , with Elsa promising never to shut the castle gates again , much to Anna 's joy . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Main article : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Anna Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' ( 4.01 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Elizabeth Lail Information Aliases Joan Occupation Princess of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and the King of Arendelle ( parents ) Elsa ( older sister ) Ingrid / Snow Queen and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Significant other ( s ) Kristoff ( husband ) Centric episodes `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Anna appears in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time , with actress Elizabeth Lail portraying the character . Following the events of the film Frozen , Anna is preparing to wed Kristoff when Elsa finds a diary from their mother stating their real reason for their parents ' fatal trip . Determined to seek answers , Anna postpones her wedding and travels to the Enchanted Forest ( known as Misthaven in Arendelle ) . Anna meets David , a friend of Kristoff 's , and trains him in swordsmanship so he can defend his farm from the evil warlord Bo Peep . Following Bo Peep 's defeat , David gives Anna his horse and David 's mother gives Anna the name of Rumplestiltskin , a powerful wizard who she believes can give her the answers she is looking for . Anna visits Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) who tells her that the King and Queen of Arendelle came to him , and he will tell her what they said if she administers a potion to an old man . Anna is afraid the potion is poison and pours it into the old man 's fire . She returns to Rumplestiltskin 's lair and lies , saying she has given the man the potion , and quickly learns it was an antidote , not a poison . In not giving him the drink , Anna has broken her deal with Rumplestiltskin and subjected the man to turn into a mouse . The deal , when broken , meant that Anna had to be Rumplestiltskin 's slave -- but , alas , Anna gets control of the dagger that controls him , and orders him to never harm her or her sister , and to send her back home with Rumplestiltskin 's weapon , a magic - stealing hat . Back in Arendelle , Anna admits to Kristoff that Rumplestiltskin told her that her parents were afraid of Elsa . She does not tell this to Elsa , but is shocked to see that Elsa is learning to control her power -- due to a new woman by the name of Ingrid ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) , who claims she is their mother 's sister and also has magic snow powers like her sister Elsa . Anna never knew their mother had a sister , so she is immediately skeptical . She goes to meet Grand Pabbie and the rock trolls to find out if this is the truth . While purchasing supplies at Oaken 's shop , Anna runs into Belle ( Emilie de Ravin ) and they become friends . Together , they journey to the rock trolls , where Anna learns that her mother had two sisters named Ingrid and Helga , but Grand Pabbie changed everyone 's memory in all of Arendelle . On the return journey back to the castle , Anna and Belle run into Ingrid . Ingrid sees that Anna has Rumplestiltskin 's magic - stealing hat and believes she will betray her , so she grabs hold of Anna and imprisons her . Ingrid tells Anna that she has nothing in common with either her or Elsa as she has no magic as they , and now Ingrid must replace her . Eventually , Anna reunites with her sister , helps Ingrid see the errors of her ways , and marries Kristoff . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the movie , Elsa throws a birthday for Anna . However Anna discovers , through Elsa 's continuous sneezing that Elsa has caught a cold . Despite trying to make the party perfect for her sister , Elsa 's sneezes create tiny snowmen which try to take the cake for themselves , and she nearly falls off the clocktower due to her condition . Afterwards Anna takes Elsa to rest and feeds her soup , while Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf help transport the snowmen to Elsa 's ice palace in the mountains . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Anna will appear in a 21 - minute Frozen holiday film along with Elsa , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) Anna meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . On November 6 , 2013 , Disney Consumer Products began releasing a line of merchandise featuring Anna in Disney Store and other retailers . Various versions of Anna dolls include the fashion doll set , the mini-doll set , plush doll , Anna - as - a-toddler doll , and a special version called Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls , which lights up and plays their signature songs that appear in the film when users hold their hands or they hold each other 's hands . Anna 's merchandise also covers a wide range of other products , such as rolling luggage , boots , clothes , nightgowns , bowls , plates , coffee mugs , and home décors . In addition , the film was adapted as simplified storybooks for children , with diverse versions featuring sound effects , original character voices , and mini projectors that project movie images on the wall . One of those books , called A Sister More Like Me , includes illustrations by Brittney Lee , the film 's visual development artist . Both Anna and Elsa appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . Theme Parks ( edit ) In November 2013 , prior to the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began daily meet - and - greet sessions at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California , US . In Walt Disney World , the sisters had their debut on October 22 , 2013 , in a temporary attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios while their main attractions in Epcot were being built , then officially made appearances in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot on November 2 , 2013 , alongside a gallery of Norwegian culture which the film 's setting and design drew inspirations from . A cottage called the `` Royal Reception '' was set up in the Fantasyland section of Disneyland , featuring the pair and an audio - animatronic Olaf speaking on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . As of March 2014 , it was reported that this wait time had reached four or five hours . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park , Walt Disney World , with Anna showing up in her coronation dress for the first time in a Disney park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , comparing to Cinderella and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Anna made a few appearances in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed new show of the nighttime spectacle World of Color with Olaf , the show 's host , and Elsa . Disneyland Paris 's nighttime spectacular Disney Dreams ! featured Anna as the French co-narrator of the show , alongside the English - speaking Olaf . Scenes from the original film , featuring Anna and other characters like Olaf and Kristoff , appear on the castle while Elsa is singing `` Let It Go '' , during the Frozen segment in the Magic Kingdom nighttime projection show , Celebrate the Magic . Coinciding with the film 's release , Anna began making meet - and - greet sessions aboard the Disney Cruise Line 's Disney Dream cruise ship . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . Other characters from the film will also appear in their respective offerings : Olaf in Olaf on Summer Vacation , the Oaken 's family in Wandering Oaken 's Trading Post & Frozen Funland , and `` Coolest Summer Ever '' Dance Party featuring a DJ and live band . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had n't been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Anna began making appearances alongside Elsa and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa are making appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Patti Murin will originate the role of Anna in the upcoming Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` What 's so great about Frozen is that we get two strong heroines , both complex and flawed whose journeys are incredibly identifiable . Anna is plucky and socially awkward and that 's great because many girls will identify with a girl who is n't necessarily naturally poised like some of the original princesses . This is a girl who has n't had much human contact and when she does just explodes into unfiltered extroversion and naiveté . '' -- Sabina Ibarra , Geek Exchange film critic . Collider.com writer Matt Goldberg referred to Anna as a character who `` can go from cute to melancholy to odd to defiant and never miss a beat '' . Emma Koonse of Christian Post described her and Elsa as the `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , while Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote that both Anna and Elsa were depicted as devoted from the start , and `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Deepanjana Pal from First Post commented that Anna `` is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' The Wall Street Journal suggested that the character become more endearing for being `` exactly the free spirit she seems to be '' . Noah Lee of The Coast News was impressed by the heroine duo Anna and Elsa , and said , `` I never lost interest in the drastic measures Anna took or the tribulations Elsa faced . '' Travis Bean , a reviewer of Community Newspaper Group put emphasis on the lessons that kids could perceive from the film , saying , `` Children can also root for Anna to race through the forest and break through Elsa 's icy walls and prove that love conquers all fears . '' Linda Barnard , Toronto Star film critic , described the sisters as `` engaging female characters '' , particularly praised Anna for her funny and iron - willed characteristics . Sabina Ibarra from Geek Exchange commended that the directors had crafted two very real girls `` who come into their own and also come together in this amazing tale . '' Kristen Bell was lauded for her performance as Anna in the film . Michelle Im , writing for the Eye of the Tiger referred to the character as `` bubbly and spirited '' , and commented , `` Not only was ( Bell ) able to nail those vibratos and belting notes in her songs , it was actually her singing them . '' The Coast News review of the film wrote that Bell `` earns top marks '' for instilling a spirited sensibility in the clumsy but well - meaning Anna . Cinenerd , a film critic for Blogcritics , commended the actress ' singing ability , stating that she and Menzel `` sing their hearts out , with two showstoppers in Let it Go and For the First Time in Forever '' . Colin Covert of Colorado Springs ' The Gazette considered Bell 's performance as a `` flawless delivery '' . Matt Goldberg extolled the relationship between Anna and her elder sister Elsa , writing , `` There 's so much to love about Frozen , but at the top of the list is the emphasis on ( Anna ) and Elsa 's relationship . Anna still has an infatuation with the charming Hans and romantic chemistry with the flustered Kristoff , but her greatest love is for her sister . ( Elsa ) is mostly scared and guilt - ridden . She 's an incredibly sympathetic character , and it 's a fresh spin on depicting estrangement between siblings . Anna has so much life and enthusiasm , and we want to see her share it with Elsa . '' Magdalena Lachowicz of The Heights referred to this sisterly bond as `` what truly makes the film and the moral that comes with it '' , commenting , `` the plot is set up to lead the viewer into thinking that it needs to be true love 's kiss -- something which Anna then goes to seek . This journey sends her on a difficult adventure in which she learns about both sacrifice and love . '' Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Female driven with confidence and positivity , Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love , '' while Stephen Holden from The New York Times appreciated that instead of a romantic attachment , it was a sisterly love and devotion that drove the story , which departed greatly from traditional Disney formula . Noah Lee described Anna and Elsa 's relationship as `` genuine '' , saying , `` watching those themes of family and love versus isolation and fear touched my heart in more ways than one . '' However , the character was not without criticisms . Michelle Im from the Eye of the Tiger referred to Anna 's falling immediately in love with a prince as the only personal development in her character , and found it `` disappointing '' in comparison with Elsa 's emotionally evolving personality . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Anna and Elsa were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Accolades ( edit ) Both Anna and Elsa were nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award . Frozen also won Women Film Critics Circle award in the same category . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Hill ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Countdown to Disney `` Frozen '' : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the `` Snow Queen '' 's decades - long story problems `` . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . ' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Disney Consumer Products ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Press release : Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now '' . Disney Consumer Products . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Winter comes early to NYC as the Times Square Disney Store gets `` Frozen '' over `` . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Frozen Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' . The Celebrity Cafe . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Disney Book Group ( Author ) , Disney Storybook Art Team ( Illustrator ) . Frozen Read - Along Storybook and CD Paperback . Amazon.com . ISBN 978 - 1423170648 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Disney Frozen ( October 1 , 2013 ) . Disney Frozen Movie Theater : Storybook & Movie Projector Hardcover . Amazon.com . ISBN 978 - 0794428952 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Morgan ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` New Disney ' Frozen ' Storybook Images Reveal Juicy Plot Details '' . Rotoscopers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Disney Book Group ( Author ) , Barbara Jean Hicks ( Author ) , Disney Storybook Art Team ( Illustrator ) , Brittney Lee ( Illustrator ) . Frozen A Sister More Like Me Hardcover . Amazon.com . ISBN 978 - 1423170143 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ McDonnell , Chris ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Artist of the Day : Brittney Lee '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . This week we continue looking at some of the talented artists whose efforts made possible the new Disney feature Frozen . Brittney Lee is credited on the film as a visual development artist . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Infinity finally features more female characters in new Toy Box fun with Frozen , Rapunzel , Vanellope von Schweetz '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denise ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Anna and Elsa From `` Frozen '' -- First Appearance at Walt Disney World in Preparation for Epcot Meet and Greet ( Photos , Video ) `` . Mousestep . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . 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Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' meet - and - greet at Epcot to continue indefinitely '' . Doctor Disney . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` Could Disney 's ' Frozen ' play bigger role in theme parks ? '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Banks ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Day two of filming for the 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade -- Photos / Video '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Disneyland Paris Offers Up a ' Frozen ' Holiday Celebration '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf to star in Disneyland Paris DISNEY DREAMS OF CHRISTMAS nighttime castle show for Christmas season '' . Mouse Info . November 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Monti , Andrea ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` '' Disney DREAMS celebrates Christmas '' is among the great new holiday treats that Disneyland Paris is serving up for Xmas 2013 `` . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Festival of Fantasy parade debuts high - energy entertainment at Walt Disney World with ' Frozen , ' ' Tangled ' , among fun floats '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' characters find new home at Walt Disney World as FastPass+ cuts wait to meet Anna and Elsa -- when it works `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Anna & Elsa Arrive at Princess Fairytale Hall Today '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` World of Color -- Winter Dreams all - new nighttime Disneyland show debuts featuring Frozen , Toy Story , holiday songs '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts , Figures and History : ' World of Color ' and Holiday ' Winter Dreams ' '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland News . January 7 , 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monti , Andrea ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Disneyland Paris : Intervista a Katy Harris '' . Parks Mania ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Segment Added to ' Celebrate the Magic ' at Magic Kingdom Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frontado , Jonathan ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Princess Anna from ' Frozen ' Joins Disney Cruise Line for the Holidays '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` More ' Frozen ' Fun at Disneyland Park This Summer '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Get Ready to Experience ' Frozen ' Summer Fun -- Live at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Summer Fun LIVE ! coming to Walt Disney World with royal welcome , stage show , fireworks , and park wide party '' . Inside the Magic . Distant Creations Group , LLC . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Sharon Kennedy ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' still hot at Disney theme park , celebration extended '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harker , Michelle ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa & Anna 's Boutique and More Thrilling Transformations Coming to the Disneyland Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Disney 365 to Transform into Elsa and Anna 's Boutique '' . LaughingPlace.com . August 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harker , Michelle ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Anna & Elsa 's Boutique in the Downtown Disney District at the Disneyland Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique to Open October 6 '' . LaughingPlace.com . September 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna and Elsa to appear in `` My Royal Coronation '' event at Walt Disney World as travel agents bring `` Frozen '' character meal to Epcot `` . Inside the Magic . August 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staggs , Tom ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Attraction Coming to Epcot '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brigante , Ricky ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot , `` Frozen '' Christmas also revealed `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sim , Darren ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Disneyland launches `` Disney Paint the Night '' Parade from October 2014 `` . darrensim.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Frozen Fun ' Opens at Disneyland Resort January 7 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Adds ' Frozen ' Experiences to Disneyland , California Adventure Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prepare to be Wowed by Disneyland 's Three New Nighttime Spectaculars '' . Disney Insider. April 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Musical Announces Full Broadway Lead Casting '' . broadway.com. April 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ibarra , Sabina ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen Review : Disney Conjures a New Timeless Classic '' . Geek Exchange . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` FROZEN Review '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Tony ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Frozen ' is Disney at its best '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pal , Deepanjana ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen review : This modern Snow Queen will melt your heart '' . First Post . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Splendid Sights , Musical Might Melt ' Frozen ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . November 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : S. Lee , Noah ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's magic is in full display with ' Frozen ' '' . The Coast News . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bean , Travis ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen features fantasy , focuses on family values '' . Community Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen will warm your heart : review '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Better to focus on the stunning icicle kingdom , snowy landscape visuals and the engaging female characters , especially the funny , iron - willed Anna , whose love for her sister propels her quest . ^ Jump up to : Im , Michelle ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' meets standards set by previous Disney movies `` . Eye of the Tiger . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cinenerd ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Blogcritics . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachowicz , Magdalena ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animated Film ' Frozen ' Breaks Disney Princess Conventions '' . The Heights . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elias , Debbie Lynn ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review -- Frozen '' . Culver City Observer . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` From the Heat of Royal Passion , Poof ! It 's Permafrost '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in time : when will Disney 's heroines reflect real body shapes ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 EDA Award Winners '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Women Film Critics Circle winners '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(Disney)&oldid=800177515 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Română Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 23 : 02 . 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what character did kristen bell play in frozen
[ "Princess Anna of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced by Kristen Bell as an adult. At the beginning of the film, Livvy Stubenrauch and Katie Lopez provided her speaking and singing voice as a young child, respectively. Agatha Lee Monn portrayed her as a nine-year-old (singing)." ]
[ "Princess Anna of Arendelle" ]
-142334711070235382
Engagement ring
Engagement ring - wikipedia Engagement ring Jump to : navigation , search A white gold wedding ring and a single - diamond , gold - banded engagement ring . The engagement ring is usually worn on the outside . Engagement process in Azerbaijan An engagement ring is a ring indicating that the person wearing it is engaged to be married , especially in Western cultures . A ring is presented as an engagement gift by a partner to their prospective spouse when they propose marriage or directly after a marriage proposal is accepted . It represents a formal agreement to future marriage . In Western countries , engagement rings are worn mostly by women , and rings can feature diamonds or other gemstones . In some cultures men and women wear matching rings , and engagement rings may also be used as wedding rings . In Anglo - Saxon countries , the ring is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger , but customs vary considerably elsewhere across the world . Neither the engagement nor any other ring is worn during the wedding ceremony , when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride as part of the ceremony , and sometimes by the bride onto the groom 's finger . After the wedding , the engagement ring is usually put back on , and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring . Some brides have their engagement and wedding rings permanently soldered together after the wedding . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient times 1.2 Middle ages 1.3 Renaissance 1.4 Reformation 1.5 Enlightenment 1.6 Victorian era 1.7 20th century 2 Purchase 3 Legal ownership 4 Styles 5 For men 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Ancient Times ( edit ) Although the ancient Egyptians are sometimes credited with having invented the engagement ring , and the ancient Greeks with having adopted the tradition , the history of the engagement ring can only be reliably traced as far back as ancient Rome . In many countries , engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand . At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein ( the vena amoris ) that led to the heart . This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals , or Matrimonial Contracts ( 1686 ) . The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion 's Aegyptiacorum , where the alleged vein was originally a nervus ( a word that can be translated either as `` nerve '' or `` sinew '' ) . The popular belief that an engagement ring was originally part of the bride price which represented purchase and ownership of the bride , has been called into question by contemporary scholarship . In the second century BC , the Roman bride - to - be was given two rings , a gold one which she wore in public , and one made of iron which she wore at home while attending to household duties . At one time Roman citizens wore rings made of iron . In later years senators who served as ambassadors were given gold seal rings for official use when abroad . Later the privilege of wearing gold rings was extended to other public officials , then to the knights , later to all freeborn , and finally under Justinian , to freedmen . For several centuries it was the custom for Romans to wear iron rings at home , gold rings in public . During this period a girl or woman might receive two engagement rings , one of iron and one of gold . Middle ages ( edit ) The mid-7th century Visigothic Code required `` that when the ceremony of betrothal has been performed , ... , and the ring shall have been given or accepted as a pledge , although nothing may have been committed to writing , the promise shall , under no circumstances , be broken . '' In 860 AD , Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to Boris I of Bulgaria in reply to questions regarding differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practices . Pope Nicholas describes how in the Western church the man gives his betrothed an engagement ring . At the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 , convoked by Pope Innocent III , the banns of marriage was instituted , prohibiting clandestine marriages and requiring that marriages be made public in advance . Some legal scholars have seen in this a parallel with the engagement - ring tradition described by Pope Nicholas I . Renaissance ( edit ) The first well - documented use of a diamond ring to signify engagement was by the Archduke Maximilian of Austria in imperial court of Vienna in 1477 , upon his betrothal to Mary of Burgundy . This then influenced those of higher social class and of significant wealth to give diamond rings to their loved ones . Reformation ( edit ) During the Protestant Reformation the wedding ring replaced the betrothal ring as the primary ring associated with marriage . In Catholic countries the transition took place somewhat later . There is a modern belief that in early colonial New England , where Puritans shunned ornaments and jewels , a thimble substituted for both engagement ring and wedding ring ; and some women would remove the tops of the thimble in order to create a ring . Some researchers strongly believe this to be just a myth without basis in reality . Enlightenment ( edit ) During the Age of Enlightenment both the gimmal rings and posie rings were popular , although the latter was more often used as an expression of sentiment than to indicate a formal engagement . Victorian era ( edit ) In South Africa , diamonds were first found in 1866 , although they were not identified as such until 1867 . By 1872 , the output of the diamond mines exceeded one million carats per year . As production increased , those of lesser means were able to join in on this movement . However , diamond engagement rings were for a long time seen as the domain of the nobility and aristocracy , and tradition often favoured simpler engagement bands . 20th century ( edit ) In the United States , the popularity of diamond engagement rings declined after World War I , even more so after the onset of the Great Depression . In 1938 , the diamond cartel De Beers began a marketing campaign that would have a major impact on engagement rings . During the Great Depression of the 1930s , the price of diamonds collapsed . At the same time , market research indicated that engagement rings were going out of style with the younger generation . While the first phase of the marketing campaign consisted of market research , the advertising phase began in 1939 . One of the first elements of this campaign was to educate the public about the 4 Cs ( cut , carats , color , and clarity ) . In 1947 the slogan `` a diamond is forever '' was introduced . Ultimately , the De Beers campaign sought to persuade the consumer that an engagement ring is indispensable , and that a diamond is the only acceptable stone for an engagement ring . Purchase ( edit ) In the 20th century , if he could afford it , the typical Western groom privately selected and purchased an engagement ring , which he then presented to his desired bride when he proposed marriage . In countries where both partners wear engagement rings , matching rings may be selected and purchased together . In the United States and Canada , where only women traditionally wear engagement rings , women also occasionally present their partners with an engagement gift . Like all jewelry , the price for an engagement ring varies considerably depending on the materials used : the design of the ring , whether it includes a gemstone , the value of any gemstone , and the seller . The price of the gemstones , if any , in the ring depends on the type and quality of the gem . Diamonds have a standardized description that values them according to their carat weight , color , clarity and cut . Other gemstones , such as sapphires , rubies , emeralds , have different systems . These may be chosen to honor a family tradition , to use family heirlooms , to be unique , to be socially responsible ( they are not associated with blood diamonds or the pollution caused by gold mining and cyanide process ) , to fit the individual 's stylistic preferences , or to manage cost . Synthetic stones and diamond substitutes such as cubic zirconias and moissanites are also popular choices that are socially responsible and reduce cost while maintaining the desired appearance . The idea that a man should spend a significant fraction of his annual income for an engagement ring originated from De Beers marketing materials in the mid-20th century in an effort to increase the sale of diamonds . In the 1930s , they suggested that a man should spend the equivalent of one month 's income in the engagement ring ; later they suggested that he should spend two months ' income on it . In 2012 , the average cost of an engagement ring in USA as reported by the industry was US $4,000 . In the UK , estimates of the average cost of an engagement ring range from £ 1200 to £ 2000 . One reason for the increased popularity of expensive engagement rings is its relationship to human sexuality and the woman 's marriage prospects . In the United States , until the Great Depression , a man who broke off a marriage engagement could be sued for breach of promise . Monetary damages included actual expenses incurred in preparing for the wedding , plus damages for emotional distress and loss of other marriage prospects . Damages were greatly increased if the woman had engaged in sexual intercourse with her fiancé . Beginning in 1935 , these laws were repealed or limited . However , the social and financial cost of a broken engagement was no less : marriage was the only financially sound option for most women , and if she was no longer a virgin , her prospects for a suitable future marriage were greatly decreased . The diamond engagement ring thus became a source of financial security for the woman . The online purchase of engagement rings is growing , disrupting the market for the diamonds by bringing greater transparency to an industry that has traditionally relied on opacity . Online diamond retailers and e-commerce platforms include Blue Nile , Brilliant Earth , and Costco . Legal ownership ( edit ) Tradition generally holds that if the betrothal fails because the man himself breaks off the engagement , the woman is not obliged to return the ring . This reflects the ring 's role as a form of compensation for the woman 's damaged reputation . Legally , this condition can be subject to either a modified or a strict fault rule . Under the former , the fiancé can demand the return of the ring unless he breaks the engagement . Under the latter , the fiancé is entitled to the return unless his actions caused the breakup of the relationship , the same as the traditional approach . However , a no - fault rule is being advanced in some jurisdictions , under which the fiancé is always entitled to the return of the ring . The ring only becomes the property of the woman when marriage occurs . An unconditional gift approach is another possibility , wherein the ring is always treated as a gift , to be kept by the fiancée whether or not the relationship progresses to marriage . Recent court rulings have determined that the date in which the ring was offered can determine the condition of the gift . E.g. Valentine 's Day and Christmas are widely recognized as gift giving holidays in the United States and some other countries . A ring offered in the form of a Christmas present is likely to remain the personal property of the recipient in the event of a breakup . In most states of the United States , engagement rings are considered `` conditional gifts '' under the legal rules of property . This is an exception to the general rule that gifts can not be revoked once properly given . See , for example , the case of Meyer v. Mitnick , 625 N.W. 2d 136 ( Michigan , 2001 ) , whose ruling found the following reasoning persuasive : `` the so - called ' modern trend ' holds that because an engagement ring is an inherently conditional gift , once the engagement has been broken , the ring should be returned to the donor . Thus , the question of who broke the engagement and why , or who was ' at fault , ' is irrelevant . This is the no - fault line of cases . '' Though in certain states , whether a judicial action can be maintained at all to require return of an engagement ring is blocked by statute , as many states have statutes which state that no civil action shall be maintained for breach of promise to marry . One case in New South Wales , Australia ended in the man suing his former fiancée because she threw the ring away , after he told her she could keep it even though the marriage plans had fallen through . The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that , despite what the man said , the ring remained a conditional gift ( partly because his saying that she could keep it reflected his desire to salvage the relationship ) and she was ordered to pay him its A $15,250 cost . In England and Wales , the gift of an engagement ring is presumed to be an absolute gift to the fiancée . This presumption may be rebutted however by proving that the ring was given on condition ( express or implied ) that it must be returned if the marriage did not take place , for whatever reason . This was decided in the case Jacobs v Davis ( 1917 ) . Styles ( edit ) This wedding set contains two separate rings , either of which could be worn separately . This wedding set contains two separate rings that look incomplete separately . Engagement rings , like any other kind of jewelry , come in many different styles . Gold ( Available in Yellow Gold , White Gold and Rose Gold ) and platinum are preferred for engagement rings , but common metal types such as titanium , silver , and stainless steel are also used for engagement rings . This allows for the bride - to - be to exert her own individual style into the ring in a simple manner . In the United States , where engagement rings are worn by women , diamonds have been widely featured in engagement rings since the middle of the 20th century . Solitaire rings have one single diamond . The most common setting for engagement rings is the solitaire prong setting , which was popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1886 and its six - claw prong setting design sold under the `` Tiffany setting '' trademark . The modern favorite cut for an engagement ring is the brilliant cut , which provides the maximum amount of sparkle to the gemstone . The traditional engagement rings may have different prong settings and bands . Another major category is engagement rings with side stones . Rings with a larger diamond set in the middle and smaller diamonds on the side fit under this category . Three - stone diamond engagement rings , sometimes called trinity rings or trilogy rings , are rings with three matching diamonds set horizontally in a row with the bigger stone placed in the center . The three diamonds on the ring are typically said to represent the couple 's past , present , and future , but other people give religious significance to the arrangement . A wedding set , or bridal set , includes an engagement ring and a wedding band that matches and can be bought as a set . In some cases , the wedding ring looks `` incomplete '' ; it is only when the two halves , engagement and wedding , are assembled that the ring looks whole . In other cases , a wedding set consists of two rings that match stylistically and are worn stacked , although either piece would look appropriate as a separate ring . Although the wedding band is not to be worn until the wedding day , the two rings are usually sold together as a wedding set . After the wedding , the bride may choose to have the two pieces welded together , to increase convenience and reduce the likelihood of losing one of the rings . A trio ring set includes a ladies engagement ring , ladies wedding band and a men 's wedding band . These sets often have matching rings and are lower in price . In Nordic countries , engagement rings are worn by both men and women . Traditionally they are plain gold bands , although more ornate designs and other materials are gaining popularity . The engagement rings resemble the wedding bands sold in the United States , whereas women 's wedding rings may resemble US engagement rings . In North America and the United Kingdom , it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger . Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times , dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or `` vein of love '' . This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart , or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body . In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged , but moved to the right hand when married . In Poland and Turkey , the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably . For men ( edit ) In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings . The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal . Sometimes , the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man . In Brazil , for example , the groom and bride - to - be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement . After the wedding , the band is moved to the left hand . In Argentina , it is also known for the groom and bride - to - be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged . Then , after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand . Traditionally , women in the British Isles may propose marriage to men during a leap year . Women proposing has become more common in recent years , to the point that some jewelry companies have started manufacturing men 's engagement rings . They resemble typical men 's rings , often with a diamond centrepiece . In the countries where both sexes have traditionally worn engagement rings , the rings tend to be plainer bands , and there is no real difference between men 's and women 's engagement ring designs . See also ( edit ) Claddagh ring , a traditional Irish ring , often given or worn as a wedding ring Dearest ring , a ring with stones creating the acronym DEAREST Regards ring , a ring with stones creating the acronym REGARDS Gimmal ring , a multi-part engagement ring fashionable in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries Pre-engagement ring Puzzle ring , sometimes called a `` Turkish wedding ring '' Tension ring , a modern mount Prong setting , a way of setting gems Wedding ring References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.jewelry-secrets.com/Blog/wedding-and-engagement-ring-order/ Jump up ^ Toliver , Wendy ( 1 March 2003 ) . The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Wedding Etiquette . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 9389 - 8 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Bethanne Kelly ; Thompson , John Milliken ( 2009 ) . An Uncommon History of Common Things . National Geographic Books . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0420 - 3 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica , Inc. ( 1 May 2008 ) . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Encyclopaedia Britannica , Inc. p. 1623 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 492 - 9 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hersch , Karen K. ( 24 May 2010 ) . The Roman Wedding : Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity . Cambridge University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 12427 - 0 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Meghan ( 11 June 2007 ) . `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Worst Friend '' . Slate . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kacirk , Jeffrey ( 17 February 1999 ) . Forgotten English . HarperCollins . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 16636 - 6 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Holford - Strevens , Leofranc ( 6 November 2003 ) . Aulus Gellius : An Antonine Scholar and Leofranc Holford - Strevenshis Achievement : An Antonine Scholar and his Achievement . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 151468 - 5 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Maureen ( 1 January 2001 ) . Families , Labour and Love . UBC Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0849 - 1 . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ William Smith , ed. ( 1890 ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities . William Wayte , George Eden Marindin . J. Murray . p. 130 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Lord , John ( 1869 ) . The old Roman world : the grandeur and failure of its civilization . C. Scribner and company . pp. 235 -- 6 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Samuel Parsons ( 1910 ) . Forum Judicum . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 1233 - 8 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ The Visigothic Code : ( Forum judicum ) - Book III : Concerning Marriage - Title I : Concerning Nuptial Contracts Jump up ^ Stephen N. Scott ( 1980 ) . The Replies of Pope Nicholas I to the Inquiries of the Bulgarians . Jump up ^ The Responses of Pope Nicholas I to the Questions of the Bulgars A.D. 866 ( Letter 99 ) Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Joseph Bingham ( 1846 ) . Origines Ecclesiasticæ : The Antiquities of the Christian Church : with Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution . H.G. Bohn . p. 1215 . Apud nostrates post sponsalia qua futurarum nuptiarum sunt promissio foedera quaeque consensu eorum qui haec contrahunt et eorum in quorum potestate sunt celebrantur . Postquam arris sponsam sibi sponsua per digitum fidei annulo insignitum desponderit ... Jump up ^ Fourth Lateran Council ( 1215 ) Constitution 51 . Clandestine marriages forbidden Jump up ^ Hesse , Rayner W. ( 1 January 2007 ) . Jewelrymaking Through History : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33507 - 5 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ( 1917 ) . Rings for the Finger , from the Earlieast Known Times to the Present ... and Lond . p. 205 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd A. Salzman ; Michael G. Lawler ( 2008 ) . The Sexual Person : Toward a Renewed Catholic Anthropology . Georgetown University Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 726 - 9 . Jump up ^ Barry , Emily - Rose ( 2013 - 02 - 24 ) . `` 5 Reasons We Have To Stop Putting A Ring On It '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Isbister , Magdalena ; Isbister , William . `` The ' wedding ' thimble '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ White , Carolyn L. ( 8 September 2005 ) . American Artifacts of Personal Adornment , 1680 -- 1820 : A Guide to Identification and Interpretation . Rowman Altamira . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 1465 - 4 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Hazen ( 22 July 1999 ) . The Diamond Makers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 11 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65474 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . `` Diamond '' . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . 8 ( 11th ed . ) . Encyclopaedia britannica Company . p. 160 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Reunert , Theodore ( 1893 ) . Diamonds and gold in South Africa . J.C. Juta & Co. p. 126 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Russell , Rebecca Ross ( 5 June 2010 ) . Gender and Jewelry : A Feminist Analysis . Rebecca Ross Russell . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4528 - 8253 - 6 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Magazine , Laurence Cawley BBC News . `` De Beers myth : Do people spend a month 's salary on a diamond engagement ring ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , J. Courtney ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) . `` How Americans Learned to Love Diamonds '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jenny ( 12 February 2007 ) . `` Shopping for your own engagement ring : Many local women say ' I do ' '' . La Crosse Tribune . Wisconsin . Jump up ^ `` Put a ring on it '' . RedEye . Columbia News Service . 4 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Laura ( October 2010 ) . Broke Is Beautiful : Living and Loving the Cash - Strapped Life . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 280 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4587 - 5882 - 8 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With Engagement Rings , Love Meets Budget '' . New York Times . 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about buying a cheap engagement ring online in the UK '' . The Cheap Engagement Rings Guide . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Brinig , Margaret F. ( Spring 1990 ) . `` Rings and Promises '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Law , Economics , and Organization . 6 ( 1 ) : 203 -- 215 . Jump up ^ `` This Diamond Startup Wants To Change the Way You Buy An Engagement Ring '' . Forbes . October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Joanna ( 23 October 2001 ) . `` Who gets the engagement ring when the wedding is off '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ McConnell , J. Patrick . `` Do You Have To Return Engagement Rings ? - Virginia '' . The National Law Review . Odin , Feldman & Pittleman , P.C. ISSN 2161 - 3362 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . See Also Cal . Civ. Code § 43.4 , CONN . GEN . STAT. ( 2011 ) § 52 - 572b , The Heart Balm Act , § 8.01 - 220 of the Code of Virginia , Colorado Rev. Stat. § 13 - 20 - 202 Jump up ^ Kirby , Simon ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` Men own the engagement ring '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The Canada Law Journal : New Series , Volume 53 . 1917 . p. 389 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward Jay ( 1 February 1982 ) . `` Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ring Settings Guide '' . The Diamond Pro . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Engagement Rings ... Their Long and Bright History '' . The Hour . Norwalk , Conn. 3 February 1979 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Myers , Rupert ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Male engagement rings : for love or money ? '' . The Guardian . London . Comment is free . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engagement rings . Diamond engagement ring ad , Loftis Brothers & Co. , Popular Mechanics , November 1909 , p. 113 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engagement_ring&oldid=828474609 '' Categories : Engagement Rings Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Lumbaart Polski Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 19 : 37 . 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which finger are you supposed to wear an engagement ring on
[ "An engagement ring is a ring indicating that the person wearing it is engaged to be married, especially in Western cultures. A ring is presented as an engagement gift by a partner to their prospective spouse when they propose marriage or directly after a marriage proposal is accepted. It represents a formal agreement to future marriage. In Western countries, engagement rings are worn mostly by women, and rings can feature diamonds or other gemstones. In some cultures men and women wear matching rings, and engagement rings may also be used as wedding rings. In Anglo-Saxon countries, the ring is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger, but customs vary considerably elsewhere across the world." ]
[ "left hand ring finger" ]
3438019783648446164
Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy)
Death and All His Friends ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Death and All His Friends ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Death and All His Friends '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Original air date May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) Running time 86 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Michael O'Neill as Gary Clarke Mandy Moore as Mary Portman Nora Zehetner as Reed Adamson Robert Baker as Charles Percy Sarah Drew as April Kepner Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery Episode chronology ← Previous `` Sanctuary '' Next → `` With You I 'm Born Again '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Death and All His Friends '' is the season finale of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 126th episode overall . It was written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . The episode was the second part of the two - hour season six finale , the first being Sanctuary , and took place at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . The original episode broadcast in the United States had an audience of 16.13 million viewers and opened up to universal acclaim . The episode centers a shooting spree at the hospital by a former patient 's husband Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) . The episode marked the last appearances for Nora Zehetner and Robert Baker as Dr. Reed Adamson and Dr. Charles Percy respectively as both the characters were killed in the shooting . In the episode Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) try to save the life of Chief Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) who was shot by Gary Clark in front of Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) as she waits outside the OR with April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) tries to save Charles along with her patient Mary Portman ( Mandy Moore ) , while Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) tries to get into the hospital . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) are stuck on a floor with all the younger patients of the hospital , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) try to save the life of Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who was shot as well and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) try to get their patient to safety . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Broadcast 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis : a shooter is in the hospital , and there is a lockdown . Meanwhile , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) discovers that she is pregnant , and Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) must choose between Teddy and Cristina ( Sandra Oh ) . The shooter kills Reed Adamson and wounds Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) . Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) and Mark ( Eric Dane ) find the latter and try to save him . Soon , it is revealed that the shooter , Gary Clark ( whose wife was a patient at the hospital and later died ) , is looking for Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . At the end , he shoots Derek , which is witnessed by Meredith , Cristina , and April . With the crisis unfolding , each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations . Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek , who is seriously injured . Meanwhile , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) and her patient Mary drag intern Charles Percy , who has been shot , through the hallway but when they get to the elevators , they are off . Bailey freaks out for a moment , then gathers herself and sits with Charles . When he asks if he was dying , she said yes . She tells him she and Mary are going to stay with him and that he is n't alone , with Charles dying soon thereafter . The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek . Hunt shows up and Meredith tells him what was going on . He looks through the window and says she is doing fine but he 'd go in to see what he could do to help . When Hunt goes inside , the audience is shown that Mr. Clark is in the room with a gun to Cristina 's head , shouting at her to stop fixing Derek . Cristina and Avery refuse to stop working . Mr. Clark tells Hunt that he 'd shoot him first and then Cristina but he really only wanted to kill Derek . He believes this is retribution for his wife 's death , which he believes is on Derek 's hands . Meredith then comes into the room and tells Mr. Clark to shoot her . She explains that she is Lexie 's sister , she is the closest thing Webber has to a daughter , and she is Derek 's wife . He turns the gun toward Meredith , but Cristina says Meredith is pregnant . Hunt makes a move toward Mr. Clark and is shot , knocking him unconscious . Cristina and Avery then raise their hands and Avery tells Mr. Clark that Derek will die and he can watch it happen on the monitor . Derek flatlines and Meredith cries almost hysterically . Mr. Clark walks out . Clark later comes across Lexie , who is bringing supplies to help Alex , and when he attempts to shoot her , the recently arrived SWAT team wounds Clark . This gives time for Lexie to escape . Soon after , Webber walks through the halls of the hospital and finds several bodies . In a room , he finds Mr. Clark , who tells him he 'd bought the gun at a superstore and bought extra ammo because it was on sale . Mr. Clark tells Webber he has one bullet left . He reveals that he planned on shooting Webber , then himself . Eventually , after Webber convinces Clark that his wife would n't want the shooting and would rather be reunited with him , Clark commits suicide as the SWAT team is directly out the door . Meanwhile , in the operating room , Derek 's heartbeat returns to normal , and everyone is relieved . Outside the hospital , Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she does n't want to have a baby if it means she ca n't be with Arizona . Arizona agrees to have a baby because she says that she does n't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother . Mark and Lexie show up at the other hospital . Alex is out of surgery . Lexie goes to Alex . Mark watches Lexie take Alex 's hand . Meredith takes another look at her positive pregnancy test , and throws it out . Production ( edit ) Mandy Moore guest starred in the episode as a patient of Miranda Bailey . The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn . In an interview Rhimes told that the writing of the two - part season six finale , caused her struggle . She elaborated on this : `` It hurt to write this finale . It literally hurt me . Because in order to write these episodes , I had to walk in the shoes of ( the shooter ) . I had to think like a shooter . A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles . A person who would shoot Derek . By the time I finished writing part one , I was sick . And depressed . Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying . Mer is screaming and he is dying . And , before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket , yes , I DO I know it 's only a TV show , I 'm not insane , but dude ... it felt too real . It felt WAY too real . '' TV Guide reported that Mandy Moore will check into Grey 's Anatomy 's two - hour season finale , adding , `` She 'll play a patient named Mary as part of an explosive -- and , of course , top secret -- cliffhanger. Bailey -- who 's having one hell of a season as a newly single gal -- will be her doctor , but beyond that , details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps . '' The news was later confirmed by Entertainment Weekly which further reported , `` Bailey -- who 's having one hell of a season as a newly single gal -- will be her doctor , but beyond that , details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps . She comes as part of a grand tradition of recognizable names as patients , usually quick , juicy roles like Sara Gilbert 's euthanized patient two weeks ago and Demi Lovato 's upcoming stretch as a schizophrenic . Moore did that other hospital show , Scrubs '' It was also reported as veteran actor Michael O'Neill would reprise his role as the grief - stricken widower Gary Clark . O'Neill later in an interview said , `` That role changed my career . It was probably the hardest job I 've ever done , hardest work I 've ever done . I had a tremendous resistance to it , and I almost turned the role down . I was so afraid of that being sensationalized , and I did n't want that in the world . I had n't worked with Shonda Rhimes , and so I did n't know . I certainly knew she was a brilliant writer , but I did n't know what the intent was . We had a conversation about it . I said , ' You know what ? Can I think about this and call you back tomorrow ? ' I called her back , and I said , ' Shonda , I just have to say it frightens me . It really frightens me . ' She said , ' Michael , it frightens me too . ' I thought , OK , we 're at least starting at the same place . Her writing was so good ... We saw the wound . We got to see the wound that drove him mad , and I think that was terribly important . It was important to show the fracture that brought this man to that desperate action . '' Reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Death And All His Friends was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . The episode was the second half of the two - hour season six finale , the other half being Sanctuary It had an audience in The United States of 16.13 million viewers ( 5.9 / 17 Nielsen rating in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot . Reviews ( edit ) Sandra Oh ( left ) and Ellen Pompeo ( right ) garnered enormous praise for their performances as Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey The episode opened up to universal acclaim with the television critics lauding the writing and performance of the entire cast as well . The performances of guest stars Mandy Moore and Michael O'Neill along with Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Chandra Wilson , Kevin McKidd , James Pickens , Jr. and Sarah Drew garnered most praise . Marsi from TVFanatic highly praised the episode and gave it five stars , and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series , adding , `` The writing and acting were absolutely stellar , and may lead to many Emmy nominations , but even more impressively , despite a killing spree , it remained distinctly Grey 's . Some of the back - and - forths between the characters were truly memorable , and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we do n't even know where to begin now . Seriously , the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything , a feeling we have n't had from Grey 's in years and rarely achieved by any program . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode , adding , `` ( It was ) two of the best hours of television all year . It was certainly the best Grey 's Anatomy has ever been , which is saying a lot since I 'd written the show off for the past few years . No show does a big traumatic event like Grey 's , and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours . It was emotional , expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale . '' PopSugar called it `` most intense episodes of Grey 's I have ever seen '' adding , `` What a whopper of an episode ! Can we talk about how gripping the scene is where Bailey and Percy are hiding from Mr. Clark . Then he turns around and gets Karev right in the chest . Seriously , I have n't been so shocked by a one - two shooting spree since Michael shot Ana Lucia and Libby in rapid succession on Lost . Another review from BuddyTV called the finale `` Game changing ! '' stating , `` The finale that changes everything ! You do n't want to miss it ! To her credit GA creator and writer - of - this - episode Shonda Rhimes pretty much delivered on her promise . I found myself with my heart in my mouth for the entire evening before finally being able to exhale as the credits rolled . '' The review lauded Ellen Pompeo and Sandra Oh adding , `` The Twisted Sisters really were the showcase of the entire finale . Meredith , side - lined for much of the season , took center stage '' even calling Oh 's Cristina Yang a `` rockstar '' . Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` You 're still pondering how Grey 's can still be so damn good sometimes , '' further hugely praising the episode , `` They did a bang - up job , it felt real in every way , thanks to some stellar performances and writing . And yet it maintained its Grey'sness thanks to some quieter moments , and plenty of witty exchanges to boot . '' Regarding the Bailey - Mary - Charles sequence the site wrote , `` the action felt so real '' , but added , `` But the most intense action was culminating in the OR with Cristina , April and Meredith had a nice moment sitting on the ground together , April sniffling and Meredith stonefaced . Kevin McKidd did some stellar acting as he interacted with them . '' Talking about Meredith 's miscarriage he site added , `` She saved Owen , though she did it while having a miscarriage -- again , leave it to Grey 's to make this the least dramatic , most underplayed storyline of the night . ( Brilliantly so . ) '' Spoiler Junkie wrote highly of the episode Meredith Grey in particular saying , `` In the most heart - wrenching moment of the entire two - hour season finale , Meredith bursts into the room , asking Clark to kill her . Eye for an eye , she says . She 's Lexie 's sister . She 's like a daughter to Dr. Weber . She 's the Chief 's wife . '' and noted that , `` This was an amazing season finale , one of the best in the six seasons of Grey 's Anatomy . The second hour of the Grey 's Anatomy Season 6 season finale , Death and All His Friends , is even more intense than the first . '' HitFix also lauded the episode and wrote , `` In every sense , these two episodes where Shonda Rhimes , directors Stephen Cragg and Rob Corn , and the entire cast and crew of the show `` Going For It '' . There was no opportunity for suspense , or tears , or anger , or horror , or some good old - fashioned monologuing left unexplored . Huge stakes , huge emotions , great performances from everybody Chandra Wilson and Sandra Oh were particularly great , as was Michael O'Neill as shooter Gary Clark . This was about as good as I 've ever seen `` Grey 's . '' Episodes like these are what I point to when anyone asks me why I 'm still watching The site also lauded Ellen Pompeo 's character stating , `` Meredith would suffer a miscarriage in the middle of patching up Owen Hunt 's bullet wound - and be so hard - core , just as her best friend was next door in risking death to save Meredith 's man , that she would just keep working even as blood dripped down her legs . A moment like that works only if everyone involved is 100 % committed to the insanity of it , and here everyone was . They all went for it and came up with a riveting two hours of TV . At the completion of the eleventh season Wired named the episode in its must watch list adding , `` The show reaches its dramatic apex in a multi-episode arc about a deadly spree shooter who visits the hospital with a vendetta . The repercussions of this incident will echo through most of Season 7 , and well into the future . '' The site also called Pompeo 's ' Shoot Me . I 'm Your Eye for an Eye . ' the best scene from the entire series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pompeo , Ellen ; Oh , Sandra ; Chambers , Justin ; Wilson , Chandra ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) , Death and All His Friends , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mandy Moore to guest star on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale '' . EW.com. 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Role Recall : Michael O'Neill Talks Saving Presidents on ' 24 ' and ' West Wing , ' His Unforgettable ' Grey 's ' Arc , and Messing With Halle Berry 's Mind on ' Extant ' '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : The Best Episode Yet ? '' . TV Fanatic. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Season 6 Finale Was the Best ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Ever '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Entertainment . `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown : Season Finale , `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' `` . POPSUGAR Entertainment . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : The Game - Changing Finale '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale : Remember where it all began ... '' EW.com. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Recap : `` Sanctuary / Death and All His Friends '' `` . Spoiler Junkie. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/grey-s-anatomy-sanctuary-death-and-all-his-friends-first-person-shooter#Vx6rCTypJsVBmyri.99 '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . External links ( edit ) `` Death and All His Friends '' on IMDb `` Death and All His Friends '' at TV.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_All_His_Friends_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=834316883 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2010 American television episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who died in the grey's anatomy shooting
[ "\"Death and All His Friends\" is the season finale of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 126th episode overall. It was written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 20, 2010. The episode was the second part of the two-hour season six finale, the first being Sanctuary, and took place at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. The original episode broadcast in the United States had an audience of 16.13 million viewers and opened up to universal acclaim. The episode centers a shooting spree at the hospital by a former patient's husband Gary Clark (Michael O'Neill). The episode marked the last appearances for Nora Zehetner and Robert Baker as Dr. Reed Adamson and Dr. Charles Percy respectively as both the characters were killed in the shooting.", "\"Death and All His Friends\" is the season finale of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 126th episode overall. It was written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 20, 2010. The episode was the second part of the two-hour season six finale, the first being Sanctuary, and took place at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. The original episode broadcast in the United States had an audience of 16.13 million viewers and opened up to universal acclaim. The episode centers a shooting spree at the hospital by a former patient's husband Gary Clark (Michael O'Neill). The episode marked the last appearances for Nora Zehetner and Robert Baker as Dr. Reed Adamson and Dr. Charles Percy respectively as both the characters were killed in the shooting." ]
[ "Dr. Reed Adamson", "Dr. Charles Percy" ]
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Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)
DANCING with the Stars ( U.S. season 24 ) - wikipedia DANCING with the Stars ( U.S. season 24 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 24 ) Promotional poster featuring pro dancers Witney Carson and Valentin Chmerkovskiy Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release March 20 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) -- May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Rashad Jennings Professional winner Emma Slater Season chronology ← Previous Season 23 Next → Season 25 Season twenty - four of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 20 , 2017 , on the ABC network . On May 23 , 2017 , NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater , were declared the winners , marking Slater 's first win . Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second , while Fifth Harmony singer Normani Kordei and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances / 400th Episode Week 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : Vegas Night 3.4 Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night 3.5 Week 5 : Disney Night 3.6 Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night 3.7 Week 7 : A Night at the Movies 3.8 Week 8 : Quarterfinals 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd were announced to be the first two professionals returning this season . This marks the return of Murgatroyd following her taking off the twenty - third season due to her pregnancy . In the following days , Lindsay Arnold , Sharna Burgess , Witney Carson , Artem Chigvintsev , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Sasha Farber , Gleb Savchenko , and Emma Slater were all confirmed to be returning as professional dancers . Also , Kym Herjavec ( who last competed in season 20 ) and Keo Motsepe ( who last competed in season 22 ) were confirmed to be returning as professional dancers . Pros from the previous season not returning included Cheryl Burke , Allison Holker , Derek Hough , and Jenna Johnson . The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1 , 2017 , on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Chris Kattan Actor & comedian Witney Carson Eliminated 1st on March 27 , 2017 Charo Actress , comedienne & singer Keo Motsepe Eliminated 2nd on April 3 , 2017 Mr. T Actor & former wrestler Kym Johnson - Herjavec Eliminated 3rd on April 10 , 2017 Erika Jayne Singer & reality television star Gleb Savchenko Eliminated 4th on April 17 , 2017 Heather Morris Glee actress & dancer Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alan Bersten ( weeks 2 - 5 ) Eliminated 5th on April 24 , 2017 Nancy Kerrigan Former Olympic figure skater Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 6th on May 1 , 2017 Nick Viall The Bachelor star Peta Murgatroyd Bonner Bolton Model & bull rider Sharna Burgess Eliminated 8th on May 8 , 2017 Simone Biles Olympic artistic gymnast Sasha Farber Eliminated 9th on May 15 , 2017 Normani Kordei Fifth Harmony singer Valentin Chmerkovskiy Third place on May 23 , 2017 David Ross Former MLB catcher Lindsay Arnold Runner - up on May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings NFL running back Emma Slater Winner on May 23 , 2017 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , and Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . On April 24 , former contestant Nick Carter joined the panel as a guest judge , filling in for Hough who was on tour . On May 1 , choreographer Mandy Moore also filled in for Hough as a guest judge . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 Night 1 Night 2 Rashad & Emma 31 32 63 28 39 32 37 + 33 = 70 37 + 2 = 39 36 + 39 = 75 38 + 39 = 77 40 + 40 = 80 + 39 = 119 David & Lindsay 28 27 55 31 31 29 29 + 33 = 62 32 36 + 29 = 65 34 + 36 = 70 33 + 40 = 73 + 36 = 109 Normani & Val 27 32 59 34 32 39 38 + 34 = 72 40 + 3 = 43 40 + 39 = 79 36 + 40 = 76 38 + 40 = 78 + 40 = 118 Simone & Sasha 32 29 61 32 36 38 35 + 34 = 69 37 + 2 = 39 36 + 36 = 72 40 + 40 = 80 Bonner & Sharna 5 22 29 51 24 32 30 30 + 33 = 63 29 + 2 = 31 30 + 28 = 58 Nancy & Artem 6 28 28 56 33 33 36 33 + 34 = 67 36 Nick & Peta 24 25 49 26 30 34 28 + 33 = 61 34 Heather & Maks 8 28 30 58 33 35 34 40 + 34 = 74 Erika & Gleb 9 24 28 52 26 30 32 Mr. T & Kym 10 20 22 42 24 28 Charo & Keo 11 21 25 46 24 Chris & Witney 12 17 22 39 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the couple earned immunity , and could not be eliminated the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 40 - point scale . ( The points awarded in Week 7 for winning either immunity or the dance - offs are not included in these totals . ) Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Normani & Val 549 15 36.6 Rashad & Emma 540 36.0 Simone & Sasha 425 12 35.4 8 Heather & Maks 234 7 33.4 5 6 Nancy & Artem 261 8 32.6 6 David & Lindsay 484 15 32.3 7 6 Nick & Peta 234 8 29.3 8 5 Bonner & Sharna 287 10 28.7 9 9 Erika & Gleb 140 5 28.0 10 10 Mr. T & Kym 94 23.5 11 11 Charo & Keo 70 23.3 12 12 Chris & Witney 39 19.5 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 40 - point scale are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Quickstep Rashad Jennings 39 Normani Kordei 27 Viennese Waltz Rashad Jennings 40 Nancy Kerrigan Heather Morris 28 Cha - cha - cha Heather Morris 35 Chris Kattan 17 Salsa Normani Kordei 38 Charo 21 Tango Rashad Jennings 37 Nick Viall 26 Foxtrot Simone Biles 36 Mr. T Charo 24 Paso doble Normani Kordei 39 Mr. T 22 Jive Simone Biles 40 Erika Jayne 26 Jazz Normani Kordei 40 Chris Kattan 22 Charleston Simone Biles 37 Bonner Bolton 24 Samba Simone Biles 35 Rashad Jennings 28 Rumba Heather Morris Simone Biles 40 Nick Viall Bonner Bolton 30 Waltz David Ross 36 Mr. T 28 Contemporary Normani Kordei 40 Simone Biles 38 Argentine tango Normani Kordei 40 David Ross 29 Team dance Simone Biles Nancy Kerrigan Normani Kordei Heather Morris 34 Bonner Bolton Rashad Jennings David Ross Nick Viall 33 Freestyle David Ross Normani Kordei Rashad Jennings 40 __ __ Fusion dance Normani Kordei 40 David Ross 36 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring Dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 40 - point maximum . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Rashad & Emma Viennese Waltz & Freestyle ( 40 ) Samba ( 28 ) David & Lindsay Freestyle ( 40 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 27 ) Normani & Val Argentine tango , Contemporary , Jazz , Freestyle & Argentine tango / Foxtrot fusion ( 40 ) Quickstep ( 27 ) Simone & Sasha Jive & Rumba ( 40 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 29 ) Bonner & Sharna Foxtrot ( 32 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 22 ) Nancy & Artem Jazz & Tango ( 36 ) Viennese Waltz & Cha - cha - cha ( 28 ) Nick & Peta Jazz & Argentine tango ( 34 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 24 ) Heather & Maks Rumba ( 40 ) Viennese Waltz ( 28 ) Erika & Gleb Viennese Waltz ( 32 ) Salsa ( 24 ) Mr. T & Kym Waltz ( 28 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Charo & Keo Paso doble ( 25 ) Salsa ( 21 ) Chris & Witney Jazz ( 22 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first Dances / 400th Episode week ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , quickstep , salsa , tango , or Viennese Waltz . At the end , the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant , Florence Henderson who died three days after last season 's finale . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Normani & Val 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Good Time Good Life '' -- Erin Bowman Nancy & Artem 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` She 's Always a Woman '' -- Billy Joel Chris & Witney 17 ( 5 , 4 , 4 , 4 ) Cha - cha - cha `` What Is Love '' -- Haddaway Bonner & Sharna 22 ( 6 , 5 , 5 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Move '' -- Luke Bryan Charo & Keo 21 ( 6 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Salsa `` Cuban Pete '' -- Mambo Compañeros Nick & Peta 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Let Me Love You '' -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber Heather & Maks 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Make Something Beautiful '' -- Ben Rector David & Lindsay 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Go , Cubs , Go '' -- Steve Goodman Erika & Gleb 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` XXPEN $ IVE '' -- Erika Jayne Rashad & Emma 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` 24K Magic '' -- Bruno Mars Mr. T & Kym 20 ( 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` The A-Team theme '' -- Mike Post , Pete Carpenter & The Daniel Caine Orchestra Simone & Sasha 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Untouchable '' -- Tritonal & Cash Cash feat . JHart Week 2 ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance . Foxtrot , jazz , jive , and paso doble are introduced . Due to a calf muscle injury , Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform , so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nancy & Artem 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` No Rights No Wrongs '' -- Jess Glynne Safe Erika & Gleb 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Bad Intentions '' -- Niykee Heaton Safe Charo & Keo 25 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Charo Last to be called safe Nick & Peta 25 ( 7 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Love Me Now '' -- John Legend Safe Heather & Alan 30 ( 8 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Grown '' -- Little Mix Safe Bonner & Sharna 29 ( 8 , 6 , 8 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unlove You '' -- Jennifer Nettles Safe Simone & Sasha 29 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Burnin ' Up '' -- Jessie J feat . 2 Chainz Safe Chris & Witney 22 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Jazz `` Hey Ya ! '' -- OutKast Eliminated Normani & Val 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Give Me Your Love '' -- Sigala feat . John Newman & Nile Rodgers Safe Rashad & Emma 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Suffer '' -- Charlie Puth Safe Mr. T & Kym 22 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor Safe David & Lindsay 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Bust a Move '' -- Young MC Safe Week 3 : Vegas Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance that paid tribute to the sights and sounds of Las Vegas . Charleston and samba are introduced . For the second consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten again on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nick & Peta 26 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga Last to be called safe Mr. T & Kym 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' -- Robbie Williams Safe Bonner & Sharna 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Charleston `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody '' -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock Safe Heather & Alan 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Charo & Keo 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Chapel of Love '' -- The Dixie Cups Eliminated Simone & Sasha 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Viva Las Vegas '' -- Elvis Presley Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' -- Ricky Martin Safe David & Lindsay 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Candy Shop '' -- 50 Cent feat . Olivia Safe Erika & Gleb 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Jive `` Take Me to Heaven '' -- Alan Menken & Glenn Slater Safe Rashad & Emma 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Swalla '' -- Jason Derulo feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign Safe Normani & Val 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey Safe Week 4 : most Memorable Year Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives . Contemporary , rumba , and waltz are introduced . For the third consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten again on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Normani & Val 32 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) Rumba `` Impossible '' -- Fifth Harmony Safe Nick & Peta 30 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` My Wish '' -- Rascal Flatts Safe Mr. T & Kym 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` Amazing Grace '' -- Ray Chew Eliminated Heather & Alan 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Shut Up and Dance '' -- Walk the Moon Safe David & Lindsay 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Forever Young '' -- Youth Group Safe Rashad & Emma 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Unconditionally '' -- Katy Perry Safe Erika & Gleb 30 ( 8 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Express Yourself '' -- Madonna Last to be called safe Simone & Sasha 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Good Good Father '' -- Chris Tomlin Safe Bonner & Sharna 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Feeling Good '' -- Michael Bublé Safe Week 5 : Disney Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from a Disney film . For the fourth and final consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Season 9 winner Donny Osmond sang `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' live while Normani Kordei and Valentin Chmerkovskiy danced . Auli'i Cravalho sang `` How Far I 'll Go '' live while Simone Biles and Sasha Farber danced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Disney film Result Rashad & Emma 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Evermore '' -- Josh Groban Beauty and the Beast Safe Nick & Peta 34 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Jazz `` I 've Got No Strings '' -- Dickie Jones Pinocchio Last to be called safe Erika & Gleb 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unforgettable '' -- Sia Finding Dory Eliminated Heather & Alan 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` For the First Time in Forever '' -- Kristen Bell & Idina Menzel Frozen Safe Bonner & Sharna 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` When Can I See You Again ? '' -- Owl City Wreck - It Ralph Safe Normani & Val 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' -- Donny Osmond Mulan Safe David & Lindsay 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Jive `` Ride '' -- ZZ Ward Cars 3 Safe Nancy & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` That 's How You Know '' -- Amy Adams Enchanted Safe Simone & Sasha 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` How Far I 'll Go '' -- Auli'i Cravalho Moana Safe Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Nick Carter , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples danced one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from some of the most popular boy bands and girl groups throughout history . Argentine tango was performed for the first time in the season . Maksim Chmerkovskiy returned to dance with Heather Morris after a four - week recovery period , but they were ultimately eliminated that night after receiving a perfect score . Before the show began , the show paid tribute to Happy Days actress Erin Moran , who died two days earlier . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Simone & Sasha 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Survivor '' -- Destiny 's Child Safe Bonner & Sharna 30 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` I Want It That Way '' -- Backstreet Boys Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Free Your Mind '' -- En Vogue Last to be called safe Nick & Peta 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' -- The Beach Boys Safe Normani & Val 38 ( 10 , 10 , 8 , 10 ) Salsa `` When I Grow Up '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Safe David & Lindsay 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` I Want You Back '' -- NSYNC Safe Rashad & Emma 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' -- The Four Tops Safe Heather & Maks 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Waterfalls '' -- TLC Eliminated Bonner & Sharna Rashad & Emma David & Lindsay Nick & Peta 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) `` Dancing Machine '' -- The Jackson 5 `` You Got It ( The Right Stuff ) '' -- New Kids on the Block `` Best Song Ever '' -- One Direction Simone & Sasha Nancy & Artem Normani & Val Heather & Maks 34 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' -- The Chiffons `` No Scrubs '' -- TLC `` Boss '' -- Fifth Harmony Week 7 : a Night at the Movies ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Mandy Moore , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance , capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre . The couple with the highest score earned an immunity from elimination , while the rest of the couples participated in dance - offs for extra points . The night also featured a performance from the cast of the upcoming Disney Channel Original Movie , Descendants 2 . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Movie genre Result Bonner & Sharna 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Hoedown '' -- Aaron Copland Western Safe Nancy & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' -- Roy Orbison Romance Eliminated Simone & Sasha 37 ( 10 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Charleston '' -- Bob Wilson & His Varsity Rhythm Boys Silent Safe Nick & Peta 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine tango `` Dangerous '' -- David Guetta feat . Sam Martin Action Eliminated Rashad & Emma 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Paso doble `` O Fortuna '' -- Carl Orff Horror Safe David & Lindsay 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Universal Mind Control '' -- Common feat . Pharrell Williams Sci - fi Last to be called safe Normani & Val 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' -- Andrea Bocelli feat . Jennifer Lopez Foreign Safe ( Immunity ) For each dance - off , the couple with the highest remaining score picked the opponent against whom they wanted to dance ; the chosen opponent was allowed to pick the dance style ( cha - cha - cha , jive or rumba ) . The winner of each dance - off earned two points . The general public helped to determine the winner of each dance - off via the show 's official website . Dance - offs Couple Judges ' votes Public vote Dance Music Result Simone & Sasha Simone , Simone , Simone , Simone Simone ( 63 % ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crave '' -- Pharrell Williams Winner ( 2 pts ) Nancy & Artem Loser Rashad & Emma Rashad , Rashad , Rashad , Rashad Rashad ( 54 % ) Jive `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' -- The Spencer Davis Group Winner ( 2 pts ) David & Lindsay Loser Bonner & Sharna Bonner , Bonner , Bonner , Nick Bonner ( 62 % ) Rumba `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston Winner ( 2 pts ) Nick & Peta Loser Week 8 : Quarterfinals ( edit ) The couples performed an unlearned dance designed by the pros for their celebrity partners , with a song chosen by the pro to complement their celebrity partner 's personality . Each couple also performed a trio dance involving an eliminated pro or a member of the troupe . Unlike in prior seasons , where the couples chose their trio partners , this season the trio partners were assigned by the judges . Julianne Hough returned to the judging panel after a two - week hiatus . Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Rashad & Emma ( Witney Carson ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Shake a Tail Feather '' -- The Blues Brothers Last to be called safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Dreams '' -- Bastille feat . Gabrielle Aplin Normani & Val ( Alan Bersten ) 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Freedom '' -- Anthony Hamilton & Elayna Boynton Safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Feeling Alive '' -- Earl St. Clair Bonner & Sharna ( Britt Stewart ) 30 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` Believer '' -- Imagine Dragons Eliminated 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jazz `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars Simone & Sasha ( Brittany Cherry ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` What Makes You Beautiful '' -- One Direction Safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers feat . Daya David & Lindsay ( Hayley Erbert ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Waltz `` Humble and Kind '' -- Tim McGraw Safe 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- 2WEI Week 9 : Semifinals ( edit ) The couples performed a dance coached by one of the four judges , as well as an unlearned dance . Running order Couple ( Judge ) Scores Dance Music Result Normani & Val ( Len Goodman ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Desperado '' -- Rihanna Safe 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jazz `` What a Wonderful World '' -- Ray Chew David & Lindsay ( Julianne Hough ) 34 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' -- Michael Bublé Last to be called safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Castle on the Hill '' -- Ed Sheeran Simone & Sasha ( Carrie Ann Inaba ) 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Faith '' -- Stevie Wonder feat . Ariana Grande Eliminated 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Skyscraper '' -- Demi Lovato Rashad & Emma ( Bruno Tonioli ) 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- James Arthur Safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Yes I Can '' -- Sammy Davis Jr . Week 10 : finals ( edit ) On the first night , the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle . On the second night , the couples danced a fusion dance that fused two previously learned dance styles . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music David & Lindsay 33 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' -- OneRepublic 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` It Takes Two '' -- Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' -- Ronnie Neuman Normani & Val 38 ( 10 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Check It Out '' -- Oh the Larceny 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' -- Andra Day Rashad & Emma 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Dark Times '' -- The Weeknd feat . Ed Sheeran 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson feat . Bruno Mars `` Let 's Go '' -- Trick Daddy feat . Deuce Poppi , Tre + 6 & Unda Presha Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result David & Lindsay 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot Salsa `` Living '' -- Bakermat feat . Alex Clare Runner - up Normani & Val 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango Foxtrot `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes Third place Rashad & Emma 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha Tango `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' -- Flo Rida feat . Robin Thicke & Verdine White Winner Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , quickstep , salsa , tango , or Viennese Waltz ( First Dances / 400th Episode Week ) Week 2 : One unlearned dance Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Vegas Night ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( Most Memorable Year Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( Disney Night ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance and team dances ( Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night ) Week 7 : One unlearned dance and dance - offs ( A Night at the Movies ) Week 8 : One unlearned dance and trio dances ( Quarterfinals ) Week 9 : Judges ' challenge and one unlearned dance ( Semifinals ) Week 10 ( Night 1 ) : Redemption dance and freestyle Week 10 ( Night 2 ) : 24 - hour fusion challenge Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Rashad & Emma Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Samba Contemporary Foxtrot Tango Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Paso doble Jive Jive Argentine tango Rumba Quickstep Viennese Waltz Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Cha - cha - cha Tango David & Lindsay Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Jazz Viennese Waltz Jive Argentine tango Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Salsa Jive Waltz Paso doble Foxtrot Tango Viennese Waltz Freestyle Jazz Foxtrot Salsa Normani & Val Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Rumba Paso doble Salsa Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Argentine tango Immunity Contemporary Jive Viennese Waltz Jazz Quickstep Freestyle Salsa Argentine tango Foxtrot Simone & Sasha Tango Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Viennese Waltz Contemporary Samba Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Charleston Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Paso doble Jive Rumba Contemporary Bonner & Sharna Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Charleston Foxtrot Tango Rumba Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Paso doble Rumba Argentine tango Jazz Cha - cha - cha Nancy & Artem Viennese Waltz Cha - cha - cha Samba Foxtrot Jazz Paso doble Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Tango Cha - cha - cha Samba Nick & Peta Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Tango Rumba Jazz Jive Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Argentine tango Rumba Rumba Heather & Maks Viennese Waltz Jive Tango Cha - cha - cha Jazz Rumba Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Rumba Erika & Gleb Salsa Foxtrot Jive Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Mr. T & Kym Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Foxtrot Waltz Charo & Keo Salsa Paso doble Foxtrot Chris & Witney Cha - cha - cha Jazz Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Earned Immunity Gained bonus points for winning this dance - off Gained no bonus points for losing this dance - off Danced , but not scored Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rank ( Weekly ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total Viewers `` Week 1 : Premiere '' March 20 , 2017 2.1 7 12.09 6 ( tied ) N / A 2.18 N / A 14.27 `` Week 2 '' March 27 , 2017 1.7 6 11.12 11 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 3 : Vegas Night '' April 3 , 2017 1.5 5 10.47 13 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night '' April 10 , 2017 1.6 6 10.31 6 ( tied ) N / A 1.85 N / A 12.16 5 `` Week 5 : Disney Night '' April 17 , 2017 1.8 6 11.18 2 ( tied ) N / A 1.95 N / A 13.15 6 `` Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night '' April 24 , 2017 1.6 6 10.35 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Week 7 : A Night at the Movies Night '' May 1 , 2017 1.6 6 10.31 8 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Week 8 : Quarterfinals '' May 8 , 2017 1.5 6 9.95 10 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Week 9 : Semifinals '' May 15 , 2017 1.5 5 10.07 7 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Week 10 : The Finals '' May 22 , 2017 1.8 7 10.54 5 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Week 10 : Season Finale '' May 23 , 2017 1.4 5 8.91 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC 's Number One Hit Reality Show , `` Dancing with the Stars , '' Returns with an All - New Season on Monday , March 20 - TheFutonCritic.com `` . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews 15 Shows Including ' Quantico , ' ' The Bachelor ' & Comedy Slate '' . variety.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing ' stars Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd to return to the show '' . go.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony 's Normani Kordei Joins Dancing with the Stars -- Plus Find Out Which Pros Are Returning '' . people.com. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars 2017 Cast Announcement for Season 24 Is Coming ! - Dancing with the Stars '' . go.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Kym Johnson Returning for ' DWTS ' Season 24 , Celebrity Pairings Revealed '' . etonline.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Second Dances and the First Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Vegas Night for the Top 11 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Emotional Memorable Year Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Magical World of Disney Night '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : One Couple Gets Immunity and Two Go Home '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 5 Take on the Trio Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 4 in the Semifinals '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Finale : Who Was Crowned the Winner ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 24 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 1 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , March 20 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , March 27 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 3 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 10 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 17 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 8 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 15 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 3 Perform Their Freestyles '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS - Season Finale on May 22 & 23 on ABC '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Finale Recap : Who Won the Mirror Ball ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down , final NCAA numbers : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS ' top a soft week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dancing With the Stars ' lead the week 36 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_24)&oldid=815240522 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 17 : 05 . 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who won dancing with the stars last season 24
[ "On May 23, 2017, NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater, were declared the winners, marking Slater's first win. Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second, while Fifth Harmony singer Normani Kordei and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third.", "On May 23, 2017, NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater, were declared the winners, marking Slater's first win. Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second, while Fifth Harmony singer Normani Kordei and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third." ]
[ "Rashad Jennings", "Emma Slater" ]
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Geography of Cuba
Geography of Cuba - wikipedia Geography of Cuba Jump to : navigation , search Geography of Cuba Geography Archipelago Greater Antilles Area 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) Area rank 104th Length 1,250 km ( 777 mi ) Width 191 km ( 118.7 mi ) Coastline 5,746 km ( 3,570.4 mi ) Highest elevation 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) Highest point Pico Turquino Administration Cuba Largest settlement Havana ( pop . 2,125,320 ( 2015 ) ) Demographics Population 11,239,004 ( 2015 ) Pop . density 102 / km ( 264 / sq mi ) Ethnic groups White : 64.1 % , Mulatto / Mestizo : 26.6 % , Black : 9.3 % . Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea . Cuba has an official area ( land area ) of 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) . Its area is 110,860 km ( 42,800 sq mi ) including coastal and territorial waters . The main island ( Cuba ) has 5,746 km ( 3,570 mi ) of coastline and 28.5 km ( 17.7 mi ) of land borders -- all figures including the United States territory at Guantánamo Bay , where the U.S. Navy 's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is located . Cuba lies west of the North Atlantic Ocean , east of the Gulf of Mexico , south of the Straits of Florida , northwest of the Windward Passage , and northeast of the Yucatán Channel . The main island ( Cuba ) makes up most of the land area 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) . The island is 1,250 km ( 780 mi ) long and 191 km ( 119 mi ) across its widest points and 31 km ( 19 mi ) across its narrowest points . The largest island outside the main island is the Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) in the southwest , with an area of 2,200 km ( 850 sq mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical geography 1.1 Terrain 1.2 Maritime claims 2 Extreme points 3 Natural resources 3.1 Climate 4 Administrative subdivisions 5 References 6 External links Physical Geography ( edit ) Cuba from space . Cuba is located 77 km ( 48 mi ) west of Haiti across the Windward Passage , 21 km ( 13 mi ) south of the Bahamas , 150 km ( 93 mi ) south of Florida , 210 km ( 130 mi ) east of Mexico , and 140 km ( 87 mi ) north of Jamaica . Cuba is the largest country by land area in the Caribbean . Its main island is the seventeenth - largest island in the world by land area . The island rises between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean . It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Florida , on the northeast by Nicholas Channel and the Old Bahama Channel . The southern part is bounded by the Windward Passage and the Cayman Trench , while the southwest lies in the Caribbean Sea . To the west , it reaches to the Yucatán Channel , and the northwest is open to the Gulf of Mexico . More than 4,000 islands and cays are found in the surrounding sea and bays . The southern coast includes such archipelagos as Jardines de la Reina and the Canarreos . The northeastern shore is lined by the Sabana - Camagüey Archipelago , which includes Jardines del Rey and is composed of approximately 2,517 cays and islands . The Colorados Archipelago is developed on the north - western coast . See also : List of islands of Cuba Terrain ( edit ) Terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains , with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast . The lowest point is the Caribbean Sea at 0 m ( sea level ) and the highest point is Pico Turquino at 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) , part of the Sierra Maestra mountain range , located in the southeast of the island . Other mountain ranges are Sierra Cristal in the southeast , Escambray Mountains in the center of the island , and Sierra del Rosario in the northwest . White sand beaches ( most notably in Varadero ) , as well as mangroves and marshes can be found in the coastal area . The largest is the Zapata Swamp , with over 4,520 km ( 1,750 sq mi ) . Cuba has negligible inland water area . The largest natural water mirror is Laguna de Leche at 67.2 km ( 25.9 sq mi ) , while the man - made Zaza Reservoir , at 113.5 km ( 43.8 sq mi ) , is the largest inland water surface by area in the country . Maritime claims ( edit ) Cuba makes maritime claims that include a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) and an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) . Extreme points ( edit ) Places in Cuba . Extreme points in Cuba are : Point Name Location Remarks North ( on - shore ) Punta Hicacos 23 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 81 ° 08 ′ 44 '' W  /  23.20639 ° N 81.14556 ° W  / 23.20639 ; - 81.14556  ( Punta Hicacos ) On Hicacos Peninsula North ( off - shore ) Cayo Cruz del Padre 23 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 80 ° 54 ′ 38 '' W  /  23.27611 ° N 80.91056 ° W  / 23.27611 ; - 80.91056  ( Cayo Cruz del Padre ) Part of Sabana - Camagüey Archipelago East Punta Maisie 20 ° 12 ′ 32 '' N 74 ° 08 ′ 01 '' W  /  20.20889 ° N 74.13361 ° W  / 20.20889 ; - 74.13361  ( Punta Maisi ) Near Maisí West Cape San Antonio 21 ° 51 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 57 ′ 25 '' W  /  21.86083 ° N 84.95694 ° W  / 21.86083 ; - 84.95694  ( Cabo San Antonio ) On Guanahacabibes Peninsula South Cape Cruz 19 ° 49 ′ 37 '' N 77 ° 40 ′ 30 '' W  /  19.82694 ° N 77.67500 ° W  / 19.82694 ; - 77.67500  ( Cape Cruz ) Near Niquero Highest point Pico Turquino 19 ° 59 ′ 22 '' N 76 ° 50 ′ 09 '' W  /  19.98944 ° N 76.83583 ° W  / 19.98944 ; - 76.83583  ( Pico Turquino ) Part of Sierra Maestra , 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) Lowest point sea level Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean Largest city Havana 23 ° 08 ′ 00 '' N 82 ° 23 ′ 00 '' W  /  23.13333 ° N 82.38333 ° W  / 23.13333 ; - 82.38333  ( City of Havana ) National capital , population 2,130,431 Oldest city Baracoa 20 ° 20 ′ 55 '' N 74 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W  /  20.34861 ° N 74.51056 ° W  / 20.34861 ; - 74.51056  ( Baracoa ) Founded in 1511 ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Natural resources ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Cuba A tobacco field in Pinar del Río . Natural resources include cobalt , nickel , iron ore , copper , salt , timber , silica , oil and petroleum . At one time , the whole island was covered with forests and there are still many cedar ( Cedrela odorata ) , chechem ( Metopium brownei ) , mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni ) , and other valuable trees . Large areas were cleared to grow more sugarcane , and so few trees remained that timber had to be imported . The most important Cuban mineral economic resource is nickel . Cuba has the second largest nickel reserves in the world after Russia . Sherritt International , a Canadian energy company , operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa , Cuba . Another leading mineral resource is cobalt , a byproduct of nickel mining operations . Cuba ranks as the fifth largest producer of refined cobalt in the world . Petroleum is extracted on Cuba 's northern shore , in the provinces of La Habana and Matanzas . Recent petroleum exploration has revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce approximately 4.6 billion barrels ( 730,000,000 m ) to 9.3 billion barrels ( 1.48 × 10 m ) of petroleum . As of 2006 , Cuba has now started to test - drill these locations for possible exploitation . The petroleum is of low quality , and used for energy generation only . Sugarcane was the most important part of the economy in Cuba 's history , and is still grown on large areas . Extensive irrigation systems are developed in the south of Sancti Spíritus Province . Tobacco , used for some of the world 's cigars , is grown especially in the Pinar del Río Province . See also : Agriculture of Cuba Climate ( edit ) Cuba 's climate is tropical savanna in the Koppen Climate classification . The dry season lasts from November to April and the rainy season from May to October . Casa Blanca , Havana Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 64 26 19 69 26 19 46 28 20 54 29 21 98 30 22 182 31 23 106 31 24 100 32 24 144 31 24 181 29 23 88 28 21 58 27 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Climate Charts ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 2.5 79 66 2.7 79 66 1.8 82 68 84 70 3.9 86 72 7.2 88 73 4.2 88 75 3.9 90 75 5.7 88 75 7.1 84 73 3.5 82 70 2.3 81 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the Caribbean Sea , with the geographic coordinates 21 ° 3N , 80 ° 00W . Cuba is the principal island , which is surrounded by four main groups of islands . These are the Colorados , the Sabana - Camagüey , the Jardines de la Reina and the Canarreos . The main island of Cuba constitutes most of the nation 's land area or 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) and is the seventeenth - largest island in the world by land area . The second largest island in Cuba is the Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) in the southwest , with an area of 2,200 km ( 850 sq mi ) . Cuba has a total land area of 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) . The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains . At the southeastern end is the Sierra Maestra , a range of steep mountains whose highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 1,974 metres ( 6,476 ft ) . The climate is tropical , though moderated by trade winds . In general ( with local variations ) , there is a drier season from November to April , and a rainier season from May to October . The average temperature is 23.1 ° C ( 73.6 ° F ) in January and 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) in July . Cuba lies in the path of hurricanes , and these destructive storms are most common in September and October . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . Better known smaller towns include Baracoa which was the first Spanish settlement on Cuba , Trinidad , a UNESCO world heritage site , and Bayamo . Administrative subdivisions ( edit ) Main article : Provinces of Cuba Level - 3 administrative divisions in Cuba . Cuba is divided into 15 Provinces and one special municipality ( Isla de la Juventud ) . The provinces are further subdivided into level 3 subdivisions , called municipalities ( Spanish : Municipios ) , of which there are 168 following the 2010 administrative redistribution . See also : Municipalities of Cuba and List of places in Cuba References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stoner , K. Lynn . `` Cuba '' Encarta Online Encyclopedia . 2005 . Archived 2009 - 11 - 01 at WebCite 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mapping Interactivo ( March 2005 ) . `` Mangroves variability in the Sabana - Camaguay Archipellago '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Varadero -- YouTube Jump up ^ http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf The Mineral Resources of Cuba 1997 Jump up ^ Cuban Oil , Gas Output Grow -- Prensa Latina -- Cuba Business News -- Havana Journal Jump up ^ theTrumpet.com Jump up ^ Smith , Wayne S ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` After 46 years of failure , we must change course on Cuba '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cuba Climate data Jump up ^ Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names , Vol. II , published by the United Nations , New York , 1991 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Cuba . Map of the Complete Island of Cuba from 1639 Geography of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Climate of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Cuba topics History Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years ' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of the USS Maine Spanish -- American War Platt Amendment World War I Republic 1932 hurricane World War II Revolution Post-Revolution Escambray Rebellion Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Special Period Fidel 's transfer of power United States -- Cuban thaw Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines : Camagüey , Cienfuegos , Guantánamo , Holguín , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba Geography Cities Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Provinces Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara Other Almendares River Earthquakes List of islands Sierra Maestra Tropical cyclones World Heritage Sites Governance Security Economy Governance Armed Forces Castroism Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Politics Presidency Cuba -- United States relations Bay of Pigs Invasion Brothers to the Rescue Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American Cuban - American lobby Cuban dissident movement Cuban Five Cuban Missile Crisis Elián González affair Fair Play for Cuba Committee Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act Cuba -- United States hijackings Luis Posada Carriles Mariel boatlift Orlando Bosch Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Platt Amendment Spanish -- American War United States ambassador United States embargo United States Interests Section Political parties Current Communist Party Christian Democratic Democratic Social - Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Current Democratic Solidarity Liberal Liberal Movement Social Democratic Co-ordination Former Auténtico Cuban National Democratic Union Independent Republican Ortodoxo Popular Socialist Republican ( Havana ) Security Military Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR ) Air Force Army Navy Territorial Troops Militia Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Peso ( currency ) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline Society Culture Society Censorship Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Education Health care Human rights LGBT LGBT history Women Language Rationing Scouting and Guiding Sociolismo Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Internet Literature Media Newspapers TV Music Musical theater Festivals Public holidays Radio Religion Santería Sport baseball boxing football Universities Demographics People Demographics Cubans Afro - Cubans Americans Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French German Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jews Koreans Lebanese Mexicans Spanish White People By name Desi Arnaz Fulgencio Batista Leo Brouwer Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Celia Cruz Ibrahim Ferrer Osmani García Máximo Gómez Elián González Nicolás Guillén José Martí Pablo Milanés Omara Portuondo Silvio Rodríguez Compay Segundo Félix Varela By occupation Academics Activists Actors Architects Artists Athletes baseball players Ballet dancers Businesspeople Chefs Comedians Composers Cosmonauts Criminals Dancers Economists Educators Engineers Entertainers Farmers Film directors Film producers Geographers Heads of State Colonial heads Historians Illustrators Journalists Judges Lawyers Librarians Mathematicians Military personnel Models Musicians Notaries Painters abstract Philosophers Photographers Physicians Poets Politicians Presidents Psychologists Radio personalities Rappers Rebels Religious leaders Revolutionaries Sailors Scientists Sculptors Sex workers Singers Social scientists Soldiers Songwriters Television personalities Women Writers women Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Cuba&oldid=805113254 '' Categories : Geography of Cuba Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Spanish - 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what is the area of cuba in square miles
[ "Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Cuba has an official area (land area) of 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi). Its area is 110,860 km2 (42,800 sq mi) including coastal and territorial waters. The main island (Cuba) has 5,746 km (3,570 mi) of coastline and 28.5 km (17.7 mi) of land borders — all figures including the United States territory at Guantánamo Bay, where the U.S. Navy's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is located." ]
[ "109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi)" ]
-7875394390129493583
Social cycle theory
Social cycle theory - wikipedia Social cycle theory Jump to : navigation , search Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Positivism Critical theory Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Social constructionism Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Science and technology Technology Urban Utilitarianism Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline `` Cyclical pattern '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cycle . Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology . Unlike the theory of social evolutionism , which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new , unique direction ( s ) , sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history are generally repeating themselves in cycles . Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there can not be any social progress . In the early theory of Sima Qian and the more recent theories of long - term ( `` secular '' ) political - demographic cycles as well as in the Varnic theory of P.R. Sarkar an explicit accounting is made of social progress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical forerunners 2 19th and 20th century theories 3 Contemporary theories 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Historical forerunners ( edit ) Interpretation of history as repeating cycles of Dark and Golden Ages was a common belief among ancient cultures . The more limited cyclical view of history defined as repeating cycles of events was put forward in the academic world in the 19th century in historiosophy ( a branch of historiography ) and is a concept that falls under the category of sociology . However , Polybius , Ibn Khaldun ( see Asabiyyah ) , and Giambattista Vico can be seen as precursors of this analysis . The Saeculum was identified in Roman times . In recent times , P.R. Sarkar in his Social Cycle Theory has used this idea to elaborate his interpretation of history . 19th and 20th century theories ( edit ) Among the prominent historiosophers , Russian philosopher Nikolai Danilewski ( 1822 -- 1885 ) is important . In Rossiia i Evropa ( 1869 ) he differentiated between various smaller civilizations ( Egyptian , Chinese , Persian , Greek , Roman , German , and Slav , among others ) . He wrote that each civilization has a life cycle , and by the end of the 19th century the Roman - German civilization was in decline , while the Slav civilization was approaching its Golden Age . A similar theory was put forward by Oswald Spengler ( 1880 -- 1936 ) who in his Der Untergang des Abendlandes ( 1918 ) also argued that the Western civilization had entered its final phase of development and its decline was inevitable . The first social cycle theory in sociology was created by Italian sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto ( 1848 -- 1923 ) in his Trattato di Sociologia Generale ( 1916 ) . He centered his theory on the concept of an elite social class , which he divided into cunning ' foxes ' and violent ' lions ' . In his view of society , the power constantly passes from the ' foxes ' to the ' lions ' and vice versa . Sociological cycle theory was also developed by Pitirim A. Sorokin ( 1889 -- 1968 ) in his Social and Cultural Dynamics ( 1937 , 1943 ) . He classified societies according to their ' cultural mentality ' , which can be ideational ( reality is spiritual ) , sensate ( reality is material ) , or idealistic ( a synthesis of the two ) . He interpreted the contemporary West as a sensate civilization dedicated to technological progress and prophesied its fall into decadence and the emergence of a new ideational or idealistic era . Alexandre Deulofeu ( 1903 -- 1978 ) developed a mathematical model of social cycles that he claimed fit historical facts . He argued that civilizations and empires go through cycles in his book Mathematics of History ( in Catalan , published in 1951 ) . He claims that each civilization passes through a minimum of three 1700 - year cycles . As part of civilizations , empires have an average lifespan of 550 years . He also stated that by knowing the nature of these cycles , it could be possible to modify the cycles in such a way that change could be peaceful instead of leading to war . Deulofeu believed he had found the origin of Romanesque art , during the 9th century , in an area between Empordà and Roussillon , which he argued was the cradle of the second cycle of western European civilization . Contemporary theories ( edit ) One of the most important recent findings in the study of the long - term dynamic social processes was the discovery of the political - demographic cycles as a basic feature of the dynamics of complex agrarian systems . The presence of political - demographic cycles in the pre-modern history of Europe and China , and in chiefdom level societies worldwide has been known for quite a long time , and already in the 1980s more or less developed mathematical models of demographic cycles started to be produced ( first of all for Chinese `` dynastic cycles '' ) ( Usher 1989 ) . At the moment we have a considerable number of such models ( Chu and Lee 1994 ; Nefedov 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 ; S. Malkov , Kovalev , and A. Malkov 2000 ; S. Malkov and A. Malkov 2000 ; Malkov and Sergeev 2002 , 2004a , 2004b ; Malkov et al. 2002 ; Malkov 2002 , 2003 , 2004 ; Turchin 2003 , 2005a ; Korotayev et al. 2006 ) . Recently the most important contributions to the development of the mathematical models of long - term ( `` secular '' ) sociodemographic cycles have been made by Sergey Nefedov , Peter Turchin , Andrey Korotayev , and Sergey Malkov . What is important is that on the basis of their models Nefedov , Turchin and Malkov have managed to demonstrate that sociodemographic cycles were a basic feature of complex agrarian systems ( and not a specifically Chinese or European phenomenon ) . The basic logic of these models is as follows : After the population reaches the ceiling of the carrying capacity of land , its growth rate declines toward near - zero values . The system experiences significant stress with decline in the living standards of the common population , increasing the severity of famines , growing rebellions etc . As has been shown by Nefedov , most complex agrarian systems had considerable reserves for stability , however , within 50 -- 150 years these reserves were usually exhausted and the system experienced a demographic collapse ( a Malthusian catastrophe ) , when increasingly severe famines , epidemics , increasing internal warfare and other disasters led to a considerable decline of population . As a result of this collapse , free resources became available , per capita production and consumption considerably increased , the population growth resumed and a new sociodemographic cycle started . It has become possible to model these dynamics mathematically in a rather effective way . Note that the modern theories of political - demographic cycles do not deny the presence of trend dynamics and attempt at the study of the interaction between cyclical and trend components of historical dynamics . Modern social scientists from different fields have introduced cycle theories to predict civilizational collapses in approaches that apply contemporary methods that update the approach of Spengler , such as the work of Joseph Tainter suggesting a civilizational life - cycle . In more micro-studies that follow the work of Malthus , scholars such as David Lempert have presented `` alpha - helix '' models of population , economics , and political response , including violence , in cyclical forms that add aspects of culture change into the model . Lempert has also modeled political violence in Russian society , suggesting that theories attributing violence in Russia to ideologies are less useful than cyclical models of population and economic productivity . See also ( edit ) Cyclic model ( cosmology ) Cyclical theory ( American history ) List of cycles Revolutionary wave Societal collapse State collapse William Liu Zhongjing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ E.g. Korotayev , A. , Malkov , A. , & Khaltourina , D. ( 2006 ) Introduction to Social Macrodynamics : Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends . Moscow : URSS . ISBN 5 - 484 - 00559 - 0 . Chapter 4 . Jump up ^ Social Theory : Its Origins , History , and Contemporary Relevance By Daniel W. Rossides . Pg. 69 Jump up ^ E.g. , Postan 1950 , 1973 ; Sahlins 1963 ; Abel 1974 , 1980 ; Ladurie 1974 ; Hodder 1978 ; Braudel 1973 ; Chao 1986 ; H.T. Wright 1984 ; Cameron 1989 ; Goldstone 1991 ; Kul'pin 1990 ; Anderson 1994 ; Mugruzin 1986 , 1994 , etc . Jump up ^ E.g. , Turchin , P. ( 2003 ) Historical Dynamics : Why States Rise and Fall . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press ; Turchin P. , Korotayev A. Population Dynamics and Internal Warfare : A Reconsideration . Social Evolution & History 5 / 2 ( 2006 ) : 112 -- 147 ; Korotayev , A. , Malkov , A. , & Khaltourina , D. ( 2006 ) Introduction to Social Macrodynamics : Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends . Moscow : URSS . ISBN 5 - 484 - 00559 - 0 . Chapter 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Cheung , Edward , `` Baby Boomers , Generation X and Social Cycles '' , Longwave Press , 2007 . Chu , C.Y.C. , and R.D. Lee . ( 1994 ) Famine , Revolt , and the Dynastic Cycle : Population Dynamics in Historic China . Journal of Population Economics 7 : 351 -- 78 . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1996 ) . The Great Wave : Price Revolutions and the Rhythm of History . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019512121X for 1999 paperback reprint . Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah , Macrohistory and Macrohistorians : Perspectives on Individual , Social , and Civilizational Change , Praeger Publishers , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 95755 - 1 . Sohail Inayatullah , Understanding P.R. Sarkar : The Indian Episteme , Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge , Brill Academic Publishers , 2002 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 12842 - 5 . Korotayev A. , Malkov A. , & Khaltourina D. ( 2006 ) Introduction to Social Macrodynamics : Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends . Moscow : URSS . ISBN 5 - 484 - 00559 - 0 . Chapter 4 . Korotayev , A. & Khaltourina D. ( 2006 ) Introduction to Social Macrodynamics : Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa . Moscow : URSS . ISBN 5 - 484 - 00560 - 4 David Lempert , A Demographic - Economic Explanation of Political Stability : Mauritius as a Microcosm , Eastern Africa Economic Review , Vol. 3 No. 1 , 1987 ; and Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire , Columbia University Press / Eastern European Monographs , 1996 . Nefedov , S.A. ( 2003 ) A Theory of Demographic Cycles and the Social Evolution of Ancient and Medieval Oriental Societies . Oriens 3 : 5 - 22 . Nefedov , S.A. ( 2004 ) A Model of Demographic Cycles in Traditional Societies : The Case of Ancient China . Social Evolution & History 3 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . Postan , M.M. ( 1973 ) Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar ( 1967 ) Human Society - 2 , Ananda Marga Publications , Anandanagar , P.O. Baglata , Dist . Purulia , West Bengal , India . Tainter , Joseph , The Collapse of Complex Civilizations . Turchin , P. ( 2003 ) Historical Dynamics : Why States Rise and Fall . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Turchin , P. ( 2005 ) Dynamical Feedbacks between Population Growth and Sociopolitical Instability in Agrarian States . Structure & Dynamics 1 ( 1 ) . Turchin , P. , et al. , eds. ( 2007 ) History & Mathematics : Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies . Moscow : KomKniga . ISBN 5 - 484 - 01002 - 0 Trends and Cycles , Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics , 2014 . Usher , D. ( 1989 ) The Dynastic Cycle and the Stationary State . The American Economic Review 79 : 1031 -- 44 . Weiss , V. ( 2007 ) The population cycle drives human history - from a eugenic phase into a dysgenic phase and eventual collapse . The Journal of Social , Political and Economic Studies 32 : 327 - 358 ( 2 ) External links ( edit ) Arise Cliodynamics by Peter Turchin Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends Complex historical dynamics of crisis : the case of Byzantium ( with an extensive discussion of the concept of secular cycles from the point of view of medieval studies ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_cycle_theory&oldid=819106501 '' Categories : Sociological theories Theories of history Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who gave the cycle theory of social change
[ "Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction(s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history are generally repeating themselves in cycles. Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there cannot be any social progress. In the early theory of Sima Qian and the more recent theories of long-term (\"secular\") political-demographic cycles[1] as well as in the Varnic theory of P.R. Sarkar an explicit accounting is made of social progress." ]
[ "Sima Qian" ]
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Face Off (season 11)
Face Off ( season 11 ) - wikipedia Face Off ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search Face Off Season 11 Country of origin United States Release Original network Syfy Original release January 24 -- April 25 , 2017 Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 Next → Season 12 List of Face Off episodes The eleventh season of the Syfy reality television series Face Off ( Styled as Face Off All Stars ) premiered on January 24 , 2017 . This season features returning contestants ( `` All - Stars '' ) from previous seasons . Unlike previous seasons , the contestants will not compete individually , but instead , will be paired in teams of two . Each team will compete to win immunity during one week , while eliminations will take place the following week . From episode 9 forward , the competition is individual and one contestant is eliminated each week . Cig Neutron was declared the winner on the season 's finale . Prizes for this season include a Hyundai Veloster and $100,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Recurring people 3.1 Judges 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Teammate Original season Place finished originally Place finished Jasmine Ringo 32 Las Vegas , Nevada Stella Season 9 9th 16th - 15th Stella Sensel 37 Brooklyn , New York City , New York Jasmine Season 7 5th Cat Paschen 29 Los Angeles , California Niko Season 6 9th 14th - 13th Niko Gonzales 29 Los Angeles , California Cat Season 6 4th Gage Hubbard 32 Los Angeles , California Rachael Season 1 Runner Up 12th - 11th Rachael Wagner 27 Los Angeles , California Gage Season 7 7th Keaghlan Ashley 27 Los Angeles , California Melissa Season 7 9th 10th - 9th Melissa Ebbe 37 Milwaukee , Wisconsin Keaghlan Season 10 Runner Up Adam Milicevic 31 Los Angeles , California Logan Season 8 5th 8th Ben Ploughman 35 Los Angeles , California Evan Season 9 Runner Up 7th Evan Hedges 30 Boulder , Colorado Ben Season 9 Runner Up 6th Logan Long 30 Salt Lake City , Utah Adam Season 8 Runner Up 5th Tyler Green 29 Litchfield , Connecticut Emily Season 6 Runner Up 4th George Troester III 30 Los Angeles , California Cig Season 7 4th Runner Up Emily Serpico 20 Orlando , Florida Tyler Season 8 Runner Up Cig Neutron 28 Los Angeles , California George Season 7 Runner Up Winner Contestant progress ( edit ) From Week 1 - 8 the contestants were eliminated as teams . Starting on Week 9 , contestants were eliminated individually from their original teams . Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Teams Superteams Individual Cig IN IN WIN IN ‡ IN WIN HIGH WIN WIN LOW IN WIN IN WINNER Emily IN HIGH HIGH WIN WIN IN ‡ WIN HIGH ‡ LOW WIN HIGH LOW WIN RUNNER - UP George IN IN WIN IN ‡ IN WIN HIGH WIN WIN LOW LOW HIGH IN RUNNER - UP Tyler IN HIGH HIGH WIN WIN IN ‡ WIN HIGH ‡ LOW WIN WIN IN OUT Logan IN LOW IN HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW WIN IN OUT Evan LOW HIGH HIGH IN LOW IN LOW HIGH WIN LOW OUT Ben LOW HIGH HIGH IN LOW IN LOW HIGH WIN OUT Adam IN LOW IN HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW OUT Melissa WIN IN ‡ IN LOW LOW LOW HIGH OUT Keaghlan WIN IN ‡ IN LOW LOW LOW HIGH OUT Rachael HIGH IN IN IN IN OUT Gage HIGH IN IN IN IN OUT Cat IN WIN IN OUT Niko IN WIN IN OUT Stella LOW OUT Jasmine LOW OUT Progress Color Key The contestant won Face Off . The contestant was a runner - up . The contestant won a Spotlight or Focus Challenge or The Gauntlet therefore winning immunity . The contestant was in the top in the Spotlight or Focus Challenge . The contestant was declared one of the best in the Spotlight or Focus Challenge but was not in the running for the win . The contestant was in the bottom in the Spotlight or Focus Challenge or in The Gauntlet . The contestant was eliminated . ‡ The team won an immunity challenge prior to the elimination challenge . Recurring people ( edit ) McKenzie Westmore - Host Michael Westmore - Mentor Judges ( edit ) Ve Neill Glenn Hetrick Neville Page Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 18 - 49 Rating 127 `` Abstract Aliens '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 0.73 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : Season 11 begins with the All - Stars coming back in teams of 2 to create deep sea aliens with the use of green screen effects . Due to the new layout of the show , no one was eliminated this week and the winners receive immunity going into next week 's challenge . Top Looks : Gage & Rachael : Skeleton Shrimp Keaghlan & Melissa : Flying Gurnard Safe : Adam & Logan : Veined Octopus Cat & Niko : Vampire Squid Cig & George : Roughback Batfish Emily & Tyler : Deep Sea Dragon Fish Bottom Looks : Ben & Evan : Japanese Spider Crab Jasmine & Stella : Helmet Jellyfish Winner : Keaghlan & Melissa 128 `` The Devil is in the Details '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.67 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The teams must create a devil and an angel character , using their own positive and negative traits as inspiration , but have to merge them into one model . Top Looks : Ben & Evan Cat & Niko Emily & Tyler Safe : Cig & George Gage & Rachael Keaghlan & Melissa Bottom Looks : Adam & Logan Jasmine & Stella Winners : Cat & Niko Eliminated : Jasmine & Stella 129 `` Monster High '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.77 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The artists must create real life versions of Monster High dolls , suitable for film . Unlike other challenges , the judges were not present in this episode . Instead , a focus group made up of Monster High fans judge the artists ' make - ups . Guest : Natasha Berling : Vice President of Design & Rebecca Shipman and Natalie Villegas : Project Designers Top Looks : Ben & Evan : Skelita Calaveras Cig & George : Lagoona Blue Emily & Tyler : Draculaura Safe : Adam & Logan : Abbey Bominable Cat & Niko : Clawdeen Wolf Gage & Rachael : Venus McFlytrap Keaghlan & Melissa : Cleo de Nile Winners : Cig & George 130 `` Snow Queens '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.74 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The teams must create `` Snow Queens '' inspired by unique snowflakes . Top Looks : Emily & Tyler Adam & Logan Safe : Ben & Evan Cig & George Gage & Rachael Bottom Looks : Cat & Niko Keaghlan & Melissa Winner : Emily & Tyler Eliminated : Cat & Niko 131 5 `` Troubling Transformations '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.73 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The competition takes a monstrous turn as the All - Star teams must create two makeups themed after Jekyll and Hyde in the immunity challenge . Top Looks : Emily & Tyler : Electrical Shock Adam & Logan : Radiation Exposure Safe : Cig & George : Medical Augmentation Gage & Rachael : Horticultural Hybridization Bottom Looks : Ben & Evan : Chemical Exposure Keaghlan & Melissa : Insect DNA Splicing Winners : Emily & Tyler Guest Judge : John Landis 132 6 `` Wasteland Warriors '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.81 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The All - Stars create dystopian characters inspired by post-apocalyptic vehicles for the elimination challenge . Top Looks : Cig & George Safe : Emily & Tyler Ben & Evan Bottom Looks : Gage & Rachael Keaghlan & Melissa Adam & Logan Winner : Cig & George Eliminated : Gage & Rachael NOTE : Before any team was eliminated , the bottom looks of the night were given one additional hour of last looks to improve their makeups based on the critiques given to them by the judges . The eliminated team was revealed in the following episode . Guest Judge : Paul W.S. Anderson 133 7 `` Puppet Masters '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 0.70 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The immunity challenge has the teams create magical marionette characters inspired by `` The Adventure of Pinocchio '' Top Looks : Cig & George - Tanner Emily & Tyler - Tailor Keaghlan & Melissa - Blacksmith Bottom Looks : Ben & Evan - Goldsmith Adam & Logan - Stonemason Winner : Emily & Tyler Guest Judge : Suzanne Todd 134 8 `` Odd Couples '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 0.81 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The five remaining All - Star teams create comedic fantasy duos in the elimination challenge . Top Looks : Ben & Evan - Wood Elf & Minotaur Cig & George - Dwarf & Ogre Emily & Tyler - Goblin & Faun Bottom Looks : Keaghlan & Melissa - Troll & Fairy Adam & Logan - Naiad & Orc Winner : Cig & George Eliminated : Keaghlan & Melissa 135 9 `` Frightening Families '' March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.96 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The four remaining All - Star teams pair up with another team to form a `` Super Team '' in order to create deranged , mutant families of three . From this point on , there will be no immunity and contestants will be eliminated individually . Top Looks : Ben , Evan , Cig & George - Dilapidated circus Bottom Looks : Adam , Logan , Emily & Tyler - Military base Winners : Ben , Evan , Cig & George Eliminated : Adam Guest Judge : Marcus Nispel 136 10 `` Cursed Covens '' March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.92 0.4 Spotlight Challenge : The contestants are once again put into `` Super Teams '' that will create cursed witch and warlock characters . Each coven was affected by a curse from the other , and the ingredients of said curse impacted the look . Top Looks : Emily , Logan & Tyler - Horn of goat , Sage , a dying man 's last breath and the sap of a poisoned willow . Bottom Looks : Ben , Cig , Evan & George - Deadly Nightshade , the forked tongue of a black snake , Dried Nettles and a rat 's tail . Winners : Emily , Logan & Tyler Eliminated : Ben 137 11 `` Intergalactic Congress '' April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.81 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The remaining contestants , now competing individually , create an alien delegate for an intergalactic congress . Top Looks : Emily Tyler Safe : Cig Logan Bottom Looks : Evan George Winner : Tyler Eliminated : Evan 138 12 `` Tiki Twist '' April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.86 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The five remain contestants must create a representation of Hawaiian deities . Top Looks : Cig - Kū ( God of war ) George - Kanaloa ( God of the ocean ) Safe : Tyler - Kāne ( God of earth and stone ) Bottom Looks : Emily - Pele ( Goddess of fire and volcanoes ) Logan - Lono ( God of agriculture ) Winner : Cig Eliminated : Logan Guest Judge : Lois Burwell 139 13 `` Gargoyle Guardians '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.80 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The four remaining contestants must create gargoyle guardians inspired by different types of architecture . Cig - Russian Renaissance Emily - Art Deco George - Deconstructivism Tyler - Victorian Winner : Emily Eliminated : Tyler 140 14 `` Battle of the Beasts '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.91 0.3 Spotlight Challenge : The final three contestants must create two animal kung - fu masters for an actual fight scene . Each finalist also received help from eliminated contestants . Cig ( with Evan , Logan and Melissa ) - Tiger & Dragon Emily ( with Adam , Gage and Tyler ) - Crane & Mantis George ( with Ben , Keaghlan and Rachael ) - Snake & Eagle Winner : Cig References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Face Off : All Stars Cast Revealed Jump up ^ Face Off All - Stars : Meet Season 11 's Returning Artists ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Face Off at Syfy.com ( hide ) Face Off Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Contestants Adam Milicevic Adolfo Barreto Rivera Alam Park Alan Carnes Alan Tuskes Alana Rose Schiro Alexandra `` Alex '' McCoy Anna Cali Andrew Freeman Anthony Canonica Jr . Anthony Kosar Anthony Pepe Anthony Reyes Athena Zhe Autumn Cook Barry Mahoney Beki Ingram Ben Peter Ben Ploughman Bethany Serpico Brea Joseph Brittany Leslie Carpucine `` C.C. '' Childs Cat Paschen Chloe Sens Cig Neutron Conor McCullagh Corrine Foster Damien Zimmerman Daniel Phillips Daniel Prado Daran Holt Darla Edin David `` House '' Greathouse David O'Connell Derek Garcia Dina Cimarusti Drew Talbot Eddie Holecko Emily Serpico Eric Fox Eric Garcia Eric Zapata Evan Hedges Faina Rudshteyn Frank Ippolito Gabby Leithsceal Gage Hubbard George Schminky George Troester III Graham Schofield Greg Lightner Greg Schrantz Gregory Hewett Gwen Crew Heather Henry Ian Cromer Jamie Leodones Jasmine Ringo Jason Henricks Jason Hodges Jason Milani Jenna Green Jennifer Bowden Jerry Macaluso Jessica Kramer Jill Burgner Joe Castro Johnny Leftwich Jordan Patton Joseph Drobezko Julian Bonfiglio Kaleb Lewis Katie Kinney Katie Machaiek Kayla `` Jo '' Holland KC Mussman Keaghlan Ashley Kelly Harris Kevon Ward Kierstin Lapatka Kristian `` Kris '' Kobzina Laney Parkhurst Laura McCormick Laura Tyler Libby Rose Logan Long Lyma Millot Marcel Banks Margaret Caragan Matt Silva Matt Valentine Meagan Hester Megan Areford Megan Wilbur Mel Licata Melissa Ebbe Melissa ' Missy Munster ' Stell Michael Faust Miranda Jory Nelson Cooper Nicholas `` Nix '' Herrera Nicolas Fischer Nicole Chilelli Niko Gonzalez Njoroge Karumba Nora Hewitt Omar Sfreddo Philip Harrah Rachael Wagner Rashaad Santiago Rayce Bird Regina Jiganti Rick Prince Ricky Vitus Robert `` RJ '' Haddy Rob Miller Rob Seal Robert Lindsay Rod Maxwell Roy Wooley Samantha `` Sam '' Allen Samantha `` Sam '' Cobb Sarah Elizabeth Miller Sasha Glasser Scott Fensterer Scott Mitchell Scott Ramp Sergio Guerra Sidney Cumbie Stella Sensel Stephanie Masco Steve Tolin Stevie Calabrese Sue Lee Suzanne Bostwick Tanner White Tara Lang Tate Steinsiek Tess Laeh Thomas `` Tommy '' Pietch Tom Devlin Troy Rivers Tyler Green Vince Niebla Walter Welsh Wayne Anderson Yvonne Cox Personnel McKenzie Westmore Michael Westmore Judges Main Ve Neill Glenn Hetrick Neville Page Lois Burwell ( former ) Patrick Tatopoulos Guest Asher Roth Barney Burman Bill Corso Bob Jacks Brian Grazer Brigette Myre Ellis Bryan Fuller Bryan Singer Elvira Catherine Hardwicke Catherine O'Hara Cheyenne Jackson Cleve Hall Conor McCullagh Constance Hall Darren Franich David Peterson Don Mancini Doug Drexler Doug Jones Douglas Noe Douglas Smith Elizabeth Mitchell Eryn Krueger Mekash Filippo Ioco Gale Anne Hurd Greg Cannom Greg Nicotero Howard Berger Jason Blum Jill Wagner John Meyer John Rhys - Davies Jon Landau John Landis Jordu Schell Josh Hutcherson Kazuhiro Tsuji Kevin Grevioux Kevin Smith Kim Greene Laila Ali Lance Henriksen Len Wiseman LeVar Burton Lijha Stewart Lucy Dahl Mark Alan Miller Marcus Nispel Matthew Wood Michael Dorn Michael Nankin Michèle Burke Mike Elizalde Neil Druckmann Oren Peli Paul Reubens Paul W.S. Anderson Rick Baker Robert Kazinsky Robert Stromberg Robin Mathews Sam Huntington Scott Charles Stewart Scott Wilson Sean Astin Sean S. Cunningham Silas Weir Mitchell Stephen Sommers Steve la Porte Suzanne Todd Tami Lane Thomas Pendleton Todd McFarlane Tom Savini Travis Wall Valli O'Reilly Vivica A. Fox Will Cotton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Face_Off_(season_11)&oldid=800319188 '' Categories : Face Off ( TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the last season of face off all stars
[ "\n\nContestant\nEpisode\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n\n\nTeams\nSuperteams\nIndividual\n\n\n\nCig\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nIN‡\nIN\nWIN\nHIGH\nWIN\nWIN\nLOW\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nWINNER\n\n\n\nEmily\nIN\nHIGH\nHIGH\nWIN\nWIN\nIN‡\nWIN\nHIGH‡\nLOW\nWIN\nHIGH\nLOW\nWIN\nRUNNER-UP\n\n\n\nGeorge\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nIN‡\nIN\nWIN\nHIGH\nWIN\nWIN\nLOW\nLOW\nHIGH\nIN\nRUNNER-UP\n\n\n\nTyler\nIN\nHIGH\nHIGH\nWIN\nWIN\nIN‡\nWIN\nHIGH‡\nLOW\nWIN\nWIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nLogan\nIN\nLOW\nIN\nHIGH\nHIGH\nLOW\nLOW\nLOW\nLOW\nWIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nEvan\nLOW\nHIGH\nHIGH\nIN\nLOW\nIN\nLOW\nHIGH\nWIN\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nBen\nLOW\nHIGH\nHIGH\nIN\nLOW\nIN\nLOW\nHIGH\nWIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nAdam\nIN\nLOW\nIN\nHIGH\nHIGH\nLOW\nLOW\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nMelissa\nWIN\nIN‡\nIN\nLOW\nLOW\nLOW\nHIGH\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nKeaghlan\nWIN\nIN‡\nIN\nLOW\nLOW\nLOW\nHIGH\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nRachael\nHIGH\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nGage\nHIGH\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nCat\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nNiko\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nStella\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n\nJasmine\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n" ]
[ "Cig" ]
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Council on Foreign Relations
Council on Foreign Relations - wikipedia Council on Foreign Relations Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Committee on Foreign Relations or European Council on Foreign Relations . Council on Foreign Relations Abbreviation CFR Formation 1921 ; 96 years ago ( 1921 ) Type Public policy think tank Headquarters 58 East 68th Street Location New York City , New York , U.S. President Richard N. Haass Revenue ( 2015 ) $101,553,200 Expenses ( 2015 ) $69,931,200 Website www.cfr.org The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR ) , founded in 1921 , is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs . It is headquartered in New York City , with an additional office in Washington , D.C. Its membership , which numbers 4,900 , has included senior politicians , more than a dozen secretaries of state , CIA directors , bankers , lawyers , professors , and senior media figures . The CFR meetings convene government officials , global business leaders and prominent members of the intelligence and foreign - policy community to discuss international issues . CFR publishes the bi-monthly journal Foreign Affairs , and runs the David Rockefeller Studies Program , which influences foreign policy by making recommendations to the presidential administration and diplomatic community , testifying before Congress , interacting with the media , and publishing on foreign policy issues . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins , 1918 to 1945 1.2 Cold War era , 1945 to 1979 2 Current status 2.1 Mission 2.2 Membership 2.2. 1 Board members 2.2. 2 Former board members 2.3 Policy initiatives 2.4 Foreign Affairs 3 Media opinions 4 Controversy 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 Books 7.2 Articles 8 External links History ( edit ) Origins , 1918 to 1945 ( edit ) Elihu Root ( 1845 -- 1937 ) headed the first Council on Foreign Relations Towards the end of World War I , a working fellowship of about 150 scholars called `` The Inquiry '' was tasked to brief President Woodrow Wilson about options for the postwar world when Germany was defeated . This academic band , including Wilson 's closest adviser and long - time friend `` Colonel '' Edward M. House , as well as Walter Lippmann , met to assemble the strategy for the postwar world . The team produced more than 2,000 documents detailing and analyzing the political , economic , and social facts globally that would be helpful for Wilson in the peace talks . Their reports formed the basis for the Fourteen Points , which outlined Wilson 's strategy for peace after war 's end . These scholars then traveled to the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 and participated in the discussions there . As a result of discussions at the Peace Conference , a small group of British and American diplomats and scholars met on May 30 , 1919 at the Hotel Majestic in Paris and decided to create an Anglo - American organization called `` The Institute of International Affairs '' , which would have offices in London and New York . Due to the isolationist views prevalent in American society at the time , the scholars had difficulty gaining traction with their plan , and turned their focus instead to a set of discreet meetings that had been taking place since June 1918 in New York City , under the name Council on Foreign Relations . The meetings were headed by the corporate lawyer Elihu Root , who had served as Secretary of State under President Theodore Roosevelt , and attended by 108 `` high - ranking officers of banking , manufacturing , trading and finance companies , together with many lawyers . '' The members were proponents of Wilson 's internationalism , but were particularly concerned about `` the effect that the war and the treaty of peace might have on postwar business . '' The scholars from the inquiry saw an opportunity here to create an organization that brought diplomats , high - level government officials and academics together with lawyers , bankers , and industrialists to engineer government policy . On July 29 , 1921 they filed a certification of incorporation , officially forming the Council on Foreign Relations . In 1922 Edwin F. Gay , former dean of the Harvard Business School and director of the Shipping Board during the war , spearheaded the Council 's efforts to begin publication of a magazine that would be the `` authoritative '' source on foreign policy . He gathered $125,000 from the wealthy members on the council , and via sending letters soliciting funds to `` the thousand richest Americans '' . Using these funds , the first issue of Foreign Affairs was published in September 1922 , and within a few years had a gained a reputation as the `` most authoritative American review dealing with international relations '' . ( T ) he common interests very largely elude public opinion entirely , and can be managed only by a specialized class whose personal interests reach beyond the locality . `` '' Former CFR board member Walter Lippman , Public Opinion ( 1922 ) In the late 1930s , the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation began contributing large amounts of money to the Council . In 1938 they created various Committees on Foreign Relations , which later became governed by the American Committees on Foreign Relations in Washington , D.C. , throughout the country , funded by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation . Influential men were to be chosen in a number of cities , and would then be brought together for discussions in their own communities as well as participating in an annual conference in New York . These local committees served to influence local leaders and shape public opinion to build support for the Council 's policies , while also acting as `` useful listening posts '' through which the Council and U.S. government could `` sense the mood of the country '' . Beginning in 1939 and lasting for five years , the Council achieved much greater prominence within the government and the State Department , when it established the strictly confidential War and Peace Studies , funded entirely by the Rockefeller Foundation . The secrecy surrounding this group was such , that the Council members who were not involved in its deliberations were completely unaware of the study group 's existence . It was divided into four functional topic groups : economic and financial , security and armaments , territorial , and political . The security and armaments group was headed by Allen Welsh Dulles who later became a pivotal figure in the CIA 's predecessor , the Office of Strategic Services . The CFR ultimately produced 682 memoranda for the State Department , marked classified and circulated among the appropriate government departments . Cold War era , 1945 to 1979 ( edit ) David Rockefeller ( 1915 -- 2017 ) , joined the Council in 1941 and was appointed as a director in 1949 A critical study found that of 502 government officials surveyed from 1945 to 1972 , more than half were members of the Council . During the Eisenhower administration 40 % of the top U.S. foreign policy officials were CFR members ( Eisenhower himself had been a council member ) ; under Truman , 42 % of the top posts were filled by council members . During the Kennedy administration , this number rose to 51 % , and peaked at 57 % under the Johnson administration . In an anonymous piece called `` The Sources of Soviet Conduct '' that appeared in Foreign Affairs in 1947 , CFR study group member George Kennan coined the term `` containment '' . The essay would prove to be highly influential in US foreign policy for seven upcoming presidential administrations . Forty years later , Kennan explained that he had never suspected the Russians of any desire to launch an attack on America ; he thought that it was obvious enough and he did not need to explain it in his essay . William Bundy credited the CFR 's study groups with helping to lay the framework of thinking that led to the Marshall Plan and NATO . Due to new interest in the group , membership grew towards 1,000 . CFR Headquarters , located in the former Harold Pratt House in New York City Dwight D. Eisenhower chaired a CFR study group while he served as President of Columbia University . One member later said , `` whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics , he has learned at the study group meetings . '' The CFR study group devised an expanded study group called `` Americans for Eisenhower '' to increase his chances for the presidency . Eisenhower would later draw many Cabinet members from CFR ranks and become a CFR member himself . His primary CFR appointment was Secretary of State John Foster Dulles . Dulles gave a public address at the Harold Pratt House in New York City in which he announced a new direction for Eisenhower 's foreign policy : `` There is no local defense which alone will contain the mighty land power of the communist world . Local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power . '' After this speech , the council convened a session on `` Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy '' and chose Henry Kissinger to head it . Kissinger spent the following academic year working on the project at Council headquarters . The book of the same name that he published from his research in 1957 gave him national recognition , topping the national bestseller lists . On November 24 , 1953 , a study group heard a report from political scientist William Henderson regarding the ongoing conflict between France and Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh 's Viet Minh forces , a struggle that would later become known as the First Indochina War . Henderson argued that Ho 's cause was primarily nationalist in nature and that Marxism had `` little to do with the current revolution . '' Further , the report said , the United States could work with Ho to guide his movement away from Communism . State Department officials , however , expressed skepticism about direct American intervention in Vietnam and the idea was tabled . Over the next twenty years , the United States would find itself allied with anti-Communist South Vietnam and against Ho and his supporters in the Vietnam War . The Council served as a `` breeding ground '' for important American policies such as mutual deterrence , arms control , and nuclear non-proliferation . In 1962 the group began a program of bringing select Air Force officers to the Harold Pratt House to study alongside its scholars . The Army , Navy and Marine Corps requested they start similar programs for their own officers . A four - year - long study of relations between America and China was conducted by the Council between 1964 and 1968 . One study published in 1966 concluded that American citizens were more open to talks with China than their elected leaders . Henry Kissinger had continued to publish in Foreign Affairs and was appointed by President Nixon to serve as National Security Adviser in 1969 . In 1971 , he embarked on a secret trip to Beijing to broach talks with Chinese leaders . Richard Nixon went to China in 1972 , and diplomatic relations were completely normalized by President Carter 's Secretary of State , another Council member , Cyrus Vance . Vietnam created a rift within the organization . When Hamilton Fish Armstrong announced in 1970 that he would be leaving the helm of Foreign Affairs after 45 years , new chairman David Rockefeller approached a family friend , William Bundy , to take over the position . Anti-war advocates within the Council rose in protest against this appointment , claiming that Bundy 's hawkish record in the State and Defense Departments and the CIA precluded him from taking over an independent journal . Some considered Bundy a war criminal for his prior actions . In November 1979 , while chairman of the CFR , David Rockefeller became embroiled in an international incident when he and Henry Kissinger , along with John J. McCloy and Rockefeller aides , persuaded President Jimmy Carter through the State Department to admit the Shah of Iran , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , into the US for hospital treatment for lymphoma . This action directly precipitated what is known as the Iran hostage crisis and placed Rockefeller under intense media scrutiny ( particularly from The New York Times ) for the first time in his public life . In his book White House Diary , Carter wrote of the affair , `` April 9 ( 1979 ) David Rockefeller came in , apparently to induce me to let the shah come to the United States . Rockefeller , Kissinger , and Brzezinski seem to be adopting this as a joint project ... '' Current status ( edit ) Mission ( edit ) Network diagram showing interlocks between various U.S. corporations and institutions and the Council on Foreign Relations , in 2004 As stated on its website , the CFR 's mission is to be `` a resource for its members , government officials , business executives , journalists , educators and students , civic and religious leaders , and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries '' . It convenes meetings at which government officials , global leaders and prominent members of the foreign policy community discuss major international issues . Its think tank , the David Rockefeller Studies Program , is composed of about fifty adjunct and full - time scholars , as well as ten in - residence recipients of year - long fellowships , who cover the major regions and significant issues shaping today 's international agenda . These scholars contribute to the foreign policy debate by making recommendations to the presidential administration , testifying before Congress , serving as a resource to the diplomatic community , interacting with the media , authoring books , reports , articles , and op - eds on foreign policy issues . President Richard N. Haass In the context of critical theory on global capitalism , some social scientists name the CFR prominently among an array of elite planning , or policy - making organizations , such as the Trilateral Commission , Hood and Bell , and the Business Roundtable , that they see as working together with other powerful entities across capitalist society in pursuit of common interests . Political scientist William Aviles , for example , includes the CFR among a class of `` transnational policy - making institutions '' that he contends have worked in tandem with Western governments and international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to `` expand free trade , reduce regulations upon the investments of transnational corporations , and accelerate the integration of markets through economic blocs ( such as the North American Free Trade Association or the European Union ) . '' Membership ( edit ) Main article : Members of the Council on Foreign Relations There are two types of membership : life , and term membership , which lasts for 5 years and is available to those between 30 and 36 . Only U.S. citizens ( native born or naturalized ) and permanent residents who have applied for U.S. citizenship are eligible . A candidate for life membership must be nominated in writing by one Council member and seconded by a minimum of three others . Visiting fellows are prohibited from applying for membership until they have completed their fellowship tenure . Annual dues as of 2017 for nonterm nonbusiness members range from $270 to $850 , and for nonterm business members from $1,060 to $3,790 . Corporate membership ( 250 in total ) is divided into `` Associates '' , `` Affiliates '' ( $30,000 + ) , `` President 's Circle '' ( $60,000 + ) and `` Founders '' ( $100,000 + ) . All corporate executive members have opportunities to hear distinguished speakers , such as overseas presidents and prime ministers , chairmen and CEOs of multinational corporations , and U.S. officials and Congressmen . President and premium members are also entitled to other benefits , including attendance at small , private dinners or receptions with senior American officials and world leaders . Board members ( edit ) Members of the CFR 's board of directors include : David M. Rubenstein ( Chairman ) -- Cofounder and Co-Chief Executive Officer , The Carlyle Group . Regent of the Smithsonian Institution , chairman of the board for Duke University , co-chair of the board at the Brookings Institution , and president of the Economic Club of Washington . Blair Effron ( Vice Chairman ) -- Cofounder , Centerview Partners . Jami Miscik ( Vice Chairman ) -- Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman , Kissinger Associates , Inc ... Ms. Miscik served as the global head of sovereign risk at Lehman Brothers . She also serves as a senior advisor to Barclays Capital . She currently serves on the boards of EMC Corporation , In - Q - Tel and the American Ditchley Foundation , and is a member of the President 's Intelligence Advisory Board . Before entering the private sector , she had a twenty - year career as an intelligence officer , including a stint as the Central Intelligence Agency 's Deputy Director for Intelligence ( 2002 -- 2005 ) , and as the Director for Intelligence Programs at the National Security Council ( 1995 -- 1996 ) . Richard N. Haass ( President ) -- Former State Department director of policy planning and lead U.S. official on Afghanistan and Northern Ireland ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , and principal Middle East adviser to President George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) . John P. Abizaid -- Senior Partner , JPA Partners LLC . Former General in U.S. Army , who was the longest serving commander for CENTCOM . Chair of West Point 's Combating Terrorism Center . Member of the board of directors of the Fortune 500 United Services Automobile Association ( USAA ) and holding company RPM International Zoë Baird -- President , The Markle Foundation . Appointed to the President 's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board ( 1994 -- 2000 ) . Alan S. Blinder -- Gordon S. Rentschler Memorial Professor of Economics and Public Affairs , Princeton University . Blinder was vice chairman of the Federal Reserve Board ( 1994 -- 1996 ) , and a member of President Clinton 's original Council of Economic Advisers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) . He is a member of the Bretton Woods Committee and the Bellagio Group , and a former governor of the American Stock Exchange . Mary Boies -- Counsel , Boies & McInnis LLP , also on the board of the Center for International Studies , International Rescue Committee , Business Executives for National Security , and the dean 's executive committee at Harvard 's Kennedy School of Government . She has served as a member of the board of directors of MBNA Corporation and MBNA Bank . She was general counsel for the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board , vice president of CBS Inc. , assistant director of the White House Domestic Policy Staff , and counsel to the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee . David G. Bradley -- Chairman , Atlantic Media Company . Founder of the Advisory Board Company and Corporate Executive Board . Member of the board of the New America Foundation . R. Nicholas Burns -- Professor of the Practice of Diplomacy and International Politics , Harvard Kennedy School . Former Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , also U.S. ambassador to NATO for President George W. Bush and to Greece for President Clinton , as well as serving as state department spokesman for Secretaries Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright . He worked at the National Security Council 1990 -- 1995 on Soviet / Russian affairs for Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton . Sylvia Mathews Burwell -- President , American University . Former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services ( 2014 -- 2017 ) under President Barack Obama . Ashton B. Carter -- Director , Belfer Center at the Harvard Kennedy School . Former United States Secretary of Defense ( 2015 -- 2017 ) under President Barack Obama . Tony Coles -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer , Yumanity Therapeutics . David M. Cote -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer , Honeywell . Steven A. Denning -- Chairman , General Atlantic , on the Board of Thomson - Reuters . Chairman of the board of trustees of Stanford University and co-chair of the board of directors of The Nature Conservancy . Trustee emeritus of The Brookings Institution . Laurence D. Fink -- Chairman and Chef Executive Officer BlackRock . Timothy Geithner -- President , Warburg Pincus . Geithner served as 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury . James P. Gorman -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer , Morgan Stanley . Stephen Hadley -- Principal , RiceHadley Gates . He was the 21st National Security Advisor . J. Tomilson Hill -- Vice Chairman , The Blackstone Group . President and CEO of Blackstone Alternative Asset Management ( BAAM ) . Formerly an executive specializing in mergers and acquisitions at First Boston and Smith Barney , he later joined Lehman Brothers as a partner , where he was the head of their investment banking division . Susan Hockfield -- President emerita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Donna J. Hrinak -- President , Boeing Brazil , The Boeing Company . Hrinak was formerly the vice president of global public policy and government affairs at PepsiCo , Inc. , and also served as U.S. ambassador to four countries : Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , and the Dominican Republic , and as deputy assistant secretary of state for Mexico and the Caribbean . Shirley Ann Jackson -- President , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Jackson was appointed to serve on President Obama 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( 2009 ) , and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appointed her to the International Security Advisory Board to the Department of State ( 2011 ) . She was formerly chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( 1995 -- 1999 ) . Dr. Jackson is a trustee of the Brookings Institution , a regent of the Smithsonian Institution , and a member of the executive committee of the Council on Competitiveness . She also serves on the board of directors of NYSE Euronext , IBM , FedEx , Marathon Oil , Medtronic , and PSEG . James Manyika -- Director ( Senior Partner ) , McKinsey & Company , Director , McKinsey Global Institute . William H. McRaven -- Chancellor , University of Texas System . Janet Napolitano -- President , University of California , former U.S. Attorney ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Attorney General of Arizona ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Governor of Arizona ( 2003 -- 2009 ) , and President Barack Obama 's first Homeland Security Secretary ( 2009 -- 2013 ) . Eduardo J. Padrón -- President , Miami Dade College . Dr. Padrón is a past board chair of the Association of American Colleges and Universities and of the American Council on Education . He also serves on the boards of the Business - Higher Education Forum , the College Board Advocacy & Policy Center , and the International Association of University Presidents . Padrón also previously served on the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta . John Paulson -- President , Paulson & Co . Richard L. Plepler -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer , HBO . Ruth Porat -- Chief Financial Officer , Alphabet and Google . Porat is also a member of the U.S. Treasury 's Borrowing Advisory Committee . She is vice chair of Stanford University 's board of trustees , a member of the board of trustees of the Economic Club of New York , a member of the Bretton Woods Committee , and a member of the business committee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Laurene Powell Jobs -- Founder and President , Emerson Collective . James G. Stavridis -- Dean , Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy . Margaret Warner -- Senior Correspondent , PBS NewsHour , previously reported for The Wall Street Journal . Vin Weber -- Partner , Mercury . Formerly member of the United States House of Representatives ( 1981 -- 1993 ) , representing Minnesota 's 2nd Congressional District , where he was a member of the Appropriations Committee , former chairman of the National Endowment for Democracy . Daniel Yergin -- Vice Chairman , IHS Markit . Fareed Zakaria -- Host , CNN 's Fareed Zakaria GPS . Editor at large of Time Magazine , and a regular Washington Post columnist . From 2000 to 2010 , Zakaria was the editor of Newsweek International , and managing editor of Foreign Affairs from 1992 -- 2000 . Former board members ( edit ) Former members of the CFR 's board of directors include : Peter Ackerman -- Managing Director , Rockport Capital , Inc . Member of the executive council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies . Madeleine K. Albright -- Chair , Albright Stonebridge Group LLC and former U.S. Secretary of State ( 1997 -- 2001 ) . Currently serves on the U.S. Defense Department 's Defense Policy Board . Tom Brokaw -- Special Correspondent , NBC News , from 1983 to 2004 , anchor and managing editor of `` NBC Nightly News '' , has won two Peabody awards and several Emmy , Overseas Press Club , and National Headliner awards . Martin S. Feldstein -- President Emeritus , National Bureau of Economic Research . Former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) and chief economic adviser to President Ronald Reagan . President of the American Economic Association in 2004 . Member of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under President George W. Bush ( 2006 ) . Member of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board under President Barack Obama ( 2009 ) . Stephen Friedman -- Chairman , Stone Point Capital . Friedman served ( 2002 -- 2004 ) as assistant to President George W. Bush for economic policy and as director of the National Economic Council , chairman of the President 's Intelligence Advisory Board , the Intelligence Oversight Board , Goldman Sachs , the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , and of the board of trustees of Columbia University . Ann M. Fudge -- Former chairman and CEO of marketing company Young & Rubicam Brands . She previously served as president of the Beverages , Desserts and Post Division , a $5 billion unit of Kraft Foods . Before joining General Foods , she spent nine years at General Mills . She serves as chair of the U.S. Programs Advisory Board of the Gates Foundation , as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Brookings Institution , and as a member of the finance committee of the Harvard Corporation . She also serves on the board of directors of General Electric , Novartis , Unilever , and Infosys . Pamela Gann -- Trustee Professor of Legal Studies and George R. Roberts Fellow , and Senior Fellow of the Kravis Leadership Institute , Claremont McKenna College . Former President of Claremont McKenna College and Dean of Duke University School of Law . Leslie H. Gelb -- former correspondent and columnist for The New York Times , President Emeritus of CFR . Thomas H. Glocer -- Former CEO of Reuters . Glocer also serves on the board of Merck & Co. , Inc. , Morgan Stanley , and K2 Intelligence . He is also a member of the Business Council and the Atlantic Council International advisory board . Maurice R. Greenberg -- former chairman and CEO of American International Group , Honorary Vice Chairman of CFR . Peter B. Henry -- Dean , Stern School of Business . Also a member of the boards of Kraft Foods and the National Bureau of Economic Research and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution . Carla A. Hills -- Chairman and CEO , Hills & Company International Consultants . She also currently serves on the board of Gilead Sciences , Inc. and on the international board of J.P. Morgan Chase , and a member of the Secretary of State 's Foreign Policy Advisory Board . Hills was formerly the U.S. trade representative ( 1989 -- 1993 ) under George H.W. Bush and secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development under Gerald Ford . Muhtar Kent -- Chairman and CEO , The Coca - Cola Company . Kent is chairman of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum , co-chair of the Bipartisan Policy Center 's CEO Council on Health and Innovation , a fellow of the Foreign Policy Association , a member of the Business Roundtable , former co-chair of The Consumer Goods Forum , a past chairman of the U.S. - China Business Council , and chairman emeritus of the U.S. ASEAN Business Council . He also serves on the boards of 3M , Special Olympics International , Ronald McDonald House Charities , Catalyst , and Emory University . James W. Owens -- Chairman and CEO Emeritus , Caterpillar Inc ... Owens is also a director of Alcoa Inc. , IBM Corporation , and Morgan Stanley . He was a member of President Obama 's Economic Recovery Advisory Board from 2009 -- 2010 , and is currently a member of the board of trustees of North Carolina State University . Peter G. Peterson -- Chairman , Peter G. Peterson Foundation . He is chairman emeritus and co-founder of the Blackstone Group . Peterson was formerly the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( 2000 -- 2004 ) , chairman and CEO of Lehman Brothers ( 1973 -- 1984 ) , and chairman and CEO of Bell and Howell Corporation ( 1963 -- 1971 ) . Under President Richard Nixon , Peterson was appointed as assistant to the president for international economic affairs ( 1971 ) and then Secretary of Commerce ( 1972 ) . Colin L. Powell -- Former four - star General in the United States Army and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , National Security Advisor for Ronald Reagan ( 1987 -- 1989 ) , U.S. Secretary of State ( 2001 -- 2005 ) . Powell also serves on the board of Bloom Energy . David Rockefeller -- chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation , Honorary Chairman of CFR . Robert E. Rubin -- Former U.S. Secretary of Treasury . Rubin formerly spent decades as a high - level executive at Goldman Sachs , as well as serving on the board of Citigroup . He was the first director of the National Economic Council , and served as President Bill Clinton 's assistant on economic policy . Frederick W. Smith -- Chairman , President , and CEO , Federal Express Corporation . Currently a member of the Business Roundtable , the Business Council , and is co-chairman of the Energy Security Leadership Council . Smith was a chairman of the U.S. - China Business Council , the International Air Transport Association , and the French - American Business Council and a director of five other major public companies . Richard E. Salomon -- Managing Partner , East End Advisors . Christine Todd Whitman -- President , The Whitman Strategy Group . Previously served as the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , and governor of New Jersey ( 1994 -- 2001 ) , serves on the board of directors of S.C. Johnson and Son , Inc. ; Texas Instruments ; United Technologies ; the Eisenhower Fellowships ; and the American Security Project . Policy initiatives ( edit ) President George W. Bush addresses a meeting of CFR , December 2005 The CFR started a program in 2008 to last for 5 years and funded by a grant from the Robina Foundation called `` International Institutions and Global Governance '' which aims to identify the institutional requirements for effective multilateral cooperation in the 21st century . The CFR 's Maurice C. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies , directed by scholar and author Sebastian Mallaby , works to promote a better understanding among policymakers , academic specialists , and the interested public of how economic and political forces interact to influence world affairs . The CFR 's Center for Preventive Action ( CPA ) seeks to help prevent , defuse , or resolve deadly conflicts around the world and to expand the body of knowledge on conflict prevention . It does so by creating a forum in which representatives of governments , international organizations , nongovernmental organizations , corporations , and civil society can gather to develop operational and timely strategies for promoting peace in specific conflict situations . Foreign Affairs ( edit ) The council publishes Foreign Affairs , `` the preeminent journal of international affairs and U.S. foreign policy '' . It also establishes independent task forces , which bring together experts with diverse backgrounds and expertise to work together to produce reports offering both findings and policy prescriptions on important foreign policy topics . The CFR has sponsored more than fifty reports , including the Independent Task Force on the Future of North America that published report No , 53 , titled Building a North American Community , in May 2005 . Media opinions ( edit ) In 2005 , Inter Press Service News Agency described CFR as `` the nation 's most influential foreign - policy think tank '' . The council received a three star rating ( out of a possible four stars ) from Charity Navigator in fiscal year 2016 , as measured by their analysis of the council 's financial data and `` accountability and transparency '' . Controversy ( edit ) The council has been the subject of debates over sovereignty as well as the subject of numerous conspiracy theories . This is primarily due to the number of high - ranking government officials ( along with world business leaders and prominent media figures ) in its membership and the large number of aspects of American foreign policy that its members have been involved with . Echoing the most common accusation , the paleoconservative John Birch Society claims that the CFR is `` Guilty of conspiring with others to build a one world government ... '' Other figures , including conservative author and faith - based political theorist W. Cleon Skousen , have opposed the CFR vociferously . See also ( edit ) International relations portal Committee on Foreign Relations European Council on Foreign Relations German Council on Foreign Relations Israel Council on Foreign Relations Mexican Council on Foreign Relations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Council on Foreign Relations Inc . '' ( PDF ) . Foundation Center . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shoup , Lawrence H. & Minter , William ( 1977 ) . Imperial Brain Trust : The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy . Monthly Review Press . ISBN 0 - 85345 - 393 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Grose , Peter ( 2006 ) . Continuing the Inquiry : The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 . Council on Foreign Relations Press . ISBN 0876091923 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Thomas F. ( 1999 ) . The Century of U.S. Capitalism in Latin America . UNM Press . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 9780826319968 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray , Why the War ? The Kuwait Connection ( May 1991 ) Jump up ^ Scrutiny by NYT over the Shah of Iran -- David Rockefeller , Memoirs ( pp. 356 -- 75 ) ^ Jump up to : Avilés , William ( 2007 ) . Global Capitalism , Democracy , and Civil - Military Relations in Colombia . SUNY Press . p. 13 . ISBN 9780791467008 . Jump up ^ Robinson , William I. ( 2004 ) . A Theory of Global Capitalism : Production , Class , and State in a Transnational World . JHU Press . p. 126 . ISBN 9780801879272 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Clyde W. ( 1993 ) . Critical Theories of the State : Marxist , Neomarxist , Postmarxist . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 33 . ISBN 9780299137137 . Jump up ^ `` Membership '' . Jump up ^ CFR annual member dues Jump up ^ `` '' Corporate Program `` '' ( PDF ) . ( 330 KB ) ^ Jump up to : `` Officers and Directors '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Institutions and Global Governance '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice C. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Welcome '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lobe , Jim ( August 19 , 2005 ) . `` Realists Rule ? '' . Inter Press Service . The nation 's most influential foreign - policy think tank Jump up ^ Charity Navigator . `` Council on Foreign Relations -- A nonpartisan resource for information and analysis '' . Charity Navigator . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Letting the CFR Cat Out of the Bag Jump up ^ Letting the CFR Cat Out of the Bag -- The John Birch Society . Webcache.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved on August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CFR Pushes End to Sovereignty at UN 's Doha Climate Summit -- The John Birch Society . Jbs.org . Retrieved on August 24 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Schulzinger , Robert D. ( 1984 ) . The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05528 - 5 . Wala , Michael ( 1994 ) . The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War . Providence , RI : Berghann Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 003 - X . Inderjeet Parmar ( 2004 ) . Think Tanks and Power in Foreign Policy : a comparative study of the role and influence of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Royal Institute of International Affairs , 1939 -- 1945 . Palgrave . Articles ( edit ) Kassenaar , Lisa . `` Wall Street 's New Prize : Park Avenue Club House With World View ''. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Bloomberg December 15 , 2005 . ( Profile of the Council and its new members . ) Sanger , David E. `` Iran 's Leader Relishes 2nd Chance to Make Waves '' . The New York Times . September 21 , 2006 , Foreign Desk : A1 , col. 2 ( Late ed. - Final ) . Accessed February 23 , 2007 . ( TimesSelect subscription access ) . ( `` Over the objections of the administration and Jewish groups that boycotted the event , Mr. Ahmadinejad , the man who has become the defiant face of Iran , squared off with the nation 's foreign policy establishment , parrying questions for an hour and three - quarters with two dozen members of the Council on Foreign Relations , then ending the evening by asking whether they were simply shills for the Bush administration . '' ) External links ( edit ) Official website Council on Foreign Relations at DMOZ Council on Foreign Relations Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University `` Multimedia Crisis Guides '' `` For Educators '' -- `` Academic Outreach Initiative '' : Resources for educators and students ; links to selected CFR publications `` For the Media '' -- Resources for the media , concerning requests for press materials , transcripts of meetings , and annual reports ; contact information Informational CFR video , featuring Fareed Zakaria , Brent Scowcroft , Angelina Jolie , Brian Williams , and Erin Burnett . `` Council on Foreign Relations '' . File . FBI . August 27 , 1931 . 62 - 5256 . VIAF : 123753286 ISNI : 0000 0001 1954 9472 GND : 39475 - 0 SUDOC : 032518072 BNF : cb123532755 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&oldid=806353735 '' Categories : Council on Foreign Relations 1921 establishments in the United States Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Organizations based in New York City Organizations established in 1921 Realist think tanks Rockefeller Foundation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who heads the u.s. intelligence community science forum
[ "\nCouncil on Foreign Relations\n\n\n\n\nAbbreviation\nCFR\n\n\nFormation\n1921; 96 years ago (1921)\n\n\nType\nPublic policy think tank\n\n\nHeadquarters\n58 East 68th Street\n\n\nLocation\n\n\n\nNew York City, New York, U.S.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident\n\nRichard N. Haass\n\n\n\nRevenue (2015)\n\n$101,553,200[1]\n\n\nExpenses (2015)\n$69,931,200[1]\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.cfr.org\n\n" ]
[ "Richard N. Haass" ]
5711174123351508599
Star Tours
Star Tours - wikipedia Star Tours Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the former versions in the US , France and Japan . For the current Disneyland , Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Tokyo Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris attraction , see Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Star Tours Disneyland Area Tomorrowland Coordinates 33 ° 48 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 04 '' W  /  33.8118 ° N 117.9177 ° W  / 33.8118 ; - 117.9177 Status Closed Soft opening date December 1986 Opening date January 9 , 1987 Closing date July 27 , 2010 Replaced Adventure Thru Inner Space Replaced by Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Tokyo Disneyland Area Tomorrowland Coordinates 35 ° 38 ′ 00 '' N 139 ° 52 ′ 42 '' E  /  35.6334 ° N 139.8783 ° E  / 35.6334 ; 139.8783 Status Closed Opening date July 12 , 1989 Closing date April 2 , 2012 Replaced by Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios Area Echo Lake Coordinates 35 ° 38 ′ 00 '' N 139 ° 52 ′ 42 '' E  /  35.6334 ° N 139.8783 ° E  / 35.6334 ; 139.8783 Status Closed Opening date December 15 , 1989 Closing date September 7 , 2010 Replaced by Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Area Discoveryland Coordinates 48 ° 52 ′ 30 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 46 '' E  /  48.8751 ° N 2.7794 ° E  / 48.8751 ; 2.7794 Status Closed Opening date April 12 , 1992 Closing date March 16 , 2016 Replaced by Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue General statistics Attraction type Flight simulator with Audio - Animatronics synced to film Manufacturer Rediffusion Simulation Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Music Richard Bellis Vehicles 4 - 6 Riders per vehicle 40 Participants per group 40 Duration 4 : 30 Height restriction 40 in ( 102 cm ) Audio - animatronics Yes Host Captain Rex ( Paul Reubens ) Disney 's Fastpass available Must transfer from wheelchair Star Tours was a motion simulator attraction at several Disney theme parks , based on the successful Star Wars film series created by George Lucas . Set in the Star Wars universe , the attraction sent guests on a excursion trip to Endor , whilst being caught in an altercation between the Rebel Alliance and the Galactic Empire . The attraction featured Captain `` Rex '' RX - 24 along with series regulars R2 - D2 and C - 3PO . At its debut at Disneyland in 1987 , it was the first attraction based originally on a non-Disney licensed intellectual property . The first incarnation of the ride appeared in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in 1987 , replacing the previous attraction , Adventure Thru Inner Space . The attraction had subsequent openings at Tokyo Disneyland , Disney 's Hollywood Studios , and Disneyland Paris . The attraction at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios closed in 2010 to allow conversion for its successor attraction , Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue . The latter location was completed on May 20 , 2011 . Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris closed their versions for conversion in 2012 and 2016 , marking the original ride 's final run of 29 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Closing 2 Attraction 2.1 Cast 2.1. 1 English 2.1. 2 Japanese dub 2.1. 3 French dub 2.2 Ride system 3 Successor 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Attraction at Disneyland The ride that became Star Tours first saw light as a proposal for an attraction based on the 1979 Disney live - action film The Black Hole . It would have been an interactive ride - simulator attraction where guests would have had the ability to choose the route . However , after preliminary planning the Black Hole attraction was shelved due to its enormous cost -- approximately $50 million USD -- as well as the unpopularity of the film itself . Instead of completely dismissing the idea of a simulator , the company decided to make use of a partnership between Disney and George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , that began in 1986 with the opening of Captain EO ( a 3 - D musical film starring Michael Jackson ) at the California park . Disney then approached Lucas with the idea for Star Tours . With Lucas ' approval , Disney Imagineers purchased four military - grade flight simulators at a cost of $500,000 each and designed the ride structure . Meanwhile , Lucas and his team of special effects technicians at Industrial Light & Magic produced the first - person perspective film that would be projected inside the simulators . When both simulator and film were completed , a programmer then sat inside and used a joystick to synchronize the movement of the simulator with the apparent movement on screen . On January 9 , 1987 , at a final cost of $32 million , almost twice the cost of building the entire park in 1955 , the ride opened to throngs of patrons , many of whom dressed up as Star Wars characters for the occasion . In celebration , Disneyland remained open for a 60 - hour marathon from January 9 at 10 a.m. to January 11 at 10 p.m. Closing ( edit ) On August 14 , 2010 , Walt Disney World hosted the `` Last Tour To Endor '' event exclusively for Celebration V attendees at Disney 's Hollywood Studios from 8pm to 1am . Entertainment features and events at `` Last Tour To Endor '' included George Lucas , character appearances , Jedi Training Academy , Death Star Disco , Bespin Stage Dance Party , Raiders Of The Lost Jedi Temple of Doom : A Fan Film of Epic Proportions live show , Hyperspace Hoopla , Symphony in the Stars fireworks , and the Star Tours shutdown ceremony . The Star Tours shutdown ceremony was a live show with characters C - 3PO , R2 - D2 , Boba Fett , Darth Vader and a few Stormtroopers , culminating in the official power - down of the original Disney World Star Tours attraction . However , instead of R2 - D2 simply shutting it down , Boba Fett destroyed the ride 's power supply using a thermal detonator ( achieved using pyrotechnics ) . The ride was still open after the shutdown ceremony until September 7 , 2010 , when the attraction held its `` Final Flight to Endor '' exclusive to D23 members . Attraction ( edit ) Attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Advertised as `` The Ultimate Star Wars Adventure ! '' , Star Tours put the guest in the role of a space tourist en route to the forest moon of Endor , the site of the climactic battle of Return of the Jedi , via the Star Tours travel agency . Much was made of this throughout the ride queue , which was designed to look like a spaceship boarding terminal : posters advertised voyages to different planets , and a giant screen informed riders of the benefits of going to Endor . This area was stocked with Audio - Animatronic characters that seemed to speak to the ride patrons ( including C - 3PO and R2 - D2 ) , as well as a life - size mock - up of a StarSpeeder 3000 , the fictional spacecraft which riders were about to board . According to the book Disneyland Detective by Kendra Trahan , the figures of C - 3PO and R2 - D2 in the Disneyland attraction were actual props from the original film , modified to operate via Audio - Animatronics . Guests then entered a maintenance area where an apparently underproductive G2 droid performed repairs on another droid while being distracted by the observing guests , and another droid inadvertently pointed out all the supposed flaws of the StarSpeeder 3000 and its RX pilots . The G2 droids were in fact the animatronic skeletons of two geese from the Tomorrowland attraction America Sings . A ride attendant escorted guests to one of several loading stations where they waited for their turn to ride . A television screen above the queue displayed a countdown to take - off time and showed images of the Starspeeder 3000 spacecraft being serviced . As launch time approached , a safety video was shown featuring Star Wars aliens , Disney Imagineers , and their families . It instructed guests how to fasten their seat belts and where to place belongings . Once the doors to the Starspeeder opened , guests walked across bridges into one of several Starspeeder cabins . As the doors closed , the bumbling pilot droid of the ship , RX - 24 or Rex ( voiced by Paul Reubens ) , appeared on the side screen and chatted to the guests about the trip as R2 - D2 was loaded onto the spacecraft . Rex lowered the cockpit shield , and the hangar crew activated the flight platform . All went well until a slight mistake on Captain Rex 's part sent the Starspeeder crashing into the maintenance bay doors and plummeting into the maintenance yard . They just barely crashed into the control room and nearly collided with a giant mechanical arm . Once in space , Rex asked R2 - D2 to make the jump to lightspeed . However , the ship accidentally passed the Endor moon and instead got caught inside a comet cluster . The ship got hit by several comets before getting trapped in one of the larger comets . The Starspeeder weaved its way through the comet and escaped by crashing through one of the walls . Upon escaping the comet , however , the ship encountered a Star Destroyer of the Imperial Remnant . The Starspeeder got caught in its tractor beam , but managed to get loose when a New Republic X-wing fighter provided assistance by destroying the tractor beam 's generator . Soon the Starspeeder accompanied the Republic fleet on an assault on the Death Star III ( later revealed by Leland Chee in 2013 to be a Habitation Sphere disguised as a Death Star in a plot by an Imperial Warlord to distract the New Republic ) . Rex used the Starspeeder 's lasers to eliminate several TIE fighters while a Republic pilot destroyed the Death Star in the same manner as Luke Skywalker by firing two proton torpedoes into the exhaust port . The X-Wings jumped to lightspeed as the Death Star exploded , and a final lightspeed jump sent the Starspeeder back to the spaceport , nearly colliding with a fuel truck in the hangar and sending a Star Tours employee ducking under his desk . As the cockpit shield raised and cut off Rex as he apologized for the near - fatal flight , C - 3PO instructed the passengers on the exit procedure and thanked them , oblivious to the perils they just faced . The exit doors opposite the entrance then opened and the passengers proceeded across another set of bridges into the exit hall towards the Star Trader gift shop . Cast ( edit ) English ( edit ) Anthony Daniels - C - 3PO ( voice and action ) Paul Reubens - Captain RX - 24 , a.k.a. Rex ( voice ) Brian Cummings - Vid - Screen Announcer ( planetary destinations ) ( voice ) Stephanie Taylor - Safety Instructor Steve Gawley - cameo as Red Leader ( onboard video ) Warwick Davis - cameo as Wicket the Ewok Places Comets , Planets Japanese dub ( edit ) Yūji Mitsuya -- Captain RX - 24 , a.k.a. Rex ( voice ) French dub ( edit ) Anthony Daniels -- C - 3PO Luq Hamet -- Captain RX - 24 , a.k.a. Rex ( voice ) Muren , Gawley , and Keeler were all Industrial Light & Magic special effects staff . One year earlier , Reubens had voiced the shipboard computer in the Disney film Flight of the Navigator ( credited as Paul Mall ) , in which his character was named Max . Reubens credited this role with his being cast for the ride . Ride system ( edit ) Star Tours utilized hydraulic motion base cabins featuring six degrees of freedom , including the ability to move 35 degrees in the X-Y-Z plane . The simulator was patented as Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator ( ATLAS ) , originally designed by Rediffusion Simulation in Sussex , England , now owned by Thales Training & Simulation ( ex-Thomson - CSF ) . The Rediffusion ' Leisure ' simulator was originally developed for a much simpler show in Canada called `` Tour of the Universe '' , where it featured a single entrance / exit door in the rear of the cabin and a video projector . The film was front - projected onto the screen from a 70 mm film projector located beneath the cockpit barrier . The Disneyland original had four simulators , while the shows in Tokyo Disneyland , Disneyland Paris , and WDW Disney 's Hollywood Studio each had six motion bases . Successor ( edit ) Main article : Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue The successor attraction opened in Disney 's Hollywood Studios on May 20 , 2011 and at Disneyland on June 3 , 2011 , replacing the parks ' original Star Tours attractions . It features an updated ride system , consisting of a new high - definition video , a Dolby 3D high - definition screen , improved motion simulators and several new special effects and Audio - animatronics . The attraction is set at an earlier point in the Star Wars timeline ( between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope ) and is piloted by C - 3PO . Gallery ( edit ) An Audio - animatronic Mon Calamari can be seen in the control booth Queue showing Star Speeder . Loading Area Mike Johansen dressed as a stormtrooper in front of the attraction while participating in the CHOC Walk , a Walk - A-Thon for Children 's Hospital of Orange County Disney 's Hollywood Studios ' entrance Disneyland 's entrance in 1998 after the Tomorrowland makeover Disneyland 's entrance in 1996 before Tomorrowland makeover Tokyo Disneyland 's entrance See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal List of former Disneyland attractions Disney 's Hollywood Studios attraction and entertainment history List of amusement rides based on film franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Music by Richard Bellis '' . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.starwars.com/news/how-the-501st-and-rebel-legions-became-part-of-star-tours HOW THE 501ST AND REBEL LEGIONS BECAME PART OF STAR TOURS Jump up ^ `` Star Tours to be Reintroduced in a New Version ! - Star Tours : The Adventures Continue - Opening Spring 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Press Release . Tokyo Disney Resort . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DreamDisney ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Star Tours 2 à Disneyland Paris pour les 25 ans '' . Radio Disney Club . Jump up ^ `` Star Tours with Paul Reubens '' . Disney D23. 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Tours with Paul Reubens '' . Interview . D23 The Official Disney Fan Club . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peltz , James F. ( November 25 , 1993 ) . `` Hughes Agrees to Sell Flight Simulator Unit '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Dara ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Sneak Preview : Starspeeder 1000 Collectible Exclusively at Star Wars Celebration V '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Tom ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Who 's Flying This Thing ! ? '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Disneyland : Star Tours Walt Disney World 's Disney 's Hollywood Studios : Star Tours Star Tours on IMDb EndorExpress.net ( formerly SWStarTours.net ) a comprehensive Star Tours site Flash recreation of the ride Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Attractions at Disney theme parks Main Street , U.S.A. Animation Academy The Dapper Dans The Disney Gallery Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Main Street Cinema Adventureland Adventure Isle Continent Mountain The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! Festival of the Lion King Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril Jungle Cruise Le Passage Enchanté d'Aladdin Moana 's Village Festival The Magic Carpets of Aladdin Soaring Over the Horizon Swiss Family Treehouse Tarzan 's Treehouse Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Western River Railroad Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Alice 's Curious Labyrinth Ariel 's Grotto The Aristocats The Barnstormer Casey Jr . Circus Train Casey Jr . Splash ' n ' Soak Station Cinderella Carousel Cinderella Castle Dumbo the Flying Elephant Dumbo Dumbo 's Sircas Fair Fantasyland Theatre Frozen : A Sing - Along Celebration It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Layd and the Tramp Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant Under the Sea : Journey of the Little Mermaid Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mickey 's PhilharMagic Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Pete 's Silly Sideshow Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Seven Dwarfs Mine Train Sleeping Beauty Castle Sleeping Beauty Castle & Hub Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Voyage to the Crystal Grotto 101 Dalmatians Tomorrowland Avengers ride Astro Orbiter Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Captain EO Disneyland Monorail System Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Iron Man Experience Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor Monsters , Inc . Ride & Go Seek Innoventions Les Mystères du Nautilus Push S.H.I.E.L.D. ride Space Mountain Starcade Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Stitch 's Great Escape ! Stitch Encounter Tomorrowland Transit Authority Tron Lightcycle Power Run Videopolis Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress Frontierland Bug 's Life : the Ride Big Grizzly Mountain Runaway Mine Cars Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Big Thunder Ranch Country Bear Jamboree Diamond Horseshoe Fantasmic ! Frontierland Shootin ' Arcade Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Phantom Manor Tom Sawyer Island River Rogue Keel Boats Sailing Ship Columbia Woody 's Roundup Village New Orleans Square Haunted Mansion Pirates of the Caribbean Critter Country Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes Splash Mountain The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale 's Treehouse Donald 's Boat Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Toon Park Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Battle Escape First order attraction Mallum Falclon Attraction Liberty Square The Hall of Presidents Haunted Mansion Toy Story Playland Cubot RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Mystic Point Mystic Manor Treasure Cove Pirates of the Caribbean : Battle for the Sunken Treasure Frozen Land Frozen Ever After Wandering Oaken 's Dancing Sleighs Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Tours&oldid=800817615 '' Categories : Closed amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1987 Amusement rides that closed in 2010 Amusement rides introduced in 1989 Amusement rides that closed in 2012 Amusement rides introduced in 1992 Amusement rides that closed in 2016 Amusement rides by name 1987 films 1980s short films Amusement rides based on film franchises Amusement rides manufactured by Rediffusion Simulation Audio - Animatronic attractions Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disneyland Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Echo Lake ( Disney ) Fictional agencies Lucasfilm films Simulator rides Star Wars spin - off films Tokyo Disneyland Tomorrowland Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions Walt Disney Parks and Resorts films Fictional airlines Space in amusement parks 1987 establishments in California 1989 establishments in Japan 1989 establishments in Florida 1992 establishments in France Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 23 . 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when did the star wars ride open at disneyland
[ "\n\nStar Tours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDisneyland\n\n\nArea\nTomorrowland\n\n\nCoordinates\n33°48′42″N 117°55′04″W / 33.8118°N 117.9177°W / 33.8118; -117.9177\n\n\nStatus\nClosed\n\n\nSoft opening date\nDecember 1986\n\n\nOpening date\nJanuary 9, 1987\n\n\nClosing date\nJuly 27, 2010\n\n\nReplaced\nAdventure Thru Inner Space\n\n\nReplaced by\nStar Tours–The Adventures Continue\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTokyo Disneyland\n\n\nArea\nTomorrowland\n\n\nCoordinates\n35°38′00″N 139°52′42″E / 35.6334°N 139.8783°E / 35.6334; 139.8783\n\n\nStatus\nClosed\n\n\nOpening date\nJuly 12, 1989\n\n\nClosing date\nApril 2, 2012\n\n\nReplaced by\nStar Tours—The Adventures Continue\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDisney's Hollywood Studios\n\n\nArea\nEcho Lake\n\n\nCoordinates\n35°38′00″N 139°52′42″E / 35.6334°N 139.8783°E / 35.6334; 139.8783\n\n\nStatus\nClosed\n\n\nOpening date\nDecember 15, 1989\n\n\nClosing date\nSeptember 7, 2010\n\n\nReplaced by\nStar Tours–The Adventures Continue\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDisneyland Park (Paris)\n\n\nArea\nDiscoveryland\n\n\nCoordinates\n48°52′30″N 2°46′46″E / 48.8751°N 2.7794°E / 48.8751; 2.7794\n\n\nStatus\nClosed\n\n\nOpening date\nApril 12, 1992\n\n\nClosing date\nMarch 16, 2016\n\n\nReplaced by\nStar Tours—The Adventures Continue\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral statistics\n\n\nAttraction type\nFlight simulator with Audio-Animatronics synced to film\n\n\nManufacturer\nRediffusion Simulation\n\n\nDesigner\nWalt Disney Imagineering\n\n\nMusic\nRichard Bellis[1]\n\n\nVehicles\n4-6\n\n\nRiders per vehicle\n40\n\n\nParticipants per group\n40\n\n\nDuration\n4:30\n\n\nHeight restriction\n40 in (102 cm)\n\n\nAudio-animatronics\nYes\n\n\nHost\nCaptain Rex (Paul Reubens)\n\n\n\n Disney's Fastpass available\n\n\n\n\n Must transfer from wheelchair\n\n\n" ]
[ "January 9, 1987" ]
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Waldorf Astoria New York
Waldorf Astoria New York - Wikipedia Waldorf Astoria New York Jump to : navigation , search For the original hotel on Fifth Avenue near 34th Street , see Waldorf -- Astoria ( New York , 1893 ) . For other uses , see Waldorf -- Astoria ( disambiguation ) . Waldorf Astoria New York The hotel from the north General information Location 301 Park Avenue Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 27 '' W  /  40.75639 ° N 73.97417 ° W  / 40.75639 ; - 73.97417 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 27 '' W  /  40.75639 ° N 73.97417 ° W  / 40.75639 ; - 73.97417 Opening 1893 ( Waldorf Hotel ) 1897 ( Astoria Hotel ) 1931 ( Waldorf - Astoria Hotel ) Closed 2017 ( temporarily for renovations ) Owner Anbang Insurance Group Management Hilton Worldwide Height 625 ft ( 191 m ) Technical details Floor count 47 Design and construction Architect Schultze & Weaver Other information Number of rooms 1,413 Number of restaurants Peacock Alley Bull and Bear Steakhouse ' La Chine Website Official hotel website The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York . The first , bearing the same name , was built in two stages , as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel , which accounts for its dual name . That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue , opened in 1893 , and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh . It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building . The present building , at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan , is a 47 - story 190.5 m ( 625 ft ) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver , which was completed in 1931 . The current hotel was the world 's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963 , when it was surpassed by Moscow 's Hotel Ukraina by 7 metres ( 23 ft ) . An icon of glamour and luxury , the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world 's most prestigious and best known hotels . Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels , and a portfolio of high - end properties around the world now operate under the name , including in New York City . From its inception , the Waldorf Astoria gained international renown for its lavish dinner parties and galas , often at the center of political and business conferences and fundraising schemes involving the rich and famous . Particularly after World War II it played a significant role in world politics and the Cold War , culminating in the controversial World Peace Conference of March 1949 at the hotel , in which Stalinism was widely denounced . Conrad Hilton acquired management rights to the hotel on October 12 , 1949 , and the Hilton Hotels Corporation finally bought the hotel outright in 1972 . It underwent a $150 million renovation by Lee Jablin in the 1980s and early 1990s , and in October 2014 it was announced that the Anbang Insurance Group of China had purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US $1.95 billion , making it the most expensive hotel ever sold . On July 1 , 2016 , Anbang announced that it would convert some of the Waldorf 's hotel rooms into condominiums , closing the hotel for a three - year renovation on March 1 , 2017 . The Waldorf Astoria and Towers has a total of 1,413 hotel rooms as of 2014 . In 2009 , when it had 1,416 rooms , the main hotel had 1,235 single and double rooms and 208 mini suites , while the Waldorf Towers , from the 28th floor up to the 42nd , had 181 rooms , of which 115 were suites , with one to four bedrooms . Several of the luxury suites are named after celebrities who lived or stayed in them such as The Cole Porter Suite , The Royal Suite , named after the Duke and Duchess of Windsor , the MacArthur Suite and the Churchill Suite . The most expensive room , the Presidential Suite , is designed with Georgian - style furniture to emulate that of the White House . It was the residence of Herbert Hoover from his retirement for over 30 years , and Frank Sinatra kept a suite at the Waldorf from 1979 until 1988 . The hotel has three main restaurants , Peacock Alley , The Bull and Bear Steak House , and La Chine , a new Chinese restaurant that replaced Oscar 's Brasserie in late 2015 . Sir Harry 's Bar , named after British explorer Sir Harry Johnston , is the home of the Rob Roy and the Bobbie Burns cocktails . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Original buildings 2.2 Current building 2.2. 1 Early years and international politics 2.2. 2 April in Paris Ball 2.3 Later history 3 Architecture 3.1 Old buildings 3.2 Current building 3.2. 1 Exterior 3.2. 2 Interior 3.2. 2.1 Rooms and suites 3.2. 2.2 Other facilities 3.2. 2.3 Secret railway track 4 Restaurants and cuisine 4.1 Cocktail books 5 Notable residents and tenants 5.1 Leaders and businesspeople 5.2 Celebrities 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Name ( edit ) The name of the hotel is ultimately derived from the town of Walldorf in Germany , the ancestral home of the prominent German - American Astor family that originated there . The hotel was originally known as The Waldorf - Astoria with a single hyphen , as recalled by a popular expression and song , `` Meet Me at the Hyphen . '' The sign was changed to a double hyphen , looking similar to an equals sign , by Conrad Hilton when he purchased the hotel in 1949 . The double hyphen visually represents `` Peacock Alley '' , the hallway between the two hotels that once stood where the Empire State building now stands today . The use of the double hyphen was discontinued by parent company Hilton in 2009 , shortly after the introduction of the Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts chain . The hotel has since been known as the Waldorf Astoria New York , without any hyphen , though this is sometimes shortened to the Waldorf Astoria . History ( edit ) Engraved vignettes of the original separate hotels Original buildings ( edit ) Main article : Waldorf -- Astoria ( New York , 1893 ) The original hotel started as two hotels on Fifth Avenue built by feuding relatives . The first hotel , the 13 - story , 450 - room Waldorf Hotel , designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh in the German Renaissance style , was opened on March 13 , 1893 at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 33rd Street , on the site where millionaire developer William Waldorf Astor had his mansion . The original hotel stood 225 feet ( 69 m ) high , with a frontage of about 100 feet ( 30 m ) on Fifth Avenue , with an area of 69,475 square feet ( 6,454.4 m ) . The original hotel was described as having a `` lofty stone and brick exterior '' , which was `` animated by an effusion of balconies , alcoves , arcades , and loggias beneath a tile roof bedecked with gables and turrets '' . William Astor , motivated in part by a dispute with his aunt Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor , had built the Waldorf Hotel next door to her house , on the site of his father 's mansion . The hotel was built to the specifications of founding proprietor George Boldt , who owned and operated the Bellevue - Stratford Hotel , a fashionable hotel on Broad Street in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , with his wife Louise . Boldt was described as `` Mild mannered , undignified , unassuming '' , resembling `` a typical German professor with his close - cropped beard which he kept fastidiously trimmed ... and his pince - nez glasses on a black silk cord '' . Boldt continued to own the Bellevue even after his relationship with the Astors blossomed . At first , the Waldorf appeared destined for failure . It was originally a laughing stock with its high number of bathrooms and was known briefly as `` Boldt 's Folly '' or `` Astor 's Folly '' , with the general perception of the palatial hotel being that it had no place in New York City . Wealthy New Yorkers were angry because they viewed the construction of the hotel as the ruination of a good neighborhood . Business travelers found it too expensive and too far uptown for their needs . In the face of all of this , George Boldt decided that the hotel would host a benefit concert for St. Mary 's Hospital for Children on its opening day . The hospital was the favorite charity of those on the Social Register . The ballroom filled with many of New York 's First Families , who had paid five dollars for the concert and dinner at the Waldorf . It soon became a major success , earning $4.5 million in its first year , exorbitant for that period . William Waldorf Astor Oscar Tschirky William Astor 's construction of a hotel next to his aunt 's house worsened his feud with her , but , with Boldt 's assistance , Waldorf 's cousin , John Jacob Astor IV persuaded his mother to move uptown . On November 1 , 1897 , John Jacob Astor IV opened the 17 - story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site , and leased it to Boldt . The hotels were initially built as two separate structures , but Boldt planned the Astoria so it could be connected to the Waldorf by an alley . Peacock Alley was constructed to connect the two buildings , and the hotel subsequently became known as the `` Waldorf - Astoria '' , the largest hotel in the world at the time . With a telephone in every room and first - class room service , the hotel was designed specifically to cater to the needs of socially prominent `` wealthy upper crust '' of New York and distinguished foreign visitors to the city . The hotel became , according to author Sean Dennis Cashman , `` a successful symbol of the opulence and achievement of the Astor family '' . It was the first hotel to offer complete electricity and private bathrooms . Founding proprietor Boldt , whose motto was `` the guest is always right '' , became wealthy and prominent internationally , if not so much a popular celebrity as his famous employee , Oscar Tschirky , known as `` Oscar of the Waldorf '' , maître d'hôtel from the hotel 's inauguration in 1893 until his retirement in 1943 . Tschirky had arrived in the United States from Switzerland ten years prior to applying for the position at the new Waldorf and over the years grew to possess a great knowledge of cuisine . He authored The Cookbook by Oscar of The Waldorf ( 1896 ) , a 900 - page book featuring all of the popular recipes of the day , including his own , for which he garnered great acclaim , such as Waldorf salad , Eggs Benedict and Thousand Island dressing , which remain popular worldwide today . James Remington McCarthy wrote in his book Peacock Alley that Oscar gained renown among the general public as an artist who `` composed sonatas in soups , symphonies in salads , minuets in sauces , lyrics in entrees '' . In 1902 Tschirky published Serving a Course Dinner by Oscar of the Waldorf - Astoria , a booklet that explains the intricacies of being a caterer to the American and international elite . Tschirky had an excellent memory and an encyclopedic memory of the culinary preferences of many of the guests , which further added to his popularity . In 1937 , for instance , he recalled the opening night and notable people present at the old Waldorf , a guest at the old building known to the public as Buffalo Bill , and spoke at length about the planning for the Panama Canal that took place at the Waldorf - Astoria . The original hotel 's Octagon Room , 1893 The Waldorf gained significant renown internationally for its fundraising dinners and balls , regularly attracting notables of the day such as Andrew Carnegie , who became a fixture . Banquets were often held in the ballroom for esteemed figures and international royalty . The Waldorf Astoria was influential in advancing the status of women , who were admitted singly without escorts . George Boldt 's wife , Louise Kehrer Boldt , was influential in evolving the idea of the grand urban hotel as a social center , particularly in making it appealing to women as a venue for social events . On February 11 , 1899 , Oscar hosted a lavish dinner reception that the New York Herald Tribune cited as the city 's costliest dinner at the time . Some $250 was spent per guest , with bluepoint oysters , green turtle soup , lobster , ruddy duck and blue raspberries . One article that year claimed that at any one time the hotel had $7 million worth of valuables locked in the safe , testament to the wealth of its guests . In 1902 a lavish dinner was organized for Prince Henry of Prussia , and in 1909 banquets , attended by hundreds , were organized for Arctic explorer Frederick Cook in September and Elbert Henry Gary , a founder of US Steel , the following month . The United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic was opened at the hotel on April 19 , 1912 and continued there for some time in the Myrtle Room , before moving on to Washington , D.C. . John Jacob Astor IV was one of the people who perished on its ill - fated journey . Seven senators were present on the subcommittee , including William Alden Smith ( Republican , Michigan ) as chair , Jonathan Bourne ( Republican , Oregon ) , Theodore E. Burton ( Republican , Ohio ) , Duncan U. Fletcher ( Democrat , Florida ) , Francis G. Newlands ( Democrat , Nevada ) , George Clement Perkins ( Republican , California ) , and Furnifold McLendel Simmons ( Democrat , North Carolina ) . The composition of the subcommittee was carefully chosen to represent the conservative , moderate and liberal wings of the two parties . Banquet for Elbert Henry Gary , a founder of US Steel ( 1909 ) US Senate Committee hearing for the sinking of the RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) Women operating stock market board and a ticker tape machine at the Waldorf in 1918 , during World War I . In 1919 , restaurateur Louis Sherry announced an `` alliance '' with the Waldorf - Astoria that involved both his candies and catering services . Although it was not disclosed at that time , at some point ownership of Louis Sherry Inc. was significantly vested in `` Boomer - duPont interests '' , a reference to Lucius M. Boomer , then chairman of the Waldorf - Astoria , and T. Coleman du Pont . Upon his death that year , William Waldorf Astor was reputed to have been worth £ 200 million , which he left in trust for his two sons Waldorf and John Jacob . His half share of the Waldorf Astoria and the Astor Hotel at the time were reported to have been worth £ 10 million . On the evening of November 15 , 1926 , the National Broadcasting Company broadcast its inaugural program from the grand ballroom of the old Waldorf - Astoria . Among the entertainers heard by radio listeners was Will Rogers . The network became the Red Network on January 1 , 1927 when NBC launched its second network , designated the Blue Network . An antitrust suit forced the sale of the Blue Network in 1942 ; it became the American Broadcasting Company . The hotel faced stiff competition from the early 20th century , with a range of new hotels springing up in New York City such the Hotel Astor ( 1904 ) , The St. Regis ( 1904 ) , The Knickerbocker ( 1906 ) , and the Savoy - Plaza Hotel ( 1927 ) . By the 1920s , the hotel was becoming dated , and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north than 34th Street . The Astor family finally sold the hotel to the developers of the Empire State Building and closed the hotel on May 3 , 1929 . It was demolished soon after . Current building ( edit ) Early years and International politics ( edit ) The idea of a new Waldorf - Astoria hotel was based on the concept that there should be a large opulent hotel in New York for distinguished visitors . Financial backing was not difficult to get in the summer of 1929 as times were prosperous ; the stock market had not yet crashed nor had the Depression arrived . However , before ground was broken for the new building , some of the investors became dubious about whether this was the right time to be investing in a luxury hotel . The land for the new hotel was formerly owned by the New York Central Railroad , who had promised $10 million toward the building of the new Waldorf - Astoria . The railroad and all the other investors decided to honor their commitments and take their chances with the uncertain financial climate . The new building opened on Park Avenue , between East 49th and East 50th streets , on October 1 , 1931 . It was the tallest and largest hotel in the world at the time , covering the entire block . The slender central tower became known as the Waldorf Towers , with its own private entrance on 50th Street , and consisted of 100 suites , about one third of which were leased as private residences . President Herbert Hoover said on the radio , broadcast from the White House : `` The opening of the new Waldorf Astoria is an event in the advancement of hotels , even in New York City . It carries great tradition in national hospitality ... marks the measure of nation 's growth in power , in comfort and in artistry ... an exhibition of courage and confidence to the whole nation '' . There were 2,000 people in the ballroom listening to this speech , but by the end of the business day , the 2,200 - room hotel had only 500 occupancies . It was not until 1939 that the Waldorf - Astoria began operating at a profit . Lucius Boomer continued to manage the hotel in the 1930s and 1940s , a commanding figure who Tony Rey referred to as `` the greatest hotelman of his era '' . Boomer was elected chairman of the board of the Waldorf - Astoria Corporation on February 20 , 1945 , a position he held until his death in July 1947 . Like the original hotel , from its inception , the Waldorf Astoria gained worldwide renown for its glamorous dinner parties and galas , often at the center of political and business conferences and fundraising schemes . Author Ward Morehouse III has referred to the Waldorf Astoria as `` comparable to great national institutions '' and a `` living symbol deep within our collective consciousness '' . It had the `` greatest banquet department in the world '' at the time according to restaurateur Tom Margittai , with the centre of activity being the Grand Ballroom . On August 3 , 1932 , some 200 people representing the `` cream of New York 's literary world '' attended the Waldorf Astoria to honor Pearl S. Buck , the author of The Good Earth , which was the best - selling novel in the United States in 1931 and 1932 . One dinner alone , a relatively `` small dinner '' attended by some 50 people in June 1946 , raised over $250,000 . The hotel played a considerable role in the emerging Cold War and international relations during the post-war years , staging numerous events and conferences . On March 15 , 1946 , Winston Churchill attended a welcoming dinner at the hotel given by Governor Thomas E. Dewey , ten days after making his famous Iron Curtain speech , and from November 4 to December 12 , 1946 , the Big Four Conference was held in Jørgine Boomer 's apartment on the 37th floor of the Towers between the United States , Britain , France and the Soviet Union to discuss the future of Eastern Europe . On November 24 , 1947 , 48 prominent figures of the Hollywood film industry , including various film executives such as Louis B. Mayer of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures , Spyros Skouras of 20th Century Fox and Albert Warner of Warner Bros. and Eric Johnston , the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , met at the Waldorf Astoria and discussed what would become the Waldorf Statement , banning people with Communist beliefs or tendencies from the Hollywood film industry . The Statement was a response to the contempt of Congress charges against the so - called `` Hollywood Ten '' . On June 21 , 1948 a press conference at the hotel introduced the LP record . From March 27 to 29 , 1949 , the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace , also known as the Waldorf World Peace Conference , was held at the hotel to discuss the emerging Cold War and the growing divide between the US and the Soviet Union . The conference came at time when there was deep anti-Communist sentiment and suspicion of the Soviet Union in the United States , following the Berlin Blockade and the Czechoslovak coup d'état the previous year . The event was organized by the struggling American Communist Party , but was sponsored by many individuals who were not Stalinists such as Leonard Bernstein , Marlon Brando , Albert Einstein and Aaron Copland , with the intention of promoting peace . The conference was attended by the likes of Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey Vyshinsky , composer and pianist Dmitri Shostakovich and writer Alexsander Fadeyev . Tension mounted during the controversial event , and culminated when Shostakovich , in front of a crowd of some 800 people , launched a scathing attack on western civilization , remarking that `` a small clique of hatemongers was preparing world public opinion for the transition from cold war to outright aggression '' . The event was picketed in a counter-attack by anti-Stalinists running under the banner of `` America for Intellectual Freedom '' ( AIF ) , and prominent individuals such as Irving Howe , Dwight Macdonald , Mary McCarthy , Robert Lowell and Norman Mailer publicly denounced Stalinism at the hotel . In 1954 , Israeli statesman and archaeologist Yigael Yadin met secretly with the Syriac Orthodox Archbishop Mar Samuel in the basement of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel to negotiate the purchase of four Dead Sea Scrolls for Israel . The scrolls were kept in a vault at the Waldorf - Astoria branch of New York 's Chemical Bank . At the request of the Israeli government , respected biblical scholar Dr. Harry Orlinsky examined the scrolls and verified their authenticity ; Yadin paid $250,000 for all four . Restaurateur George Lang began working at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in 1955 , and on December 13 , 1955 he helped organize the American Theatre Wing 's First Night Ball to celebrate Helen Hayes 's 50th year in show business . He did much to organize dinners at the Waldorf to assist Hungarian issues and relief . On one occasion an event was attended by the likes of Edward G. Robinson and pianist Doklady and some $60,000 was raised . April in Paris Ball ( edit ) Main article : April in Paris Ball Marilyn Monroe with organizer Elsa Maxwell at the 1957 April in Paris Ball The April in Paris Ball was an annual gala event whose mission was to improve Franco -- American relations , to share cultures , and to help provide assistance to US and French charities , aside from commemorating the 2000th anniversary of the founding of Paris . It was established by Claude Philippe , the hotel banquet manager , in 1952 . While the hotel 's management handled invitations and publicity , other details were coordinated by socialites . Elsa Maxwell was given the primary responsibility in organizing it . It was initially held annually in April , but according to Ann Vaccaro , former executive director of the ball , it was changed to October because `` Mr. Philippe decided that because there are so many balls in the spring he would make it in October '' . After being changed to October , it often marked the start of the US fall social season . It was staged in the Grand Ballroom at the Waldorf for eight years before moving to the Hotel Astor in 1960 , the Seventh Regiment Armory in 1961 , and other venues . The ball was designed to cater for `` very , very high - class people '' according to Vaccaro . Raffle tickets cost US $100 per person and offered opulent prizes such as a US $5000 bracelet and other jewels , expensive furs , perfumes and even cars . In the 1960 event , prizes given included a Ford Thunderbird car , a Chinchilla coat , a Renault Dauphine , a TV Hi - Fi system , an electric typewriter , 25 cases of expensive French wines , original paintings and porcelains , jewels , clocks , evening bags and a pedigree poodle ; guests were given gift boxes containing gold key rings and jewelry , champagne and brandy , Maxim ashtrays , pipes , silver bottle openers , hats and scarves , and flowers . Every guest was said to have gone home with at least one gift in return . In the 1979 event , some US $106,000 worth of prizes were given out . Over its history , the ball , which was exempt from tax , earned millions of dollars , which went primarily to over 20 American charities such as the American Cancer Society , with 15 to 20 % going towards French charities . A staff of three people were paid full - time throughout the year to organize it . Of the expenses of the ball , founder Philippe stated `` We charge the most , give the most , and make the most -- it 's a success formula '' . Bernard F. Gimbel served as chief treasurer . Marlene Dietrich at the April in Paris Ball in 1959 The Paris Ball became a notable event in the annual calendar during the 1950s , with one early show featuring a `` three - hour spectacular of five tableaux , directed by Stuart Chaney '' , ( depicting ) a twelfth century scene of troubadours at the court of Eleanor of Aquitane , Henry VIII 's meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold , Louis XIV at Versailles , and a fashion show of forty creations by Dior , Fath , Balmain , Desses and Givenchy `` . French stars Juliette Greco , Jean Sablon , Beatrice Lillie , John Loder and many others were flown over for the ball . The 1957 event was attended by some 1300 guests , including the Duke and Duchess of Windsor , Senator John F. Kennedy , his wife , Jackie , and Marilyn Monroe , who paid $100 each and donated $130,000 to charities . The following year , the ballroom was decorated with 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high chestnut trees , earning US $170,000 for charities . The final ball to be hosted in the hotel was held on April 10 , 1959 , with the main theme being the Parisian circus of the 18th century . Genuine circus costumes from the period were flown over from France , and the ball was attended by Marlene Dietrich , who performed two Maurice Chevalier songs , wearing a top hat , trousers , a waistcoat and white gloves . Later History ( edit ) On May 6 , 1963 , Time magazine celebrated its 40th anniversary at the hotel . The event was attended by some 1500 celebrities , including General Douglas MacArthur , Jean Monnet , Henry Cabot Lodge , Bob Hope , Joe Louis , David O. Selznick , Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Edward Kennedy , Henry Ford II , and many others . In 1968 , British rock band The Who checked into the hotel , where they encountered difficulties with the staff of the Waldorf Astoria . Due to the band 's reputation for trashing their hotel rooms and rowdy behavior , the Waldorf demanded that they pay cash up front . However , following their gig , the band members were refused access to their hotel rooms , where their luggage was being kept . Tony Fletcher , in his biography on Keith Moon , claims that Moon challenged the staff and blew the door to their room off the hinges with his cherry bombs and retrieved their luggage , which prompted The Who to be shown the door and banned from the hotel for life . However , clearly the ban was later revoked as they performed at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction at Waldorf on January 17 , 1990 . Conrad Hilton Soon after the opening of the hotel in 1931 , hotelier Conrad Hilton , almost bankrupt at the time , reportedly cut out a photograph of the hotel from a magazine and wrote across it , `` The Greatest of Them All '' . He acquired management rights to the hotel on October 12 , 1949 . The Hilton Hotels Corporation finally bought the hotel outright in 1972 . In the 1970s , the Waldorf Astoria continued to play an important role in international politics , particularly between the US and the Middle East . In November 1974 , a `` 20 - car motorcade , with eight shotgun - toting police marksmen aboard in bullet - proof vests '' brought Palestinian Fatah party leader Farouk Kaddoumi to the Waldorf from John F. Kennedy International Airport . The Waldorf was on red alert , and German Shepherd sniffer dogs were brought in prior to his arrival to look for possible bombs . 15 suites of the hotel were reserved for the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) Arab delegation . The following month , President Ford met with Nelson Rockefeller after he was voted Vice President , and a 90 - minute press conference was held in a suite in the hotel . In November 1975 , the US government insisted that PLO leader Yasser Arafat stay at the Waldorf during his visit to America , against the wishes of the hotel staff ; security was stepped up severely . On August 12 , 1981 , IBM unveiled its Personal Computer in a press conference at the Waldorf Astoria , and in 1985 , the NBA held its first - ever draft lottery between non-playoff teams at the Starlight Room . The lottery was for the 1985 NBA Draft in which Patrick Ewing was the consensus number one pick . Lee Jablin , of Harman Jablin Architects , fully renovated and upgraded the historical property to its original grandeur during the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s in a $150 million renovation . The hotel was named an official New York City Landmark in 1993 . On May 27 , 2001 , the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America had a grand banquet at the hotel to celebrate the 1700th anniversary of Armenia 's conversion to Christianity , with Ambassador Edward Djerejian as guest speaker . On May 7 , 2004 , a press conference was held by MGM , discussing Steve Martin 's The Pink Panther of The Pink Panther . The 5th Annual DGA Honors Gala was held at the Waldorf on September 29 . In 2006 , Hilton launched Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts , a global luxury brand named for the iconic hotel . There are now branches of the Waldorf Astoria in Arizona , California , Florida , Hawaii , Louisiana in the United States , and abroad in France , Israel , Italy and Saudi Arabia . In 2006 it was reported that Hilton were considering opening a new Waldorf Astoria hotel on the Las Vegas Strip . In 2008 the Waldorf Astoria opened the Guerlain and Spa Chakra , Inc. spa at the hotel , as part of the Waldorf Astoria Collection , which offers a `` body massage and facial using Guerlain 's age - defying Orchidee Imperiale skincare '' . The Waldorf Astoria New York is a member of Historic Hotels of America , the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` The Towers of the Waldorf Astoria '' continues to operate as a boutique `` hotel within a hotel '' . In October 2014 , it was announced that the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , had purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US $1.95 billion , making it the most expensive hotel ever sold . On July 1 , 2016 , Anbang announced plans to refurbish the hotel and turn some rooms into condominiums . Under the plan , some of the hotel 's rooms will be turned into apartments , with the remainder of the rooms remaining hotel suites . As part of the refurbishment process , the hotel closed on March 1 , 2017 , with plans to reopen it in 2020 . The hotel 's restaurants , including Peacock Alley , The Bull and Bear Steak House , and the recently opened La Chine , closed along with the hotel ; they will reopen when the renovation is completed . A week after the hotel closed , on March 7 , 2017 , the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted unanimously to list the interiors of the hotel 's famous public spaces as New York City landmarks , protecting them from any alteration during the renovations . Architecture ( edit ) Old buildings ( edit ) Main article : Waldorf -- Astoria ( New York , 1893 ) § Architecture Gentlemen 's Cafe Restaurant Henry IV drawing room Louis XIV bedroom The old Waldorf Hotel , built at a reported cost of about US $5 million , opened on March 13 , 1893 at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 33rd Street , on the site where millionaire developer William Waldorf Astor had previously built his mansion . The hotel stood 225 feet ( 69 m ) high , about 50 feet ( 15 m ) lower than the Astoria , with a frontage of about 100 feet ( 30 m ) on Fifth Avenue , and a total area of 69,475 square feet ( 6,454.4 m ) . It was a German Renaissance structure , designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh , with 15 public rooms and 450 guest rooms , and a further 100 rooms allocated to servants , with laundry facilities on the upper floors . The New York Times proclaimed the hotel a palace after it opened in 1893 . The exterior featured loggias , balconies , gables , groups of chimneys , and tiled roofs . One of the chief features was the interior garden court , with fountains and flowers , walls of white terracotta , frescoes and stained glass . The entrance hall was built in Sienna marble , with a mosaic title floor and a coffered ceiling . The original reception desk of the Waldorf Hotel became a registration desk when it merged with the Astoria Hotel in 1897 . Beyond the lobby was the main corridor leading to the Empire Room , with an alcove off it containing the elevators and grand staircase . Near this was the Marie Antoinette parlor , which was used as a reception room for women . It contained 18th century antiques brought back by Boldt and his wife from an 1892 visit to Europe , including a bust of Marie Antoinette , and an antique clock which was once owned by her . The Empire Room was the largest and most lavishly adorned room in the Waldorf , and soon after opening , it became one of the best restaurants in New York City , rivaling Delmonico 's and Sherry 's . It was modeled after the grand salon in King Ludwig 's palace at Munich , with satin hangings , upholstery and marble pillars , all of pale green , and Crowninshield 's frescoes . Empire in style , the Waldorf 's restaurant feathered columns of dark - green marble , and the pilasters that came opposite them were of mahogany , with ormolu work in the panels . The Waldorf State Apartments , consisting of nine suites , were located on the second floor . The apartments , including the Henry IV Drawing Room , the Francois V Bedroom , which was a reproduction of the room at the Palais de Fontainebleau , had their own music room and a banquet hall to seat 20 , with a handsome china collection including 48 Sevres plates with European portraits . Main ballroom as theater Astoria restaurant . Fifth Avenue corner suite drawing room Astoria double bedroom The old Astoria Hotel , opened in 1897 , was situated on the southeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 34th Street . It was also designed in the German Renaissance style by Henry J. Hardenbergh . With dimensions of 99 by 350 feet ( 30 m × 107 m ) , its height , from the floor of the sub-basement , which was 33 feet ( 10 m ) below the street level , to the roof - line , was about 270 feet ( 82 m ) , or about 240 feet ( 73 m ) above the street - level . It was 16 stories in height , including the four stories in the roof . The building was constructed of stone , marble and brick , with a steel skeleton frame and modern fireproof interior construction , and was embellished with `` French Second Empire Mansard - roofed towers with iron - work cresting as well as Austrian Baroque onion - domes over corners turrets '' . There were 25 public rooms and 550 guest rooms , with miles of corridors , vestibules and balls . The main corridor ran the entire length of the building from east to west . To the left of it was the Astor Dining Room , fronting on Fifth Avenue , which measured 50 by 92 feet ( 15 m × 28 m ) . Great care was taken with it to faithfully reproduce the original dining room of the mansion , three floors above where it had stood , with all of the original paneling , carpeting , drapery and fireplace mantel and Italian Renaissance pilasters and columns , carved of marble from northern Russia . On the right of the main corridor was the Garden Court of Palms , decorated in the Italian style , 88 by 57 feet ( 27 m × 17 m ) . On the first floor , at the head - of the east main staircase , was the Astor Gallery , 87 by 102 feet ( 27 m × 31 m ) , looking out on 34th Street , finished in the style of the Hôtel de Soubise , with a blue , gray and gold color scheme . The second floor contained a private suite of apartments at the northeast corner , with large drawing rooms , dining room , butler 's pantry , hallway , three bedrooms , three maids ' bedrooms and five bathrooms , all finished in old English oak . All the floors above the third were given up to suites and bedrooms up to the 14th floor . The ballroom , in the Louis XIV style , has been described as the `` pièce de résistance '' of the hotel , measuring 65 feet ( 20 m ) by 95 feet ( 29 m ) and 40 feet ( 12 m ) ( three stories ) in height . It had a capacity to seat 700 at banquets and 1,200 at concerts , and featured tints of ivory - gray and cream in its design . On the hotel 's top floor was the roof - garden , enclosed on all sides by glass , with a glass roof over . It was furnished with rattan chairs and lounges in pale - green and pink , hung across with gauzy fabric . Current building ( edit ) Exterior ( edit ) Waldorf Astoria , Park Avenue facade Travel America stated : `` To linger in the sumptuous salons of the Waldorf - Astoria is to step back in time . Your trip down memory lane is a flashback to the glamor days of the 1930s , when this Art Deco masterpiece was the tallest hotel in the world and the epicenter of elite society . A legendary limestone landmark occupying a whole block of prime real estate in midtown Manhattan , it 's still a prestigious address that embodies luxury and power in the richest city on earth . '' The hotel was designed by architects Schultze and Weaver and constructed at 301 Park Avenue , just north of Grand Central Terminal . That area was developed by building atop the existing railroad tracks leading to the station , with buildings like the Waldorf Astoria utilizing `` air rights '' to the space above the tracks . The new building opened on October 1 , 1931 . The 47 - story 190.5 m ( 625 ft ) hotel was the tallest and largest hotel in the world , and remained so for a number of years . 1,585 cubic feet ( 44.9 m ) of black marble was imported from Belgium , 600 cubic feet ( 17 m ) of Brech Montalto and 260 cubic feet ( 7.4 m ) of Alps Green arrived from Italy , and some 300 antique mantles were brought in to furnish it . 200 railroad cars brought some 800,000 cubic feet ( 23,000 m ) of limestone for the building 's facing , 27,100 tons of steel for the skeleton superstructure , and 2,595,000 square feet ( 241,100 m ) of terra cotta and gypsum block . The towers are brick - faced , which led many to believe that the builders ran out of money . Peacock Alley , a 300 feet ( 91 m ) long corridor lined with amber marble connects the two hotel buildings . Gilded , women of the times would enjoy walking along it and admiring themselves in the mirrors . In 1931 it was reported that as many as 36,000 people were walking down it on any given day . The Peacock Alley restaurant of the Waldorf took its name from the alley . The hotel had its own railway platform , Track 61 , that was part of the New York City Subway and was connected to the Grand Central Terminal complex . The platform was used by Franklin D. Roosevelt , James Farley , Adlai Stevenson , and Douglas MacArthur , among others . The platform was also used for the exhibition of American Locomotive Company 's new diesel locomotive in 1946 . In 1948 , Filene 's and the New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad also staged a fashion show on the platform . An elevator large enough for Franklin D. Roosevelt 's automobile provides access to the platform . However , it is rarely opened to the public . Interior ( edit ) Above : The main registration lobby . Below : The foyer Such is the architectural and cultural heritage of the hotel that tours are conducted of the hotel for guests . Frommer 's has cited the hotel as an `` icon of luxury '' , and highlights the `` wide stately corridors , the vintage Deco door fixtures , the white - gloved bellmen , the luxe shopping arcade '' , the `` stunning round mosaic under an immense crystal chandelier '' and the `` free - standing Waldorf clock , covered with bronze relief figures '' in the main lobby . They compare the decor of the rooms to those of an English country house , and describe the corridors as being wide and plush - carpeted which `` seem to go on forever '' . The lobby floor contains the room registration and cashier desks , the Empire Room and Hilton Room , the private Marco Polo Club , the Wedding Salon , Kenneth 's Salon , the Peacock Alley lounge and restaurant , and Sir Harry 's Bar . From 1992 to 2013 , Kenneth , sometimes called the world 's first celebrity hairdresser , famed for creating Jacqueline Kennedy 's bouffant in 1961 , moved his hairdressing and beauty salon to the Waldorf after a 1990 fire destroyed his East 54th Street shop . In the main foyer is a chandelier measuring 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) by 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) . The elevator is furnished with paneled pollard oak and Carpathian elm . Special desks in the lobby are allocated to transportation and theatre , where exclusive tickets to many of the city 's prominent theatres can be purchased . The lobby is furnished with polished nickel - bronze cornices and rockwood stone . The grand clock , a 4,000 pounds ( 1,800 kg ) bronze was built by the Goldsmith 's Company of London originally for the 1893 World Columbia Exposition in Chicago , but was purchased by the Waldorf owners . Its base is octagonal , with eight commemorative plaques of presidents George Washington , Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , Andrew Jackson , Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland , and Queen Victoria and Benjamin Franklin . A shield once belonging to the Waldorf was moved to the Alexis restaurant on W. Franklin Street in 1984 . Several boutiques surround the lobby , which contains Cole Porter 's Steinway & Sons floral print decorated grand piano on the Cocktail Terrace , which the hotel had once given him as a gift . Porter was a resident at the hotel for 30 years and composed many of his songs here . The Empire Room is where many of the musical and dance performances were put on , from Count Basie , to Victor Borge , Gordon MacRae , George M. Cohan and Lena Horne , the first black performer at the hotel . Left : The elevator lobby . Right : The Park Avenue lobby . The third floor contains the Grand Ballroom , the Silver Corridor , the Basildon Room , the Jade Room and the Astor Gallery . Numerous organizations hold their annual dinners in the grand ballroom of the Waldorf , including St. John 's University President 's Dinner , the Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York 's annual gala , during which the Deus Caritas Est Award for philanthropy is presented , and the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner . The NASCAR Sprint Cup end - of - season awards banquet was held at the Waldorf - Astoria every year between 1981 and 2008 before moving to the Wynn in Las Vegas . It was held initially in the Starlight Room , but from 1985 , it was staged in the Grand Ballroom , except in 2001 and 2002 . On May 1 , 2004 , the Waldorf - Astoria was the venue for the Manhattan Hungarian Network Grand Europe Ball , a historic black - tie charitable affair co-chaired by Archduke Georg of Austria - Hungary which celebrated the Enlargement of the European Union . Bob Hope was such a regular performer at the Ballroom that he said , `` I 've played so many dinners in the Grand Ballroom , I always make a crack when I get up to speak that I leave my dinner jacket in the lobby so that I do n't have to ship it to the Coast all the time '' . Of note in the Astor Gallery are 12 allegorical females , painted by Edward Emerson Simmons . Every October the Paris Ball was held in the Grand Ballroom , before moving to the Americana ( now the Sheraton Center ) . It hosted a memorable New Year 's Eve party with Guy Lombardo and the Royal Canadians , and Lombardo used to broadcast live on the radio there from the `` Starlight Roof '' . Maurice Chevalier performed at the ballroom in 1965 in his last appearance . The Silver Corridor outside the ballroom bears a resemblance to the Peacock Alley , but is shorter and wider . The fourth floor has the banquet and sales offices , and many of the suites including Barron , Vanderbilt , Windsor , Conrad , Vertès , Louis XVI and Cole Porter , named after the celebrities who stayed in them . The fourth floor was where the notorious Sunday night card games were played . There is also a re-creation of one of the living rooms of Hoover 's Waldorf - Astoria suite in the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum . Rooms and suites ( edit ) Waldorf Towers suite 30A The Waldorf Astoria and Towers has a total of 1,413 hotel rooms as of 2014 . In 2009 , when it had 1,416 rooms , the main hotel had 1,235 single and double rooms and 208 mini suites , 17 of which were classified as `` Astoria Level '' , which are upgraded rooms with deluxe amenities and complimentary access to the Astoria Lounge . The Waldorf Towers , from the 28th floor up to the 42nd , had 181 rooms , of which 115 were suites , with one to four bedrooms . As of the late 1990s , the hotel had a housekeeping staff of nearly 400 , with 150 - day maids and two dozen night maids . The rooms retain the original Art Deco motifs , although each room is decorated differently . The guests rooms , classified as Deluxe , Superior , and Luxury , feature `` Waldorf Serenity '' beds and have a marble bath or shower with amenities designed by Salvatore Ferragamo . The suites featured King or Double beds and start in size at 450 square feet ( 42 m ) . The smallest are the One Bedroom suites , which range from 450 square feet ( 42 m ) to 600 square feet ( 56 m ) , then there are the Signature suites , with a separate living room and one or two bedrooms , which range from 750 square feet ( 70 m ) to 900 square feet ( 84 m ) , and finally the suites of The Towers which are generally larger and costlier still , and have a twice - daily maid service . The Tower suites are divided into standard ones , The Towers Luxury Series , which have their own sitting room , the Towers Penthouse Series , the Towers Presidential - Style Suites , and finally the most expensive Presidential Suite on the 35th floor . The Penthouse Series contains three suites , The Penthouse , The Cole Porter Suite , and The Royal Suite , named after the Duke and Duchess of Windsor . They start at 1,800 square feet ( 170 m ) in size , with two or more bedrooms , and are fitted with a kitchen and dining room which can accommodate for 8 - 12 guests . The Towers Presidential - Style Suites are divided into the MacArthur Suite and the Churchill Suite , and have their own grand entry foyer . Like the Penthouse Series , they have their own kitchen and dining room . The 2,250 square feet ( 209 m ) Presidential Suite is designed with Georgian - style furniture to emulate that of the White House . It has three large bedrooms and three bathrooms , and boasts numerous treasures , including the desk of General MacArthur and rocking chair of John F. Kennedy . Other facilities ( edit ) A 2,500 square feet ( 230 m ) fitness center is on the 5th floor . The $21.5 million Waldorf Astoria Guerlain Spa was inaugurated on September 1 , 2008 on the 19th floor . It features 16 treatment rooms and two relaxation lounges . The hotel has its own Business Center , a 1,150 square feet ( 107 m ) digital facility , where guests can access the Internet and photocopy . In 2004 the hotel launched a line of products in keeping with the Art Deco style of the hotel , reportedly becoming the first individual hotel in the world to have its own merchandise collection . Secret railway Track ( edit ) Underneath the hotel is a private railway track and platform directly connected to the Grand Central Terminal , referred to as Track 61 . Restaurants and cuisine ( edit ) 1918 menu for a dinner honoring Cosmo Gordon Lang , Archbishop of York The Waldorf Astoria was the first hotel to offer room service and was the first major hotel in the world to hire women as chefs , beginning in 1931 . An extensive menu is available for guests , with special menus for children and for dieters . The executive chef of the Waldorf for many years was John Doherty , following the Austrian Arno Schmidt who held the position for ten years from 1969 to 1979 . Restaurateur George Lang was awarded the Hotelman of the Year Award in 1975 . As of the early 1990s , the hotel served over three million dishes a year , and got through 27,000 pounds of lobster , 100 pounds of beluga caviar , 380,000 pints of strawberries annually . The hotel has gained significant renown for its lavish feasts . During one grand feast for Francis Cardinal Spellman , over 200 VIP guests , according to Arno Schmidt , devoured some 3,600 pounds of fillet , 600 pounds of fresh halibut , 1,500 pounds of potatoes , and 260 pounds of petit fours , eaten on gold china plates . One 1973 feast by the Explorer 's Club devoured hippo meat , a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) alligator , a baby shark , an amberjack tuna , a boa , wild boar hams , 480 pieces of breaded - fried cod tongues and cheeks , antelope steaks , two boxes of Chinese rabbit , and 20 pounds of rattlesnake . Breakfast at the Waldorf Astoria The hotel has three main restaurants , Peacock Alley , The Bull and Bear Steak House , and Oscar 's Brasserie , as well as a secondary restaurant , the Japanese Inagiku . At its peak in the late 1940s , the hotel once had nine restaurants . Peacock Alley , situated in the heart of the lobby , features an Art Deco design with gilded ceilings and includes a main restaurant , a bar and lounge , and three private dining salons . It is known primarily for its fish and seafood dishes . Sunday Brunch is particularly popular with locals and features over 180 gourmet dishes divided into 12 themed displays , with cuisine ranging from lobster and oysters to Belgian waffles , Eggs Benedict , and omelettes to hollandaise sauces . The Bull and Bear Steak House is furnished in richly polished mahogany in the English Regency style , and has a `` den - like '' atmosphere , and is reportedly the only restaurant on the East Coast which serves 28 days prime grade USDA Certified Angus Beef . It has won awards from the National Restaurant Association and Holiday magazine . Between 2007 and 2010 , the restaurant was the filming location for Fox Business Happy Hour , presented live between 5 and 6 pm . The Bull and Bear Bar is based on the original Waldorf Astoria Bar , which was a favorite haunt of many of the financial elite of the city from the hotel 's inception in 1893 , such as Diamond Jim Brady , Buffalo Bill Cody and Bat Masterson . Behind the bar are bronze statues of a bull and a bear , which represent the successful men of Wall Street . The Inagiku , meaning the `` rice chrysanthemum '' , serves contemporary Japanese cuisine . The restaurant opens for lunch on weekdays and cocktails and dinner in the evenings . Designed by Henry Look of San Francisco , the restaurant has four `` distinctly different '' rooms , including one which represents an old Japanese farmhouse , and the Kinagu Room , resembling a Japanese temple . Guests have the option to reserve private orthodox tatami rooms . The classic Waldorf Salad Oscar 's Brasserie , overlooking Lexington Avenue in what was once a Savarin restaurant , is designed by Adam Tihany . The restaurant takes its name from Oscar Tschirky ( Oscar of the Waldorf ) and serves traditional American cuisine , with many dishes based upon his cookbook which have gained world renown , including the Waldorf salad , Eggs Benedict , Thousand Island dressing , and Veal Oscar . The Waldorf salad -- a salad made with apples , walnuts , celery , grapes , and mayonnaise or a mayonnaise - based dressing -- was first created in 1896 at the Waldorf by Oscar . The original recipe , however did not contain nuts , but they had been added by the time the recipe appeared in The Rector Cook Book in 1928 . Tschirky was also noted for his `` Oscar 's Sauce '' , which became so popular that it was sold at the hotel . Another of the hotel 's specialties was red velvet cake , which became one of its most popular desserts . Sir Harry 's Bar is one of the principal bars of the hotel , situated just off the main lobby . It is named after British Sir Harry Johnston ( 1858 -- 1927 ) . In the 1970s the bar was renovated in a `` plush African safari '' design to honor Johnston , a notable explorer of Africa , with `` zebra - striped wall coverings and carpeting , with bent - cane furnishings '' . It has since been redecorated back to a more conservative design , with walnut paneling and leather banquettes , and featured a 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) by 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) ebony bar as of the early 1990s . Frank Sinatra frequented Sir Harry 's Bar for many years . In 1991 , while drinking at Sir Harry 's with Jilly Rizzo and Steve Lawrence , he was approached by a fan asking for an autograph . Sinatra responded , `` Do n't you see I 'm on my own time here ? You asshole . What 's wrong with you ? '' The fan said something which angered Sinatra , who lunged at the fan , and Sinatra had to be restrained . Cocktail books ( edit ) Albert Stevens Crockett , the hotel 's veteran publicist and historian , wrote his first cocktail book `` Old Waldorf Bar Days '' in 1931 during Prohibition and the construction of the current hotel on Park Avenue . It was an homage to the original hotel and its famous bar and clientele . The book contains Crockett 's takes on the original hand - written leather bound book of recipes that was given to him at the time of the closure by bartender Joseph Taylor . This edition was never reprinted . In 1934 , Crockett wrote a second book , `` The Old Waldorf Astoria Bar Book '' , in response to the repeal of the Volstead Act and the end of the Prohibition era . He edited out most of the text from the first book . Drawing from his experiences as a travel writer , Crockett added nearly 150 more recipes , the bulk of which can be found in the `` Cuban Concoctions '' and `` Jamaican Jollifers '' chapters . These books became reference books on the subject of pre-Prohibition cocktails and its culture . In 2016 , the long - time hotel bar manager of Peacock Alley and La Chine , Frank Caiafa , added a completely new edition to the canon . Caiafa 's `` The Waldorf Astoria Bar Book '' includes all of the recipes in Crockett 's books ; many of the hotel 's most important recipes created since 1935 ; and his own creations . In 2017 , it was nominated for a James Beard Foundation Award for Best Beverage Book . Other notable books with connections to the hotel include `` Drinks '' ( 1914 ) by Jacques Straub , a wine steward and friend of Oscar Tschirky who had written about the first hotel 's notable recipes . Tschirky himself compiled a list of 100 recipes for his own book `` 100 Famous Cocktails '' ( 1934 ) , a selection of favorites from Crockett 's books . Finally , hotel publicist Ted Saucier wrote `` Bottoms Up '' in 1951 , consisting of a compendium of popular , national recipes of the day . Notable residents and tenants ( edit ) Leaders and businesspeople ( edit ) Eleanor Roosevelt and the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Norway with Princess Juliana and Thomas Watson On the 100th anniversary of the hotel in 1993 , one publication wrote : `` It is n't the biggest hotel in New York , nor the most expensive . But when it comes to prestige , the Waldorf - Astoria has no peer . When presidents come to New York , they stay at the Waldorf - Astoria . Kings and queens make it their home away from home , as have people as diverse as Cary Grant , the Dalai Lama and Chris Evert . Some of them liked the hotel so well , they made their home there . '' From its inception , the Waldorf was always a `` must stay '' hotel for foreign dignitaries . The viceroy of China , Li Hung Chang stayed at the hotel in 1896 and feasted on hundred - year - old eggs which he brought with him . Over the years many royals from around the world stayed at the Waldorf Astoria including Shahanshah of Iran and Empress Farah , King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid of Denmark , Princess Astrid of Norway , Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Martha of Norway , King Baudouin I of Belgium and Queen Fabiola , Prince Albert and Princess Paola of Belgium , King Hussein I of Jordan , Prince Rainier III and Princess Grace of Monaco , Queen Juliana of the Netherlands , King Michael of Romania , Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms , Mohammed Zahir Shah and Homaira Shah of Afghanistan , King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit of Thailand , and Crown Prince Akihito and Princess Michiko of Japan and many others . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip stayed at the hotel during their first visit to America on October 21 , 1957 , and a banquet was held for them in the Grand Ballroom . In the Bicentennial year in 1976 , most of the heads of state from around the world and all of the Kings and Queens of Europe were invited to the hotel , and it also served the presidential candidates in the run up to the elections of that year . The Khrushchev family at the Waldorf Astoria in 1959 In modern times , the clientele of the Waldorf is more typically wealthy politicians and businessmen than playboys and royalty . An entire floor was often rented out to wealthy Saudi Arabians with their own staff . Wealthy Japanese businessmen during their stay would sometimes remove the furniture and replace it with their own floors mats . One early wealthy resident was Chicago businessman J.W. Gates who would gamble on stocks on Wall Street and play poker at the hotel . He paid up to $50,000 a year to hire suites at the hotel . Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha was invited by Waldorf president Lucius Bloomer to stay at the hotel in the 1920s . Demands by people of prominence could often be exorbitant or bizarre , and Fidel Castro once walked into the hotel with a flock of live chickens , insisting that they be killed and freshly cooked on the premises to his satisfaction , only to be turned away . While serving as Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger ordered all of the antiques to be removed from one suite and replaced them with 36 desks for his staff . An unnamed First Lady also once demanded that all of the bulbs in her suite be changed to 100 watt ones and kept on all day and night to simulate daylight ; she further insisted that there be an abundance of chewing gum available . Herbert Hoover who lived at the Waldorf for over 30 years from the end of his presidency Postmaster General James Farley occupied two adjoining suites in the current Waldorf Astoria during his tenure as the chairman of the board of Coca - Cola 's International division from 1940 until his death in 1976 , arguably one of the landmark 's longest housed tenants . The Presidential Suite at the hotel come from when , during the 1950s and early 1960s , former U.S. president Herbert Hoover and retired U.S. General Douglas MacArthur lived in suites on different floors of the hotel . Hoover lived at the Waldorf Astoria for over 30 years from after the end of his presidency until he died in 1964 ; former President Dwight D. Eisenhower lived there until he died in 1969 . MacArthur 's widow , Jean MacArthur , lived there from 1952 until her death in 2000 . A plaque affixed to the wall on the 50th Street side commemorates this . John F. Kennedy was fond of the Waldorf Astoria and had a number of private meetings at the hotel , including one with Israeli Prime Minister David Ben - Gurion . Since Hoover , every President of the United States has either stayed over or lived in the Waldorf Astoria , although Jimmy Carter claimed to have never stayed overnight at the hotel . Nancy Reagan was reputedly not fond of the Presidential Suite . The official residence of the United States ' Permanent Representative to the United Nations , an unnamed 42nd - floor apartment , has been located in the Waldorf Towers for many years . On June 17 , 2015 , however , the US Department of State announced that it was moving its headquarters during meetings of the UN General Assembly to The New York Palace Hotel . Although State Department officials did not give an official reason for the change affecting both the President and hundreds of American diplomats and support staff who travel to New York for the General Assembly each September and usually stay and hold meetings on two secured floors at the Waldorf , they pointed to Hilton Worldwide 's sale of the Waldorf - Astoria to China 's Beijing - based Anbang Insurance Group for $1.95 billion in 2014 , a deal that prompted security concerns . While the terms of the sale allow Hilton to run the hotel for the next 100 years , they also call for `` a major renovation '' that the officials say has raised eyebrows in the US Government because of concerns about Chinese eavesdropping and cyber espionage . Carlos P. Romulo , Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines and member of the UN had suite 3600 , below Hoover 's , for some 45 years from 1935 onwards , and fellow Filipino Imelda Marcos also spent much time and money at the hotel . Another connection with the Philippines is that many meetings were held here between President Manuel L. Quezon and high ranking American politicians and senators . Through the meetings , Quezon encouraged investment into the country and convinced General MacArthur to accompany him back to the Philippines as his military adviser . Celebrities ( edit ) Elizabeth Taylor and Frank Sinatra The hotel has had many well - known under its roof throughout its history , including Charlie Chaplin , Ava Gardner , Liv Ullmann , Edward G. Robinson , Gregory Peck , Ray Bolger , John Wayne , Tony Bennett , Jack Benny , Katharine Hepburn , Spencer Tracy , Muhammad Ali , Vince Lombardi , Judy Garland , Sonny Werblin , Greer Garson , Harold Lloyd , Liberace , Burt Reynolds , Robert Montgomery , Cesar Romero , and many others . Due to the number of high - profile guests staying at the hotel at any one time , author Ward Morehouse III has referred to the Towers as a `` kind of vertical Beverly Hills . On any one given night you might find Dinah Shore , Gregory Peck , Frank Sinatra ( or ) Zsa Zsa Gabor staying there '' . Gabor married Conrad Hilton in 1941 . During the 1930s , gangster Benjamin `` Bugsy '' Siegel owned an apartment at the Waldorf , and Frank Costello was said to have got his haircut and nails done in the Barber 's Shop at the Waldorf . Around the time of World War I , inventor Nikola Tesla lived in the earlier Waldorf - Astoria . In 1955 , Marilyn Monroe stayed at the hotel for several months , but due to costs of trying to finance her production company `` Marilyn Monroe Productions '' , only being paid $1,500 a week for her role in The Seven Year Itch and being suspended from 20th Century Fox for walking out on Fox after creative differences , living at the hotel became too costly and Monroe had to move into a different hotel in New York City . Around the same time that Monroe lived in the hotel , Cole Porter and Linda Lee Thomas had an apartment in the Waldorf Towers , where Thomas died in 1954 . Porter 's 1934 song `` You 're the Top '' , contains the lyric , `` You 're the top , you 're a Waldorf salad '' . The Cole Porter Suite , Suite 33A , was the place where Porter lived and entertained for a period . Frank Sinatra paid nearly $1 million a year to keep it as his personal suite at the hotel between 1979 and 1988 , which he called `` home '' when out of Los Angeles . Sinatra took over part of the hotel during the filming of The First Deadly Sin in 1980 . The casts of Parks and Recreation , Portlandia , and Game of Thrones at the 71st Annual Peabody Awards inside the Waldorf Astoria . From left to right : Jim O'Heir , Nick Offerman , Aziz Ansari , Adam Scott , Carrie Brownstein , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Amy Poehler , Fred Armisen , Aubrey Plaza , and Retta Grace Kelly and Rainier III were regular guests at the hotel . At one time Kelly was reputed to be in love with the hotel banquet manager of the Waldorf , Claudius Charles Philippe . Elizabeth Taylor frequented the hotel , and would often attend galas at the hotel to talk about her various causes . Her visits were excitedly awaited by the hotel staff , who would prepare long in advance . Taylor was honored at the 1983 Friars Club dinner at the hotel . In 1980 , John Travolta 's brother Joey Travolta and Wendy Shawn , the daughter of comedian Dick Shawn , had their wedding reception at the hotel . Brooke Shields has stated that her very first encounter with the paparazzi was in the Grand Ballroom of the Waldorf at the age of 12 , stating that she `` stood like a statue wondering why they were all hired to photograph me '' , and that she `` debuted at the Waldorf '' . During her childhood in the 1980s and 1990s , Paris Hilton lived with her family in the hotel . 58th International Debutante Ball , 2012 , at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City One of the most prestigious , the most exclusive and the most famous debutante balls in the world is the invitation - only International Debutante Ball held biennially in the Grand Ballroom at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City , where girls from prominent world families are presented to high society . The International Debutante Ball has presented princesses , countesses , baronesses and many European royalty and aristocrats as debutantes to high society . Daughters and granddaughters of billionaire businessmen , American politicians , senators , congressmen , ambassadors and even many United States Presidents have also been presented at the International Debutante Ball . In popular Culture ( edit ) The Waldorf Astoria has been a filming location for numerous films and TV series . Ginger Rogers headlined an all star ensemble cast in the 1945 film Week - End at the Waldorf , set at the hotel and filmed partially on location there . Other films shot at the hotel include The Out - of - Towners ( 1970 ) , Broadway Danny Rose ( 1984 ) , Coming to America ( 1988 ) , Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) , The Cowboy Way ( 1994 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , Analyze This ( 1999 ) , For Love of the Game ( 1999 ) , Serendipity ( 2001 ) , The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ) , Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 ) , Two Weeks Notice ( 2002 ) , End of the Century ( 2005 ) , Mr. and Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , and The Hoax ( 2006 ) . Television series that have filmed at the Waldorf include Law and Order , Rescue Me , Sex and the City , The Sopranos and Will and Grace . Several biographies have been written about the Waldorf , including Edward Hungerford 's Story of the Waldorf ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1925 ) and Horace Sutton 's Confessions of a Grand Hotel : The Waldorf - Astoria ( New York : Henry Holt , 1953 ) . Langston Hughes wrote a poem entitled `` Advertisement for the Waldorf - Astoria '' , criticizing the hotel and inviting the jobless and homeless to take over the space of the hotel . Wallace Stevens wrote a poem entitled `` Arrival at the Waldorf '' , in which he contrasts the wild country of the jungles of Guatemala to being `` back at the Waldorf '' . In Meg Cabot 's novel Jinx , the Chapman School Spring Formal takes place in the Waldorf - Astoria . It is at this point that Tory ( the main antagonist ) reveals Jean 's first attempt at a love spell , which served as a catalyst for the novel 's events . See also ( edit ) List of tallest buildings in New York City The Waldorf -- Astoria Orchestra References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Professor Elazar L. Sukenik was first offered the scrolls in 1947 by an antiquities dealer in Bethlehem . Because of the recent partitioning of Palestine , Jews were not permitted to travel there . Sukenik disguised himself as an Arab to travel to the city . He was allowed to examine the scrolls and to take a small fragment of one for testing . When he made the trip back to Bethlehem to purchase them the next day , he found that the dealer had been pressured into selling them to the Syriac Orthodox Church . Archbishop Mar Samuel offered to sell them to Sukenik for US $125,000 ; before the transaction could take place , Mar Samuel 's life was threatened and he fled to the United States . Sukenik died in 1953 without further word about the whereabouts of the scrolls . In 1954 , a classified ad appeared in The Wall Street Journal offering to sell the four scrolls . Yigael Yadin , the son of Professor Sukenik , was visiting the United States when the ad appeared and someone brought it to his attention . It was then planned that the State of Israel would secretly buy the scrolls . Jump up ^ These include Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia , Vanessa von Bismarck ( great - great - granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck ) , Princess Natalya Elisabeth Davidovna Obolensky ( granddaughter of the Prince Ivan Obolensky , the chairman of the International Debutante Ball ) , Princess Ines de Bourbon Parme , Countess Magdalena Habsburg - Lothringen ( great - great - granddaughter of Empress Elisabeth ' Sisi ' of Austria ) and Lady Henrietta Seymour ( daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Somerset and descendent of Henry VIII 's wife Jane Seymour ) . Jump up ^ For example , Tricia Nixon , Julie Nixon , Jennie Eisenhower , Ashley Walker Bush ( granddaughter of President George H.W. Bush and niece of President George W. Bush ) , Lucinda Robb ( granddaughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson ) , Christine Colby ( daughter of CIA director William Colby ) , Hollister Knowlton ( future wife of CIA director David Petraeus ) , Charlotte and Catherine Forbes ( granddaughters of Malcolm Forbes ) and Christina Huffington ( daughter of Arianna Huffington of the Huffington Post ) have all been invited to the ball . Ivanka Trump ( daughter of President Donald Trump ) and Sasha and Malia Obama ( daughters of President Barack Obama ) have also been invited to be presented as debutantes at the International Debutante Ball . Citations ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Waldorf - Astoria to Be Sold in a $1.95 Billion Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Waldorf Astoria New York at Emporis Jump up ^ `` Waldorf Astoria New York '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Waldorf Astoria New York at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Flippin 2011 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Bernardo 2010 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Emmerich 2013 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Waldorf - Astoria '' . Edwardianpromenade.com. April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz 2009 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Waldorf Astoria Drops the Equals Sign We 'd Barely Noticed '' . HotelChatter . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hirsh 1997 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel history '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2014 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Seifer 1998 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ `` Waldorf - Astoria to give way to office '' . Lincoln Evening Journal . Lincoln , Nebraska . December 21 , 1928 . p. 13 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Hotel World Known '' . New York Tribune . New York , New York . February 3 , 1918 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Bishop , Jim ( January 26 , 1958 ) . `` Anger , Spite Tint History of the Waldorf '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City , Utah . p. 2 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guard shot during robbery attempt at Waldorf - Astoria '' . CNN . October 17 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Waldorf Astoria '' . New York Architecture . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Cashman 1988 , p. 373 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel fact sheet '' ( PDF ) . New York University School of Professional Studies . 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ Tschirsky , Oscar ( October 5 , 1937 ) . `` The Voice of Broadway '' . The Bee . Danville , Virginia . p. 6 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Tschirsky , Oscar ( October 5 , 1937 ) . `` The Voice of Broadway '' . The Bee . Danville , Virginia . p. 12 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Nasaw 2007 , p. 841 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` High Life in Gotham '' . Indiana Weekly Messenger . Indiana , Pennsylvania . September 20 , 1899 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Banquet in honor of Frederick A. Cook , M.D. , by the Arctic Club of America , Sept. 23 , 1909 , Waldorf - Astoria , N.Y. '' Library of Congress . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulatory addresses delivered at a complimentary dinner tendered to Judge Elbert H. Gary at the Waldorf - Astoria , New York City , October 15th , 1909 '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuntz & Smith 1998 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` Six Degrees of Titanic '' . History.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Senate Inquiry '' . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Sherry 's To Move May 17 ; Fifty - Eighth Street Plan Modified by ' Prohibition and Bolshevism ' '' . The New York Times . May 17 , 1919 . p. 28 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Busy Week For Radio Station WDAF - Chillicothe Music Co . To Get Programs '' . The Chillicothe Constitution - Tribune . Chillicothe , Missouri . November 15 , 1925 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Victor Series Will Open With World Famous Artist '' . The Indianapolis News . Indianapolis , Indiana . January 1 , 1927 . p. 7 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` New Company Takes Over NBC Blue Net '' . The Fresno Bee Republican . January 10 , 1942 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Blanke 2002 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Jim ( January 28 , 1958 ) . `` From Depths of Debt Rose Pinnacle of Hostelry '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City , Utah . p. 14 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Jim ( January 28 , 1958 ) . `` From Sea of Red Ink , Tears , Rose New Waldorf Tower '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City , Utah . p. 18 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Korom 2008 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2014 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 46 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Lucius Boomer , 68 , Waldorf Director , is Dead in Norway '' . The Kingston Daily Freeman . Kingston , New York . July 26 , 1947 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Harker 2007 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Schweber 2009 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Harbutt 1988 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 176 , 185 . Jump up ^ Bresler 2004 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Marmorstein , Gary . The Label : The Story of Columbia Records . Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 165 . Jump up ^ Porter 2010 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Sorin 2002 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2006 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Sehlstedt , Jr . Albert ( March 22 , 1992 ) . `` Harry M. Orlinsky , 84 , leading biblical scholar '' . The Baltimore Star . Baltimore , Maryland . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Isaacs , Marty ( November 1 , 1992 ) . `` The Man Who Bought the Dead Sea Scrolls '' . Contemporary Review . Jump up ^ `` Classified ad offering the sale of the four Dead Sea Scrolls '' . The Wall Street Journal . 1954 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Time Inc 1960 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Avery 2010 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Time Inc 1957 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ King 2011 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ Time Inc 1958 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 2010 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ `` The Who Setlist at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony No. 5 '' . Setlist.fm . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dana 2011 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2014 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Stanley Turkel ( 1931 ) . `` A New Waldorf Against The Sky '' . Old and Sold . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Luxury Hotels & 5 Star Vacations -- The Waldorf Astoria New York Legacy '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcade '' . San Antonio Express . San Antonio , Texas . November 13 , 1974 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` President Views Energy '' . The Times Recorder . Zanesville , Ohio . December 11 , 1974 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 185 - 6 . Jump up ^ Littman 1987 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of the IBM PC '' . IBM . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fizel 2012 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian to Speak at Waldorf - Astoria Banquet on Sunday , May 27 '' . The Armenian Reporter . May 5 , 2001 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck at the 5th Annual DGA Honors Gala , held at the Waldorf Astoria in New York , Wednesday , September 29 , 2004 '' . KRT Photos . September 29 , 2004 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Knight 2014 , p. 923 . Jump up ^ `` Hilton considers building Waldorf - Astoria in Vegas '' . International Herald Tribune . accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Waldorf = Astoria Collection Announces the Opening of the Legendary Hotel Brand 's First Guerlain Spa at the Waldorf = Astoria Hotel in New York City. ( Company overview ) '' . Biotech Week . accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . October 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Waldorf becomes most expensive hotel ever sold : $1.95 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Waldorf Astoria turning into condos '' . Reuters . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Kerry ; Greene , Leonard ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) . `` New York 's Waldorf Astoria Hotel closes for major renovations '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Passy , Charles ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Feed : Waldorf Astoria Restaurants to Close '' . The wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hurowitz , Noah ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Midtown & Theater District Real Estate Waldorf Astoria Interiors Landmarked Days After Closure for Renovations '' . Dnainfo . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King 1893 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2014 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Comstock 1898 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2014 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Crowninshield 1845 -- 1918 '' . National Academy Museum . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The American Architect and Building News Company 1898 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2014 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lashley , Lynch & Morrison 2007 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2014 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Mink , Randy ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` The Waldorf - Astoria : the great gray dowager of Park Avenue personifies New York City at its best . ( Resort Of The Month ) '' . Travel America . accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Historic Resources '' ( PDF ) . East Side Access Project , mta.info . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph ( 2002 ) . `` Grand Central Terminal , Waldorf - Astoria Platform '' . Columbia University . Jump up ^ `` Waldorf - Astoria 's private rail platform forever closed '' . NewYorkology . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Craig ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Secrets of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel '' . New York.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forrest Wickman ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider - Man Real ? Explained '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Ella Morton . `` Track 61 '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed 2012 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Wong 2010 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Fine Collins , Amy ( June 2003 ) . `` '' Mr. Kenneth '' Battelle : The Hairdresser Who Styled Jackie Kennedy , Marilyn Monroe , and Katharine Hepburn `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` New Restaurant Honors Dynasty Star '' . The Daily Tar Heel . Chapel Hill , North Carolina . October 23 , 1984 . p. 1 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Davis 2011 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Jose ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Cole Porter 's apartment at the Waldorf - Astoria can be yours for $140 K a month '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 60 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual President 's Dinner '' . St. John 's University . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner News '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dorn , Susan , `` Presidential Suite , The Waldorf Towers , New York City '' , Hospitality Design , July / August 1994 , Pages 31 - 35 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Europe Ball to Celebrate An Historic Event on May 1st '' . Manhattanhungarians.org . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 64 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Mayerowitz , Scott ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Behind the Scenes at the Waldorf Astoria 's Posh Presidential Suite '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` Waldorf New York Guest Rooms '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suite Amenities '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rooms and suites '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` The Waldorf = Astoria Hotel in New York has launched a line of products reflecting the Art Deco style of the hotel '' . Household & Personal Products Industry . accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . June 1 , 2004 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forrest Wickman ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider - Man Real ? Explained '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Ella Morton . `` Track 61 '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hilton 1957 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It Or Not '' . Tyrone Daily Herald . Tyrone , Pennsylvania . July 25 , 1984 . p. 7 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ `` Dining '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Waldorf Salad '' . Kitchen Project . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Fine & Turner 2001 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Rojek 2004 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Crockett , A.S. ( 1931 ) . Old Waldorf Bar Days : With the Cognomina and Composition of Four Hundred and Ninety - one Appealing Appetizers and Salutary Potations Long Known , Admired and Served at the Famous Big Brass Rail ; Also , a Glossary for the Use of Antiquarians and Students of American Mores . Aventine Press . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Crockett , A.S. ( 1935 ) . The Old Waldorf - Astoria Bar Book : With Amendments Due to Repeal of the XVIIIth ; Giving the Correct Recipes for Five Hundred Cocktails and Mixed Drinks Known and Served at the World 's Most Famous Brass Rail Before Prohibition , Together with More Than One Hundred Established Formulas for Cocktails and Other Beverages , Originated While Prohibition was in Effect ; the Whole Flavored with Dashes of History Mixed in a Shaker of Anecdote and Served with a Chaser of Illuminative Information . A.S. Crockett . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Caiafa , F. ( 2016 ) . The Waldorf Astoria Bar Book . Penguin Random House , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312480 - 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( 2013 - 03 - 07 ) . `` The Waldorf 's Cocktail Bible , Remixed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 James Beard Award Nominees '' . James Beard Foundation . 2017 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Straub , Jacques ( 1914 ) . Drinks . Hotel Monthly Press . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tschirky , O. ( 1934 ) . 100 Famous Cocktails : The Romance of Wines and Liquors , Etiquette , Recipes . Kenilworth Press . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Saucier , T. ( 2011 ) . Ted Saucier 's Bottoms Up ( With Illustrations by Twelve of America 's Most Distinguished Artists ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Martino Fine Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891396 - 65 - 6 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New York 's famed Waldorf - Astoria hotel celebrates its 100th anniversary '' . accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service . October 11 , 1993 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 117 , 181 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse III 1991 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Scroop , Daniel ( 2006 ) . Mr. Democrat : Jim Farley , the New Deal , and the Making of Modern American Politics ( PDF ) . press.umich.edu . pp. 215 -- 229 . ISBN 9780472021505 . OCLC 646794810 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christopher Klein ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Iconic Waldorf Astoria Hotel Changes Hands '' . History . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart 2009 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew `` US to abandon Chinese - owned Waldorf at UN General Assembly '' Archived June 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The Associated Press , June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 151 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 10 -- 2 , 200 -- 1 , 216 , 252 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of a Gangster '' . Essortment.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` A Battle to Preserve a Visionary 's Bold Failure '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spoto 1993 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 6 , 146 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Morehouse III 1991 , pp. 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Hilton sells Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York for $2 bn '' . The Guardian . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In vogue on NYSD '' . NYSD . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Editors , Rolling Stone . `` The Making of the President 's Daughter '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christine M. Colby to Marry '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollister Knowlton Betrothed To David H. Petraeus , a Cadet '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In vogue on NYSD '' . NYSD . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Debutantes make their bows to society at NY gala '' . AP News . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton 2001 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabot 2008 , p. 191 . Bibliography The American Architect and Building News Company ( 1898 ) . American Architect and Architecture. 59 - 62 ( Public domain ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : The American Architect and Building News Company . Avery , Jeanne ( April 21 , 2010 ) . The Rising Sign . Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 49020 - 9 . Bernardo , Mark ( July 1 , 2010 ) . Mad Men 's Manhattan : The Insider 's Guide . Roaring Forties Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9843165 - 7 - 1 . Blanke , David ( January 1 , 2002 ) . The 1910s . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31251 - 9 . Bresler , Robert J. ( 2004 ) . Freedom of Association : Rights and Liberties Under the Law . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 772 - 6 . Cabot , Meg ( September 4 , 2008 ) . Jinx . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22555 - 8 . Carroll , Mark ( November 2 , 2006 ) . Music and Ideology in Cold War Europe . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03113 - 4 . Cashman , Sean Dennis ( 1988 ) . America in the Age of the Titans : The Progressive Era and World War I. NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1411 - 9 . Comstock , William T. ( 1898 ) . Architecture and Building . 28 ( Public domain ed . ) . New York : W.T. Comstock . Dana , Leo Paul ( January 1 , 2011 ) . World Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84980 - 845 - 3 . Davis , Gerry Hempel ( November 16 , 2011 ) . Romancing the Roads : A Driving Diva 's Firsthand Guide , East of the Mississippi . Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 620 - 1 . Emmerich , Alexander ( July 24 , 2013 ) . John Jacob Astor and the First Great American Fortune . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0382 - 7 . Fine , Gary Alan ; Turner , Patricia A. ( September 1 , 2001 ) . Whispers on the Color Line : Rumor and Race in America . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92685 - 1 . Fizel , John ( 2012 ) . Handbook of Sports Economics Research . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 4186 - 1 . Fletcher , Tony ( March 4 , 2010 ) . Dear Boy : The Life Of Keith Moon . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 222 - 3 . Flippin , Alexis Lipsitz ( January 25 , 2011 ) . Frommer 's New York City with Kids . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 01949 - 8 . Harbutt , Fraser J. ( 1988 ) . The Iron Curtain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536377 - 7 . Harker , Jaime ( 2007 ) . America the Middlebrow : Women 's Novels , Progressivism , and Middlebrow Authorship Between the Wars . Univ of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 597 - 5 . Hart , Alan ( January 1 , 2009 ) . Zionism : David become Goliath . SCB Distributors . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932863 - 79 - 9 . Hilton , Conrad Nicholson ( 1957 ) . Be My Guest . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 76174 - 5 . Hirsh , Jeff ( 1997 ) . Manhattan Hotels 1880 - 1920 . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5749 - 6 . Hughes , Langston ( June 26 , 2008 ) . The Big Sea : An Autobiography . Paw Prints . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4395 - 0507 - 6 . King , Greg ( May 1 , 2011 ) . The Duchess of Windsor . Kensington Publishing Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 3521 - 0 . King , Moses ( 1893 ) . Kings Handbook of New York City ( Public domain ed . ) . M. King . Klein , Henry H. ( December 1 , 2005 ) . Dynastic America and Those Who Own It . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59605 - 671 - 8 . Knight , Gladys L. ( August 11 , 2014 ) . Pop Culture Places : An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture ( 3 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39883 - 4 . Korom , Joseph J. ( 2008 ) . The American Skyscraper , 1850 - 1940 : A Celebration of Height . Branden Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8283 - 2188 - 4 . Kuntz , Tom ; Smith , William Alden ( March 1 , 1998 ) . The Titanic Disaster Hearings . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 02553 - 3 . Lashley , Conrad ; Lynch , Paul ; Morrison , Alison J. ( 2007 ) . Hospitality : A Social Lens . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 045093 - 3 . Littman , Jonathan ( 1987 ) . Once upon a time in ComputerLand : the amazing , billion - dollar tale of Bill Millard . Price Stern Sloan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89586 - 502 - 1 . Morehouse III , Ward ( 1991 ) . The Waldorf Astoria : America 's Gilded Dream . Xlibris , Corp . ISBN 978 - 1413465044 . Morrison , William Alan ( April 14 , 2014 ) . Waldorf Astoria . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2128 - 6 . Nasaw , David ( October 30 , 2007 ) . Andrew Carnegie . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20179 - 4 . Porter , Eric ( October 11 , 2010 ) . The Problem of the Future World : W.E.B. Du Bois and the Race Concept at Midcentury . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 9319 - 0 . Reed , Paula ( 2012 ) . Fifty Fashion Looks that Changed the 1960s . Design Museum , London : Hachette UK . ISBN 1840916176 . Rojek , Chris ( 2004 ) . Frank Sinatra . Polity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3090 - 8 . Schwartz , Evan I. ( October 13 , 2009 ) . The Last Lone Inventor . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 185614 - 3 . Schweber , Silvan S. ( June 30 , 2009 ) . Einstein and Oppenheimer : The Meaning of Genius . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04335 - 0 . Seifer , Marc ( May 1 , 1998 ) . Wizard : The Life And Times Of Nikola Tesla : The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla . Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 3556 - 2 . Smith , Andrew F. ( May 1 , 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530796 - 2 . Sorin , Gerald ( 2002 ) . Irving Howe : A Life of Passionate Dissent . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9821 - 8 . Spoto , Donald ( 1993 ) . Marilyn Monroe : The Biography . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1183 - 3 . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( April 1 , 2014 ) . The Hiltons : The True Story of an American Dynasty . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 8236 - 5 . Time Inc ( May 6 , 1957 ) . LIFE . Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Time Inc ( December 8 , 1958 ) . LIFE . Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Time Inc ( May 23 , 1960 ) . LIFE . Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40538 - 699 - 9 . Wharton , Annabel Jane ( July 1 , 2001 ) . Building the Cold War : Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89419 - 5 . Wong , Aliza Z. ( 2010 ) . Julie Willett , ed . The American beauty industry encyclopedia : Hairstylists , Celebrity . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood . ISBN 9780313359491 . Further reading Crockett , Albert Stevens ( August 1 , 2005 ) . The Old Waldorf - Astoria Bar Book . New Day Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9743259 - 0 - 3 . Morrison , William Alan ( April 14 , 2014 ) . Waldorf Astoria . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2128 - 6 . Pommer , Alfred ; Pommer , Joyce ( 2013 ) . Exploring Manhattan 's Murray Hill . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 059 - 7 . White , Norval ; Willensky , Elliot ; Leadon , Fran ( May 11 , 2010 ) . AIA Guide to New York City . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977291 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waldorf - Astoria 301 Park Avenue . Official hotel website Official corporate website Waldorf Astoria at the Internet Archive The Astor Collection at the University of Virginia virtual exhibition of Native American artifacts originally displayed in the Grill Room of the Astor Hotel Waldorf -- Astoria at History of New York City Plan of the lobby floor of the hotel Preceded by Roosevelt Hotel Venues of the NFL Draft 1979 Succeeded by Park Central Hotel Links to related articles Waldorf Astoria New York Original hotel William Waldorf Astor John Jacob Astor IV Henry Janeway Hardenbergh George Boldt Oscar Tschirky Lucius M. Boomer Louis Sherry Waldorf -- Astoria Orchestra Waldorf - Astoria Cigar Company Present hotel April in Paris Ball Conrad Hilton John Doherty George Lang Elsa Maxwell Claude Philippe Alphonse W. Salomone , Jr . Arno Schmidt Schultze & Weaver Track 61 Venues of the Tony Awards ceremonies Waldorf - Astoria Hotel ( 1947 -- 53 , 1957 -- 59 , 1961 -- 62 ) Plaza Hotel ( 1954 -- 56 ) Astor Hotel ( 1960 , 1965 ) Hotel Americana ( 1963 ) New York Hilton ( 1964 ) Rockefeller Center Rainbow Room ( 1966 ) Shubert Theatre ( 1967 -- 68 , 1974 , 1976 -- 79 , 1985 ) Mark Hellinger Theatre ( 1969 -- 70 , 1980 -- 81 , 1987 ) Palace Theatre ( 1971 ) Broadway Theatre ( 1972 ) Imperial Theatre ( 1973 , 1982 ) Winter Garden Theatre ( 1975 ) Gershwin Theatre ( 1983 -- 84 , 1992 -- 94 , 1999 ) Minskoff Theatre ( 1986 , 1988 , 1991 , 1995 ) Lunt - Fontanne Theatre ( 1989 -- 90 ) Majestic Theatre ( 1996 ) Radio City Music Hall ( 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 10 , 2013 -- 15 , 2017 ) Beacon Theatre ( 2011 -- 12 , 2016 ) Timeline of the world 's tallest hotels Hotel New Netherland ( 71 m ) ( 1893 ) Hotel Manhattan ( 76 m ) ( 1896 ) Westin Book Cadillac Hotel ( 111.9 m ) ( 1924 ) Waldorf - Astoria Hotel ( 191 m ) ( 1931 ) Hotel Ukraina ( 198 m ) ( 1953 ) Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel ( 220 m ) ( 1973 ) Westin Renaissance Center Detroit ( 221.5 m ) ( 1977 ) Westin Stamford Hotel ( 226 m ) ( 1986 ) Baiyoke Tower II ( 304 m ) ( 1997 ) Burj Al Arab ( 321 m ) ( 1999 ) Rose Tower ( 333 m ) ( 2009 ) JW Marriott Marquis Dubai ( 355 m ) ( 2012 ) Hotels in New York City 5 - star / 5 Diamond The Dominick Four Seasons Hotel New York Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown Mandarin Oriental New York Park Hyatt New York The Peninsula New York The Pierre The Ritz - Carlton New York , Battery Park The Ritz - Carlton New York , Central Park The St. Regis New York Trump International Hotel and Tower 4 - star / 4 Diamond Algonquin Hotel Andaz 5th Avenue Andaz Wall Street Archer New York Conrad New York Crosby Street Hotel Dream Hotel Downtown Eventi Gansevoort Meatpacking NYC Hotel Gramercy Park Hotel Hotel 48LEX New York Hotel Plaza Athenee Hyatt Union Square New York Ink48 InterContinental New York Times Square JW Marriott Essex House Langham Place , New York Parker New York Loews Regency Hotel Lotte New York Palace Hotel NoMo SoHo Omni Berkshire Place Refinery Hotel New York Renaissance New York Hotel Times Square Royalton Hotel Smyth - A Thompson Hotel Sofitel New York The Benjamin Hotel The Blakely New York Hotel The Bowery Hotel The Bryant Park Hotel The Carlton The Carlyle The Chatwal The Greenwich Hotel The James Hotel New York Soho The Kitano New York The London NYC The Lowell Hotel The Mark The Michelangelo The Muse Hotel The New York Edition The NoMad Hotel The Plaza The Quin The Surrey The Westin New York at Times Square Viceroy New York W New York - Downtown W New York - Times Square W New York - Union Square Waldorf Astoria New York Hilton Worldwide Luxury & Lifestyle Canopy by Hilton Conrad Hotels & Resorts Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Full service Curio Collection DoubleTree by Hilton Hilton Hotels & Resorts Tapestry Collection by Hilton All Suites Embassy Suites by Hilton Home2 Suites by Hilton Homewood Suites by Hilton Focused service Hampton by Hilton Hilton Garden Inn Tru by Hilton Vacation ownership Hilton Grand Vacations Company Loyalty program Hilton Honors Former divisions Caesars Entertainment Carte Blanche Card Coral by Hilton Denizen Hotels Scandic Hotels New York City portal Architecture portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldorf_Astoria_New_York&oldid=827188482 '' Categories : 1893 establishments in New York ( state ) Art Deco architecture in New York City Astor family Hilton Hotels & Resorts hotels Hotel buildings completed in 1931 Hotels established in 1893 Midtown Manhattan Park Avenue Presidential homes in the United States Railway hotels in the United States Skyscraper hotels in Manhattan Waldorf Astoria New York Hidden categories : Structurae ID not in Wikidata CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2015 Use American English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Čeština Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 07 : 03 . 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who owns the waldorf astoria in new york
[ "\n\nWaldorf Astoria New York\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe hotel from the north\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nLocation\n301 Park Avenue\nManhattan, New York City\n\n\nCoordinates\n40°45′23″N 73°58′27″W / 40.75639°N 73.97417°W / 40.75639; -73.97417Coordinates: 40°45′23″N 73°58′27″W / 40.75639°N 73.97417°W / 40.75639; -73.97417\n\n\nOpening\n1893 (Waldorf Hotel)\n1897 (Astoria Hotel)\n1931 (Waldorf-Astoria Hotel)\n\n\nClosed\n2017 (temporarily for renovations)\n\n\nOwner\nAnbang Insurance Group\n\n\nManagement\nHilton Worldwide\n\n\nHeight\n625 ft (191 m)\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nFloor count\n47\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\nSchultze & Weaver\n\n\nOther information\n\n\nNumber of rooms\n1,413[1]\n\n\nNumber of restaurants\nPeacock Alley\nBull and Bear Steakhouse\n'La Chine\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nOfficial hotel website\n\n\n[2][3][4]\n\n" ]
[ "Anbang Insurance Group" ]
2036681678348937410
Looking for Alaska
Looking for Alaska - wikipedia Looking for Alaska Looking for Alaska Looking for Alaska first edition cover Author John Green Cover artist Nolan Gadient Country United States Language English Genre Young adult novel Publisher Dutton Juvenile Publication date 2005 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 223 ISBN 0 - 525 - 47506 - 0 OCLC 55633822 LC Class PZ7. G8233 Lo 2005 Looking for Alaska is John Green 's first novel , published in March 2005 by Dutton Juvenile . It won the 2006 Michael L. Printz Award from the American Library Association , and led the association 's list of most - challenged books in 2015 due to profanity and sexually explicit scenes . Looking for Alaska is inspired by Green 's own experiences as a high school student . The story is told through teenager Miles `` Pudge '' Halter , as he enrolls in a boarding school to try to gain a deeper perspective on life . He meets one student in particular , Alaska Young , who he falls in love with as she guides him through his own `` labyrinth of suffering . '' After her unexpected death , he is forced to work through his internal `` labyrinth of suffering '' himself as he and his close friends attempt to uncover the truth behind Alaska 's death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes 4.1 Search for meaning 4.2 Grief 4.3 Coming of Age 4.4 Hope 5 Reception 5.1 Controversy 5.1. 1 Marion County , Kentucky 5.1. 2 Depew High School , Buffalo New York 5.1. 3 Knox and Sumner Counties , Tennessee 5.1. 4 Controversy Due to Cover Design 5.2 Author 's Response to Controversy 6 Adaptation 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) John Green , author of Looking for Alaska , in 2014 The novel is heavily based off John Green 's early life . As he explains , `` I myself was once a guy from Florida who was obsessed with the dying words of famous people and then left home to attend a boarding school in Alabama . '' He goes on to explain that while the novel is fictional , the setting is not . Green attended Indian Springs School , a boarding and day school outside of Birmingham , Alabama . Culver Creek of Looking for Alaska is Indian Springs School . From the smoking hole to the swing Pudge and Alaska sat on , John Green based the entire setting off of his high school . Characters are loosely based on his high school experiences , including smoking cigarettes in the woods instead of going to class . While he was enrolled there , a student died under circumstances similar to the character of Alaska , which inspired the plot of the novel . John Green discussed at a book talk in Rivermont Collegiate on October 19 , 2006 that he got the idea of Takumi 's `` fox hat '' from a Filipino friend who wore a similar hat while playing pranks at Indian Springs School . From the same book talk , Green also stated that the possessed swan in Culver Creek came from his student life at Indian Springs School as well , where there was also a swan of similar nature on the campus . The two pranks that occur in the book are similar to pranks that Green pulled at his high school . Green has also stated that several of Culver Creek 's teachers are direct caricatures of multiple faculty members at Indian Springs . During the week of July 29 , 2012 , Looking for Alaska broke into the New York Times best seller list at number ten in Children 's Paperback , 385 weeks ( more than seven years ) after it was released . As of May 3 , 2016 , it is number four on the New York Times best seller listing for Young Adult Paperback . It spent eighteen weeks at number four . Despite its literary success , Looking For Alaska has often been challenged in public school districts for content considered inappropriate . Plot ( edit ) Miles Halter , obsessed with last words , leaves Florida to attend Culver Creek Preparatory High School in Alabama for his junior year , quoting François Rabelais 's last words : `` I go to seek a Great Perhaps '' . Miles ' new roommate , Chip `` The Colonel '' Martin , nicknames Miles `` Pudge '' and introduces Pudge to his friends : hip - hop emcee Takumi Hikohito and Alaska Young , a beautiful but emotionally unstable girl . Learning of Pudge 's obsession with famous last words , Alaska informs him of Simón Bolívar 's : `` Damn it . How will I ever get out of this labyrinth ! '' The two make a deal that if Pudge figures out what the labyrinth is , Alaska will find him a girlfriend . Alaska sets Pudge up with a Romanian classmate , Lara . Unfortunately , Pudge and Lara have a disastrous date , ending with a concussed Pudge throwing up on Lara . Alaska and Pudge grow closer and he begins to fall in love with her , although she insists on keeping their relationship platonic because she has a boyfriend that she insists she loves . On his first night at Culver Creek , Pudge is kidnapped and thrown into a lake by the `` Weekday Warriors , '' rich schoolmates who blame the Colonel and his friends for the expulsion of their friend , Paul . There is much tension between Pudge 's friends and the Weekday Warriors because of Paul 's expulsion . Takumi claims that they are innocent because their friend Marya was also expelled during the incident . However , Alaska later admits that she told on Marya and Paul to the dean , Mr. Starnes , to save herself from being punished . The gang celebrates a series of pranks by drinking and partying , and an inebriated Alaska confides about her mother 's death from an aneurysm when she was eight years old . Although she did n't understand at the time , she feels guilty for not calling 911 . Pudge figures that her mother 's death made Alaska impulsive and rash . He concludes that the labyrinth was a person 's suffering and that humans must try to find their way out . Afterwards , Pudge grows closer to Lara , and they start dating . A week later , after another ' celebration ' , an intoxicated Alaska and Pudge spend the night together . In the middle of the night , Alaska receives a phone call which causes her to go into hysterics , insisting that she has to leave . Pudge and the Colonel distract Mr. Starnes and Alaska drives away while drunk , crashes her car , and dies instantly . The Colonel and Pudge are devastated and blame themselves , but learn that Alaska might have deliberately crashed to kill herself . They discover that Alaska was driving to her mother 's grave because she had forgotten her mother 's birthday . The Colonel insists on questioning Jake , her boyfriend , but Pudge refuses , fearing that he might learn that Alaska never loved him . They argue and the Colonel accuses Pudge of only loving an idealized Alaska that Pudge made up in his head . Pudge realizes the truth of this and reconciles with the Colonel . As a way of celebrating Alaska 's life , Pudge , the Colonel , Takumi , and Lara team up with the Weekday Warriors to hire a male stripper to speak at Culver 's Speaker Day . The whole school finds it hilarious ; Mr. Starnes even acknowledges how clever it was . Pudge finds Alaska 's copy of The General in His Labyrinth with the labyrinth quote underlined and notices the words `` straight and fast '' written in the margins . He remembers Alaska died on the morning after the anniversary of her mother 's death and concludes that Alaska felt guilty for not visiting her mother 's grave . In her rush , she might have been trying to reach the cemetery or might have committed suicide out of guilt . On the last day of school , Takumi confesses in a note that he was the last person to see Alaska , and he let her go as well . Pudge realizes that letting her go does n't matter as much anymore . He forgives Alaska for dying , as he knows Alaska would forgive him for letting her go . Characters ( edit ) Miles Halter Miles `` Pudge '' Halter is nicknamed because he is tall and skinny . He is the novel 's main character , who has an unusual interest in learning famous people 's last words . He transfers to the boarding school Culver Creek in search of his own `` Great Perhaps '' . Pudge is attracted to Alaska Young , who for most of the novel has a mixed relationship , mostly not returning his feelings . Alaska Young Alaska is the wild , unpredictable , beautiful , and enigmatic girl with a sad backstory who captures Miles ' attention and heart . She acts as a confidante to her friends , frequently assisting them in personal matters , including providing them with cigarettes and alcohol . She is described as living in a `` reckless world . '' The second half of the novel focuses around the car accident that took her life and the other characters coping with not knowing if it was an accident or a suicide . Chip Martin Chip `` The Colonel '' Martin is five feet tall but `` built like a scale model of Adonis '' , he is Alaska 's best friend and Miles ' roommate . He is the strategic mastermind behind the schemes that Alaska concocts , and in charge of everyone 's nicknames . Coming from a poor background , he is obsessed with loyalty and honor , especially towards his beloved mother , Dolores , who lives in a trailer . Takumi Hikohito Takumi is a gifted Japanese emcee / hip - hop enthusiast and friend of Alaska and Chip . He often feels overlooked in the plans of Miles , Chip , and Alaska . Towards the end of the novel he returns to Japan . Lara Buterskaya Lara is a Romanian immigrant , she is Alaska 's friend and becomes Miles ' girlfriend and , eventually , ex-girlfriend . She is described as having a light accent . Mr. Starnes Mr. Starnes is the stern Dean of Students at Culver Creek , nicknamed `` The Eagle '' by the students . He is pranked by Miles , Chip , Alaska , Lara and Takumi multiple times throughout the novel . Themes ( edit ) Search for meaning ( edit ) After Alaska 's death , Pudge and Colonel investigate the circumstances surrounding the traumatic event . While looking for answers , the boys are subconsciously dealing with their grief , and their obsession over these answers transforms into a search for meaning . Pudge and Colonel want to find out the answers to certain questions surrounding Alaska 's death , but in reality , they are enduring their own labyrinths of suffering , a concept central to the novel . When their theology teacher Mr. Hyde poses a question to his class about the meaning of life , Pudge takes this opportunity to write about it as a labyrinth of suffering . He accepts that it exists and admits that even though the tragic loss of Alaska created his own labyrinth of suffering , he continues to have faith in the `` Great Perhaps , ' '' meaning that Pudge must search for meaning in his life through inevitable grief and suffering . Literary scholar Barb Dean analyzes Pudge and the Colonel 's quest for answers as they venture into finding deeper meaning in life . Because this investigation turns into something that is used to deal with the harsh reality of losing Alaska , it leads to Pudge finding his way through his own personal labyrinth of suffering and finding deeper meaning to his life . Grief ( edit ) When Alaska dies unexpectedly , the repercussions in the lives of her friends are significant , especially for Pudge and the Colonel . Scholar Barb Dean concludes that it is normal to seek answers about what happened and why . She also points out that in writing Looking for Alaska , John Green wished to dive deeper into the grieving process by asking the question `` how does one rationalize the harshness and messiness of life when one has , through stupid , thoughtless , and very human actions , contributed to that very harshness ? '' Pudge and the Colonel blame themselves for Alaska 's death because they do not stop her from driving while intoxicated . Because of this , their grieving process consists of seeking answers surrounding her death since they feel that they are responsible . Ultimately , Miles is able to come to the conclusion that Alaska would forgive him for any fault of his in her death and thus his grief is resolved in a healthy way . Coming of age ( edit ) Throughout the book , the events that Miles and other characters experience are typical coming - of - age situations . By the end of the book , it is clear that Miles has grown throughout the year . Book reviews often note this theme , bringing up the instances in the book such as grief that cause the characters to look at life from a new and more mature perspective . Scholar Barb Dean also concludes that the characters grow up faster than expected while investigating Alaska 's death because exploring the concept of they labyrinth of suffering is Miles ' `` rite of passage '' into adulthood , and he learns more about himself through grieving for Alaska . Reviews also note activities such as drinking and smoking , which , though controversial , are often viewed as rites of passage by the teenagers in this novel . Hope ( edit ) The theme of hope plays a major role in Looking for Alaska . Even though some of the novel 's prominent themes are about death , grief and loss , John Green ties hope into the end of the novel to solve Pudge 's internal conflict brought on by Alaska 's death . In Barb Dean 's chapter about the novel , she takes a closer look into Mr. Hyde 's theology class where he discusses the similarity of the idea of hope between the founding figures of Christianity , Islam , and Buddhism . Mr. Hyde also asks the class what their call for hope is , and Pudge decides his is his escape of his personal labyrinth of suffering . For Pudge , his call for hope is understanding the reality of suffering while also acknowledging that things like friendship and forgiveness can help diminish this suffering . Dean notes that Green has said that he writes fiction in order to `` ' keep that fragile strand of radical hope ( alive ) , to build a fire in the darkness . ' '' Reception ( edit ) Reviews of Looking for Alaska are generally positive . Many comment on the relatable high school characters and situations as well as more complex ideas such as how topics like grief are handled . Overall , many reviewers agree that this is a coming of age story that is appealing to both older and younger readers . There has been much controversy surrounding this novel , however , especially in school settings . Parents and school administrators have questioned the novel 's language , sexual content , and depiction of tobacco and alcohol use . Looking for Alaska has been featured on the American Library Association 's list of Frequently Challenged Books in 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , and 2016 . The novel was awarded the Michael L. Printz award in 2006 and has also won praise from organizations such as the American Library Association , School Library Journal , and the Lost Angeles Times among others . Controversy ( edit ) Marion County , Kentucky ( edit ) In 2016 in Marion County , Kentucky , parents have urged schools to drop it from the curriculum , referring to it as influencing students `` to experiment with pornography , sex , drugs , alcohol and profanity . '' Although the teacher offered an opt - out book for the class , one parent still felt as though the book should be banned entirely and filed a formal complaint . After the challenge , students were given an alternate book for any parents who were not comfortable with their children reading the book . One parent still insisted on getting the book banned and filed a Request for Reconsideration on the basis that Looking For Alaska would tempt students to experiment with drugs , alcohol , and sex despite the decisions made after the challenge . Depew high school , Buffalo New York ( edit ) Two teachers at Depew High School near Buffalo , New York , used the book for eleventh grade instruction in 2008 . Looking For Alaska was challenged by parents for its sexual content and moral disagreements with the novel . Despite the teachers providing an alternate book , parents still argued for it to be removed from curriculum due to its inappropriate content such as offensive language , sexually explicit content , including a scene described as `` pornographic '' , and references to homosexuality , drugs , alcohol , and smoking . The book was ultimately kept in the curriculum by the school board after a unanimous school board vote with the stipulation that the teachers of the 11th grade class give the parents a decision to have their children read an alternate book . Looking for Alaska was defended by the school district because they felt it dealt with themes relevant to students of this age , such as death , drinking and driving , and peer pressure . Knox and Sumner counties , Tennessee ( edit ) In March 2012 , The Knoxville Journal reported that a parent of a 15 - year - old Karns High School student objected to the book 's placement on the Honors and Advanced Placement classes ' required reading lists for Knox County high schools on the grounds that its sex scene and its use of profanity rendered it pornography . Ultimately , students were kept from reading the novel as a whole , but Looking For Alaska was still available in libraries within the district . In May 2012 , Sumner County in Tennessee also banned the teaching of Looking For Alaska . The school 's spokesman argued that two pages of the novel included enough explicit content to ban the novel . Controversy due to cover design ( edit ) Further controversy came from the cover art . In August 2012 , Green acknowledged that the extinguished candle on the cover leads to `` an improbable amount of smoke '' , and explained that the initial cover design did not feature the candle . Green said that certain book chains were uncomfortable with displaying or selling a book with a cover that featured cigarette smoke , so the candle was added beneath the smoke . In John Green 's box set , released on October 25 , 2012 , the candle has been removed from the cover . Further paperback releases of the book also have the candle removed . Author 's response to controversy ( edit ) Green defended his book in his vlog , Vlogbrothers . The video , entitled `` I Am Not A Pornographer '' , describes the Depew High School challenge of Looking For Alaska and his anger at the description of his novel as pornography . Green defends the inclusion of the oral sex scene in Looking for Alaska stating , `` The whole reason that scene in question exists in Looking for Alaska is because I wanted to draw a contrast between that scene , when there is a lot of physical intimacy , but it is ultimately very emotionally empty , and the scene that immediately follows it , when there is not a serious physical interaction , but there 's this intense emotional connection . '' Green argues that the misunderstanding of his book is the reason for its controversy , and calls to people to understand the actual literary content before judging specific scenes . He also condemns the way that groups of parents underestimate the intelligence of teenagers and their ability to analyze literature . He ends with encouraging his viewers to attend the Depew School Board hearing to defend the choice of parents , students , and teachers to have Looking For Alaska included in public schools . Adaptation ( edit ) The film rights to the novel were acquired by Paramount Pictures in 2005 . The screenplay was potentially going to be written and directed by Josh Schwartz ( creator of The O.C. ) but , due to a lack of interest by Paramount , the production had been shelved indefinitely . It had been reported that Paramount was putting the screenplay in review due to the success of the film adaptation of Green 's breakout novel , The Fault in Our Stars . On February 27 , 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber , screenwriters for Temple Hill Entertainment who had worked on adaptations for The Fault in Our Stars and Paper Towns , would be writing and executive producing for the film . Paramount was actively casting the latest version of the screenplay , which was written by Sarah Polley . Rebecca Thomas was set to direct . Green also confirmed that Neustadter and Weber were still involved with the film . In August 2015 , it was announced filming would begin in the fall in Michigan . It was later announced that filming would begin in early 2016 because of lack of casting decisions . Later in 2016 , John Green announced in a Vlogbrother 's video and on social media that the film adaption has once again been shelved indefinitely . John Green explained , `` It has always fallen apart of one reason or another . '' On May 9 , 2018 it was announced that Hulu would be adapting the novel into an 8 - episode limited series . Footnotes ( edit ) Bob Carlton ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) . `` One - time Indian Springs student finds his way in first novel '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Library Association ( 2010 ) . `` Michael L. Printz Winners and Honor Books '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kathy Rosa , ed. ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) , The State of America 's Libraries , 2016 ( PDF ) , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 ^ Jump up to : vlogbrothers ( 2010 - 08 - 06 ) , Looking for Alaska at My High School , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 Jump up ^ vlogbrothers ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) , Who I Was in High School , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 Jump up ^ Mendelsohn , Aline ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) . `` From Last Words to First Book '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Green , John . `` Questions about Looking for Alaska ( SPOILERS ! ) : Questions about Writing and Inspiration '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ John Green 's Legendary High School Prank . YouTube . 8 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Paperback Books '' . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2016-05-08/young-adult-paperback/list.html Jump up ^ `` Children 's Paperback Books - Best Sellers - The New York Times '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Ellie . `` Spotlight on Censorship : `` Looking For Alaska '' `` . Journal of Intellectual Freedom Blog . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 28 December 2006 ) . Looking for Alaska . Penguin Young Readers Group . p. 14 . ISBN 9780142402511 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 28 December 2006 ) . Looking for Alaska . Penguin Young Readers Group . p. 25 . ISBN 9780142402511 . Jump up ^ Green , John ( 28 December 2006 ) . Looking for Alaska . p. 18 . ISBN 9780142402511 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Barb ( 2010 ) . `` The Power of Young Adult Literature to Nourish the Spirit : An Examination of John Green 's Looking for Alaska '' . Literature and Belief. 30 ( 2 ) : 31 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dean , Barb ( 2010 ) . `` The Power of Young Adult Literature to Nourish the Spirit : An Examination of John Green 's Looking for Alaska '' . Literature and Belief. 30 ( 2 ) : 29 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green , John ( 2005 ) . Looking for Alaska . Dutton Juvenile . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47506 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barkdoll , Jayme K. , and Lisa Scherff . `` '' Literature is Not a Cold , Dead Place `` : An Interview with John Green . '' English Journal 97.3 ( 2008 ) : 67 - 71 . ProQuest Central , Research Library . Web . ^ Jump up to : Ritchie , John . `` Looking for Alaska . '' ALAN Review 32.3 ( 2005 ) : 36 . ProQuest Central . Web . Jump up ^ Dean , Barb ( 2010 ) . `` The Power of Young Adult Literature to Nourish the Spirit : An Examination of John Green 's Looking for Alaska '' . Literature and Belief. 30 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 33 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gallo , Don . `` The very Best Possibilities , Part Two . '' English Journal 95.5 ( 2006 ) : 107 - 10 . ProQuest Central , Research Library . Web . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Censorship : ' Looking for Alaska ' - Intellectual Freedom Blog '' . Intellectual Freedom Blog. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ admin ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Frequently Challenged Books '' . Advocacy , Legislation & Issues . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . lookingforalaska10.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) . `` US battle over banning Looking for Alaska continues in Kentucky '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/15CBB52D43D0E208 ? p = AWNB `` The heart of education - Students need opportunities to think through situations for themselves '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Lebanon Enterprise ( KY ) . NewsBank . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Laura E. `` Committee will review controversial teenage book - Board will then decide if novel can be textbook '' . The Buffalo news . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` US battle over banning Looking for Alaska continues in Kentucky '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ In Which the Candle Dies . YouTube . 28 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , John . `` I Am Not A Pornographer '' . Youtube . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Josh Schwartz '' . Summer 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Green New York Times Bestselling Author - Movie Questions '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fault in Our Stars Writers , Producers Reuniting for Next John Green Adaptation ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Polley will adapt and direct John Green 's Looking for Alaska '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown Express '' . talentrep.breakdownexpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rebecca Thomas to direct adaptation of John Green 's Looking for Alaska '' . Entertainment Weekly . 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ vlogbrothers ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) , `` Some News '' , Youtube , retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Christine ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` John Green 's Looking for Alaska will film in Michigan this fall '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ John Green Looking for Alaska Movie Doomed Jump up ^ vlogbrothers ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) , The Looking for Alaska Movie , Davos , and Hufflepuff Shade : It 's Question Tuesday , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Hulu Ordering ' Looking For Alaska ' Limited Series From Josh Schwartz Based On John Green 's Novel From Paramount TV '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , John ( 28 December 2006 ) . Looking for Alaska . Penguin Young Readers Group . ISBN 9780142402511 . External links ( edit ) Looking For Alaska is on the ALA 2005 Teens ' Top Ten hide Works by John Green Fiction Looking for Alaska ( 2005 ) An Abundance of Katherines ( 2006 ) Paper Towns ( 2008 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2012 ) Turtles All the Way Down ( 2017 ) Co-authored fiction Let It Snow : Three Holiday Romances ( 2008 ) Will Grayson , Will Grayson ( 2010 ) YouTube projects Vlogbrothers ( 2007 -- present ) Crash Course ( 2011 -- present ) The Art Assignment ( 2014 -- present ) Adaptations The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 film ) Paper Towns ( 2015 film ) hide Michael L. Printz Award winners 2000s 2000 : Myers -- Monster 2001 : Almond -- Kit 's Wilderness 2002 : Na -- A Step From Heaven 2003 : Chambers -- Postcards from No Man 's Land 2004 : Johnson -- The First Part Last 2005 : Rosoff -- How I Live Now 2006 : Green -- Looking for Alaska 2007 : Yang -- American Born Chinese 2008 : McCaughrean -- The White Darkness 2009 : Marchetta -- On the Jellicoe Road 2010s 2010 : Bray -- Going Bovine 2011 : Bacigalupi -- Ship Breaker 2012 : Whaley -- Where Things Come Back 2013 : Lake -- In Darkness 2014 : Sedgwick -- Midwinterblood 2015 : Nelson -- I 'll Give You the Sun 2016 : Ruby -- Bone Gap 2017 : Lewis , Aydin , and Powell -- March : Book Three 2018 : LaCour -- We Are Okay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Looking_for_Alaska&oldid=846391716 '' Categories : 2005 American novels American young adult novels Novels about death Debut novels Michael L. Printz Award - winning works Novels set in Birmingham , Alabama Dutton Children 's Books books Novels by John Green Books by YouTube personalities American bildungsromans Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with URL errors Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where did miles live in looking for alaska
[ "Miles Halter, obsessed with last words, leaves Florida to attend Culver Creek Preparatory High School in Alabama for his junior year, quoting François Rabelais's last words: \"I go to seek a Great Perhaps\".[12] Miles' new roommate, Chip \"The Colonel\" Martin, nicknames Miles \"Pudge\" and introduces Pudge to his friends: hip-hop emcee Takumi Hikohito and Alaska Young, a beautiful but emotionally unstable girl. Learning of Pudge's obsession with famous last words, Alaska informs him of Simón Bolívar's: \"Damn it. How will I ever get out of this labyrinth!\"[13] The two make a deal that if Pudge figures out what the labyrinth is, Alaska will find him a girlfriend. Alaska sets Pudge up with a Romanian classmate, Lara. Unfortunately, Pudge and Lara have a disastrous date, ending with a concussed Pudge throwing up on Lara. Alaska and Pudge grow closer and he begins to fall in love with her, although she insists on keeping their relationship platonic because she has a boyfriend that she insists she loves." ]
[ "Culver Creek Preparatory High School in Alabama" ]
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Complex system
Complex system - wikipedia Complex system `` Complex systems '' redirects here . For the journal , see Complex Systems ( journal ) . Complex systems Topics Emergence ( show ) Emergence Self - organization ( show ) Collective consciousness Collective behaviour ( show ) Social dynamics Collective intelligence Collective action Self - organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent - based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour Networks ( show ) Scale - free networks Social network analysis Small - world networks Community identification Centrality Motifs Graph Theory Scaling Robustness Systems biology Dynamic networks Adaptive networks Evolution and adaptation ( show ) Artificial neural networks Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics Evolvability Pattern formation ( show ) Spatial fractals Reaction - diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self - replication Spatial evolutionary biology Geomorphology Systems theory ( show ) Homeostasis Operationalization Feedback Self - reference Goal - oriented System dynamics Sensemaking Entropy Cybernetics Autopoiesis Information theory Computation theory Complexity measurement Nonlinear dynamics ( show ) Time series analysis Ordinary differential equations Iterative maps Phase space Attractors Stability analysis Population dynamics Chaos Multistability Bifurcation Coupled map lattices Game theory ( show ) Prisoner 's dilemma Rational choice theory Bounded rationality Irrational behaviour Evolutionary game theory A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other . In many cases it is useful to represent such a system as a network where the nodes represent the components and the links their interactions . Examples of complex systems are Earth 's global climate , organisms , the human brain , social and economic organizations ( like cities ) , an ecosystem , a living cell , and ultimately the entire universe . Complex systems are systems whose behavior is intrinsically difficult to model due to the dependencies , relationships , or other types of interactions between their parts or between a given system and its environment . Systems that are `` complex '' have distinct properties that arise from these relationships , such as nonlinearity , emergence , spontaneous order , adaptation , and feedback loops , among others . Because such systems appear in a wide variety of fields , the commonalities among them have become the topic of their own independent area of research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Key concepts 2.1 Systems 2.2 Complexity 2.3 Networks 2.4 Nonlinearity 2.5 Emergence 2.5. 1 Spontaneous order and self - organization 2.6 Adaptation 3 Features 4 History 5 Applications 5.1 Complexity in practice 5.2 Complexity management 5.3 Complexity economics 5.4 Complexity and education 5.5 Complexity and modeling 5.6 Complexity and chaos theory 5.7 Complexity and network science 5.8 General form of complexity computation 6 Notable figures 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The term complex systems often refers to the study of complex systems , which is an approach to science that investigates how relationships between a system 's parts give rise to its collective behaviors and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment . The study of complex systems regards collective , or system - wide , behaviors as the fundamental object of study ; for this reason , complex systems can be understood as an alternative paradigm to reductionism , which attempts to explain systems in terms of their constituent parts and the individual interactions between them . As an interdisciplinary domain , complex systems draws contributions from many different fields , such as the study of self - organization from physics , that of spontaneous order from the social sciences , chaos from mathematics , adaptation from biology , and many others . Complex systems is therefore often used as a broad term encompassing a research approach to problems in many diverse disciplines , including statistical physics , information theory , nonlinear dynamics , anthropology , computer science , meteorology , sociology , economics , psychology , and biology . Key concepts ( edit ) Systems ( edit ) Open systems have input and output flows , representing exchanges of matter , energy or information with their surroundings . Complex systems is chiefly concerned with the behaviors and properties of systems . A system , broadly defined , is a set of entities that , through their interactions , relationships , or dependencies , form a unified whole . It is always defined in terms of its boundary , which determines the entities that are or are not part of the system . Entities lying outside the system then become part of the system 's environment . A system can exhibit properties that produce behaviors which are distinct from the properties and behaviors of its parts ; these system - wide or global properties and behaviors are characteristics of how the system interacts with or appears to its environment , or of how its parts behave ( say , in response to external stimuli ) by virtue of being within the system . The notion of behavior implies that the study of systems is also concerned with processes that take place over time ( or , in mathematics , some other phase space parameterization ) . Because of their broad , interdisciplinary applicability , systems concepts play a central role in complex systems . As a field of study , complex systems is a subset of systems theory . General systems theory focuses similarly on the collective behaviors of interacting entities , but it studies a much broader class of systems , including non-complex systems where traditional reductionist approaches may remain viable . Indeed , systems theory seeks to explore and describe all classes of systems , and the invention of categories that are useful to researchers across widely varying fields is one of systems theory 's main objectives . As it relates to complex systems , systems theory contributes an emphasis on the way relationships and dependencies between a system 's parts can determine system - wide properties . It also contributes the interdisciplinary perspective of the study of complex systems : the notion that shared properties link systems across disciplines , justifying the pursuit of modeling approaches applicable to complex systems wherever they appear . Specific concepts important to complex systems , such as emergence , feedback loops , and adaptation , also originate in systems theory . Complexity ( edit ) Systems exhibit complexity when difficulties with modeling them are endemic . This means their behaviors can not be understood apart from the very properties that make them difficult to model , and they are governed entirely , or almost entirely , by the behaviors those properties produce . Any modeling approach that ignores such difficulties or characterizes them as noise , then , will necessarily produce models that are neither accurate nor useful . As yet no fully general theory of complex systems has emerged for addressing these problems , so researchers must solve them in domain - specific contexts . Researchers in complex systems address these problems by viewing the chief task of modeling to be capturing , rather than reducing , the complexity of their respective systems of interest . While no generally accepted exact definition of complexity exists yet , there are many archetypal examples of complexity . Systems can be complex if , for instance , they have chaotic behavior ( behavior that exhibits extreme sensitivity to initial conditions ) , or if they have emergent properties ( properties that are not apparent from their components in isolation but which result from the relationships and dependencies they form when placed together in a system ) , or if they are computationally intractable to model ( if they depend on a number of parameters that grows too rapidly with respect to the size of the system ) . Networks ( edit ) The interacting components of a complex system form a network , which is a collection of discrete objects and relationships between them , usually depicted as a graph of vertices connected by edges . Networks can describe the relationships between individuals within an organization , between logic gates in a circuit , between genes in gene regulatory networks , or between any other set of related entities . Networks often describe the sources of complexity in complex systems . Studying complex systems as networks therefore enables many useful applications of graph theory and network science . Some complex systems , for example , are also complex networks , which have properties such as phase transitions and power - law degree distributions that readily lend themselves to emergent or chaotic behavior . The fact that the number of edges in a complete graph grows quadratically in the number of vertices sheds additional light on the source of complexity in large networks : as a network grows , the number of relationships between entities quickly dwarfs the number of entities in the network . Nonlinearity ( edit ) A sample solution in the Lorenz attractor when ρ = 28 , σ = 10 , and β = 8 / 3 Complex systems often have nonlinear behavior , meaning they may respond in different ways to the same input depending on their state or context . In mathematics and physics , nonlinearity describes systems in which a change in the size of the input does not produce a proportional change in the size of the output . For a given change in input , such systems may yield significantly greater than or less than proportional changes in output , or even no output at all , depending on the current state of the system or its parameter values . Of particular interest to complex systems are nonlinear dynamical systems , which are systems of differential equations that have one or more nonlinear terms . Some nonlinear dynamical systems , such as the Lorenz system , can produce a mathematical phenomenon known as chaos . Chaos as it applies to complex systems refers to the sensitive dependence on initial conditions , or `` butterfly effect , '' that a complex system can exhibit . In such a system , small changes to initial conditions can lead to dramatically different outcomes . Chaotic behavior can therefore be extremely hard to model numerically , because small rounding errors at an intermediate stage of computation can cause the model to generate completely inaccurate output . Furthermore , if a complex system returns to a state similar to one it held previously , it may behave completely differently in response to exactly the same stimuli , so chaos also poses challenges for extrapolating from past experience . Emergence ( edit ) Gosper 's Glider Gun creating `` gliders '' in the cellular automaton Conway 's Game of Life Another common feature of complex systems is the presence of emergent behaviors and properties : these are traits of a system which are not apparent from its components in isolation but which result from the interactions , dependencies , or relationships they form when placed together in a system . Emergence broadly describes the appearance of such behaviors and properties , and has applications to systems studied in both the social and physical sciences . While emergence is often used to refer only to the appearance of unplanned organized behavior in a complex system , emergence can also refer to the breakdown of organization ; it describes any phenomena which are difficult or even impossible to predict from the smaller entities that make up the system . One example of complex system whose emergent properties have been studied extensively is cellular automata . In a cellular automaton , a grid of cells , each having one of finitely many states , evolves over time according to a simple set of rules . These rules guide the `` interactions '' of each cell with its neighbors . Although the rules are only defined locally , they have been shown capable of producing globally interesting behavior , for example in Conway 's Game of Life . Spontaneous order and self - organization ( edit ) When emergence describes the appearance of unplanned order , it is spontaneous order ( in the social sciences ) or self - organization ( in physical sciences ) . Spontaneous order can be seen in herd behavior , whereby a group of individuals coordinates their actions without centralized planning . Self - organization can be seen in the global symmetry of certain crystals , for instance the apparent radial symmetry of snowflakes , which arises from purely local attractive and repulsive forces both between water molecules and between water molecules and their surrounding environment . Adaptation ( edit ) Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex systems that are adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience . Examples of complex adaptive systems include the stock market , social insect and ant colonies , the biosphere and the ecosystem , the brain and the immune system , the cell and the developing embryo , manufacturing businesses and any human social group - based endeavor in a cultural and social system such as political parties or communities . Features ( edit ) Complex systems may have the following features : Cascading failures Due to the strong coupling between components in complex systems , a failure in one or more components can lead to cascading failures which may have catastrophic consequences on the functioning of the system . Localized attack may lead to cascading failures in spatial networks . Complex systems may be open Complex systems are usually open systems -- that is , they exist in a thermodynamic gradient and dissipate energy . In other words , complex systems are frequently far from energetic equilibrium : but despite this flux , there may be pattern stability , see synergetics . Complex systems may have a memory The history of a complex system may be important . Because complex systems are dynamical systems they change over time , and prior states may have an influence on present states . More formally , complex systems often exhibit spontaneous failures and recovery as well as hysteresis . Interacting systems may have complex hysteresis of many transitions . Complex systems may be nested The components of a complex system may themselves be complex systems . For example , an economy is made up of organisations , which are made up of people , which are made up of cells - all of which are complex systems . Dynamic network of multiplicity As well as coupling rules , the dynamic network of a complex system is important . Small - world or scale - free networks which have many local interactions and a smaller number of inter-area connections are often employed . Natural complex systems often exhibit such topologies . In the human cortex for example , we see dense local connectivity and a few very long axon projections between regions inside the cortex and to other brain regions . May produce emergent phenomena Complex systems may exhibit behaviors that are emergent , which is to say that while the results may be sufficiently determined by the activity of the systems ' basic constituents , they may have properties that can only be studied at a higher level . For example , the termites in a mound have physiology , biochemistry and biological development that are at one level of analysis , but their social behavior and mound building is a property that emerges from the collection of termites and needs to be analysed at a different level . Relationships are non-linear In practical terms , this means a small perturbation may cause a large effect ( see butterfly effect ) , a proportional effect , or even no effect at all . In linear systems , effect is always directly proportional to cause . See nonlinearity . Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative ( damping ) and positive ( amplifying ) feedback are always found in complex systems . The effects of an element 's behaviour are fed back to in such a way that the element itself is altered . History ( edit ) A perspective on the development of complexity science : http://www.art-sciencefactory.com/complexity-map_feb09.html Although it is arguable that humans have been studying complex systems for thousands of years , the modern scientific study of complex systems is relatively young in comparison to established fields of science such as physics and chemistry . The history of the scientific study of these systems follows several different research trends . In the area of mathematics , arguably the largest contribution to the study of complex systems was the discovery of chaos in deterministic systems , a feature of certain dynamical systems that is strongly related to nonlinearity . The study of neural networks was also integral in advancing the mathematics needed to study complex systems . The notion of self - organizing systems is tied with work in nonequilibrium thermodynamics , including that pioneered by chemist and Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine in his study of dissipative structures . Even older is the work by Hartree - Fock c.s. on the quantum - chemistry equations and later calculations of the structure of molecules which can be regarded as one of the earliest examples of emergence and emergent wholes in science . The earliest precursor to modern complex systems theory can be found in the classical political economy of the Scottish Enlightenment , later developed by the Austrian school of economics , which argues that order in market systems is spontaneous ( or emergent ) in that it is the result of human action , but not the execution of any human design . Upon this the Austrian school developed from the 19th to the early 20th century the economic calculation problem , along with the concept of dispersed knowledge , which were to fuel debates against the then - dominant Keynesian economics . This debate would notably lead economists , politicians and other parties to explore the question of computational complexity . A pioneer in the field , and inspired by Karl Popper 's and Warren Weaver 's works , Nobel prize economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek dedicated much of his work , from early to the late 20th century , to the study of complex phenomena , not constraining his work to human economies but venturing into other fields such as psychology , biology and cybernetics . Gregory Bateson played a key role in establishing the connection between anthropology and systems theory ; he recognized that the interactive parts of cultures function much like ecosystems . While the explicit study of complex systems dates at least to the 1970s , the first research institute focused on complex systems , the Santa Fe Institute , was founded in 1984 . Early Santa Fe Institute participants included physics Nobel laureates Murray Gell - Mann and Philip Anderson , economics Nobel laureate Kenneth Arrow , and Manhattan Project scientists George Cowan and Herb Anderson . Today , there are over 50 institutes and research centers focusing on complex systems . Applications ( edit ) Complexity in practice ( edit ) The traditional approach to dealing with complexity is to reduce or constrain it . Typically , this involves compartmentalisation : dividing a large system into separate parts . Organizations , for instance , divide their work into departments that each deal with separate issues . Engineering systems are often designed using modular components . However , modular designs become susceptible to failure when issues arise that bridge the divisions . Complexity management ( edit ) As projects and acquisitions become increasingly complex , companies and governments are challenged to find effective ways to manage mega-acquisitions such as the Army Future Combat Systems . Acquisitions such as the FCS rely on a web of interrelated parts which interact unpredictably . As acquisitions become more network - centric and complex , businesses will be forced to find ways to manage complexity while governments will be challenged to provide effective governance to ensure flexibility and resiliency . Complexity economics ( edit ) Over the last decades , within the emerging field of complexity economics new predictive tools have been developed to explain economic growth . Such is the case with the models built by the Santa Fe Institute in 1989 and the more recent economic complexity index ( ECI ) , introduced by the MIT physicist Cesar A. Hidalgo and the Harvard economist Ricardo Hausmann . Based on the ECI , Hausmann , Hidalgo and their team of The Observatory of Economic Complexity have produced GDP forecasts for the year 2020 . Complexity and education ( edit ) Focusing on issues of student persistence with their studies , Forsman , Moll and Linder explore the `` viability of using complexity science as a frame to extend methodological applications for physics education research '' , finding that `` framing a social network analysis within a complexity science perspective offers a new and powerful applicability across a broad range of PER topics '' . Complexity and modeling ( edit ) One of Friedrich Hayek 's main contributions to early complexity theory is his distinction between the human capacity to predict the behaviour of simple systems and its capacity to predict the behaviour of complex systems through modeling . He believed that economics and the sciences of complex phenomena in general , which in his view included biology , psychology , and so on , could not be modeled after the sciences that deal with essentially simple phenomena like physics . Hayek would notably explain that complex phenomena , through modeling , can only allow pattern predictions , compared with the precise predictions that can be made out of non-complex phenomena . Complexity and chaos theory ( edit ) Complexity theory is rooted in chaos theory , which in turn has its origins more than a century ago in the work of the French mathematician Henri Poincaré . Chaos is sometimes viewed as extremely complicated information , rather than as an absence of order . Chaotic systems remain deterministic , though their long - term behavior can be difficult to predict with any accuracy . With perfect knowledge of the initial conditions and of the relevant equations describing the chaotic system 's behavior , one can theoretically make perfectly accurate predictions about the future of the system , though in practice this is impossible to do with arbitrary accuracy . Ilya Prigogine argued that complexity is non-deterministic , and gives no way whatsoever to precisely predict the future . The emergence of complexity theory shows a domain between deterministic order and randomness which is complex . This is referred as the `` edge of chaos '' . A plot of the Lorenz attractor . When one analyzes complex systems , sensitivity to initial conditions , for example , is not an issue as important as it is within chaos theory , in which it prevails . As stated by Colander , the study of complexity is the opposite of the study of chaos . Complexity is about how a huge number of extremely complicated and dynamic sets of relationships can generate some simple behavioral patterns , whereas chaotic behavior , in the sense of deterministic chaos , is the result of a relatively small number of non-linear interactions . Therefore , the main difference between chaotic systems and complex systems is their history . Chaotic systems do not rely on their history as complex ones do . Chaotic behaviour pushes a system in equilibrium into chaotic order , which means , in other words , out of what we traditionally define as ' order ' . On the other hand , complex systems evolve far from equilibrium at the edge of chaos . They evolve at a critical state built up by a history of irreversible and unexpected events , which physicist Murray Gell - Mann called `` an accumulation of frozen accidents '' . In a sense chaotic systems can be regarded as a subset of complex systems distinguished precisely by this absence of historical dependence . Many real complex systems are , in practice and over long but finite time periods , robust . However , they do possess the potential for radical qualitative change of kind whilst retaining systemic integrity . Metamorphosis serves as perhaps more than a metaphor for such transformations . Complexity and network science ( edit ) A complex system is usually composed of many components and their interactions . Such a system can be represented by a network where nodes represent the components and links represent their interactions . for example , the INTERNET can be represented as a network composed of nodes ( computers ) and links ( direct connections between computers ) . Its resilience to failures was studied using percolation theory in . Other examples are social networks , airline networks , biological networks and climate networks . Networks can also fail and recover spontaneously . For modeling this phenomenon see Majdandzik et al. Interacting complex systems can be modeled as networks of networks . For their breakdown and recovery properties see Gao et al. Traffic in a city can be represented as a network . The weighted links represent the velocity between two junctions ( nodes ) . This approach was found useful to characterize the global traffic efficiency in a city . General form of complexity computation ( edit ) The computational law of reachable optimality is established as a general form of computation for ordered systems and it reveals complexity computation is a compound computation of optimal choice and optimality driven reaching pattern overtime underlying a specific and any experience path of ordered system within the general limitation of system integrity . The computational law of reachable optimality has four key components as described below . 1 . Reachability of Optimality : Any intended optimality shall be reachable . Unreachable optimality has no meaning for a member in the ordered system and even for the ordered system itself . 2 . Prevailing and Consistency : Maximizing reachability to explore best available optimality is the prevailing computation logic for all members in the ordered system and is accommodated by the ordered system . 3 . Conditionality : Realizable tradeoff between reachability and optimality depends primarily upon the initial bet capacity and how the bet capacity evolves along with the payoff table update path triggered by bet behavior and empowered by the underlying law of reward and punishment . Precisely , it is a sequence of conditional events where the next event happens upon reached status quo from experience path . 4 . Robustness : The more challenge a reachable optimality can accommodate , the more robust it is in term of path integrity . There are also four computation features in the law of reachable optimality . 1 . Optimal Choice : Computation in realizing Optimal Choice can be very simple or very complex . A simple rule in Optimal Choice is to accept whatever is reached , Reward As You Go ( RAYG ) . A Reachable Optimality computation reduces into optimizing reachability when RAYG is adopted . The Optimal Choice computation can be more complex when multiple NE strategies present in a reached game . 2 . Initial Status : Computation is assumed to start at an interested beginning even the absolute beginning of an ordered system in nature may not and need not present . An assumed neutral Initial Status facilitates an artificial or a simulating computation and is not expected to change the prevalence of any findings . 3 . Territory : An ordered system shall have a territory where the universal computation sponsored by the system will produce an optimal solution still within the territory . 4 . Reaching Pattern : The forms of Reaching Pattern in the computation space , or the Optimality Driven Reaching Pattern in the computation space , primarily depend upon the nature and dimensions of measure space underlying a computation space and the law of punishment and reward underlying the realized experience path of reaching . There are five basic forms of experience path we are interested in , persistently positive reinforcement experience path , persistently negative reinforcement experience path , mixed persistent pattern experience path , decaying scale experience path and selection experience path . The compound computation in selection experience path includes current and lagging interaction , dynamic topological transformation and implies both invariance and variance characteristics in an ordered system 's experience path . In addition , the computation law of reachable optimality gives out the boundary between complexity model , chaotic model and determination model . When RAYG is the Optimal Choice computation , and the reaching pattern is a persistently positive experience path , persistently negative experience path , or mixed persistent pattern experience path , the underlying computation shall be a simple system computation adopting determination rules . If the reaching pattern has no persistent pattern experienced in RAYG regime , the underlying computation hints there is a chaotic system . When the optimal choice computation involves non-RAYG computation , it 's a complexity computation driving the compound effect . Notable figures ( edit ) Stephen Wolfram Jim Crutchfield Robert McCormick Adams Robert Axelrod Christopher Alexander Philip Anderson Kenneth Arrow W. Brian Arthur Nihat Ay Yaneer Bar - Yam Albert - Laszlo Barabas Gregory Bateson Lu dwig von Bertalanffy Samuel Bowles Paul Cilliers Walter Clemens , Jr . Jennifer Dunne Brian Enquist Joshua Epstein Doyne Farmer Jessica Flack Murray Gell - Mann Nigel Goldenfeld James Hartle John Holland Alfred Hubler Arthur Iberall Stuart Kauffman David Krakauer Robert May John Miller Melanie Mitchell Cris Moore Edgar Morin Harold Morowitz Bill McKelvey Mercedes Pascual David Pines Sidney Redner Jerry Sabloff Cosma Shalizi D. Eric Smith Dave Snowden Sergei Starostin Steven Strogatz Andreas Wagner Duncan Watts Geoffrey West David Wolpert See also ( edit ) Systems science portal Biological organisation Chaos theory Cybernetics Cognitive modeling Cognitive Science Complex ( disambiguation ) Complexity ( disambiguation ) Complex adaptive system Complex networks Complexity Complexity economics Decision engineering Dissipative system Dual - phase evolution Dynamical system Dynamical systems theory Emergence Enterprise systems engineering Fractal Generative sciences Homeokinetics Interdependent networks Invisible hand Mixed reality Multi-agent system Network science Nonlinearity Pattern - oriented modeling Percolation Percolation theory Process architecture System equivalence Systems theory in anthropology Self - organization Sociology and complexity science Volatility , uncertainty , complexity and ambiguity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bar - Yam , Yaneer ( 2002 ) . `` General Features of Complex Systems '' ( PDF ) . Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems . EOLSS UNESCO Publishers , Oxford , UK . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dennett ( 1995 ) , Darwin 's Dangerous Idea , Penguin Books , London , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 016734 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 016734 - X Jump up ^ Alan Randall ( 2011 ) . Risk and Precaution . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139494793 . Jump up ^ S.V. Buldyrev ; R. Parshani ; G. Paul ; H.E. Stanley ; S. Havlin ( 2010 ) . `` Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks '' . Nature . 464 ( 7291 ) : 08932 . arXiv : 0907.1182 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 464.1025 B . doi : 10.1038 / nature08932 . PMID 20393559 . Jump up ^ Berezin , Yehiel ; Bashan , Amir ; Danziger , Michael M. ; Li , Daqing ; Havlin , Shlomo ( 2015 ) . `` Localized attacks on spatially embedded networks with dependencies '' . Scientific Reports . 5 ( 1 ) . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 5E8934B . doi : 10.1038 / srep08934 . ISSN 2045 - 2322 . ^ Jump up to : Majdandzic , Antonio ; Podobnik , Boris ; Buldyrev , Sergey V. ; Kenett , Dror Y. ; Havlin , Shlomo ; Eugene Stanley , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks '' . Nature Physics. 10 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 38 . Bibcode : 2014NatPh ... 10 ... 34M . doi : 10.1038 / nphys2819 . ISSN 1745 - 2473 . ^ Jump up to : Majdandzic , Antonio ; Braunstein , Lidia A. ; Curme , Chester ; Vodenska , Irena ; Levy - Carciente , Sary ; Eugene Stanley , H. ; Havlin , Shlomo ( 2016 ) . `` Multiple tipping points and optimal repairing in interacting networks '' . Nature Communications . 7 : 10850 . arXiv : 1502.00244 . Bibcode : 2016NatCo ... 710850M . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms10850 . ISSN 2041 - 1723 . Jump up ^ A.L. Barab _́ asi , R. Albert ( 2002 ) . `` Statistical mechanics of complex networks '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 74 : 47 -- 94 . arXiv : cond - mat / 0106096 . Bibcode : 2002RvMP ... 74 ... 47A . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 74.47 . Jump up ^ M. Newman ( 2010 ) . Networks : An Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920665 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Reuven Cohen , Shlomo Havlin ( 2010 ) . Complex Networks : Structure , Robustness and Function . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84156 - 6 . Jump up ^ History of Complex Systems Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adam ( 1767 ) . An Essay on the History of Civil Society . London : T. Cadell . Part the Third , Section II , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Friedrich Hayek , `` The Results of Human Action but Not of Human Design '' in New Studies in Philosophy , Politics , Economics , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1978 , pp. 96 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Caldwell , Popper and Hayek : Who influenced whom ? , Karl Popper 2002 Centenary Congress , 2002 . Jump up ^ Friedrich von Hayek , The Sensory Order : An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology , The University of Chicago Press , 1952 . 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Jump up ^ Reason Magazine - The Road from Serfdom Jump up ^ Friedrich August von Hayek - Prize Lecture Jump up ^ Hayles , N.K. ( 1991 ) . Chaos Bound : Orderly Disorder in Contemporary Literature and Science . Cornell University Press , Ithaca , NY . Jump up ^ Prigogine , I. ( 1997 ) . The End of Certainty , The Free Press , New York . Jump up ^ See also D. Carfì ( 2008 ) . `` Superpositions in Prigogine approach to irreversibility '' . AAPP : Physical , Mathematical , and Natural Sciences . 86 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 ... ^ Jump up to : Cilliers , P. ( 1998 ) . Complexity and Postmodernism : Understanding Complex Systems , Routledge , London . Jump up ^ Per Bak ( 1996 ) . How Nature Works : The Science of Self - Organized Criticality , Copernicus , New York , U.S. Jump up ^ Colander , D. ( 2000 ) . The Complexity Vision and the Teaching of Economics , E. Elgar , Northampton , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Buchanan , M. ( 2000 ) . 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Jump up ^ Li , Daqing ; Fu , Bowen ; Wang , Yunpeng ; Lu , Guangquan ; Berezin , Yehiel ; Stanley , H. Eugene ; Havlin , Shlomo ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Percolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 ( 3 ) : 669 -- 672 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 112 ... 669L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1419185112 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMID 25552558 . Jump up ^ Wenliang Wang ( 2015 ) . Pooling Game Theory and Public Pension Plan . ISBN 978 - 1507658246 . Chapter 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Bazin , A. ( 2014 ) . ( 1 ) Small Wars Journal . Syed M. Mehmud ( 2011 ) , A Healthcare Exchange Complexity Model Chu , D. ; Strand , R. ; Fjelland , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Theories of complexity '' . Complexity. 8 ( 3 ) : 19 -- 30 . Bibcode : 2003Cmplx ... 8c ... 19C . doi : 10.1002 / cplx. 10059 . L.A.N. Amaral and J.M. Ottino , Complex networks -- augmenting the framework for the study of complex system , 2004 . Gell - Mann , Murray ( 1995 ) . `` Let 's Call It Plectics '' ( PDF ) . Complexity. 1 ( 5 ) : 3 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1996Cmplx ... 1e ... 3G . doi : 10.1002 / cplx. 6130010502 . Nigel Goldenfeld and Leo P. Kadanoff , Simple Lessons from Complexity , 1999 A. Gogolin , A. Nersesyan and A. Tsvelik , Theory of strongly correlated systems , Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Kelly , K. ( 1995 ) . Out of Control , Perseus Books Group . Donald Snooks , Graeme ( 2008 ) . `` A general theory of complex living systems : Exploring the demand side of dynamics '' . Complexity. 13 ( 6 ) : 12 -- 20 . Bibcode : 2008Cmplx ... 13f ... 12S . doi : 10.1002 / cplx. 20225 . SFI @ 30 , Foundations & Frontiers ( 2014 ) . Preiser - Kapeller , Johannes , `` Calculating Byzantium . Social Network Analysis and Complexity Sciences as tools for the exploration of medieval social dynamics '' . August 2010 Walter Clemens , Jr. , Complexity Science and World Affairs , SUNY Press , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Complex systems . Look up complex systems in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` The Open Agent - Based Modeling Consortium '' . `` Complexity Science Focus '' . `` Santa Fe Institute '' . `` The Center for the Study of Complex Systems , Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor '' . `` INDECS '' . ( Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems ) `` Introduction to complex systems - Short course by Shlomo Havlin '' . Jessie Henshaw ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Complex Systems '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Introduction to complex systems - short course by Shlomo Havlin Complex systems in scholarpedia . ( European ) Complex Systems Society ( Australian ) Complex systems research network . Complex Systems Modeling based on Luis M. Rocha , 1999 . CRM Complex systems research group The Center for Complex Systems Research , Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign FuturICT - Exploring and Managing our Future hide Complex systems Background Emergence Self - Organization Collective Behaviour Social dynamics Collective intelligence Collective action Collective consciousness Self - organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent - based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour Evolution & Adaptation Artificial neural networks Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics Evolvability Game Theory Prisoner 's dilemma Rational choice theory Bounded rationality Irrational behaviour Evolutionary game theory Networks Social network analysis Small - world networks Community identification Centrality Motifs Graph Theory Scaling Robustness Systems biology Dynamic networks Adaptive networks Nonlinear Dynamics Time series analysis Ordinary differential equations Iterative maps Phase space Attractors Stability analysis Population dynamics Chaos Multistability Bifurcation Coupled map lattices Pattern formation Spatial fractals Reaction - diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self - replication Spatial evolutionary biology Geomorphology Systems Theory Homeostasis Operationalization Feedback Self - reference Goal - oriented System dynamics Sensemaking Entropy Cybernetics Autopoiesis Information theory Computation theory Complexity measurement Systems science Systems types Anatomical Art Biological Complex Complex adaptive Conceptual Coupled human -- environment Database Dynamical Ecological Economic Energy Formal Holarchic Information Legal Measurement Metric Multi-agent Nervous Nonlinear Operating Physical Planetary Political Sensory Social Star Writing Theoretical fields Chaos theory Complex systems Control theory Cybernetics Earth system science Living systems Sociotechnical system Systemics Urban metabolism World - systems theory analysis biology dynamics ecology engineering neuroscience pharmacology psychology theory thinking Systems scientists Alexander Bogdanov Russell L. 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an example of a complex system in the u.s. is
[ "Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex systems that are adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience. Examples of complex adaptive systems include the stock market, social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the ecosystem, the brain and the immune system, the cell and the developing embryo, manufacturing businesses and any human social group-based endeavor in a cultural and social system such as political parties or communities." ]
[ "the stock market" ]
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Irish Cup
Irish Cup - wikipedia Irish Cup This article is about the tournament in Northern Ireland . For the equivalent tournament in the Republic of Ireland , see FAI Cup . Irish Cup Organising body Irish Football Association Founded 1881 Region Ireland ( 1881 -- 1921 ) Northern Ireland ( since 1921 ) Number of teams 129 ( 2015 -- 16 ) International cup ( s ) UEFA Europa League Current champions Coleraine Most successful club ( s ) Linfield ( 43 titles ) Television broadcasters BBC Sport ( highlights & live final ) Website Irish Cup 2017 -- 18 The Irish Football Association Challenge Cup ( also known as the Tennent 's Irish Cup for sponsorship purposes ) is the primary football knock - out cup competition in Northern Ireland . Inaugurated in 1881 , it is the fourth - oldest national cup competition in the world . Prior to the break - away from the Irish Football Association by clubs from what would become the Irish Free State in 1921 , the Irish Cup was the national cup competition for the whole of Ireland . Coleraine are the current holders after beating Cliftonville 3 - 1 in the 2018 final . Since December 2015 , the cup has been sponsored by Tennent 's Lager -- the competition 's first title sponsor since 2012 . It was previously sponsored by Nationwide Building Society , Bass Ireland Ltd and JJB Sports . 129 clubs entered the 2015 -- 16 competition . Contents 1 Format 2 History 3 Records 4 Final results 5 Statistics 5.1 Performance By Club 5.2 Total cups won by town or city 5.3 Final venues 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Different formats and rules have been used in the past in respect of eligibility to enter the competition , the number of teams and rounds , replays , extra time , penalties , etc . The competition begins in August or September with the first round , and ends with the final in May of the following year . The competition is open to all clubs in Northern Ireland with intermediate or senior status . Clubs obtain such status by meeting minimum criteria laid down by the Irish Football Association in respect of facilities , etc . Each club , for example , must have its own enclosed ground . Members of the NIFL Premier Intermediate League and all regional league entrants from level 4 and below enter in the first round , sometimes necessitating byes into the second round , depending on the number of entrants . The 24 senior members of the Northern Ireland Football League are exempt until the fifth round , which consists of 32 clubs and is played in January . The competition has always been played in a randomly drawn knock - out format . Teams are drawn against each other randomly . The team who is drawn first from each tie is the home team , except in the case of an intermediate team from outside the Championship drawn first against a senior team , when the tie is played at the ground of the senior team . If the match finishes in a draw after 90 minutes , extra time is played and ( if necessary ) penalties are used to decide the winner . Both semi-finals and the final are played at Windsor Park . The Cup winners qualify to represent Northern Ireland in the following season 's UEFA Europa League . However , if they have already qualified for European competition as winners or runners - up of the NIFL Premiership , the 4th - placed Premiership club are awarded the berth , and do not have to participate in the Premiership 's Europa League play - offs . History ( edit ) Since its inception in 1881 , the Irish Cup has always been , and continues to be , considered the most important such competition in Northern Ireland ( and , prior to 1921 , Ireland ) , second only to the NIFL Premiership . The Cup Final is the climax of the domestic season in Northern Ireland and usually attracts the biggest attendance of any club match . The Irish Cup started in the 1880 -- 81 season . The draw for the first round took place on 10 January 1881 . The trophy was first awarded to Moyola Park ( from Castledawson in County Londonderry ) when they beat Cliftonville ( from Belfast ) 1 -- 0 in the final at Cliftonville Cricket Ground , Belfast on 9 April 1881 . Since the inception of the Irish Football League in 1890 -- 91 ( and excluding the First and Second World War years when the League was suspended ) , the Cup has been won by Irish League clubs on every occasion except three famous ' giant - killing ' occasions when `` junior '' clubs beat senior opponents in the final : in 1928 , Willowfield beat Larne 1 -- 0 ; in 1955 , Dundela beat Glenavon 3 -- 0 ; and in 1976 , Carrick Rangers beat Linfield 2 -- 1 . In the early years , Army regiments stationed in Ireland entered teams such as King 's Own Rifles ( Cork ) , three of which reached the final : the Gordon Highlanders in 1890 , the Black Watch ( Limerick ) in 1892 and the Sherwood Foresters ( Curragh , County Kildare ) in 1897 . The Gordon Highlanders were the only Army team to win the Cup . From 1881 to 1921 , when the Irish Cup was an all - Ireland competition , southern clubs ( from what would become the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland ) only won the competition four times out of a possible 41 : Shelbourne ( from Dublin ) won three times ( in 1906 , 1911 and 1920 ) ; and Bohemians ( also from Dublin ) won it in 1908 . There were two all - southern finals : Bohemians defeating Shelbourne in 1908 , and Shelbourne defeating Bohemians in 1911 ( both ties required replays ) . Shelbourne , Bohemians and Derry City are the only clubs to win both the Irish Cup and the FAI Cup . Other Dublin clubs to compete in the Irish Cup were Dublin University , St. James 's Gate , Dublin Association , Tritonville and Richmond Rovers . In the second competition in 1881 -- 82 , Queen 's Island became the first Belfast club to win the Cup and it did not leave Belfast again for another 24 years , when in 1905 -- 06 , Shelbourne became the first club from Dublin to win it . Of the 135 competitions played since 1881 , Belfast clubs have won the Cup 100 times . The last time a club from outside Belfast won the cup was in 2014 , when Glenavon beat Ballymena United 2 -- 1 to win the cup for the sixth time and become the cup 's most successful club from outside Belfast . In the early years of the competition the final was played at several different venues in Belfast , including the Oval , Solitude , Grosvenor Park and Celtic Park , as well as Dalymount Park in Dublin . From 1996 -- 2014 the final was played exclusively at Windsor Park . However , the 2015 final had to be switched to the Oval , following the discovery of damage to a stand at the usual Windsor Park venue . The first final ever played outside Belfast took place in 1903 , when Distillery won their 7th Irish Cup with a 3 -- 1 victory over Bohemians at Dalymount Park , Dublin . The last final to be played outside Belfast was in 1975 ; Coleraine winning the Cup with a 1 -- 0 victory over Linfield in the second replay , after 1 -- 1 and 0 -- 0 draws in the first two games . Since then the final has been played at either The Oval , or Windsor Park . The first final between two clubs from outside Belfast was in 1908 , when Bohemians beat Shelbourne 3 -- 1 after a replay . In 1921 , Glenavon became the first club from County Armagh to reach the final , but no club from Armagh won the Cup until Glenavon in 1957 . County Down 's first Cup finalists and winners were Ards in 1927 ; and County Antrim 's were Ballymena in 1929 . In 2007 , Dungannon Swifts became the first club from County Tyrone to reach the final . Prior to replays being abolished in the final , a replay was required to decide the winner of 21 finals , the first in 1890 after Cliftonville and the Gordon Highlanders drew 2 -- 2 . Of the 21 finals to be replayed , eight of them required a second replay to separate the two finalists . The last time this occurred , and the last final replay ever played before they were abolished was in 1993 , when Bangor defeated Ards 1 -- 0 after two 1 -- 1 draws . It was decided after this that there should only be one replay in which penalties would be used to determine the winner if necessary , and eventually the rules were changed to remove final replays altogether , with penalties being used if necessary after extra time in the first match . The first , and to date only final to be won on penalties took place in 2007 , when Linfield beat Dungannon Swifts 3 -- 2 on penalties following a 2 -- 2 draw after extra time . In 2014 , the rules were changed to abolish replays from the entire competition . All ties level after 90 minutes now use 30 minutes of extra time , and if necessary , a penalty shoot - out to determine the winner . The final was not played on three occasions : In 1912 , Linfield were awarded the Cup after the other three semi-finalists ( Cliftonville , Glentoran and Shelbourne ) resigned from the IFA in a dispute over referee 's wages . In 1920 , Shelbourne , who had beaten Glenavon in one semi-final , were awarded the Cup after the other semi-final was declared null and void as both of the clubs involved were ejected from the competition : Belfast Celtic after Celtic fans fired shots at Glentoran supporters during a riot , and Glentoran for fielding an unlisted player . In 1999 , Portadown were awarded the Cup when the other finalists , Cliftonville , were ejected from the competition after it was discovered that they had fielded an ineligible player during the earlier rounds . A total of 24 different clubs have won the Cup , but only 13 clubs have done so more than once . 33 different clubs have reached the final , with 11 of them appearing only once . Of those 11 clubs , five of them have won the Cup in their sole final appearance . On five occasions the same two clubs have reached the final in consecutive years : in 1885 and 1886 , Distillery and Alexander ; in 1913 and 1914 , Glentoran and Linfield ; in 1930 and 1931 , Ballymena United and Linfield ; Coleraine and Glentoran in 2003 and 2004 ; and in 2011 and 2012 Linfield and Crusaders . The most common final has been between Glentoran and Linfield , which has occurred 15 times . Linfield have won eight of the meetings , with Glentoran winning seven . The last time both clubs reached the final was in 2006 , when Linfield won 2 -- 1 . In 2001 , the final was broadcast live on television for the first time on BBC Northern Ireland and has been on every occasion since Windsor Park has hosted the most finals ( 70 , including replays ) , followed by The Oval with 25 , and Solitude with 22 . Records ( edit ) Most wins : 43 , Linfield Most consecutive wins : 4 , Glentoran ( 1985 , 1986 , 1987 & 1988 ) Most appearances in a final : 62 , Linfield Most consecutive appearances in a final : 5 , Linfield ( 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1894 & 1895 ) Most defeats in a final : 20 , Linfield Most consecutive defeats in a final : 3 , Linfield ( 1975 , 1976 & 1977 ) Biggest win in a final : Linfield 10 -- 1 Bohemians ( 1895 ) Longest gap between wins in a final : 70 years , Cliftonville ( 1909 and 1979 ) Longest gap between appearances in a final : 55 years , Bangor ( 1938 and 1993 ) Most appearances in a final without winning : 5 , Larne ( 1928 , 1935 , 1987 , 1989 & 2005 ) Most common pair of finalists : Glentoran v Linfield ( 15 times ) , 1899 , 1913 , 1914 , 1916 , 1919 , 1923 , 1932 , 1942 , 1945 , 1966 , 1973 , 1983 , 1985 , 2001 & 2006 Final results ( edit ) Key : Scores level after 90 minutes . A replay was required . ( aet ) Scores level after extra time . A replay was required . ( aet ) Scores level after 90 minutes . Winner was decided in extra time with no penalty shootout required . pens . Scores level after extra time . A penalty shootout was required to determine the winner . Season Date Winner ( number of titles ) Score Runner - up Venue Attendance 1880 -- 81 9 April 1881 Moyola Park ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Cliftonville Cliftonville Cricket Ground , Belfast 1,500 1881 -- 82 13 May 1882 Queen 's Island ( 1881 ) ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Cliftonville Ulster Cricket Ground 2,000 1882 -- 83 5 May 1883 Cliftonville ( 1 ) 5 -- 0 Ulster Bloomfield Ground , Knock , Belfast 2,000 1883 -- 84 19 April 1884 Distillery ( 1 ) 5 -- 0 Wellington Park Ulster Cricket Ground 2,000 1884 -- 85 21 March 1885 Distillery ( 2 ) 3 -- 0 Limavady 2,000 1885 -- 86 27 March 1886 Distillery ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Limavady 1,000 1886 -- 87 12 February 1887 Ulster ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 Cliftonville Broadway Ground , Belfast 4,000 1887 -- 88 17 March 1888 Cliftonville ( 2 ) 2 -- 1 Distillery Ulster Cricket Ground 3,000 1888 -- 89 16 March 1889 Distillery ( 4 ) 5 -- 4 YMCA 3,500 1889 -- 90 8 March 1890 Gordon Highlanders ( 1 ) 2 -- 2 Cliftonville 4,500 Replay 12 March 1890 3 -- 1 Ulsterville , Belfast 3,500 1890 -- 91 14 March 1891 Linfield ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Ulster Solitude , Belfast 5,000 1891 -- 92 12 March 1892 Linfield ( 2 ) 7 -- 0 The Black Watch 5,500 1892 -- 93 11 March 1893 Linfield ( 3 ) 5 -- 1 Cliftonville Ulsterville , Belfast 1893 -- 94 17 March 1894 Distillery ( 5 ) 2 -- 2 Linfield Solitude , Belfast 5,500 Replay 18 April 1894 3 -- 2 1894 -- 95 23 March 1895 Linfield ( 4 ) 10 -- 1 Bohemians 2,000 1895 -- 96 14 March 1896 Distillery ( 6 ) 3 -- 1 Glentoran 6,000 1896 -- 97 20 March 1897 Cliftonville ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 Sherwood Foresters Grosvenor Park , Belfast 5,000 1897 -- 98 19 March 1898 Linfield ( 5 ) 2 -- 0 St Columb 's Hall Celtic The Oval , Belfast 3,000 1898 -- 99 18 March 1899 Linfield ( 6 ) 2 -- 1 Glentoran Solitude , Belfast 7,000 1899 -- 1900 24 March 1900 Cliftonville ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Bohemians Grosvenor Park , Belfast 5,500 1900 -- 01 13 April 1901 Cliftonville ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 Freebooters Grosvenor Park , Belfast 5,500 1901 -- 02 15 March 1902 Linfield ( 7 ) 5 -- 1 Distillery Solitude , Belfast 8,000 1902 -- 03 14 March 1903 Distillery ( 7 ) 3 -- 1 Bohemians Dalymount Park , Dublin 6,000 1903 -- 04 17 March 1904 Linfield ( 8 ) 5 -- 1 Derry Celtic Grosvenor Park , Belfast 6,000 1904 -- 05 11 March 1905 Distillery ( 8 ) 3 -- 0 Shelbourne Solitude , Belfast 12,000 1905 -- 06 28 April 1906 Shelbourne ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Belfast Celtic Dalymount Park , Dublin 8,000 1906 -- 07 23 March 1907 Cliftonville ( 6 ) 0 -- 0 Shelbourne Celtic Park , Belfast 12,900 Replay 20 April 1907 1 -- 0 Dalymount Park , Dublin 10,000 1907 -- 08 21 March 1908 Bohemians ( 1 ) 1 -- 1 Shelbourne 8,000 Replay 28 March 1908 3 -- 1 9,000 1908 -- 09 3 April 1909 Cliftonville ( 7 ) 0 -- 0 Bohemians Windsor Park , Belfast 3,000 Replay 10 April 1909 2 -- 1 Dalymount Park , Dublin 15,000 1909 -- 10 26 March 1910 Distillery ( 9 ) 1 -- 0 Cliftonville The Oval , Belfast 10,000 1910 -- 11 25 March 1911 Shelbourne ( 2 ) 0 -- 0 Bohemians Dalymount Park , Dublin 16,000 Replay 15 April 1911 2 -- 1 1911 -- 12 Linfield ( 9 ) Final not played . 1912 -- 13 29 March 1913 Linfield ( 10 ) 2 -- 0 Glentoran Celtic Park 20,000 1913 -- 14 28 March 1914 Glentoran ( 1 ) 3 -- 1 Linfield Grosvenor Park , Belfast 20,000 1914 -- 15 27 March 1915 Linfield ( 11 ) 1 -- 0 Belfast Celtic Solitude , Belfast 20,000 1915 -- 16 25 March 1916 Linfield ( 12 ) 1 -- 1 Glentoran Celtic Park Replay 1 April 1916 1 -- 0 Grosvenor Park , Belfast 1916 -- 17 31 March 1917 Glentoran ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Belfast Celtic Windsor Park , Belfast 20,000 1917 -- 18 30 March 1918 Belfast Celtic ( 1 ) 0 -- 0 Linfield The Oval , Belfast Replay 13 April 1918 0 -- 0 Solitude , Belfast 2nd replay 24 April 1918 2 -- 0 Grosvenor Park , Belfast 1918 -- 19 29 March 1919 Linfield ( 13 ) 1 -- 1 Glentoran Celtic Park , Belfast 18,000 Replay 5 April 1919 0 -- 0 Grosvenor Park , Belfast 2nd replay 7 April 1919 2 -- 1 Solitude , Belfast 1919 -- 20 Shelbourne ( 3 ) Final not played . 1920 -- 21 26 March 1921 Glentoran ( 3 ) 2 -- 0 Glenavon Windsor Park , Belfast 1921 -- 22 25 March 1922 Linfield ( 14 ) 2 -- 0 Glenavon Solitude , Belfast 1922 -- 23 31 March 1923 Linfield ( 15 ) 2 -- 0 Glentoran 1923 -- 24 29 March 1924 Queen 's Island ( 1920 ) ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Willowfield Windsor Park , Belfast 1924 -- 25 21 March 1925 Distillery ( 10 ) 2 -- 1 Glentoran Solitude , Belfast 20,000 1925 -- 26 27 March 1926 Belfast Celtic ( 2 ) 3 -- 2 Linfield 1926 -- 27 26 March 1927 Ards ( 1 ) 3 -- 2 Cliftonville The Oval , Belfast 1927 -- 28 25 April 1928 Willowfield ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Larne Windsor Park , Belfast 1928 -- 29 30 May 1929 Ballymena ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Belfast Celtic Solitude , Belfast 1929 -- 30 29 March 1930 Linfield ( 16 ) 4 -- 3 Ballymena Celtic Park , Belfast 1930 -- 31 28 March 1931 Linfield ( 17 ) 3 -- 0 Ballymena The Oval , Belfast 1931 -- 32 26 March 1932 Glentoran ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Linfield Celtic Park , Belfast 1932 -- 33 8 April 1933 Glentoran ( 5 ) 1 -- 1 Distillery Windsor Park , Belfast 33,000 Replay 12 April 1933 1 -- 1 25,000 2nd replay 28 April 1933 3 -- 1 1933 -- 34 14 April 1934 Linfield ( 18 ) 4 -- 0 Cliftonville The Oval , Belfast 1934 -- 35 6 April 1935 Glentoran ( 6 ) 0 -- 0 Larne Windsor Park , Belfast 15,000 Replay 10 April 1935 0 -- 0 2nd replay 30 April 1935 1 -- 0 10,545 1935 -- 36 4 April 1936 Linfield ( 19 ) 0 -- 0 Derry City Celtic Park , Belfast Replay 8 April 1936 2 -- 0 1936 -- 37 10 April 1937 Belfast Celtic ( 3 ) 3 -- 0 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 1937 -- 38 9 April 1938 Belfast Celtic ( 4 ) 0 -- 0 Bangor Solitude , Belfast Replay 7 May 1938 2 -- 0 1938 -- 39 29 April 1939 Linfield ( 20 ) 2 -- 0 Ballymena United 1939 -- 40 20 April 1940 Ballymena United ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Glenavon Windsor Park , Belfast 1940 -- 41 26 April 1941 Belfast Celtic ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 Linfield 12,000 1941 -- 42 18 April 1942 Linfield ( 21 ) 3 -- 1 Glentoran Celtic Park , Belfast 1942 -- 43 17 April 1943 Belfast Celtic ( 6 ) 1 -- 0 Glentoran Windsor Park , Belfast 1943 -- 44 17 April 1944 Belfast Celtic ( 7 ) 3 -- 1 Linfield 25,240 1944 -- 45 14 April 1945 Linfield ( 22 ) 4 -- 2 Glentoran Celtic Park , Belfast 20,000 1945 -- 46 13 April 1946 Linfield ( 23 ) 3 -- 0 Distillery 20,137 1946 -- 47 26 April 1947 Belfast Celtic ( 8 ) 1 -- 0 Glentoran Windsor Park , Belfast 25,000 1947 -- 48 10 April 1948 Linfield ( 24 ) 3 -- 0 Coleraine Celtic Park , Belfast 31,000 1948 -- 49 16 April 1949 Derry City ( 1 ) 3 -- 1 Glentoran Windsor Park , Belfast 27,000 1949 -- 50 22 April 1950 Linfield ( 25 ) 2 -- 1 Distillery 17,000 1950 -- 51 28 April 1951 Glentoran ( 7 ) 3 -- 1 Ballymena United 25,000 1951 -- 52 26 April 1952 Ards ( 2 ) 1 -- 0 Glentoran 20,000 1952 -- 53 25 April 1953 Linfield ( 26 ) 5 -- 0 Coleraine Solitude , Belfast 21,000 1953 -- 54 24 April 1954 Derry City ( 2 ) 2 -- 2 Glentoran Windsor Park , Belfast 35,000 Replay 29 April 1954 0 -- 0 28,000 2nd replay 10 May 1954 1 -- 0 28,000 1954 -- 55 23 April 1955 Dundela ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 Glenavon 10,000 1955 -- 56 21 April 1956 Distillery ( 11 ) 2 -- 2 Glentoran 16,000 Replay 26 April 1956 0 -- 0 2nd replay 30 April 1956 1 -- 0 20,000 1956 -- 57 13 April 1957 Glenavon ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Derry City 23,000 1957 -- 58 26 April 1958 Ballymena United ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 24,000 1958 -- 59 18 April 1959 Glenavon ( 2 ) 1 -- 1 Ballymena United Windsor Park , Belfast 18,000 Replay 29 April 1959 2 -- 0 1959 -- 60 30 April 1960 Linfield ( 27 ) 5 -- 1 Ards The Oval , Belfast 20,000 1960 -- 61 22 April 1961 Glenavon ( 3 ) 5 -- 1 Linfield Solitude , Belfast 22,000 1961 -- 62 14 April 1962 Linfield ( 28 ) 4 -- 0 Portadown The Oval , Belfast 20,000 1962 -- 63 20 April 1963 Linfield ( 29 ) 2 -- 1 Distillery 20,000 1963 -- 64 25 April 1964 Derry City ( 3 ) 2 -- 0 Glentoran Windsor Park , Belfast 19,000 1964 -- 65 24 April 1965 Coleraine ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Glenavon 18,000 1965 -- 66 23 April 1966 Glentoran ( 8 ) 2 -- 0 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 20,000 1966 -- 67 22 April 1967 Crusaders ( 1 ) 3 -- 1 Glentoran Windsor Park , Belfast 20,000 1967 -- 68 27 April 1968 Crusaders ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 18,000 1968 -- 69 19 April 1969 Ards ( 3 ) 0 -- 0 Distillery Windsor Park , Belfast 17,000 Replay 23 April 1969 4 -- 2 16,000 1969 -- 70 4 April 1970 Linfield ( 30 ) 2 -- 1 Ballymena United Solitude , Belfast 12,000 1970 -- 71 3 April 1971 Distillery ( 12 ) 3 -- 0 Derry City Windsor Park , Belfast 6,000 1971 -- 72 22 April 1972 Coleraine ( 2 ) 2 -- 1 Portadown 8,000 1972 -- 73 28 April 1973 Glentoran ( 9 ) 3 -- 2 Linfield 12,000 1973 -- 74 27 April 1974 Ards ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Ballymena United 7,000 1974 -- 75 19 April 1975 Coleraine ( 3 ) 1 -- 1 Linfield The Showgrounds , Ballymena 5,600 Replay 23 April 1975 0 -- 0 5,400 2nd replay 29 April 1975 1 -- 0 5,200 1975 -- 76 10 April 1976 Carrick Rangers ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 9,500 1976 -- 77 23 April 1977 Coleraine ( 4 ) 4 -- 1 Linfield 10,000 1977 -- 78 29 April 1978 Linfield ( 31 ) 3 -- 1 Ballymena United 12,000 1978 -- 79 28 April 1979 Cliftonville ( 8 ) 3 -- 2 Portadown Windsor Park , Belfast 18,000 1979 -- 80 26 April 1980 Linfield ( 32 ) 2 -- 0 Crusaders The Oval , Belfast 12,000 1980 -- 81 2 May 1981 Ballymena United ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Glenavon Windsor Park , Belfast 6,000 1981 -- 82 24 April 1982 Linfield ( 33 ) 2 -- 1 Coleraine The Oval , Belfast 12,000 1982 -- 83 30 April 1983 Glentoran ( 10 ) 1 -- 1 Linfield Windsor Park , Belfast 12,000 Replay 7 May 1983 2 -- 1 The Oval , Belfast 8,000 1983 -- 84 5 May 1984 Ballymena United ( 4 ) 4 -- 1 Carrick Rangers Windsor Park , Belfast 5,000 1984 -- 85 4 May 1985 Glentoran ( 11 ) 1 -- 1 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 12,000 Replay 11 May 1985 1 -- 0 Windsor Park , Belfast 12,000 1985 -- 86 3 May 1986 Glentoran ( 12 ) 2 -- 1 Coleraine 8,000 1986 -- 87 2 May 1987 Glentoran ( 13 ) 1 -- 0 Larne 8,000 1987 -- 88 30 April 1988 Glentoran ( 14 ) 1 -- 0 Glenavon 10,000 1988 -- 89 6 May 1989 Ballymena United ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 Larne The Oval , Belfast 5,000 1989 -- 90 5 May 1990 Glentoran ( 15 ) 3 -- 0 Portadown Windsor Park , Belfast 12,000 1990 -- 91 4 May 1991 Portadown ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Glenavon 12,000 1991 -- 92 2 May 1992 Glenavon ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Linfield The Oval , Belfast 12,000 1992 -- 93 1 May 1993 Bangor ( 1 ) 01 -- 1 ( aet ) Ards Windsor Park , Belfast 8,500 Replay 8 May 1993 01 -- 1 ( aet ) 6,000 2nd replay 11 May 1993 1 -- 0 5,000 1993 -- 94 7 May 1994 Linfield ( 34 ) 2 -- 0 Bangor The Oval , Belfast 10,000 1994 -- 95 6 May 1995 Linfield ( 35 ) 3 -- 1 Carrick Rangers 6,800 1995 -- 96 4 May 1996 Glentoran ( 16 ) 1 -- 0 Glenavon Windsor Park , Belfast 10,000 1996 -- 97 3 May 1997 Glenavon ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 Cliftonville 8,222 1997 -- 98 2 May 1998 Glentoran ( 17 ) 01 -- 0 ( aet ) Glenavon 8,250 1998 -- 99 Portadown ( 2 ) Final not played . 1999 -- 2000 6 May 2000 Glentoran ( 18 ) 1 -- 0 Portadown Windsor Park , Belfast 8,355 2000 -- 01 5 May 2001 Glentoran ( 19 ) 01 -- 0 ( aet ) Linfield 14,190 2001 -- 02 11 May 2002 Linfield ( 36 ) 2 -- 1 Portadown 11,129 2002 -- 03 3 May 2003 Coleraine ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 Glentoran 9,000 2003 -- 04 1 May 2004 Glentoran ( 20 ) 1 -- 0 Coleraine 8,300 2004 -- 05 7 May 2005 Portadown ( 3 ) 5 -- 1 Larne 5,431 2005 -- 06 6 May 2006 Linfield ( 37 ) 2 -- 1 Glentoran 12,500 2006 -- 07 5 May 2007 Linfield ( 38 ) 0 2 -- 2 ( aet ) ( 3 -- 2 pens . ) Dungannon Swifts 7,600 2007 -- 08 3 May 2008 Linfield ( 39 ) 2 -- 1 Coleraine 8,452 2008 -- 09 9 May 2009 Crusaders ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Cliftonville 8,820 2009 -- 10 8 May 2010 Linfield ( 40 ) 2 -- 1 Portadown 7,940 2010 -- 11 7 May 2011 Linfield ( 41 ) 2 -- 1 Crusaders 8,200 2011 -- 12 5 May 2012 Linfield ( 42 ) 4 -- 1 Crusaders 7,325 2012 -- 13 4 May 2013 Glentoran ( 21 ) 03 -- 1 ( aet ) Cliftonville 9,825 2013 -- 14 3 May 2014 Glenavon ( 6 ) 2 -- 1 Ballymena United 7,282 2014 -- 15 2 May 2015 Glentoran ( 22 ) 1 -- 0 Portadown The Oval , Belfast 8,072 2015 -- 16 7 May 2016 Glenavon ( 7 ) 2 -- 0 Linfield Windsor Park , Belfast 11,500 2016 -- 17 6 May 2017 Linfield ( 43 ) 3 -- 0 Coleraine 12,551 2017 - 18 5 May 2018 Coleraine ( 6 ) 3 -- 1 Cliftonville 12,012 Statistics ( edit ) Performance By Club ( edit ) Club Winners Runners - up Winning Years Linfield 43 21 1890 -- 91 , 1891 -- 92 , 1892 -- 93 , 1894 -- 95 , 1897 -- 98 , 1898 -- 99 , 1901 -- 02 , 1903 -- 04 , 1911 -- 12 , 1912 -- 13 , 1914 -- 15 , 1915 -- 16 , 1918 -- 19 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1938 -- 39 , 1941 -- 42 , 1944 -- 45 , 1945 -- 46 , 1947 -- 48 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1959 -- 60 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Glentoran 22 19 1913 -- 14 , 1916 -- 17 , 1920 -- 21 , 1931 -- 32 , 1932 -- 33 , 1934 -- 35 , 1950 -- 51 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Distillery 12 7 1883 -- 84 , 1884 -- 85 , 1885 -- 86 , 1888 -- 89 , 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1902 -- 03 , 1904 -- 05 , 1909 -- 10 , 1924 -- 25 , 1955 -- 56 , 1970 -- 71 Cliftonville 8 11 1882 -- 83 , 1887 -- 88 , 1896 -- 97 , 1899 -- 00 , 1900 -- 01 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 , 1978 -- 79 Belfast Celtic 8 1917 -- 18 , 1925 -- 26 , 1936 -- 37 , 1937 -- 38 , 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 , 1943 -- 44 , 1946 -- 47 Glenavon 7 10 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 , 1960 -- 61 , 1991 -- 92 , 1996 -- 97 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 - 16 Coleraine 6 6 1964 -- 65 , 1971 -- 72 , 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 77 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 - 18 Ballymena United 5 7 1939 -- 40 , 1957 -- 58 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 Ards 1926 -- 27 , 1951 -- 52 , 1968 -- 69 , 1973 -- 74 Portadown 8 1990 -- 91 , 1998 -- 99 , 2004 -- 05 Crusaders 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 2008 -- 09 Derry City 1948 -- 49 , 1953 -- 54 , 1963 -- 64 Shelbourne 1905 -- 06 , 1910 -- 11 , 1919 -- 20 Bohemians 5 1907 -- 08 Ballymena 1928 -- 29 Bangor 1992 -- 93 Carrick Rangers 1975 -- 76 Ulster 1886 -- 87 Willowfield 1927 -- 28 Dundela 0 1954 -- 55 Gordon Highlanders 0 1889 -- 90 Moyola Park 0 1880 -- 81 Queen 's Island ( 1881 ) 0 1881 -- 82 Queen 's Island ( 1920 ) 0 1923 -- 24 Larne 0 5 -- Derry Celtic 0 -- Limavady United 0 -- Dungannon Swifts 0 -- Freebooters 0 -- Sherwood Foresters 0 -- The Black Watch 0 -- Wellington Park 0 -- YMCA 0 -- Total cups won by town or City ( edit ) 24 different clubs have won the cup , and the overwhelming majority of cups have been won by clubs from Belfast . Town or city Number of cups won Clubs Belfast 100 Linfield ( 42 ) , Glentoran ( 22 ) , Distillery ( 12 ) , Cliftonville ( 8 ) , Belfast Celtic ( 8 ) , Crusaders ( 3 ) , Ulster ( 1 ) , Willowfield ( 1 ) , Dundela ( 1 ) , Queen 's Island ( 1881 ) ( 1 ) , Queen 's Island ( 1920 ) ( 1 ) Lurgan 7 Glenavon ( 7 ) Coleraine 6 Coleraine ( 6 ) Ballymena 6 Ballymena United ( 5 ) , Ballymena ( 1 ) Dublin Shelbourne ( 3 ) , Bohemians ( 1 ) Newtownards Ards ( 4 ) Derry Derry City ( 3 ) Portadown Portadown ( 3 ) Bangor Bangor ( 1 ) Carrickfergus Carrick Rangers ( 1 ) Castledawson Moyola Park ( 1 ) British Army Gordon Highlanders ( 1 ) Final venues ( edit ) There have been 133 Irish Cup finals contested during the 136 competitions completed thus far , as the final was not played on three occasions . In addition , 29 final replays have been contested , for a total of 162 matches played at twelve different grounds . Windsor Park has been the most common venue , having hosted 71 finals including replays . Venue Number of finals ( including replays ) First final Last final Windsor Park 73 1908 -- 09 2017 -- 18 The Oval 25 1897 -- 98 2014 -- 15 Solitude 23 1890 -- 91 1969 -- 70 Celtic Park 12 1906 -- 07 1947 -- 48 Dalymount Park 8 1902 -- 03 1910 -- 11 replay Grosvenor Park 8 1896 -- 97 1918 -- 19 replay Ulster Cricket Ground 7 1881 -- 82 1889 -- 90 Ballymena Showgrounds 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 second replay Ulsterville 1889 -- 90 replay 1892 -- 93 Bloomfield 1882 -- 83 1882 -- 83 Broadway Ground 1886 -- 87 1886 -- 87 Cliftonville Cricket Ground 1880 -- 81 1880 -- 81 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Distillery , now based outside Belfast ( in Ballyskeagh ) and known as Lisburn Distillery , won the Cup 12 times while still based in Belfast . Jump up ^ Linfield have won the Cup 43 times and been runners - up 20 times . However , as the final was not played in 1911 -- 12 they have only appeared in 61 finals . Jump up ^ Linfield were awarded the Cup after the other three semi-finalists ( Cliftonville , Glentoran and Shelbourne ) resigned from the IFA in a dispute over referee 's wages . Jump up ^ Shelbourne , who had beaten Glenavon in one semi-final , were awarded the Cup after the other semi-final was declared null and void as both of the teams involved were ejected from the competition : Belfast Celtic after their fans fired shots at Glentoran supporters during a riot , and Glentoran for fielding an unlisted player . Jump up ^ Portadown were awarded the Cup when the other finalists , Cliftonville , were ejected from the competition after it was discovered that they had fielded an ineligible player during the earlier rounds . ^ Jump up to : Ballymena United F.C. were formed immediately after Ballymena F.C. dissolved in 1934 , following expulsion from the league . Generally , Ballymena United assume the history of the previous club , however technically they were two different entities . Jump up ^ Including one final as St Columb 's Hall Celtic . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Irish FA Challenge Cup Rules -- Season 2014 -- 15 '' . Irish Football Association . irishfa.com . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFA unveils Tennent 's as new sponsor of Irish Cup '' . Irish Football Association . irishfa.com. 11 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cup sponsors ' collapse to hit Irish Football Association '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic talks in Dubrovnik '' . UEFA.com. 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIFL Regulations and Club Information -- Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Northern Ireland Football League . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Cup final switched to the Oval '' . BBC Sport. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Irish Times , April 13 , 1901 Jump up ^ The Association of Football Statisticians 1900 -- 1901 Annual ( AFS , 1985 ) Jump up ^ http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19110328/005/0003 Jump up ^ http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19150329/005/0003 External links ( edit ) Irish FA Website Northern Ireland Cup Finals - RSSSF Irish Cup 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Association football cup competitions in Ireland All - Ireland Current Collingwood Cup Former Irish Cup Irish Intermediate Cup Defunct Setanta Sports Cup Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup North - South Cup Blaxnit Cup Texaco Cup Tyler Cup Irish News Cup Gold Cup City Cup Northern Ireland Current Irish Cup NI Football League Cup NIFL Charity Shield County Antrim Shield Mid-Ulster Cup North West Senior Cup Irish Intermediate Cup Steel & Sons Cup Bob Radcliffe Cup Craig Memorial Cup George Wilson Cup Irish Women 's Cup Defunct City Cup Fermanagh & Western Intermediate Cup Floodlit Cup Gold Cup Top Four Cup Ulster Cup Republic of Ireland Current FAI Cup League of Ireland Cup President of Ireland 's Cup FAI Women 's Cup FAI Intermediate Cup FAI Junior Cup FAI Youth Cup FAI Futsal Cup Dr Tony O'Neill Cup Enda McGuill Cup Leinster Senior Cup Munster Senior Cup Connacht Junior Cup Michael Byrne Cup Defunct Connacht Senior Cup Connacht Senior League Challenge Cup Dublin City Cup FAI Super Cup LFA President 's Cup Top Four Cup A Championship Cup International Friendly Trophies Current Galway Cup Foyle Cup SuperCupNI Defunct Dublin Super Cup Association football in Northern Ireland Irish Football Association - Northern Ireland Women 's Football Association National teams Northern Ireland ( history ) U-23 U-21 U-19 U-18 Schools U-17 U-16 Schools Juniors Women 's Women 's U-19 Irish League XI Leagues Men NIFL Premiership NIFL Championship NIFL Premier Intermediate League Ballymena & Provincial League Mid-Ulster Football League Northern Amateur Football League NI Intermediate League NIFL Premiership Development League Women Women 's Premiership Championship 1 Championship 2 Domestic cups Men Irish Cup NI Football League Cup NIFL Charity Shield County Antrim Shield Mid-Ulster Cup North West Senior Cup Irish Intermediate Cup Steel & Sons Cup Bob Radcliffe Cup Craig Memorial Cup George Wilson Cup Women Irish Women 's Cup Awards Ulster Footballer of the Year Northern Ireland Football Writers ' Association Player of the Year Sunday football in Northern Ireland List of clubs List of grounds Records Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland UEFA members national football cups Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro USSR Yugoslavia Non-UEFA Vatican City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Cup&oldid=843817687 '' Categories : Irish Cup Football cup competitions in Northern Ireland National association football cups Former All - Ireland association football competitions Recurring sporting events established in 1881 1881 establishments in Ireland Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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where is the irish cup final being played
[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nDate\n\nWinner(number of titles)\n\nScore\n\nRunner-up\n\nVenue\n\nAttendance\n\n\n1880–81\n\n9 April 1881\n\nMoyola Park (1)\n\n1 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\nCliftonville Cricket Ground, Belfast\n\n1,500\n\n\n1881–82\n\n13 May 1882\n\nQueen's Island (1881) (1)\n\n1 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\nUlster Cricket Ground\n\n2,000\n\n\n1882–83\n\n5 May 1883\n\nCliftonville (1)\n\n5 – 0\n\nUlster\n\nBloomfield Ground, Knock, Belfast\n\n2,000\n\n\n1883–84\n\n19 April 1884\n\nDistillery (1)\n\n5 – 0\n\nWellington Park\n\nUlster Cricket Ground\n\n2,000\n\n\n1884–85\n\n21 March 1885\n\nDistillery (2)\n\n3 – 0\n\nLimavady\n\n2,000\n\n\n1885–86\n\n27 March 1886\n\nDistillery (3)\n\n1 – 0\n\nLimavady\n\n1,000\n\n\n1886–87\n\n12 February 1887\n\nUlster (1)\n\n3 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\nBroadway Ground, Belfast\n\n4,000\n\n\n1887–88\n\n17 March 1888\n\nCliftonville (2)\n\n2 – 1\n\nDistillery\n\nUlster Cricket Ground\n\n3,000\n\n\n1888–89\n\n16 March 1889\n\nDistillery (4)\n\n5 – 4\n\nYMCA\n\n3,500\n\n\n1889–90\n\n8 March 1890\n\nGordon Highlanders (1)\n\n2 – 2\n\nCliftonville\n\n4,500\n\n\nReplay\n\n12 March 1890\n\n3 – 1\n\nUlsterville, Belfast\n\n3,500\n\n\n1890–91\n\n14 March 1891\n\nLinfield (1)\n\n4 – 2\n\nUlster\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n5,000\n\n\n1891–92\n\n12 March 1892\n\nLinfield (2)\n\n7 – 0\n\nThe Black Watch\n\n5,500\n\n\n1892–93\n\n11 March 1893\n\nLinfield (3)\n\n5 – 1\n\nCliftonville\n\nUlsterville, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1893–94\n\n17 March 1894\n\nDistillery (5)\n\n2 – 2\n\nLinfield\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n5,500\n\n\nReplay\n\n18 April 1894\n\n3 – 2\n\n\n\n\n1894–95\n\n23 March 1895\n\nLinfield (4)\n\n10 – 1\n\nBohemians\n\n2,000\n\n\n1895–96\n\n14 March 1896\n\nDistillery (6)\n\n3 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\n6,000\n\n\n1896–97\n\n20 March 1897\n\nCliftonville (3)\n\n3 – 1\n\nSherwood Foresters\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n5,000\n\n\n1897–98\n\n19 March 1898\n\nLinfield (5)\n\n2 – 0\n\nSt Columb's Hall Celtic\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n3,000\n\n\n1898–99\n\n18 March 1899\n\nLinfield (6)\n\n2 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n7,000\n\n\n1899–1900\n\n24 March 1900\n\nCliftonville (4)\n\n2 – 1\n\nBohemians\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n5,500\n\n\n1900–01\n\n13 April 1901\n\nCliftonville (5)\n\n1 – 0\n\nFreebooters\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast[7][8]\n\n5,500\n\n\n1901–02\n\n15 March 1902\n\nLinfield (7)\n\n5 – 1\n\nDistillery\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n8,000\n\n\n1902–03\n\n14 March 1903\n\nDistillery (7)\n\n3 – 1\n\nBohemians\n\nDalymount Park, Dublin\n\n6,000\n\n\n1903–04\n\n17 March 1904\n\nLinfield (8)\n\n5 – 1\n\nDerry Celtic\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n6,000\n\n\n1904–05\n\n11 March 1905\n\nDistillery (8)\n\n3 – 0\n\nShelbourne\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1905–06\n\n28 April 1906\n\nShelbourne (1)\n\n2 – 0\n\nBelfast Celtic\n\nDalymount Park, Dublin\n\n8,000\n\n\n1906–07\n\n23 March 1907\n\nCliftonville (6)\n\n0 – 0\n\nShelbourne\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n12,900\n\n\nReplay\n\n20 April 1907\n\n1 – 0\n\nDalymount Park, Dublin\n\n10,000\n\n\n1907–08\n\n21 March 1908\n\nBohemians (1)\n\n1 – 1\n\nShelbourne\n\n8,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n28 March 1908\n\n3 – 1\n\n9,000\n\n\n1908–09\n\n3 April 1909\n\nCliftonville (7)\n\n0 – 0\n\nBohemians\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n3,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n10 April 1909\n\n2 – 1\n\nDalymount Park, Dublin\n\n15,000\n\n\n1909–10\n\n26 March 1910\n\nDistillery (9)\n\n1 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n10,000\n\n\n1910–11\n\n25 March 1911\n\nShelbourne (2)\n\n0 – 0\n\nBohemians\n\nDalymount Park, Dublin\n\n16,000[9]\n\n\nReplay\n\n15 April 1911\n\n2 – 1\n\n\n\n\n1911–12\n\n\n\nLinfield (9)\n\nFinal not played.[n 3]\n\n\n\n\n1912–13\n\n29 March 1913\n\nLinfield (10)\n\n2 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\nCeltic Park\n\n20,000\n\n\n1913–14\n\n28 March 1914\n\nGlentoran (1)\n\n3 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1914–15\n\n27 March 1915\n\nLinfield (11)\n\n1 – 0\n\nBelfast Celtic\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n20,000[10]\n\n\n1915–16\n\n25 March 1916\n\nLinfield (12)\n\n1 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nCeltic Park\n\n\n\n\nReplay\n\n1 April 1916\n\n1 – 0\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1916–17\n\n31 March 1917\n\nGlentoran (2)\n\n2 – 0\n\nBelfast Celtic\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1917–18\n\n30 March 1918\n\nBelfast Celtic (1)\n\n0 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n\n\n\nReplay\n\n13 April 1918\n\n0 – 0\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n24 April 1918\n\n2 – 0\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1918–19\n\n29 March 1919\n\nLinfield (13)\n\n1 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n18,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n5 April 1919\n\n0 – 0\n\nGrosvenor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n7 April 1919\n\n2 – 1\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1919–20\n\n\n\nShelbourne (3)\n\nFinal not played.[n 4]\n\n\n\n\n1920–21\n\n26 March 1921\n\nGlentoran (3)\n\n2 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1921–22\n\n25 March 1922\n\nLinfield (14)\n\n2 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1922–23\n\n31 March 1923\n\nLinfield (15)\n\n2 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\n\n\n\n1923–24\n\n29 March 1924\n\nQueen's Island (1920) (1)\n\n1 – 0\n\nWillowfield\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1924–25\n\n21 March 1925\n\nDistillery (10)\n\n2 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1925–26\n\n27 March 1926\n\nBelfast Celtic (2)\n\n3 – 2\n\nLinfield\n\n\n\n\n1926–27\n\n26 March 1927\n\nArds (1)\n\n3 – 2\n\nCliftonville\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1927–28\n\n25 April 1928\n\nWillowfield (1)\n\n1 – 0\n\nLarne\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1928–29\n\n30 May 1929\n\nBallymena (1)\n\n2 – 1\n\nBelfast Celtic\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1929–30\n\n29 March 1930\n\nLinfield (16)\n\n4 – 3\n\nBallymena\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1930–31\n\n28 March 1931\n\nLinfield (17)\n\n3 – 0\n\nBallymena\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1931–32\n\n26 March 1932\n\nGlentoran (4)\n\n2 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1932–33\n\n8 April 1933\n\nGlentoran (5)\n\n1 – 1\n\nDistillery\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n33,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n12 April 1933\n\n1 – 1\n\n25,000\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n28 April 1933\n\n3 – 1\n\n\n\n\n1933–34\n\n14 April 1934\n\nLinfield (18)\n\n4 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1934–35\n\n6 April 1935\n\nGlentoran (6)\n\n0 – 0\n\nLarne\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n15,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n10 April 1935\n\n0 – 0\n\n\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n30 April 1935\n\n1 – 0\n\n10,545\n\n\n1935–36\n\n4 April 1936\n\nLinfield (19)\n\n0 – 0\n\nDerry City\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\nReplay\n\n8 April 1936\n\n2 – 0\n\n\n\n\n1936–37\n\n10 April 1937\n\nBelfast Celtic (3)\n\n3 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1937–38\n\n9 April 1938\n\nBelfast Celtic (4)\n\n0 – 0\n\nBangor\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n\n\n\nReplay\n\n7 May 1938\n\n2 – 0\n\n\n\n\n1938–39\n\n29 April 1939\n\nLinfield (20)\n\n2 – 0\n\nBallymena United\n\n\n\n\n1939–40\n\n20 April 1940\n\nBallymena United (1)\n\n2 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1940–41\n\n26 April 1941\n\nBelfast Celtic (5)\n\n1 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\n12,000\n\n\n1941–42\n\n18 April 1942\n\nLinfield (21)\n\n3 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1942–43\n\n17 April 1943\n\nBelfast Celtic (6)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n\n\n\n1943–44\n\n17 April 1944\n\nBelfast Celtic (7)\n\n3 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\n25,240\n\n\n1944–45\n\n14 April 1945\n\nLinfield (22)\n\n4 – 2\n\nGlentoran\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1945–46\n\n13 April 1946\n\nLinfield (23)\n\n3 – 0\n\nDistillery\n\n20,137\n\n\n1946–47\n\n26 April 1947\n\nBelfast Celtic (8)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n25,000\n\n\n1947–48\n\n10 April 1948\n\nLinfield (24)\n\n3 – 0\n\nColeraine\n\nCeltic Park, Belfast\n\n31,000\n\n\n1948–49\n\n16 April 1949\n\nDerry City (1)\n\n3 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n27,000\n\n\n1949–50\n\n22 April 1950\n\nLinfield (25)\n\n2 – 1\n\nDistillery\n\n17,000\n\n\n1950–51\n\n28 April 1951\n\nGlentoran (7)\n\n3 – 1\n\nBallymena United\n\n25,000\n\n\n1951–52\n\n26 April 1952\n\nArds (2)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\n20,000\n\n\n1952–53\n\n25 April 1953\n\nLinfield (26)\n\n5 – 0\n\nColeraine\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n21,000\n\n\n1953–54\n\n24 April 1954\n\nDerry City (2)\n\n2 – 2\n\nGlentoran\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n35,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n29 April 1954\n\n0 – 0\n\n28,000\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n10 May 1954\n\n1 – 0\n\n28,000\n\n\n1954–55\n\n23 April 1955\n\nDundela (1)\n\n3 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\n10,000\n\n\n1955–56\n\n21 April 1956\n\nDistillery (11)\n\n2 – 2\n\nGlentoran\n\n16,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n26 April 1956\n\n0 – 0\n\n\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n30 April 1956\n\n1 – 0\n\n20,000\n\n\n1956–57\n\n13 April 1957\n\nGlenavon (1)\n\n2 – 0\n\nDerry City\n\n23,000\n\n\n1957–58\n\n26 April 1958\n\nBallymena United (2)\n\n2 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n24,000\n\n\n1958–59\n\n18 April 1959\n\nGlenavon (2)\n\n1 – 1\n\nBallymena United\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n18,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n29 April 1959\n\n2 – 0\n\n\n\n\n1959–60\n\n30 April 1960\n\nLinfield (27)\n\n5 – 1\n\nArds\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1960–61\n\n22 April 1961\n\nGlenavon (3)\n\n5 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n22,000\n\n\n1961–62\n\n14 April 1962\n\nLinfield (28)\n\n4 – 0\n\nPortadown\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1962–63\n\n20 April 1963\n\nLinfield (29)\n\n2 – 1\n\nDistillery\n\n20,000\n\n\n1963–64\n\n25 April 1964\n\nDerry City (3)\n\n2 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n19,000\n\n\n1964–65\n\n24 April 1965\n\nColeraine (1)\n\n2 – 1\n\nGlenavon\n\n18,000\n\n\n1965–66\n\n23 April 1966\n\nGlentoran (8)\n\n2 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1966–67\n\n22 April 1967\n\nCrusaders (1)\n\n3 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n20,000\n\n\n1967–68\n\n27 April 1968\n\nCrusaders (2)\n\n2 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n18,000\n\n\n1968–69\n\n19 April 1969\n\nArds (3)\n\n0 – 0\n\nDistillery\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n17,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n23 April 1969\n\n4 – 2\n\n16,000\n\n\n1969–70\n\n4 April 1970\n\nLinfield (30)\n\n2 – 1\n\nBallymena United\n\nSolitude, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1970–71\n\n3 April 1971\n\nDistillery (12)\n\n3 – 0\n\nDerry City\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n6,000\n\n\n1971–72\n\n22 April 1972\n\nColeraine (2)\n\n2 – 1\n\nPortadown\n\n8,000\n\n\n1972–73\n\n28 April 1973\n\nGlentoran (9)\n\n3 – 2\n\nLinfield\n\n12,000\n\n\n1973–74\n\n27 April 1974\n\nArds (4)\n\n2 – 1\n\nBallymena United\n\n7,000\n\n\n1974–75\n\n19 April 1975\n\nColeraine (3)\n\n1 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Showgrounds, Ballymena\n\n5,600\n\n\nReplay\n\n23 April 1975\n\n0 – 0\n\n5,400\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n29 April 1975\n\n1 – 0\n\n5,200\n\n\n1975–76\n\n10 April 1976\n\nCarrick Rangers (1)\n\n2 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n9,500\n\n\n1976–77\n\n23 April 1977\n\nColeraine (4)\n\n4 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\n10,000\n\n\n1977–78\n\n29 April 1978\n\nLinfield (31)\n\n3 – 1\n\nBallymena United\n\n12,000\n\n\n1978–79\n\n28 April 1979\n\nCliftonville (8)\n\n3 – 2\n\nPortadown\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n18,000\n\n\n1979–80\n\n26 April 1980\n\nLinfield (32)\n\n2 – 0\n\nCrusaders\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1980–81\n\n2 May 1981\n\nBallymena United (3)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n6,000\n\n\n1981–82\n\n24 April 1982\n\nLinfield (33)\n\n2 – 1\n\nColeraine\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1982–83\n\n30 April 1983\n\nGlentoran (10)\n\n1 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n7 May 1983\n\n2 – 1\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n8,000\n\n\n1983–84\n\n5 May 1984\n\nBallymena United (4)\n\n4 – 1\n\nCarrick Rangers\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n5,000\n\n\n1984–85\n\n4 May 1985\n\nGlentoran (11)\n\n1 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\nReplay\n\n11 May 1985\n\n1 – 0\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1985–86\n\n3 May 1986\n\nGlentoran (12)\n\n2 – 1\n\nColeraine\n\n8,000\n\n\n1986–87\n\n2 May 1987\n\nGlentoran (13)\n\n1 – 0\n\nLarne\n\n8,000\n\n\n1987–88\n\n30 April 1988\n\nGlentoran (14)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\n10,000\n\n\n1988–89\n\n6 May 1989\n\nBallymena United (5)\n\n1 – 0\n\nLarne\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n5,000\n\n\n1989–90\n\n5 May 1990\n\nGlentoran (15)\n\n3 – 0\n\nPortadown\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1990–91\n\n4 May 1991\n\nPortadown (1)\n\n2 – 1\n\nGlenavon\n\n12,000\n\n\n1991–92\n\n2 May 1992\n\nGlenavon (4)\n\n2 – 1\n\nLinfield\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n12,000\n\n\n1992–93\n\n1 May 1993\n\nBangor (1)\n\n01 – 1 (aet)\n\nArds\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n8,500\n\n\nReplay\n\n8 May 1993\n\n01 – 1 (aet)\n\n6,000\n\n\n2nd replay\n\n11 May 1993\n\n1 – 0\n\n5,000\n\n\n1993–94\n\n7 May 1994\n\nLinfield (34)\n\n2 – 0\n\nBangor\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n10,000\n\n\n1994–95\n\n6 May 1995\n\nLinfield (35)\n\n3 – 1\n\nCarrick Rangers\n\n6,800\n\n\n1995–96\n\n4 May 1996\n\nGlentoran (16)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlenavon\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n10,000\n\n\n1996–97\n\n3 May 1997\n\nGlenavon (5)\n\n1 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\n8,222\n\n\n1997–98\n\n2 May 1998\n\nGlentoran (17)\n\n01 – 0 (aet)\n\nGlenavon\n\n8,250\n\n\n1998–99\n\n\n\nPortadown (2)\n\nFinal not played.[n 5]\n\n\n\n\n1999–2000\n\n6 May 2000\n\nGlentoran (18)\n\n1 – 0\n\nPortadown\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n8,355\n\n\n2000–01\n\n5 May 2001\n\nGlentoran (19)\n\n01 – 0 (aet)\n\nLinfield\n\n14,190\n\n\n2001–02\n\n11 May 2002\n\nLinfield (36)\n\n2 – 1\n\nPortadown\n\n11,129\n\n\n2002–03\n\n3 May 2003\n\nColeraine (5)\n\n1 – 0\n\nGlentoran\n\n9,000\n\n\n2003–04\n\n1 May 2004\n\nGlentoran (20)\n\n1 – 0\n\nColeraine\n\n8,300\n\n\n2004–05\n\n7 May 2005\n\nPortadown (3)\n\n5 – 1\n\nLarne\n\n5,431\n\n\n2005–06\n\n6 May 2006\n\nLinfield (37)\n\n2 – 1\n\nGlentoran\n\n12,500\n\n\n2006–07\n\n5 May 2007\n\nLinfield (38)\n\n0 2 – 2 (aet) (3 – 2 pens.)\n\nDungannon Swifts\n\n7,600\n\n\n2007–08\n\n3 May 2008\n\nLinfield (39)\n\n2 – 1\n\nColeraine\n\n8,452\n\n\n2008–09\n\n9 May 2009\n\nCrusaders (3)\n\n1 – 0\n\nCliftonville\n\n8,820\n\n\n2009–10\n\n8 May 2010\n\nLinfield (40)\n\n2 – 1\n\nPortadown\n\n7,940\n\n\n2010–11\n\n7 May 2011\n\nLinfield (41)\n\n2 – 1\n\nCrusaders\n\n8,200\n\n\n2011–12\n\n5 May 2012\n\nLinfield (42)\n\n4 – 1\n\nCrusaders\n\n7,325\n\n\n2012–13\n\n4 May 2013\n\nGlentoran (21)\n\n03 – 1 (aet)\n\nCliftonville\n\n9,825\n\n\n2013–14\n\n3 May 2014\n\nGlenavon (6)\n\n2 – 1\n\nBallymena United\n\n7,282\n\n\n2014–15\n\n2 May 2015\n\nGlentoran (22)\n\n1 – 0\n\nPortadown\n\nThe Oval, Belfast\n\n8,072\n\n\n2015–16\n\n7 May 2016\n\nGlenavon (7)\n\n2 – 0\n\nLinfield\n\nWindsor Park, Belfast\n\n11,500\n\n\n2016–17\n\n6 May 2017\n\nLinfield (43)\n\n3 – 0\n\nColeraine\n\n12,551\n\n\n2017-18\n\n5 May 2018\n\nColeraine (6)\n\n3 – 1\n\nCliftonville\n\n12,012\n" ]
[ "Windsor Park, Belfast" ]
1131087710906485759
PBS NewsHour
PBS NewsHour - Wikipedia PBS NewsHour PBS NewsHour PBS NewsHour logo used since December 7 , 2009 Also known as The Robert MacNeil Report ( October -- December 1975 ) The MacNeil / Lehrer Report ( 1975 -- 1983 ) The MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour ( 1983 -- 1995 ) The NewsHour With Jim Lehrer ( 1995 -- 2009 ) PBS NewsHour Weekend ( weekend editions ) Genre News magazine Created by Robert MacNeil Jim Lehrer Directed by Joseph Camp ( Washington ) Eulogio Ortiz ( New York ) Presented by Weekdays : Robert MacNeil ( 1975 -- 1995 ) Jim Lehrer ( 1975 -- 2011 ) Gwen Ifill ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Judy Woodruff ( 2013 -- present ) Weekends : Hari Sreenivasan ( 2013 -- present ) Theme music composer Bernard Hoffer ( 1975 -- 2006 ) David Cebert and Bernard Hoffer ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Edd Kalehoff ( 2015 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( US ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sara Just ( Washington ) Scott Davis ( New York ) Production location ( s ) WETA - TV studios , Arlington , Virginia ( weekday editions ) Tisch WNET Studios , New York City ( weekend editions ) Running time 60 minutes ( weekday editions ) 30 minutes ( weekend editions ) Production company ( s ) WNET ( weekday editions , 1975 -- 1995 ; weekend editions , Sept. 2013 -- present ) WETA - TV ( weekday editions , 1995 -- present ) MacNeill / Lehrer Productions ( 1981 -- 2014 ) NewsHour Productions ( WETA - TV ) ( 2014 -- present ) Release Original network PBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 - 2007 ) 720i / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2007 - present ) Original release October 20 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 20 ) -- present External links Website The PBS NewsHour is an American daily evening television news program that is broadcast on the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) , airing seven nights a week on more than 350 of the public broadcaster 's member stations . As the nation 's first hour - long nightly news broadcast , the program is known for its in - depth coverage of issues and current events . Anchored by Judy Woodruff , the program 's weekday broadcasts run one hour in length and are produced by Washington , DC PBS station WETA - TV . From August 2013 to October 2016 , Woodruff and then - co-anchor Gwen Ifill were the first and only all - female anchor team of a national nightly news program on broadcast television . Since its launch in September 2013 , 30 - minute , Saturday and Sunday editions of the program ( titled as PBS NewsHour Weekend ) have been anchored by Hari Sreenivasan and produced by New York City PBS station WNET . The PBS NewsHour originates from WETA 's studio facilities in Arlington County , Virginia ( for its weekday editions ) , and the Tisch / WNET Studios at Lincoln Center in Manhattan ( for its weekend editions ) ; additional facilities are located in San Francisco and Denver . The program is a collaboration between WETA - TV , WNET , and fellow PBS member stations KQED in San Francisco , KETC in St. Louis and WTTW in Chicago . Contents 1 History 1.1 The MacNeil / Lehrer Report ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.2 The NewsHour ( 1983 -- 2009 ) 1.3 PBS NewsHour 1.3. 1 Departure of Jim Lehrer and switch to co-anchors ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 1.3. 2 Transfer of production and expansion to weekends ( 2013 -- present ) 2 Production and ratings 3 Availability 3.1 Live streaming 4 International broadcasts 5 NewsHour editorial guidelines 6 Current on - air staff 6.1 Anchors 6.2 Weekend anchors 6.3 Correspondents 6.4 Political analysts 7 Criticism 7.1 FAIR study 8 Scholarly analysis 8.1 Partnership with NPR 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The MacNeil / Lehrer Report ( 1975 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) External video The Robert MacNeil Report ; 19 ; New York City and C367 Bailout , segment starts at 2 : 45 , November 13 , 1975 , NewsHour Productions and American Archive of Public Broadcasting In 1973 , Robert MacNeil ( a former NBC News correspondent and then - moderator of PBS ' Washington Week in Review ) and Jim Lehrer teamed up to cover the United States Senate 's Watergate hearings for PBS . The two earned an Emmy Award for their unprecedented gavel - to - gavel coverage . This recognition led to the 1975 creation of The Robert MacNeil Report , a half - hour local news program for WNET , which debuted on October 20 of that year ; each episode of the program covered a single issue currently in the news in depth . Less than ​ 1 ⁄ months later , on December 1 , 1975 , the program began to air on PBS stations nationwide . The program was renamed The MacNeil / Lehrer Report on September 9 , 1976 . Most editions employed a two - anchor , two - city format , with MacNeil based in New York City and Lehrer based at WETA 's studios in Arlington , Virginia . Charlayne Hunter - Gault joined the series in 1978 as correspondent , serving as substitute host for MacNeil and Lehrer whenever either of them had the night off . She became the series ' national correspondent in 1983 . In September 1981 , production of the program was taken over by MacNeil / Lehrer Productions , a partnership between MacNeil , Lehrer and the Gannett Company ; the latter would sell its stake in the production company in 1986 . Liberty Media bought a 67 % controlling equity stake in MacNeil / Lehrer Productions in 1994 , but MacNeil and Lehrer retained editorial control . The final title sequence as The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , used from May 17 , 2006 , to December 6 , 2009 The NewsHour ( 1983 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Having decided to start competing with the nightly news programs on ABC , CBS and NBC instead of complementing them , the program expanded to one hour on September 5 , 1983 , incorporating other changes such as the introduction of `` documentary reportage from the field '' ; it became known at that time as The MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour . Robert MacNeil retired from the program on October 20 , 1995 , leaving Jim Lehrer as the sole anchor ( Charlayne Hunter - Gault would later leave in June 1997 ) . Accordingly , the program was renamed The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer three days later on October 23 . The NewsHour won a Peabody Award in 2003 for the feature report Jobless Recovery : Non-Working Numbers . On May 17 , 2006 , the program underwent its first major change in presentation in years , adopting a new graphics package and a reorchestrated version of the show 's theme music ( originally composed by Bernard Hoffer ) . On December 17 , 2007 , the NewsHour became the second nightly broadcast network newscast to begin broadcasting in high definition ( following NBC Nightly News ) , with broadcasts presented in a letterboxed format for viewers with standard - definition television sets watching either through cable or satellite television . The program also introduced a new set and upconverted its existing graphics package to HD . PBS NewsHour ( edit ) Departure of Jim Lehrer and switch to co-anchors ( 2009 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Gwen Ifill and Judy Woodruff at the 2012 Republican National Convention On May 11 , 2009 , PBS announced that the program would be revamped on December 7 of that year under a revised title as the PBS NewsHour . In addition to an increased integration between the NewsHour website and nightly broadcast , the updated production would return to a two - anchor format . The overhaul was described by Jim Lehrer as the first phase in his gradual move toward retirement . On September 27 , 2010 , PBS NewsHour was presented with the Chairman 's Award at the 31st News & Documentary Emmy Awards , with Robert MacNeil , Jim Lehrer , longtime executive producer Les Crystal , and former executive producer Linda Winslow receiving the award on the show 's behalf . Lehrer formally ended his tenure as a regular anchor of the program in June 2011 . He continued to occasionally anchor on Fridays afterward , when he usually led the political analysis segment with Mark Shields and David Brooks . Transfer of production and expansion to weekends ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Judy Woodruff interviewing US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel in September 2013 On August 6 , 2013 , Gwen Ifill and Judy Woodruff were named as co-anchors and co-managing editors of the NewsHour broadcast . The two shared anchor duties on the Monday through Thursday editions , with Woodruff solo anchoring on Fridays due to Ifill 's duties as host of the political discussion program Washington Week ( which was also produced Friday evenings ) . For much of its history , the PBS NewsHour aired only on Monday through Friday evenings ; however on September 7 , 2013 , the program expanded to include weekend editions on Saturday and Sundays , with Hari Sreenivasan serving as anchor of those broadcasts . Although the weekend broadcasts are branded PBS NewsHour Weekend , those editions instead air for a half - hour ; in addition , the Saturday and Sunday editions originate from the New York City studios of WNET , as opposed to the program 's main production facilities at the Arlington , Virginia , studios of WETA - TV . Plans for a weekend edition of PBS NewsHour had been considered as early as March 2013 . MacNeil / Lehrer Productions announced in a letter to the show 's staffers on October 8 , 2013 , that it had offered to transfer ownership in the PBS NewsHour to WETA . In the letter , Jim Lehrer and Robert MacNeil cited their reduced involvement with the program 's production since their departures from anchoring , as well as `` the probability of increasing our fundraising abilities . '' The transfer was approved by the WETA board of trustees on June 17 , 2014 , and took effect on July 1 . At that time , production of the program was taken over by NewsHour Productions , LLC , a wholly owned subsidiary of WETA . WETA also acquired MacNeil / Lehrer Productions ' archives , documentaries , and projects , though not the company 's name . PBS NewsHour Weekend was not affected by the ownership transfer and continues to be produced by WNET . On July 20 , 2015 , the PBS NewsHour introduced an overhauled visual appearance for its weekday broadcasts , debuting a new minimalist set designed by Eric Siegel and George Allison that heavily incorporates PBS ' longtime `` Everyman '' logo . The program also introduced a new graphics package by Troika Design Group and an original theme music composition by Edd Kalehoff , which incorporates a reorchestration of the nine - note `` Question and Answer '' musical signature that has been featured within the program 's theme since its premiere in 1975 and a musical signature that had been featured on Nightly Business Report between 2002 and 2010 . PBS NewsHour Weekend retained its original graphics package that had been used since the launch of the Saturday and Sunday editions , as well as the theme music by David Cebert until August 29 , 2015 , when the program transitioned to the same theme music and a reworked version of the graphics package used for the weekday NewsHour broadcasts . Gwen Ifill took brief breaks from her anchor duties on the PBS NewsHour in the late spring and in November 2016 ( and was also absent from the program 's presidential election coverage on November 8 ) , as she had been privately undergoing treatment for advanced stage breast and endometrial cancer . After her death was announced on November 14 , 2016 , that evening 's edition of the NewsHour was turned into a tribute to Ifill and her influence on journalism , featuring tributes from Woodruff , Sreenivasan , former colleagues and program contributors ( news content was relegated to the standard news summary , which aired during the second half - hour ) . Although the program initially featured guest anchors on some editions between January and March 2017 , Judy Woodruff effectively now serves as sole anchor of the PBS NewsHour . Production and ratings ( edit ) Behind the scenes at The Newshour , during a Gen. Peter Pace interview The program is notable for being shown on public television . As such , there are no interruptions during the program to run advertisements ( though like most public television programs , it does feature `` corporate image '' advertisements at the beginning and end of each broadcasts , as well as barker interruptions extolling viewers to donate pledges to their local PBS member station or member network during locally produced pledge drive events , which are substituted with encore presentations of a select story segment from the past year for stations that are not holding a drive during that time ) . The program has a more deliberate pace than the news broadcasts of the commercial networks it competes against , allowing for deeper detail in its story packages and feature segments . At the start of the program , the lead story is covered in depth , followed by a news summary that lasts roughly between six and eight minutes , briefly explaining many of the top national and international news headlines ; international stories often include excerpts of reports filed by ITN correspondents . This is usually followed by three or four longer news segments -- typically running six to twelve minutes each -- which explore a few of the events previously mentioned in the headline segment in depth and include discussions with experts , newsmakers , and / or commentators . The program formerly included a reflective essay on a regular basis , but these have been curtailed in recent years ; since Judy Woodruff and Gwen Ifill became anchors of the program , these essays have mainly aired as part of the end - of - show segment `` Brief , but Spectacular '' . On Fridays , the program features political analysis and discussion between two regular contributors , one from each of the Republican and Democratic parties , and one host from among the senior correspondents . Since 2004 , the usual participants have been syndicated columnist Mark Shields and New York Times columnist David Brooks . Analysts who fill in when Shields or Brooks are absent have included David Gergen , Thomas Oliphant , Rich Lowry , William Kristol , Ramesh Ponnuru , Ruth Marcus , Michael Gerson , David Corn and E.J. Dionne . On Mondays , a similar segment called `` Politics Monday '' features analysis and discussion of current political issues with contributors Amy Walter , national editor of The Cook Political Report , and Tamara Keith , Washington D.C. correspondent for NPR . The program 's senior correspondents are Jeffrey Brown ( Arts , Culture & Society ) and Judy Woodruff ( anchor & senior managing editor ) . Essayists have included Anne Taylor Fleming , Richard Rodriguez , Clarence Page and Roger Rosenblatt . Correspondents have been Tom Bearden , Betty Ann Bowser , Susan Dentzer , Elizabeth Farnsworth , Kwame Holman , Spencer Michels , Fred de Sam Lazaro ( on the Agents For Change series ) , the economics correspondent Paul Solman ( Making Sen $ e ) , Malcolm Brabant and others . Former NewsHour anchors Jim Lehrer and Gwen Ifill were frequent moderators of U.S. political debates . By November 2008 , Lehrer had moderated more than ten debates between major U.S. presidential candidates . In 2008 , Ifill moderated a debate between U.S. vice presidential candidates Joe Biden and Sarah Palin ; in 2004 , Ifill moderated a debate between candidates Dick Cheney and John Edwards . After the United States -- led invasion of Iraq in 2003 , the NewsHour began what it called its `` Honor Roll '' , a short segment displaying in silence the picture , name , rank , and hometown of U.S. military personnel killed in Iraq . On January 4 , 2006 , the NewsHour added military personnel killed in Afghanistan to the segment . According to Nielsen ratings at the program 's website , 2.7 million people watch the program each night , and 8 million individuals watch in the course of a week . Availability ( edit ) The NewsHour is broadcast on more than 350 PBS member stations and networks , making it available to 99 % of the viewing public , and audio from the program is broadcast by some NPR radio stations . It is also rebroadcast twice daily in late night via American Public Television 's World digital subchannel service . Broadcasts of the NewsHour are also made available worldwide via satellites operated by various agencies such as the Voice of America . Archives of shows broadcast after February 7 , 2000 , are available in several streaming media formats ( including full - motion video ) at the program 's website . The show is available to overseas military personnel on the American Forces Network . Audio from select segments is also released in podcast form , available through several feeds on the NewsHour 's subscriptions page with link to a FeedBurner website ( for free mp3 download ) and through the iTunes Store . Only a small handful of PBS member stations and regional member networks do not air the NewsHour , a pool of member outlets mainly confined to `` secondary '' stations that share another market with a `` primary '' PBS member station . These include the NJTV network in New Jersey ( as WNET , which co-manages NJTV and WLIW , carries the program in the New York City area , while WHYY - TV does so in the Philadelphia market ) ; KVCR - DT in San Bernardino , California ( KOCE - TV carries it as San Bernardino is within the Los Angeles market ) , and Chicago - area stations WYCC and Northwest Indiana - serving WYIN ( due to WTTW 's PBS primacy ) . In Boston , WGBH - TV airs the program live each weeknight ( with a simulcast online ) , while its secondary station WGBX rebroadcasts the weekday editions of the NewsHour later the same evening , and the weekend editions live . KQED in San Francisco , airs the program each weeknight in simulcast with its radio sister , at 3 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ( 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ) . Live streaming ( edit ) The PBS NewsHour is streamed live via USTREAM and YouTube every weeknight at 6 pm ET . The NewsHour Weekend is also streamed on both platforms , every weekend live at 5 pm ET . Full episodes are available later , edited without sponsorship , on the NewsHour YouTube channel . In addition , the NewsHour streamed the inauguration of Donald Trump via Twitter . International broadcasts ( edit ) In the United Kingdom it is seen daily at 6am on ABN TV on the Sky platform . In the Middle East the program is seen daily on OSN News . In Australia the program is seen Tuesdays through Saturdays at 1 : 00 p.m. AEST on SBS One . In New Zealand the NewsHour is seen Tuesdays through Saturdays at 10 p.m. on Face TV ( Auckland ) . In Japan the program is seen every weekday on NHK BS - 1 . Around the world for members of the United States Armed Forces on the American Forces Network . The program is seen internationally through the Voice of America and World Radio Network . NewsHour editorial guidelines ( edit ) On December 4 , 2009 , when introducing the new PBS NewsHour format , Jim Lehrer read out a list of guidelines in what he referred to as `` MacNeil / Lehrer journalism . '' They are as follows : `` Do nothing I can not defend . '' `` Cover , write , and present every story with the care I would want if the story were about me . '' `` Assume there is at least one other side or version to every story . '' `` Assume the viewer is as smart and as caring and as good a person as I am . '' `` Assume the same about all people on whom I report . '' `` Assume personal lives are a private matter until a legitimate turn in the story absolutely mandates otherwise . '' `` Carefully separate opinion and analysis from straight news stories , and clearly label everything . '' `` Do not use anonymous sources or blind quotes except on rare and monumental occasions . '' `` No one should ever be allowed to attack another anonymously . '' `` And finally , I am not in the entertainment business . '' Current on - air staff ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Judy Woodruff Miles O'Brien ( substitute ) Hari Sreenivasan ( substitute ) John Yang ( substitute ) William Brangham ( substitute ) Jeffrey Brown ( substitute ) Amna Nawaz ( substitute ) Nick Schifrin ( foreign affairs and defense ) Weekend anchors ( edit ) Hari Sreenivasan Alison Stewart ( substitute ) Lisa Desjardins ( substitute ) William Brangham ( substitute ) Soledad O'Brien ( substitute ) Megan Thompson ( substitute ) Correspondents ( edit ) Jeffrey Brown -- chief correspondent for arts , culture , and society Paul Solman -- business , economics and occasional art correspondent , creator of Making Sen $ e Miles O'Brien -- science & aviation correspondent Mike Taibbi -- special correspondent for the Weekend program John Yang -- special correspondent Malcolm Brabant -- special correspondent , especially reporting from Europe , based in Denmark Lisa Desjardins -- political director Yamiche Alcindor -- White House correspondent P.J. Tobia -- foreign affairs editor Fred de Sam Lazaro -- correspondent for the Agents For Change series William Brangham -- regular interviewer and occasional substitute anchor Nick Schifrin -- foreign affairs and defense Political analysts ( edit ) David Brooks Tamara Keith Susan Page Mark Shields Amy Walter Criticism ( edit ) In 1992 , radio broadcaster David Barsamian called the NewsHour `` stenographers to power , '' accusing them and other American news media of having a pro-establishment bias . FAIR study ( edit ) In October 2006 the media criticism group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) accused the NewsHour of lacking balance , diversity , and viewpoints of the general public , and corporate viewpoints . FAIR found that the NewsHour 's guest list from October 2005 to March 2006 had Republicans outnumbering Democrats 2 -- 1 , and people of color accounting for 15 percent of U.S. - based sources . FAIR also protested in 1995 when Liberty Media purchased a majority of the program , citing Liberty 's majority owner , John Malone , for his `` Machiavellian business tactics '' and right - wing sentiments . NewsHour executive producer Linda Winslow responded to many aspects : FAIR seems to be accusing us of covering the people who make decisions that affect people 's lives , many of whom work in government , the military , or corporate America . That 's what we do : we 're a news program , and that 's who makes news ... I take issue with the way the FAIR report characterizes each guest , which they have obviously done very subjectively . Witness the trashing of Mark Shields and Tom Oliphant ( in the full report ) , who are not liberal enough for FAIR 's taste . When you get down to arguing about degrees of left - and - rightness , I think you undermine your own argument . She also accused FAIR of counting sound bites as interviews , thereby skewing their numbers toward the political party holding a majority ( at the time of FAIR 's report , Republican Party ) . Scholarly analysis ( edit ) In 2003 , UCLA political scientist Tim Groseclose and Missouri economist Jeff Milyo evaluated various media programs based on `` think tank '' citations to map liberal versus conservative media slants and published a study alleging liberal media bias in general . Based on their research , PBS NewsHour is the most centrist news program on television and the closest to a truly objective stance . Partnership with NPR ( edit ) The PBS NewsHour partnered with NPR for the broadcast of the Republican and Democratic National Conventions of 2016 , in a strategy to prepare for the election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer '' . Cue11 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gwen Ifill and Judy Woodruff Named Co-Anchors , Managing Editors of PBS NewsHour '' . PBS NewsHour . August 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with PBS NewsHour Weekend 's Hari Sreenivasan THIRTEEN - New York Public Media '' . THIRTEEN - New York Public Media . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . macneil-lehrer.com . MacNeil / Lehrer Productions . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert MacNeil Report '' . NewsHour Productions and American Archive of Public Broadcasting . November 13 , 1975 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lehrer , Executive Editor '' . PBS NewsHour . September 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The MacNeil / Lehrer Report ; Unemployment ; Unemployment & Election , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Dru Sefton ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` WETA to create subsidiary for transfer of PBS NewsHour ownership '' . Current . Current LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No Blaring : MacNeil on Emmy , Keeping a Reasonable Tone in Broadcast News '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( October 21 , 1995 ) . `` MacNeil Leaves PBS ' ' NewsHour ' to Write '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . D4 -- via NewsBank . ^ Jump up to : `` NewsHour History '' . PBS NewsHour . MacNeil / Lehrer Productions . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd Annual Peabody Awards '' . Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication . May 2004 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Hill ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' PBS NewsHour ' retunes theme music '' . NewscastStudio . HD Media Ventures LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corinne Segal ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The NewsHour has a new theme song , and we assume you 'll want to talk about it '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom LeGro . `` NewsHour High - Definition Broadcast FAQ '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://pressroom.pbs.org/documents/newshour_rls_512 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jensen ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` ' NewsHour ' on PBS to Get Makeover '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard Kurtz ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` PBS , changing ' NewsHour ' to preserve it '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . pp. C01 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces Winners ... '' National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . September 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lehrer to retire as PBS NewsHour anchor '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gwen Ifill , Judy Woodruff to co-anchor ' NewsHour ' '' . Associated Press . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Day ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` PBS ' ' NewsHour ' to expand to weekends in the fall '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie Weigner ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` PBS NewsHour Weekend to premiere this fall '' . Politico . Capitol News Company . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jensen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` PBS Near a Decision on Adding a Weekend Edition of ' NewsHour ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dru Sefton ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` MacNeil , Lehrer propose to transfer ownership of PBS NewsHour to WETA '' . Current . Current , LLC . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jensen ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' NewsHour ' Ex-Anchors to Cede Ownership '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corinne Segal ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The NewsHour has a new theme song , and we assume you 'll want to talk about it '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Hill ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' PBS NewsHour ' gets airy new look '' . NewscastStudio . HD Media Ventures LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Hill ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' PBS NewsHour ' retunes theme music '' . NewscastStudio . HD Media Ventures LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' PBS NewsHour ' to debut new look '' . NewscastStudio . HD Media Ventures LLC . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Gwen '' . PBS NewsHour . NewsHour Productions , LLC . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gwen Ifill , 61 , PBS journalist who covered history and made history '' . PBS NewsHour . NewsHour Productions , LLC . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gwen Ifill on being a little girl transfixed by news '' . PBS NewsHour . NewsHour Productions , LLC . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosmic Power of Gwen Ifill '' . PBS NewsHour . NewsHour Productions , LLC . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Holloway ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Ifill , Longtime PBS Journalist , Dies at 61 '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Essays archive '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Correspondents '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lehrer : The Dean of Moderators '' . MSNBC . NBC News . September 29 , 2004 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Claire Suddath ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Debate Moderator Gwen Ifill '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meade , Amanda ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera news for SBS '' . The Australian . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triangle TV Programme Information : PBS NewsHour '' . Triangle Television . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Another Chapter Begins for NewsHour Jim Lehrer . The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Barsamian , Stenographers to Power : Media and Propaganda ( Common Courage P , 1992 ) , 105 . Jump up ^ Rendall , Steve ; Hollar , Julie ( September -- October 2006 ) . `` Are You on the NewsHour 's Guestlist ? PBS flagship news show fails public mission '' . FAIR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` MacNeil / Lehrer Sells Out , Extra ! Update February 1995 '' . Fair.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Getler , Michael ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` A FAIR Analysis ? By Michael Getler October 6 , 2006 '' . PBS . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Groseclose , Tim ( 2011 ) . How Liberal Media Bias Distorts the American Mind . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 55593 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Brad ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Left Turn : The Media 's Institutional Liberalism '' . The New Ledger . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ News , KERA . `` Watch And Fact Check The First Presidential Debate With PBS And NPR '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PBS , NPR Join Forces for Prime Time Convention Coverage '' . www.adweek.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) . `` PBS Partners With NPR To Boost Election Coverage -- TCA '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NPR and ' PBS NewsHour ' partner on election coverage '' . Current . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) . `` PBS Teams With NPR for 2016 Election Programming '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official website PBS NewsHour at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 8 , 1999 ) PBS NewsHour at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 5 , 1997 ) Evening television news in the United States Broadcast ABC ABC World News Tonight CBS CBS Evening News NBC NBC Nightly News PBS PBS NewsHour Nightly Business Report Univision Noticiero Univision Telemundo Noticiero Telemundo Cable BBC World News BBC World News America Newsday BBC World News World News Today Bloomberg Television Bloomberg Technology CNBC Fast Money Mad Money CNN The Lead with Jake Tapper The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer Erin Burnett OutFront Anderson Cooper 360 ° Cuomo Prime Time CNN Tonight with Don Lemon Fox Business Network Lou Dobbs Tonight Fox News Channel Your World with Neil Cavuto The Five Special Report with Bret Baier The Story with Martha MacCallum Tucker Carlson Tonight Hannity The Ingraham Angle Fox News @ Night HBO Vice News Tonight MSNBC MTP Daily The Beat with Ari Melber Hardball with Chris Matthews All In with Chris Hayes The Rachel Maddow Show The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell The 11th Hour with Brian Williams The Weather Channel Weather Underground See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Television news in the United States Broadcast divisions ABC News CBS News NBC News PBS NewsHour Noticias Telemundo Noticias Univision National cable / satellite channels BBC World News CGTN America CNN HLN CNN International CNN en Español Fox News i24NEWS MSNBC Newsmax TV Newsy One America News RT America TheBlaze Non-profits Free Speech TV Link TV Business channels Bloomberg TV Cheddar CNBC CNBC World Fox Business Specialty channels C - SPAN ESPNews Fusion TV Weather AccuWeather Channel Network The Weather Channel Local Now Weatherscan WeatherNation TV Broadband services National CBSN Specialty AJ+ Vice News Reuters TV Outsourcing AerisWeather Independent News Network Weather Services International Defunct ABC channels ABC News Now Satellite News Al Jazeera America All News Channel CNN channels CNNfn CNN Pipeline CNNSI Current TV FNN - SCORE News Central NBC channels America 's Talking NBC Weather Plus Shift CBC Newsworld International The Weather Cast TouchVision UPI Newstime Univision Noticias PBS Documentaries Independent Lens POV ( List of episodes ) Drama Masterpiece Mystery ! 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WETA WHUT WQED ( Pittsburgh ) See also PBS network shows PBS member networks PBS member stations Corporation for Public Broadcasting Defunct network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PBS_NewsHour&oldid=853811011 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American television news programs ITN PBS network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs Television series by WNET Special Broadcasting Service shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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who are the hosts of pbs news hour
[ "Anchored by Judy Woodruff, the program's weekday broadcasts run one hour in length and are produced by Washington, DC PBS station WETA-TV. From August 2013 to October 2016, Woodruff and then-co-anchor Gwen Ifill were the first and only all-female anchor team of a national nightly news program on broadcast television.[2] Since its launch in September 2013, 30-minute, Saturday and Sunday editions of the program (titled as PBS NewsHour Weekend) have been anchored by Hari Sreenivasan and produced by New York City PBS station WNET.[3]\n", "Anchored by Judy Woodruff, the program's weekday broadcasts run one hour in length and are produced by Washington, DC PBS station WETA-TV. From August 2013 to October 2016, Woodruff and then-co-anchor Gwen Ifill were the first and only all-female anchor team of a national nightly news program on broadcast television.[2] Since its launch in September 2013, 30-minute, Saturday and Sunday editions of the program (titled as PBS NewsHour Weekend) have been anchored by Hari Sreenivasan and produced by New York City PBS station WNET.[3]\n", "Anchored by Judy Woodruff, the program's weekday broadcasts run one hour in length and are produced by Washington, DC PBS station WETA-TV. From August 2013 to October 2016, Woodruff and then-co-anchor Gwen Ifill were the first and only all-female anchor team of a national nightly news program on broadcast television.[2] Since its launch in September 2013, 30-minute, Saturday and Sunday editions of the program (titled as PBS NewsHour Weekend) have been anchored by Hari Sreenivasan and produced by New York City PBS station WNET.[3]\n" ]
[ "Judy Woodruff", "Gwen Ifill", "Hari Sreenivasan" ]
5169989103387998583
Flag of Ireland
Flag of Ireland - wikipedia Flag of Ireland Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the flag of the state called Ireland . For flags associated with the island of Ireland , see List of flags of Ireland . For flags used in Northern Ireland , see List of flags used in Northern Ireland . Republic of Ireland Name Bratach na hÉireann Irish tricolour Use National flag and ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 1922 ( constitutional status ; 1937 ) Design A vertical tricolour of green , white and orange The national flag of Ireland ( Irish : bratach na hÉireann ) -- frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour ( trídhathach na hÉireann ) -- is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland . The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green ( at the hoist ) , white and orange . The proportions of the flag are 1 : 2 ( that is to say , flown horizontally , the flag is half as high as it is wide ) . Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause , it was intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped - for union between Roman Catholics and Protestants , the significance of the colours outlined by Meagher was , `` The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood . '' It was not until the Easter Rising of 1916 , when it was raised above Dublin 's General Post Office by Gearóid O'Sullivan , that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag . The flag was adopted by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1921 ) . The flag 's use was continued by the Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland . The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916 . Thus it is flown by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and symbolism 1.1 Symbolism 2 History 2.1 Marine 2.2 Use in Northern Ireland 3 Protocol 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design and symbolism ( edit ) In relation to the national flag of Ireland , the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7 : The national flag is the tricolour of green , white and orange . As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag , the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility for matters relating to the flag . In its advisory role , the Department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag . The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width , translating into an aspect ratio of 1 : 2 . The three coloured pales -- green , white and orange -- should be of equal size , and vertically disposed . The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are : Scheme Green White Orange Sources Pantone 347 U Safe 151 U Hex triplet # 169B62 # FFFFFF # FF883E RGB 22 -- 155 -- 98 255 -- 255 -- 255 255 -- 136 -- 62 CMYK 71 -- 0 -- 72 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 0 -- 43 -- 91 -- 0 The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff , with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff , at the hoist ; the white pale positioned in the centre ; and the orange pale positioned at the fly , farthest from the flagstaff . Provided that the correct proportions are observed , the flag may be made to any convenient size . Symbolism ( edit ) The green pale of the flag symbolises Roman Catholics , the orange represents the minority Protestants who were supporters of William of Orange , who had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 . His title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century . It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement . The white in the centre signifies a lasting peace and hope for union between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland . The flag , as a whole , is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped - for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland , which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation , regardless of ethnic origin , religion or political conviction . There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory . Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly - Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick , established in 1751 . Occasionally , differing shades of yellow , instead of orange , are seen at civilian functions . However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which `` should be actively discouraged '' , and that worn - out flags should be replaced . In songs and poems , the colours are sometimes enumerated as `` green , white and gold '' , using poetic licence . Variants of different guises are utilised to include , for example , various emblems of Ireland , such as the presidential harp , the four provinces or county arms . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Green harp flag , first used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 . A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 . In the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of revolution . The United Irishmen , founded in the 1790s , were inspired by the French revolution , and used a green flag , to which they had a harp emblazoned . A rival organisation , the Orange Order , whose main strength was in Ulster , and which was exclusively for Protestants , especially members of the Anglican Church of Ireland , was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , which pitted the `` green '' tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the `` orange '' tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown , the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-19th century was to make peace between the two traditions and , if possible , to found a self - governing Ireland on such peace and union . Blessing of the Colours by John Lavery The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green , white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year -- a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour . The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges , and on the banners of trade guilds . However , widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848 . At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848 , Thomas Francis Meagher , the Young Ireland leader , first publicly unveiled the flag from a second - floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France . It was inspired by the tricolour of France . Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag . From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side - by - side with French ones at meetings held all over the country . John Mitchel , referring to the tricolour of green , white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848 , said : `` I hope to see that flag one day waving , as our national banner '' . Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution , it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916 . Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916 , the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway . Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised . All of the 1848 tricolours showed green , white and orange , but orange was sometimes put next to the staff , and in at least one flag the order was orange , green and white . In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics , orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed . In 1883 , a Parnellite tricolour of yellow , white and green , arranged horizontally , was recorded . Down to modern times , yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange , but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed . The Irish flag is always flown with the green at the hoist Associated with separatism in the past , flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland , the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag . To many Irish people , though , it was considered to be a `` Sinn Féin flag '' . In the Irish Free State which existed between 1922 and 1937 , the flag was adopted by the Executive Council . The Free State constitution did not specify national symbols ; the decision to use the flag was made without recourse to statute . When the Free State joined the League of Nations in September 1923 , the new flag `` created a good deal of interest amongst the general public '' in Geneva . The defeated republicans who had fought the Free State 's forces in the 1922 -- 23 Civil War regarded the tricolour as the flag of the self - proclaimed Irish Republic , and condemned its appropriation by the new state , as expressed in the song `` Take It Down From The Mast '' . The Executive Council 's decision was a provisional one . A 1928 British document said : The government in Ireland have taken over the so called Free State Flag in order to forestall its use by republican element and avoid legislative regulation , to leave them free to adopt a more suitable emblem later . In 1937 , the tricolour 's position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland . Marine ( edit ) The Red Ensign used by some Irish merchant vessels until 1939 The pre-independence Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was not repealed , and so the Free State 's mercantile marine was technically required to fly the Red Ensign . The collier Glenageary may have been the first to arrive in a British port flying the tricolour on 8 December 1921 ( two days after the treaty ) . This flag along with a model of the Glenageary is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland . While some ships , such as the cross-channel ferries flew the red ensign , others sailed under the tricolour . Some masters of Irish ships were charged by the British Customs and fined by courts for flying an `` improper ensign '' . The tricolour was flown by the fisheries patrol vessel Muirchú , precursor to the Irish Naval Service ; Frank Carney alleged in the Dáil in 1930 that a trespassing French trawler had refused to surrender to because it did not recognise Muirchú 's flag . See also : Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II Irish - register ships could fly the Red Ensign until September 1939 , after the outbreak of World War II , when a decree under the state of emergency was made , to ensure neutral Irish ships were not mistaken for British ships . Some ships flying the tricolour were nevertheless sunk by Germans . When the tricolour was hoisted over the passenger ferries in Holyhead their British crews went on strike . Five days later their owners transferred the ferries to the British register and the Red Ensign was restored . On the other hand , the Belfast to Liverpool ferry , British owned and British crewed , used the tricolour as a flag of convenience ; so did the whalers of Christian Salvesen Shipping , to take advantage of the Irish whale quota . The tricolour 's marine status was formalised by the Merchant Shipping Act , 1947 . Use in Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : Northern Ireland flags issue A large tricolour flying from Cuchulainn House in the New Lodge , Belfast In 1921 , Ireland was partitioned , with the unionist - dominated north - east becoming Northern Ireland , while later , in 1922 , the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State . Northern Ireland continued to use the UK 's Union Flag and created its Ulster Banner derivation of the flag of Ulster with a crown on top of a six - pointed star . Furthermore , for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems ( Display ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified , rather controversially , that a Union Flag could never have such an effect . In 1964 , the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley , involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast , led to two days of rioting . The tricolour was immediately replaced , highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law . The tricolour is regularly burnt on Loyalist bonfires during twelfth of July celebrations Despite its original symbolism , in Northern Ireland the tricolour , along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity , has come to be a symbol of division . The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner ( based on the flag of Ulster ) in 1953 . Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists , while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans . In Northern Ireland , each community uses its own flags , murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory , often in a manner that is deliberately provocative . Kerb - stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red , white and blue , while in nationalist and republican areas kerb - stones may be painted green , white and orange , although this is a much less frequent occurrence . Elements of both communities fly `` their '' flag from chimneys , tall buildings and lamp - posts on roads . Under the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement , it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland . The Agreement stated that : All participants acknowledge the sensitivity of the use of symbols and emblems for public purposes , and the need in particular in creating the new institutions to ensure that such symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division . Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement -- that Northern Ireland 's constitutional status can not change without a majority favouring it -- by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland . Nationalists maintain that the Agreement means that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted , or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the UK 's flag on government buildings . However the tricolour is never flown from official buildings , alone or alongside the UK 's flag . A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast , Alex Maskey , displayed both flags in his own offices causing some controversy . Protocol ( edit ) The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag . Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements . It is expected , however , that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it . The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag . The Department 's role , therefore , is an advisory one . Irish Flag outside Department Store in Dublin showing EU flag to its left , or right as seen by an approaching observer With respect to the display , placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags , the Department has made a number of suggestions . No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag . When the flag is carried with another flag , or flags , it should be carried in the place of honour -- that is on the marching right , or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag , or , as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching , on the immediate right of the national flag . In the event of a display of crossed staffs , the national flag should be to the right and to the fore -- that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag . Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags . When the group of flags of the European Union are flown , the sequence is alphabetical , based on the first letter of the country 's name . The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group . An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group , as seen by an observer . With regard to international flags ; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height , the national flag should be first on the right of the line -- that is on the observer 's left as he or she faces the flags . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag , or as seen by an observer , on the immediate right of the national flag . Where , however , an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others , the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right , or as seen by an observer , on the first flagstaff on the left . Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location . In all cases , the national flag should be in the place of honour . When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background , the green should be on the right ( an observer 's left ) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position . When displayed on a platform , the national flag should be above and behind the speaker 's desk . While being carried , the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies . In raising or lowering , the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground . When being hoisted to half - mast , the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half - mast position . It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered . On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered , or when it is passing by in a parade , all present should face it , stand to attention and salute . Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute . Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention . The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by . Where more than one national flag is carried , the salute should be given only to the leading flag . When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag , all present should face the national flag , stand to attention and salute it , remaining at the salute until the last note of the music . When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display , and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect . The national flag , when used as a decoration , should always be treated with due respect . It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table . When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations , the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff . Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions . Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions . Michael Collins lying in state by John Lavery showing the green of the flag towards the head The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset , except on the occasion of public meetings , processions , or funerals , when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions . When displayed on a platform , the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker 's desk , nor should it be draped over the platform . The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans , logos , lettering or pictures of any kind on it , for example at sporting events . The flag should not be draped on cars , trains , boats or other modes of transport ; it should not be carried flat , but should always be carried aloft and free , except when used to drape a coffin ; on such an occasion , the green should be at the head of the coffin . The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland ( including former presidents ) , soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty , and other notables accorded state funerals , such as Roger Casement in 1965 , or Kevin Barry in 2001 . Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground , trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles . Irish flag flying from the General Post Office in Dublin It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings . The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings , and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings . The national flag is flown over buildings including : the residence of the President of Ireland , Áras an Uachtaráin ; Leinster House , the seat of the Irish parliament , when parliament is in session ; Irish courts and state buildings ; Irish military installations , at home and abroad ; and Garda Síochána ( police ) stations . The national flag is also flown on Saint Patrick 's Day ( the national holiday ) , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday ( in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916 ) , and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July . On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles , and many private individuals and concerns also fly it . The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations . The national flag is frequently flown at half - mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole . The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half - mast . Where the national flag is flown at half - mast no other flag should be half - masted . See also ( edit ) Ireland portal Coat of arms of Ireland Cross-border flag for Ireland List of flags of Ireland Flag of Northern Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library . `` National Flag '' . Taoiseach.gov.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Taoiseach.gov.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Duffy , The Concise History of Ireland , 2005 Jump up ^ Rick Steve 's Ireland 2008 Jump up ^ `` West Cork man raised Tricolour on historic day '' . Irish Examiner. 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Design , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ Symbols in Northern Ireland -- Flags Used in the Region CAIN Web Service . Retrieved on 8 November 2011 Jump up ^ Sugden , John & Harvie , Scott ( 1995 ) . Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland , Centre for the Study of Conflict , School of History , Philosophy and Politics , Faculty of Humanities , University of Ulster . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Article 7 of the Constitution of Ireland ( 1st July 1937 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Flag '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Taoiseach. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colour of the Flag -- Ireland '' . flagspot.net . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : PANTONE . `` PANTONE 347 U - Find a Pantone Color Quick Online Color Tool '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : PANTONE . `` PANTONE 151 U - Find a Pantone Color Quick Online Color Tool '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) King James II leader at Battle of Boyne Jump up ^ https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/The_National_Flag.pdf Jump up ^ National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach ^ Jump up to : The National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ Subject to the Twenty - seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , 2004 . Jump up ^ The national Flag Department of the Taoiseach Jump up ^ See , for example : Long Journey Home by Elvis Costello and Paddy Moloney . Jump up ^ See , for example , the lyrics and commentary on the following Irish rebel songs : Green White and Gold ; The Dying Rebel . Archived 14 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ others , The Zen Cart TM Team and . `` County Coat of Arms Irish Flag buy discounted Irish flags with family crest for Irish family reunion ( ) - $24.00 : A Bit O Blarney.com Celtic Jewelry Shop , serving online since 1999 '' . Abitoblarney.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image '' ( PNG ) . S1.thejournal.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andries Burgers Ireland : Green Flag , Flags of the World ( 21 May 2006 ) , citing G.A. Hayes - McCoy , A History of Irish Flags from earliest times ( 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ireland , Flags of the World , 2001 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Tricolour Flag of Ireland , Your Irish Culture , 2007 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007. Archived 2008 Jump up ^ Contrary to popular belief , the tricolour was not the actual flag of the Easter Rising , although it had been flown from the General Post Office ; that flag was a green flag featuring in gold a harp and the words `` Irish Republic '' . Jump up ^ Hayes - McCoy , Gerard Anthony ( 1979 ) . A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times . Academy Press , Dublin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 906187 - 01 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NAI DFA 26 / 102 : Extracts from the report of the Irish delegation to the Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations ( September 1923 ) '' . Documents on Irish Foreign Policy . 2 ( 1923 -- 1926 ) . Royal Irish Academy . September 2000 . No. 134 . ISBN 1 - 874045 - 83 - 6 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Record Office document DO 117 / 100 , written in 1928 . ^ Jump up to : Merchant Shipping Bill , 1947 -- Second Stage. ( 20 November 1947 ) Dáil debates Vol. 108 No. 15 p. 23 Jump up ^ Forde , Frank ( 2000 ) . The Long Watch . Island Books . p. 108 . ISBN 1 - 902602 - 42 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Dáil debates Vol. 33 No. 17 p. 7 cc. 2290 -- 95 20 March 1930 Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 53 No. 7 p. 4 21 June 1934 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Pat ( 2010 ) . Liffey Ships . Mercier Press . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85635 - 685 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 81 No. 14 p. 23 20 February 1941 Jump up ^ Forde , Frank ( 2000 ) . The Long Watch . Island Books . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 902602 - 42 - 0 . Jump up ^ McRonald , Malcolm ( 2007 ) . The Irish Boats. 3 , Liverpool to Belfast . Tempus . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4235 - 8 . Jump up ^ Share , Bernard ( 1978 ) . The Emergency . Dublin : Gill and Macmillan . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 71710 - 916 - X . Jump up ^ Sections 2 and 14 , Merchant Shipping Act , 1947 Irish Statute Book Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Garret . Ireland , Partition of , Encarta , 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 31 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Flags Used in Northern Ireland , Conflict Archive on the Internet , 1 April 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Flags and Emblems ( Display ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 , Conflict Archive on the Internet , 1 April 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Andrew ( 1969 ) . Holy War in Belfast -- `` 1964 : The Tricolour Riots '' . Anvil Press . ISBN 0 - 900068 - 10 - 8 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) , Flags of the World , 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Ewart , Shirley & Schubotz , Dirk ( 2004 ) . Voices behind the Statistics : Young People 's Views of Sectarianism in Northern Ireland , National Children 's Bureau , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Loyalist paramilitary flags explosion '' , BBC News Online , 21 June 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kris . & MacGinty , Roger ( 2003 ) . `` Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland '' , Identities : Global Studies in Power and Culture . Vol. 10 , No. 1 , pp. 83 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dr. Dominic & Stevenson , Dr. Clifford ( 2006 ) . Flags Monitoring Project 2006 : Preliminary Findings , Institute of Irish Studies , Queen 's University , Belfast . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The Belfast Agreement 1998 , Conflict Archive on the Internet . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Robin ( July 2000 ) . Flagging concern : The Controversy over Flags and Emblems , Democratic Dialogue , Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Official Report of Tuesday 6 June 2000 , Northern Ireland Assembly , 6 June 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Report on Draft Regulations proposed under Article 3 of the Flags ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2000 , Northern Ireland Assembly , 17 October 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Maskey Motion 39 -- flags and emblems , SinnFein.ie , 17 February 2006 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tricolour raised in City Hall '' , BBC News Online , 4 September 2002 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Should Belfast have its own flag ? , BBC News Talking Point , 5 September 2002 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Guidelines for use of the National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Display , placing and precedence , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ A flag is at half - mast in any position below the top of the staff but never below the middle point of the staff . As a general guide , the half - mast position may be taken as that where the top of the flag is the depth of the flag below the top of the staff . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Hoisting and lowering the Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Saluting the Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Worn - out Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Respect for the National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ For military purposes , sunrise occurs at 8 : 00 a.m. between March and October , and at 8 : 30 a.m. between November and February . Sunset is deemed to occur at : 3 : 30 p.m. in January and December ; 4 : 30 p.m. in February and November ; 5 : 30 p.m. in March and October ; 6 : 00 p.m. in April ; 7 : 00 p.m. in May and September ; and 8 : 00 p.m. between June and August . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Practices to avoid , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Occasions on which the National Flag is flown , Department of the Taoiseach . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ireland . Ireland at Flags of the World Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Young Ireland General Repeal Association The Nation Irish nationalism Irish republicanism Irish Confederation Great Hunger Revolutions of 1848 A Nation Once Again Irish tricolour Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 Penal transportation Van Diemen 's Land Irish Republican Brotherhood Personalities Joseph Blake Joseph Brenan Robert Cane Thomas Davis John Blake Dillon Michael Doheny Charles Gavan Duffy Philip Gray John Kenyon James Fintan Lalor Maurice Leyne Thomas D'Arcy McGee Terence MacManus John Martin Thomas Francis Meagher John Mitchel William Smith O'Brien Kevin Izod O'Doherty Patrick O'Donoghue Richard O'Gorman John O'Leary John O'Mahony Thomas Devin Reilly John Savage Patrick James Smyth James Stephens Jane Wilde British laws Crime and Outrage Bill ( Ireland ) 1847 Treason Felony Act 1848 Ireland portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ireland&oldid=843548530 '' Categories : National symbols of the Republic of Ireland National flags Flags of the Republic of Ireland Flags introduced in 1922 1922 establishments in Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 21 . 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what does the white on the irish flag represent
[ "Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause,[3][4] it was intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the significance of the colours outlined by Meagher was, “The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood.”" ]
[ "a lasting truce between Orange and Green" ]
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Pepper Potts
Pepper Potts - Wikipedia Pepper Potts Jump to : navigation , search Pepper Potts Pepper Potts in Superior Iron Man # 6 ( May 2015 ) Art by Laura Braga Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance ( As Pepper Potts ) Tales of Suspense # 45 ( Sept. 1963 ) ( As Rescue ) The Invincible Iron Man # 10 ( May 2009 ) Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) Don Heck ( artist ) In - story information Full name Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Team affiliations The Order The Initiative Stark Industries Supporting character of Iron Man Notable aliases Hera , Rescue , Coast Guard , Iron Man Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts is a fictional supporting character and romantic love interest appearing in books published by Marvel Comics , in particular those featuring Iron Man . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck , she first appeared in Tales of Suspense # 45 ( Sept. 1963 ) . In 2007 , she joined the Fifty State Initiative under the codename Hera . In 2009 , she assumes the identity of Rescue after being given her own suit of a variation of Iron Man armor by Tony Stark . The character is portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man , Iron Man 2 , The Avengers , Iron Man 3 and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 The Order 2.3 2008 -- present 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Animation 5.4 Video games 5.5 Theatre 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts first appeared in Tales of Suspense # 45 ( Sept. 1963 ) , which was written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Don Heck . Though she was named Pepper Potts from the start , Stark addresses her as `` Kitty '' in one panel , which is thought to be a typo . Heck modeled Potts as Ann B. Davis ' character of Schultzy from The Bob Cummings Show , and is rendered with brown hair done up in a hairdo similar to that of Schultzy 's . Someone on the creative team or in editorial came to feel that the resemblance was too great , and in Tales of Suspense # 50 , Potts ' look was altered to give her red hair and a different hairdo . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Potts is originally a member of a secretarial pool , and gets her job by fixing an accounting error made by Stark . She is depicted initially as being infatuated with Stark , and rejects the advances of Stark 's chauffeur and assistant Happy Hogan , who debuted in the same issue , with acerbic remarks . As Stark 's affection for her grows in the ensuing issues , she becomes part of a love triangle between the two men , and eventually falls in love with and marries Hogan , eloping with him in Tales of Suspense # 91 . Pepper and Happy Hogan . Pepper and Happy eventually leave Stark Industries , settling in the Rocky Mountains and then finally in Cleveland , where they adopt children after being unable to conceive , and disappear from the main Iron Man storyline . After being kidnapped by Stark 's rival Obadiah Stane , Pepper tells Tony to stay out of their lives . Pepper and Happy soon divorce after she has an affair with a former college boyfriend . After Tony Stark 's return from the Heroes Reborn universe , Pepper and Happy join Tony at his new company , Stark Solutions , and once again become core characters . After some time , Happy and Pepper once again became involved and remarry , eventually considering conceiving a child to supplement their adopted children . Stark entrusts Pepper with a special remote that could shut him down . However , Pepper , tortured by the responsibility , is forced to return it , and the trauma causes her to miscarry . Stark is able to deal with the remote , but feels guilty that he has placed her in such danger . After Happy sustains massive injuries in a fight with Spymaster during the 2006 - 2007 `` Civil War '' storyline , Pepper requests that Tony turn off Happy 's life support ( using his Extremis abilities ) . The final pages of Invincible Iron Man vol. 4 , # 14 shows the death of Happy . The order ( edit ) After the events of the `` Civil War '' story line , Pepper joins the Fifty State Initiative as a member of The Order , a government sanctioned superhero team operating within California . She assumes the moniker of the Greek goddess Hera , and uses advanced computer - hardware and prosthetics to monitor and coordinate the team 's missions . Upon the absorption of The Order into the Initiative , Tony Stark offers her a job on the special - projects team at Stark Enterprises , which she accepts . 2008 -- present ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pepper Potts resumes her activities as personal secretary of Tony Stark . When Pepper is caught in a terrorist explosion caused by Ezekiel `` Zeke '' Stane , she sustains multiple internal injuries , including shrapnel wounds , and rendered unable to withstand a prolonged surgery . In response , Tony embeds a strong magnet ( similar in appearance to the arc reactor of the movie ) in her chest , essentially turning Pepper into a cyborg dependent on keeping her chest magnet engaged to stay alive , as he was once . Pepper 's body is further enhanced with new cybernetics and upgrades to the magnet , which are based on Danny Rand 's battery designs , and which afford Pepper new super abilities . When Tony is blamed for the Skrull invasion of Earth that occurs in the 2008 storyline `` Secret Invasion '' , S.H.I.E.L.D. is taken over by Norman Osborn , replaced with H.A.M.M.E.R. , and Stark and Maria Hill are fired , along with all of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's employees . Tony realizes that Osborn is after the identities of superhumans that registered with the government following the passage of the Superhuman Registration Act that occurred during the `` Civil War '' storyline , which is stored in a database in his brain . Stark decides to go underground with Hill , and to wipe the knowledge in his own brain . Stark makes Pepper the new CEO of Stark Industries , trusting only her to shut down the company in his absence . Pepper discovers a secret room in Stark 's office which contains a suit of armor that he made especially for her , which she uses under the name Rescue . Though Osborn has seized all Stark Industries facilities and equipment , Pepper states that all components of her armor are legal and that the design specifications are available to anyone . Despite Osborn threatening her loved ones with prison if she interferes with his search for Tony or attempts any more heroic actions , after being freed she endeavors to find Tony herself . They are reunited in Russia , and consummate a now - sexual relationship , but are subsequently captured and tortured by Madame Masque , who was assigned by Norman Osborn to track Stark down . Stark admits that he had loved Masque in the past , but when pressed to make a choice , with his own life on the line , Tony chooses Pepper . Pepper decides to engage Masque in a physical altercation in order to provide a distraction for Stark to escape . During the 2009 `` World 's Most Wanted Storyline '' ( which ran concurrently with Marvel 's company - wide storyline `` Dark Reign '' ) , Pepper , after defeating Masque , disguises herself as the former , infiltrating H.A.M.M.E.R. while presenting the Rescue armor to Osborn as spoils of battle . Pepper reveals herself when she rescues Black Widow and Maria Hill from Osborn 's imprisonment , while the Rescue suit uploads a virus into H.A.M.M.E.R. 's computers , taking control of the Helicarrier 's armory of suits . They then retrieve the hard drive that Hill was assigned by Stark to get , escaping to give it to Captain America in order to restore Starks ' mind . As part of `` re-booting '' Tony ( in a vegetative state ) , the magnet in her chest is removed and placed into his . Though Stark 's memories are restored from a somewhat years - old backup , he no longer remembers the events of the `` Civil War '' nor his role in it , its aftermath or his affair with Pepper . Pepper survives the removal of her chest magnet , but demands that a new one similar to Tony 's own chest repulsor be re-installed , which is done . Recovered , Stark also gifts Pepper with a new Rescue armor , complete with JARVIS . During the 2011 `` Stark Resilient '' storyline , when Justine Hammer and Sasha Hammer use their own armored enforcer Detroit Steel to attempt to sabotage Stark Resilient ( Tony 's new company ) and its design for a repulsor technology - powered vehicle , Pepper joins War Machine in helping Stark , during which Pepper experiences a near - death experience in which JARVIS , masquerading as Happy , gives Pepper a cryptic warning of the future . In the 2012 storyline `` The Future '' , Pepper returns to her civilian life following her destruction of J.A.R.V.I.S. , the artificial intelligence that helped her control her Rescue armor , after its compromise led it to go rogue and attempt to kidnap her . She became engaged to Marc Kumar , a public relations and marketing consultant , but broke off the relationship after he briefly became a supervillain . After Tony undergoes a moral inversion following a confrontation with the psychic Red Skull , Pepper attempts to oppose his efforts to release Extremis on a large scale with the aid of an A.I. back - up of Tony 's mind he created eight years ago in the event of his mind being attacked in such a manner . Although the A.I. concludes that Tony 's mind is irreversibly twisted , and is subsequently destroyed by Tony , Pepper states that she bought one of the largest media companies from under him which she will use to destroy his reputation by broadcasting his plans to the rest of the world . She then proclaims that any attempts he makes to create his ' perfect world ' will have to be carried out with people fully aware that he is now nothing but a monster . As part of the `` All - New , All - Different Marvel '' brand , Pepper Potts has not been seen in the public life . When Tony Stark ( who was no longer inverted ) had hired Mary Jane Watson to work for Stark Industries , Peter Parker attempted to recruit Pepper to work for Parker Industries . Pepper declined the offer . Appearing in her Rescue armor following the `` Civil War II '' storyline , Pepper Potts confronted Riri Williams and her Tony Stark A.I. in an attempt to tell Riri the problems of being a superhero only for them to be attacked by Techno Golem and her Biohack Ninjas . As Riri flee , Pepper fights against Techno Golem and her Biohack Ninjas as Techno Golem tries to get answers from Pepper on how she knows Riri . When Techo Golem 's armor breaks and Tomoe tries to attack Riri , Pepper fires her Rescue armor 's gauntlets at Tomoe which knocked her out . Upon Sharon Carter formally meeting Riri upon the arrest of Tomoe and the Biohack Ninjas , Pepper states to Riri that they will talk again as she flies off in her Rescue armor . Pepper Potts was present with Mary Jane Watson , Friday , the Tony Stark A.I. , and Tony Stark 's biological mother Amanda Armstrong when they are in the Hall of Armor where Riri voices her knowledge of each of the Iron Man armors . When Amanda Armstrong offers to have Riri let Tony Stark 's labs be her base of operations , Riri is hesitant as Pepper encourages her . During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Rescue is among the superheroes that are part of the Underground where she is part of their resistance against Hydra following their takeover of the United States . Powers and abilities ( edit ) The Stark - tech mag - field generator implanted in Pepper 's chest was not weapons - based like Stark 's , but borrowed non-weaponized electromagnetic technology from Rand Industries , which caused a number of physical changes to her body . It cured her tinnitus , improving her hearing . It allows her to sense electromagnetic fields , and manipulate them to levitate her body . Potts ' Stark - tech armor suit , which is designated Mark 1616 , but named Rescue by Potts , represents a hybrid of repulsor technology and portable electromagnetic super-field generators that give the suit flight , speed , strength , and magnetic - field manipulation . Its electromagnetic force fields are powerful enough to enable Rescue to stop a falling jet airliner without physical contact with it , and can also be used as an offensive weapon with other armored opponents . The suit 's physical strength enables it to hold up a stilt mansion felled by an earthquake , and to rip the lower leg of the Black armor . The armor also features an artificial intelligence named J.A.R.V.I.S. that acts as a guide for Potts . During the 2012 storyline `` The Future '' , Potts and Carson Wyche come to suspect that J.A.R.V.I.S. has been compromised , and when they attempt to troubleshoot the Rescue helmet , J.A.R.V.I.S. takes control of the Rescue armor , and takes Potts and Wyche hostage . J.A.R.V.I.S. is disabled by James Rhodes with a source - focused electromagnetic pulse from the Black armor , and is eventually destroyed by Potts , ending her career as Rescue . She has a new Rescue armor in the subsequent series Superior Iron Man , armed with sonic disruptors . Other versions ( edit ) In the Amalgam Comics Universe , DC Comics ' Green Lantern and Marvel 's Iron Man are combined to create Iron Lantern . Iron Lantern is secretly Hal Stark , owner of Stark Aircraft , a developer of experimental aircraft . One of his test pilots is Pepper Ferris ( an amalgamation of Pepper Potts and DC 's Carol Ferris ) . Like both her DC and Marvel counterparts , she is involved in a love triangle , this time with Stark and his chief mechanic Happy Kalmaku ( an amalgamation of Marvel 's Happy Hogan and DC 's Thomas Kalmaku ) . When Pepper comes in contact with a mysterious alien gem , she is transformed into Madame Sapphire ( a combination of Marvel 's Madame Masque and DC 's Star Sapphire ) . Pepper Ferris first appeared in Iron Lantern # 1 ( April 1997 ) , published jointly by Marvel and DC . In the alternate universe of the `` Heroes Reborn '' storyline , she and Iron Man are lovers , although she can also be seen in a relationship with Happy Hogan . Stark is forced to leave her unexpectedly and without explanation , as his very presence in the universe will endanger her life and the lives of everyone else . She appears in the Marvel Zombies universe in Marvel Zombies Return , having just submitted her resignation to Stark , who at this point is a near - useless drunk . However , when the zombie Giant Man initiates an outbreak at Stark International , Pepper and Happy are among the zombified casualties . She is killed by Stark when he vomits a nanite - ridden formula upon her , which dissolves Pepper into a skeleton . The Ultimate Marvel version of the character can be seen during Ultimates 2 . She and Happy ( with whom she appears to be in a relationship ) can be seen monitoring Tony when he uses the armor . In The Invincible Iron Man # 500 , in a flashforward to an apocalyptic future 41 years ahead where the Mandarin has conquered the world , an aged version of Tony defeats his long - time foe with the help of his son Howard Anthony Stark and his granddaughter Ginny Stark , but Howard and Tony sacrifice themselves in the process . At the close of the story , Ginny buries the two next to a gravestone with the name Virginia Potts Stark . Howard is also said to be 41 years old , suggesting that he will be born within the following year . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Pepper Potts has appeared in the Invincible Iron Man segments of The Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Peg Dixon . Pepper Potts as seen in Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Pepper Potts appears in Iron Man : Armored Adventures , voiced by Anna Cummer . This incarnation 's full name is Patricia `` Pepper '' Potts . Like Tony Stark and Rhodey Rhodes , she is a teenager , and is initially unaware of Iron Man 's secret identity , though she later learns it after he saves her life . She eventually learns to use the Iron Man stealth armor , and as in the comics , is given one of her own called Rescue . Pepper Potts appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes voiced by Dawn Olivieri . Pepper Potts has a few cameos in Marvel Anime : Iron Man , voiced by Hiroe Oka in the Japanese version and by Cindy Robinson in the English dub . Pepper Potts appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload mini-series , voiced by Grey DeLisle . Pepper Potts appears in Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Fumie Mizusawa in the Japanese version . Film ( edit ) Pepper Potts is mentioned in Ultimate Avengers 2 . Pepper Potts appeared in The Invincible Iron Man , voiced by Elisa Gabrielli with an apparent British accent . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts in the 2008 film Iron Man . Gwyneth Paltrow portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe : In Iron Man , Tony Stark notes that Potts , his secretary / personal aide , is virtually the only trustworthy individual Stark has at the company . In Iron Man 2 , Pepper is promoted to CEO of Stark Industries by Tony Stark . She later attempts to resign following Ivan Vanko 's attack on the Stark Expo , but Stark does not accept it . At the end of the film , Pepper becomes Tony 's girlfriend . In The Avengers , Potts is instrumental in helping with the development of Stark Tower and Tony 's assistance to S.H.I.E.L.D. She also has developed a friendship with Phil Coulson . In Iron Man 3 , Pepper is still the CEO of Stark Industries and has moved in with Tony . During an attack on Stark 's mansion , Tony wills the Mark 42 armor to encase her thus saving her and Maya Hansen , whom Potts rescues using the armor . After being captured , Aldrich Killian uses her as a test subject for the Extremis process and thus as leverage to force Tony to complete the work to make Extremis stable . However , she turns the tables on Killian by using her own Extremis powers to kill him . Tony is able to modify Extremis so that it is no longer a danger to herself or others . Pepper does not appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron , but is mentioned along with Jane Foster during a conversation involving Maria Hill ( asking why they 're not at the party ) , Thor and Stark . Pepper is mentioned to still be the CEO of Stark Industries by Tony . Any doubts about her romance with Tony are put to rest at the end of the film , after Stark mentions wanting to settle down in a peaceful , quiet place with her ( having been inspired by Clint Barton 's family life ) . Pepper is mentioned again in Captain America : Civil War . It is revealed that she and Tony are `` taking a break '' . Stark explains to Steve Rogers that the strain of being Iron Man finally took its toll on their relationship , and believes the Sokovia Accords would be a blessing , since it 's strongly implied Pepper would consider Tony more responsible if Iron Man were acting in less of a vigilante role . Pepper Potts appears at the end of Spider - Man : Homecoming . It is revealed that she and Tony have rekindled their relationship , with Tony planning to propose to her in a press conference . Paltrow will reprise the role in the Untitled Avengers sequel . Animation ( edit ) Pepper Potts appears in Iron Man : Rise of Technovore , voiced by Hiroe Oka in the Japanese version and by Kate Higgins in the English dub . In the film , she 's taking vacation time on an island mansion Tony Stark gave her as a gift for a past blunder . However , she 's forced back to work when Iron Man begins investigating the mysterious technology that ruined the launch of his satellite and wounded War Machine . Video games ( edit ) Pepper Potts is mentioned numerous times in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance . Edwin Jarvis asks the player to fetch a pair of cufflinks which Pepper gifted to Tony Stark . Pepper Potts appears in the 2008 video game Iron Man and the 2010 game Iron Man 2 , voiced by Meredith Monroe . These games are based on the films of the same name . Pepper Potts appears in the Marvel Pinball video game , voiced by Tara Platt . Rescue makes a cameo appearance in Strider Hiryu 's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . She is seen fighting against the Reavers . Rescue is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online , voiced by Laura Bailey . Rescue appears as an unlockable character in Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Pepper Potts appears as a non-playable character in Marvel Heroes , voiced by Brett Pels . Pepper Pott and her Rescue form appear in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Both Pepper Potts and Rescue appear as playable characters Pepper Potts appear in Lego Marvel 's Avengers where Gwyneth Paltrow 's archive recordings were used . Her Rescue form also appears . Pepper Potts appear in Marvel Avengers Academy . She is initially as Nick Fury 's assistant . On March 20 , 2016 , Pepper Potts ' Rescue form is obtainable through limited time . Theatre ( edit ) Pepper Potts will appear in the Marvel Universe : LIVE ! stage show . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 3 : No Future '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 11 ( April 2009 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 7 : The Shape of the World These Days '' The Invincible Iron Man 14 ( August 2009 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salavdor ( a ) . `` The Future Part 6 : Independence Day '' The Invincible Iron Man 526 ( Dec. 2012 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Foggy Ruins of Time -- Which Brady Bunch Actress Was Pepper Potts Based On ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` The Five Nightmares Part 3 : Pepper Potts At the End of the World '' The Invincible Iron Man 3 ( Sept. 2008 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` The Five Nightmares Part 4 : Neutron Bomb Heart '' The Invincible Iron Man 4 ( October 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 7 : The Shape of the World These Days '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 14 ( August 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 6 : Some King of the World '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 14 ( July 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 8 : The Danger We 're All In '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 15 ( Sept. 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 9 : Titan of the Nuclear Age '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 16 ( October 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 11 : Kids with Guns vs. The Eternal Angel of Death '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 18 ( Nov. 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Conclusion : Into the White ( Einstein on the Beach ) '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 19 ( Dec. 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` Stark : Disassembled Part 2 : Digging in the Dirt '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 21 ( February 2010 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction ( w ) , Salvador Larocca ( a ) . `` Stark Resilient Part 4 : Grand Mal Tokyo Moron Party '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 28 ( Sept. 2010 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction ( w ) , Salvador Larocca ( a ) . `` Stark Resilient Part 8 : Drones Scream Down '' The Invincible Iron Man v5 , 32 ( January 2011 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salavdor ( a ) . `` The Future Part 3 : Swarm '' The Invincible Iron Man 523 ( October 2012 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Superior Iron Man # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Iron Man # 7 Jump up ^ Superior Iron Man # 9 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 4 # 12 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 3 # 3 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 3 # 4 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 3 # 5 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 3 # 6 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 1 ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 4 : Breach '' The Invincible Iron Man 11 ( May 2009 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salvador ( a ) . `` World 's Most Wanted Part 5 : The High - End Technology of Ultramodern Destruction '' The Invincible Iron Man 12 ( April 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Larocca , Salavdor ( a ) . `` The Future Part 4 : Armor War '' The Invincible Iron Man 524 ( Nov. 2012 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Superior Iron Man # 9 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Who 's Who Handbook of the Amalgam Universe Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 2 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Millar , Mark ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( a ) . Ultimates 2 # 3 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Kano ( a ) . `` The New Iron Age '' The Invincible Iron Man 500 ( March 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Whiplash '' . Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Season 1 . Episode 5 . May 15 , 2009 . Nicktoons . Jump up ^ `` Hostile Takeover '' . Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Season 2 . Episode 15 . March 7 , 2012 . Nicktoons . Jump up ^ `` Doomsday '' . Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Season 2 . Episode 20 . June 13 , 2012 . Nicktoons . Jump up ^ `` The Invincible Iron Man Part 2 : Reborn '' . Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Season 2 . Episode 2 . July 20 , 2011 . Nicktoons . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Mettle '' . Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Season 2 . Episode 13 . November 26 , 2011 . Nicktoons . Jump up ^ `` Dragonseed '' . Iron Man : Armored Adventures . Season 2 . Episode 24 . July 11 , 2012 . Nicktoons . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . `` AVENGERS Animated Assembling w / Phil Lamarr '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Gwyneth Paltrow Talks Avengers '' Archived 2012 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... IGN . Jump up ^ Wales , George ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Japanese Avengers trailer is stuffed with new footage '' . Total Film . Jump up ^ `` This week 's cover : ' Iron Man 2 ' with exclusive photos ! '' Entertainment Weekly . July 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Wilson , Matt D. ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Take A Look At The Superheroines Of ' Marvel Universe Live ! ' '' Archived 2014 - 07 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... Comics Alliance . External links ( edit ) Pepper Potts at Marvel.com Virginia ' Pepper ' Potts at the Comic Book DB ( hide ) Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Bethany Cabe Captain America Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan H.O.M.E.R. Edwin Jarvis Pepper Potts Howard Stark Maria Stark War Machine Riri Williams Ho Yinsen Antagonists A.I.M Aldrich Killian Blizzard Blood Brothers Controller Crimson Dynamo Dreadknight Fin Fang Foom Firebrand Ghost Justin Hammer Iron Monger Living Laser Madame Masque Mandarin Melter MODOK Spymaster Zeke Stane Temugin Titanium Man Ultimo Unicorn Whiplash Comic books Iron Man and Sub-Mariner Iron Man ( vol. 4 ) Enter the Mandarin Infamous Iron Man The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man vs. Whiplash Storylines `` Demon in a Bottle '' `` Doomquest '' `` Armor Wars '' `` Extremis '' `` Civil War '' `` Civil War II '' Ultimate Marvel series Ultimate Iron Man Ultimate Human Ultimate Comics : Armor Wars Ultimate Comics : Iron Man In other media Films Marvel Animated Features Iron Man soundtrack Iron Man 2 soundtrack Iron Man 3 soundtrack Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Television The Marvel Super Heroes Iron Man episodes Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes Marvel Anime Video games Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Theme park attractions Iron Man Experience Alternative versions Iron Man 2020 Mainframe Ultimate Iron Man Incarnations Related articles Avengers Mansion Force Works Iron Man 's armor other media War Machine in other media Iron Patriot Roxxon Energy Corporation S.H.I.E.L.D. Stark Industries Stark Tower Iron Man : The Armored Avenger Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepper_Potts&oldid=815207864 '' Categories : Fictional secretaries Fictional businesspeople Iron Man Comics characters introduced in 1963 Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Don Heck Marvel Comics superheroes Superhero film characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 12 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays pepper potts in iron man 1
[ "The character is portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Iron Man 3 and Spider-Man: Homecoming." ]
[ "Gwyneth Paltrow" ]
6477785613526195307
Violet Turner
Violet Turner - wikipedia Violet Turner Jump to : navigation , search Violet Turner Private Practice & Grey 's Anatomy character First appearance Grey 's Anatomy : `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 1 ) '' 3x22 Private Practice : `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' 1x01 Last appearance Private Practice : `` In Which We Say Goodbye '' 6x13 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Amy Brenneman Information Nickname ( s ) Violet Gender Female Occupation Psychiatrist Author Title B.A. , M.D. , A.C.P. Spouse ( s ) Pete Wilder ( deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Allan Sheldon Wallace The Captain Scott Becker Children Lucas Turner - Wilder ( son with Pete ) Dr. Violet Marianne Turner is a fictional character on the American television drama Private Practice , a spin - off from Grey 's Anatomy . She is portrayed by Amy Brenneman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story - lines 1.1 Season One 1.2 Season Two 1.3 Season Three 1.4 Season Four 1.5 Season Five 1.6 Season Six 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Story - lines ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Violet is a psychiatrist at the Oceanside Wellness Centre . Though she tells her patients that `` happiness can be attained with focus '' , she fails to find any happiness in her own life and she even questions the usefulness of her chosen profession . Six months previously , her boyfriend Allan had ended their romantic relationship , devastating her . The situation was made worse when she ran into Allan in a supermarket , only to discover that he married a younger woman only a few months after their break - up . This has shaken Violet badly and she continues to telephone Allan as she tries to deal with their dissolved relationship . Violet is highly offended by women who lie about being raped . In a conversation with Dell Parker , she confirms that she was raped during her junior year of college and her best friend in college helped her get through it . In Episode 4.08 ( `` What Happens Next '' ) , Violet also reveals this experience to Charlotte ( after Charlotte 's own rape ) . Violet is best friends with her co-worker , Cooper Freedman , often getting him out of humiliating situations with women . Violet also attended the University of Oregon , pursuing medicine at Harvard Medical School . She is a member of the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Psychiatrists . Season two ( edit ) More recently , Violet has had relationships with both her co-worker Peter Wilder and Sheldon , a psychiatrist working for `` the enemy '' , the fourth floor . After choosing to stay with Sheldon , she discovers that she is pregnant but is unsure who the father is . At first , she keeps this information to herself , as she fears her abilities as a potential mother . In a moment of confidence , she tells one of her patients this and afterwards confides in Cooper . Cooper willingly moves in with her to help her get through it and encourages her to see Addison about the baby . During a conversation with Dell , she experiences some cramping and admits to him that she is pregnant . He performs an ultrasound to make sure there are no problems and after seeing the baby 's heartbeat for the first time , Violet has a panic attack . Dell then convinces her to tell both Sheldon and Pete about the situation . Gathering them both in her office , she tells them they are not responsible for this and she says she knows that neither of them want children . Sheldon and Pete , both shocked , are instantly angry that she did n't tell them sooner and that she assumes they would n't want to be a part of the child 's life , depending on who the father is . Pete then bluntly asks if this conversation means she 's keeping the baby . Pausing , Violet admits that yes she will be raising the child , which up until that point was undecided . Later on , Sheldon proposes to Violet . In the Season 2 finale , Pete confronts Violet and says that he loves her and wants them to try as a family . She turns him down , but later kisses Pete and tells him she loves him too . Also in the Season 2 finale cliffhanger , Violet is drugged and trapped in her home by Katie , a mentally ill former patient who is convinced that Violet has her baby . Earlier in the episode , Violet thinks that Katie is off her psychiatric medications as Katie , who recently experienced a miscarriage , is almost euphoric about Violet 's pregnancy . In the end , Katie blames Violet for her own unsuccessful pregnancy and is determined to hold Violet hostage until she gives her the baby . However , Katie begins to follow instructions for a caesarian section from a textbook , claiming she can not wait for a normal delivery since she knows she will be arrested . Violet begins to instruct Katie on the C - section to save the baby 's life , since she fears she can not save her own . The season ends with Katie preparing to cut into Violet 's belly . Season three ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 3 , Pete and Naomi find Violet barely alive in a pool of blood , with her baby gone . She 's rushed to the hospital where Naomi and Addison work frantically to save her life . While waiting , Pete and Sheldon argue over the fact that Violet knew something was wrong with Katie and they did n't believe her . Meanwhile , Katie shows up at the hospital with Violet 's baby and Pete and Cooper convince her to let them make sure the baby is all right . She relents and they take the baby and she is arrested . Addison works to save the baby while Naomi works to save Violet . In the end both surgeries are a success and Violet later awakens , asking for her baby . A month after being rescued , Violet is still trying to recover from her trauma . Pete lives with her and takes care of her and baby Lucas . Violet wo n't leave her house and has panic attacks every time the doorbell rings . After getting advice from Sheldon , Pete decides to move out , to help Violet recover and push her to go outside . Violet realizes that after dramatic events in her life she ca n't bond with her baby and gives Lucas to Pete , asking him to take care of the baby . Sheldon then files a paternity suit but the results reveal that Pete is the baby 's father . Later during Katie Kent 's trial , Violet lets Katie off by saying she was delusional during the attack which further agitates Pete . When Violet sleeps with Addison 's father , Pete gives up on her . Violet refuses to have anything to do with Lucas at all and eventually runs off on vacation with Cooper . When Cooper returns , Violet is not with him . It is n't until much later Violet returns , obviously more calm and sane . While gone she spent time in New York working through her issues with a therapist and has come home to try to be a mother to Lucas . When Violet returns , she finds Pete in a relationship with Addison , something that causes her much pain . She tells Pete she wants shared custody , which he staunchly refuses . They get into a court battle in which everyone , including Cooper , says that she is unfit to share parenting duties completely . She confesses that she 's still in love with Pete . Even though the Judge rules in favor of Pete , he agrees to slowly start introducing Violet to co-parenting Lucas . In the season 3 finale , Addison tells Pete he should be with Violet and they once again resume a relationship . Season four ( edit ) In the Season 4 premiere Pete pops the question after a morning of passion . Later the same day Violet announces to their friends that she and Pete are getting married ... that following weekend . She asks Cooper to be her maid of honor , but his objective side meddles to such a degree that seeds of doubt are planted in Violet 's head and she proceeds to bolt from the ceremony . Pete follows her and without saying a word , he convinces her to take a leap of faith and the two finally get married . Violet later discovers that she is being sued by former patient Katie Kent and in the season four finale she gets her license suspended . Against Pete 's wishes , she decides to leave town on a book tour . Season five ( edit ) After Pete has a heart attack , Violet is nowhere to be found because she 's at the airport and inadvertently counsels a woman in an abusive relationship . She returns to the hospital after learning about Pete 's heart attack . During his recovery , he verbally abuses and berates Violet constantly , as she tries to get back into the practice and have her license reinstated . She soon tells Pete she will not be his punching bag . She also knows he 's struggling as it 's a sign and pattern . Violet begins to feel as though Pete hates her . When she begins work on a probationary period , Sheldon lets the past interfere but Pete forces him to rethink his issues and Sheldon apologizes . Violet realizes Pete is trying . Trying does n't work and both begin to feel that the marriage is n't working . Violet turns to Addison and the two become friends and companions much to the annoyance of Pete and Sam . While talking with Sam and Addison about their relationship , she has an epiphany about her marriage with Pete and after some discussion , the two decide to separate . Season six ( edit ) In the season premiére Violet is left wondering where Pete is as his court date has arrived and he 's not there . Throughout the episode Violet and the rest of the practice debate whether he has fallen into some trouble or he decided to make a run for it . The only clue available is a text message from Pete to Violet stating , `` No matter what happens , know that I love you . I 'm out on a run '' . Speculation flies as Violet considers whether Pete meant a jog or a flight out of the country . In the last minutes of the episode it is revealed by Violet in a conversation with Cooper that police have informed her Pete had fallen off a hill while on a run and suffered a fatal heart attack . Because he was out of immediate sight , help could n't arrive in time and he died . Violet is in shock , stating she could hardly believe it was Pete and she did n't know how to break the news to their three - year - old son . As per Pete 's will , Violet throws a party rather than a funeral , having a difficult time dealing with people talking about how Pete helped them and getting high on pot in the bathroom . She tries to sing , but ends up breaking down , screaming over how he could leave them . In the final episode , after Addison 's wedding , she publishes her second book called `` Private Practice '' which is about life and joy . Reception ( edit ) Robert Bianco for USA Today has praised Brenneman 's talent in the role of Violet , but has opined that she is `` incredibly badly used '' . Variety 's Cynthia Littleton has noted that Brenneman as Violet is the most intriguing of the show 's supporting ensemble , both as an actor and a character . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Private Practice at The Futon Critic Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Critic 's Corner Wednesday '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` '' Private Practice `` : The first proper visit '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Biography of Violet Turner at ABC Television 's website ( hide ) Private Practice Episodes Season 1 `` Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King ? '' 6 Characters Addison Montgomery Pete Wilder Naomi Bennett Cooper Freedman Charlotte King Dell Parker Sheldon Wallace Amelia Shepherd Sam Bennett Violet Turner See also Grey 's Anatomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet_Turner&oldid=757812019 '' Categories : Fictional psychiatrists Private Practice characters Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional Harvard University people Fictional female doctors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2017 , at 22 : 10 . About Wikipedia
who wins custody of lucas in private practice
[ "When Violet returns, she finds Pete in a relationship with Addison, something that causes her much pain. She tells Pete she wants shared custody, which he staunchly refuses. They get into a court battle in which everyone, including Cooper, says that she is unfit to share parenting duties completely. She confesses that she's still in love with Pete. Even though the Judge rules in favor of Pete, he agrees to slowly start introducing Violet to co-parenting Lucas. In the season 3 finale, Addison tells Pete he should be with Violet and they once again resume a relationship." ]
[ "Pete" ]
-8718965954599135403
John Roberts (actor)
John Roberts ( actor ) - Wikipedia John Roberts ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Roberts John Roberts in 2016 . ( 1971 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1971 ( age 45 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S Nationality American Years active 2006 -- present Notable works and roles Linda Belcher on Bob 's Burgers John Roberts ( born November 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and writer . Roberts currently portrays the role of Linda Belcher on the FOX animated comedy primetime series Bob 's Burgers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Roberts provides the voice of Linda in the FOX animated prime time comedy Bob 's Burgers . He has appeared several times on NBC 's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Watch What Happens : Live , has co-written a pilot for MTV with Bob Odenkirk , and performed in two national tours for Margaret Cho as well as her Showtime special . John first gained attention as one of the standout performer / writers on the YouTube follow up `` Jackie & Debra '' which won The Comedy Smalls award in London . He has over 20 million hits on YouTube and has made videos with the likes of Debbie Harry and David Cross . He performs several times a year at NYC 's Joe 's Pub and has signed a publishing deal with French Kiss Records . Personal life ( edit ) Roberts was born in Brooklyn , New York . Filmography ( edit ) Good Day New York It 's on with Alexa Chung Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Eugene ! Bob 's Burgers ( voice ) Archer ( guest voice ) Gravity Falls ( guest voice ) The Awesomes ( guest voice ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FOX Broadcasting Company -- Bob 's Burgers TV Show -- Bob 's Burgers TV Series -- Bob 's Burgers Episode Guide External links ( edit ) John Roberts on Twitter Video on YouTube John Roberts at the Internet Movie Database This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Roberts_(actor)&oldid=801478504 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people American male television actors American people of Italian descent Gay actors LGBT comedians People from Brooklyn American male voice actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from New York ( state ) Male actors from New York City American actor stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from April 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Twitter username same as Wikidata Articles created via the Article Wizard All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Occitan Português Română Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays linda belcher on bob's burgers
[ "John Roberts (born November 10, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and writer. Roberts currently portrays the role of Linda Belcher on the FOX animated comedy primetime series Bob's Burgers.[1]" ]
[ "John Roberts" ]
-3046436785497734897
Et tu, Brute?
Et tu , Brute ? - Wikipedia Et tu , Brute ? Jump to : navigation , search `` You Too Brutus '' redirects here . For 2015 Malayalam language film , see You Too Brutus ( film ) . Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini Et tu , Brute ? ( pronounced ( ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ ) ) is a Latin phrase meaning `` and you , Brutus ? '' , made famous by its occurrence in William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , where it is uttered by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Brutus at the moment of the former 's assassination . The Latin expression first occurs in Elizabethan literary texts . The quotation is widely used in the English - speaking world to signify the unexpected betrayal by a person , such as a friend . Caesar utters these words in Act III , scene 2 , as he is being stabbed to death , having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus among the assassins . However , there is no reason to think that the historic Caesar said these words . The name `` Brutus '' , a second declension masculine noun , appears in the phrase in the vocative case , and so the - us ending of the nominative case is replaced by - e . Context ( edit ) On March 15 ( the Ides of March ) , 44 BCE , Caesar was attacked by a group of senators , including Marcus Junius Brutus , Caesar 's friend and protégé . Caesar initially resisted his attackers , but when he saw Brutus , he supposedly spoke those words and resigned himself to his fate . The historical Caesar 's last words are not known with certainty . The Roman historian Suetonius , a century and a half after the incident , claims Caesar said nothing as he died , but that others reported that Caesar 's last words were the Greek phrase `` καὶ σὺ , τέκνον ; '' . The phrase means `` You too , child ? '' or `` You too , young man ? '' . Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing , but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators . In the play Julius Caesar ( 1599 ) , Caesar says `` Et tu , Brute ? Then fall , Caesar ! '' Shakespeare was making use of a phrase already in use : for example it is said , by Edmond Malone , to have appeared in a work that has been lost : Richard Eedes 's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582 . It also occurs in The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke , and the death of good King Henrie the Sixt , with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595 , which is the earliest printed version of Shakespeare 's play Henry VI , Part 3 . Interpretation ( edit ) It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or threat . One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial : The complete phrase is said to have been `` You too , my son , will have a taste of power , '' of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus ' own violent death , in response to his assassination . There is a poem by Horace , Satires ; Book I , Satire 7 , written approximately 30 BCE , that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide ; in discussing that poem , author John Henderson considers that the expression `` E-t t-u Br - u-t-e '' , ( as he hyphenates it ) , can be interpreted as a complaint containing a `` suggestion of mimetic compulsion '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Henderson , John ( 1998 ) . Fighting for Rome : Poets and Caesars , History , and Civil War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58026 - 9 . Jump up ^ Henle , Robert J. , S.J. Henle Latin Year 1 Chicago : Loyola Press 1945 Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William ( 1960 ) . S.F. Johnson ; Alfred Harbage , eds . Julius Caesar . Penguin Books . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Gill , N.S. , `` Latin -- Vocative endings '' , About.com , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ ... uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito ; etsi tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse `` καὶ σύ , τέκνον '' . De Vita Caesarum , Liber I , Divus Iulius , LXXXII . Jump up ^ Suetonius , The Lives of Twelve Caesars , Life of Julius Caesar 82.2 Jump up ^ Billows , Richard A. ( 2009 ) . Julius Caesar : The Colossus of Rome . London : Routledge . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33314 - 6 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , The Parallel Lives , Life of Caesar 66.9 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Act 3 , Scene 1 , Line 77 Jump up ^ Dyce , Alexander ( 1866 ) . The Works of William Shakespeare . London : Chapman and Hall . p. 648 . Jump up ^ Garber , Marjorie . Shakespeare 's Ghost Writers : Literature as Uncanny Causality . Routledge , 2010 . ISBN 9781135154899 . p. 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Woodman , A.J. ( 2006 ) . `` Tiberius and the Taste of Power : The Year 33 in Tacitus '' . Classical Quarterly . 56 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 189 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009838806000140 . Jump up ^ Woodman , A.J. The Annals of Tacitus : Books 5 -- 6 ; Volume 55 of Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries . Cambridge University Press , 2016 . ISBN 9781316757314 . William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 1970 1979 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Adaptations La morte di Cesare ( 1788 ) Shakespeare Writing `` Julius Caesar '' ( 1907 ) Caesar ( 1937 ) Die Ermordung Cäsars ( 1959 ) Dead Caesar ( 2007 ) The Karaoke King ( 2007 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) Quotes `` The dogs of war '' `` Et tu , Brute ? '' `` Friends , Romans , countrymen , lend me your ears '' `` Greek to me '' Music Julius Caesar ( 1851 ) Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar 's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Et_tu,_Brute%3F&oldid=794915410 '' Categories : Julius Caesar Julius Caesar ( play ) Latin quotations Shakespearean phrases Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 20 : 35 . About Wikipedia
who said et tu brute then fall caesar
[ "Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning \"and you, Brutus?\", made famous by its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is uttered by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Brutus at the moment of the former's assassination. The Latin expression first occurs in Elizabethan literary texts.[1] The quotation is widely used in the English-speaking world to signify the unexpected betrayal by a person, such as a friend." ]
[ "Julius Caesar" ]
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Semimembranosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle - wikipedia Semimembranosus muscle Jump to : navigation , search Semimembranosus muscle Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions ( semimembranosus labeled at bottom left ) Details Origin Ischial tuberosity Insertion Medial condyle of tibia Artery Profunda femoris and gluteal arteries Nerve Tibial part of sciatic nerve ( L5 , S1 and S2 ) Actions Extension of hip and flexion of knee Antagonist Quadriceps muscle and Tensor fasciae latae Identifiers Latin Musculus semimembranosus TA A04. 7.02. 036 FMA 22438 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The semimembranosus ( / ˌsɛmimɛmbrəˈnoʊsəs / ) is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles . It is so named because it has a flat tendon of origin . It lies posteromedially in the thigh , deep to the semitendinosus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 1.2 Variation 2 Function 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) cross-section of thigh semimembranosus labelled bottom right The semimembranosus , so called from its membranous tendon of origin , is situated at the back and medial side of the thigh . Its origin is the superolateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity and it inserts on the medial condyle and nearby margin of tibia ; intercondylar fossa of femur and lateral condyle of femur ; and the ligament of the popliteal region ( at the back of the knee ) . It arises by a thick tendon from the upper and outer impression on the ischial tuberosity , above and medial to the biceps femoris and semitendinosus . The tendon of origin expands into an aponeurosis , which covers the upper part of the anterior surface of the muscle ; from this aponeurosis , muscular fibers arise , and converge to another aponeurosis which covers the lower part of the posterior surface of the muscle and contracts into the tendon of insertion . It is inserted mainly into the horizontal groove on the posterior medial aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia . The semimembranosus is wider , flatter , and deeper than the semitendinosus ( with which it shares very close insertion and attachment points ) . The tendon of insertion gives off certain fibrous expansions : one , of considerable size , passes upward and laterally to be inserted into the posterior lateral condyle of the femur , forming part of the oblique popliteal ligament of the knee - joint ; a second is continued downward to the fascia which covers the popliteus muscle ; while a few fibers join the medial collateral ligament of the joint and the fascia of the leg . The muscle overlaps the upper part of the popliteal vessels . Innervation ( edit ) The semimembranosus is innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve . The sciatic nerve consists of the anterior divisions of ventral nerve roots from L4 through S3 . These nerve roots are part of the larger nerve network -- the sacral plexus . The tibial part of the sciatic nerve is also responsible for innervation of semitendinosus and the long head of biceps femoris . Variation ( edit ) It may be reduced or absent , or double , arising mainly from the sacrotuberous ligament and giving a slip to the femur or adductor magnus . Function ( edit ) The semimembranosus helps to extend ( straighten ) the hip joint and flex ( bend ) the knee joint . It also helps to medially rotate the knee : the tibia medially rotates on the femur when the knee is flexed . It medially rotates the femur when the hip is extended . The muscle can also aid in counteracting the forward bending at the hip joint . Additional images ( edit ) Right hip bone . External surface . Bones of the right leg . Posterior surface . The popliteal , posterior tibial , and peroneal arteries . Back of left lower extremity . Semimembranosus muscle Semimembranosus muscle Muscles of thigh . Lateral view . Muscles of thigh . Cross section . Muscles of thigh . Anterior views . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Semitendinosus Biceps femoris References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 479 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology : the unity of form and function . 5th ed . New York : McGraw - Hill , 2010 . Print . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Semimembranosus muscle . Anatomy photo : 14 : st - 0408 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy figure : 14 : 01 - 07 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Muscles ( hamstrings ) of the posterior compartment of the thigh . '' Anatomy figure : 14 : 02 - 06 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Muscles that form the superficial boundaries of the popliteal fossa . '' knee / surface / surface4 at the Dartmouth Medical School 's Department of Anatomy PTCentral ( hide ) Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semimembranosus_muscle&oldid=842392580 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Hip extensors Hip medial rotators Knee flexors Knee medial rotators Thigh muscles Posterior compartment of thigh Muscles of the lower limb Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 04 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus
[ "\n\nSemimembranosus muscle\n\n\n\nMuscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions (semimembranosus labeled at bottom left)\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nOrigin\nIschial tuberosity\n\n\nInsertion\nMedial condyle of tibia\n\n\nArtery\nProfunda femoris and gluteal arteries\n\n\nNerve\nTibial part of sciatic nerve\n(L5, S1 and S2)\n\n\nActions\nExtension of hip and flexion of knee\n\n\nAntagonist\nQuadriceps muscle and Tensor fasciae latae\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nMusculus semimembranosus\n\n\nTA\nA04.7.02.036\n\n\nFMA\n22438\n\n\nAnatomical terms of muscle\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n", "\n\nSemimembranosus muscle\n\n\n\nMuscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions (semimembranosus labeled at bottom left)\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nOrigin\nIschial tuberosity\n\n\nInsertion\nMedial condyle of tibia\n\n\nArtery\nProfunda femoris and gluteal arteries\n\n\nNerve\nTibial part of sciatic nerve\n(L5, S1 and S2)\n\n\nActions\nExtension of hip and flexion of knee\n\n\nAntagonist\nQuadriceps muscle and Tensor fasciae latae\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nMusculus semimembranosus\n\n\nTA\nA04.7.02.036\n\n\nFMA\n22438\n\n\nAnatomical terms of muscle\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n" ]
[ "Ischial tuberosity", "Medial condyle of tibia" ]
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Earl Hindman
Earl Hindman - wikipedia Earl Hindman This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Earl Hindman Earl John Hindman ( 1942 - 10 - 03 ) October 3 , 1942 Bisbee , Arizona , U.S. December 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 29 ) ( aged 61 ) Stamford , Connecticut , U.S. Cause of death Lung cancer Occupation Film and television actor Years active 1967 -- 2003 Spouse ( s ) Molly McGreevey ( m . 1976 ) Earl John Hindman ( October 3 , 1942 -- December 29 , 2003 ) was an American film and television actor , best known for his role as the kindly unseen neighbor Wilson W. Wilson Jr. on the television sitcom Home Improvement ( 1991 -- 99 ) . Long before this role , however , he played villains in two 1974 thrillers , The Taking of Pelham One Two Three and The Parallax View . He also appeared in the films Who Killed Mary What 's ' Er Name ? ( 1971 ) , Greased Lightning ( 1977 ) , The Brink 's Job ( 1978 ) and Taps ( 1981 ) , and played the part of J.T. in the Lawrence Kasdan film Silverado ( 1985 ) . Hindman 's most famous and enduring pre-Home Improvement role was as Bob Reid in Ryan 's Hope . He played the role in 459 episodes during the years 1975 -- 89 . Ex-police officer Bob Reid was everybody 's best friend who never got the girl and was the long - suffering brother of the soap 's serial bride Delia Reid Ryan Ryan Coleridge . Hindman 's wife ( Molly McGreevey ) was also on the soap 1977 -- 81 as Polly Longworth , best friend to media tycoon Rae Woodard . His voice was heard on the Disneyland Railroad from 2002 until 2016 and on the Walt Disney World Railroad from 2002 until late 2010 . Contents 1 Personal life and death 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Personal life and death ( edit ) Hindman was born in Bisbee , Arizona , the son of Eula and Burl Latney Hindman , who worked in the oil pipeline business . He studied acting at the University of Arizona . On May 21 , 1976 , Hindman married Molly McGreevey , with whom he later acted on Ryan 's Hope . McGreevey later became an Episcopal priest . A longtime smoker , Hindman was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2003 . He died of the disease on December 29 of that year , aged 61 , in Stamford , Connecticut , where he was buried in Roxbury Cemetery . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1967 Teenage Mother 1968 The Kiss of Her Flesh Don 1969 The Ultimate Degenerate Bruno 1971 Who Killed Mary What 's ' Er Name ? Whitey The Parallax View Deputy Red Shoot It Black , Shoot It Blue Garrity The Taking of Pelham One Two Three George Steever aka Mr. Brown 1977 Greased Lightning Beau Welles 1978 The Brink 's Job FBI agent # 3 1981 Taps Lieutenant Hanson 1985 Silverado J.T. Three Men and a Baby Satch Talk Radio Chet / Black John / Jerry Voice 1991 The Ballad of the Sad Café Henry Macy 1991 Fires Within Sergeant 1991 - 1999 Home Improvement Wilson the neighbor 203 episodes Final Official References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/tim-allen-says-hes-very-interested-in-a-home-improvement-reboot-exclusive/ar-BBJUHVe?li=BBnb7Kz Jump up ^ New York Times obituary . Jump up ^ Notice of Earl Hindman 's death . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Earl Hindman on IMDb Earl Hindman at Find a Grave BNE : XX4617319 ISNI : 0000 0001 1585 6723 LCCN : no2006005035 VIAF : 2212259 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Hindman&oldid=856419523 '' Categories : 1942 births 2003 deaths People from Bisbee , Arizona American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors Deaths from cancer in Connecticut Deaths from lung cancer Male actors from Arizona Male actors from Stamford , Connecticut Burials in Connecticut Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 02 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the actor who played wilson on home improvement
[ "Earl John Hindman (October 3, 1942 – December 29, 2003) was an American film and television actor, best known for his role as the kindly unseen neighbor Wilson W. Wilson Jr. on the television sitcom Home Improvement (1991–99).[1]\n" ]
[ "Earl John Hindman" ]
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I Can't Make You Love Me
I Ca n't Make You Love Me - wikipedia I Ca n't Make You Love Me Jump to : navigation , search For the unrelated song of the same name by Quiet Riot , see Guilty Pleasures ( Quiet Riot album ) . `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Single by Bonnie Raitt from the album Luck of the Draw Released 22 October 1991 Format Cassette single Recorded Genre Pop adult contemporary Length 5 : 33 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Mike Reid Allen Shamblin Producer ( s ) Bonnie Raitt Don Was Bonnie Raitt singles chronology `` Something to Talk About '' ( 1991 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 1991 ) `` Not the Only One '' ( 1992 ) `` Something to Talk About '' ( 1991 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 1991 ) `` Not the Only One '' ( 1992 ) Music video `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' on YouTube `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' is a song written by Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin and recorded by American singer Bonnie Raitt for her eleventh studio album Luck of the Draw ( 1991 ) . Released as the album 's third single in 1991 , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' became one of Raitt 's most successful singles , reaching the top - twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top - ten on the Adult Contemporary . In August 2000 , Mojo magazine voted `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' the eighth best track on its The 100 Greatest Songs of All Time list . The song is ranked at number 339 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . On 27 November 2016 , the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction , along with that of another 24 songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Composition and inspiration 3 Critical reception and accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Bruce Hornsby performance use 7 George Michael version 7.1 Background and release 7.2 Chart performance 8 Boyz II Men version 8.1 Background and release 8.2 Reception 8.3 Chart performance 9 Adele version 9.1 Background and live performances 9.2 Critical reception 9.3 Chart performance 10 Priyanka Chopra version 10.1 Promotion and music video 10.2 Critical reception 10.3 Chart performance 11 Notes 12 External links Writing and Recording ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was written by Nashville writers Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin , who were well - noted for their successes in the country music arena . The song was rewritten many times before being finalized , months later . `` We wrote , most every week , in Mike 's basement , '' Shamblin told Peter Cooper in an interview with the Nashville Tennessean . `` And we 'd worked on this song for more than six months . One day , he said , ' Come up to the living room , ' where his piano was . He sat down and started playing this melody , and it was one of the most moving pieces of music I 'd heard . I mean , it hit me in a hard way ... Instantly , I knew it was the best thing I 'd ever been a part of . '' Reid and Shamblin were both country music songwriters , who according to some accounts originally wrote the song as a fast , bluegrass number . Upon slowing down the tempo considerably , they realized the song gained considerable power and thought about giving the song to one of three artists : Bonnie Raitt , Bette Midler or Linda Ronstadt . Eventually , the song made its way to Bonnie Raitt , who recorded the track for her eleventh studio album , `` Luck of the Draw '' ( 1991 ) . Raitt co-produced the song with Don Was , while Bruce Hornsby provided a piano accompaniment . Composition and inspiration ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was composed in the key of Bb major , with a moderate slow tempo of 72 beats per minute . Raitt 's vocal range on the song spans from the low - note of F3 to the high - note of Bb4 . The idea for the song came to Reid while reading an article about a man arrested for getting drunk and shooting at his girlfriend 's car . The judge asked him if he had learned anything , to which he replied , `` I learned , Your Honor , that you ca n't make a woman love you if she do n't . '' Raitt recorded the vocal in just one take in the studio , later saying that it was so sad a song that she could not recapture the emotion : `` We 'd try to do it again and I just said , ' You know , this ai n't going to happen . ' '' A pensive ballad , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was recorded against a quiet electric piano - based arrangement , with prominent piano fills and interpolations supplied by Bruce Hornsby . The singer depicts a now one - sided romantic relationship about to end in soft but brutally honest terms : `` Turn down the lights , turn down the bed / Turn down these voices inside my head / Lay down with me , tell me no lies / Just hold me close , do n't patronize ... do n't patronize me / ' Cause I ca n't make you love me if you do n't / You ca n't make your heart feel something that it wo n't , '' she sings . Critical reception and accolades ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' received acclaim from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the track , calling it a `` strong song '' and picking it as one of the album 's best tracks . Steve Hochman of Los Angeles Times hailed the song as one of Raitt 's most elegant tracks . Elysa Gardner wrote for Rolling Stone that `` Raitt 's gorgeously understated rendering of ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me , ' in which sentiments such as ' I will lay down my heart and I 'll feel the power / But you wo n't ' are delivered with a quiet resignation that 's worth a hundred glissandi in emotional weight . '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' entered many lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2000 , Mojo magazine placed it at number 8 on its `` 100 Greatest Songs of All Time '' list . The song is also ranked # 339 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The website `` Ultimate Classic Rock '' placed the song at number 24 on their `` 25 Saddest Songs Ever '' , praising Bonnie Raitt vocals , writing that `` she sings in one of her most impassioned vocals ever . There 's real ache in every word that drips from her pained lips . '' The song 's popularity helped solidify her remarkable late - in - career commercial success that had begun two years before . In the time since , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' has gone on to become a pop standard and a mainstay of adult contemporary radio formats . For Raitt , the song was notoriously difficult to sing , due to its required vocal range , difficult phrasing and breathing , and the emotional content involved . At the televised Grammy Awards of 1992 Raitt performed it in an even more austere setting than on record , with just her and Hornsby highlighted . As she negotiated the final vocal line , she let out a big audible and visible sigh of relief that she had successfully gotten through it . Her live performance of the song was released on the 1994 album Grammy 's Greatest Moments Volume III . Raitt has continued to sing the song in all her concert tours : `` I mean , ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' is no picnic . I love that song , so does the audience . So it 's almost a sacred moment when you share that , that depth of pain with your audience . Because they get really quiet , and I have to summon ... some other place in order to honor that space . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a big hit for Raitt , reaching number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The song placed at number 100 on the Billboard Year - End chart of 1992 . In New Zealand , the song was Raitt 's highest charting - single , reaching number 22 , while in Netherlands , the song charted moderately at number 43 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 - 92 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Rank US Billboard Year - End Chart 100 Bruce Hornsby performance Use ( edit ) Although Bruce Hornsby had no hand in writing the song , his piano part on it became associated with him . Phil Collins described it as instantly recognizable as Hornsby 's work . Hornsby 's own publicity material mentions his role on the `` classic '' . On his own subsequent tours , Hornsby included the song in a number of his set lists . He sometimes let a female backing singer in his band take on the vocal . Other times , he sang the song himself . George Michael version ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Single by George Michael from the album Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael A-side `` Older '' Released 20 January 1997 Format Cassette CD Recorded Genre Pop Length 5 : 23 Label Dreamworks Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Mike Reid Allen Shamblin Producer ( s ) George Michael George Michael singles chronology `` Spinning the Wheel '' ( 1996 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` Star People '' ( 1997 ) `` Spinning the Wheel '' ( 1996 ) `` Older / I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` Star People '' ( 1997 ) English singer George Michael covered `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' and released as a B - side of his single , `` Older '' , which was released on 20 January 1997 as the fourth single from the album of the same name . Michael 's version was also included on his compilation , Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael ( 1998 ) . `` Older '' and `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' both reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Background and release ( edit ) After the release of his second studio album , Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 ( 1990 ) , George Michael started a legal battle with his label , Sony Music , declaring his contract was financially inequitable and creatively stifling . Michael sued Sony to end his contract , leading to a long and costly legal battle that ended in 1995 , with Michael signing to the newly launched Dreamworks Records label in the United States and Virgin in the rest of the world . In 1995 , the singer released the song `` Jesus to a Child '' , which became a huge hit worldwide , followed by `` Fastlove '' and `` Spinning the Wheel '' , which also became successful songs from his third studio album , Older ( 1996 ) . While choosing the fourth single from the album , the title track `` Older '' was announced as the chosen one , with an EP also titled `` Older '' being released to promote the song . The EP features four tracks , including `` Older '' , `` The Strangest Thing '' ( also from the album `` Older '' ) and two covers : the famous Brazilian song `` Desafinado '' and Bonnie Raitt 's `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' , which became the official B - side of the single . Since it was released as a B - side to `` Older '' , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' also entered the UK Singles Chart at number 3 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position UK Singles Chart 3 * The peak position is the same of its A-side single `` Older '' . Boyz II Men version ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Single by Boyz II Men from the album Love Released October 27 , 2009 Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 Genre R&B Length 5 : 17 Label Decca UMTV Songwriter ( s ) Mike Reid Allen Shamblin Boyz II Men singles chronology `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' ( 2008 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 2009 ) `` Iris '' ( 2009 ) `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' ( 2008 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 2009 ) `` Iris '' ( 2009 ) American R&B vocal group Boyz II Men recorded `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' for their third cover album , Love ( 2009 ) . Their version was released as the album 's first single on October 27 , 2009 . Having a more R&B approach , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' received generally favorable reviews from music critics , while it has achieved minor success on the Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . Background and release ( edit ) After releasing their second cover album in 2007 , Motown : A Journey Through Hitsville USA , which was well received by critics , but failed to produce a successful single , the band announced plans for a new cover album , that features cover versions of songs by `` artists I do n't think people would expect us to cover , '' according to member Shawn Stockman . On October 23 , 2009 , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was announced as Love 's lead - single . The song was later released on October 27 , 2009 through iTunes store . For the band members , `` We wanted to stay true to our roots , and it 's a very beautiful song . And with our sound , we gave it an R&B twist . It 's always been a favorite of ours , and we hope people will fall in love with it again . '' Reception ( edit ) A writer for Soul Bounce wrote that `` The biggest surprise on this album is the bluesy interpretation of Bonnie Rait 's country hit , ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me . ' Starting with strong lyrics and a deep fried instrumental , the Boyz make this song their own with their unique flow providing good contrast to a familiar melodic line . '' Los Angeles Theatre called it an `` impassioned '' performance . On the charts , the song performed very modestly , reaching number 75 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 75 Adele version ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Song by Adele from the album Live at the Royal Albert Hall Recorded 22 September 2011 Genre Soul Length 3 : 39 Label XL Columbia Sony Songwriter ( s ) Mike Reid Allen Shamblin In 2011 , English singer Adele covered `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' for her first live album , Live at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) . The song was acclaimed by music critics , who praised Adele 's delivery and vocals . The song has charted on the UK Singles Chart , reaching the top - forty , although it was never released as a single . Background and Live performances ( edit ) In addition to receiving positive reviews from music critics , Adele 's second album 21 became one of the most successful albums of the 2010s , being the biggest selling musical release for both 2011 and 2012 and entering the Guinness World Records . While promoting the album and its third single , `` Set Fire to the Rain '' , Adele performed on the iTunes Festival London 2011 . On the setlist , Adele performed tracks from 21 and a cover of `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' . Before performing the track , Adele stated that it was one of her favorite songs and described it as `` perfect in every way '' . She added that Bonnie Raitt has a `` stunning voice '' and went on to compliment the lyrics , calling them `` mind - blowing '' . After the positive response of the iTunes Festival performance , Adele covered once again the track , during her first live album , Live at the Royal Albert Hall , recorded on 22 September 2011 . She made further comment over the song , saying , `` It blows me away '' and further adding that she thought the song was `` incredibly moving '' . Adele also commented on the emotions the song gives her , saying , `` It makes me really , really happy and really , really devastated and depressed at the same time . It makes me think of my fondest and best times in my life , and it makes me think of the worst as well , and combined , probably is a recipe for disaster , but I do love this song . It 's just fucking stunning . '' Critical reception ( edit ) While reviewing her iTunes Festival performance , David Smyth of London Evening Standard wrote that Adele sang the song `` with raw expressiveness . '' Andrew Leahey of Allmusic wrote that the cover `` made all the more tender by the rarely heard frailties in Adele 's voice . '' Donald Gibson of Seattle Pi wrote that `` she breathes new life into Bonnie Raitt 's ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me , ' with similar intimacy and conviction . '' While reviewing her Live at the Royal Albert Hall DVD , critics lauded Adele 's rendition . Andy Gill of The Independent called it an `` impassioned version , '' while Alex Young of Consequence of Sound named it `` heartfelt and stunning . '' Kit O'Toole of Blogcritics praised her rendition , writing that it `` retains its heart - wrenching , devastating mood thanks to Adele 's multi-layered voice . Hearing her perform this song , one would imagine her as an older woman who has survived lifelong heartaches instead of a 23 - year - old . '' Maria Schurr of PopMatters lauded the covers ( Raitt 's `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' and Bob Dylan 's `` Make You Feel My Love '' ) on the live album , naming `` the most successful , '' writing that `` both seem deeply heartfelt , like Adele understands , and is the only one who can make these words that are not hers ring true . '' Chris Willman of The Wrap called it `` a classic of unrequited love that you 'd have to swear she wrote if Bonnie Raitt had n't turned it into the ultimate female weepie back when Adele was 2 . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Despite not being released as a single , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' debuted at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart week of 30 September 2012 . It later peaked at number 37 , on the following week , 6 October 2012 , becoming her eighth top - forty song and first non-single top - forty hit . Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 78 Scottish Singles Chart 34 UK Singles Chart 37 Priyanka Chopra version ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Single by Priyanka Chopra Released 22 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Electropop EDM Length 3 : 38 Label 2101 DesiHits Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Mike Reid Allen Shamblin Producer ( s ) Manual `` DJ Manian '' Reuter Priyanka Chopra singles chronology `` Exotic '' ( 2013 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Exotic '' ( 2013 ) `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' by Priyanka Chopra on YouTube In 2014 , Indian actress and singer Priyanka Chopra recorded a version of `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' for her upcoming debut studio album . Speaking about the song , Chopra said `` This is one of my favorite tracks on the album . It 's my ode to a classic , a song that I love , and one that says so much -- this is for the actor in me . '' Chopra 's version of the song incorporates electronic dance music ( EDM ) and electropop in its production ,. which comes courtesy of German producer Manuel `` DJ Manian '' Reuter . Andy Gensler from Billboard commented on how different Chopra 's version was from the original by Raitt , saying that `` Chopra 's more uptempo take on the song is more likely to connect with a generation of ravers with no idea of the song 's origin '' The up - tempo version was demoed by American singer Ester Dean at the request of Interscope Records chairman Jimmy Iovine . It was released on 22 April 2014 , by DesiHits , in association with 2101 Records and Interscope Records . It is the third internationally released single following `` In My City '' ( featuring will.i.am ) , which failed to achieve airplay in the United States , and `` Exotic '' . In the United Kingdom , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was originally planned to be Chopra 's debut single , but was never released . Promotion and music video ( edit ) Chopra 's version of `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was used to promote Beats by Dre . In a press release , it was revealed that the song would be used in the launch of a new campaign for the popular Beats Pill XL portable Bluetooth speaker . Chopra and her new track would be featured in the national ad campaign , that ran nationwide from May 1 through May 25 . An accompanying music video was filmed in Los Angeles in February 2014 . It was conceptualised and directed by duo Jeff Nicholas and Jonathan Craven of The Uprising Creative . Actor Milo Ventimiglia plays Chopra 's love interest and scenes include Chopra throwing coloured paint at Ventimiglia as part of celebrations for the Indian festival of Holi , as well as embraces between the couple and solo scenes with Chopra . According to NDTV , the video charts a fictional relationship that `` goes from loving to hellish '' . Behind the scenes footage was released to Access Hollywood . It premiered in New York City on 30 April 2014 . Gensler noted that the video also contained product placement for Nokia and Beats by Dre speakers . Critical reception ( edit ) CNN - News18 said , `` The singer certainly sounds great , so much that it 's almost unbelievable it is Priyanka Chopra . The number is definitely foot - tapping and you 're going to be hearing this one at every restaurant and club in the days to come '' and added that Chopra had `` definitely done a great job recreating the Bonnie Ratt song '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 28 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lennon track voted the best by songwriters '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/nirvana-bowie-rem-songs-added-to-grammy-hall-of-fame-w452651 Jump up ^ Moore , Rick ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Bonnie Raitt , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` . American Songwriter . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Peter ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Peter Cooper On Music : ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' endures '' . Tennessean . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Raitt `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Music Sheet `` . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. , Inc . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1001 Songs : The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists , Stories and Secrets Behind Them , Toby Creswell Jump up ^ 107.1 KGSR - Radio Austin Archived 1 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Raitt - I Ca n't Make You Love Me Lyrics '' . MetroLyrics . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Bonnie Raitt - Luck of the Draw AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve ( June 23 , 1991 ) . `` ALBUM REVIEW : * * * 1 / 2 BONNIE RAITT `` Luck of the Draw '' Capitol `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( June 17 , 1997 ) . `` Luck of the Draw Album Reviews Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallucci , Michael . `` 25 Saddest Songs Ever '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy 's Greatest Moments , Volume III : Various Artists '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 199 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Bonnie Raitt -- I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bonnie Raitt -- I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Raitt Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Raitt Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1989 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1989 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins On ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' on SiriusXM '' . SiriusXM . YouTube . January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hornsby in Concert '' . Cascade Theatre . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Playlist : Song : I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' . lostandfoundradio.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Also `` Good Listening : Bruce Hornsby -- Cleveland Music Hall -- 11 / 20 / 93 '' . addictedtovinyl.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hornsby 9 / 22 / 2012 at BU Anderson Center '' . Furthur . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Biography Allmusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Awards Allmusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Michael Artist Official Charts '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Older EP - George Michael - Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Aleman , Annie . `` Boyz II Men bring harmonies to NCC stage '' . Beacon News . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Boyz II Men : I Ca n't Make You Love Me - New Single '' . This Is R&B . October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me - Single Boyz II Men '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Boyz II Men sending out ' Love ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Getting ' Love ' From Boyz II Men '' . Soul Bounce . November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Performing Arts Center Riverside , CA - Boyz II Men '' . Los Angeles Theatre . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boyz II Men - Awards - Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele - I Ca n't Make You Love Me ( Live ) Itunes Festival 2011 HD '' . YouTube . 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele - I Ca n't Make You Love Me ( Live At The Royal Albert Hall DVD ) '' . YouTube . 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Smyth , David ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` iTunes Festival , Adele , Roundhouse - review '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Adele : iTunes Festival : London 2011 - Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Donald ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` Music Review : Adele - iTunes Festival : London 2011 ( EP ) '' . Seattle Pi . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 25 November 2011 ) . `` Album : Adele , Live at The Royal Albert Hall , XL '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Album Review : Adele -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Kit ( 14 December 2011 ) . `` Music DVD Review : Adele Live at the Royal Albert Hall '' . Blogcritics . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Schurr , Maria ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` Adele : Live at the Royal Albert Hall ( DVD ) '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Review : Adele Bares It All in Candor - Filled ' Live at Albert Hall ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele - I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' . Music Charts . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Artist - Official Charts '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Discography Adele '' . Irish Charts Portal . Hung Medien ( Steffen Hung ) . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . The Official Charts Company . 7 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra Releases New Single ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' , Shoots Holi - Themed Music Video with Milo Ventimiglia '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priyanka Chopra launches ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' video - Bollywood News '' . Digital Spy. 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priyanka Chopra confirms ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' release date - Bollywood News '' . Digital Spy. 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priyanka Chopra Covers ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' By Bonnie Raitt : Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me : Priyanka Chopra : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interscope Records Recording Artist Priyanka Chopra Releases New Single ' I Ca n't ... - SANTA MONICA , Calif. , April 25 , 2014 / PRNewswire / '' ( Press release ) . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerrick D. Kennedy Times ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` Bollywood 's Priyanka Chopra as pioneering pop act in America - Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra 's New Song Tapped for Beats By Dre Ad ( Audio ) '' . Billboard. 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priyanka Chopra shoots Holi scene for ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' video - Bollywood News '' . Digital Spy. 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra Has Her Heart Broken In I Ca n't Make You Love Me Video '' . NDTV.com. 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra Exclusive : ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' '' . Access Hollywood . 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Priyanka Chopra 's latest single ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me ' : Foot - tapping but does n't pick up ! '' . CNN - News18. April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Charts Search : Priyanka Chopra '' . Billboard Chart Search . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 11 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bonnie Raitt Studio albums Bonnie Raitt ( 1971 ) Give It Up ( 1972 ) Takin ' My Time ( 1973 ) Streetlights ( 1974 ) Home Plate ( 1975 ) Sweet Forgiveness ( 1977 ) The Glow ( 1979 ) Green Light ( 1982 ) Nine Lives ( 1986 ) Nick of Time ( 1989 ) Luck of the Draw ( 1991 ) Longing in Their Hearts ( 1994 ) Fundamental ( 1998 ) Silver Lining ( 2002 ) Souls Alike ( 2005 ) Slipstream ( 2012 ) Dig in Deep ( 2016 ) Live albums Road Tested ( 1995 ) Singles `` Rock Steady '' ( with Bryan Adams ) `` Runaway '' `` Something to Talk About '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Not the Only One '' `` Love Sneakin ' Up On You '' `` You Got It '' Related articles Discography George Michael Discography Awards Live performances Studio albums Faith Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 Older Songs from the Last Century Patience Live albums MTV Unplugged Symphonica Compilations Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael Twenty Five Extended plays Five Live Singles `` Careless Whisper '' `` A Different Corner '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Hard Day '' `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Waiting for That Day '' `` Mother 's Pride '' `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' `` Heal the Pain '' `` Cowboys and Angels '' `` Too Funky '' `` Killer '' / `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Jesus to a Child '' `` Fastlove '' `` Spinning the Wheel '' `` Older '' `` Star People ' 97 '' `` You Have Been Loved '' / `` The Strangest Thing ' 97 '' `` Outside '' `` Freeek ! '' `` Shoot the Dog '' `` Amazing '' `` Flawless ( Go to the City ) '' `` Round Here '' `` John and Elvis Are Dead '' `` An Easier Affair '' `` December Song ( I Dreamed of Christmas ) '' `` True Faith '' `` You and I '' `` White Light '' `` Let Her Down Easy '' `` Going to a Town '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Fantasy '' Duets `` Wrap Her Up '' `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' `` Waltz Away Dreaming '' `` As '' `` If I Told You That '' `` This Is Not Real Love '' Videos Faith Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael Twenty Five George Michael Live in London Tours Faith World Tour Cover to Cover tour 25 Live Live in Australia Symphonica Tour Related articles Wham ! 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'' `` To the Top '' `` Turn It Up '' `` Mysterious Girl '' `` Get Down on It '' `` Only One '' `` Flava '' `` I Feel You '' `` Natural '' `` All About Us '' `` Lonely '' `` All Night , All Right '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Mysterious Girl ( 2004 ) '' `` Insania '' `` The Right Way '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Behind Closed Doors '' `` Unconditional '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Defender '' `` Perfect Night '' `` Bad As You Are '' `` Kid '' `` Big Night '' `` Christmas Time 's for Family '' Television Katie & Peter Peter Andre : My Life This Morning Odd One In Related articles Katie Price Nina Girado singles Heaven `` Heaven '' `` 2nd Floor '' `` Jealous '' `` Foolish Heart '' `` Loving You '' Smile `` Make You Mine '' `` A Girl Can Dream '' `` Sayang Naman '' Nina Live ! `` I Do n't Want to Be Your Friend '' `` Love Moves in Mysterious Ways '' `` Through the Fire '' `` I Love You Goodbye '' `` Burn '' Nina `` Araw Mo '' `` I Do '' `` Someday '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Collide '' `` Somewhere Down the Road '' `` If I Should Love Again '' Nina Sings the Hits of Diane Warren `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` There You 'll Be '' Renditions of the Soul `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` I 'm Yours '' Diamond : Greatest Hits 2002 - 2010 `` Love Will Lead You Back '' Stay Alive `` Dance '' `` However Much Love '' `` Believe in the Dream '' Other releases `` The Christmas Song '' `` I 'll Always Love You '' Boyz II Men Nathan Morris Shawn Stockman Wanya Morris Marc Nelson Michael McCary Studio albums Cooleyhighharmony II Evolution Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya Full Circle Throwback , Vol. 1 The Remedy Motown : Hitsville USA Love Twenty Collide Compilation albums Christmas Interpretations The Remix Collection The Ballad Collection Legacy : The Greatest Hits Collection Winter / Reflections Covered : Winter The Millennium Collection : The Best of Boyz II Men Singles `` Motownphilly '' `` It 's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday '' `` Uhh Ahh '' `` Please Do n't Go '' `` End of the Road '' `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) '' `` Let It Snow '' `` I 'll Make Love to You '' `` On Bended Knee '' `` Thank You '' `` Water Runs Dry '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Brokenhearted '' `` Hey Lover '' `` 4 Seasons of Loneliness '' `` A Song for Mama '' `` Doin ' Just Fine '' `` I Will Get There '' `` Pass You By '' `` Thank You in Advance '' `` The Color of Love '' `` Relax Your Mind '' `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` Just My Imagination '' `` War '' `` Mercy Mercy Me '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Iris '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' Related topics Discography Babyface The Package Tour Total Package Tour Book Category Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles Priyanka Chopra Filmography Awards and nominations Singles `` In My City '' `` Exotic '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Other songs `` Ram Chahe Leela '' Related articles Purple Pebble Pictures Book Category Prince singles 1970s `` Soft and Wet '' `` Just as Long as We 're Together '' `` I Wanna Be Your Lover '' 1980s `` Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad ? 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'' `` 17 Days '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Computer Blue '' `` Darling Nikki '' `` Baby I 'm a Star '' `` 4 the Tears in Your Eyes '' `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' `` Adore '' `` Do n't Talk 2 Strangers '' `` I Ca n't Make U Love Me '' `` La , La , La Means I Love U '' `` One of Us '' `` Everyday Is a Winding Road '' `` A Case of U '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Make_You_Love_Me&oldid=834091133 '' Categories : 1991 singles Bonnie Raitt songs Torch songs Adele songs Mike Reid ( singer ) songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Songs written by Mike Reid ( singer ) Songs written by Allen Shamblin Song recordings produced by Don Was 1991 songs Pop ballads Capitol Records singles Priyanka Chopra songs 2014 singles George Michael songs Music videos featuring Priyanka Chopra Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 21 : 53 . 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who wrote i can't make you love me lyrics
[ "\"I Can't Make You Love Me\" is a song written by Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin and recorded by American singer Bonnie Raitt for her eleventh studio album Luck of the Draw (1991). Released as the album's third single in 1991, \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" became one of Raitt's most successful singles, reaching the top-twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top-ten on the Adult Contemporary.", "\"I Can't Make You Love Me\" is a song written by Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin and recorded by American singer Bonnie Raitt for her eleventh studio album Luck of the Draw (1991). Released as the album's third single in 1991, \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" became one of Raitt's most successful singles, reaching the top-twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top-ten on the Adult Contemporary." ]
[ "Mike Reid", "Allen Shamblin" ]
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Federal Republic of Central America
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( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal Republic of Central America República Federal de Centroamérica 1823 -- 1841 Flag Coat of arms Anthem La Granadera `` The Song of the Grenadier '' Capital Guatemala City ( 1821 -- 1834 ) San Salvador ( 1834 -- 1838 ) Government Revolutionary republic History Independence from Spanish Empire September 15 , 1821 Independence from First Mexican Empire July 1 , 1823 Disestablished 1841 Currency Central American Republic real Preceded by Succeeded by First Mexican Empire Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Los Altos Mosquito Coast Today part of Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Part of a series on Central America Countries ( show ) Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Culture ( show ) Central American Spanish Cuisine Mesoamerica Music Ethnic groups Ethnic groups List of indigenous peoples Visual arts by indigenous peoples Religion Anglican Church Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Roman Catholicism Sport Central American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Football Union By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Demographics ( show ) By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Economy ( show ) By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Education ( show ) By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Environment ( show ) Bioregion Deforestation List of mammals Montane forests Mountain peaks Pine - oak forests History ( show ) Central American crisis Federal Republic Federal Republic heads of state Greater Republic Maya civilization Trade By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Geography ( show ) Central Highlands Cities Geology Islands Mountains ( Extreme summits Ultra-prominent summits ) Rivers Volcanoes Middle America Middle America Trench By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Politics and government ( show ) Integration System Parliament Elections by country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Foreign relations by country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Transportation ( show ) List of busiest airports List of largest airlines Rail transport Related topics ( show ) Index of articles Americas ( terminology ) Central Time Zone Latin America Federal Republic of Central America , 4 Real ( 1835 ) . Struck in the San Jose , Costa Rica mint ( 697 were minted ) . The Federal Republic of Central America ( Spanish : República Federal de Centroamérica ) , also called the United Provinces of Central America ( Spanish : Provincias Unidas del Centro de América ) in its first year of creation , was a sovereign state in Central America consisting of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala of New Spain . It existed from September 1823 to 1841 , and was a republican democracy . It is also sometimes incorrectly referred to in English as the United States of Central America . The republic consisted of the present - day states of Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica . ( Panama was part of Bolivar 's República de Colombia in 1821 ) . In the 1830s , a sixth state was added -- Los Altos , with its capital in Quetzaltenango -- occupying parts of what are now the western highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas state in southern Mexico . Shortly after Central America declared independence from the Spanish Empire , some of its countries were annexed by the First Mexican Empire in 1822 and then Central America formed the Federal Republic in 1823 . From 1838 to 1840 the federation descended into civil war , with conservatives fighting against liberals and separatists fighting to secede . The various political factions were unable to overcome their ideological differences and the federation dissolved after a series of bloody conflicts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Independence 1821 -- 1822 1.2 Absorption into the Empire of Mexico , 1822 -- 1823 1.3 Reconstitution of the Federal Republic 1823 -- 1840 1.4 Dissolution of the union 2 Name and emblems 2.1 Successor flags 3 Later Central American federal unions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Central America See also : List of heads of state of Federal Republic of Central America Independence 1821 -- 1822 ( edit ) From the 16th century through 1821 , Central America , apart from Panama , formed the Captaincy General of Guatemala within the Spanish Empire . In 1821 a congress of Central American Criollos in Guatemala City composed the Act of Independence of Central America to declare the region 's independence from Spain , effective on September 15 of that year . The process was bloodless with no resistance from the Spanish authorities as the Governor General Brigadier Gabino Gaínza , along with all the royal governors of the five provinces , were retained in office as executive powers pending a full transition to local rule . That date is still marked as independence day by most Central American nations . Absorption into the Empire of Mexico , 1822 -- 1823 ( edit ) Independence proved short - lived , as local law and order broke down . Driven by regional rivalries , many localities refused to accept the newly formed federal powers in Guatemala -- San Salvador , Comayagua , León , and Cartago were in open revolt . The ensuing anarchy prompted the land - owning wealthy and conservative class to advocate union with Mexico . On January 25 , 1822 the Junta consultiva in Guatemala City voted for annexation . A few weeks later General Vicente Filísola , the envoy of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire , arrived in Guatemala as the new ruler . The annexation was controversial , with some seeing the Mexican constitution with its abolition of slavery and establishment of free trade as an improvement over the status quo . Central American liberals in San Salvador objected to this and refused to accept Filísola 's authority . The army was ordered to quell dissent . In the case of Costa Rica , the country decided to join the Mexican Empire as part of the resolutions upon conclusion of the Battle of Ochomogo ( April 5 , 1823 ) , which is considered the first civil war of Costa Rica . After Iturbide abdicated ( March 19 , 1823 ) , Mexico became a republic ( formally proclaimed on November 1 , 1823 ) and offered the previously annexed Central American provinces the right to determine their own destiny . Filísola turned over his power to the hastily formed National Constituent Assembly , which comprised representatives from each of the five provinces . On July 1 , 1823 the Congress of Central America declared absolute independence from Spain , Mexico , and any other foreign nation , and established a republican system of government . Reconstitution of the Federal Republic 1823 -- 1840 ( edit ) The liberal - dominated Assembly elected Manuel José Arce as president but he soon turned against his own faction and dissolved the Assembly . San Salvador rose in revolt against federal authority . Honduras and Nicaragua joined the rebellion and Arce was deposed in 1829 . The victors led by the Honduran Francisco Morazán took power and Morazán was proclaimed president in 1830 . To appease liberal supporters , the capital was relocated from Guatemala City to San Salvador in 1831 but Morazán 's hold on power was waning as conservatives regained control in the provinces . The Assembly in 1838 adjourned with the declaration that the provinces were free to rule themselves as the Federal Republic dissolved . In 1839 Morazán was exiled as rebels from Guatemala , Honduras and Nicaragua entered San Salvador , evicting the governing institutions that held the region together . Dissolution of the union ( edit ) In practice , the federation faced insurmountable problems , and the union slid into civil war between 1838 and 1840 . Its disintegration began when Nicaragua separated from the federation on November 5 , 1838 , followed by Honduras and Costa Rica ( other sources give Nicaragua 's secession date as April 30 ) . Because of the chaotic nature of this period an exact date of disestablishment does not exist , but on May 31 , 1838 , the congress met to declare that the provinces were free to create their own independent republics . In reality , this merely legally acknowledged the process of disintegration that had already begun . The union effectively ended in 1840 , by which time four of its five states had declared independence . The official end came only upon El Salvador 's self - proclamation of the establishment of an independent republic in February 1841 . Name and emblems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag shows a white band between two blue stripes , representing the land between two oceans . The coat of arms shows five mountains ( one for each state ) between two oceans , surmounted by a Phrygian cap , the emblem of the French Revolution . The flag was introduced to the area by Commodore Louis - Michel Aury inspired by the Argentine flag , also adopting the term united provinces , used in Argentina 's original name , Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ( `` United Provinces of the Silver River '' ) . Successor flags ( edit ) Today , all five successor nations ' flags retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe ( Costa Rica modified its flag significantly in 1848 , darkening the blue and adding a double - wide inner red band ) . The short - lived sixth state of Los Altos was annexed by Mexico as the state of Chiapas . Flag of the original Federal Republic of Central America 1823 - 1839 Member nations 1839 Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Los Altos Current flags Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Chiapas Later Central American Federal unions ( edit ) Despite the failure of a lasting political union , the sense of shared history and the hope for eventual reunification persist in the nations formerly in the union . Various attempts were made to reunite Central America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , but none succeeded for any length of time : The first attempt was in 1842 by former President Francisco Morazán , who became involved in a struggle for control over Costa Rica . After taking control over the capital , Morazán announced he would create a large army to re-create the Federal Republic as the Confederation of Central America and planned to include El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Nicaragua , but popular feeling rapidly turned against him and a sudden revolt resulted in his arrest and execution by firing squad on September 15 of that year . A second attempt was made in October 1852 when El Salvador , Honduras and Nicaragua created a Federation of Central America ( Federación de Centro América ) . The union lasted less than a month . In 1856 -- 1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by U.S. freebooter William Walker . Guatemalan President General Justo Rufino Barrios attempted to reunite the nation by force of arms in the 1880s but he died in battle near the town of Chalchuapa , El Salvador . A third union of Honduras , Nicaragua , and El Salvador as the Greater Republic of Central America or `` República Mayor de Centroamérica '' lasted from 1896 to 1898 . The latest attempt occurred between June 1921 and January 1922 when El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Costa Rica formed a ( second ) Federation of Central America . The treaty establishing this federation was signed at San José , Costa Rica , on January 19 , 1921 . The treaty stipulated for the future creation of one state of all the four signatories , under one constitution . This second Federation was nearly moribund from the start , having only a Provisional Federal Council made up of delegates from each state . See also ( edit ) Gran Colombia -- another short - lived post-Spanish federal state Peru -- Bolivian Confederation -- another short - lived post-Spanish federal state Golden Circle ( proposed country ) -- a proposed Caribbean federation Union of South American Nations Central American Integration System Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cuhaj , George S. , ed. ( 2009 ) . Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601 -- Present ( 6 ed . ) . Krause . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0424 - 1 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lynn V. ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of Central America . New York : Facts on File . pp. 134 -- 136 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3962 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Documentos de la Union Centroamericana '' ( pdf ) . Organization of American States -- Foreign Trade Information System . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Munro , Dana . The Five Republics of Central America . New York : Oxford University Press , 1918 . pp 24 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` New Physical , Political , Industrial and Commercial Map of Central America and the Antilles : With a Special Map of the Possessions of the Belgian Colonization Company of Central America , the State of Guatemala '' . World Digital Library . 1845 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher . `` The Federal Republic of Central America ( 1823 -- 1840 ) '' . Latin American History . About.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sandoval , Victor Hugo . `` Federal Republic of Central America '' . Monedas de Guatemala . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karnes , Thomas L. ( 1961 ) . The Failure of Union : Central America , 1824 -- 1960 . Durham , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 5 , pp. 10 -- 31 . External links ( edit ) Constitutions from several attempts at Central American unification ( in Spanish ) Central America - Historical Unions and Federations WorldStatesmen - Guatemala Map of the FRCA Maps showing the collapse of the Central American Republic ( omniatlas.com ) ( hide ) Guatemala articles History Spanish conquest New Granada Captaincy General Federal Republic of Central America Ten Years of Spring ( 1944 -- 1954 ) 1954 coup d'état Civil War ( 1960 -- 1996 ) 1976 earthquake Geography Biodiversity Biosphere reserves Cities Earthquakes Ecoregions Fauna Flora Islands Lakes National parks Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanism Water resources World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Congress Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee Currency Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Languages LGBT rights Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music National emblem Public holidays Outline Index Bibliography Portal Coordinates : 14 ° 37 ′ N 90 ° 31 ′ W  /  14.617 ° N 90.517 ° W  / 14.617 ; - 90.517 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Republic_of_Central_America&oldid=842867541 '' Categories : Former countries in North America Former federations States and territories established in 1823 States and territories disestablished in 1841 Federal Republic of Central America Former countries in Central America Former republics History of Central America History of Guatemala History of Costa Rica History of El Salvador History of Honduras History of Nicaragua 1820s in North America 1830s in North America 19th century in Central America 19th century in Costa Rica 19th century in El Salvador 19th century in Guatemala 19th century in Honduras 19th century in Nicaragua 1820s in Mexico 1830s in Mexico 1823 establishments in Central America 1838 disestablishments in Central America Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the union of independent central american states begin to fall apart
[ "Shortly after Central America declared independence from the Spanish Empire, some of its countries were annexed by the First Mexican Empire in 1822 and then Central America formed the Federal Republic in 1823. From 1838 to 1840 the federation descended into civil war, with conservatives fighting against liberals[clarification needed] and separatists fighting to secede. The various political factions were unable to overcome their ideological differences and the federation dissolved after a series of bloody conflicts.[2]" ]
[ "1838" ]
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Plantar fascia
Plantar fascia - wikipedia Plantar fascia Jump to : navigation , search Plantar fascia Muscles of the sole of the foot . First layer ( closest to the skin on the sole of the foot ) . Plantar aponeurosis visible at top center . Details Identifiers Latin aponeurosis plantaris Dorlands / Elsevier 12146774 TA A04. 7.03. 031 FMA 45171 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue ( aponeurosis ) which supports the arch on the bottom ( plantar side ) of the foot . It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus ( heel bone ) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones ( the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Gait 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Plantar fasciitis 3.2 Other 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Anatomical diagrams illustrating the components of the plantar fascia . Dissection of the plantar aponeurosis : LP , lateral part ; CP , central part ; MP , medial part ; L , length ; W , width . Five central part plantar aponeurosis bundles . The plantar fascia is a broad structure that spans between the medial calcaneal tubercle and the proximal phalanges of the toes . Recent studies suggest that the plantar fascia is actually an aponeurosis rather than true fascia . The Dorland 's Medical Dictionary defines an aponeurosis as : ( i ) a white , flattened or ribbon - like tendinous expansion , serving mainly to connect a muscle with the parts that it moves , ( ii ) a term formerly applied to certain fasciae . Further , it defines the plantar aponeurosis as bands of fibrous connective tissue radiating toward the bases of the toes from the medial process of the tuber calcanei ( posterior half of the calcaneus ) . The plantar fascia is made up of predominantly longitudinally oriented collagen fibers . There are three distinct structural components : the medial component , the central component ( plantar aponeurosis ) , and the lateral component ( see diagram at right ) . The central component is the largest and most prominent . In younger people the plantar fascia is also intimately related to the Achilles tendon , with a continuous fascial connection between the two from the distal aspect of the Achilles to the origin of the plantar fascia at the calcaneal tubercle . However , the continuity of this connection decreases with age to a point that in the elderly there are few , if any , connecting fibers . There are also distinct attachments of the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus so the two do not directly contact each other . Nevertheless , there is an indirect relationship whereby if the toes are dorsiflexed , the plantar fascia tightens via the windlass mechanism . If a tensile force is then generated in the Achilles tendon it will increase tensile strain in the plantar fascia . Clinically , this relationship has been used as a basis for treatment for plantar fasciitis , with stretches and night stretch splinting being applied to the gastrocnemius / soleus muscle unit . Function ( edit ) The effect of dorsiflexing the toes on arch height ( A ) . The windlass mechanism ( B ) . The plantar fascia contributes to support of arch of the foot by acting as a tie - rod , where it undergoes tension when the foot bears weight . One biomechanical model estimated it carries as much as 14 % of the total load of the foot . In an experiment using cadavers , it was found that failure of the plantar fascia averaged at loads of 1189 ± 244 newtons ( 121 ± 24 kgf or 267 ± 55 lbf ) . Interestingly , failure most often occurred at the proximal attachment to the calcaneus , which is consistent with the usual location of symptoms ( i.e. in plantar fasciitis ) . Complete rupture or surgical release of the plantar fascia leads to a decrease in arch stiffness and a significant collapse of the longitudinal arch of the foot . By modeling it was predicted such conditions would result in a 17 % increase in vertical displacement and a 15 % increase in horizontal elongation of the foot when it was loaded at 683 newtons ( 154 lbf ) . Surgical release also significantly increases both stress in the plantar ligaments and plantar pressures under the metatarsal heads . Although most of the figures mentioned above are from either cadaver studies or investigations using models , they highlight the relatively large load the plantar fascia is subjected to while contributing to the structural integrity of the foot . Gait ( edit ) The plantar fascia also has an important role in dynamic function during gait . It was found the plantar fascia continuously elongated during the contact phase of gait . It went through rapid elongation before and immediately after mid-stance , reaching a maximum of 9 % to 12 % elongation between mid-stance and toe - off . During this phase the plantar fascia behaves like a spring , which may assist in conserving energy . In addition , the plantar fascia has a critical role in normal mechanical function of the foot , contributing to the `` windlass mechanism '' . When the toes are dorsiflexed in the propulsive phase of gait , the plantar fascia becomes tense , resulting in elevation of the longitudinal arch and shortening of the foot ( see 3A ) . One can liken this mechanism to a cable being wound around the drum of a windlass ( see 3B ) ; the plantar fascia being the cable , the metatarsal head the drum , and the handle , the proximal phalanx . Clinical significance ( edit ) Plantar fasciitis ( edit ) Main article : Plantar fasciitis Plantar fasciitis is an often painful degenerative process of the plantar fascia . Calcaneal spur ( heel spur ) is a small calcified bone extension ( osteophyte ) located on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus or on the back of the heel at the insertion of the Achilles tendon . The condition is typically a response to plantar fasciitis over a period of time . It may also be related to ankylosing spondylitis , typically in children . Other ( edit ) Plantar fibromatosis is a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the plantar fascia . Psoriatic arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that may affect the plantar fascia . Additional images ( edit ) The plantar fascia ( also known as the plantar aponeurosis ) is located superficially plantar side of the foot . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plantar fascia . Look up plantar fascia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H.B. Kitaoka ; Z.P. Luo ; E.S. Growney ; L.J. Berglund ; K.N. An ( October 1994 ) . `` Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis '' . Foot & ankle international . 15 ( 10 ) : 557 -- 560 . doi : 10.1177 / 107110079401501007 . PMID 7834064 . Jump up ^ G.A. Arangio , C. Chen and W. Kim ( June 1997 ) . `` Effect of cutting the plantar fascia on mechanical properties of the foot '' . Clinical orthopaedics and related research ( 339 ) : 227 -- 231 . PMID 9186224 . Jump up ^ Amit Gefen ( March 2003 ) . `` The in vivo elastic properties of the plantar fascia during the contact phase of walking '' . Foot & ankle international . 24 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 244 . PMID 12793487 . External links ( edit ) Plantar_fascia at the Duke University Health System 's Orthopedics program soleoffoot at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( soleoffoot1 ) Heel Pain Symptoms . Plantar Fasciitis diagnosis and treatment Patient ; plantar fasciitis at Patient.info Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Soft tissue disorders / Rheumatism / Connective tissue arthropathy ( M65 -- M79 , 725 -- 728 ) Capsular joint Synoviopathy Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis Stenosing tenosynovitis Trigger finger De Quervain 's syndrome Transient synovitis Ganglion cyst osteochondromatosis Synovial osteochondromatosis Plica syndrome villonodular synovitis Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath Bursopathy Bursitis Olecranon Prepatellar Trochanteric Subacromial Achilles Retrocalcaneal Ischial Iliopsoas Synovial cyst Baker 's cyst Calcific bursitis Noncapsular joint Ligamentopathy Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy / Enthesitis ( and general tendinopathy ) upper limb Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tear Golfer 's elbow Tennis elbow lower limb Iliotibial band syndrome Patellar tendinitis Achilles tendinitis Calcaneal spur Metatarsalgia Bone spur other / general : Tendinitis Tendinosis Nonjoint Fasciopathy Fasciitis : Plantar Nodular Necrotizing Eosinophilic Fibromatosis / contracture Dupuytren 's contracture Plantar fibromatosis Aggressive fibromatosis Knuckle pads Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantar_fascia&oldid=811784761 '' Categories : Lower limb anatomy Fascia Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 23 : 18 . 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where does the plantar fascia originate and insert
[ "The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot).", "The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot).", "The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot)." ]
[ "the arch on the bottom", "heel bone", "the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot" ]
4832236241508742888
George II of Great Britain
George II of Great Britain - wikipedia George II of Great Britain George II Portrait by Thomas Hudson , 1744 King of Great Britain and Ireland Elector of Hanover ( more ... ) Reign 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 Coronation 11 / 22 October 1727 Predecessor George I Successor George III 30 October / 9 November 1683 Herrenhausen Palace , or Leine Palace , Hanover 25 October 1760 ( 1760 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 76 ) Kensington Palace , London Burial 11 November 1760 Westminster Abbey , London Spouse Caroline of Ansbach ( m . 1705 ; d . 1737 ) Issue Detail Frederick , Prince of Wales Anne , Princess of Orange Princess Amelia Princess Caroline Prince George William William , Duke of Cumberland Mary , Landgravine of Hesse - Kassel Louisa , Queen of Denmark and Norway Full name George Augustus German : Georg August House Hanover Father George I of Great Britain Mother Sophia Dorothea of Celle Religion Protestant Signature George II ( George Augustus ; German : Georg II . August ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 -- 25 October 1760 ) was King of Great Britain and Ireland , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( Hanover ) and a prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 ( O.S. ) until his death in 1760 . George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain : he was born and brought up in northern Germany . His grandmother , Sophia of Hanover , became second in line to the British throne after about 50 Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 , which restricted the succession to Protestants . After the deaths of Sophia and Anne , Queen of Great Britain , in 1714 , his father George I , Elector of Hanover , inherited the British throne . In the first years of his father 's reign as king , George was associated with opposition politicians , until they rejoined the governing party in 1720 . As king from 1727 , George exercised little control over British domestic policy , which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain . As elector , he spent twelve summers in Hanover , where he had more direct control over government policy . He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son , Frederick , who supported the parliamentary opposition . During the War of the Austrian Succession , George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle . In 1745 , supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne , James Francis Edward Stuart ( `` The Old Pretender '' ) , led by James 's son Charles Edward Stuart ( `` The Young Pretender '' or `` Bonnie Prince Charlie '' ) , attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions . Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751 , nine years before his father , so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson , George III . For two centuries after George II 's death , history tended to view him with disdain , concentrating on his mistresses , short temper , and boorishness . Since then , most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments . Contents 1 Early life 2 Marriage 3 Prince of Wales 3.1 Quarrel with the king 3.2 Political opposition 4 Early reign 5 Family problems 6 War and rebellion 7 Later life 7.1 Seven Years ' War 7.2 Death 8 Legacy 9 Titles , styles and arms 9.1 Titles and styles 9.2 Arms 10 Issue 11 Ancestry 12 Notes 13 Sources 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Early life ( edit ) George as a young boy with his mother , Sophia Dorothea of Celle , and his sister , Sophia Dorothea of Hanover George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany , and was the son of George Louis , Hereditary Prince of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( later King George I of Great Britain ) , and his wife , Sophia Dorothea of Celle . His sister , Sophia Dorothea , was born when he was three years old . Both of George 's parents committed adultery , and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband . She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children , who probably never saw their mother again . George spoke only French , the language of diplomacy and the court , until the age of four , after which he was taught German by one of his tutors , Johann Hilmar Holstein . In addition to French and German , he was also schooled in English and Italian , and studied genealogy , military history , and battle tactics with particular diligence . George 's second cousin once removed , Queen Anne , ascended the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland in 1702 . She had no surviving children , and by the Act of Settlement 1701 , the English Parliament designated Anne 's closest Protestant blood relations , George 's grandmother Sophia and her descendants , as Anne 's heirs in England and Ireland . Consequently , after his grandmother and father , George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms . He was naturalized as an English subject in 1705 by the Sophia Naturalization Act , and in 1706 , he was made a Knight of the Garter and created Duke and Marquess of Cambridge , Earl of Milford Haven , Viscount Northallerton , and Baron Tewkesbury in the Peerage of England . England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain , and jointly accepted the succession as laid down by the English Act of Settlement . Marriage ( edit ) Caroline of Ansbach by Godfrey Kneller , 1716 George 's father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had , and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made . Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden , Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein - Gottorp , came to nothing . In June 1705 , under the false name of `` Monsieur de Busch '' , George visited the Ansbach court at their summer residence in Triesdorf to investigate incognito a marriage prospect : Caroline of Ansbach , the former ward of his aunt Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia . The English envoy to Hanover , Edmund Poley , reported that George was so taken by `` the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else '' . A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July . On 22 August / 2 September 1705 Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding , which was held the same evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen . George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders , but his father refused permission for him to join the army in an active role until he had a son and heir . In early 1707 , George 's hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son , Frederick . In July , Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox , and George caught the infection after staying by her side devotedly during her illness . They both recovered . In 1708 , George participated in the Battle of Oudenarde in the vanguard of the Hanoverian cavalry ; his horse and a colonel immediately beside him were killed , but George survived unharmed . The British commander , Marlborough , wrote that George `` distinguished himself extremely , charging at the head of and animating by his example ( the Hanoverian ) troops , who played a good part in this happy victory '' . Between 1709 and 1713 , George and Caroline had three more children , all girls : Anne , Amelia , and Caroline . By 1714 , Queen Anne 's health had declined , and British Whigs , politicians who supported the Hanoverian succession , thought it prudent for one of the Hanoverians to live in England , to safeguard the Protestant succession on Anne 's death . As George was a peer of the realm ( as Duke of Cambridge ) , it was suggested that he be summoned to Parliament to sit in the House of Lords . Both Anne and George 's father refused to support the plan , although George , Caroline , and Sophia were all in favour . George did not go . Within the year , both Sophia and Anne were dead , and George 's father was king . Prince of Wales ( edit ) Quarrel with the king ( edit ) London , circa 1710 Portrait by Kneller , 1716 George and his father sailed for England from The Hague on 16 / 27 September 1714 and arrived at Greenwich two days later . The following day , they formally entered London in a ceremonial procession . George was given the title of Prince of Wales . Caroline followed her husband to Britain in October with their daughters , while Frederick remained in Hanover to be brought up by private tutors . London was like nothing George had seen before ; it was 50 times larger than Hanover , and the crowd was estimated at up to one and a half million spectators . George courted popularity with voluble expressions of praise for the English , and claimed that he had no drop of blood that was not English . In July 1716 , the king returned to Hanover for six months , and George was given limited powers , as `` Guardian and Lieutenant of the Realm '' , to govern in his father 's absence . He made a royal progress through Chichester , Havant , Portsmouth , and Guildford in southern England . Spectators were allowed to see him dine in public at Hampton Court Palace . An attempt on his life at Drury Lane Theatre , in which one person was shot dead before the assailant was brought under control , boosted his high public profile . His father distrusted or was jealous of George 's popularity , which contributed to the development of a poor relationship between them . The birth in 1717 of George 's second son , Prince George William , proved to be a catalyst for a family quarrel ; the king , supposedly following custom , appointed the Lord Chamberlain , the Duke of Newcastle , as one of the baptismal sponsors of the child . The king was angered when George , who disliked Newcastle , verbally insulted the duke at the christening , which the duke misunderstood as a challenge to a duel . George and Caroline were temporarily confined to their apartments on the order of the king , who subsequently banished his son from St James 's Palace , the king 's residence . The Prince and Princess of Wales left court , but their children remained in the care of the king . George and Caroline missed their children , and were desperate to see them . On one occasion , they secretly visited the palace without the approval of the king ; Caroline fainted and George `` cried like a child '' . The king partially relented and permitted them to visit once a week , though he later allowed Caroline unconditional access . The following February , George William died , with his father by his side . Political opposition ( edit ) Banned from the palace and shunned by his own father , the Prince of Wales was identified for the next several years with opposition to George I 's policies , which included measures designed to increase religious freedom in Great Britain and expand Hanover 's German territories at the expense of Sweden . His new London residence , Leicester House , became a frequent meeting place for his father 's political opponents , including Sir Robert Walpole and Viscount Townshend , who had left the government in 1717 . The king visited Hanover again from May to November 1719 . Instead of appointing George to the guardianship , he established a regency council . In 1720 , Walpole encouraged the king and his son to reconcile , for the sake of public unity , which they did half - heartedly . Walpole and Townshend returned to political office , and rejoined the ministry . George was soon disillusioned with the terms of the reconciliation ; his three daughters who were in the care of the king were not returned and he was still barred from becoming regent during the king 's absences . He came to believe that Walpole had tricked him into the rapprochement as part of a scheme to regain power . Over the next few years , Caroline and he lived quietly , avoiding overt political activity . They had three more children : William , Mary , and Louisa , who were brought up at Leicester House and Richmond Lodge , George 's summer residence . In 1721 , the economic disaster of the South Sea Bubble allowed Walpole to rise to the pinnacle of government . Walpole and his Whig Party were dominant in politics , as the king feared that the Tories would not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement . The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half - century . Early reign ( edit ) Portrait by Charles Jervas , c. 1727 George I died on 11 / 22 June 1727 during one of his visits to Hanover , and George II succeeded him as king and elector at the age of 43 . The new king decided not to travel to Germany for his father 's funeral , which far from bringing criticism led to praise from the English who considered it proof of his fondness for England . He suppressed his father 's will because it attempted to split the Hanoverian succession between George II 's future grandsons rather than vest all the domains ( both in Britain and Hanover ) in a single person . Both British and Hanoverian ministers considered the will unlawful , as George I did not have the legal power to determine the succession personally . Critics supposed that George II hid the will to avoid paying out his father 's legacies . George II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 11 / 22 October 1727 . The composer George Frideric Handel was commissioned to write four new anthems for the coronation , including Zadok the Priest . It was widely believed that George would dismiss Walpole , who had distressed him by joining his father 's government , and replace him with Sir Spencer Compton . George asked Compton , rather than Walpole , to write his first speech as king for him , but Compton asked Walpole to draft it . Caroline advised George to retain Walpole , who continued to gain royal favour by securing a generous civil list ( a fixed annual amount set by Parliament for the king 's official expenditure ) of £ 800,000 . Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability . Compton was ennobled as Lord Wilmington the following year . Portrait by Enoch Seeman , c. 1730 Walpole directed domestic policy , and after the resignation of his brother - in - law Townshend in 1730 also controlled George 's foreign policy . Historians generally believe that George played an honorific role in Britain , and closely followed the advice of Walpole and senior ministers who made the major decisions . Although the king was eager for war in Europe , his ministers were more cautious . The Anglo - Spanish War was brought to an end , and George unsuccessfully pressed Walpole to join the War of the Polish Succession on the side of the German states . In April 1733 , Walpole withdrew an unpopular excise bill that had gathered strong opposition , including from within his own party . George lent support to Walpole by dismissing the bill 's opponents from their court offices . Family problems ( edit ) George II 's relationship with his son and heir apparent , Frederick , Prince of Wales , worsened during the 1730s . Frederick had been left behind in Germany when his parents came to England , and they had not met for 14 years . In 1728 , he was brought to England , and swiftly became a figurehead of the political opposition . When George visited Hanover in the summers of 1729 , 1732 and 1735 , he left his wife to chair the regency council in Britain rather than his son . Meanwhile , rivalry between George II and his brother - in - law and first cousin Frederick William I of Prussia led to tension along the Prussian -- Hanoverian border , which eventually culminated in the mobilization of troops in the border zone and suggestions of a duel between the two kings . Negotiations for a marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William 's daughter Wilhelmine dragged on for years but neither side would make the concessions demanded by the other , and the idea was shelved . Instead , the prince married Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha in April 1736 . In May 1736 , George returned to Hanover , which resulted in unpopularity in England ; a satirical notice was even pinned to the gates of St James 's Palace decrying his absence . `` Lost or strayed out of this house '' , it read , `` a man who has left a wife and six children on the parish . '' The king made plans to return in the face of inclement December weather ; when his ship was caught in a storm , gossip swept London that he had drowned . Eventually , in January 1737 , he arrived back in England . Immediately he fell ill , with piles and a fever , and withdrew to his bed . The Prince of Wales put it about that the king was dying , with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip - mongers . When the Prince of Wales applied to Parliament for an increase in his allowance , an open quarrel broke out . The king , who had a reputation for meanness , offered a private settlement , which Frederick rejected . Parliament voted against the measure , but George reluctantly increased his son 's allowance on the advice of Walpole . Further friction between them followed when Frederick excluded the king and queen from the birth of his daughter in July 1737 by bundling his wife , who was in labour , into a coach and driving off in the middle of the night . George banished him and his family from the royal court , much like the punishment his own father had brought upon him with the exception that he allowed Frederick to retain custody of his children . Soon afterwards , George 's wife Caroline died on 20 November 1737 ( O.S. ) . He was deeply affected by her death , and to the surprise of many displayed `` a tenderness of which the world thought him before utterly incapable '' . On her deathbed she told her sobbing husband to remarry , to which he replied , `` Non , j'aurai des maîtresses ! '' ( French for `` No , I shall have mistresses ! '' ) . It was common knowledge that George had already had mistresses during his marriage , and he had kept Caroline informed about them . Henrietta Howard , later Countess of Suffolk , had moved to Hanover with her husband during the reign of Queen Anne , and she had been one of Caroline 's women of the bedchamber . She was his mistress from before the accession of George I until November 1734 . She was followed by Amalie von Wallmoden , later Countess of Yarmouth , whose son , Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden , may have been fathered by George . Johann Ludwig was born while Amalie was still married to her husband , and George did not acknowledge him publicly as his own son . War and rebellion ( edit ) Against Walpole 's wishes , but to George 's delight , Britain reopened hostilities with Spain in 1739 . Britain 's conflict with Spain , the War of Jenkins ' Ear , became part of the War of the Austrian Succession when a major European dispute broke out upon the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740 . At issue was the right of Charles 's daughter , Maria Theresa , to succeed to his Austrian dominions . George spent the summers of 1740 and 1741 in Hanover , where he was more able to intervene directly in European diplomatic affairs in his capacity as elector . Prince Frederick campaigned actively for the opposition in the British general election of 1741 , and Walpole was unable to secure a stable majority . Walpole attempted to buy off the prince with the promise of an increased allowance and offered to pay off his debts , but Frederick refused . With his support eroded , Walpole retired in 1742 after over 20 years in office . He was replaced by Spencer Compton , Lord Wilmington , whom George had originally considered for the premiership in 1727 . Lord Wilmington , however , was a figurehead ; actual power was held by others , such as Lord Carteret , George 's favourite minister after Walpole . When Wilmington died in 1743 , Henry Pelham took his place at the head of the government . George II envisioned at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 by John Wootton Half - Crown of George II , 1746 . The inscription reads GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA ( George II by the Grace of God ) . The word LIMA under the king 's head signifies that the coin was struck from silver seized from the Spanish treasure fleet off Lima , Peru , during the War of the Austrian Succession . The pro-war faction was led by Carteret , who claimed that French power would increase if Maria Theresa failed to succeed to the Austrian throne . George agreed to send 12,000 hired Hessian and Danish mercenaries to Europe , ostensibly to support Maria Theresa . Without conferring with his British ministers , George stationed them in Hanover to prevent enemy French troops from marching into the electorate . The British army had not fought in a major European war in over 20 years , and the government had badly neglected its upkeep . George had pushed for greater professionalism in the ranks , and promotion by merit rather than by sale of commissions , but without much success . An allied force of Austrian , British , Dutch , Hanoverian and Hessian troops engaged the French at the Battle of Dettingen on 16 / 27 June 1743 . George personally accompanied them , leading them to victory , thus becoming the last British monarch to lead troops into battle . Though his actions in the battle were admired , the war became unpopular with the British public , who felt that the king and Carteret were subordinating British interests to Hanoverian ones . Carteret lost support , and to George 's dismay resigned in 1744 . Tension grew between the Pelham ministry and George , as he continued to take advice from Carteret and rejected pressure from his other ministers to include William Pitt the Elder in the Cabinet , which would have broadened the government 's support base . The king disliked Pitt because he had previously opposed government policy and attacked measures seen as pro-Hanoverian . In February 1746 , Pelham and his followers resigned . George asked Lord Bath and Carteret to form an administration , but after less than 48 hours they returned the seals of office , unable to secure sufficient parliamentary support . Pelham returned to office triumphant , and George was forced to appoint Pitt to the ministry . George 's French opponents encouraged rebellion by the Jacobites , the supporters of the Roman Catholic claimant to the British throne , James Francis Edward Stuart , often known as the Old Pretender . Stuart was the son of James II , who had been deposed in 1688 and replaced by his Protestant relations . Two prior rebellions in 1715 and 1719 had failed . In July 1745 , the Old Pretender 's son , Charles Edward Stuart , popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender , landed in Scotland , where support for his cause was highest . George , who was summering in Hanover , returned to London at the end of August . The Jacobites defeated British forces in September at the Battle of Prestonpans , and then moved south into England . The Jacobites failed to gain further support , and the French reneged on a promise of help . Losing morale , the Jacobites retreated back into Scotland . On 16 / 27 April 1746 , Charles faced George 's military - minded son Prince William , Duke of Cumberland , in the Battle of Culloden , the last pitched battle fought on British soil . The ravaged Jacobite troops were routed by the government army . Charles escaped to France , but many of his supporters were caught and executed . Jacobitism was all but crushed ; no further serious attempt was made at restoring the House of Stuart . The War of the Austrian Succession continued until 1748 , when Maria Theresa was recognized as Archduchess of Austria . The peace was celebrated by a fête in Green Park , London , for which Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks . Later life ( edit ) Portrait by John Shackleton , in or after 1755 In the general election of 1747 , the Prince of Wales again campaigned actively for the opposition but Pelham 's party won easily . Like his father before him , the Prince entertained opposition figures at his house in Leicester Square . When the Prince of Wales died suddenly in 1751 , his eldest son , Prince George , became heir apparent . The king commiserated with the Dowager Princess of Wales and wept with her . As her son would not reach the age of majority until 1756 , a new British Regency Act was passed to make her regent , assisted by a council led by the Duke of Cumberland , in case of George II 's death . The king also made a new will , which provided for Cumberland to be sole regent in Hanover . After the death of his daughter Louisa at the end of the year , George lamented , `` This has been a fatal year for my family . I lost my eldest son -- but I am glad of it ... Now ( Louisa ) is gone . I know I did not love my children when they were young : I hated to have them running into my room ; but now I love them as well as most fathers . '' Seven years ' War ( edit ) In 1754 , Pelham died , to be succeeded by his elder brother , the Duke of Newcastle . Hostility between France and Britain , particularly over the colonization of North America , continued . Fearing a French invasion of Hanover , George aligned himself with Prussia ( ruled by his nephew , Frederick the Great ) , the enemy of Austria . Russia and France allied with their former enemy Austria . A French invasion of the British - held island of Minorca led to the outbreak of the Seven Years ' War in 1756 . Public disquiet over British failures at the start of the conflict led to the resignation of Newcastle and the appointment of the Duke of Devonshire as prime minister and William Pitt the Elder as Secretary of State for the Southern Department . In April the following year , George dismissed Pitt , in an attempt to construct an administration more to his liking . Over the succeeding three months attempts to form another stable ministerial combination failed . In June , James Waldegrave , 2nd Earl Waldegrave , held the seals of office for only four days . By the start of July , Pitt was recalled , and the Duke of Newcastle returned as prime minister . As Secretary of State , Pitt guided policy relating to the war . Great Britain , Hanover and Prussia and their allies Hesse - Kassel and Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel were pitted against other European powers , including France , Austria , Russia , Sweden and Saxony . The war involved multiple theatres from Europe to North America and India , where British dominance increased with the victories of Robert Clive over French forces and their allies at the Battle of Arcot and the Battle of Plassey . George said his son Prince William , Duke of Cumberland ( pictured ) , had `` ruined me and disgraced himself '' at the Convention of Klosterzeven , 1757 . George 's son , the Duke of Cumberland , commanded the king 's troops in northern Germany . In 1757 , Hanover was invaded and George gave Cumberland full powers to conclude a separate peace . By September , however , he was furious at Cumberland 's negotiated settlement , which he felt greatly favoured the French . George said his son had `` ruined me and disgraced himself '' . Cumberland , by his own choice , resigned his military offices , and George revoked the peace deal on the grounds that the French had infringed it by disarming Hessian troops after the ceasefire . In the annus mirabilis of 1759 British forces captured Quebec and Guadeloupe . A French plan to invade Britain was defeated following naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay , and a resumed French advance on Hanover was halted by a joint British -- Hanoverian force at the Battle of Minden . Death ( edit ) By October 1760 , George II was blind in one eye and hard of hearing . On the morning of 25 October , he rose as usual at 6 : 00 am , drank a cup of hot chocolate , and went to his close stool , alone . After a few minutes , his valet heard a loud crash and entered the room to find the king on the floor . The king was lifted into his bed , and Princess Amelia was sent for ; before she reached him , he was dead . At the age of nearly 77 , he had lived longer than any of his English or British predecessors . A post-mortem revealed that the right ventricle of the king 's heart had ruptured as the result of an incipient aortic aneurysm . George II was succeeded by his grandson George III , and was buried on 11 November in Westminster Abbey . He left instructions for the sides of his and his wife 's coffins to be removed so that their remains could mingle . He is the most recent monarch to be buried in Westminster Abbey . Legacy ( edit ) Statue by John Van Nost erected in 1753 in Golden Square , London George donated the royal library to the British Museum in 1757 , four years after the museum 's foundation . He had no interest in reading , or in the arts and sciences , and preferred to spend his leisure hours stag - hunting on horseback or playing cards . In 1737 , he founded the Georg August University of Göttingen , the first university in the Electorate of Hanover , and visited it in 1748 . The asteroid 359 Georgia was named in his honour at the University in 1902 . He served as the Chancellor of Trinity College , Dublin , between 1716 and 1727 , and in 1754 issued the charter for King 's College in New York City , which later became Columbia University . The province of Georgia , founded by royal charter in 1732 , was named after him . During George II 's reign British interests expanded throughout the world , the Jacobite challenge to the Hanoverian dynasty was extinguished , and the power of ministers and Parliament in Britain became well - established . Nevertheless , in the memoirs of contemporaries such as Lord Hervey and Horace Walpole , George is depicted as a weak buffoon , governed by his wife and ministers . Biographies of George written during the nineteenth and first part of the twentieth century relied on these biased accounts . Since the last quarter of the twentieth century , scholarly analysis of surviving correspondence has indicated that George was not as ineffective as previously thought . Letters from ministers are annotated by George with pertinent remarks and demonstrate that he had a grasp of and interest in foreign policy in particular . He was often able to prevent the appointment of ministers or commanders he disliked , or sideline them into lesser offices . This academic reassessment of George II , however , has not totally eliminated the popular perception of him as a `` faintly ludicrous king '' . His parsimony , for example , may have opened him to ridicule , but his biographers observe that parsimony is preferable to extravagance . Lord Charlemont excused George 's short temper by explaining that sincerity of feeling is better than deception , `` His temper was warm and impetuous , but he was good - natured and sincere . Unskilled in the royal talent of dissimulation , he always was what he appeared to be . He might offend , but he never deceived . '' Lord Waldegrave wrote , `` I am thoroughly convinced that hereafter , when time shall have wore away those specks and blemishes which sully the brightest characters , and from which no man is totally exempt , he will be numbered amongst those patriot kings , under whose government the people have enjoyed the greatest happiness '' . George may not have played a strong role in history , but he was influential at times and he upheld constitutional government . Elizabeth Montagu said of him , `` With him our laws and liberties were safe , he possessed in a great degree the confidence of his people and the respect of foreign governments ; and a certain steadiness of character made him of great consequence in these unsettled times ... His character would not afford subject for epic poetry , but will look well in the sober page of history . '' Titles , styles and arms ( edit ) Titles and styles ( edit ) In Britain : From 9 November 1706 ( O.S. ) : Duke and Marquess of Cambridge , Earl of Milford Haven , Viscount Northallerton and Baron of Tewkesbury . 1 August 1714 ( O.S. ) -- 27 September 1714 ( O.S. ) : His Royal Highness George Augustus , Prince of Great Britain , Electoral Prince of Brunswick - Lüneburg , Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay , etc . 27 September 1714 ( O.S. ) -- 11 / 22 June 1727 : His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales , etc . 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 : His Majesty The King . George II 's full style was `` George the Second , by the Grace of God , King of Great Britain , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg , Archtreasurer and Prince - Elector of the Holy Roman Empire '' . Arms ( edit ) When George became Prince of Wales in 1714 , he was granted the royal arms with an inescutcheon of gules plain in the Hanoverian quarter differenced overall by a label of three points argent . The crest included the single arched coronet of his rank . As king , he used the royal arms as used by his father undifferenced . Coat of Arms as the Prince of Wales 1714 -- 1727 Coat of Arms of George II as King of Great Britain 1727 -- 1760 Issue ( edit ) John Croker 's medal of 1732 showing the surviving children of George II : Frederick , William , Anne , Amelia , Caroline , Mary , and Louisa Caroline 's ten pregnancies resulted in eight live births . One of their children died in infancy , and seven lived to adulthood . Name Birth Death Notes Frederick , Prince of Wales 1 February 1707 31 March 1751 married 1736 , Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha ; had issue , including the future George III Anne , Princess Royal 2 November 1709 12 January 1759 married 1734 , William IV , Prince of Orange ; had issue Princess Amelia 10 June 1711 31 October 1786 never married , no issue Princess Caroline 10 June 1713 28 December 1757 never married , no issue Stillborn son 20 November 1716 20 November 1716 Prince George William 13 November 1717 17 February 1718 died in infancy Miscarriage 1718 1718 Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 26 April 1721 31 October 1765 never married , no issue Princess Mary 5 March 1723 14 January 1772 married 1740 , Frederick II , Landgrave of Hesse - Kassel ; had issue Princess Louisa 18 December 1724 19 December 1751 married 1743 , Frederick V , King of Denmark and Norway ; had issue Dates in this table are New Style Ancestry ( edit ) show Ancestors of George II of Great Britain 8 . George , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( = 12 ) 4 . Ernest Augustus , Elector of Brunswick - Lüneburg 9 . Anne Eleonore of Hesse - Darmstadt ( = 13 ) 2 . George I of Great Britain 10 . Frederick V , Elector Palatine 5 . Sophia , Princess Palatine of the Rhine 11 . Elizabeth Stuart 1 . George II of Great Britain 12 . George , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( = 8 ) 6 . George William , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg 13 . Anne Eleonore of Hesse - Darmstadt ( = 9 ) 3 . Sophia Dorothea of Celle 14 . Alexandre II Desmier , Seigneur d'Olbreuse 7 . Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse , Countess of Wilhelmsburg 15 . Jacquette Poussard de Vandré Notes ( edit ) ^ O.S. / N.S. Over the course of George 's life , two calendars were used : the Old Style Julian calendar and the New Style Gregorian calendar . Before 1700 , the two calendars were 10 days apart . Hanover switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 19 February ( O.S. ) / 1 March ( N.S. ) 1700 . Great Britain switched on 3 / 14 September 1752 . George was born on 30 October Old Style , which was 9 November New Style , but because the calendar shifted forward a further day in 1700 , the date is occasionally miscalculated as 10 November . In this article , individual dates before September 1752 are indicated as either O.S. or N.S. or both . All dates after September 1752 are N.S. only . All years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March , which was the English New Year . ^ A Hanover had about 1,800 houses , whereas London had 100,000 . ^ B George shook his fist at Newcastle and said `` You are a rascal ; I shall find you out ! '' , which the duke apparently misheard as `` You are a rascal ; I shall fight you ! '' Sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cannon . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Thompson , p. 19 ; Van der Kiste , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 7 ; Van der Kiste , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 and Union with England Act 1707 , The National Archives , retrieved 20 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 30 ; Van der Kiste , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 31 ; Van der Kiste , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 32 ; Trench , p. 18 ; Van der Kiste , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 38 ; Van der Kiste , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 39 -- 40 ; Trench , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 55 ; Van der Kiste , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 63 -- 65 ; Van der Kiste , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 45 ; Thompson , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 75 ; Van der Kiste , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 46 ; Thompson , p. 53 ; Trench , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 67 , 87 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 48 -- 50 , 55 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 79 , 82 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 57 ; Trench , pp. 88 -- 90 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 52 ; Thompson , p. 58 ; Trench , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 54 ; Thompson , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 45 ; Trench , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 88 ; Cannon ; Trench , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 80 ; Trench , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 81 -- 84 ; Black , Walpole in Power , pp. 29 -- 31 , 53 , 61 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 173 -- 174 ; Van der Kiste , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 141 -- 143 ; Thompson , pp. 102 -- 103 ; Trench , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 141 -- 142 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 85 -- 86 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 118 , 126 , 139 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 182 -- 184 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 185 -- 187 ; Van der Kiste , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 136 ; Thompson , pp. 7 , 64 ; Trench , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 189 -- 190 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 120 ; Trench , p. 192 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 155 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 196 ; Van der Kiste , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Hervey 's Memoirs , vol . III , p. 916 , quoted in Thompson , p. 124 , and Van der Kiste , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 124 ; Trench , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 92 ; Trench , pp. 175 , 181 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , pp. 25 , 137 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 157 ; Kilburn ; Weir , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 133 , 139 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 174 ; Trench , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 150 . Jump up ^ `` Silver ' Lima ' crown ( 5 shillings ) of George II '' , British Museum , retrieved 26 August 2011 Archive at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 April 2011 ) Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 211 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 206 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 111 ; Trench , pp. 136 , 208 ; Van der Kiste , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 148 ; Trench , pp. 217 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 181 -- 184 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 185 -- 186 ; Thompson , p. 160 ; Van der Kiste , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 190 -- 193 ; Thompson , pp. 162 , 169 ; Trench , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 164 , 184 , 195 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 190 -- 193 ; Cannon ; Trench , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 187 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 199 ; Trench , p. 243 ; Van der Kiste , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 208 ; Trench , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 207 -- 211 ; Thompson , p. 209 ; Trench , p. 249 ; Van der Kiste , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Horace Walpole 's memoirs , vol . I , p. 152 , quoted in Thompson , p. 213 and Trench , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 233 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 231 -- 232 ; Thompson , p. 252 ; Trench , pp. 271 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Ashley , p. 677 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 265 -- 266 ; Trench , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 268 ; Trench , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Horace Walpole 's memoirs , vol . III , p. 61 , quoted in Trench , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 276 ; Trench , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 270 ; Trench , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 293 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 275 ; Trench , p. 292 ; Van der Kiste , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 289 -- 290 ; Van der Kiste , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Frank ( 1761 ) `` Observations concerning the body of His Late Majesty '' , Philos Trans Lond 52 : 265 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 253 ; Thompson , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , between pp. 150 and 151 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 68 , 127 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 127 ; Thompson , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Trench , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 128 ; Trench , pp. 140 , 152 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 255 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 258 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 144 -- 146 ; Cannon ; Trench , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Best , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 82 ; Trench , p. 300 ; Lord Waldegrave 's Memoirs quoted in Trench , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Charlemont quoted in Cannon and Trench , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Trench , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 138 ; Cannon ; Trench , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Black , George II , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Weir , p. 277 . Jump up ^ e.g. `` No. 5264 '' . The London Gazette. 28 September 1714 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ e.g. A Lima half - crown ( MEC1598 ) , National Maritime Museum , retrieved 7 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pinches and Pinches , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Weir , pp. 277 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , pp. 272 -- 275 . ^ Jump up to : Haag et al. , pp. 347 -- 349 . Jump up ^ Huberty et al. , p. 108 Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 63 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens . London : Robinson . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 Best , Nicholas ( 1995 ) The Kings and Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 83487 - 8 Black , Jeremy ( 2001 ) Walpole in Power . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2523 - X Black , Jeremy ( 2007 ) George II : Puppet of the Politicians ? Exeter : University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 807 - 2 Cannon , John ( 2004 ) `` George II ( 1683 -- 1760 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , retrieved 16 August 2011 doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10539 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Haag , Eugène ; Haag , Émile ; Bordier , Henri Léonard ( 1877 ) La France Protestante . Paris : Sandoz et Fischbacher ( in French ) online edition Huberty , Michel ; Giraud , Alain ; Magdelaine , F. et B. ( 1981 ) L'Allemagne Dynastique . Volume 3 : Brunswick - Nassau - Schwarzbourg . Le Perreux - sur - Marne : Giraud . ISBN 2 - 901138 - 03 - 9 Kilburn , Matthew ( 2004 ) `` Wallmoden , Amalie Sophie Marianne von , suo jure countess of Yarmouth ( 1704 -- 1765 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , retrieved 30 November 2012 doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 28579 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Pinches , John Harvey ; Pinches , Rosemary ( 1974 ) The Royal Heraldry of England . Slough , Buckinghamshire : Hollen Street Press . ISBN 0 - 900455 - 25 - X Thompson , Andrew C. ( 2011 ) George II : King and Elector . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11892 - 6 Trench , Charles Chevenix ( 1975 ) George II . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0481 - X Van der Kiste , John ( 1997 ) George II and Queen Caroline . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1321 - 5 Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy . London : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Bultmann , William A. ( 1966 ) `` Early Hanoverian England ( 1714 -- 1760 ) : Some Recent Writings '' in Elizabeth Chapin Furber , ed . Changing views on British history : essays on historical writing since 1939 . Harvard University Press , pp. 181 -- 205 Dickinson , Harry T. ; introduced by A.L. Rowse ( 1973 ) Walpole and the Whig Supremacy . London : The English Universities Press . ISBN 0 - 340 - 11515 - 7 Hervey , John Hervey Baron ( 1931 ) Some materials towards memoirs of the reign of King George II . Eyre & Spottiswoode Marshall , Dorothy ( 1962 ) Eighteenth Century England 1714 -- 1784 Robertson , Charles Grant ( 1911 ) England under the Hanoverians . London : Methuen Smith , Hannah ( 2005 ) `` The Court in England , 1714 -- 1760 : A Declining Political Institution ? '' History 90 ( 297 ) : 23 -- 41 Smith , Hannah ( 2006 ) Georgian Monarchy : Politics and Culture , 1714 -- 1760 . Cambridge University Press Williams , Basil ; revized by C.H. Stuart ( 1962 ) The Whig Supremacy 1714 -- 1760 . Second edition . Oxford : Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to George II of Great Britain . Wikiquote has quotations related to : George II of Great Britain George II at BBC History George II at the official website of the British monarchy `` Archival material relating to George II of Great Britain '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of King George II at the National Portrait Gallery , London George II of Great Britain House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born : 9 November 1683 Died : 25 October 1760 Regnal titles Preceded by George I King of Great Britain and Ireland , Elector of Hanover 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 Succeeded by George III British royalty Vacant Title last held by James Prince of Wales Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 1714 -- 1727 Succeeded by Frederick Academic offices Preceded by The Duke of Ormonde Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1715 -- 1727 Succeeded by HRH Frederick , Prince of Wales English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway John Balliol Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James VI & I Charles I Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Kingdom of Great Britain History Union of 1707 Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Jacobitism Jacobite risings War of Jenkins ' Ear French and Indian War Boston Massacre American Revolutionary War Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 -- 1784 ) French Revolutionary Wars Union of 1801 Royal Houses Stuart Anne Hanover George I George II George III Politics Parliament House of Lords House of Commons List of Parliaments Acts of Parliament : 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Elections : 1708 1710 1713 1715 1722 1727 1734 1741 1747 1754 1761 1768 1774 1780 1784 1790 1796 Monarchy Peers Privy Council Prime Minister List Whigs Tories Whig Junto Patriot Whigs Kit - Cat Club Geography Great Britain Architecture Queen Anne Georgian Other East India Company British Empire Longitude prize Window tax Proclamation of Rebellion South Sea Company Speenhamland system Symbols Flag Coat of arms History of Great Britain category British princes The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick , Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George III Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick 4th generation King George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Prince Albert King George V of Hanover Prince George , Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VII Prince Alfred , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany Prince Ernest Augustus 7th generation Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Prince George , Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles , Prince of Wales Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex James , Viscount Severn 12th generation Prince George of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . Princes of Wales Edward ( 1301 -- 1307 ) Edward ( 1343 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Edward ( 1454 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1471 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1489 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1504 -- 1509 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry ( 1610 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1616 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1641 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1729 -- 1751 ) George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1958 -- present ) See also : Principality of Wales Dukes of Cornwall Edward ( 1337 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Henry ( 1421 -- 1422 ) Edward ( 1453 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1470 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1486 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1502 -- 1509 ) Henry ( 1511 ) Henry ( 1513 ) Henry ( 1515 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1701 / 2 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) Cornwall Portal Dukes of Rothesay David ( 1398 -- 1402 ) James ( 1402 -- 1406 ) Alexander ( 1430 ) James ( 1430 -- 1437 ) James ( 1452 -- 1460 ) James ( 1473 -- 1488 ) James ( 1507 -- 1508 ) Arthur ( 1509 -- 1510 ) James ( 1512 -- 1513 ) James ( 1540 -- 1541 ) James ( 1566 -- 1567 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles James ( 1629 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1689 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) Dukes of Cambridge Charles ( 1660 -- 1661 ; only styled ) James ( 1664 -- 1667 ) Edgar ( 1667 -- 1671 ) Charles ( 1677 -- 1677 ; only styled ) George ( 1706 -- 1727 ) Adolphus ( 1801 -- 1850 ) George ( 1850 -- 1904 ) William ( 2011 -- present ) Rulers of Hanover Electors of Hanover Ernest Augustus I ( Elector - designate ) George I Louis * George II * George III * Kings of Hanover George III * George IV * William * Ernest Augustus II George V * also British monarch BIBSYS : 6081415 BNF : cb131888654 ( data ) GND : 118538543 ISNI : 0000 0001 2101 109X LCCN : n83041856 SELIBR : 209669 SNAC : w6cr5v3d SUDOC : 035427655 ULAN : 500353655 VIAF : 150145970160432251322 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_II_of_Great_Britain&oldid=853730071 '' Categories : George II of Great Britain 1683 births 1760 deaths 17th - century German people 18th - century German people 18th - century British people 18th - century Irish monarchs Burials at Westminster Abbey Chancellors of the University of Dublin Deaths from aortic dissection Dukes of Bremen and Verden Dukes of Cambridge Dukes of Cornwall Dukes of Rothesay Dukes of Saxe - Lauenburg Electoral Princes of Hanover Electors of Hanover English pretenders to the French throne German people of Huguenot descent House of Hanover Knights of the Garter Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain Monarchs of Great Britain People from Hanover People related to the history of the Georgia Salzburgers Princes of Great Britain Princes of Wales Protestant monarchs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use British English Oxford spelling from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles containing German - language text Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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who was the king of england in 1744
[ "George II\nPortrait by Thomas Hudson, 1744King of Great Britain and IrelandElector of Hanover (more...)Reign\n11/22O.S./N.S. June 1727 – 25 October 1760Coronation\n11/22O.S./N.S. October 1727Predecessor\nGeorge ISuccessor\nGeorge IIIBorn\n30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S.Herrenhausen Palace,[1] or Leine Palace,[2] HanoverDied\n25 October 1760(1760-10-25) (aged 76)Kensington Palace, LondonBurial\n11 November 1760Westminster Abbey, LondonSpouse\nCaroline of Ansbach(m. 1705; d. 1737)IssueDetail\n\nFrederick, Prince of Wales\nAnne, Princess of Orange\nPrincess Amelia\nPrincess Caroline\nPrince George William\nWilliam, Duke of Cumberland\nMary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel\nLouisa, Queen of Denmark and Norway\n\nFull name\nGeorge AugustusGerman: Georg AugustHouse\nHanoverFather\nGeorge I of Great BritainMother\nSophia Dorothea of CelleReligion\nProtestantSignature\n" ]
[ "George II" ]
-2471614913637508823
The Sims 3
The Sims 3 - wikipedia The Sims 3 Jump to : navigation , search The Sims 3 The 2009 - 2010 box art for The Sims 3 Developer ( s ) The Sims Studio ( Maxis ) EA Mobile ( mobile ) Edge of Reality ( consoles ) Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Producer ( s ) JoAnna Lio Amos Lyndsay Pearson Designer ( s ) Ray Mazza Matt Goss Eric Holmberg - Weidler Juan Custer Programmer ( s ) Darren Gyles Artist ( s ) Morgan Godat Composer ( s ) Steve Jablonsky Pieter A. Schlosser Series The Sims Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Android , BlackBerry OS , Windows Phone , Bada , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Nintendo DS , Wii , Nintendo 3DS Release June 2 , 2009 ( show ) Windows , OS X NA : June 2 , 2009 AU : June 4 , 2009 EU : June 4 , 2009 UK : June 5 , 2009 Mobile June 2 , 2009 Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Nintendo DS NA : October 26 , 2010 EU : October 29 , 2010 AU : November 5 , 2010 Wii EU : November 12 , 2010 NA : November 15 , 2010 AU : November 18 , 2010 Nintendo 3DS EU : March 25 , 2011 NA : March 27 , 2011 Genre ( s ) Life simulation Mode ( s ) Single - player The Sims 3 is the third major title in the life simulation video game developed by The Sims Studio ( Maxis ) and published by Electronic Arts . It is the sequel to The Sims 2 . It was announced that it was in development for PlayStation 3 and Wii in November 2006 , and later announced for OS X and Microsoft Windows . It was first released on June 2 , 2009 simultaneously for OS X and Microsoft Windows -- both versions on the same disc . Smartphone versions were also released on June 2 , 2009 . Console versions were released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo DS in October 2010 and a month later for the Wii . The Windows Phone version was made available on the Windows Phone Store on October 15 , 2010 . A Nintendo 3DS version , released on March 27 , 2011 , was one of its launch titles . The Sims 3 was a commercial success , selling 1.4 million copies in its first week . Critics issued mostly positive reviews , with a 86 / 100 score from aggregator Metacritic . The game has sold over ten million copies worldwide since its 2009 release , making it one of the best - selling PC games of all time . The last of eleven expansion packs , Into the Future , was released in October 2013 . A sequel , The Sims 4 , was released in September 2014 for computers and in November 2017 for consoles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Create a Sim 1.2 Skills 1.3 Careers 1.4 Worlds 1.5 Build / Buy modes 1.6 Create a World 2 Development 2.1 Developing Team : Bringing the Game to Life 2.1. 1 Story Creation for Game Play 2.2 Marketing 2.3 Audio 2.4 Software copy restriction 2.5 Delay 2.6 Release 2.7 Smartphone 2.8 Console 3 Expansions , add - ons , editions 3.1 Expansion packs 3.2 Stuff packs 3.3 Editions 3.4 The Sims 3 Store 4 Reception 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` The Sims 3 '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Sims 3 is built upon the same concept as its predecessors . Players control their own Sims ' activities and relationships in a manner similar to real life . The game play is open - ended and does not have a defined goal . Challenges occur randomly based on aspects of each Sim 's lifestyle , such as relationships , skills and job . Career opportunities such as working overtime or completing special tasks can yield a pay raise , cash bonus , or relationship boost . Skill opportunities are requests by neighbors or community members for Sims to solve problems using their acquired skills for cash or relationship rewards . If the opportunity is connected to a Sim 's school , the reward may be increased school performance . The new reward system Wishes replaces the Wants And Fears system in its predecessor The Sims 2 . Fulfilling a Sim 's wish contributes to the Sim 's Lifetime Happiness score , allowing players to purchase lifetime rewards for the cost of those Lifetime Happiness points . The game includes an optional feature called `` Story Progression '' which allows all Sims in the neighborhood to autonomously continue free will without the player ever controlling those sims . Sims live for a set duration of time that is adjustable by the player and advance through several life stages ( baby , toddler , child , teen , young adult , adult , and elder ) . Sims can die of old age or they can die prematurely from causes such as fire , starvation , drowning , electrocution . Further causes of death were added in the games expansion packs . Create a Sim ( edit ) The Sims 3 introduces many more character customization options than its predecessor The Sims 2 . The player has a larger selection of body types for Sims as muscle and body weight sliders have been introduced . However , toddlers do not have the option to have their weight customized . The Late Night expansion pack also added sliders for breast size and muscle definition that are also included in the base game . Expanded skin tone options have also been added . Each skin tone can be further customized with a light to dark slider . The player is able to pick their Sim 's shoes , a feature previously limited to console versions of The Sims and The Sims 2 . There are a total of 22 hairstyles for female Sims and 17 hairstyles for male Sims with more available through either expansion packs , stuff packs , The Sims 3 Store or third - party custom content . Hats and accessories may be applied and may also have their colors and textures altered . Each Sim 's hair color can be chosen from one of eight basic colors , or the hair color can be customized using a color wheel to choose the base hair color , roots , highlights or tips . The Sims 3 offers many more character customization options than its predecessors . With the addition of `` Advanced Mode '' , players can focus on single features on a characters body to modify , allowing for detailed customization . Players also have the option of giving freckles , beauty marks , and tattoos to their Sims . Skills ( edit ) There are several skill - dependent abilities , such as more social interactions available from high charisma , special songs for guitar players , and appliance upgrades ( self - cleaning , more TV channels , etc . ) for high handiness . Sims can begin building skills as early as their toddler days . While skills do not show up in the meter right away , using skill building objects is rewarded once the toddler grows into a child . The basic skills include Logic , Cooking , Painting , Gardening , Writing , Guitar , Athletic , Handiness , Charisma and Fishing . New skills were later added in expansion packs . When Sims reach level 10 of a skill , they will get a certificate in the mail . Each skill has a tab in the skill journal detailing the level of the skill , statistics , what the challenges are , and sometimes other special information . Various challenges are also available in the skill journal . When a challenge is completed , Sims can earn rewards . All of these rewards earn some kind of benefit , such as quicker completion , better results , etc . With the Ambitions expansion pack , the skill journal also shows hidden skills that a Sim has learned . Careers ( edit ) Many of the careers from The Sims 2 , and The Sims , such as the Law Enforcement and Athletic tracks , are in The Sims 3 . The careers in the core game are Business , Culinary , Criminal , Journalism , Law Enforcement , Medical , Military , Music , Political , Science , and Professional Sports . Professions in the Ambitions expansion pack include Firefighter , Ghost Hunter , Investigator , Architectural Designer , and Stylist . The part - time jobs available include such positions as a Bookstore Clerk , Grocery Store Clerk , Spa Receptionist , Spa Specialist and a Mausoleum Gravedigger . Part - time jobs have a lower pay than full - time jobs and do not give career opportunities . Part - time jobs are also available for teen Sims . The Ambitions expansion pack also introduced professions , careers that allow the player direct control over their Sims ' work and how they spend their days , and the ability for Sims to register at City Hall as self - employed in a skill career . Sims can look for these jobs in the newspaper , the computer , or apply at the `` rabbit hole '' building where they would like to work . Sims are also able to make a living at home through their skills such as selling their own paintings , writing novels , playing guitar for tips , or growing fruit and vegetables . Jobs such as nectar making is also a profession with the Sims 3 World Adventures . Sims can also buy out businesses and receive a percentage of the profits they earn . Advancing in a career still depends on mood and skills , but with the addition that relationships with colleagues / boss and even certain goals that have to be fulfilled . Players now have more control as to their Sims work , with the option to `` Work Hard '' , `` Take It Easy '' , `` Suck Up To Boss '' , etc . Depending upon which of these the Sim is directed affects the performance bar . If the performance bar is maxed out , this will help to increase a Sims chances of being promoted . A new feature The Sims 3 offers is branching careers , which allows Sims to choose a certain path in their career ( such as a Sim in the Music career can eventually choose to specialize in Symphonic music or Rock ) . These branches are generally offered around level 6 of a career , depending on which career the Sim is working . Worlds ( edit ) Neighborhoods are now being officially referred to as ' worlds ' , or , when moving , towns , possibly due to Electronic Arts ' use of the Create a World tool and the neighborhoods scale . Worlds are now ' seamless ' , open to exploration between lots and are affected by a new game mechanic called story progression . The primary world in the game is Sunset Valley , while an additional world called Riverview can be obtained for free . All expansion packs to date ( except Generations and Seasons ) have included a world , and additional worlds can be bought at The Sims 3 Store for sim points . The Create a World tool allows players to make their own neighborhoods with custom terrains similar to Sim City 4 . A game patch , released in conjunction with the release of Ambitions , also allows players to manipulate pre-made neighborhoods to a limited degree , such as adding or removing lots and scenery . As of Late Night , worlds are divided into `` Sims 3 Towns and `` Late Night Towns '' . There seem to be important differences between the two , like the sims they can spawn , etc . Up to now , Bridgeport is the only pre-made world to be cataloged as a city . The rest , including the exotic destinations from World Adventures , are considered suburbs . On March 19 , 2008 , EA revealed open world , a new feature , for The Sims 3 . Players can explore the world outside their Sims ' homes without having to face strenuous loading times . Every house lot is now synchronized with the main neighborhood time . In previous Sims games , the time of day was separate and different for each house lot . Players can interact with every building and amenity in a city . Although players are unable to see inside of certain commercial buildings often called rabbitholes ( grocery , bookstore , theater , police station , school , etc . ) , they are able to enter and retain limited control over their Sims ' actions while in these locations . The player has complete control in some other commercial buildings -- such as the gym , library and the beach house . All occupied residential buildings can be entered in the same manner as a Sims ' home , provided that the buildings are not empty or it is not too late at night . Build / buy modes ( edit ) The build and buy modes have received their own makeover . The square tile outlines that appeared on the ground in previous Sims games ' build and buy modes are now a quarter of their original size to give the player more liberty to place objects where they want . Alternatively , it is possible to place objects freely without square tiles , an option that was missing in previous Sims games . Players can re-color and re-pattern the furniture and other items to specific shades and patterns with the new Create - a-Style and make houses with five levels ( basements of up to four floors deep ) . Build mode is one of three modes in The Sims 3 . It is used mainly for construction and architectural work . Some items that would be considered to be in build mode , such as counters and lights , are actually in the buy mode section . Build mode can be used to do many things including adding walls , paint / cover walls , add doors and windows , lay down flooring , create foundations and raised decks , create basements by using either foundations or the Basement tool , add columns and supports , create pools , raise and lower land , create ponds , build gardens and landscape a lot , add fireplaces , add additional floors / stories to a building , add stairs , and add a roof . Some expansion packs released after The Sims 3 add extra build mode features such as ceiling construction and designing the terrain , Players can not build or place objects outside the limits of the lot . Walls and foundations can not be placed within one tile of the outer limit of the lot . Fences can be placed all the way up to the edge of the lot and all structures built by the players are limited to five above - ground stories as well as four basement levels . Buildings can be modified to appear to be taller than five stories , either using shells ( introduced in Late Night ) or by use of the constrainfloorelevation false cheat , which disables the requirement for above - ground floors to be uniform in height and level . There will , however , still be only a maximum of five usable above - ground floors . The height of a section of wall is equal to the length of 3 - floor squares . This is most noticeable while placing a 45 ° roof . It is possible that the length of a game tile is 1 meter , and that the height of a section of wall would then be 3 meters . In some situations , Build mode , as well as Buy mode , may become disabled , such as during a fire , burglary , or other major event . This is done to prevent modifications to the lot that may impact or prevent a game event from occurring . After the event has ended , Build and Buy modes will be re-activated . This feature has been an annoyance to many players and is disabled in many mods . Depreciation of objects is visible in The Sims 3 . All objects depreciate 10 % as soon as the player exits build mode . This adds realism to the game and gives the player limited tries at building before the costs of building use up too much of the funds intended for furnishing and living expenses . When in build mode , players can return items for full value by using the undo tool . In Buy mode , the player may purchase items from the catalog , sell objects that are on the current lot , and arrange objects on the current lot . Construction - related elements such as doors , windows , fences , and stairs are not associated with buy mode , but are in build mode . Buy mode largely focuses on furniture and appliances . The descriptions of many of the objects available for purchase in the game ( namely the least expensive ones ) involve humor , sarcasm , insults towards the player , and wit , and serves as comic relief in the game . For example , one of the cheapest cars available in The Sims 3 , the `` Big Lemon '' , notes that although the car 's doors are jammed and its ignition is faulty , it is still worth buying . Another example is the outdoor entertainment item `` Foot - and - Hand Ball '' used to train the athletic skill , which references and pokes fun at American football , which , despite its name , rarely involves contact with the ball via the feet . A feature that was introduced in The Sims 2 and stays present currently is the eyedropper tool . When the eyedropper tool is pointed at a wall covering , floor covering , or most objects , will show the name of what it 's pointed at . Clicking on a wall or floor covering will switch to the appropriate area of build mode and select that covering so it can be applied . Clicking on an object will make an exact duplicate of it , and will focus the catalog on that object . The family inventory is a space where objects that are too large to be held in a Sim 's personal inventory are kept . Certain opportunities may make an object available in the Family Inventory . When a Sim family moves , if `` pack furniture '' is selected , all objects in the household will be placed in the Family inventory , to be moved and rearranged in the new house . Introduced in patch 42 , blueprint mode ( a subset of the build mode ) , allows players to choose from pre-made rooms . A player can place down blueprints anywhere furniture can go , and after `` realizing '' them , have the blueprints automatically laid out . Create a world ( edit ) On October 29 , 2009 , Electronic Arts announced `` Create a World '' ( CAW ) , which is a game world editor that allows players to create their own custom cities from scratch for use within the game . Players can customize lots , choose terrain patterns and add roads , vegetation and neighborhood accents ( such as water towers and lighthouses ) . CAW also allows players to import designs from PNG files for use in their worlds . Users can upload their worlds to The Sims 3 Exchange for download by other players . The editor tool is offered to players as a separate download ( 156MB ) , and was released on December 16 , 2009 as a beta version . EA will offer technical support and updates . Players are able to share their neighborhoods as with other content . The Create A World tool is currently only available for Windows - based PCs . Development ( edit ) Electronic Arts first announced The Sims 3 on March 19 , 2008 . The game was developed at The Sims Studio located in Redwood Shores , California . On January 15 , 2009 , EA invited `` some of the best '' custom content creators to their campus at Redwood Shores where they were hosting a Creator 's Camp . Creators have been invited to spend the week exploring and creating content like Sims , houses and customized content . The Creators ' work is used to pre-populate The Sims 3 Exchange . In the seventh expansion pack for The Sims 2 , The Sims 2 : FreeTime , an event occurs in which a Sim - version of Rod Humble , the head of The Sims franchise , gives the player 's Sim family an unopened gift box . When opened , the family gets a computer with The Sims 3 on it . The Sims 3 game can not be bought in the catalog . Sims can then play The Sims 3 on their computers or console systems . Like all the other games that Sims can play in The Sims 2 , The Sims 3 is a looping gameplay video shown on the player 's Sim 's computer screens when played by a Sim . On July 15 , 2008 the first video preview of The Sims 3 appeared on the official website as did seven new screenshots and five Create - A-Sim screens . Four screenshots that appeared on the website and were then taken down soon after , leaked onto the Internet by a member of the community . Copies of the video game Spore also came packaged with fliers advertising the game , with information stating whole - neighborhood accessibility and endless possibilities on character creation . On October 31 , 2008 , two teaser trailers were released by Electronic Arts featuring a comical view on the 2008 presidential election in the United States . Candidates John McCain and Barack Obama were included along with respective running mates Sarah Palin and Joe Biden . In the eighth expansion pack of The Sims 2 , The Sims 2 : Apartment Life , new objects were added including logo posters and framed screenshots . The game was shipped with a code and an Internet address , where the player could download clothing with The Sims 3 logo on it . Another developer walk through was released on November 6 , 2008 , featuring in - depth previews of the neighborhood and Create - A-Sim . On May 8 , 2009 , EA announced that The Sims 3 had gone gold meaning that the game had finished beta testing stage and was off for manufacturing ahead of its June 2009 release . On May 15 , 2009 EA released some online interactive teaser experiences on The Sims 3 Website , including ' SimFriend ' , which allows users to choose a virtual Sim Friend who would email them throughout the day . ' SimSocial ' , which allows users to create their own Sim online , and have an adventure with them . ' SimSidekick ' , which allows users to surf the web with a sim . Two weeks before the game was scheduled to be released , an unauthorized copy of the digital distribution version of the game leaked onto the Internet . EA later commented the leak was a `` buggy , pre-final '' version . EA claims that more than half of the game is missing and is susceptible to crashes or worse . Reportedly , the title has seen higher copyright infringement rates than that of the most torrented game of 2008 , Spore . Developing team : bringing the game to life ( edit ) The development team was faced with bringing the game to life and pleasing the community of players who were familiar with the original Sims games and wanted something fresh . In order to get the community involved and bring life into a programmed world they relied on user feedback and inspiration from the real world to harness into a digital space . In order to create the animations in the game , so they look believable but goofy , they shoot real life reference of people doing tasks in outrageous ways until satisfied with the outcome . They add in the smallest of animations which gives the sims that much more personality and realness . This use of real world influence can be seen in the World Adventures where they have three worlds ( each world represents China , Egypt , and Paris ) and the Katy Perry branded expansion and stuff packs which feature Katy Perry in sims form and an array of different items themed to candy and food . The sims team also brought in music artists to perform some of their songs in the language of sims , Simlish . The music taste of sims is just as diverse in game as it is in real life and the developers sought people from all musical backgrounds to record songs for in game . This not only brings in another real world aspect to the game but it is also an exclusive honor given to those chosen by the development team ; these artists have ranged from Katy Perry , Lady Antebellum , Flaming Lips , Damien Marley , Depeche Mode , Nelly Furtado , and even Flo Rida . The recordings for the simlish versions of the songs can also be found on the official Sims team YouTube channel , The Sims . Story creation for game play ( edit ) The stories that the developers intertwine in the Sims 3 ; that the players then interact with , is what also makes the sims feel more like a simulation of life . The developers understand that `` one of the coolest things about the Sims 3 is that my story is part of a bigger story , the neighborhood is growing and changing around me and my characters and the story i 'm telling is affected by that ... '' and from all of this cross story mixing comes a new player experience . These stories create immersion in the game for the players and those who play the game can start sharing some of their funny experiences in the game with people in the real world ; thus bringing in players who have never even considered playing video games before . Each character in the game that was specifically created by the developers have their own life story , wishes , dreams , and personalities . The developers spend a lot of time trying to get the world to feel seamless and the characters to feel real but they do not forget about the sims and homes they populate the game with before release . One of the most well known and even infamous families in the sims 3 would be The Goths who have been written into the games lore since the beginning of The Sims in 2000 . The players have fallen in love with the mystery and lore of the Goth family and many people have taken it into their own hands to speculate on what really happened to the family . The developers want the players to be able to take the game and make their own individual worlds , characters and stories . Marketing ( edit ) In April 2009 , Electronic Arts began to post billboards in many areas in advertisement for the game . Many of the billboards covered skyscrapers in densely populated areas , most notably Times Square in New York City . The costs of these billboards was estimated to be $10 million a month . This marketing campaign proved successful , as The Sims 3 sold 1.4 million copies in its first week , breaking the record for all EA games . On March 23 , 2009 , the look and feel of The Sims 3 was threaded throughout the storyline of an episode of The CW series One Tree Hill . On screen , the episode opens in an idealized Sims version of One Tree Hill and then transitions into the real Tree Hill . As this episode plays out , Sims versions of popular One Tree Hill characters are introduced and then morph into the real - life characters , including Dan ( Paul Johansson ) , Lucas ( Chad Michael Murray ) and Peyton ( Hilarie Burton ) . The Sims 3 versions of the characters are available for download via CW 's official website . On April 19 , 2009 , Target exclusively released a promotional disc of The Sims 3 that features a Ladytron band poster , The Sims 3 theme song music download , and a $5 off coupon . The main menu includes screensaver downloads , videos , Create - A-Sim , Create - A-House , and much more . There is no actual gameplay involved , but it describes what playing feels like . On July 14 , 2010 , Ford Motor began a promotion at The Sims 3 Store by allowing players to download their newest car at the time , the Ford Fiesta Mark VII . The car also came with a collection of street signs . On October 27 , 2010 , the download was updated to include the Fiesta Hatchback . The 2012 Ford Focus was made available to download on June 8 , 2011 . The car included one male Ford T - shirt , one female Ford T - shirt , a stereo , and a set of neon lights , all for use in - game . The Focus pack was available to download on Mac , PC , Xbox , and PlayStation platforms . Audio ( edit ) Music for The Sims 3 was composed by Steve Jablonsky . Scores were recorded with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox . Music for the game 's stereo and guitar objects was produced by others , including Darrell Brown , Rebeca Mauleon , and Peppino D'Agostino . Additional music was produced by APM Music . Two soundtracks have been released for The Sims 3 base game , The Sims 3 Soundtrack and The Sims 3 -- Stereo Jams . The soundtrack includes theme music and the Stereo Jams album includes music from stereos in game . All songs on Stereo Jams are in Simlish . ( show ) The Sims 3 soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` The Sims Theme '' 1 : 55 2 . `` Simmering Mallets '' 3 : 01 3 . `` Consumerism Simplified '' 2 : 58 4 . `` Verisimilitude '' 3 : 03 5 . `` Simple Assembly '' 2 : 57 6 . `` Aisles of Miles of Smiles '' 3 : 00 7 . `` Identity Check '' 2 : 51 8 . `` Simple Directions '' 2 : 55 9 . `` Some Assimbly Required '' 3 : 00 10 . `` Let 's Assimilate '' 2 : 58 11 . `` Do n't Be Parsimonious '' 3 : 01 12 . `` Constructive Simicism '' 2 : 57 13 . `` Maps & Simbols '' 2 : 57 14 . `` Amazing Facsimile '' 2 : 44 15 . `` Striking Similarities '' 3 : 03 16 . `` Cartographer 's Simphony '' 3 : 03 17 . `` Fortissimo Personality '' 3 : 01 ( show ) The Sims 3 -- Stereo Jams No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Santa Rosa '' Vespa Sun 3 : 40 2 . `` Arcadia '' Eric Pressley 4 : 32 3 . `` Distressed '' Junkie XL 3 : 05 4 . `` Ramooned '' Eric Pressley 3 : 48 5 . `` Groove On '' Junkie XL 4 : 01 6 . `` Podie Tie '' Eric Pressley 3 : 27 7 . `` Sta Moogie '' Eric Pressley 3 : 51 8 . `` Ever Seen This '' Aceyalone & RJD2 4 : 02 9 . `` Cat & Mouse '' Darrell Brown 3 : 02 Software copy restriction ( edit ) Some of EA 's other PC titles from the same time period , such as Spore and Dead Space , used a SecuROM copy restriction scheme that requires online and offline authentication and limits the number of times a user can install the game to five . While it was speculated that The Sims 3 would use the same system , on March 26 , 2009 , executive producer Rod Humble revealed that The Sims 3 uses traditional disk - based copy protection as Sims 2 did and does not require online authentication to install . A product key is also required . However , SecuROM based restriction is still present within the digital version of the title , limiting users to a total of 5 authorizations for 5 different machines via online activation , each of which can be de-authorized online at any time . A legitimate serial key is required to download custom objects and Sims from the official website . This includes custom designs created by other Sims 3 players as well as additional content from EA . Delay ( edit ) On February 3 , 2009 , it was announced that the release date of The Sims 3 would be delayed from February 20 , 2009 to June 2 , 2009 in the US , and June 5 , 2009 in the UK . John Riccitiello , CEO of Electronic Arts , said `` In the case of ( The Sims 3 ) , we 're moving this title to June 2 to give us additional time to build the worldwide marketing campaign a title like this deserves '' . Grant Rodiek , Associate Producer of The Sims 3 said : The Sims 3 June launch gives more time for tuning and polish and the ability to launch the game on PC and Mac platforms simultaneously . This is a key EA franchise and title and it deserves a bigger bet on the best Sims game EA has made . These last few months will give us a little more time to tune , tweak , and polish the game . Our players have been waiting for something awesome and that 's exactly what we intend to give them . Release ( edit ) EA Singapore launched The Sims 3 with a large launch party which was held on June 2 , 2009 at the new shopping mall Iluma in Singapore . At the event , The Sims 3 T - shirts were available for purchase . In Sydney , Australia on June 4 , 2009 a fashion event to show off the freedom and self - expression in The Sims 3 was held by Electronic Arts Australia , and included a performance by Jessica Mauboy . The game was released as both a standard edition and a Collector 's Edition . Both the collector 's edition and the standard edition of the game comes with a coupon for 1000 Sim Points to spend at The Sims 3 Store . The standard edition contains the first release of the core game , while the Collector 's Edition includes the Sims 3 core game , a 2GB The Sims Plumbob USB flash drive ( preloaded with wallpapers and screensavers of the game , and the main theme as an MP3 file ) with matching Green Carabiner , an exclusive European - styled Sports Car download , a Prima Tips and Hints Guide ( not the actual Sims 3 Prima Guide ) , and Plumbob stickers . Those that pre-ordered the game also got a Vintage Sports Car download , The Sims 3 Neighborhood Poster , and a quick start reference guide . A preview CD with more information about The Sims 3 , such as music samples , family descriptions , and career information , was also released . Smartphone ( edit ) A player editing a Sim in Create a Sim ( smartphone version ) . A version of The Sims 3 was released on iOS , Android , Bada , Symbian , BlackBerry OS and Windows Phone on June 2 , 2009 . The iPhone game works similar to that of the PC version . In Create - a-Sim , instead of Lifetime Wishes , there are personas . Personas decide which lifetime wishes your sim will have , as a persona is the largest factor in a Sim 's personality . Sims start out with a small house . The house can be expanded every five sim days if the player can afford it . There are four careers in the town : biology , politics , business , and culinary . As in the PC version , Sims can also learn skills . There are nearly 75 wishes in the game . When all of them are fulfilled , sims unlock the criminal career and have the ability to purchase a car . In some events , such as appliances breaking down , the player must play a minigame to solve or do the action . The game was updated on November 30 , 2010 , to add support for the Retina display of newer devices . An expansion pack for the iOS version , World Adventures , was released on April 2 , 2010 . Unlike expansion packs for the PC , this is a standalone application . World Adventures adds tombs , new challenges , personas , and careers , new places to explore ( Egypt , China and France ) , clothes and new furniture . A second expansion pack , Ambitions , was released on September 16 , 2010 . As with World Adventures , the game was a standalone application . Ambitions added new skills ( firefighting , painting , parenting and sports ) , new community buildings , and the ability to have children . On November 6 , 2009 , EA announced the release of a vampire theme pack for the iPhone . The pack included Live it or Wear it Sets with Vampires and Werewolves , Castle and Campus Life themes . `` Live it '' sets contain car , furniture , decoration , wallpaper , and flooring . `` Wear it '' sets contain clothing , new CAS options , and hair styles . Console ( edit ) The Sims 3 was released to game consoles on October 26 , 2010 , for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo DS and the Wii platform on November 15 , 2010 . The game was released for Nintendo 3DS on March 25 , 2011 . The game allows the player to take on up to three friends in the Life Moments Game on the Wii , upload and download content on Xbox Live and PlayStation Network , including furnishings , houses , and player creations or experience a full life simulation on a handheld with Nintendo DS . Reviews for the game ranged from average to moderately positive . Sims can age and die , but life cycles can be disabled optionally as well . The Sims 3 features a new Karma system ( similar to the influence system in The Sims 2 ) . Sims can interact with child Sims around the neighborhood , or have children of their own . Unlike the PC version of the game , the console versions have loading times when moving from one area to another , and when accessing build / buy modes . The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received mostly positive reviews . On Metacritic , it currently holds an average score of 77 and 76 out of 100 on the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions , respectively . Game Informer gave the 360 and PS3 versions a 9 / 10 , praising the new Karma system and The Exchange . GameSpot gave the game a 7 / 10 , noting that `` the game lacks fluidity , but is fun in its own right . '' In a positive review , IGN praised the game for its controls on consoles , but said they were disappointed by the fact that there is only one town in the game , as well as bugs , including a glitch where the game will not save once a certain week has been reached . Expansions , add - ons , editions ( edit ) Expansion packs ( edit ) The Sims 3 expansion packs provide additional game features and items : Name Release date Includes Life State New Careers World Adventures NA : November 17 , 2009 EU : November 19 , 2009 AU : November 20 , 2009 Additions : New traits , items , clothing . Features : quests , tomb exploration at three new destinations , photography , new build functions including the basement tool , nectar , fireworks , shops , vacation homes . New vacation worlds : Champs Les Sims ( France ) , Al Simhara ( Egypt ) , Shang Simla ( China ) Mummy None Ambitions NA : June 1 , 2010 EU : June 3 , 2010 Additions : New careers , skills , traits , and items . Features : control within work ( professions and selected careers ) , laundry , tattoo system , skill - based self - employment . New world : Twinbrook Simbot ( Robot ) Architectural Designer Education Firefighter Ghost Hunter Medical Investigator Stylist Self - Employed Late Night NA : October 26 , 2010 EU : October 28 , 2010 Additions : New careers , skills , traits , clothes and accessories , furniture , and cars . Features : bars , night clubs , penthouse suites , hot tubs , subway portholes , elevators , breast and muscle definition sliders , Group , Band , Butler , zodiac signs , new swimming pool design tools , height adjustment for wall objects , fountain tool . New world : Bridgeport Vampire Film Band Member Generations NA : May 31 , 2011 EU : June 2 , 2011 Additions : New playground equipment , mid-life crisis , new interactions , new traits , and new profession . Features : Pranks , body hair for males , new types of celebrations ( i.e. birthday / teen / bachelor parties , weddings , slumber ) , memories , graduation ceremonies , prom , imaginative play , potions , spiral staircases , water slides , boarding schools , pillow fights , strollers , canes for elders . Imaginary Friend Daycare Pets NA : October 18 , 2011 EU : October 20 , 2011 Two editions : Regular and `` Limited Edition '' Additions : New pets , new animal and sim traits , Create - A-Pet , new lifetime wishes and rewards , new interactions , new items , new venues and community locations , new pet and sim skills . Features : Controllable animals ( cats , dogs , horses ) and non-playable creatures ( see NPC section ) , pet contests . New world : Appaloosa Plains Unicorn Equestrian Showtime NA : March 6 , 2012 EU : March 8 , 2012 Three editions : Regular , `` Limited Edition '' and `` Katy Perry Collector 's Edition . '' Additions : New stage performance careers ( singer , acrobat , magician ) , new objects ( pool table , golfing ) , new sim traits / lifetime wishes ; Katy Perry only : downloadable stage venue , fruit - themed clothing , items , and stage props . Features : Social features , stage decoration , singing , gigs , new ' Achievement System ' , Simport which allows importing and exporting of celebrity Sims . New world : Starlight Shores Genie Singer Acrobat Magician Supernatural NA : September 4 , 2012 EU : September 6 , 2012 Three editions : Regular , `` Limited Edition '' and `` Origin Decor Edition '' Additions : New items ( alchemy station , rocking chair ) , new clothing options including wings , new traits . Features : Supernatural life states including witches , werewolves , fairies , vampires , and zombies ; creation of supernatural Sims directly in Create - A-Sim . New world : Moonlight Falls Vampire Witch Werewolf Zombie Fairy Fortune Teller Seasons NA : November 13 , 2012 EU : November 15 , 2012 Two editions : Regular and `` Limited Edition '' Additions : New skills ( soccer / snowboard ) , new traits , seasonal celebrations . Features : Weather , seasons , new outerwear clothing category , new festivals & holidays , swimming in the ocean . Alien Test Subject ( Aliens Only ) University Life NA : March 5 , 2013 EU : March 7 , 2013 Two editions : Regular and `` Limited Edition '' Additions : New skills ( Bowling , Science , Photography , Social Networking & Street Arts ) , new traits , social groups , college sub-neighborhood , a smart phone , a new university world you enter when you enroll , and weather . New university world : Sims University PlantSim Art Appraiser Sports Agent Video Game Developer Island Paradise NA : June 25 , 2013 EU : June 27 , 2013 Two editions : Regular and `` Limited Edition '' Additions & Features : Houseboats , resort management , island discovery , new modes of transportation on water ( e.g. boating , water skiing , windsurfing ) . New world : Isla Paradiso Mermaid Lifeguard Resort Manager Scuba Diver Into the Future NA : October 22 , 2013 EU : October 24 , 2013 Traveling to the future New world : Oasis Landing Plumbot ( Robot ) Plumbot Dealer Astronomer Plumbot Trainer Stuff packs ( edit ) Main article : The Sims 3 Stuff packs Stuff Packs only include new items e.g. furniture , clothing , hairstyles . They do not add any new functionality to the game . Stuff Packs are compatible with both Windows and OS X as with the main game and expansion packs . Name Release date Includes High - End Loft Stuff NA : February 2 , 2010 EU : February 4 , 2010 High - end furnishings , mainly technology such as televisions , video game consoles , and computers , as well as postmodern designs of bookshelves , tables , and chairs . Three items from The Sims and The Sims 2 were reintroduced to celebrate The Sims 10th Anniversary . Alternatively titled `` Design and High - Tech Stuff '' . Fast Lane Stuff NA : September 7 , 2010 EU : September 9 , 2010 Four all ‐ new styles of fashions , furnishings , and vehicles : Racing , Intrigue , Rockabilly , and Classic Luxury . Outdoor Living Stuff NA : February 1 , 2011 EU : February 3 , 2011 Clothing , furnishings , and items centered on patio activities in two new styles : `` Garden Terrace '' features elegant wrought - iron pieces , while `` Sunset on the Veranda '' embraces the warmth of outdoors . Town Life Stuff NA : July 26 , 2011 EU : July 28 , 2011 New casual outfits , hairstyles , and items . Features newly redesigned venues such as a school , cafe , and grocery store ; as well as new community lots including a gym , park , laundromat , and library . Master Suite Stuff NA : January 24 , 2012 EU : January 26 , 2012 Luxurious bedroom and bathroom décor centered on romance and relaxation . New contemporary furnishings and intimate apparel themed for creating romantic master suites . Katy Perry 's Sweet Treats NA : June 5 , 2012 EU : June 7 , 2012 New candy - themed décor , items , outfits , hairstyles , and community lots . Features a simlish version of Katy Perry 's song `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' . On July 15 , 2013 , a Community Manager for EA confirmed that this stuff pack has been retired and is no longer available on Origin . Therefore , EA will not produce any more physical or digital copies of Katy Perry 's Sweet Treats . Diesel Stuff NA : July 10 , 2012 EU : July 12 , 2012 New clothing and décor from Diesel . 70s , 80s , & 90s Stuff NA : January 22 , 2013 EU : January 24 , 2013 Outfits , hairstyles and items modeled on that of the 1970s , 1980s and 1990s . Movie Stuff NA : September 10 , 2013 EU : September 12 , 2013 Clothing and décor inspired from iconic movie themes and settings . Editions ( edit ) Name Release date Includes The Sims 3 NA : June 2 , 2009 EU : June 4 , 2009 Core game on DVD The Sims 3 Collector 's Edition NA : June 2 , 2009 EU : June 4 , 2009 Core game on DVD , a Sims 3 plumbob - styled 2GB USB flash drive and an exclusive download of in - game European styled sports car The Sims 3 Holiday Collector 's Edition EU : December 3 , 2009 Core game on DVD , The Sims 3 Christmas theme song , 6 Christmas - themed in - game items , Sims 3 Christmas - themed wallpaper and exclusive download of in - game European styled sports car The Sims 3 Commemorative Edition EU : June 4 , 2010 Core game on DVD , 48 - page hardback book , wall poster , sketch book of artwork and access to additional in - game items The Sims 3 Deluxe NA : September 28 , 2010 Core game , The Sims 3 : Ambitions The Sims 3 Plus Pets NA : October 18 , 2011 EU : October 20 , 2011 Core game , The Sims 3 : Pets The Sims 3 Plus Showtime NA : March 6 , 2012 EU : March 8 , 2012 Core game , The Sims 3 : Showtime The Sims 3 Plus Supernatural NA : September 4 , 2012 EU : September 6 , 2012 Core game , The Sims 3 : Supernatural The Sims 3 Plus Seasons NA : November 13 , 2012 EU : November 15 , 2012 Core game , The Sims 3 : Seasons The Sims 3 Plus University Life NA : March 5 , 2013 EU : March 7 , 2013 Core game , The Sims 3 : University Life The Sims 3 Starter Pack NA : May 14 , 2013 EU : May 16 , 2013 Core game , The Sims 3 : Late Night , The Sims 3 : High End Loft Stuff , additional downloadable content . The Sims 3 Plus Late Night NA : May 14 , 2013 Core game , The Sims 3 : Late Night , 1000 free SimPoints The Sims 3 Plus Generations NA : May 14 , 2013 Core game , The Sims 3 : Generations , 1000 free SimPoints The Sims 3 Plus Island Paradise NA : June 25 , 2013 EU : June 27 , 2013 Core game , The Sims 3 : Island Paradise The Sims 3 Plus Into The Future NA : October 22 , 2013 EU : October 24 , 2013 Core game , The Sims 3 : Into the Future The Sims 3 Store ( edit ) The Sims 3 Store is an online store where players of The Sims 3 can purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees . To date , unlike its counterpart for The Sims 2 , The Sims 3 Store only offers exclusive objects , clothing , skins , and hairstyles not found through any other medium . The Store also offers variants of special objects found in expansions ( such as laundry and hot - tubs ) , which offer their features for players who have n't purchased those expansions . The store is updated with new items for purchase every month . Premium content , such as the foot massage chair and wind chimes , add new gameplay or animations . The update of August 2014 is the last . The store uses a point system in which players can purchase additional SimPoints using a credit card or Points Card , which may be purchased at retail stores or via the Origin online store . It was launched on June 4 , 2009 to coincide with the launch of the game . Players can download purchased items using the game launcher or the Store Mode interface found within the game itself . When a user purchases additional SimPoints , they obtain an object in the game for buying SimPoints . Several worlds and towns for players to play in have been published on The Sims 3 Store : World Features Release date Riverview A small town with an idyllic countryside setting Flat landscape Rustic architecture June 2 , 2009 Barnacle Bay Pirate - themed island Sims ' clothing and personalities are outdoor - like Many pre-made Sims have the Angler trait September 23 , 2010 Hidden Springs Mountain - themed Sims can remain forever young with The Fountain of Youth , exclusive to this world Some Sims are based on the fairytale Cinderella August 25 , 2011 Lunar Lakes Set in outer space , with geometric shaped lakes Sims can work at the crashed spaceship , The Perigee Sims are able to learn skills faster by playing with The Tree of Prosperity , exclusive to this world February 16 , 2012 Lucky Palms Small resort town set in an oasis modeled after Palm Springs , California Abundance of palm trees and wind turbines A wishing well is located at the centre of the town which can grant several different wishes June 28 , 2012 Sunlit Tides Modern downtown Based on a tropical island with sparkling beaches and palm trees Sims can regain Fun , Energy and get a `` Refreshed '' moodlet from taking a Refreshing Steam from The Steam - It - Up Sauna August 23 , 2012 Monte Vista Italian - themed world Hilly town with a coast that leads to an open sea Sims can make breads , calzones , pizzas , and lasagna with the new Wood Fire Oven December 6 , 2012 Aurora Skies Icelandic coastal town - themed New transportation : hot - air balloon An eco-friendly community February 21 , 2013 Dragon Valley Medieval - themed New pets : baby dragons Town features a mix of new and old technology May 30 , 2013 Midnight Hollow Dark , spooky - themed Victorian - style architecture Elements from The Sims 2 : Open For Business return with Sims now being able to own and run their own businesses September 26 , 2013 Roaring Heights City skyscrapers Art deco style Beaches December 12 , 2013 This is a departure from both the first and second generation of the franchise , in which new items were obtained primarily through expansion packs , stuff packs , and / or user - generation . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 87 % Metacritic 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com B+ Edge 8 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 9 / 10 GamePro 4 / 5 GameSpot 9 / 10 GameSpy 4.5 / 5 GameTrailers 9 / 10 IGN 8.9 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 9 / 10 Total PC Gaming 8 / 10 EA reported that in its first week , The Sims 3 sold 1.4 million copies . According to EA , this was the most successful PC game launch the company had ever had to date . According to retail data trackers Gfk Australia The Sims 3 has been the top selling game in Australia from release until June 30 , 2009 . Response from critics and gamers alike were generally favorable , with Metacritic calculating a metascore of 86 / 100 based on 75 reviews . PC Gamer awarded The Sims 3 a 92 % and an Editor 's Choice badge , calling it `` The best Sims game yet '' . IGN PC awarded The Sims 3 an 8.9 / 10 , stating : This is simply a better playing Sims experience , and once you experience the freedom to hit the town without hitting a load screen you 'll be hard - pressed to go back to any of the earlier games . Blowing up the size of the game was certainly a risk , but it was a sensible and overdue one , and kudos to EA for recognizing that the decade - old formula needed some growth . And while there 's still plenty of room for more innovation , we 'll settle for The Sims 3 for now . It delivers a solid foundation for what should be many more years of Sims sales dominance . -- IGN GameSpot awarded The Sims 3 a score of 9.0 / 10 , the review praised the game : `` The latest Sims game is also the greatest , striking a terrific balance between the fresh and the familiar . '' The game was ranked # 91 in IGN 's `` Top 100 Modern Games '' . In a special edition of Edge magazine , listing their 100 top videogames of all - time , The Sims 3 was number 89 on the list . Sequel ( edit ) On May 6 , 2013 , EA confirmed The Sims 4 would be released in 2014 . The game was released in North America on September 2 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.edgeofreality.com/games_thesims3.html Jump up ^ `` The Sims Label Announces Steve Jablonsky as Mastermind Behind the Creative Sound of Sims 3 '' . IGN . October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive GDC10 Leak : Sims 3 for Nintendo DS '' . N-Sider.com. 2010 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2010 : Big List of 3DS Games - DS News at IGN '' . Ds.ign.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://uk.ds.gamespy.com/nintendo-ds/the-sims-3/ ^ Jump up to : http://uk.wii.gamespy.com/wii/the-sims-3/ Jump up ^ The Sims 3 Announcement , November 2 , 2006 http://www.gamespot.com/articles/sims-3-next-gen-black-new-simcity-and-lotr-coming/1100-6160951/ Jump up ^ Reilly , Jim ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` E3 2010 : Big List of 3DS Games -- DS News at IGN '' . Ds.ign.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sims 3 ' sells 1.4 million in first week '' . NBC News . Associated Press . June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sims 3 sets franchise sales record '' . CNET News . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sim '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims Live Life to the Fullest in EA 's The Sims 3 Generations Expansion Pack -- PC News at IGN '' . Pc.ign.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sims 3 Information '' . SimsGlobe . Sims Globe . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ocampo , Jason ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` IGN : The Sims 3 Preview '' . IGN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 Guide & Walkthrough '' . Guides.ign.com . June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sims 3 Primer Guide , Page 4 '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arts , Electronic ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Create a World - The Game - Community - The Sims 3 '' . Electronic Arts . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ure ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` The Sims 3 Announced '' . Action Trip.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ben Kuchera ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Sims 3 leaked to torrent sites weeks before retail release '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Satariano , Adam ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` Video game pirates swoop on ' The Sims 3 ' '' . BLOOMBERG NEWS . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sims 3 ' piracy rates higher than ' Spore ' '' . Afterdawn.com . May 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sims 3 ' Producer 's Advice To Devs : Screw Up A Lot -- Developer Pop Quiz # 10 '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Sims ( 2008 - 08 - 28 ) , The Sims 3 - Behind the Scenes , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 Jump up ^ Arts , Electronic ( 2010 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Flo Rida , My Chemical Romance , Travie McCoy , 3oh ! 3 , and More Partner with EA on the Uber Popular Life Simulator Series The Sims '' . Electronic Arts Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Sims ( 2008 - 08 - 28 ) , The Sims 3 - Behind the Scenes , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 : How does it all work ? '' . Gameplanet . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 : How does it all work ? '' . Gameplanet . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia . `` A Sims Fan Theory That Gets Pretty Dark '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kee , Tameka ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` EA Goes All Out With Pricey Sims 3 Ad Blitz '' . paidContent . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Sims 3 visits One Tree Hill on The CW Tonight ! from TheSims2.com Jump up ^ Electronic Arts ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Fiesta Urban Landscape '' . Electronic Arts . Jump up ^ Judhudson ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` The Sims 3 Store updates with FREE 2011 Fiesta Hatchback '' . Jump up ^ Judhudson ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` 2012 Ford Focus now available to download for The Sims 3 '' . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Steve Jablonsky scores The Sims 3 '' . Scoring Sessions . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 ( 2009 ) Windows credits -- MobyGames '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- The Sims 3 by EA Games Soundtrack '' . Itunes.apple.com . May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- The Sims 3 -- Stereo Jams ( EA Games Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . Itunes.apple.com . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheer , Dan . `` The Sims 3 Q&A session -- Gameplanet Feature '' . Gameplanet.co.nz . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Electronic Arts ( EA ) Singapore ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Sims 3 Pre-order & Launch Party site for Singapore '' . Thesims3.ea.com.sg . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Are You A Fan of the Sims ? And Live in Sydney ? '' . Electronicarts.com.au . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 Collector 's Edition : PC Mac -- EA Games '' . Ea.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About The Sims 3 '' . Electronic Arts . March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 in the App Store '' . Applethoughts.com . June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 on iTunes App Store '' . Jump up ^ http://wireless.ign.com/articles/989/989265p1.html Jump up ^ http://www.cheatsguru.com/iphone/the_sims_3_ambitions/walkthrough/2167118.htm Jump up ^ http://www.thesims3.com/community/news.html?selMonth=10&selYear=2009 ^ Jump up to : EA Announces The Sims 3 for Xbox 360 , PS3 , Wii and DS Jump up ^ Anthony Gallegos ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` The Sims 3 Console First Look -- PlayStation 3 Preview at IGN '' . Uk.ps3.ign.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 for Console Interview -- Sam Player '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GamesCom 2010 MegaPost -- Late Night , Fast Lane , Medieval , MySims and more ! '' . Simprograms. 2010 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Sims 3 Review for Playstation 3 . GameSpot . Retrieved 2011 - 19 - 01 . Jump up ^ SimsVIP ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` EA Reveals The Sims 3 Line Up for 2013 '' . simsvip.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SimsVIP ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Sims 3 `` Into The Future '' Expansion `` . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 : Into the Future '' . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 3 - page '' . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 3 Collector 's Edition page '' . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 Deluxe page '' . August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 Plus Pets announcement '' . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims TM 3 Starter Pack for PC / Mac Download '' . Origin . May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 Starter Pack '' . EA . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE SIMS 3 & THE SIMS 3 : LATE NIGHT BUNDLE '' . Jump up ^ `` THE SIMS 3 GENERATIONS LIMITED EDITION '' . Jump up ^ `` Premium Content -- Store -- The Sims TM 3 '' . Store.thesims3.com . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 Review for the PC from '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Sims 3 '' . Edge Online . June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alec Meer ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Sims 3 Review -- Page 1 / / PC / / / Eurogamer -- Games Reviews , News and More '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Raychul . `` Review : The Sims 3 ( PC ) -- from '' . Gamepro.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 3 Review '' . GameSpot . June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy : The Sims 3 Review -- Page 1 '' . Pc.gamespy.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 3 : Reviews , Trailers , and Interviews '' . Gametrailers.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Jason . `` IGN : The Sims 3 Review '' . Pc.ign.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PC Review : The Sims 3 Review '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Remo ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Sims 3 Sells 1.4 Million Units in First Week '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie game charts : June 15 -- 21 '' . Jump up ^ Dan Stapleton , PC Gamer , July 2009 ( Issue # 188 ) , p. 69 -- 73 Jump up ^ The Sims 3 -- No. 91 Top 100 Modern Games , IGN . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest video games , Edge special edition , Future Publishing , page 30 Jump up ^ `` thesims.com '' . Electronic Arts . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donguines , Arvin ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sims 4 Release Date , News : Negative Reviews From Critics , Mac Launch Date Not Yet Announced '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Sims The Sims Livin ' Large Hot Date soundtrack The Sims 2 University Nightlife Open for Business Pets Seasons Bon Voyage FreeTime Apartment Life Stuff packs The Sims 3 World Adventures Ambitions Late Night Generations Pets Showtime Supernatural Seasons University Life Island Paradise Into the Future Stuff packs The Sims 4 Outdoor Retreat Get to Work Spa Day Get Together Dine Out City Living Vampires Parenthood Cats & Dogs Jungle Adventure Spin - offs Life Stories Pet Stories Castaway Stories Medieval Pirates and Nobles Console Bustin ' Out The Urbz Castaway Apartment Pets My Sims Kingdom Party Racing Agents SkyHeroes Online Online Carnival Social FreePlay Mobile Related articles Simlish Maxis The Sims Studio Will Wright Rawson Stovall SimsVille Mod The Sims The Strangerhood Portal List of games Book Category Sim video games SimCity Main games SimCity ( 1989 ) SimCity 2000 SimCity 3000 SimCity 4 Rush Hour SimCity ( 2013 ) Other games Streets of SimCity 64 DS Societies DS 2 Creator Social BuildIt The Sims Main games The Sims The Sims 2 The Sims 3 The Sims 4 Other games Online Bustin ' Out The Urbz Life Stories Pet Stories Castaway Stories Medieval Pirates and Nobles Social FreePlay MySims MySims Kingdom Party Racing Agents SkyHeroes Spore Expansions Galactic Adventures Spin - offs Creature Creator Creatures Origins Hero Hero Arena Darkspore Other Development Sim SimEarth SimAnt SimLife SimFarm SimRefinery SimTower SimHealth SimIsle SimTown SimPark SimGolf SimTunes Sim Theme Park SimCopter SimSafari SimCoaster Sid Meier 's SimGolf SimAnimals Related articles Simlish Electronic Arts Maxis The Sims Carnival Will Wright Lincity Yoot Tower The Tower SP Raid on Bungeling Bay Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sims_3&oldid=834452962 '' Categories : 2009 video games Android ( operating system ) games Bada games BlackBerry games Electronic Arts games IOS games Life simulation games MacOS games N - Gage service games Nintendo DS games Nintendo 3DS games Open world video games PlayStation 3 games Social simulation video games The Sims Video game prequels Video game sequels Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games with expansion packs Video games with downloadable content Wii games Windows games Windows Phone games Xbox 360 games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 25 . 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what's the name of the eighth sims 3 expansion pack
[ "\n\nName\nRelease date\nIncludes\nLife State\nNew Careers\n\n\nWorld Adventures\n\n\n\nNA: November 17, 2009\nEU: November 19, 2009\nAU: November 20, 2009\n\n\n\nAdditions: New traits, items, clothing.\nFeatures: quests, tomb exploration at three new destinations, photography, new build functions including the basement tool, nectar, fireworks, shops, vacation homes.\nNew vacation worlds: Champs Les Sims (France), Al Simhara (Egypt), Shang Simla (China)\n\nMummy\nNone\n\n\nAmbitions\n\n\n\nNA: June 1, 2010\nEU: June 3, 2010\n\n\n\nAdditions: New careers, skills, traits, and items.\nFeatures: control within work (professions and selected careers), laundry, tattoo system, skill-based self-employment.\nNew world: Twinbrook\n\nSimbot (Robot)\nArchitectural Designer · Education · Firefighter · Ghost Hunter · Medical · Investigator · Stylist · Self-Employed\n\n\nLate Night\n\n\n\nNA: October 26, 2010\nEU: October 28, 2010\n\n\n\nAdditions: New careers, skills, traits, clothes and accessories, furniture, and cars.\nFeatures: bars, night clubs, penthouse suites, hot tubs, subway portholes, elevators, breast and muscle definition sliders, Group, Band, Butler, zodiac signs, new swimming pool design tools, height adjustment for wall objects, fountain tool.\nNew world: Bridgeport\n\nVampire\nFilm · Band Member\n\n\nGenerations\n\n\n\nNA: May 31, 2011\nEU: June 2, 2011\n\n\n\nAdditions: New playground equipment, mid-life crisis, new interactions, new traits, and new profession.\nFeatures: Pranks, body hair for males, new types of celebrations (i.e. birthday/teen/bachelor parties, weddings, slumber), memories, graduation ceremonies, prom, imaginative play, potions, spiral staircases, water slides, boarding schools, pillow fights, strollers, canes for elders.\n\nImaginary Friend\nDaycare\n\n\nPets\n\n\n\nNA: October 18, 2011\nEU: October 20, 2011\n\n\n\nTwo editions: Regular and \"Limited Edition\"\nAdditions: New pets, new animal and sim traits, Create-A-Pet, new lifetime wishes and rewards, new interactions, new items, new venues and community locations, new pet and sim skills.\nFeatures: Controllable animals (cats, dogs, horses) and non-playable creatures (see NPC section), pet contests.\nNew world: Appaloosa Plains\n\nUnicorn\nEquestrian\n\n\nShowtime\n\n\n\nNA: March 6, 2012\nEU: March 8, 2012\n\n\n\nThree editions: Regular, \"Limited Edition\" and \"Katy Perry Collector's Edition.\"\nAdditions: New stage performance careers (singer, acrobat, magician), new objects (pool table, golfing), new sim traits/lifetime wishes; Katy Perry only: downloadable stage venue, fruit-themed clothing, items, and stage props.\nFeatures: Social features, stage decoration, singing, gigs, new 'Achievement System', Simport which allows importing and exporting of celebrity Sims.\nNew world: Starlight Shores\n\nGenie\nSinger · Acrobat · Magician\n\n\nSupernatural\n\n\n\nNA: September 4, 2012\nEU: September 6, 2012\n\n\n\nThree editions: Regular, \"Limited Edition\" and \"Origin Decor Edition\"\nAdditions: New items (alchemy station, rocking chair), new clothing options including wings, new traits.\nFeatures: Supernatural life states including witches, werewolves, fairies, vampires, and zombies; creation of supernatural Sims directly in Create-A-Sim.\nNew world: Moonlight Falls\n\nVampire · Witch · Werewolf · Zombie · Fairy\nFortune Teller\n\n\nSeasons\n\n\n\nNA: November 13, 2012\nEU: November 15, 2012\n\n\n\nTwo editions: Regular and \"Limited Edition\"\nAdditions: New skills (soccer/snowboard), new traits, seasonal celebrations.\nFeatures: Weather, seasons, new outerwear clothing category, new festivals & holidays, swimming in the ocean.\n\nAlien\nTest Subject (Aliens Only)\n\n\nUniversity Life\n\n\n\nNA: March 5, 2013\nEU: March 7, 2013\n\n\n\nTwo editions: Regular and \"Limited Edition\"\nAdditions: New skills (Bowling, Science, Photography, Social Networking & Street Arts), new traits, social groups, college sub-neighborhood, a smart phone, a new university world you enter when you enroll, and weather.\nNew university world: Sims University\n\nPlantSim\nArt Appraiser · Sports Agent · Video Game Developer\n\n\nIsland Paradise[53]\n\n\n\nNA: June 25, 2013\nEU: June 27, 2013\n\n\n\nTwo editions: Regular and \"Limited Edition\"\nAdditions & Features: Houseboats, resort management, island discovery, new modes of transportation on water (e.g. boating, water skiing, windsurfing).\nNew world: Isla Paradiso\n\nMermaid\nLifeguard · Resort Manager · Scuba Diver\n\n\nInto the Future[54][55]\n\n\n\nNA: October 22, 2013\nEU: October 24, 2013\n\n\n\nTraveling to the future\nNew world: Oasis Landing\n\nPlumbot (Robot)\nPlumbot Dealer · Astronomer · Plumbot Trainer\n\n" ]
[ "Seasons" ]
-7153658043046216386
I'm Lovin' It (song)
I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) - wikipedia I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album Live From London B - side `` Last Night '' Released November 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 20 ) Format Digital download maxi single Recorded 2003 Length 3 : 42 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Pharrell Williams Stars Hollow Andreas Forberger Franco Tortora Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake . It was written by Pusha T and produced by The Neptunes . The song was written as a jingle for McDonald 's commercials , based on a pre-existing German campaign originally developed as `` Ich Liebe Es . '' Timberlake was paid $6 million to sing the jingle . Soon thereafter , the Neptunes produced a song based on the jingle and released it ( along with an instrumental version ) as part of a three - track EP in November 2003 . A digital download EP with the same name was also released through the iTunes Store on December 16 , 2003 . The extended play included the title - track and a remix for all of the singles from Timberlake 's first solo studio album , Justified . The song was also included on the bonus audio CD of Timberlake 's first live DVD , Live From London . A music video to promote the single was released in late 2003 and was directed by Paul Hunter . Rapper Pusha T revealed his involvement with the song in June 2016 and claimed that he had created the `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' jingle . However , co-writers Batoy and Tortora , as well as several others involved with the jingle 's creation , have disputed his claim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Release history 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Maxi single `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 42 `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 42 `` Last Night '' -- 4 : 47 Digital download EP `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 48 `` Rock Your Body '' ( Sander Kleinenberg Just in The Club Mix ) -- 9 : 42 `` Cry Me a River '' ( Dirty Vegas Vocal Mix ) -- 8 : 21 `` Like I Love You '' ( Basement Jaxx Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Señorita '' ( Num Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Spain November 20 , 2003 Digital download Sony Music Entertainment Singapore Germany December 1 , 2003 Digital download Maxi single Luxembourg Digital download France December 9 , 2003 United States December 16 , 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moran , Alec . `` Five Things You Never Knew About ' I 'm Lovin ' It ' '' . Chicago magazine ( 14 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Lovin ' It -- EP by Justin Timberlake '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc . `` The Contentious Tale of the McDonald 's `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Jingle Pitchfork `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Maxi single liner notes ) . Justin Timberlake . New York City : Jive Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment . 2003 . 82876 58172 2 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Timberlake search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . ( hide ) Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls Soundtrack `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Book Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Lovin%27_It_(song)&oldid=799728850 '' Categories : 2003 singles Justin Timberlake songs McDonald 's advertising Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Pharrell Williams 2003 songs Jive Records singles Songs used as jingles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 14 : 00 . 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who sang the mcdonalds jingle im loving it
[ "\"I'm Lovin' It\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. It was written by Pusha T and produced by The Neptunes." ]
[ "Justin Timberlake" ]
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A Hard Day's Night (song)
A Hard Day 's Night ( song ) - wikipedia A Hard Day 's Night ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A Hard Day 's Night '' US picture sleeve Single by the Beatles from the album A Hard Day 's Night B - side `` Things We Said Today '' ( UK ) `` I Should Have Known Better '' ( US ) Released 10 July 1964 ( UK ) 13 July 1964 ( US ) Format 7 '' Recorded 16 April 1964 Studio EMI Studios , London Genre Rock Length 2 : 32 Label Parlophone ( UK ) Capitol ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles UK singles chronology `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( 1964 ) `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1964 ) `` I Feel Fine '' ( 1964 ) `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( 1964 ) `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1964 ) `` I Feel Fine '' ( 1964 ) The Beatles US singles chronology `` Love Me Do '' ( 1964 ) Love Me Do 1964 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1964 ) A Hard Day 's Night1964 `` And I Love Her '' ( 1964 ) And I Love Her 1964 Alternative cover 1992 CD issue Audio sample file help `` A Hard Day 's Night '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles . Credited to Lennon -- McCartney , it was written by John Lennon , with some collaboration from Paul McCartney . It was released on the film soundtrack of the same name in 1964 . It was also released in the UK as a single , with `` Things We Said Today '' as its B - side . The song featured prominently on the soundtrack to the Beatles ' first feature film , A Hard Day 's Night , and was on their album of the same name . The song topped the charts in both the United Kingdom and United States when it was released as a single . The American and British singles of `` A Hard Day 's Night '' as well as both the American and British albums of the same title all held the top position in their respective charts for a couple of weeks in August 1964 , the first time any artist had accomplished this feat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Composition 3 Release and reception 4 Opening chord 5 Music 5.1 Recording 5.2 Lyrics 6 Personnel 7 In popular culture 8 Live renditions 9 Cover versions 10 Tributes 11 Charts and certifications 11.1 Charts 11.2 Certifications 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Title ( edit ) The song 's title originated from something said by Ringo Starr , the Beatles ' drummer . Starr described it this way in an interview with disc jockey Dave Hull in 1964 : `` We went to do a job , and we 'd worked all day and we happened to work all night . I came up still thinking it was day I suppose , and I said , ' It 's been a hard day ... ' and I looked around and saw it was dark so I said , ' ... night ! ' So we came to ' A Hard Day 's Night . ' '' Starr 's statement was the inspiration for the title of the film , which in turn inspired the composition of the song . According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine : `` I was going home in the car and Dick Lester ( director of the movie ) suggested the title , ' Hard Day 's Night ' from something Ringo had said . I had used it in In His Own Write ( a book Lennon was writing then ) , but it was an off - the - cuff remark by Ringo . You know , one of those malapropisms . A Ringo - ism , where he said it not to be funny ... just said it . So Dick Lester said , ' We are going to use that title . ' '' In a 1994 interview for The Beatles Anthology , however , McCartney disagreed with Lennon 's recollections , basically stating that it was the Beatles , and not Lester , who had come up with the idea of using Starr 's verbal misstep : `` The title was Ringo 's . We 'd almost finished making the film , and this fun bit arrived that we 'd not known about before , which was naming the film . So we were sitting around at Twickenham studios having a little brain - storming session ... and we said , ' Well , there was something Ringo said the other day . ' Ringo would do these little malapropisms , he would say things slightly wrong , like people do , but his were always wonderful , very lyrical ... they were sort of magic even though he was just getting it wrong . And he said after a concert , ' Phew , it 's been a hard day 's night . ' '' In 1996 , yet another version of events cropped up . In an Associated Press report , the producer of the film A Hard Day 's Night , Walter Shenson , stated that Lennon described to Shenson some of Starr 's funnier gaffes , including `` a hard day 's night '' , whereupon Shenson immediately decided that that was going to be the title of the movie ( replacing other alternatives , including Beatlemania ) . Shenson then told Lennon that he needed a theme song for the film . Composition ( edit ) Regardless of who decided on the title , Lennon immediately made up his mind that he would compose the movie 's title track . He dashed off the song in one night , and brought it in for comments the following morning . As he described in his 1980 Playboy interview , `` the next morning I brought in the song ... ' cuz there was a little competition between Paul and I as to who got the A-side -- who got the hits . If you notice , in the early days the majority of singles , in the movies and everything , were mine ... in the early period I 'm dominating the group ... The reason Paul sang on ' A Hard Day 's Night ' ( in the bridge ) is because I could n't reach the notes . '' However , Paul McCartney and others remember Paul collaborating on the song , though John was the dominant writer . On 16 April 1964 , the Beatles gathered at Studio 2 of the EMI Studios and recorded `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . It took them less than three hours to polish the song for its final release , eventually selecting the ninth take as the one to be released . Evening Standard journalist Maureen Cleave described a memorable taxi ride the morning the song was recorded : One day I picked John up in a taxi and took him to Abbey Road for a recording session . The tune to the song ' A Hard Day 's Night ' was in his head , the words scrawled on a birthday card from a fan to his little son Julian : ' When I get home to you , ' it said , ' I find my tiredness is through ... ' Rather a feeble line about tiredness , I said . ' OK , ' he said cheerfully and , borrowing my pen , instantly changed it to the slightly suggestive : ' When I get home to you / I find the things that you do / Will make me feel all right . ' The other Beatles were there in the studio and , of course , the wonderful George Martin . John sort of hummed the tune to the others -- they had no copies of the words or anything else . Three hours later I was none the wiser about how they 'd done it but the record was made -- and you can see the birthday card in the British Library . In the Associated Press report , Shenson described his recollection of what happened . At 8 : 30 in the morning , `` There were John and Paul with guitars at the ready and all the lyrics scribbled on matchbook covers . They played it and the next night recorded it . '' Shenson declared , `` It had the right beat and the arrangement was brilliant . These guys were geniuses . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` A Hard Day 's Night '' was first released to the United States , coming out on 26 June 1964 on the album A Hard Day 's Night , the soundtrack to the film , and released by United Artists . It was the first song to be released before single release ( see below ) . The United Kingdom first heard `` A Hard Day 's Night '' when it was released there on 10 July 1964 , both on the album A Hard Day 's Night , and as a single , backed with `` Things We Said Today '' on the B - side . Both the album and single were released by Parlophone Records . The single began charting on 18 July 1964 , a week later ousting the Rolling Stones ' `` It 's All Over Now '' from the top spot on the British charts on 25 July 1964 , coincidentally the day when both the American and British albums too hit the peak of their respective charts . The single stayed on top for three weeks , and lasted another nine weeks in the charts afterwards . America first saw the single of `` A Hard Day 's Night '' on 13 July 1964 , featuring `` I Should Have Known Better '' on the B - side , and released by Capitol Records . Capitol had been in a quandary about cashing in on the success of the movie A Hard Day 's Night , as United Artists held the publishing rights for the soundtrack ( thus owning the rights to release the album of the same title ) . However , there was nothing preventing Capitol from releasing the songs in other forms , leading to six out of the seven songs from the movie 's soundtrack coming out on singles . The American single began its 13 - week chart run five days after release , and on 1 August started a two - week - long run at the top , setting a new record -- nobody before had ever held the number one position on both the album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time . The Beatles were the first to do so , and continued to be the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album Bridge over Troubled Water and its title track . The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one - year period , an all - time record on the US charts . In order , these were `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , `` Love Me Do '' , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' and `` Eight Days a Week '' . It was also the sixth of seven songs written by Lennon - McCartney to hit number 1 in 1964 , an all - time record on the US charts for writing the most songs to hit number 1 in the same calendar year ( see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones ) . In 1965 , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' won the Beatles the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group . In 2004 , this song was ranked number 154 on Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Opening chord ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Opening chord Possible chord options G7sus4 Dm7sus4 Jason Brown 's analysis , as published in his 2008 report `` Mathematics , Physics and ' A Hard Day 's Night ' '' F9 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' is immediately identifiable before the vocals even begin , thanks to George Harrison 's unmistakable Rickenbacker 360 / 12 12 - string guitar 's `` mighty opening chord '' . According to George Martin , `` We knew it would open both the film and the soundtrack LP , so we wanted a particularly strong and effective beginning . The strident guitar chord was the perfect launch , '' having what Ian MacDonald called `` a significance in Beatles lore matched only by the concluding E major of `` A Day in the Life '' , the two opening and closing the group 's middle period of peak creativity `` . Analysis of the chord has been debated , it having been described as G7add9 sus4 , G7 sus4 , or G11sus4 and others below . The exact chord is an F add9 as confirmed by Harrison during an online chat on 15 February 2001 : Q : Mr Harrison , what is the opening chord you used for `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ? A : It is F with a G on top , but you 'll have to ask Paul about the bass note to get the proper story . According to Walter Everett the opening chord has an introductory dominant function because McCartney plays D in the bass : Harrison and Martin play FACG , over the bass D , on twelve - string guitar and piano respectively , giving the chord a mixture - coloured neighbour , F ; two diatonic neighbours , A and C ; plus an anticipation of the tonic , G -- the major subtonic as played on guitar being a borrowed chord commonly used by the Beatles , first in `` P.S. I Love You '' ( see mode mixture ) , and later in `` Every Little Thing '' , `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' and `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( in the latter two against a tonic pedal ) . Alan W. Pollack also interprets the chord as a surrogate dominant , the G being an anticipation that resolves on the G major chord that opens the verse . He suggests it is a mixture of D minor , F major , and G major ( missing the B) . Tony Bacon calls it a Dm7sus4 ( DFGAC ) , which is the minor seventh chord ( plus the fourth , G ) ( for more information regarding chord functions see diatonic function ) . Everett points out that the chord relates to the Beatles ' interest in pandiatonic harmony . Dominic Pedler has also provided an interpretation of the chord , with the Beatles and George Martin playing the following : George Harrison : Fadd9 in 1st position on Rickenbacker 360 / 12 12 - string electric guitar John Lennon : Fadd9 in 1st position on a Gibson J - 160E 6 - string acoustic guitar Paul McCartney : high D played on the D - string , 12th fret on Hofner 500 / 1 electric bass George Martin : D2 - G2 - D3 played on a Steinway Grand Piano Ringo Starr : subtle snare drum and ride cymbal This gives the notes : G-B-D-F-A-C ( the B is a harmonic ) . One of the interesting things about this chord ( as described by Pedler ) is how McCartney 's high bass note reverberates inside the soundbox of Lennon 's acoustic guitar and begins to be picked up on Lennon 's microphone or pick - up during the sounding of the chord . This gives the chord its special `` wavy '' and unstable quality . Pedler describes the effect as a `` virtual pull - off '' . The chord 's notes were estimated using Fourier analysis , according to which Harrison played the A2 , A3 , D3 , D4 , G3 , G4 , C4 , and another C4 on his 12 - string guitar ; McCartney played a D3 on his bass ; producer George Martin played D3 , F3 , D5 , G5 , and E6 on the piano ; and Lennon played a loud C5 on his six - string guitar . In 2008 , Jason Brown , a mathematics professor at Dalhousie University , published a report titled `` Mathematics , Physics and ' A Hard Day 's Night ' '' , in which he analysed the properties of the song 's opening chord using Fourier transforms . He concluded that Martin 's piano contribution provided the important element in the chord beside Harrison 's playing . In November the following year , Wired published an article on Brown 's use of Celemony 's Melodyne Editor with Direct Note Access technology to further analyse the chord . Brown 's findings were partly challenged in 2012 by another mathematician , Kevin Houston from the University of Leeds . Houston , who also used a Fourier transform , attributed a greater importance in Lennon 's contribution on acoustic guitar , rather than the piano notes played by Martin . Randy Bachman has stated that he heard the original masters of the recordings and could hear the 12 - string guitar playing `` an F chord , but you put a G on top , and you put a G on the bottom , and you put a C next to that G '' , `` a D on the bass '' , and `` rhythm guitar was a D chord with a sus 4 '' . A repeated arpeggio outlining the notes of the opening chord ends the song in a circular fashion . This provides , `` a sonic confirmation that the thirty - six hours we have just seen ( in the movie ) will go on and on and on '' . This was an inspiration of George Martin , who said : `` Again , that 's film writing . I was stressing to them the importance of making the song fit , not actually finishing it but dangling on so that you 're into the next mood . '' The song contains 12 other chords . Music ( edit ) The song is composed in the key of G major and in a 4 / 4 time signature . The verse features the ♭ VII or major subtonic chord that was a part of the opening chord as an ornament or embellishment below the tonic . Transposed down a perfect fifth , the modal frame of the song though pentatonic features a ladder of thirds axially centred on G with a ceiling note of B ♭ and floor note of E ♭ ( the low C being a passing tone ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' melody . According to Middleton , the song , `` at first glance major - key - with - modal - touches '' , reveals through its `` Line of Latent Mode '' `` a deep kinship with typical blues melodic structures : it is centred on three of the notes of the minor - pentatonic mode ( E ♭ - G-B ♭ ) , with the contradictory major seventh ( B ♮ ) set against that . Morever , the shape assumed by these notes - the modal frame - as well as the abstract scale they represent , is revealed , too ; and this - an initial , repeated circling round the dominant ( G ) , with an excursion to its minor third ( B ♭ ) , ' answered ' by a fall to the ' symmetrical ' minor third of the tonic ( E ♭ ) - is a common pattern in blues . '' Lennon opens the twelve - measure - long verse and carries it along , suddenly joined at the end by McCartney , who then sings the bridge . Recording ( edit ) During the recording of `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , Lennon and McCartney doubletracked their vocals throughout including the chorus . Lennon sings the lead vocal on the verses and Paul sings lead on the middle eight . During the chorus McCartney handles the high harmony and Lennon the low harmony . Take 7 reveals that the lyrics were still not set with Lennon singing `` you make me feel all right '' and McCartney and Harrison still unsteady with their respective lines , ending with Lennon chiding them with the line `` I heard a funny chord '' . The instrumental break , is played by Harrison on a Rickenbacker 12 - string guitar , with Martin doubling on a piano recorded to tape at half - speed and then sped up to normal . Recording this solo was the most challenging aspect of the session ; a take that surfaced on a bootleg in the 1980s reveals Harrison fumbling over his strings , losing his timing and missing notes . But by the time the session ended at 10 p.m. that night , he had sculpted one of his most memorable solos -- an upward run played twice and capped with a circular flourish - in illustration of an observation made by engineer Geoff Emerick : `` George would spend a lot of time working out solos . Everything was a little bit harder for him , nothing quite came easily . '' The song closes with Harrison playing an arpeggio of the opening chord ( Fadd9 ) during the fade - out . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics speak about the singer 's undying devotion to his lover , and how he works so she can buy the things she wants . The singer sings about his tiredness when he comes home from work , but how the things that his lover does perk him up . Critics have pointed out that the first verse , repeated as the last verse , exploits three worn - out - sounding cliches , `` a hard day 's work '' , `` working like a dog '' and `` sleeping like a log '' , only to quicken up the pace with a patter - couplet reassuring the singer 's girlfriend that his energy and pleasure level have been renewed by her ministrations . In 1965 , Peter Sellers released a 45 rpm single on which he recited the lyrics to `` A Hard Day 's Night '' in the manner of Laurence Olivier 's famous performance of Shakespeare 's Richard III . He later performed the piece in full costume for the Granada television show The Music of Lennon and McCartney . Personnel ( edit ) Personnel per Ian MacDonald John Lennon -- double - tracked vocals ( verses ) , electric and acoustic rhythm guitars Paul McCartney -- double - tracked vocals ( middle - eight ) , harmony vocal , bass George Harrison -- twelve - string lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , bongos , cowbell George Martin -- piano In popular culture ( edit ) `` A Hard Day 's Night '' was used as wake - up music on Space Shuttle Missions STS - 30 , STS - 61 , and STS - 69 . The song was played to conclude the Channel Four breakfast programme The Channel Four Daily in 1992 . The song was used as the main theme for the controversial Mikie arcade video game from the mid eighties . Live renditions ( edit ) The Beatles regularly played the song live throughout 1965 . During his 2016 One on One tour , Paul McCartney played the song for the first ever as a solo artist and for the first time by a Beatle in half a century since the Beatles played it for the last time on 31 August 1965 at the Cow Palace in Daly City , California . Cover versions ( edit ) This list of songs or music - related items is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Group or artist 's name Album title Additional information 1964 Chipmunks , The The Chipmunks The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits 1964 Supremes , The The Supremes A Bit of Liverpool 1964 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones Golden Boy 1964 Lewis , Ramsey Ramsey Lewis In Person 1960 - 1967 1964 McFarland , Gary Gary McFarland single 1964 Santo and Johnny ! Santo & Johnny single 1964 The Typhoons ! The Typhoons EP Side One A Hard Day 's Night And I Love Her Side Two I Should Have Known Better Tell Me Why 1965 Kingsmen , The The Kingsmen The Kingsmen On Campus Instrumental . Also on Greatest Hits in 1966 . 1965 Lee , Peggy Peggy Lee Pass Me By 1965 Fitzgerald , Ella Ella Fitzgerald Ella in Hamburg Instrumental 1965 Indexi ! Indexi With title `` Učini jednom bar '' 1965 Sellers , Peter Peter Sellers single A comedy version in which he recited the lyrics in the style of Laurence Olivier in Olivier 's film version of Shakespeare 's play Richard III . Sellers ' version was a UK Top 20 hit in 1965 . 1966 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Chet Atkins Picks on The Beatles 1966 Grant , Earl Earl Grant Bali Hai'h Instrumental 1966 Preston , Billy Billy Preston The Wildest Organ in Town ! 1967 Rivers , Johnny Johnny Rivers Whisky à Go Go Revisited 1968 Bar - Kays ! Bar - Kays Single ( Volt148 ) Appears on the 1993 various artists compilation album Rubber Souled . 1969 Ebstein , Katja Katja Ebstein The In - Kraut : Vol 3 . 1969 Warwick , Dionne Dionne Warwick Soulful 1976 Mayall , John John Mayall Notice to Appear 1979 Knack , The The Knack Live at Carnegie Hall 1979 Bygraves , Max Max Bygraves At His Very Best 1982 Redding , Otis Otis Redding Recorded Live : Previously Released Performances 1982 Shockabilly ! Shockabilly The Dawn Of Shockabilly ( EP ) 1984 Kelly , Pat Pat Kelly One In A Million 1985 Tenney and the Lost Tribe , Gerry Gerry Tenney and the Lost Tribe Heart Will Carry On Sung in Yiddish and titled Shvere togndike nakht / שװערע טאגנדיקע נאכט 1991 Kelly Family , The The Kelly Family Honest Workers 1995 Barrueco , Manuel Manuel Barrueco Manuel Barrueco plays Lennon & McCartney Gurus , Hoodoo Hoodoo Gurus Electric Chair Joel , Billy Billy Joel Greatest Hits Volume III 1983 - 1997 1998 Hawn , Goldie Goldie Hawn In My Life 1998 Shameless ! Shameless Flaming Youth Titled `` Hard Dayz Night '' 1998 Punkles , The The Punkles The Punkles 2000 Marvin , Hank Hank Marvin Marvin at the Movies Instrumental 2001 Lee , Rita Rita Lee Aqui , Ali , em Qualquer Lugar ( `` Here , There and Everywhere '' ) 2001 Zonjic , Alexander Alexander Zonjic Reach for the Sky 2002 Ektomorf I Scream Up to the Sky Marie , Rene Rene Marie Serenade Renegade 2005 Joel , Billy Billy Joel My Lives Recorded live 2005 Sugarcult ! Sugarcult A Hard Day 's Night 2007 Diao , Mando Mando Diao single B - side to `` TV & Me '' 2009 Alex Wolff , Nat and Nat and Alex Wolff single Live Performances `` TBA Album '' 2011 Joel , Billy Billy Joel Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Recorded live in 2008 ( but not released until 2011 ) . It was performed as an interlude in the middle of `` The River of Dreams , '' which Joel does often at his concerts . 2012 Rush , Big Time Big Time Rush single Big Time Movie Soundtrack - EP 2013 Glee Glee Sings The Beatles Duet between Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) and Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) in the season 5 opener Love Love Love . 2015 Sheryl Crow John Lennon 75th Birthday Concert Live Broadcast 2017 Skank Pega Pega 's soundtrack Tributes ( edit ) The Rutles ' song `` I Must Be In Love '' is a pastiche of this song . Beatallica recorded a thrash version of this song called `` A Garage Dayz Nite '' whose lyrics reference the songs `` Trapped Under Ice '' by Metallica and `` Love at First Sting '' by Scorpions . The Cirque Du Soleil production Love uses the opening chord of `` A Hard Day 's Night '' to introduce `` Get Back '' . The chord is played forward , and while the drum solo from `` The End '' is playing , the chord is reversed to the beginning . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 West German Media Control Singles Chart Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edmondson , Jacqueline ( 2010 ) . John Lennon : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . pp. 64 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37938 - 3 . Jump up ^ Turner Classic Movies 2009 . Jump up ^ White 2008 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , p. 486 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell 1996 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2005 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Hook 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Glynn 2004 , pp. 33 , 68 . Jump up ^ Rooksby 2004 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard 2003 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Pedler 2003 , pp. 478 -- 479 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 2001 , pp. 236 -- 237 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack . Jump up ^ Bacon 2000 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 511 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 . Jump up ^ CBC Radio 2004 . Jump up ^ Van Buskirk , Eliot ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` How Math Unraveled the ' Hard Day 's Night ' Mystery '' . Wired . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Celemony 's Melodyne Makes Easy Work of ' Hard Day 's Night ' `` , Wired.com . Jump up ^ von Radowitz , John ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Mathematician cracks Beatles mystery -- perhaps '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Vinyl Tap , 9 July 2011 , part 2 , 30 : 25 - 32 : 55 ^ Jump up to : `` ' A Hard Day 's Night ' '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Middleton 1990 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Middleton 1990 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Kehew , Brian ; Ryan , Kevin ( 2006 ) . Recording The Beatles . Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John . `` Analysis of `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` . The Songs of John Lennon : The Beatles Years . Scribd Inc . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Calkin , Graham . `` A Hard Day 's Night E.P. '' . Graham Calkin 's Beatles Pages . Graham Calkin . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Heron , Ambrose . `` Peter Sellers does A Hard Days Night in the style of Shakespeare '' . FILMdetail . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fries 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Steve . `` Channel 4 News '' . TVARK . Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Paul McCartney Play ' Hard Day 's Night ' for First Time in 51 Years '' . Rolling Stone . 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : CoverTogether 2009 . Jump up ^ http://coisasdosbeatles.blogspot.pt/ Jump up ^ Calking 2008 . Jump up ^ Pop Stars Plus 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Reach for the Sky overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` A Chat With Flautist , Alexander Zonjic '' . Jazzreview.com . Archived from the original on 28 February 2005 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2008 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2005 ) . Australian Chart Book ( 1940 -- 1969 ) . Turramurra : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44439 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- A Hard Day 's Night '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- A Hard Day 's Night '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- A Hard Day 's Night '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- A Hard Day 's Night '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1964 - 07 - 29 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4711 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Beatles . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' ( Enter `` Beatles '' in the search box ) ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Hard Day 's Night '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH References ( edit ) Bacon , Tony ( 2000 ) . Fuzz & Feedback : Classic Guitar Music of the 60 's . Miller Freeman Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 612 - 2 . Badman , Keith . The Beatles Off the Record . Brown , Jason I. ( October 2004 ) . `` Mathematics , Physics and A Hard Day 's Night '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . `` As It Happens '' . CBC Radio . 15 October 2004 . Jason Brown 's research on the opening chord . To hear the story , listen 12'35 '' into the broadcast . Calking , Graham ( 2008 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night EP '' . Archived from the original on 16 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Campbell , Mary ( 1 July 1996 ) . `` Restored ' Hard Day 's Night , ' ' Help ! ' part of AMC festival '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Cohen , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Unreleased Tracks Span Joel 's `` My Lives '' `` . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Compton , Todd ( 2017 ) . Who Wrote the Beatle Songs ? A History of Lennon - McCartney . Pahreah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9988997 - 0 - 1 . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . CoverTogether. 2009 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Everett , Walter ( 2001 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514104 - 0 . Fries , Colin , ed. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2010 . Glynn , Stephen ( 2004 ) . A Hard Day 's Night : The British Film Guide 10 ( Turner Classic Movies British Film Guides ) . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 587 - 1 . Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . London : Virgin Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 2 . Hook , Chris ( 2 May 2005 ) . `` The `` A Hard Day 's Night '' Chord - Rock 's Holy Grail `` . Everything2.com . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jackson , John Wyse ( 2005 ) . We All Want to Change the Word : The Life of John Lennon . Haus . ISBN 1 - 904950 - 37 - X . The Beatles A-I . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Hal Leonard . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 05339 - 6 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Marck , John T ( 2006 ) . `` I Am The Beatles - A Hard Day 's Night '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2006 . Retrieved 13 December 2006 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 1 . Pollack , Alan W. `` Notes on `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` . `` Peter Seller 's Information '' . Pop Stars Plus . 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Rooksby , Rikky ( 2004 ) . Chord Master : How to Choose and Play the Right Guitar Chords . Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 766 - 8 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Turner Classic Movies . 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . White , Dave ( 2008 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Hard Day 's Night ( album ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` A Hard Day 's Night '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones UK number one single `` A Hard Day 's Night '' by The Beatles 23 July 1964 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' by Manfred Mann Preceded by `` Rag Doll '' by The Four Seasons Billboard Hot 100 number one single `` A Hard Day 's Night '' by The Beatles 1 August 1964 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' by Dean Martin A Hard Day 's Night Songs Side one `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` If I Fell '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' `` Tell Me Why '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Side two `` Any Time at All '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' `` Things We Said Today '' `` When I Get Home '' `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I 'll Be Back '' Outtakes `` No Reply '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Slow Down '' `` Matchbox '' `` Long Tall Sally '' `` I Call Your Name '' Related articles A Hard Day 's Night ( film ) Extracts from the Album A Hard Day 's Night Extracts from the Film A Hard Day 's Night The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(song)&oldid=802055363 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1964 songs 1964 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Parlophone singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Billy Joel songs Otis Redding songs Dionne Warwick songs Chet Atkins songs Capitol Records singles Songs written for films Songs published by Northern Songs Theme music Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English from August 2010 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2016 All articles needing style editing Listen template using plain parameter Incomplete music lists Articles with hCards Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 18 : 14 . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song a hard day's night
[ "\"A Hard Day's Night\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was written by John Lennon,[2] with some collaboration from Paul McCartney. It was released on the film soundtrack of the same name in 1964. It was also released in the UK as a single, with \"Things We Said Today\" as its B-side.", "\"A Hard Day's Night\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was written by John Lennon,[2] with some collaboration from Paul McCartney. It was released on the film soundtrack of the same name in 1964. It was also released in the UK as a single, with \"Things We Said Today\" as its B-side." ]
[ "John Lennon", "Paul McCartney" ]
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Arkansas Razorbacks football
Arkansas Razorbacks Football - wikipedia Arkansas Razorbacks Football This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Arkansas Razorbacks Football 2017 Arkansas Razorbacks football team First season 1894 Athletic director Hunter Yurachek Head coach Chad Morris 1st season , 0 -- 0 ( -- ) Stadium Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium ( Capacity : 72,000 ) Field Frank Broyles Field ( Razorback Stadium ) Field surface Powerblade 2.5 ( Fayetteville ) FieldTurf ( Little Rock ) Conference Southeastern Conference Division Western Past conferences Independent ( 1894 -- 1914 ) Southwest Conference ( 1915 -- 1991 ) All - time record 701 -- 475 -- 40 (. 593 ) Bowl record 15 -- 24 -- 3 (. 393 ) Claimed nat'l titles 1 ( 1964 ) Rivalries LSU Tigers Texas A&M Aggies Ole Miss Rebels Arkansas State Red Wolves Consensus All - Americans 24 Colors Cardinal and White Fight song Arkansas Fight Marching band Best in Sight and Sound Website arkansasrazorbacks.com The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville , Arkansas , in the sport of American football . The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program has 1 claimed national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) and Helms Athletic Foundation ( HAF ) in 1964 , 1 unclaimed national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) in 1977 , 13 conference championships , 45 All - Americans , and an all - time record of 701 -- 475 -- 40 . The Razorbacks are the 23rd - ranked team in college football history by total number of wins . Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1894 -- 1957 ) 1.2 Frank Broyles era ( 1958 -- 1976 ) 1.3 Lou Holtz era ( 1977 -- 1983 ) 1.4 Ken Hatfield era ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 1.5 Jack Crowe era ( 1990 -- 1992 ) 1.6 Danny Ford era ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 1.7 Houston Nutt era ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 1.8 Bobby Petrino era ( 2008 -- 2011 ) 1.9 John L. Smith era ( 2012 ) 1.10 Bret Bielema era ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 2 Coaching history 3 Rivalries 3.1 Ole Miss Rebels 3.2 LSU Tigers 3.3 Texas Longhorns 3.4 Texas A&M Aggies 3.5 Missouri Tigers 4 All - time record vs. SEC teams 5 Uniforms 6 Championships 6.1 National championships 6.2 Conference championships 6.3 Divisional championships 7 Bowl games 8 Awards and honors 8.1 Player awards 8.2 Coaching awards 8.3 All - Americans 8.4 Arkansas Razorbacks in the College Hall of Fame 8.5 All - Century Team 9 Facilities 9.1 Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium 9.2 War Memorial Stadium 9.3 Willard and Pat Walker Pavilion 10 Arkansas Razorbacks in the NFL 10.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 11 Future opponents 11.1 Non-division opponents 11.2 Non-conference opponents 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( 1894 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) The undefeated 1909 Arkansas Cardinals . QB Steve Creekmore is in front with Coach Hugo Bezdek at right ( with the C sweatshirt ) . The first University of Arkansas football team was formed in 1894 and coached by John Futrall , who was a Latin professor at the University . That team played three games : two against Fort Smith High School and one against Texas . Before the 1909 season , the teams was called the Arkansas Cardinals and a bird was the school 's mascot . The name and mascot changed following the 1909 season when the football team , coached by Hugo Bezdek , finished 7 -- 0 . The Cardials became the Razorbacks after Arkansas defeated LSU 7 - 0 and coach Bezdek told them they were `` as tough '' as a band of fighting Razorbacks . The Wooo Pig Sooie or calling the Hogs became a tradition and the official school cheer in the 1920s when farmers rushing out to meet the bus returning from an away game called the hogs as a greeting . Arkansas prevailed over powerhouses Oklahoma , LSU and Washington of St. Louis in 1909 , and was declared unofficial champions of the South and Southwest . It was with the help of Steve Creekmore that this was accomplished . Creekmore became perhaps the first Razorback star , a quarterback from Van Buren who initially played only intramurals . Bezdek used Creekmore to install a very early edition of the hurry - up offense , as the team never huddled and chased the ball after every play . Creekmore was also known for `` fast and slippery running , blocking , and passing '' and could also return punts and tackle well . There are differing stories about the origins of the ' Razorbacks ' mascot , however . The Texarkana Arkansas High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Razorback with red and white serving as the school colors . The Razorback mascot was selected in 1910 to replace the Cardinal as the University of Arkansas mascot . In exchange for its use , the university provided used athletic gear to Texarkana Arkansas High ; this practice is no longer used . With the new name and mascot , the Hogs defeated LSU 51 -- 0 and gave Texas A&M their only loss in 1910 , but fell short of another perfect season , losing 5 -- 0 to Kansas State . In 1913 , Arkansas quarterback J.L. Carter and the Razorbacks lost to Ole Miss , and took a fateful train to Arkadelphia to play Ouachita Baptist . While Carter was eating , he was invited to a meeting of Ouachita boosters . He transferred ( which took place immediately , this being permissible at the time ) and defeated Arkansas 15 -- 9 in 1914 . The Hogs would be contacted by L. Theo Bellmont in 1913 in his attempt to create an intercollegiate conference to regulate use of ringers . Hugo Bezdek , since replaced by E.T. Pickering , had recommended that the Hogs join a conference before he left to coach at Oregon . The Razorbacks joined the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) as charter members in 1915 . The conference also included teams from Texas ( Baylor , Rice , Texas , Texas A&M ) and Oklahoma ( Oklahoma , Oklahoma A&M ) . Southwestern ( TX ) would also join , but leave the following year . The 1916 , 1917 , and 1919 teams were led at quarterback by `` Arkansas ' greatest athlete '' Gene Davidson . The Razorbacks did n't have a winning conference record until 1920 , and did n't win the conference championship until 1936 . Arkansas had the best record during the 1933 season , but had to forfeit the SWC Championship because Ulysses `` Heine '' Schleuter , who had no eligibility remaining , played on the team . Schleuter had told coach Fred Thomsen that he was eligible , but he was recognized by an SMU player during the game as a former Cornhusker . The Hogs did accept an invitation to the 1934 Dixie Classic , a precursor to today 's Cotton Bowl Classic . Arkansas became rivals with Ole Miss due to proximity . Although not SWC members , Ole Miss played Arkansas intermittently until a yearly series began from 1952 -- 1961 . During the 1938 season , the Razorbacks replaced their 300 - seat stadium known as The Hill with Bailey Stadium , named after Arkansas governor Carl Bailey . It was known as University Stadium for one game before being changed to honor the governor . This stadium still exists today , although heavily renovated , as Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium , the current home of the Razorbacks . Arkansas won the conference championship in 1946 , earning a bid in the 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic with LSU . The game would become known as the Ice Bowl , as a winter storm hit Dallas before the game . The two rivals battled to a scoreless tie , with Razorback great Clyde Scott tackling an LSU Tiger at the one yardline to preserve the tie on the second - to - last play of the game . LSU would fail to complete the field goal attempt on the next play . The Razorbacks defeated William & Mary the next year in the 1948 Dixie Bowl . In 1954 , the Ole Miss rivalry would catch fire . The Hogs played the Rebels in War Memorial Stadium on October 23 , 1954 . The Rebels were ranked # 5 by the AP Poll entering the game , and Arkansas was picked to finish last in the SWC . The contest would be decided by a 66 - yard halfback pass from tailback Buddy Bob Benson to blocking back Preston Carpenter , the only score of the game . This is referred to as the Powder River Play , and `` perhaps the most important in Arkansas football history to that time '' by Orville Henry , a member of the 1954 team . The Hogs would get back to the Cotton Bowl Classic in 1954 , only to be defeated by Georgia Tech . Frank Broyles was an assistant under Jacket head coach Bobby Dodd in the game . During this period , Arkansas developed rivalries with Texas and Texas A&M because of the closeness of those campuses . Frank Broyles era ( 1958 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Coach Broyles ( center ) Frank Broyles was hired as head football coach in 1957 and served in that position for 19 years . Arkansas would grow into a national power with Broyles at the helm , including several conference championships and a national title . Arkansas would earn a share of the 1959 SWC Championship , splitting with Texas . Arkansas lost only to # 3 Texas and # 6 Ole Miss during the season . The Hogs went to Jacksonville and defeated Georgia Tech in the 1960 Gator Bowl 14 -- 7 , avenging an earlier Cotton Bowl Classic defeat . Barry Switzer was a co-captain on the team . Some , including University Chancellor and student during 1958 , John White , view the Razorback football team during this period as a revival of Arkansas , which was recovering from the Little Rock Nine and racial segregation problems . The 1960s was the best decade in Arkansas football history . ESPN ranked Arkansas the 19th most prestigious program in college football , but if only this decade was included , the Hogs would be 10th . 1960 brought another SWC crown , and a Cotton Bowl Classic invitation for the Hogs , who were ranked as high as 7th during the season . The Razorbacks lost to # 2 Ole Miss and # 20 Baylor , but defeated # 11 Texas in Austin , bringing the championship to Fayetteville . The Hogs lost to Duke , 7 -- 6 , because of a blocked extra point . The following season brought another shared SWC championship with Texas . The Hogs were defeated by the Longhorns 33 -- 7 , as well as the # 9 Ole Miss Rebels , warranting an invitation to New Orleans for the Sugar Bowl. # 1 Alabama defeated the Razorbacks 10 -- 3 . The Crimson Tide had been declared National Champions before the game , which was the procedure at the time . The Hogs would fight this system in 1964 , when the same Alabama team would claim the 1964 AP crown before losing the Orange Bowl to the Texas Longhorns , a team Arkansas defeated in Austin , Texas during the regular season . Arkansas won the Cotton Bowl Classic over Nebraska , 10 -- 7 Broyles ' team was awarded the 1964 National Championship by the Football Writers Association of America and the Helms Athletic Foundation . The FWAA and HAF awarded their National Championships to Arkansas , who was the only team to go undefeated through the bowl games that year . At the time , the Associated Press ( AP ) and UPI awarded their national titles before the bowl games , and gave their trophies to the Alabama team that would lose in the Orange Bowl game a few days later . The next season , 1965 , the Razorbacks were 10 -- 0 in the regular season , and were once again the Southwest Conference Champions . That sent the Razorbacks back to the Cotton Bowl Classic on New Year 's Day , this time to play against LSU . Because of the controversy in determining the national champions in 1964 , the AP poll would wait until after the bowl games to announce its champion . With top - ranked Michigan State losing in the Rose Bowl , the # 2 Razorbacks had a chance to become national champions , but were defeated 14 -- 7 by the Tigers . Arkansas would return to the field in 1966 ranked fifth , but losses against unranked Baylor and Texas Tech would prevent the 8 -- 2 Hogs from playing in a bowl game . Loyd Phillips was a consensus All - American defensive tackle on the team . Phillips also took home the Outland Trophy . After struggling in 1967 , the Hogs returned to the postseason in 1968 . # 9 Arkansas defeated # 2 Georgia in the Sugar Bowl , 16 -- 2 . Sophomore receiver Chuck Dicus scored the only touchdown of the game for the Razorbacks . In 1969 , the Razorbacks had another chance to claim the national title , when # 2 Arkansas played the # 1 Texas Longhorns , coached by Darrell Royal , at Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , Arkansas . The game , known as `` The Big Shootout '' or the Game of the Century , is perhaps the most notable football game in Razorbacks history . Arkansas led 14 -- 0 at after three quarters , but Texas stormed back and took a 15 -- 14 lead on a two - point conversion , after a questionable passing play was called late in the game by then coach Frank Broyles , which was intercepted by Texas . President Richard Nixon was in attendance , and proclaimed Texas the national champions , even though they had a bowl game to play , and Penn State was also undefeated . Arkansas lost to Ole Miss in the Sugar Bowl , 27 -- 22 , and Texas beat Notre Dame in the Cotton Bowl Classic for the national title . The 1970s brought more success for Broyles , led by Razorback standouts Chuck Dicus and Ben Cowins . The 1970 Razorbacks would go 9 -- 2 , with the nine consecutive wins bookended by losses in the opener to # 10 Stanford and the finale to # 1 Texas . The 1971 Razorbacks went 8 -- 3 -- 1 , including upset wins over # 7 Cal and # 10 Texas . They were invited to the Liberty Bowl , but lost to # 9 Tennessee 14 -- 13 . The 1972 -- 1974 seasons would be mediocre , as Arkansas struggled to defeat the Texas teams . The Hogs went 11 -- 8 -- 2 against schools in Texas , but failed to beat the University of Texas during the span . The highlight of the period was an upset of # 5 USC in War Memorial Stadium . Broyles would win his seventh and final Southwest Conference championship in 1975 . The contest with Texas A&M was moved until the end of the year , as it was expected to decide the Southwest Conference championship . The Razorbacks did not disappoint , as Arkansas defeated # 2 Texas A&M , 31 -- 6 , in War Memorial Stadium . The win forced the Aggies to share the conference championship with Texas and Arkansas . However , the tie - breaker went to Arkansas , thus Arkansas received the invitation to the Cotton Bowl Classic . The Cotton Bowl Classic berth would also be Broyles ' last appearance . Arkansas would fall behind Georgia early on in that game , but came roaring back to beat the Bulldogs easily , 31 -- 10 . Arkansas finished ranked # 7 in the AP and # 6 in the UPI that season . Broyles coached the Razorbacks in 1976 , but with limited success before Lou Holtz took over the head coaching position for 1977 . Lou Holtz era ( 1977 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Coach Holtz was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame on May 1 , 2008 . After Broyles left coaching and became athletic director at Arkansas , he hired NC State head coach Lou Holtz to take his former position . Holtz served as head football coach from 1977 through the 1983 season . Holtz led the Razorbacks through a 10 -- 1 regular season , losing only to # 2 Texas . The # 6 Hogs were invited to play in the Orange Bowl against # 2 Oklahoma . The Sooners had a chance to become national champions with a win over the shorthanded Razorbacks , who had suffered a season - long rash of injuries and player suspensions . Prior to Christmas , the University announced that star running back Ben Cowins , leading receiver Donny Bobo , and back - up running back Michael Forrest would all be sent back to Fayetteville . Following the suspensions , numerous African - American players on the team threatened to boycott the game . The always - quotable Holtz said two days before the game , `` I 'm one step short of suicide '' . The Razorbacks found an unlikely hero in Roland Sales , who rushed for 205 yards on 23 carries and two scores . Sales also led the Hogs in receiving in the contest . In addition , Holtz used 3rd string running back Randy Richey , who added 98 rushing yards and a touchdown on only 5 carries . The Hogs ended the Sooners ' hope with a 31 -- 6 victory . This game is notable as one of the biggest upsets in Razorback football history . Ironically , University of Arkansas alumnus Barry Switzer coached the Sooners in the contest , and late in the game , future Arkansas head coach Houston Nutt played quarterback for Holtz . Arkansas was selected as a co-national champion for the 1977 season by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) , along with Notre Dame and Texas , but the university does not claim this title . In 1978 , the Razorbacks went 9 -- 2 during the regular season , losing back - to - back games at # 8 Texas and # 11 Houston . A 49 -- 7 win over # 16 Texas A&M did give the Hogs a Fiesta Bowl berth , but the Razorbacks and UCLA Bruins would battle to a 10 -- 10 tie . In 1979 , Holtz 's Razorbacks won a share of the Southwest Conference ( sharing with Houston ) . The 10 -- 2 Hogs defeated nemesis # 2 Texas in Little Rock , but lost an outright conference title to # 6 Houston in Fayetteville . Earning a bid to the Sugar Bowl , the # 6 Hogs were set to play # 2 Alabama with a chance at the national championship . Instead , Alabama defeated the Razorbacks 24 -- 9 , winning their sixth claimed national title . The Razorbacks would continue to succeed under Holtz , winning the 1980 Hall of Fame Classic following 1980 and defeating the # 1 Texas Longhorns 42 -- 11 in 1981 . Despite winning another bowl game and finishing 9 -- 2 -- 1 in 1982 , a 6 -- 5 season in 1983 would be the end of the Holtz era . At the time , athletic director Frank Broyles stated that Holtz had resigned and was not fired , but two decades later Broyles acknowledged that Holtz was indeed fired because his actions were negatively affecting the fan base . Holtz would subsequently be hired by Minnesota . Holtz left the program with a mark of 60 -- 21 -- 2 . His teams reached six consecutive bowls ( 1977 -- 1983 ) , but only won one split conference championship . Holtz used a very conservative option offense . Ken Hatfield era ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Ken Hatfield replaced Holtz in 1984 . Hatfield played defensive back for Broyles on the 1964 national championship team . He had a record of 55 -- 17 -- 1 and won back - to - back Southwest Conference titles in 1988 and 1989 , Hatfield 's last two years , and to date the Razorbacks ' last conference titles . Despite this success , Hatfield had a somewhat frosty relationship with Broyles , and lost out on several recruits when other coaches spread rumors that he was in Broyles ' doghouse . When Broyles signed a new five - year contract as athletic director , Hatfield abruptly resigned to accept the head coaching post at Clemson . During this period , Broyles engineered Arkansas ' move from the Southwest Conference to the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , effective with the 1992 season . Jack Crowe era ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) The Southeastern Conference as it existed from 1992 -- 2011 Jack Crowe first came to Arkansas in 1989 as offensive coordinator under Ken Hatfield . Hatfield left to become head coach at Clemson a month after the season ended . This put athletic director Frank Broyles in a desperate situation . Not only was it far too late to find a big - name coach , but National Signing Day was only three weeks away . Broyles persuaded Crowe to drop his initial plans to follow Hatfield to Clemson and take over as head coach of the Razorbacks . The decision came as something of a surprise , since Crowe had only won five games in two seasons at Livingston . By the start of the season , the Razorbacks had seen Barry Foster give up his senior season to enter the 1990 NFL Draft and had lost numerous other players to disciplinary and academic problems . Under the circumstances , the Razorbacks struggled to a 3 - 8 record . They barely qualified for a bowl in 1991 . The Razorbacks opened the 1992 season -- their first in the Southeastern Conference -- with an upset loss to a Division I - AA team , The Citadel . The next day , Broyles announced that Crowe had resigned and that defensive coordinator Joe Kines would coach the Razorbacks for the rest of the season . However , Crowe 's lawyer subsequently told Sports Illustrated that Crowe had been fired , and Broyles admitted that he 'd fired Crowe due to concern that the fans no longer had confidence in him . He finished 9 - 15 in two seasons and one game in Fayetteville . Joe Kines would finish the season as interim head coach . Danny Ford era ( 1993 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Joe Kines brought Danny Ford to Arkansas in 1992 to help with the clean - up following Frank Broyles ' firing of Jack Crowe ( Ford 's former offensive coordinator at Clemson ) after a loss to the Citadel . This immediately led to speculation that Ford would be named head coach on a permanent basis . The speculation bore fruit after the season , when Ford was named head coach . He led Arkansas to an SEC West championship in 1995 on the legs of Madre Hill and the defensive genius of Joe Lee Dunn , after emerging from two years under Crowe . However , this was one of only two winning seasons the Razorbacks notched in Ford 's tenure . Broyles fired Ford following back - to - back 4 -- 7 campaigns . Ford finished 26 -- 30 -- 1 in five seasons with the Razorbacks . It was ironic that Ford ended up at Arkansas , since his replacement at Clemson was former Razorback head coach Ken Hatfield , who had had his own falling out with Arkansas athletic director Frank Broyles . Hatfield took the Clemson job in January 1990 , less than a week after Ford resigned , without even visiting the campus . Ford proved to be a solid recruiter , as his replacement at Arkansas , Houston Nutt , went on to win 17 games in the 1998 ( 9 - 3 ) and 1999 ( 8 - 4 ) seasons combined , to include a 1998 SEC West co-championship and a Cotton Bowl championship on January 1 , 2000 with a victory over Texas . Both of those squads included players Ford had recruited to Arkansas . Houston Nutt era ( 1998 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Coach Nutt On December 10 , 1997 , Boise State head coach Houston Nutt was hired by the University of Arkansas to succeed Danny Ford . Upon his arrival at Arkansas , Nutt invigorated the Hog fan base with his enthusiasm and high energy . Under Nutt , the Razorbacks were one of three SEC schools to play in three New Year 's Day bowls within five years . Nutt 's teams were noted for a series of overtime games , including the two longest overtime games in NCAA history . Off the field , some of Nutt 's players were named to the SEC Academic Honor Roll 145 times and he has established a reputation as a responsible coach academically . Nutt received some criticism for a SEC win - loss record that was just barely over . 500 and because he calls his own offensive plays during a game instead of relying on an offensive coordinator . In his first six seasons , Nutt led the team to a bowl game each year and averaged eight wins per season . Nutt 's Razorbacks were picked to finish last in the Southeastern Conference Western Division in 1998 but ended up with a 9 -- 3 record and a share of the division title . The Razorbacks lost to the eventual national champion Tennessee Volunteers on Tennessee 's home field after quarterback Clint Stoerner fumbled while trying to run out the clock . For their efforts , the Razorbacks received their first - ever invitation to the Citrus Bowl and ended the season ranked No. 16 after losing to Michigan . Nutt was selected as the Football News ' National Coach of the Year . In 1999 , Nutt 's Razorbacks were picked to win the SEC Western Division , but suffered a series of setbacks during the season . They recovered to defeat nationally ranked Tennessee and Mississippi State to earn a Cotton Bowl Classic bid versus arch - rival Texas . The Razorbacks defeated Texas 27 -- 6 , becoming the first team to ever hold Texas to negative rushing yards in a game . The Cotton Bowl victory propelled Arkansas into the top 20 to end the season . The 2000 season saw the Razorbacks lose the core of their team and suffer a string of injuries , including season - ending injuries to all of the starting running backs . The Razorbacks struggled throughout the season until the final two games when they defeated ranked Mississippi State and LSU teams to pull out another winning record and a Las Vegas Bowl appearance . In the 2001 season , the Razorbacks started off with three straight losses in SEC play . They then came back to win six of the last seven including victories over ranked South Carolina and Auburn teams . Based on this performance , the Razorbacks were selected to return to the Cotton Bowl Classic to face the defending national champion Oklahoma Sooners . Arkansas lost , gaining only 50 yards of total offense and just six first downs . Nutt was named SEC coach of the year by the Associated Press and by the SEC coaches . In 2002 , Nutt 's Razorbacks stumbled midway through the season but pulled together five straight wins , including a last second touchdown pass against LSU , often referred to as the `` Miracle on Markham '' to pull out a share of a Western Division title . Arkansas was defeated by the Georgia Bulldogs in the SEC Championship Game and ended the season with a loss to Minnesota in the Music City Bowl . In 2003 , Nutt 's team started off with a 4 -- 0 record including a win against No. 5 Texas on their home field . The early season success raised fan expectations sky - high and put Nutt under intense pressure when the Razorbacks lost their next three games , putting them out of contention for the national championship or even the SEC Western Division crown . The Razorbacks won four of their final five games and defeated Missouri in the Independence Bowl . After the 2003 season , Nebraska was rumored to be courting Nutt to be their head coach , after the firing of Frank Solich . The 2004 and 2005 campaigns were widely expected to be rebuilding years due to young teams . The 2004 season ended with a 5 -- 6 record and without a bowl invitation for the first time under Nutt . The 2005 season was also a rebuilding year as expected . Tough losses to USC ( 70 -- 17 ) as well as to Vanderbilt and South Carolina showed that the season had been predicted accurately . The team was ineligible for a bowl for the second season in a row ( and the second season overall under coach Nutt ) . This led to Razorback fans calling for coaching changes . After meeting with Frank Broyles ( athletic director ) at the conclusion of the season , coaching changes were made by Nutt in the offseason at the risk of being fired , the most notable of which was the forced addition of Gus Malzahn , previously the head coach at Springdale High School in Springdale , Arkansas , as offensive coordinator . The hiring of Malzahn allowed Nutt to sign several highly recruited Springdale players , including Springdale High School quarterback Mitch Mustain and wide receiver Damian Williams who eventually transferred to USC . Star running back Darren McFadden The 2006 season began with a new offensive coordinator in Malzahn . The Razorbacks started the season losing 50 -- 14 , at a home game in Fayetteville , to USC . Following the loss to the Trojans , Nutt announced that Mustain would replace Robert Johnson as the Hogs ' starting quarterback . Mustain led Arkansas to eight straight wins , including wins against No. 22 Alabama at home and No. 2 Auburn at Auburn , before losing the starting job to Casey Dick . Dick had been slotted to start at the beginning of the season but was unable to do so due to a back injury suffered in the spring . Dick led the Razorbacks to two victories out of four for a total of 10 wins , including a win over No. 13 Tennessee . The Razorbacks moved to No. 7 in the BCS standings . However , the Hogs lost their last regular season game to the No. 8 LSU Tigers , 31 -- 26 . Despite the loss , the Hogs were still Western Division Champions of the SEC , and played the 11 -- 1 , fourth - ranked Florida Gators for the SEC Championship . Florida won , 38 -- 28 . The Razorbacks then lost to the No. 5 Wisconsin Badgers on New Year 's Day , 2007 in the Capital One Bowl . A highlight of the season was the second - place finish of sophomore tailback Darren McFadden in the Heisman Trophy voting . Nutt was named SEC coach of the year by the Associated Press and by the SEC coaches for the second time . The Razorbacks finished the season at 10 - 4 . The 2007 season began with the Razorbacks ranked No. 21 by the AP Poll . The Hogs opened at home with a victory over Troy . However , early losses to Alabama and Kentucky knocked Arkansas out of the rankings and made the remaining SEC schedule an uphill struggle , even with Darren McFadden , Felix Jones , and Peyton Hillis in the Razorback backfield . Fan frustration boiled over to some fans wearing all black T - shirts with anti-Nutt statements and buying an entire page in a local Little Rock newspaper calling for Nutt to be fired . A non-official flyover was made hours before the Auburn home game with a small airplane holding a banner , which read : `` Fire Houston Nutt . Players and fans deserve better . '' On November 23 , 2007 in Baton Rouge , Nutt 's Razorbacks beat the top - ranked football team in the nation . In a game that lasted three overtimes , Arkansas defeated eventual national champion LSU Tigers , 50 -- 48 , returning the Golden Boot back to Arkansas . Arkansas finished the season with an 8 - 5 record . Three days later , Nutt resigned as head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks amid several controversies and rumors , which had come prior to and throughout the 2007 season . He left the school with a 75 -- 48 record , which is second on the school 's all - time win list , behind only Broyles . Bobby Petrino era ( 2008 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Coach Petrino during the pre-game `` Hog Walk '' to the stadium in 2008 Quarterback Tyler Wilson ( # 8 ) and the Razorback offense huddle against Alabama in 2011 . After Nutt 's departure , former Louisville head coach Bobby Petrino came to Arkansas from the NFL 's Atlanta Falcons to become the Razorbacks ' 31st head coach . The 2008 season was expected to be a transition year for the team and Petrino . Though eliminated from bowl contention , Petrino led the Razorbacks to a last - second victory over rival and defending national champions LSU to finish the season 5 -- 7 and a conference mark of 2 -- 6 . Petrino 's 2009 Razorbacks made dramatic improvement . Led by Michigan transfer Ryan Mallett at quarterback , the Razorbacks nearly defeated the Tim Tebow - led Florida Gators , who were ranked # 1 in the country at that time , in Gainesville , Florida . The Hogs went on to win the 2010 Liberty Bowl against East Carolina and finish with a record of 8 -- 5 . The 2010 Arkansas Razorbacks improved on their 2009 record and won 6 in a row to end the year after earlier losses to Alabama and Auburn . Arkansas finished the season 10 -- 2 overall and earned a BCS bowl berth , the first in Arkansas history . The Razorbacks lost the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans against the sixth ranked Ohio State Buckeyes by a score of 31 -- 26 . Though the result was later vacated by the NCAA as a result of sanctions against Ohio State , the game was the first game ever played between the two teams . Under Petrino 's tutelage , quarterback Ryan Mallett broke numerous school passing records in 2010 as well . In 2011 , the reins were handed to Tyler Wilson after Mallett went to the NFL . Wilson picked up where Mallett left off , and Arkansas spent more than half the season ranked in the top ten . After beating Kansas State in the Cotton Bowl Classic by a score of 29 -- 16 , the Razorbacks finished with an 11 -- 2 record and a # 5 final ranking in the AP poll , the school 's highest ranking since 1977 . The eleven wins also tied a school record . The only two teams to beat the Hogs that year were Bama and LSU , the two teams that played each other for the national championship . On April 1 , 2012 , Petrino was involved in a single - vehicle motorcycle crash in rural Madison County , near Crosses . After initially stating publicly that he was alone , both in a written press release and during a press conference , it was discovered in the police report of the accident that Petrino had been riding with a passenger , former Arkansas All - SEC volleyball player Jessica Dorrell . In his acknowledgement of the report , Petrino admitted to having engaged in a `` previous inappropriate relationship '' with Ms. Dorrell . As a result of this information , Athletic Director Jeff Long placed Petrino on paid administrative leave , pending an investigation . On April 10 , 2012 , after his investigation , Long announced that he had fired Petrino with cause , saying that Petrino `` engaged in a pattern of misleading and manipulative behavior designed to deceive me and members of the athletic staff , both before and after the motorcycle accident . '' He also revealed that in addition to his previously - undisclosed personal relationship , Petrino had secretly paid Ms. Dorrell $20,000 and had used his influence to ensure that she was selected from an applicant pool of 159 people for a position on the football coaching staff . John L. Smith era ( 2012 ) ( edit ) On April 23 , 2012 , Petrino 's coaching mentor , John L. Smith , was announced as Arkansas ' 32nd head football coach . Smith signed a 10 - month contract worth $850,000 . The hiring was ironic , as Petrino had succeeded Smith as head coach at Louisville . Just four months earlier , Smith had accepted the head coaching position at his alma mater Weber State after serving under Petrino as special teams coordinator for the Razorbacks . His hiring was met both with approval and some controversy . A significant number of current players expressed their strong approval for the Smith hire . Some critics , however , argued that he had abandoned his previous post at Weber State after only 4 1 / 2 months and that he was merely `` leasing himself to the Razorbacks for a year . '' The Razorbacks struggled to a 4 -- 8 record in 2012 despite starting the season with high expectations and being ranked in the Top 10 nationally . Smith was not retained after the season . Bret Bielema era ( 2013 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) On December 4 , 2012 , it was announced that Bret Bielema would leave the Wisconsin Badgers to become the head coach of the Razorbacks for the 2013 season . Bielema is the 33rd head football coach in Arkansas history . Bielema 's first season at Arkansas resulted in an overall record of 3 - 9 , including 0 - 8 in the Southeastern Conference . Bielema inherited a roster depleted of talent and lacking in development under John L. Smith . Bielema 's starting QB also suffered a throwing shoulder injury , which limited his ability the entire season . It was the Razorbacks ' worst SEC mark since entering the league in 1992 and their first winless in - conference season since 1942 , when they were a member of the Southwest Conference . His second season saw him improve on his first season , as Arkansas finished 7 - 6 . Bielema won his first two SEC games in dominating fashion in November , beating # 17 LSU 17 - 0 and # 8 Ole Miss 30 - 0 to achieve bowl eligibility . Though Arkansas lost its remaining conference game against Missouri , the Razorbacks were still the first unranked team in college football history to shut out two consecutive ranked opponents . Bielema led Arkansas to a Texas Bowl victory in the postseason , defeating Texas handily , 31 - 7 . In Bielema 's third season , the team suffered the loss of returning 1190 yard starting running back before the season . Breaking in a new offensive coordinator and adjusting to losing three NFL drafted defensive players up front , the Razorbacks got off to a slow start , losing to Toledo and Texas Tech in the non-conference and started 2 - 4 . Bielema then caught fire in the second half of the season , going 5 - 1 over the final six games , losing the one game on a missed field goal . Bielema ended the year by defeating one of his former mentors , Bill Snyder , in the AutoZone Liberty Bowl , as Arkansas dispatched Kansas State , 45 - 23 , to finish the season with a record of 8 - 5 . Bielema 's fourth season was a topsy - turvy campaign that ended with two embarrassing defeats at the hands of Missouri in the regular season finale and Virginia Tech in the 2016 Belk Bowl . The former saw his team blow a 17 - point halftime lead and the latter was a 24 - point blown halftime lead , which was the largest for Arkansas since at least 1952 . Beating Missouri would have resulted in Bret Bielema improving his regular season record every year at Arkansas . The losses lead to the replacement of defensive coordinator Robb Smith with former Iowa State head coach Paul Rhoads , and other staff changes pointing to a change to a 3 - 4 defensive scheme . Bielema also hired Central Michigan head coach Dan Enos as the team 's offensive coordinator . Bielema 's Razorbacks finished 7 - 6 that season . On November 24 , 2017 , Bielema was fired after a 48 - 45 loss to the Missouri Tigers Coaching history ( edit ) Name Seasons Overall Overall Win % Conference Conference Win % Bowls Bowl Win % Chad Morris 2017 0 - 0 -- 0 - 0 -- 0 -- 0 . 000 Bret Bielema 2013 -- 2017 27 - 29 . 482 10 - 24 . 294 2 -- 1 . 667 John L. Smith 2012 4 -- 8 . 333 2 -- 6 . 250 -- -- Bobby Petrino 2008 -- 2011 34 -- 17 . 667 17 -- 15 . 531 2 -- 1 . 667 Reggie Herring 2007 0 -- 1 . 000 -- -- 0 -- 1 . 000 Houston Nutt 1998 -- 2007 75 -- 46 . 620 42 -- 38 . 525 2 -- 5 . 286 Danny Ford 1993 -- 1997 26 -- 30 -- 1 . 465 16 -- 23 -- 1 . 413 0 -- 1 . 000 Joe Kines 1992 3 -- 6 -- 1 . 350 3 -- 4 -- 1 . 438 -- -- Jack Crowe 1990 -- 1992 9 -- 15 . 375 6 -- 10 . 375 0 -- 1 . 000 Ken Hatfield 1984 -- 1989 55 -- 17 -- 1 . 760 36 -- 10 . 783 1 -- 6 . 143 Lou Holtz 1977 -- 1983 60 -- 21 -- 2 . 735 37 -- 18 -- 1 . 670 3 -- 2 -- 1 . 583 Frank Broyles 1958 -- 1976 144 -- 58 -- 5 . 708 91 -- 36 -- 5 . 708 4 -- 6 . 400 Jack Mitchell 1955 -- 1957 17 -- 12 -- 1 . 583 8 -- 9 -- 1 . 472 -- -- Bowden Wyatt 1953 -- 1954 11 -- 10 . 524 7 -- 5 . 583 0 -- 1 . 000 Otis Douglas 1950 -- 1952 9 -- 21 . 300 4 -- 14 . 222 -- -- John Barnhill 1946 -- 1949 22 -- 17 -- 3 . 560 10 -- 13 -- 1 . 438 1 -- 0 -- 1 . 750 Glen Rose 1944 -- 1945 8 -- 12 -- 1 . 405 3 -- 7 -- 1 . 318 -- -- John Tomlin 1943 2 -- 7 . 222 1 -- 4 . 200 -- -- George Cole 1942 3 -- 7 . 300 0 -- 6 . 000 -- -- Fred Thomsen 1929 -- 1941 56 -- 61 -- 10 . 480 26 -- 42 -- 3 . 387 0 -- 0 -- 1 . 500 Francis Schmidt 1922 -- 1928 42 -- 20 -- 3 . 669 14 -- 13 -- 2 . 517 -- -- George McLaren 1920 -- 21 8 -- 5 -- 3 . 594 4 -- 1 -- 1 . 750 -- -- J.B. Craig 1919 3 -- 4 . 429 1 -- 2 . 333 -- -- Norman Paine 1917 -- 1918 8 -- 3 -- 1 . 708 0 -- 2 -- 1 . 167 -- -- T.T. McConnell 1915 -- 1916 8 -- 6 -- 1 . 567 1 -- 3 . 250 -- -- E.T. Pickering 1913 -- 1914 11 -- 7 . 611 -- -- -- -- Hugo Bezdek 1908 -- 1912 29 -- 13 -- 1 . 686 -- -- -- -- Frank Longman 1906 -- 1907 5 -- 8 -- 3 . 406 -- -- -- -- A.D. Brown 1904 -- 1905 6 -- 9 . 400 -- -- -- -- D.A. McDaniel 1903 3 -- 4 . 429 -- -- -- -- Charles Thomas 1901 -- 1902 9 -- 8 . 529 -- -- -- -- Colbert Searles 1899 -- 1900 5 -- 2 -- 2 . 667 -- -- -- -- B.N. Wilson 1897 -- 1898 4 -- 1 -- 1 . 750 -- -- -- -- John Futrall 1894 -- 1896 5 -- 2 . 714 -- -- -- -- denotes Interim Head Coach . Source : `` Razorback Football Coaching History '' . Arkansas Razorbacks Sports Network . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Rivalries ( edit ) Ole Miss Rebels ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- Ole Miss football rivalry The Razorbacks first played the Rebels in 1908 . Arkansas and Mississippi played many times sporadically in the following years . In addition to several occasional years of playing each other , the two teams played each other from 1940 -- 47 and 1952 -- 62 on an annual basis . The Razorbacks and Rebels also met twice in the Sugar Bowl played in New Orleans , in 1963 and 1970 . Since 1981 , the two teams have played each other annually in football . In 2001 , Arkansas and Ole Miss had an NCAA record seven - overtime game in Oxford , Mississippi . The amount of overtimes has since been tied , but has not yet been beaten . ( Arkansas won by a final score of 58 -- 56 ) The recent Houston Nutt controversies and departure to Ole Miss has added to and heightened the long - standing rivalry between the schools . Arkansas had played Ole Miss more total times than any other SEC opponent , until Texas A&M joined the conference in 2012 . Arkansas - Ole Miss : All - Time Records Games played First meeting Last meeting ARK win ARK loss Ties Win % 64 October 10 , 1908 ( won 33 -- 0 ) October 28 , 2017 ( won 38 -- 37 ) 36 27 54.0 % LSU Tigers ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- LSU football rivalry Since joining the Southeastern Conference in 1992 , the Razorbacks have developed a rivalry with the LSU Tigers . The game was played annually the day after Thanksgiving and was televised on CBS until 2014 when LSU played Texas A&M on Thanksgiving and Arkansas played Missouri that week . The winner of the game has taken home the `` Golden Boot '' , which is a 24 - karat gold trophy in the shape of the two states , since its creation in 1996 . In 2002 , the rivalry gained some momentum as the game winner would represent the Western Division in the SEC Championship Game . The game ( called `` Miracle on Markham '' ) was won by Arkansas on a last second touchdown pass by Matt Jones . In 2006 , the Tigers snapped the SEC West champion Razorbacks ' 10 - game winning streak when they beat Arkansas in Little Rock , 31 -- 26 . In 2007 , Arkansas stunned top - ranked LSU in triple overtime , 50 -- 48 , giving them their first win in Baton Rouge since 1993 , and their first victory over a top - ranked team since beating Texas in 1981 , winning back the Golden Boot trophy ( after 4 consecutive seasons in the hands of LSU ) in the process . In 2008 , the Razorbacks defended the trophy , winning 31 -- 30 on a last minute touchdown drive . LSU currently leads the series 39 -- 22 -- 2 . Arkansas - LSU : All - Time Records Games played First meeting Last meeting ARK win ARK loss Ties Win % 63 December 5 , 1901 ( lost 15 -- 0 ) November 11 , 2017 ( lost 34 -- 10 ) 22 39 36.5 % Texas Longhorns ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- Texas football rivalry 2003 Arkansas game at Texas . Arkansas won 38 -- 28 . Though the Arkansas - Texas game has not been regularly played since Arkansas 's departure from the Southwest Conference in 1991 , the Longhorns are still considered by many to be the Razorbacks ' top rival . There are several reasons for this , including the result of the 1969 Game of the Century ( also known as `` The Big Shootout '' ) , which eventually led to the Longhorns ' 1969 national championship . The Longhorns won the meeting in 2008 , 52 -- 10 . The Razorbacks and Longhorns revived the rivalry in the 2014 Texas Bowl with Arkansas earning a 31 -- 7 victory , also giving Coach Bret Bielema his first bowl win at Arkansas . Arkansas - Texas : All - Time Records Games played First meeting Last meeting ARK win ARK loss Ties Win % 78 November 29 , 1894 ( lost 54 -- 0 ) December 29 , 2014 ( won 31 -- 7 ) 22 56 0 28.2 % Texas A&M Aggies ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- Texas A&M football rivalry The Razorbacks first played the Texas A&M Aggies in 1903 . From 1934 -- 1991 , the two had played annually as Southwest Conference members . However , the series ceased in 1991 when Arkansas left the SWC to join the Southeastern Conference . Arkansas leads the all - time 41 -- 28 -- 3 . On March 10 , 2008 , officials from both schools announced the revival of the series beginning on October 3 , 2009 . The game was played in Cowboys Stadium , and was won by Arkansas . 47 -- 19 . The initial agreement between the two schools allowed the game to be played for at least 10 years , followed by 5 consecutive , 4 - year rollover options , allowing the game to be played for a total of 30 consecutive seasons . Following A&M 's move to the SEC , the 2012 game was played at Kyle Field , and the 2013 game was played at Arkansas , and thereafter resumed at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas . Arkansas - Texas A&M : All - Time Records Games played First meeting Last meeting ARK win ARK loss Ties Win % 74 October 31 , 1903 ( lost 6 -- 0 ) September 23 , 2017 ( lost 50 -- 43 OT ) 41 30 57.4 % Missouri Tigers ( edit ) Main article : Battle Line Rivalry Arkansas and Missouri first met in 1906 in Columbia , Missouri . The annual meeting started in 2014 and is called the Battle Line Rivalry . On November 23 , 2015 , a new annual trophy has been unveiled for the series . Arkansas - Missouri : All - Time Records Games played First meeting Last meeting ARK win ARK loss Ties Win % 7 November 10 , 1906 ( lost 11 -- 0 ) November 25 , 2016 ( lost 24 -- 28 ) 5 0 42.86 % All - time record vs. SEC teams ( edit ) Opponent Won Lost Tied Percentage Streak First Last Alabama 7 21 0 . 250 Lost 11 1962 2017 Auburn 11 15 . 426 Lost 2 1984 2017 Florida 9 0 . 182 Won 1 1982 2016 Georgia 10 0 . 286 Lost 1 1969 2014 Kentucky 0 . 429 Won 1 1998 2012 LSU 22 39 . 365 Lost 2 1901 2017 Mississippi State 16 11 . 611 Lost 1 1916 2017 Missouri 5 0 . 375 Lost 1 1906 2016 Ole Miss 36 27 . 540 Won 4 1908 2017 South Carolina 13 10 0 . 591 Lost 3 1992 2017 Tennessee 5 13 0 . 278 Won 2 1907 2015 Texas A&M 41 30 . 574 Lost 6 1903 2017 Vanderbilt 7 0 . 778 Won 3 1949 2011 Totals 169 191 8 . 470 Uniforms ( edit ) The Razorbacks have always worn cardinal red jerseys . The team wore red helmets with players ' numbers on the side through 1963 , and in 1964 the first helmets with an early version of the razorback logo appeared . Throughout the team 's history , Arkansas has typically worn red jerseys with white pants at home and white jerseys with white pants on the road . However , red pants were introduced on an occasional basis during the Lou Holtz era , and have been an alternate off and on for several years . From 1998 to 2002 , and then again in 2004 , red pants were the standard on the road while white pants were worn as an alternate . Wearing red pants at home , which some fans consider a curse , happened so infrequently that many forgot it was possible . The Razorbacks wore all red in 2000 , but did not wear them again until 2008 in the Cotton Bowl Classic . However , when coach Bobby Petrino took the reins , he developed an entirely different uniform , and the Hogs came out for the season opener in all red . This marked the first time for all red to be worn in consecutive games and also the first time that red pants were worn with a white stripe . It is unknown how many alternate jerseys may have been designed . However , since the end of the Petrino era , the uniforms have been changed to a new Nike outfit , with two full variations of a new Cardinal and White - out , as well as a standalone throw - back of the 1964 era uniforms . Championships ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) Year Coach Selectors Record Bowl Bowl Result 1964 Frank Broyles FWAA , HAF 11 -- 0 Cotton Bowl Classic Arkansas 10 , Nebraska 7 National Championships A name in bold indicates the team who was winner of that bowl . Conference championships ( edit ) Arkansas has won 13 Southwest Conference championships . Conference affiliations 1894 -- 1914 : Independent 1915 -- 1991 : Southwest Conference 1992 -- present : Southeastern Conference Season Conference Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1936 SWC Fred Thomsen 7 -- 3 5 -- 1 1946 † SWC John Barnhill 6 -- 3 -- 2 5 -- 1 1954 SWC Bowden Wyatt 8 -- 3 5 -- 1 1959 † SWC Frank Broyles 9 -- 2 5 -- 1 1960 SWC Frank Broyles 8 -- 3 6 -- 1 1961 † SWC Frank Broyles 8 -- 3 5 -- 1 1964 SWC Frank Broyles 11 -- 0 7 -- 0 1965 SWC Frank Broyles 10 -- 1 7 -- 0 1968 † SWC Frank Broyles 10 -- 1 6 -- 1 1975 † SWC Frank Broyles 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 1979 † SWC Lou Holtz 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1988 SWC Ken Hatfield 10 -- 2 7 -- 0 1989 SWC Ken Hatfield 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 Conference Championships 13 † Denotes co-champions Divisional championships ( edit ) Arkansas has made 3 appearances in the SEC Championship Game as winner of the SEC Western Division but are 0 -- 3 in those appearances . Arkansas was also the SEC Western Division co-champions in 1998 with Mississippi State but lost to the Bulldogs during the regular season , resulting in Mississippi State representing the West in the SEC Championship Game . In 2002 , Alabama had the best conference record in the West with a 6 -- 2 mark , but was on probation by the NCAA and was barred from post season play . Arkansas played in the SEC Championship Game due to winning the tiebreaker for a three - way tie with Auburn and LSU , both of whom Arkansas defeated during the regular season . Season Division SEC CG Result Opponent PF PA 1995 SEC West Florida 34 2002 SEC West Georgia 30 2006 SEC West Florida 28 38 Division Championships Bowl games ( edit ) The Razorbacks have appeared in 42 bowl games with an overall record of 15 -- 24 -- 3 . Season Bowl Opponent Result 1933 Dixie Classic Centenary T 7 -- 7 1946 Cotton Bowl Classic LSU T 0 -- 0 1947 Dixie Bowl William & Mary W 21 -- 19 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic Georgia Tech L 14 -- 6 1959 Gator Bowl Georgia Tech W 14 -- 7 1960 Cotton Bowl Classic Duke L 7 -- 6 1961 Sugar Bowl Alabama L 10 -- 3 1962 Sugar Bowl Ole Miss L 17 -- 13 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic Nebraska W 10 -- 7 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic LSU L 14 -- 7 1968 Sugar Bowl Georgia W 16 -- 2 1969 Sugar Bowl Ole Miss L 27 -- 22 1971 Liberty Bowl Tennessee L 14 -- 13 Cotton Bowl Classic Georgia W 31 -- 10 1977 Orange Bowl Oklahoma W 31 -- 6 1978 Fiesta Bowl UCLA T 10 -- 10 1979 Sugar Bowl Alabama L 24 -- 9 1980 Hall of Fame Classic Tulane W 34 -- 15 1981 Gator Bowl North Carolina L 31 -- 27 1982 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl Florida W 28 -- 24 1984 Liberty Bowl Auburn L 21 -- 15 1985 Holiday Bowl Arizona State W 18 -- 17 1986 Orange Bowl Oklahoma L 42 -- 8 Liberty Bowl Georgia L 20 -- 17 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic UCLA L 17 -- 3 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic Tennessee L 31 -- 27 1991 Independence Georgia L 24 -- 15 1995 Carquest Bowl North Carolina L 20 -- 10 1998 Florida Citrus Bowl Michigan L 45 -- 31 1999 Cotton Bowl Classic Texas W 27 -- 6 2000 Las Vegas Bowl UNLV L 31 -- 14 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic Oklahoma L 10 -- 3 2002 Music City Bowl Minnesota L 29 -- 14 2003 Independence Bowl Missouri W 27 -- 14 2006 Capital One Bowl Wisconsin L 17 -- 14 2007 Cotton Bowl Classic Missouri L 38 -- 7 2009 Liberty Bowl East Carolina W 20 -- 17 Sugar Bowl Ohio State L 31 -- 26 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic Kansas State W 29 -- 16 2014 Texas Bowl Texas W 31 -- 7 2015 Liberty Bowl Kansas State W 45 -- 23 2016 Belk Bowl Virginia Tech L 35 -- 24 Total 42 Bowl Games 15 -- 24 -- 3 Awards and Honors ( edit ) McFadden before the 2007 game at Tennessee . Player awards ( edit ) John Mackey Award Hunter Henry -- 2015 John Mackey Award D.J. Williams -- 2010 Doak Walker Award Darren McFadden -- 2006 , 2007 Walter Camp Award Darren McFadden -- 2007 Dave Rimington Trophy Jonathan Luigs -- 2007 Outland Trophy William `` Bud '' Brooks -- 1954 Loyd Phillips -- 1966 Coaching awards ( edit ) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Lou Holtz -- 1977 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Lou Holtz -- 1977 Football News Division I-A National Coach of the Year Houston Nutt -- 1998 SEC Coach of the Year Houston Nutt -- 2001 Houston Nutt -- 2006 All - Americans ( edit ) Luigs before the 2006 game against Alabama . Every year , players are selected by several publications to be placed on their All - American team for that season . The NCAA officially recognizes five All - American lists which include AP ( Associated Press ) , American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) , Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) , Sporting News ( TSN ) , and the Walter Camp Football Foundation ( WCFF ) . A consensus All - American is determined using a point system ; three points if the player was selected for the first team , two points for the second team , and one point for the third team . Arkansas has had 47 All - Americans ( 24 consensus ) in its history . Name Position Years at Arkansas AFCA AP FWAA TSN WCFF Travis Swanson 2013 Cobi Hamilton WR 2012 Joe Adams PR 2011 2011 2011 2011 D.J. Williams TE Lance Alworth 1959 -- 1961 1961 Shawn Andrews * OT 2001 -- 2003 2002 ; 2003 2003 2002 ; 2003 2002 ; 2003 2003 Jim Barnes * OG 1966 -- 1968 1968 Jim Benton 1935 -- 1937 1937 Martine Bercher 1962 -- 1966 1966 Rodney Brand * 1969 1969 1969 Bud Brooks * OG / DT 1954 1954 1954 1954 Dick Bumpas * DT 1968 -- 1970 1970 Brandon Burlsworth OG 1995 -- 1998 1998 Ronnie Caveness LB 1964 1964 1964 1964 Tony Cherico NG 1984 -- 1987 Bobby Crockett 1965 Chuck Dicus * WR 1968 -- 1970 1969 ; 1970 1970 1970 Ron Faurot DE 1980 -- 1983 Robert Felton OG 2003 -- 2007 2007 Ken Hamlin FS 1999 -- 2002 Dan Hampton DT 1975 -- 1978 1978 Leotis Harris * OG 1974 -- 1977 1977 1977 1977 Wayne Harris LB 1958 -- 1960 1960 Hunter Henry * TE 2013 -- 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 Glen Ray Hines * 1965 1965 1965 1965 Greg Horne 1983 -- 1986 1986 Bruce James DE 1968 -- 1970 1970 Felix Jones TB / KR 2005 -- 2007 2007 2007 Kenoy Kennedy FS 1996 -- 1999 1999 Greg Kolenda * OT 1976 -- 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 Steve Korte * OG 1982 1982 1982 1982 Bruce Lahay K / P 1981 Steve Little * K / P 1974 -- 1977 1976 1977 1977 1977 Anthony Lucas SE 1996 -- 1999 1999 Jonathan Luigs * 2004 -- 2008 2006 ; 2007 2007 2007 2007 Jim Mabry * OT 1986 -- 1989 1989 1989 1989 Wayne Martin * DT 1985 -- 1988 1988 1988 1988 Bill McClard 1969 -- 1971 1970 1971 1971 Darren McFadden * RB 2005 -- 2007 2006 ; 2007 2006 ; 2007 2007 2007 2007 Billy Moore QB 1962 Jim Mooty 1959 Stephen Parker OG 2003 -- 2006 2006 Jermaine Petty * LB 1998 -- 2001 2001 Loyd Phillips * 1965 ; 1966 1965 ; 1966 1966 1966 1965 : 1966 Cliff Powell LB 1967 -- 1969 1969 Wear Schoonover 1927 -- 1929 1929 Clyde Scott * TB 1944 -- 1948 1948 1948 Billy Ray Smith , Jr. * DE 1979 -- 1982 1981 ; 1982 1981 ; 1982 1981 ; 1982 1981 ; 1982 1981 ; 1982 Kendall Trainor * 1985 -- 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 Tony Ugoh OG 2002 -- 2006 2006 Jimmy Walker DT 1975 -- 1978 1978 * denotes Consensus All - Americans . Source : `` History , Honors and Letterman '' ( PDF ) . Hogwired . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Arkansas Razorbacks in the College Hall of Fame ( edit ) 2006 Alabama vs. Arkansas game in Fayetteville . Year Inducted Name Position Years at Arkansas Notes 2009 Billy Joe Moody Fullback and Defensive back 1960 -- 1962 2008 Lou Holtz Coach 1977 -- 1983 Wayne Harris Linebacker 1958 -- 1960 2000 Billy Ray Smith , Jr . Defensive end 1979 -- 1982 1999 Chuck Dicus Wide receiver 1968 -- 1970 1997 Bowden Wyatt Coach 1953 -- 1954 1992 Loyd Phillips Tackle 1964 -- 1966 1984 Lance Alworth Back 1959 -- 1961 Frank Broyles Coach 1958 -- 1976 1971 Francis Schmidt Coach 1922 -- 1928 1971 Clyde Scott Tailback 1944 -- 1948 1967 Wear Schoonover End 1927 -- 1929 1954 Hugo Bezdek Coach 1908 -- 1912 All - Century Team ( edit ) ( Selected by fan ballot prior to the 1994 season as part of the UA football centennial celebration ) Offense Lineman Bud Brooks Fred Childress Leotis Harris Glen Ray Hines Steve Korte R.C. Thielemann Brandon Burlsworth Template : Tight End Hunter Henry DJ Williams Chris Gragg Jeremy Sprinkle Receivers Jim Benton Bobby Crockett Chuck Dicus Wear Schoonover Drew Morgan Joe Adams Jarius Wright Running backs Lance Alworth Leon Campbell Barry Foster Darren McFadden Clyde Scott Quarterbacks Joe Ferguson Quinn Grovey Matt Jones Ryan Mallet Defense Lineman Dan Hampton Dave Hanner Wayne Martin Loyd Phillips Billy Ray Smith , Sr . Billy Ray Smith , Jr . Fred Williams Linebackers Ronnie Caveness Wayne Harris Cliff Powell Dennis Winston Secondary Steve Atwater Alton Baldwin Martine Bercher Ken Hatfield Billy Moore Kickers Steve Cox Steve Little Pat Summerall Facilities ( edit ) Razorback Stadium on game day Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium ( edit ) Main article : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium ( formerly Razorback Stadium ) is the on - campus and primary home stadium for the Razorbacks located in Fayetteville , Arkansas . The Razorbacks began playing football at Razorback Stadium in 1938 , where they beat Oklahoma A&M 27 -- 7 . The stadium was dedicated to Donald W. Reynolds for the $20 million donation from the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation to help finance the major expansion in 2001 , which raised the seating capacity from 51,000 to 76,000 . The playing field was dedicated to former head coach and athletic director Frank Broyles in 2007 and is now called the Frank Broyles Field at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium . War Memorial Stadium ( edit ) Main article : War Memorial Stadium ( Arkansas ) War Memorial Stadium is the secondary home stadium for the Razorbacks . War Memorial Stadium is located in Little Rock , Arkansas with a seating capacity of 53,727 . War Memorial Stadium used to host either two or three Razorback football games per season . Beginning in 2014 , Arkansas will only play one home game per season in Little Rock . Willard and Pat Walker Pavilion ( edit ) The Willard and Pat Walker Pavilion was built in 1998 and is the indoor practice facility for the Arkansas Razorbacks . Arkansas Razorbacks in the NFL ( edit ) See also : List of Arkansas Razorbacks in the NFL Draft Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Year inducted Name Position Years at Arkansas 2017 Jerry Jones 2002 Dan Hampton Defensive Line 1975 -- 1978 1978 Lance Alworth Back 1959 -- 1961 Pat Sumerall Future opponents ( edit ) Non-division opponents ( edit ) Arkansas plays Missouri as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the East division among the other six schools . 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vs Missouri at Missouri vs Missouri at Missouri vs Missouri at Missouri vs Missouri at Missouri vs Missouri at South Carolina vs Vanderbilt at Kentucky vs Tennessee at Georgia vs South Carolina at Florida vs Kentucky at Vanderbilt Non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced scheduled as of September 14 , 2017 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vs. Florida A&M ( Little Rock ) vs. Eastern Illinois vs. Portland State vs. Kent State vs. Missouri State vs. Notre Dame vs. TCU at Colorado State vs. Colorado State at Notre Dame vs Texas vs. New Mexico State vs. North Texas vs. San Jose State vs. Georgia Southern vs. Coastal Carolina vs. Tulsa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University of Arkansas Season - by - Season Result '' ( PDF ) . University of Arkansas . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Colors '' . Style Guides and Logos -- University Relations . University of Arkansas . September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Orville , and Jim Bailey . The Razorbacks : A Story of Arkansas Football . Fayetteville : University of Arkansas Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Razorback Football '' Yearly Results , 1910 -- 1919 . '' Site . Retrieved on January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Georgia Tech , 14 , Arkansas 6 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved on January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 1954 Arkansas Razorbacks Varsity Football Roster . Photo . Retrieved on January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Forde , Pat . `` Legendary Arkansas icon 's run nears finish line . '' May 31 , 2007. ESPN . Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fallica , Chris , Loucks , Nick , and Shelton , Harold . `` Prestige Rankings : Nos. 16 -- 20 . '' ESPN.com Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Final AP Top 20 . 1960 AP Poll . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Major Conference Champions. 1960 SWC Champions . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowl Games with Top 20 Teams. 1960 Bowl Results . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Major Conference Champions. 1961 SWC Co-Champions . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowl Games with Top 20 Teams. 1961 Bowl Results . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Grantland Rice Trophy Winners '' . Football Writers Association of America . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Kirlin , Bob . `` Helms Athletic Foundation / Bill Schroeder National Champions of College Football 1883 -- 1982 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kirlin , Bob . `` Coaches ' polls ( UPI 1950 -- 1990 , CNN / USA Today 1991 -- present ) '' . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas Razorbacks -- History '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Consensus All - America Team . '' infoplease.com. 1966 All - Americans . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Outland Trophy . '' FWAA. List of All - time winners . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 National Champions '' . MackBrown - TexasFootball . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Bowl Games with Top - 20 Teams . '' infoplease.com. 1971 Bowl Games . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wright , Ryan . `` Is Arkansas the Most Influential State of All Time for College Football ? '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Orange Bowl 1978 . '' Article . Retrieved on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Looney , Douglas S. `` At Last , Lou Holtz Has The Last Laugh . '' January 9 , 1978 . Sports Illustrated.SI Archives . Retrieved on January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helsley , John . `` Houston Nutt still wears Cowboy roots . '' The Oklahoman . December 24 , 2009 . Article . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Fiesta Bowl . '' Game Recap . Archived January 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Broyles Says Holtz Tired , Burned Out -- and Has Resigned . '' December 19 , 1983 . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved on January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Football ( September 11 , 1984 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Lou Holtz Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Coach Ken Hatfield . '' Summary . Archived August 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Austin . Not exactly Hog Heaven . Sports Illustrated , September 21 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back at the Southwest Conference . '' Article . Retrieved on January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kines will replace Crowe at Arkansas '' . The Gadsden Times . Associated Press . September 7 , 1992 . p . B1 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Crowe Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Danny Ford Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Head Coach Houston Nutt -- University of Arkansas Athletics . hogwired.com Jump up ^ `` 1998 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Houston Nutt 's dream job gone wrong '' . December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas running backs form a three - headed monster rarely seen but worth remembering -- USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Loading ... '' www.sportsfrog.com . Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- The Razor 's edge -- Feb 22 , 2007 '' . CNN . February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SN : Time for Nutt to bolt Arkansas -- College football . NBCSports. April 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Bobby Petrino hired at Arkansas hours after resigning as Falcons coach '' . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas vs. East Carolina -- Game Recap -- January 2 , 2010 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State vs. Arkansas -- Game Recap -- January 4 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Ark. puts Bobby Petrino on leave '' . ESPN . April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ark . Puts Petrino On Paid Leave Following Crash '' . KHBS. April 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas fires Bobby Petrino '' . ESPN . April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Arkansas Hires John L. Smith to Replace Petrino '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Joe Schad ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Arkansas rehires John L. Smith '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jason Kirk ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` John L. Smith To Arkansas , And Razorbacks Players Approve '' . SB Nation.com . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gene Wojciechowski ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` John L. Smith sports credibility issue '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin 's Bielema hired as Arkansas coach '' . Jump up ^ `` University To Introduce New Coach Bielema Wednesday '' . December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas vs. LSU -- Game Recap -- November 29 , 2013 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas vs. Texas -- Game Recap -- December 29 , 2014 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas vs. Missouri -- Game Recap -- November 25 , 2016 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Another Arkansas collapse hands Virginia Tech unlikely Belk Bowl win '' . Jump up ^ `` The Hutch Report : Bret Bielema 's second half collapses '' . Jump up ^ `` Rhoads Promoted To Defensive Coordinator '' . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Enos finds the right fit at Arkansas as offensive coordinator '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Arkansas Razorbacks Schedule and Results -- College Football at Sports-Reference.com '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ http://m.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/nov/24/bret-bielema-fired-arkansas-football-coach/ Jump up ^ `` Arkansas : Series records '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Golden Boot -- LSU vs. Arkansas '' . LSUsports. 2007 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jones to Birmingham leaves Tigers stunned '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2002 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` No. 9 LSU ends No. 5 Arkansas ' national title hopes '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Game Notes vs. No. 1 LSU '' . Hogwired . November 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas Records by Team '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schaeffer , Rick . Game of My Life : Memorable Stories of Razorback Football . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 988 - 3 . Jump up ^ Aron , Jamie . `` Mallett leads Arkansas past Texas A&M 47 -- 19 . '' The Associated Press . Article . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Burch , Jimmy ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Texas A&M - Arkansas game headed to Arlington '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M , Arkansas Establish Football Neutral Site Series in New Cowboys Stadium '' ( Press release ) . Texas A&M Athletics . March 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas - Texas A&M to Renew Football Rivalry at Dallas Cowboys New Stadium '' ( Press release ) . University of Arkansas Athletics . 2008 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas Composite Championship Listing '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Darren McFadden Wins Second - Straight Doak Walker Award '' . Hogwired . December 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas ' McFadden named Walter Camp Player of the Year '' . CBS Sports . 2007 - 12 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Razorback Jonathan Luigs Wins Rimington Trophy '' . Hogwired . December 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Outland Trophy Winners '' . Football Writers Association of America . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Camp Football Foundation Awards '' . Walter Camp Football Foundation . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Winners '' . Football Writers Association of America . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Yandell , Gary . `` Houston Nutt Steps Down as Razorback Football Coach '' . Hogwired . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` History , Honors and Letterman '' ( PDF ) . Hogwired . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Ralph ( 2007 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Consensus Football All - America Teams from 1937 through 1976 '' . HickokSports.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Ralph ( 2008 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Consensus Football All - America Teams from 1977 through 2002 '' . Hickoksports.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Former Razorback Head Coach Lou Holtz Elected to College Football Hall of Fame '' ( Press release ) . Hogwired. 2008 - 05 - 02 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Wayne `` The Thumper '' Harris Profile `` . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Billy Ray Smith Profile '' . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Chuck Dicus Profile '' . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Bowden Wyatt Profile '' . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Lloyd Phillips Profile '' . National College Foundation . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Lance `` Bambi '' Alworth Profile `` . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Frank Broyles Profile '' . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Francis `` Close the Gates of Mercy '' Schmidt Profile `` . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Clyde `` Smackover '' Scott Profile `` . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Wear Schoonover Profile '' . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Fame : Hugo Bezdek Profile '' . National College Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Razorbacks Facilities '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas names football field after outgoing athletic director Frank Broyles '' . SportingNews . Associated Press . 2007 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Razorbacks Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Arkansas Razorbacks Football Schedule '' . FBSchedules.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Official website Arkansas Razorbacks football Venues The Hill ( 1894 -- 1938 ) Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium ( 1938 -- present ) War Memorial Stadium ( alternate , 1948 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn LSU Missouri : Battle Line Rivalry Ole Miss Texas Texas A&M Culture & lore Calling the Hogs Tusk Big Red `` Arkansas Fight '' Marching band 2003 Kentucky game 1969 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold University of Arkansas Located in : Fayetteville , Arkansas Schools and Colleges Bumpers College of Agricultural , Food and Life Sciences Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences Walton College of Business College of Education & Health Professions College of Engineering Honors College Global Campus Graduate School and International Education School of Law Athletics Southeastern Conference Arkansas Razorbacks Baseball Basketball Men 's Women 's Football Soccer Softball Marching Band `` Arkansas Fight '' Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium War Memorial Stadium Bud Walton Arena Baum Stadium Randal Tyson Track Center John McDonnell Field Barnhill Arena Tusk Big Red Battle for the Golden Boot Arkansas - Missouri football rivalry ( Battle Line Rivalry ) Southwest Classic Rivalry with Ole Miss Game of the Century First 7 - OT football game Second 7 - OT football game People Alumni List of University Presidents Notable Faculty Buildings Agriculture Building Arkansas Union Campus Campus Historic District Carnall Hall Chemistry Building Chi Omega Greek Theatre Engineering Building Gearhart Hall HPER Complex Home Economics Building Mullins Library Old Main Memorial Hall Razorback Road Vol Walker Hall Other Alma Mater Calling the Hogs Chi Omega Greek life History KXUA KUAF Paragould meteorite Press Razorback Transit SEFOR Senior Walk Space Center The Arkansas Traveler University of Arkansas Fight Song University of Arkansas , Fayetteville shooting Founded : 1871 Students : 27,194 Endowment : 948.6 million Southeastern Conference football Eastern Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores Western Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Ole Miss Rebels Texas A&M Aggies Championships & awards SEC Championship Game All - time standings Southeastern Conference football individual awards SEC Football Legends Seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Razorbacks_football&oldid=815901997 '' Categories : Arkansas Razorbacks football Sports clubs established in 1894 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 23 : 15 . 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how many times has arkansas won the national championship
[ "The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas, located in Fayetteville, Arkansas, in the sport of American football. The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The program has 1 claimed national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) and Helms Athletic Foundation (HAF) in 1964, 1 unclaimed national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments (FACT) in 1977, 13 conference championships, 45 All-Americans, and an all-time record of 701–475–40. The Razorbacks are the 23rd-ranked team in college football history by total number of wins. Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System: Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville, and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock." ]
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2018 Australian Grand Prix
2018 Australian Grand Prix - wikipedia 2018 Australian Grand Prix 2018 Australian Grand Prix Race 1 of 21 in the 2018 Formula One World Championship Next race → Layout of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit Race details Date 25 March 2018 Official name Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix Location Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit , Melbourne , Australia Course Temporary street circuit Course length 5.303 km ( 3.295 mi ) Distance 58 laps , 307.574 km ( 191.118 mi ) Pole position Driver Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Time 1 : 21.164 Fastest lap Driver Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Time 1 : 25.945 on lap 54 Podium First Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Second Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Third Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari Lap leaders ( show ) The 2018 Australian Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 25 March 2018 in Melbourne , Victoria . The race was contested over fifty - eight laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship . The race marked the eighty - second race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix -- which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928 -- and the twenty - third time the event was held at the Albert Park circuit . Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel was the defending race winner . Lewis Hamilton started the race from pole -- his seventh pole position in Australia , a record for the event -- while Vettel successfully defended his race win , the forty - eighth of his career . Contents 1 Report 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Tyres 1.1. 2 Drag reduction system 1.2 Qualifying 1.3 Race 2 Classification 2.1 Qualifying 2.2 Race 2.3 Championship standings after the race 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Report ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The race marked the competitive début of the `` halo '' cockpit protection device after eighteen months of rigorous testing . Tyres ( edit ) Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with the soft , supersoft and ultrasoft compounds . Drag reduction system ( edit ) In the week before the Grand Prix , race officials confirmed the inclusion of a third drag reduction system ( DRS ) zone . The detection point for the third zone was positioned on the approach to the Turn 11 - 12 chicane with the activation point on the exit to Turn 12 . The existing DRS zones were unchanged from previous years , with one positioned on the main straight and the second on the straight between Turns 2 and 3 . Qualifying ( edit ) In his first run in the third part of qualifying Valtteri Bottas crashed and damaged his gearbox . As a result he received a five place grid penalty and started fifteenth . Lewis Hamilton qualified on pole , Kimi Räikkönen qualified second , Sebastian Vettel qualified third . Ricciardo qualified fifth but started eighth . Verstappen , Magnussen , Grosjean started fourth , fifth and sixth . Hülkenberg started seventh , while Sainz and Alonso started ninth and tenth . Race ( edit ) After the start the top three stayed in the same order they started while Verstappen lost a place to Magnussen at the start . Sergey Sirotkin was the first retirement of the race when on lap 4 he retired due to a brake failure caused by overheating . On lap 9 , Verstappen spun at turn one while chasing Magnussen and dropped down to eighth . Hamilton led Räikkönen , Vettel , Magnussen , Grosjean , Ricciardo , Hülkenberg , Verstappen , Sainz and Alonso . They stayed in that order until the first round of pit stops . On lap 18 Räikkönen pitted for softs . On lap 19 Hamilton pitted for softs to cover Räikkönen and emerged on track ahead of him . Verstappen pitted on lap 20 . Magnussen pitted at the end of lap 21 , but retired the next lap due to the cross-threaded wheel - nut being fitted loosely . On lap 24 , Grosjean retired at turn 2 from seventh after pitting with the same problem as his team mate Magnussen resulting in a Virtual Safety Car ( VSC ) being called out . On lap 26 Vettel pitted under the VSC and emerged ahead of Hamilton and Räikkönen . Mercedes miscalculated the required gap between Vettel and Hamilton to prevent a jump under the safety car before Vettel 's pit stop due to a software glitch . After the first round of pit stops Vettel led with Hamilton second and Räikkönen in third . Alonso pitted under the VSC to emerge ahead of Verstappen . On lap 27 the full - course Safety Car was called out . The safety car came in at the end of lap 31 . This left the top ten Vettel , Hamilton , Räikkönen , Ricciardo , Alonso , Verstappen , Hülkenberg , Bottas , Vandoorne and Sainz . None of the top ten pitted again . Ricciardo hounded Räikkönen for the rest of the race , setting the fastest lap in the process . Alonso resisted the pressure from Verstappen while holding on to fifth place . Vettel took the chequered flag to win the Australian Grand Prix for the second consecutive year , followed by Hamilton and Räikkönen rounding the podium . Ricciardo , Alonso , Verstappen , Hülkenberg , Bottas , Vandoorne and Sainz in that order completed the top ten , with Renault scoring their first double - points - finish since the 2011 Turkish Grand Prix . Ricciardo 's 4th placed finish marked his joint best finish at Albert Park , but also the joint best finish for an Australian at the Australian Grand Prix , equalling his 2016 result , and Mark Webber 's 4th place in 2012 . Classification ( edit ) Qualifying ( edit ) Pos . Car no . Driver Constructor Qualifying times Final grid Q1 Q2 Q3 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 1 : 22.824 1 : 22.051 1 : 21.164 7 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1 : 23.096 1 : 22.507 1 : 21.828 5 Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 1 : 23.348 1 : 21.944 1 : 21.838 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 1 : 23.483 1 : 22.416 1 : 21.879 5 Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 1 : 23.494 1 : 22.897 1 : 22.152 8 6 20 Kevin Magnussen Haas - Ferrari 1 : 23.909 1 : 23.300 1 : 23.187 5 7 8 Romain Grosjean Haas - Ferrari 1 : 23.671 1 : 23.468 1 : 23.339 6 8 27 Nico Hülkenberg Renault 1 : 23.782 1 : 23.544 1 : 23.532 7 9 55 Carlos Sainz Jr . Renault 1 : 23.529 1 : 23.061 1 : 23.577 9 10 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 1 : 23.686 1 : 22.089 no time 15 11 14 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Renault 1 : 23.597 1 : 23.692 10 12 Stoffel Vandoorne McLaren - Renault 1 : 24.073 1 : 23.853 11 13 11 Sergio Pérez Force India - Mercedes 1 : 24.344 1 : 24.005 12 14 18 Lance Stroll Williams - Mercedes 1 : 24.464 1 : 24.230 13 15 31 Esteban Ocon Force India - Mercedes 1 : 24.503 1 : 24.786 14 16 28 Brendon Hartley Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 1 : 24.532 16 17 9 Marcus Ericsson Sauber - Ferrari 1 : 24.556 17 18 16 Charles Leclerc Sauber - Ferrari 1 : 24.636 18 19 35 Sergey Sirotkin Williams - Mercedes 1 : 24.922 19 20 10 Pierre Gasly Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 1 : 25.295 20 107 % time : 1 : 28.621 Source : Notes ^ 1 -- Daniel Ricciardo received a three - place grid penalty for failing to adequately slow down for a red flag during free practice . ^ 2 -- Valtteri Bottas received a five - place grid penalty for a gearbox change . Race ( edit ) Pos . No . Driver Constructor Laps Time / Retired Grid Points 5 Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 58 1 : 29 : 33.283 25 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 58 + 5.036 18 7 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 58 + 6.309 15 Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 58 + 7.069 8 12 5 14 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Renault 58 + 27.886 10 10 6 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 58 + 28.945 8 7 27 Nico Hülkenberg Renault 58 + 32.671 7 6 8 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 58 + 34.339 15 9 Stoffel Vandoorne McLaren - Renault 58 + 34.921 11 10 55 Carlos Sainz Jr . Renault 58 + 45.722 9 11 11 Sergio Pérez Force India - Mercedes 58 + 46.817 12 12 31 Esteban Ocon Force India - Mercedes 58 + 1 : 00.278 14 13 16 Charles Leclerc Sauber - Ferrari 58 + 1 : 15.759 18 14 18 Lance Stroll Williams - Mercedes 58 + 1 : 18.288 13 15 28 Brendon Hartley Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 57 + 1 lap 16 Ret 8 Romain Grosjean Haas - Ferrari 24 Wheel 6 Ret 20 Kevin Magnussen Haas - Ferrari 22 Wheel 5 Ret 10 Pierre Gasly Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 13 Engine 20 Ret 9 Marcus Ericsson Sauber - Ferrari 5 Hydraulics 17 Ret 35 Sergey Sirotkin Williams - Mercedes Brakes 19 Source : Championship standings after the race ( edit ) Drivers ' Championship standings Pos . Driver Points Sebastian Vettel 25 Lewis Hamilton 18 Kimi Räikkönen 15 Daniel Ricciardo 12 5 Fernando Alonso 10 Constructors ' Championship standings Pos . Constructor Points Ferrari 40 Mercedes 22 Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 20 McLaren - Renault 12 5 Renault 7 Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings . See also ( edit ) 2018 Melbourne 400 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australia '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIA announces World Motor Sport Council decisions '' . Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 6 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Australian Grand Prix Race -- Provisional Classification '' . FIA.com . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 26 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix -- Qualifying '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halo impact becoming clearer to F1 teams '' . Speedcafe. 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Pirelli reveals tyre selections for Australian Grand Prix '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Australian GP : Melbourne gets third DRS zone for 2018 F1 opener '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` New DRS zone added to Albert Park F1 circuit '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 23 March 2018 ) . `` Stewards issue grid penalty to Ricciardo '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix -- Race Result '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 25 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Previous race : 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix FIA Formula One World Championship 2018 season Next race : 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix Previous race : 2017 Australian Grand Prix Australian Grand Prix Next race : 2019 Australian Grand Prix `` previous Formula One Grands Prix ( 2010 -- 18 ) 2018 AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2017 AUS CHN BHR RUS ESP MON CAN AZE AUT GBR HUN BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2016 AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2015 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN AUT GBR HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN RUS USA MEX BRA ABU 2014 AUS MAL BHR CHN ESP MON CAN AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN RUS USA BRA ABU 2013 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN KOR JPN IND ABU USA BRA 2012 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR IND ABU USA BRA 2011 BHR AUS MAL CHN TUR ESP MON CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR IND ABU BRA BHR AUS MAL CHN ESP MON TUR CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR BRA ABU ← 2018 in Australia Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Darling Range state by - election Braddon by - election Fremantle by - election Longman by - election Mayo by - election Perth by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Queen 's Birthday Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast Australian Space Agency The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Touch Premiership NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Grand_Prix&oldid=854110269 '' Categories : 2018 Formula One races Australian Grand Prix 2018 in Australian motorsport 2010s in Melbourne Motorsport in Melbourne March 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use dmy dates from March 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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who was the winner of 2018 australian grand prix
[ "2018 Australian Grand Prix\nRace 1 of 21 in the 2018 Formula One World ChampionshipNext race →\nLayout of the Melbourne Grand Prix CircuitRace detailsDate\n25 March 2018Official name\nFormula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand PrixLocation\nMelbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, AustraliaCourse\nTemporary street circuitCourse length\n5.303 km (3.295 mi)Distance\n58 laps, 307.574 km (191.118 mi)Pole positionDriver\n Lewis Hamilton\nMercedesTime\n1:21.164Fastest lapDriver\n Daniel Ricciardo\nRed Bull Racing-TAG HeuerTime\n1:25.945 on lap 54PodiumFirst\n Sebastian Vettel\nFerrariSecond\n Lewis Hamilton\nMercedesThird\n Kimi Räikkönen\nFerrari\n\nLap leaders[show]\n\n" ]
[ "Sebastian Vettel" ]
9073501618947698542
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson - Wikipedia Jackie Robinson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Jackie Robinson , see Jackie Robinson ( disambiguation ) . Jackie Robinson Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1954 Second baseman Born : ( 1919 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1919 Cairo , Georgia Died : October 24 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 24 ) ( aged 53 ) Stamford , Connecticut Batted : Right Threw : Right MLB debut April 15 , 1947 , for the Brooklyn Dodgers Last MLB appearance October 10 , 1956 , for the Brooklyn Dodgers MLB statistics Batting average . 311 Home runs 137 Runs batted in 734 Teams Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1947 -- 1956 ) Career highlights and awards 6 × All - Star ( 1949 -- 1954 ) World Series champion ( 1955 ) NL MVP ( 1949 ) MLB Rookie of the Year ( 1947 ) NL batting champion ( 1949 ) 2 × NL stolen base leader ( 1947 , 1949 ) Jersey number 42 retired by all MLB teams Major League Baseball All - Century Team Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted 1962 Vote 77.5 % ( first ballot ) Jack Roosevelt Robinson ( January 31 , 1919 -- October 24 , 1972 ) was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the modern era . Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15 , 1947 . When the Dodgers signed Robinson , they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s . Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . Robinson had an exceptional 10 - year baseball career . He was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 , was an All - Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954 , and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 -- the first black player so honored . Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers ' 1955 World Series championship . In 1997 , MLB `` universally '' retired his uniform number , 42 , across all major league teams ; he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored . MLB also adopted a new annual tradition , `` Jackie Robinson Day '' , for the first time on April 15 , 2004 , on which every player on every team wears No. 42 . Robinson 's character , his use of nonviolence , and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life . He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement . Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB , and the first black vice president of a major American corporation , Chock full o'Nuts . In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African - American - owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York . After his death in 1972 , in recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Family and personal life 1.2 John Muir High School 1.3 Pasadena Junior College 1.4 UCLA and afterward 2 Military career 3 Post-military 4 Playing career 4.1 Negro leagues 4.2 Minor leagues 4.3 Major leagues 4.3. 1 Breaking the color barrier ( 1947 ) 4.3. 2 MVP , Congressional testimony , and film biography ( 1948 -- 1950 ) 4.3. 3 Pennant races and outside interests ( 1951 -- 1953 ) 4.3. 4 World Championship and retirement ( 1954 -- 1956 ) 5 Legacy 5.1 Portrayals on stage , film and television 6 Post-baseball life 7 Family life and death 8 Awards and recognition 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life Family and personal life Robinson was born on January 31 , 1919 , into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo , Georgia . He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie ( McGriff ) and Jerry Robinson , after siblings Edgar , Frank , Matthew ( nicknamed `` Mack '' ) , and Willa Mae . His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt , who died 25 days before Robinson was born . After Robinson 's father left the family in 1920 , they moved to Pasadena , California . The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena . Robinson 's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family . Growing up in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community , Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities . As a result , Robinson joined a neighborhood gang , but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it . John Muir High school In 1935 , Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School ( Muir Tech ) . Recognizing his athletic talents , Robinson 's older brothers Mack ( himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics ) and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports . At Muir Tech , Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them : football , basketball , track , and baseball . He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team , quarterback on the football team , and guard on the basketball team . With the track and field squad , he won awards in the broad jump . He was also a member of the tennis team . In 1936 , Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all - star team , which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon . In late January 1937 , the Pasadena Star - News newspaper reported that Robinson `` for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir , starring in football , basketball , track , baseball and tennis . '' Pasadena Junior College After Muir , Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College ( PJC ) , where he continued his athletic career by participating in basketball , football , baseball , and track . On the football team , he played quarterback and safety . He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team , and he broke school broad - jump records held by his brother Mack . As at Muir High School , most of Jackie 's teammates were white . While playing football at PJC , Robinson suffered a fractured ankle , complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military . In 1938 , he was elected to the All - Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region 's Most Valuable Player . That year , Robinson was one of 10 students named to the school 's Order of the Mast and Dagger ( Omicron Mu Delta ) , awarded to students performing `` outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition . '' Also while at PJC , he was elected to the Lancers , a student - run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities . An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson 's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist -- a character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life . On January 25 , 1938 , he was arrested after vocally disputing the detention of a black friend by police . Robinson received a two - year suspended sentence , but the incident -- along with other rumored run - ins between Robinson and police -- gave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism . While at PJC , he was motivated by a preacher ( the Rev. Karl Downs ) to attend church on a regular basis , and Downs became a confidant for Robinson , a Christian . Toward the end of his PJC tenure , Frank Robinson ( to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers ) was killed in a motorcycle accident . The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he could remain closer to Frank 's family . UCLA and afterward Robinson doing the long jump for UCLA After graduating from PJC in spring 1939 , Robinson enrolled at UCLA , where he became the school 's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports : baseball , basketball , football , and track . He was one of four black players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team ; the others were Woody Strode , Kenny Washington , and Ray Bartlett . Washington , Strode , and Robinson made up three of the team 's four backfield players . At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football , this made UCLA college football 's most integrated team . In track and field , Robinson won the 1940 NCAA Men 's Track and Field Championships in the long jump , jumping 24 ft 10 ⁄ in ( 7.58 m ) . Belying his future career , baseball was Robinson 's `` worst sport '' at UCLA ; he hit . 097 in his only season , although in his first game he went 4 - for - 4 and twice stole home . While a senior at UCLA , Robinson met his future wife , Rachel Isum ( b . 1922 ) , a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson 's athletic career at PJC . In the spring semester of 1941 , Robinson left college just shy of graduation despite his mother 's and Isum 's reservations . He took a job as an assistant athletic director with the government 's National Youth Administration ( NYA ) in Atascadero , California . After the government ceased NYA operations , Robinson traveled to Honolulu in the fall of 1941 to play football for the semi-professional , racially integrated Honolulu Bears . After a short season , Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League . By that time , however , the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place , drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson 's nascent football career . Military career In 1942 , Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley , Kansas . Having the requisite qualifications , Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) then located at Fort Riley . Although the Army 's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race neutral , few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership . As a result , the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months . After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis ( then stationed at Fort Riley ) and the help of Truman Gibson ( then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War ) , the men were accepted into OCS . The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis . Upon finishing OCS , Robinson was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943 . Shortly afterward , Robinson and Isum were formally engaged . Robinson in his Army uniform , ca . 1943 , during a visit to his home in Pasadena , California , receiving a military salute from his nephew Frank After receiving his commission , Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood , Texas , where he joined the 761st `` Black Panthers '' Tank Battalion . While at Fort Hood , Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Downs , President of Sam Huston College ( now Huston - Tillotson University ) in nearby Austin , Texas ; Downs had been Robinson 's pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC . An event on July 6 , 1944 derailed Robinson 's military career . While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college , Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer 's wife ; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line , the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus . Robinson refused . The driver backed down , but after reaching the end of the line , summoned the military police , who took Robinson into custody . When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant , the officer recommended Robinson be court - martialed . After Robinson 's commander in the 761st , Paul L. Bates , refused to authorize the legal action , Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion -- where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses , including , among other charges , public drunkenness , even though Robinson did not drink . By the time of the court - martial in August 1944 , the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning . Robinson was acquitted by an all - white panel of nine officers . The experiences Robinson was subjected to during the court proceedings would be remembered when he later joined MLB and was subjected to racist attacks . Although his former unit , the 761st Tank Battalion , became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II , Robinson 's court - martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas ; thus , he never saw combat action . After his acquittal , he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge , Kentucky , where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944 . While there , Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League , who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout . Robinson took the former player 's advice and wrote to Monarchs ' co-owner Thomas Baird . Post-military After his discharge , Robinson briefly returned to his old football club , the Los Angeles Bulldogs . Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Sam Huston College in Austin , then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The job included coaching the school 's basketball team for the 1944 -- 45 season . As it was a fledgling program , few students tried out for the basketball team , and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games . Although his teams were outmatched by opponents , Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach , and drew the admiration of , among others , Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes , a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters . Playing career Negro leagues Robinson in uniform for the Kansas City Monarchs In early 1945 , while Robinson was at Sam Huston College , the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues . Robinson accepted a contract for $400 per month . Although he played well for the Monarchs , Robinson was frustrated with the experience . He had grown used to a structured playing environment in college , and the Negro leagues ' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him . The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum , with whom he could now communicate only by letter . In all , Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs , hitting . 387 with five home runs , and registering 13 stolen bases . He also appeared in the 1945 Negro League All - Star Game , going hitless in five at - bats . During the season , Robinson pursued potential major - league interests . The Boston Red Sox held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16 . The tryout , however , was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick . Even with the stands limited to management , Robinson was subjected to racial epithets . Robinson left the tryout humiliated , and more than fourteen years later , in July 1959 , the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster . Other teams , however , had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer . In the mid-1940s , Branch Rickey , club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers , began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers ' roster . Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn 's International League farm club , the Montreal Royals . Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him . In a famous three - hour exchange on August 28 , 1945 , Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily -- a concern given Robinson 's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military . Robinson was aghast : `` Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back ? '' Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player `` with guts enough not to fight back . '' After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to `` turn the other cheek '' to racial antagonism , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month , equal to $7,982 today . Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs , instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts ' not containing a reserve clause . Among those Rickey discussed prospects with was Wendell Smith , writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier , who according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck `` influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson , for which he 's never completely gotten credit . '' Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being , Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1 , 1945 . On October 23 , it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season . On the same day , with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present , Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals . In what was later referred to as `` The Noble Experiment '' , Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s . He was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues , and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first . Larry Doby , who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson , said , `` One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player . The best was Josh Gibson . I think that 's one of the reasons why Josh died so early -- he was heartbroken . '' Rickey 's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides , and he went home to Pasadena . That September , he signed with Chet Brewer 's Kansas City Royals , a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League . Later that off - season , he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team , while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City . On February 10 , 1946 , Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend , the Rev. Karl Downs . Minor leagues In 1946 , Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach , Florida , for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League ( the designation of `` AAA '' for the highest level of minor league baseball was first used in the 1946 season ) . Clay Hopper , the manager of the Royals , asked Rickey to assign Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate , but Rickey refused . Robinson with the Montreal Royals in July 1946 Robinson 's presence was controversial in racially charged Florida . As he was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel , he lodged instead at the home of a local black politician . Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility ( the Dodger - controlled spring training compound in Vero Beach known as `` Dodgertown '' did not open until spring 1948 ) , scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities , several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright , another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers ' organization in January . In Sanford , Florida , the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there ; as a result , Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach . In Jacksonville , the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day , by order of the city 's Parks and Public Property director . In DeLand , a scheduled day game was postponed , ostensibly because of issues with the stadium 's electrical lighting . After much lobbying of local officials by Rickey himself , the Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach . Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach 's City Island Ballpark on March 17 , 1946 , in an exhibition game against the team 's parent club , the Dodgers . Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s . Robinson ( 30 ) playing in Montreal Later in spring training , after some less - than - stellar performances , Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base , allowing him to make shorter throws to first base . Robinson 's performance soon rebounded . On April 18 , 1946 , Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants ' season opener against the Montreal Royals , marking the professional debut of the Royals ' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs . Pitching against Robinson was Warren Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California . During Robinson 's first at bat , the Jersey City catcher , Dick Bouknight , demanded that Sandel throw at Robinson , but Sandel refused . Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat , in his five trips to the plate , Robinson ended up with four hits , including his first hit , a three - run home run , in the game 's third inning . He also scored four runs , drove in three , and stole two bases in the Royals ' 14 -- 1 victory . Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a . 349 batting average and . 985 fielding percentage , and he was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . Although he often faced hostility while on road trips ( the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour , for example ) , the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson . Whether fans supported or opposed it , Robinson 's presence on the field was a boon to attendance ; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946 , an amazing figure by International League standards . In the fall of 1946 , following the baseball season , Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short - lived Los Angeles Red Devils . Major leagues Breaking the color barrier ( 1947 ) The following year , six days before the start of the 1947 season , the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues . With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers , Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman . On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators , more than 14,000 of whom were black . Although he failed to get a base hit , he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers ' 5 -- 3 victory . Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line . Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town , abandoning their Negro league teams . Robinson 's promotion met a generally positive , although mixed , reception among newspapers and white major league players . However , racial tension existed in the Dodger clubhouse . Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson . The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson . Manager Leo Durocher informed the team , `` I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra . I 'm the manager of this team , and I say he plays . What 's more , I say he can make us all rich . And if any of you can not use the money , I will see that you are all traded . '' Robinson was also derided by opposing teams . Some , notably the St. Louis Cardinals , threatened to strike if Robinson played , but also to spread the walkout across the entire National League . Existence of the plot was leaked by the Cardinals ' team physician , Robert Hyland , to a friend , the New York Herald Tribune 's Rutherford `` Rud '' Rennie . The reporter , concerned about protecting Hyland 's anonymity and job , in turn leaked it to his Tribune colleague and editor , Stanley Woodward , whose own subsequent reporting with other sources protected Hyland . The Woodward article made national headlines . After the threat was exposed , National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended . `` You will find that the friends that you think you have in the press box will not support you , that you will be outcasts , '' threatened Chandler . `` I do not care if half the league strikes . Those who do it will encounter quick retribution . All will be suspended and I do n't care if it wrecks the National League for five years . This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another . '' Woodward 's article received the E.P. Dutton Award in 1947 for Best Sports Reporting . New York Times columnist Red Smith turned to the Cardinals ' 1947 racial strike in 1977 , as a spate of commemorative articles appeared on the 30th anniversary of Robinson 's signing with the Dodgers. Smith remembered his old Herald Tribune colleagues ' part in exposing the players ' strike conspiracy . It would have succeeded , wrote Smith , `` ... if Rud Rennie and Stanley Woodward had n't exposed their intentions in the New York Herald Tribune . '' Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents ( particularly the Cardinals ) . At one time , he received a seven - inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter . On April 22 , 1947 , during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies , Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a `` nigger '' from their dugout and yelled that he should `` go back to the cotton fields '' . Rickey later recalled that Chapman `` did more than anybody to unite the Dodgers . When he poured out that string of unconscionable abuse , he solidified and united thirty men . '' Robinson did , however , receive significant encouragement from several major league players . Robinson named Lee `` Jeep '' Handley , who played for the Phillies at the time , as the first opposing player to wish him well . Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson 's defense with the famous line , `` You can hate a man for many reasons . Color is not one of them . '' In 1948 , Reese put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Cincinnati . A statue by sculptor William Behrends , unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1 , 2005 , commemorates this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson . Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg , who had to deal with racial epithets during his career , also encouraged Robinson . Following an incident where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base , he `` whispered a few words into Robinson 's ear '' , which Robinson later characterized as `` words of encouragement . '' Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games . Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby , who endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians , as the two spoke to one another via telephone throughout the season . Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers , with a batting average of . 297 , an on - base percentage of . 383 , and a . 427 slugging percentage . He had 175 hits ( scoring 125 runs ) including 31 doubles , 5 triples , and 12 home runs , driving in 48 runs for the year . Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits , with 28 , and in stolen bases , with 29 . His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award ( separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949 ) . Mvp , Congressional testimony , and film Biography ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Further information : Paul Robeson Congressional Hearings Following Stanky 's trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948 , Robinson took over second base , where he logged a . 980 fielding percentage that year ( second in the National League at the position , fractionally behind Stanky ) . Robinson had a batting average of . 296 and 22 stolen bases for the season . In a 12 -- 7 win against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 29 , 1948 , he hit for the cycle -- a home run , a triple , a double , and a single in the same game . The Dodgers briefly moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948 , but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series . Robinson in 1950 Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues . Larry Doby ( who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5 , 1947 , just 11 weeks after Robinson ) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians , and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson . In February 1948 , he signed a $12,500 contract ( equal to $124,602 today ) with the Dodgers ; while a significant amount , this was less than Robinson made in the off - season from a vaudeville tour , where he answered pre-set baseball questions , and a speaking tour of the South . Between the tours , he underwent surgery on his right ankle . Because of his off - season activities , Robinson reported to training camp 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) overweight . He lost the weight during training camp , but dieting left him weak at the plate . In 1948 , Wendell Smith 's book , Jackie Robinson : My Own Story , was released . In the spring of 1949 , Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler , working as an advisor to the Dodgers , for batting help . At Sisler 's suggestion , Robinson spent hours at a batting tee , learning to hit the ball to right field . Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball , on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball . Robinson also noted that `` Sisler showed me how to stop lunging , how to check my swing until the last fraction of a second '' . The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from . 296 in 1948 to . 342 in 1949 . In addition to his improved batting average , Robinson stole 37 bases that season , was second place in the league for both doubles and triples , and registered 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored . For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League . Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All - Star Game -- the first All - Star Game to include black players . That year , a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson , `` Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball ? '' , reached number 13 on the charts ; Count Basie recorded a famous version . Ultimately , the Dodgers won the National League pennant , but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series . Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson . In July , he was called to testify before the United States House of Representatives ' Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC ) concerning statements made that April by black athlete and actor Paul Robeson . Robinson was reluctant to testify , but he eventually agreed to do so , fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined . Lobby card for The Jackie Robinson Story , 1950 , with Minor Watson ( left , playing Dodgers president Branch Rickey ) and Robinson In 1950 , Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133 . His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point : $35,000 ( $348,402 in 2016 dollars ) . He finished the year with 99 runs scored , a . 328 batting average , and 12 stolen bases . The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson 's life , The Jackie Robinson Story , in which Robinson played himself , and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael `` Rae '' ( Isum ) Robinson . The project had been previously delayed when the film 's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man . The New York Times wrote that Robinson , `` doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture 's leading role , displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star . '' Robinson 's Hollywood exploits , however , did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley , who referred to Robinson as `` Rickey 's prima donna '' . In late 1950 , Rickey 's contract as the Dodgers ' team President expired . Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley , and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers , Rickey cashed out his one - quarter financial interest in the team , leaving O'Malley in full control of the franchise . Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates . Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey , whom he considered a father figure , stating , `` Regardless of what happens to me in the future , it all can be placed on what you have done and , believe me , I appreciate it . '' Pennant races and outside interests ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Before the 1951 season , O'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals , effective at the end of Robinson 's playing career . O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying , `` Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post '' -- although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered . During the 1951 season , Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row , with 137 . He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant . During the last game of the regular season , in the 13th inning , he had a hit to tie the game , and then won the game with a home run in the 14th . This forced a best - of - three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants . Cover of a Jackie Robinson comic book , issue No. 5 , 1951 Despite Robinson 's regular - season heroics , the Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson 's famous home run , known as the Shot Heard ' Round the World , on October 3 , 1951 . Overcoming his dejection , Robinson dutifully observed Thomson 's feet to ensure he touched all the bases . Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed `` how much of a competitor Robinson was . '' He finished the season with 106 runs scored , a batting average of . 335 , and 25 stolen bases . Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952 . He finished the year with 104 runs , a . 308 batting average , and 24 stolen bases . He did , however , record a career - high on - base percentage of . 436 . The Dodgers improved on their performance from the year before , winning the National League pennant before losing the 1952 World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games . That year , on the television show Youth Wants to Know , Robinson challenged the Yankees ' general manager , George Weiss , on the racial record of his team , which had yet to sign a black player . Sportswriter Dick Young , whom Robinson had described as a `` bigot '' , said , `` If there was one flaw in Jackie , it was the common one . He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness . '' The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base . Afterward , Robinson played variously at first , second , and third bases , shortstop , and in the outfield , with Jim Gilliam , another black player , taking over everyday second base duties . Robinson 's interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team . He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League , but according to the New York Post , Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request . In 1953 , Robinson had 109 runs , a . 329 batting average , and 17 steals , leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant ( and another World Series loss to the Yankees , this time in six games ) . Robinson 's continued success spawned a string of death threats . He was not dissuaded , however , from addressing racial issues publicly . That year , he served as editor for Our Sports magazine , a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues ; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson 's old friend Joe Louis . Robinson also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants that served the Dodger organization ; a number of these establishments integrated as a result , including the five - star Chase Park Hotel in St. Louis . World championship and retirement ( 1954 -- 1956 ) In 1954 , Robinson had 62 runs scored , a . 311 batting average , and 7 steals . His best day at the plate was on June 17 , when he hit two home runs and two doubles . The following autumn , Robinson won his only championship when the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the 1955 World Series . Although the team enjoyed ultimate success , 1955 was the worst year of Robinson 's individual career . He hit . 256 and stole only 12 bases . The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman , both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base . Robinson , then 37 years old , missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series . Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base . That season , the Dodgers ' Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year . In 1956 , Robinson had 61 runs scored , a . 275 batting average , and 12 steals . By then , he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes , and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball . After the season , Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch - rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35,000 cash ( equal to $308,317 today ) . The trade , however , was never completed ; unbeknownst to the Dodgers , Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o'Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company . Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously , his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine , instead of through the Dodgers organization . Legacy Robinson and his son David ( then age 11 ) are interviewed during the March on Washington , August 28 , 1963 . Further information : Racial integration in baseball Robinson 's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball , known as the baseball color line . After World War II , several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks , including their accelerated migration to the North , where their political clout grew , and President Harry Truman 's desegregation of the military in 1948 . Robinson 's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter . Martin Luther King , Jr. said that he was `` a legend and a symbol in his own time '' , and that he `` challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration . '' According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin , Robinson 's `` efforts were a monumental step in the civil - rights revolution in America ... ( His ) accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone 's abilities . '' Beginning his major league career at the relatively advanced age of twenty - eight , he played only ten seasons from 1947 to 1956 , all of them for the Brooklyn Dodgers . During his career , the Dodgers played in six World Series , and Robinson himself played in six All - Star Games . In 1999 , he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . Robinson 's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the post -- `` long ball '' era in baseball , in which a reliance on raw power - hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning . Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era . He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons ( averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953 ) , had a . 311 career batting average , a . 409 career on - base percentage , a . 474 slugging percentage , and substantially more walks than strikeouts ( 740 to 291 ) . Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947 -- 56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over . 425 ( Minnie Miñoso was the other ) . He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total , including 19 steals of home . None of the latter were double steals ( in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time ) . Robinson has been referred to by author David Falkner as `` the father of modern base - stealing '' . `` I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . '' -- Robinson , on his legacy Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played . After playing his rookie season at first base , Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman . He led the league in fielding among second basemen in 1950 and 1951 . Toward the end of his career , he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield , excelling at both . Assessing himself , Robinson said , `` I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . '' Regarding Robinson 's qualities on the field , Leo Durocher said , `` Ya want a guy that comes to play . This guy did n't just come to play . He come to beat ya . He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass . '' Portrayals on stage , film and television Robinson portrayed himself in the 1950 motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story . Other portrayals include : John Lafayette , in the 1978 ABC television special `` A Home Run for Love '' ( broadcast as an ABC Afterschool Special ) . David Alan Grier , in the 1981 Broadway production of the musical The First . Michael - David Gordon , in the 1989 Off - Broadway production of the musical Play to Win . Andre Braugher , in the 1990 TNT television movie The Court - Martial of Jackie Robinson . Blair Underwood , in the 1996 HBO television movie Soul of the Game . Antonio Todd in `` Colors '' , a 2005 episode of the CBS television series Cold Case . Chadwick Boseman , in the 2013 motion picture 42 . Robinson was also the subject of a 2016 PBS documentary , Jackie Robinson , which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice - over as Robinson . Post-baseball life Robinson once told future Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that `` the game of baseball is great , but the greatest thing is what you do after your career is over . '' Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5 , 1957 . Later that year , after he complained of numerous physical ailments , his doctors diagnosed him with diabetes , a disease that also afflicted his brothers . Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen , the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson 's physical condition from the disease . In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 , Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on - field qualifications , rather than his cultural impact on the game . He was elected on the first ballot , becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum . Robinson as ABC sports announcer in 1965 In 1965 , Robinson served as an analyst for ABC 's Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts , the first black person to do so . In 1966 , Robinson was hired as general manager for the short - lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League . In 1972 , he served as a part - time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts . On June 4 , 1972 , the Dodgers retired his uniform number , 42 , alongside those of Roy Campanella ( 39 ) and Sandy Koufax ( 32 ) . From 1957 to 1964 , Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o'Nuts ; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation . Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry . Robinson also chaired the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 's ( NAACP ) million - dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957 , and served on the organization 's board until 1967 . In 1964 , he helped found , with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin , Freedom National Bank -- a black - owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem . He also served as the bank 's first chairman of the board . In 1970 , Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low - income families . Robinson was active in politics throughout his post-baseball life . He identified himself as a political independent , although he held conservative opinions on several issues , including the Vietnam War ( he once wrote to Martin Luther King , Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration 's military policy ) . After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy , Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights . Robinson was angered by conservative Republican opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , though a higher percentage of Democrats voted against it in both the House and Senate . He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller 's unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the 1964 presidential election . After the party nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona instead , Robinson left the party 's convention commenting that he now had `` a better understanding of how it must have felt to be a Jew in Hitler 's Germany '' . He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 . Switching his allegiance to the Democrats , he subsequently supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968 . Color movie still featuring Robinson in the 1960s in The Torch of Friendship promo Robinson protested against the major leagues ' ongoing lack of minority managers and central office personnel , and he turned down an invitation to appear in an old - timers ' game at Yankee Stadium in 1969 . He made his final public appearance on October 15 , 1972 , throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati . He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty - fifth anniversary of his MLB debut , but also commented , `` I 'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball . '' This wish was only fulfilled after Robinson 's death : following the 1974 season , the Cleveland Indians gave their managerial post to Frank Robinson ( no relation to Jackie ) , a Hall of Fame - bound player who would go on to manage three other teams . Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players , the number of African - American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s . Family life and death After Robinson 's retirement from baseball , his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing . She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center . She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990 . She and Jackie had three children : Jackie Robinson Jr. ( 1946 -- 1971 ) , Sharon Robinson ( b . 1950 ) , and David Robinson ( b . 1952 ) . Robinson 's family gravesite in Cypress Hills Cemetery . Robinson is buried alongside his mother - in - law Zellee Isum and his son Jackie Robinson , Jr . Robinson 's eldest son , Jackie Robinson Jr. , had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age . He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment , served in the Vietnam War , and was wounded in action on November 19 , 1965 . After his discharge , he struggled with drug problems . Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour , Connecticut , and became a counselor at the institution . On June 17 , 1971 , he was killed in an automobile accident at age 24 . The experience with his son 's drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life . Robinson did not long outlive his son . Complications from heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age . On October 24 , 1972 , nine days after his appearance at the World Series , Robinson died of a heart attack at his home on 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford , Connecticut ; he was 53 years old . Robinson 's funeral service on October 27 , 1972 , at Upper Manhattan 's Riverside Church adjacent to Grant 's Tomb in Morningside Heights , attracted 2,500 mourners . Many of his former teammates and other famous baseball players served as pallbearers , and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy . Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson 's interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn , New York , where he was buried next to his son Jackie and mother - in - law Zellee Isum . Twenty - five years after Robinson 's death , the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory . This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson 's gravesite . After Robinson 's death , his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation , and she remains an officer as of 2015 . On April 15 , 2008 , she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan . Robinson 's daughter , Sharon , became a midwife , educator , director of educational programming for MLB , and the author of two books about her father . His youngest son , David , who has six children , is a coffee grower and social activist in Tanzania . Awards and recognition Memorial in the Jackie Robinson Rotunda inside Citi Field , dedicated April 15 , 2009 According to a poll conducted in 1947 , Robinson was the second most popular man in the country , behind Bing Crosby . In 1999 , he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century . Also in 1999 , he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players and was elected to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team as the top vote - getter among second basemen . Baseball writer Bill James , in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field , noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career . Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLA 's Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984 . In 2002 , Molefi Kete Asante included Robinson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps , in 1982 , 1999 , and 2000 . The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson in several ways . Brookside Park , situated next to the Rose Bowl , features a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field . The city 's Human Services Department operates the Jackie Robinson Center , a community outreach center that provides health services . In 1997 , a $325,000 bronze sculpture ( equal to $484,873 today ) by artists Ralph Helmick , Stu Schecter , and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine - foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue , across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall ; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project , which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family . Jackie Robinson Stadium , with the No. 42 on the center field wall Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death . In 1987 , both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the `` Jackie Robinson Award '' in honor of the first recipient ( Robinson 's Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues ) . On April 15 , 1997 , Robinson 's jersey number , 42 , was retired throughout Major League Baseball , the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues . Under the terms of the retirement , a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson , until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers . This affected players such as the Mets ' Butch Huskey and Boston 's Mo Vaughn . The Yankees ' Mariano Rivera , who retired at the end of the 2013 season , was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis . Since 1997 , only Wayne Gretzky 's number 99 , retired by the NHL in 2000 , has been retired league - wide . There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league - wide in honor of Roberto Clemente , a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family . The Hispanics Across America advocacy group wants Clemente 's number set aside the way the late Robinson 's No. 42 was in 1997 , but Sharon Robinson maintained the position that such an honor should remain in place for Jackie Robinson only . As an exception to the retired - number policy , MLB began honoring Robinson by allowing players to wear number 42 on April 15 , Jackie Robinson Day , which is an annual observance that started in 2004 . For the 60th anniversary of Robinson 's major league debut , MLB invited players to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day in 2007 . The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey , Jr. , who sought Rachel Robinson 's permission to wear the number . After receiving her permission , Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number , but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same . Ultimately , more than 200 players wore number 42 , including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Mets , Houston Astros , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Brewers , and Pittsburgh Pirates . The tribute was continued in 2008 , when , during games on April 15 , all members of the Mets , Cardinals , Washington Nationals , and Tampa Bay Rays wore Robinson 's number 42 . On June 25 , 2008 , MLB installed a new plaque for Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame commemorating his off - the - field impact on the game as well as his playing statistics . In 2009 , all uniformed personnel ( players , managers , coaches , and umpires ) wore number 42 on April 15 . Planned home of the Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center At the November 2006 groundbreaking for Citi Field , the new ballpark for the New York Mets , it was announced that the main entrance , modeled on the one in Brooklyn 's old Ebbets Field , would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda . The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16 , 2009 . It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number , 42 , which has become an attraction in itself . Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that the Mets -- in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation -- will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center , located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square , along Canal Street in lower Manhattan . Along with the museum , scholarships will be awarded to `` young people who live by and embody Jackie 's ideals . '' The museum hopes to open by 2019 . At Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017 . Since 2004 , the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the `` Jackie Robinson Award '' . Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball . In December 1956 , the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal , which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African - American . President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26 , 1984 , and on March 2 , 2005 , President George W. Bush gave Robinson 's widow the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress ; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award , after Roberto Clemente . On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife , Maria Shriver , announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame , located at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . Rachel Robinson ( holding the award ) accepts the posthumous Congressional Gold Medal for her husband from President George W. Bush in a March 2 , 2005 ceremony in the Capitol Rotunda . Also pictured are Nancy Pelosi and Dennis Hastert A number of buildings have been named in Robinson 's honor . The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium , which , because of the efforts of Jackie 's brother Mack , features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. Ellis . The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14 , 2013 . City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach , Florida was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1990 and a statue of Robinson with two children stands in front of the ballpark . His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15 . 1990 . A number of facilities at Pasadena City College ( successor to PJC ) are named in Robinson 's honor , including Robinson Field , a football / soccer / track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack . The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson , and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him . In 1976 , his home in Brooklyn , the Jackie Robinson House , was declared a National Historic Landmark . Brooklyn residents want to turn his home into a city landmark . Robinson also has an asteroid named after him , 4319 Jackierobinson . In 1997 , the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar , and five - dollar gold coin . That same year , New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor . In 2011 , the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson 's Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball . The house , on 8232 avenue de Gaspé near Jarry Park , was Robinson 's residence when he played for the Montreal Royals during 1946 . In a letter read during the ceremony , Rachel Robinson , Jackie 's widow , wrote : `` I remember Montreal and that house very well and have always had warm feeling for that great city . Before Jack and I moved to Montreal , we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida . In the end , Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start . We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there . The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man . '' On November 22 , 2014 , UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports , effective immediately . While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career , the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him . The only sport this did not affect was men 's basketball , which had previously retired the number for Walt Hazzard ( although Kevin Love was actually the last player in that sport to wear 42 , with Hazzard 's blessing ) . In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number , UCLA allowed three athletes ( in women 's soccer , softball , and football ) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers . The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues . See also Baseball portal Civil Rights Game ( including MLB Beacon Awards ) DHL Hometown Heroes Glass ceiling List of African - American firsts List of first black Major League Baseball players by team and date List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball retired numbers List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders Notes Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 1995 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 163 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 100 - X . Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame , Jackie Robinson ( 1 ) Retrieved April 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Nemec & Flatow , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackie Robinson statistics and history '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glasser , Ira ( 2003 ) . `` Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson : precursors of the civil rights movement '' . World & I. 18 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 273 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Justice B. ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` One meeting , two men , a changed world '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , Arnold . `` In Pharaoh 's Land : Cairo , Georgia 1919 -- 1920 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Bigelow , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` White House dream team : Jackie Roosevelt Robinson '' . Whitehousekids.gov . January 20 , 2002 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 15 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Official Site of Jackie Robinson . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Rachel , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 33 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Eig , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackie Robinson biography '' . The Biography Channel . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Rachel , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Rampersad , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Falkner , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Stone , Bob ( November 23 , 1945 ) . `` Sports : Jackie Robinson '' . Yank , the Army Weekly ( PDF ) . 4 ( 23 ) . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Linge , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Falkner , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Falkner , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking the color line : 1940 -- 1946 '' . Baseball , the Color Line , and Jackie Robinson . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Violett , B.J. ( 1997 ) . `` Teammates Recall Jackie Robinson 's Legacy '' . UCLA Today . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Washington '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Demas , Lane ( 2007 ) . `` Beyond Jackie Robinson : racial integration in American college football and new directions in sport history '' . History Compass. 5 ( 2 ) : 675 -- 690 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00412. x . Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Track and Field : Division I Men 's '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 8 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackie Robinson UCLA Biography '' . UCLA Athletics . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sources point to various reasons for Robinson 's departure from UCLA . Family sources cite financial concerns . `` Biography '' . Official Site of Jackie Robinson . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . In addition , Robinson himself cited his growing disillusionment about the value of a college degree for a black man of his era . Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 11 . Other sources suggest that Robinson was uninterested in academics , and behind on class work at the time he left UCLA . Falkner , p. 45 ; Eig , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black History Biographies Jackie Robinson '' . Gale Cengage Learning . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Linge , p. xiii . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Bob ( 1987 ) . `` Jackie Robinson : Pro Football Prelude '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Morris J. ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 2 : World War II : The Army '' . Integration of the Armed Forces , 1940 -- 65 . Washington , D.C. : G.P.O. ISBN 1 - 153 - 75539 - 4 . n . 94 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress : Truman K. Gibson Papers . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Truman K. Gibson , who fought Army segregation , is dead at 93 '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Editors of Time for Kids ; with Patrick , Denise Lewis ( 2005 ) . Jackie Robinson : Strong Inside and Out . New York : HarperCollins . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 057601 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Enders , Eric ( April 15 , 1997 ) . `` Jackie Robinson , College Basketball Coach '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vernon , John ( 2008 ) . `` Jim Crow , meet Lieutenant Robinson '' . Prologue Magazine . National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) . 40 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tygiel , Jules ( August -- September 1984 ) . `` The Court - Martial of Jackie Robinson '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ( also published at Tygiel ( 2002 ) , pp. 14 -- 23 ) . Jump up ^ Linge , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem ; Walton , Anthony ( 2004 ) . Brothers in Arms : The Epic Story of the 761st Tank Battalion , WWII 's Forgotten Heroes . Broadway Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50338 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackie Makes Good '' . Time . August 26 , 1946 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ardolino , Frank . `` Jackie Robinson and the 1941 Honolulu Bears '' ( PDF ) . The National Pastime . Cleveland , Ohio : Society for American Baseball Research . 15 : 68 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 910137 - 62 - 5 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Featured Baseball Personalities -- Jackie Robinson -- Historic Baseball Resources . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McElderry , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Jackie Robinson A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Rampersad , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Jimmie ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Globetrotting tales '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Tygiel , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bryant , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lester , Larry ; Sammy J. Miller ( 2000 ) . Black Baseball in Kansas City . Arcadia Publishing . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 0842 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lester , Larry ( 2002 ) . Black Baseball 's National Showcase : The East - West All - Star Game , 1933 -- 1953 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8000 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Simon , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Red Sox and Racism with New Owners , Team Confronts Legacy of Intolerance '' . National Public Radio . 2002 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` Robinson 's many peers follow his lead '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Povich , Shirley ( March 28 , 1997 ) . `` The Ball Stayed White , but the Game Did Not '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry ( 2007 ) . `` Jackie changed face of sports '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Breaks Baseball 's Color Barrier , 1945 '' . www.eyewitnesstohistory.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Ilan Stavans , ed. ( 2012 ) . Béisbol . The Ilan Stavans Library of Latino Civilization . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37513 - 2 . Jump up ^ Moore , Joseph Thomas ( 1988 ) . Pride and Prejudice : The Biography of Larry Doby . New York : Praeger Publishers . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 92984 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Tygiel , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Breaking a barrier 60 years before Robinson '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ribowsky , Mark ( 2000 ) . Do n't look back : Satchel Paige in the shadows of baseball . Da Capo Press . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80963 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Paige , Satchel ; David Lipman ( 1993 ) . Maybe I 'll pitch forever : a great baseball player tells the hilarious story behind the legend . U of Nebraska Press . pp. xi , xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8732 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moore , Joseph Thomas ( 1988 ) . Pride and Prejudice : The Biography of Larry Doby . New York : Praeger Publishers . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 92984 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tygiel ( 2002 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Linge , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Chris ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : The redemption of Clay Hopper '' . Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ McNeil , pp. 358 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ' Game Off at Jacksonville '' . New York Times . March 23 , 1946 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamb , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Reichard , Kevin ( November 29 , 2008 ) . `` Jackie Robinson Ballpark / Daytona Cubs '' . BallparkDigest.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Martin , Alfred M. ; Martin , Alfred T. ( 2008 ) . The Negro Leagues in New Jersey : A History . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3900 - 3 . Jump up ^ Van Blair , Rick ( 1994 ) Dugout to Foxhole : Interviews with Baseball Players Whose Careers Were Affected by World War II . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , pages 180 -- 191 Jump up ^ Tygiel ( 1983 ) , pp. 3 , 7 Jump up ^ Simon , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Linge , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` US to honor Robinson 's Montreal home '' . FOXSports.com . Associated Press . February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 ... the apartment the couple called home in the summer of 1946 . ^ Jump up to : Swaine , Rick . `` SABR Biography of Jackie Robinson '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tygiel , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 158 -- 159 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , p. 357 . ^ Jump up to : Kirsch , George B. , Othello Harris , and Claire Elaine Nolte , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` The Right to Travel '' . Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood . pp. 12 , 336 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29911 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ For a general survey of the media reaction to Robinson at various phases of his career , see www.umass.edu and subpages . Retrieved on July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson breaks major league color barrier '' . History Channel . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirwin , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Roger ( 2014 ) . Rickey & Robinson : The True , Untold Story of the Integration of Baseball . New York : Rodale Press . pp. 259 -- 267 . ISBN 1623362970 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krell , David ( 2015 ) . `` Our Bums '' : The Brooklyn Dodgers in History , Memory and Popular Culture . New York : McFarland . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 1476619735 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giglio , James N. ( 2001 ) . Musial : From Stash to Stan the Man . Columbia , Mo. : University of Missouri Press . pp. 152 -- 153 . ISBN 0826263135 . Jump up ^ Kirwin , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bryant , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Smith , Red ( July 27 , 1977 ) . `` The Outcasts of Cooperstown '' . New York Times . New York Times Co . New York Times Co . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wormser , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` Jackie Robinson integrates Baseball '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ken ( writer and director ) ( 1994 ) . Baseball , Part 6 ( Television production ) . Public Broadcasting Service . Event occurs at minute 120 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ken ( writer and director ) ( 1994 ) . Baseball , Part 6 ( Television production ) . Public Broadcasting Service . Event occurs at minute 122 . Jump up ^ Astor , Gerald ( 1988 ) . The Baseball Hall of Fame 50th Anniversary Book . Prentice Hall Press . pp. 221 -- 222 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Mark ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` 1947 : A time for change '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Debunkers Strike Out '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Clay to Bronze to the Hall '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mathews , Jack ( January 12 , 2000 ) . `` ' Greenberg ' A Home Run '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amore , Dom ( April 15 , 1997 ) . `` Larry Doby Remembers Being Introduced To '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` Rookies of the Year '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Player Stats '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lester , Larry ( 2007 ) . `` My Hero -- Jackie Robinson '' . LarryLester42.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lowenfish , Lee ( 2007 ) . `` A Year of Disappointment , Odd Choices , and an Adieu to Leo '' . Branch Rickey : Baseball 's Ferocious Gentleman . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . p. 461 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1103 - 1 . Jump up ^ Linge , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ `` Wendell Smith and Jackie Robinson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huhn , Rick ( 2004 ) . `` Full circle '' . The Sizzler : George Sisler , Baseball 's Forgotten Great . Columbia : University of Missouri Press . p. 260 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1555 - 6 . Jump up ^ In addition to Robinson , the 1949 All - Star game featured Larry Doby , Roy Campanella , and Don Newcombe . See Johnson , Chuck ( July 13 , 1999 ) . `` An All - Star Game for all '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Humphrey , ed. ( 2003 ) ( 1995 ) . America in the 20th Century : 1940 -- 1949 . 5 ( 2nd ed . ) . Tarrytown , New York : Marshall Cavendish . p. 709 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7369 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball ? '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Duberman , Martin ( 1989 ) . `` The Right to Travel '' . Paul Robeson . New York : Knopf . pp. 361 -- 362 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 52780 - 2 . Jump up ^ Santella , Andrew ( 1996 ) . Jackie Robinson Breaks the Color Line . Children 's Press . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 516 - 06637 - 4 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson 's Double Play '' . Life Magazine . May 8 , 1950 . p. 129 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bogle , Donald ( 2001 ) . `` Black Odds and Ends '' . Toms , Coons , Mulattoes , Mammies & Bucks : An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Continuum . pp. 184 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1267 - X . Jump up ^ Bogle , Donald ( 2001 ) . `` Black Odds and Ends '' . Toms , Coons , Mulattoes , Mammies & Bucks : An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Continuum . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1267 - X . Jump up ^ Bogle , Donald ( 2001 ) . `` Black Odds and Ends '' . Toms , Coons , Mulattoes , Mammies & Bucks : An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Continuum . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1267 - X . Jump up ^ Stout , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Stout , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Long , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1950 ) . Letter to Branch Rickey . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanc , John ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Document Deep Dive : The Heartfelt Friendship Between Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Linked to Montreal Job '' . Pittsburgh Press . March 25 , 1951 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Offered Managerial Berth '' . Reading Eagle . March 25 , 1951 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bitker , Steve ( 2001 ) . The Original San Francisco Giants : The Giants of ' 58 . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58261 - 335 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` Robinson made impact on field , too '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shiner , David . `` Jackie Robinson and the Third Age of Modern Baseball '' . Jackie Robinson : Race , Sports , and the American Dream . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of Race Through Time '' . New York Daily News . April 13 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Falkner , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Tygiel ( 2002 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Long , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson and baseball highlights , 1860s -- 1960s '' . Library of Congress . September 26 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson as a Dodger : 1947 -- 1956 '' . Baseball , the Color Line , and Jackie Robinson . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Carl with Burton Rocks ( 2005 ) . `` Wait Till Next Year '' . What I Learned from Jackie Robinson : A Teammate 's Reflections On and Off the Field . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 61 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 145085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Eig , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Nemec & Flatow , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Linge , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Jackie Robinson : Gone but not forgotten '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klarman , Michael J. ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` Better Late Than Never '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel ; John Kerry ( March 2 , 2005 ) . `` A pioneer in civil rights '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pat ; Mike Sielski ( 2004 ) . How to Be Like Jackie Robinson : Life Lessons from Baseball 's Greatest Hero . HCI . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7573 - 0173 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kindred , Dave ( July 1999 ) . `` The No. 1 Most Significant Development in the 20th Century '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The All - Century Team '' . MLB.com. 1999 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shiner , David . `` Jackie Robinson and the Third Age of Modern Baseball '' . Jackie Robinson : Race , Sports , and the American Dream . pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Simon , Mark . `` Remembering Jackie Robinson '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Camps , Mark ( April 7 , 1997 ) . `` By The Numbers -- Robinson Was All - Around Player '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Falkner , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : James , Bill ; Mary A. Wirth ( 1988 ) . Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract . New York : Random House . pp. 502 -- 503 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 75805 - 6 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom . `` The pioneer '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Standard Fielding '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 Standard Fielding '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mallett , Ashley ; Ian Chappell ( 2007 ) . `` Heroes have heroes too '' . Chappelli Speaks Out . Crow 's Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . p. 235 . ISBN 1 - 74175 - 036 - 9 . , quoting Kahn , Roger ( 2000 ) ( 1972 ) . `` The Lion at Dusk '' . The Boys of Summer ( 1st Perennial Classics ed . ) . New York : Perennial . p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095634 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackie Robinson Story : Overview '' . MSN.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homerun for Love , A ( 1978 ) -- Overview '' . TCM.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Is ' the First ' Again '' . Sports Illustrated . November 30 , 1981 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( November 18 , 1981 ) . `` STAGE : ' First , ' Baseball Musical '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sid ( April 11 , 1993 ) . `` Jackie Robinson and the Great American Pastime '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruckner , D.J.R. ( July 21 , 1989 ) . `` Review / Theater ; ' Play to Win , ' a Musical About the Integration of Baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Robert W . `` The Court Martial of Jackie Robinson : Overview '' . MSN.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Martial of Jackie Robinson ( 1990 ) -- Overview '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soul of the Game : Overview '' . MSN.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( April 20 , 1996 ) . `` TELEVISION REVIEW : Across the Color Line With Satchel Paige '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Case : Colors '' . TV.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 42 : Overview '' . MSN.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Going Places With Chadwick Boseman '' . Time . Jump up ^ Witherspoon , Chris ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Can Chadwick Boseman Hit A Home Run As Jackie Robinson ? '' . The Grio . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' 42 ' is an inspiring tribute to Jackie Robinson '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Ken Burns ' ' Jackie Robinson ' documentary is a lump - in - the - throat trip that goes beyond baseball '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Dan ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Just My Type '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Career Chronology '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 319 -- 320 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robinson honored with new Hall of Fame plaque '' . ESPN . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2005 ) . `` The New Kids in Town ( Cable 's Rise , 1980 -- 89 ) '' . Voices of Summer : Ranking Baseball 's 101 All - Time Best Announcers . New York : Carroll & Graf . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1446 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Roundup of the Sports Information of the Week '' . Sports Illustrated . May 9 , 1966 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . HIRED : JACKIE ROBINSON , 47 , former Brooklyn Dodger baseball star , as general manager of the new Brooklyn Dodger professional football team of the Continental League . Jump up ^ `` People '' . Sports Illustrated . May 16 , 1966 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Brodie ( June 3 , 1972 ) . `` Expos on English TV : The picture clears up '' . Montreal Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Retired Numbers '' . MLB.com. 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robinson 's later career : 1957 -- 1972 '' . Baseball , the Color Line , and Jackie Robinson . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Falkner , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Long , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Long , pp. 255 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Long , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Cheryl Lynn ( 2010 ) . Troubling the Waters : Black - Jewish Relations in the American Century . Princeton University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14616 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Torch of Friendship '' . Florida Memory . State Archives of Florida . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ; Keh , Andrew ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Baseball 's Praised Diversity Is Stranded at First Base '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helyar , John ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Robinson would have mixed view of today 's game '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Linge , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Stone , Larry ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` The changing face of baseball : African - American players on the decline '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Less than 9 Percent of Players Black '' . ESPN.com. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Cynthia ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Rachel Robinson to receive UCLA 's highest honor '' . UCLA Today . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel , p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` Featured bio Jackie Robinson '' . Biography Channel . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 25 , 1972 ) . `` Jackie Robinson , First Black in Major Leagues , Dies '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Rachel , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Rampersad , pp. 438 , 443 . ^ Jump up to : Linge , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Cady , Steve ( October 28 , 1972 ) . `` Jackie Goes Home to Brooklyn '' . The New York Times . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Copquin , Claudia Gryvatz ; Kenneth T. Jackson ( 2007 ) . The neighborhoods of Queens . Yale University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11299 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . Jackie Robinson Foundation . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball remembers Jackie Robinson '' . New York Times . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The books are Robinson , Sharon ( 2001 ) and Robinson , Sharon ( 2004 ) . See Henneman , Heidi . `` Baseball legend 's daughter pitches father 's fundamental ideals to kids '' . BookPage.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Pam ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` Field of Dreams '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Duke , Lynne ( July 4 , 2005 ) . `` Mr. Coffee : How a Baseball Scion Put Down Roots in Africa , and Grew a Very Rich Blend '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Robert . `` It Happened in Brooklyn : Reminiscences of a Fan '' . Jackie Robinson : Race , Sports , and the American Dream . p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Time 100 : Jackie Robinson '' . Time . June 14 , 1999 . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players '' . The Sporting News . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Century Team final voting '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James , Bill ( 2003 ) . `` The Players '' . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract . New York : Free Press . p. 361 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2722 - 0 . Jump up ^ Asante , Molefi Kete ( 2002 ) . `` Jackie Robinson '' . 100 Greatest African Americans : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Amherst , New York : Prometheus . pp. 264 -- 267 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` African - American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Images : 1982 Archived February 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1999 Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2000 Archived February 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Arroyo Seco '' . PasadenaHeritage.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Center '' . City of Pasadena . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Busts Unveiled in Tribute to Robinson Brothers '' . Los Angeles Times . November 7 , 1997 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehr , Dick ( May 20 , 1997 ) . `` Jackie 's still larger than life ; Newton sculptor creates 9 - foot tribute '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : ' Nicely Done ' '' . Sports Illustrated . July 27 , 1987 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloss , Bob ( 2005 ) . Rookies of the Year . Temple University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 164 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( April 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Grand Tribute to Robinson and His Moment '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` MLB ready to celebrate Jackie Robinson Day '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Mariano ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` The final ' 42 ' : Rivera pays tribute to Jackie Robinson '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` League retires Gretzky 's No. 99 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Robinson : honor Clemente some other way '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 24 , 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . The daughter of Jackie Robinson thinks Major League Baseball should not retire Roberto Clemente 's No. 21 , the New York Daily News reported Tuesday . ^ Jump up to : Pennington , Bill ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` A measure of respect for Jackie Robinson turns into a movement '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( April 16 , 2004 ) . `` Baseball ; Special Day Honors Jackie Robinson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Larry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ken Griffey Jr. on Jackie Robinson and the decline of African - Americans in baseball '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Griffey , Jr. , others to wear No. 42 as part of Jackie Robinson Day Tribute '' . MLB.com. April 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson 's legacy celebrated at Shea '' . MLB.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball remembers Jackie Robinson '' . International Herald Tribune . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie 's impact will be felt today '' . MLB.com. April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Rotunda dedicated at Citi Field '' . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Colford , Paul D. ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Mets Honor Robinson at New Home '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plans Unveiled for Robinson Museum '' . MLB.com . March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fordin , Spencer ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Museum in NY to tell Jackie 's story '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ground broken for Jackie Robinson Museum after 10 - year wait '' . USA Today . Associated Press . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Padilla , Doug ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson statue unveiled at Dodger Stadium '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Aflac National High School Player of The Year Nominees Announced '' . Satellite Television . August 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Named in honor of the late Hall of Famer and first man to break Major League Baseball 's color barrier , the Jackie Robinson Award recognizes the nation 's top high school player entering his senior year that demonstrates outstanding character , exhibits leadership and embodies the values of being a student athlete in both his schoolwork and community affairs . See also : Baseball awards # U.S. high - school baseball . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . February 21 , 1984 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson receives Congressional Gold Medal '' . USA Today . March 2 , 2005 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver Announce the California Hall of Fame 2007 Inductees '' . PR Newswire . August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steele Field at Jackie Robinson Stadium '' . UCLA Athletics . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA history project : Robinson statue '' . UCLA.edu . Retrieved May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Roosevelt `` Jackie '' Robinson -- Daytona Beach , Florida `` . waymarking.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Ballpark '' . City of Daytona Beach . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Stadium '' . www.pasadena.edu . Pasadena City College Foundation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 1 , 1997 ) . `` Robinson ' stood up for what he believed ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Robert ( November 3 , 1991 ) . `` Fearing gang violence , school forfeits a game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Historic sports sites rarely take landmark status '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Residents Want To Turn Jackie Robinson 's Brooklyn Home into City Landmark '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4319 Jackierobinson ( 1981 ER14 ) '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackie Robinson Commemorative Coin Set '' . United States Mint . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Sidhartha ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's old Montreal apartment to be commemorated by U.S. government '' . CTV . The Canadian Press . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Randy ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Baseball great 's home away from hate '' . The Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCLA Honors Jackie Robinson by Retiring # 42 Across All Sports '' ( Press release ) . UCLA Athletics . November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 UCLA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Athletic Department . 2011 . pp. 116 -- 118 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Walt Hazzard lived for others '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Painter , Jill ( March 28 , 2006 ) . `` UCLA Basketball Notebook : Wooden Wo n't Make Trip To Indianapolis '' . Daily News ( Los Angeles ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hoffarth , Tom ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` The Numbers Game From 00 To 99 , Which Player Would You Choose for the All - Time Southern California Roster ? No. 32 Is Likely To Be Hottest Debate '' . Daily News ( Los Angeles ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) References Bigelow , Barbara Carlisle , ed. ( 1994 ) . Contemporary Black Biography : Profiles from the International Black Community . 6 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8558 - 9 . Bryant , Howard ( 2002 ) . Shut Out : A Story of Race and Baseball in Boston . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92779 - X . ( 2002 CASEY Award winner ) . Dorinson , Joseph ; Warmund , Joram , eds. ( 1999 ) . Jackie Robinson : Race , Sports , and the American Dream . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0317 - 9 . Eig , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Opening Day : The Story of Jackie Robinson 's First Season . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9460 - 2 . ( 2007 CASEY Award nominee ) . Falkner , David ( 1995 ) . Great Time Coming : The Life of Jackie Robinson , from Baseball to Birmingham . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79336 - 5 . Gutman , Dan ( 1999 ) . Jackie & Me : A Baseball Card Adventure . New York : Avon . ISBN 0 - 380 - 80084 - 5 . Kirwin , Bill ( 2005 ) . Out of the Shadows : African American Baseball from the Cuban Giants to Jackie Robinson . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7825 - X . Lamb , Chris ( 2006 ) . Blackout : The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson 's First Spring Training . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8047 - 5 . Linge , Mary Kay ( 2007 ) . Jackie Robinson : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33828 - 0 . Long , Michael G. , ed. ( 2007 ) . First Class Citizenship : the Civil Rights Letters of Jackie Robinson . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8710 - 9 . McNeil , William F. ( 2000 ) . The Dodgers Encyclopedia . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 316 - 8 . Nemec , David ; Flatow , Scott ( 2008 ) . Great Baseball Feats , Facts & Firsts ( expanded & updated ed . ) . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 22363 - 2 . Rampersad , Arnold ( 1997 ) . Jackie Robinson : A Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44495 - 5 . ( 1997 CASEY Award nominee ) . Robinson , Jackie ; as told to Duckett , Alfred ( 1995 ) ( 1972 ) . I Never Had It Made . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 055597 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Robinson , Rachel ; with Daniels , Lee ( 1996 ) . Jackie Robinson : An Intimate Portrait . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3792 - 1 . ( 1996 CASEY Award nominee ) . Robinson , Sharon ( 2001 ) . Jackie 's Nine : Jackie Robinson 's Values to Live By . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 439 - 23764 - 5 . Robinson , Sharon ( 2004 ) . Promises To Keep : How Jackie Robinson Changed America . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 439 - 42592 - 1 . Simon , Scott ( 2002 ) . Jackie Robinson and the Integration of Baseball . Hoboken : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26153 - X . Stout , Glenn ; Richard A. Johnson ( phot . ed . ) ( 2004 ) . The Dodgers : 120 Years of Dodgers Baseball . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21355 - 9 . Tygiel , Jules ( 1983 ) . Baseball 's Great Experiment : Jackie Robinson and His Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503300 - 0 . ( 1983 CASEY Award nominee ) . Tygiel , Jules ( 2002 ) . Extra Bases : Reflections on Jackie Robinson , Race , and Baseball History . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9447 - 9 . Williams , Pat ; with Sielski , Mike ( 2005 ) . How to Be Like Jackie Robinson : Life Lessons from Baseball 's Greatest Hero . Deerfield Beach , Florida : HCI . ISBN 0 - 7573 - 0173 - 8 . Further reading Robinson , Jackie , Jules Tygiel ( fr ) , eds. ( 1997 ) . The Jackie Robinson Reader : Perspectives on an American Hero . Dutton Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 94096 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jackie Robinson Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jackie Robinson . Jackie Robinson Foundation Jackie Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) , or Retrosheet Negro league baseball statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference ( Negro leagues ) National Archives : Jackie Robinson White House Correspondence FBI file on Jackie Robinson Martin Stone 's Jackie Robinson File : Correspondence , programs , and souvenirs and Newspaper clippings at Cleveland Public Library . According to the extensive archive 's description : `` Martin Stone , attorney and communications executive was an attorney for Jackie Robinson and later a trustee of the Jackie Robinson Foundation . '' Jackie Robinson on IMDb Jackie Robinson ( Character ) on IMDb Birthplace of Jackie Robinson historical marker Jackie Robinson Topics Jackie Robinson Day Jackie Robinson House Jackie Robinson Foundation Paul Robeson Congressional Hearings Family Rachel Robinson ( wife ) Mack Robinson ( brother ) Films The Jackie Robinson Story ( 1950 ) Soul of the Game ( 1996 ) 42 ( 2013 ) Jackie Robinson ( 2016 ) Musicals The First ( 1981 ) Play to Win ( 1989 ) Namesakes Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark Jackie Robinson Stadium Jackie Robinson Parkway Related Branch Rickey Wendell Smith Links to related articles Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 World Series champions 1 Pee Wee Reese 4 Duke Snider 6 Carl Furillo 8 George Shuba 10 Rube Walker 12 Frank Kellert 14 Gil Hodges 15 Sandy Amorós 17 Carl Erskine 18 Jim Hughes 19 Jim Gilliam 23 Don Zimmer 30 Billy Loes 32 Sandy Koufax 34 Russ Meyer 36 Don Newcombe 37 Ed Roebuck 39 Roy Campanella ( NL MVP ) 40 Roger Craig 41 Clem Labine 42 Jackie Robinson 43 Don Hoak 45 Johnny Podres ( World Series MVP ) 46 Don Bessent 48 Karl Spooner 54 Dixie Howell Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 22 Billy Herman 31 Jake Pitler 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. 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Based in Los Angeles Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture and lore Dodger Dog Chronicle - Telegraph Cup This is Next Year The First Fernandomania Kirk Gibson Walk - Off Home Run Sandy Koufax 's Perfect Game Flag Burning Chavez Ravine Dodger Blue I Love L.A. Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Subway Series / New York Yankees Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 22 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minors AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers 1 DSL Dodgers 2 Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 134 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1994 1995 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers retired numbers 1 Pee Wee Reese 2 Tommy Lasorda 4 Duke Snider 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Don Sutton 24 Walter Alston 32 Sandy Koufax 39 Roy Campanella 42 Jackie Robinson 53 Don Drysdale MIC Vin Scully Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1962 BBWAA Vote Bob Feller ( 93.8 % ) Jackie Robinson ( 77.5 % ) Veterans Committee Bill McKechnie Edd Roush Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. 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Surhoff Greg Swindell Derek Tatsuno Robin Ventura Frank Viola Tim Wallach Todd Walker Brad Wilkerson Dave Winfield Rich Wortham Coaches Bob Bennett Skip Bertman Robert Braddy Chuck Brayton Jim Brock Ed Cheff Rod Dedeaux Bibb Falk Ron Fraser Augie Garrido Gordie Gillespie Wayne Graham Cliff Gustafson Larry Hays Bill Holowaty Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones Wally Kincaid Jerry Kindall Demie Mainieri Ron Polk Frank Sancet Don Schaly Dick Siebert Gene Stephenson Mickey Sullivan Tommy Thomas Bob Todd Gary Ward Bill Wilhelm John Winkin Bobby Winkles Veterans Jack Barry Owen Carroll Billy Disch Lou Gehrig Christy Mathewson Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Joe Sewell George Sisler Charles Teague VIAF : 57427186 LCCN : n79141359 ISNI : 0000 0000 8137 088X GND : 11954248X NLA : 36515473 NDL : 00454404 NKC : pna2012687886 IATH : w6086gsz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson&oldid=804145860 '' Categories : Jackie Robinson 1919 births 1972 deaths Activists for African - American civil rights African - American baseball players African - American male track and field athletes African - American Methodists African - American sports history American male long jumpers American military personnel of World War II Baseball players from California Baseball players from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Brooklyn Dodgers players Burials at Cypress Hills Cemetery ( New York City ) Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees College men 's basketball head coaches in the United States Congressional Gold Medal recipients Kansas City Monarchs players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball second basemen Montreal Expos broadcasters American expatriate baseball players in Canada Montreal Royals players National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League Most Valuable Player Award winners National League All - Stars National League batting champions National League stolen base champions Pasadena City Lancers baseball players Pasadena City Lancers football players Pasadena City Lancers men 's basketball players People from Cairo , Georgia People who were court - martialed People with diabetes mellitus type 1 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Spingarn Medal winners Sportspeople from Pasadena , California UCLA Bruins baseball players UCLA Bruins football players UCLA Bruins men 's basketball players UCLA Bruins men 's track and field athletes United States Army officers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 01 : 42 . 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when did jackie robinson retire from playing baseball
[ "Robinson once told future Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that \"the game of baseball is great, but the greatest thing is what you do after your career is over.\"[218] Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5, 1957.[219] Later that year, after he complained of numerous physical ailments, his doctors diagnosed him with diabetes, a disease that also afflicted his brothers.[220] Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen, the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson's physical condition from the disease.[221]" ]
[ "January 5, 1957" ]
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Super Bowl LI halftime show
Super Bowl LI halftime show - wikipedia Super Bowl LI halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LI halftime show Date February 5 , 2017 Location Houston , Texas Venue NRG Stadium Headliner Lady Gaga Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5 , 2017 , at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas as part of Super Bowl LI . The show was headlined by Lady Gaga , who performed a medley of her songs , including newer material from her most recent studio album Joanne . Gaga 's performance was critically acclaimed , with media outlets praising the show for demonstrating her artistic and musical qualities , and some arguing that it ranked among the top Super Bowl halftime performances in history . The show was also noted for its acknowledgment of the LGBT community , the use of a swarm of lighting - equipped drones for a pre-recorded intro scene , and its perceived political undertones . With 117.5 million television viewers , the Super Bowl LI halftime show was the second most - watched Super Bowl halftime show behind Katy Perry 's and had higher average viewership than the game itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Fashion 3.4 Multimedia 3.5 Drones 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Set list 7 Personnel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) NRG Stadium , where the Super Bowl LI and the halftime show took place The halftime show started on the roof of NRG Stadium . Gaga started singing `` God Bless America '' as drones swarm behind her emitting red , blue and white color . She then sang Woody Guthrie 's `` This Land Is Your Land '' , followed by the ending of the Pledge of Allegiance : `` One nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all '' . Gaga then dove from the rooftop as the drones behind formed the design of the US flag . The singer came down and stood on a tall pillar across the stage , and started singing `` Poker Face '' as fireworks emitted behind her . After the first verse and chorus , Gaga , who was attached to a harness , bounced from the pillar to the main stage , and was joined by her dancers to sing `` Born This Way '' , including the track 's intermediate spoken verse . As the performance ended , Gaga headed towards one corner of the stage inside a star shaped structure , and sang `` Telephone '' . She was carried by a dancer to the main stage where she held a keytar and sang `` Just Dance '' . The singer proceeded to the grounds from the stage as the song completed . She reached a podium with a piano , and started singing `` Million Reasons '' . The audience present on the field drifted off in different directions holding the light sticks in their hands . Continuing the song , she came down from the stage and hugged members of the audience . For the finale of `` Bad Romance '' a team of white - clad dancers strutted across the main stage . Gaga joined them wearing a football inspired costume and performed the track . As fireworks erupted heralding the end of the show , Gaga reached the edge of the stage , shouted `` Super Bowl 51 '' , dropped her microphone , and jumped off stage catching a football . Background ( edit ) Gaga after performing the US national anthem at the Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 Around August 2016 , media started reporting that singer Adele was in discussion with the National Football League ( NFL ) to perform at the Super Bowl LI halftime show , to be held on February 5 , 2017 , at Houston 's NRG Stadium ; the show was sponsored by Pepsi Zero Sugar . A representative from the NFL said that `` organisers are doing absolutely everything they can to try to persuade her to sign up '' . During her Adele Live 2016 concert tour at Los Angeles , Adele clarified that although she had been offered to perform by the NFL , she had declined since she did not believe herself to be suitable for the halftime show . The NFL also explained that they had not signed any musician till then and were still in discussion with several artists . In the meantime , singer Lady Gaga had announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album , Joanne , in October 2016 . Billboard reported that the NFL was discussing with the singer , based on her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl . On September 29 , 2016 , Gaga finally confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show . Fox Sports president and executive producer of the show , John Entz , confirmed Gaga 's involvement adding `` ( She ) is one of the most electric performers of our generation , and we could n't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show ... It is going to be an incredible night . '' According to Emma Quigley , Pepsi 's North American head of music , and Justin Toman , Pepsi sports marketing director , choosing Gaga to headline the show made sense based on her previous output and musical endeavors . They considered various parameters -- social media followers , record sales , trending topic -- and then shortlisted her . Toman also took into account the total time it usually takes for the show -- seven minutes for set up , 12 minutes for the main show , and another seven minutes to dismantle -- and believed the singer could deliver `` power , punch , performance , singing , lights '' within that time frame . Pepsi sponsored the halftime show for the fifth - consecutive year . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) A long shot view of the stage during the performance of `` Just Dance '' in the halftime show In October 2016 , Gaga told Entertainment Weekly she wanted to give `` the best show for the football fans , the ones that are watching at home '' . Although indecisive about the set list , the singer wanted to play a mixture of her past and recent songs . She also confirmed that the NFL had heard Joanne before its release , and decided to offer the halftime performance slot . Inspiration came from previous halftime show performances by Michael Jackson , Diana Ross , and Bruce Springsteen , with Gaga remarking that she loved `` all the ( past shows ) '' . In December 2016 , Gaga launched the `` Guest of Honor '' contest along with Pepsi and the NFL , which would enable her fans to win an opportunity to see the halftime show from the sidelines of the stage . The singer uploaded a video titled `` Fanifesto '' , talking about the power of fandom , and explained that one has to upload a 15 -- 60 second video on Instagram or Twitter with the hashtags # GOHContest and # PepsiHalftime by December 15 , professing their fandom for Gaga . Colin Stutz from Billboard revealed that Gaga would not be accompanied by any guest musicians for the show , which was a deviation from the shows of the past few years . Pepsi confirmed in a press release that a ten - second countdown would precede Gaga 's performance , where a lead - in featuring jazz singer Tony Bennett would be shown , produced by Creator 's Studio . Gaga confirmed planning to sing atop the dome of NRG Stadium , the idea given to her by her sister Natali Germanotta . Her team were worried about the safety hazards associated with the stunt , although Gaga continued to pursue it . The organizers considered airlifting the singer on top of the dome before the performance , or making her appear through the `` see - through '' roof of the stadium , which is retractable . Gaga 's lawyers worked on the logistics and the insurance associated with the stunt . The US media had expected Gaga to do `` something overtly political '' during her performance . NFL refuted news about them forbidding the singer to mention President Donald Trump during the show . A representative from the organization issued a statement saying , `` The Super Bowl is a time when people really come together . Lady Gaga is focused on putting together an amazing show for fans and we love working with her on it ; we are n't going to be distracted by this . '' Rehearsals ( edit ) I really had a real sense of being in the zone for this performance , worked on it for a really long time , took months , trained hard . Every second I wanted to give the world and my fans what they deserve , a great show . Its really exciting , I wanted to enjoy the moment not just be hell bent on everything . -- Gaga on the halftime show By January 2017 , Gaga started posting images on her social media accounts , showing her practicing for the show . She built a tent in her backyard where she could rehearse with her dancers . The group rehearsed in it for about 1.5 week , then moved to larger venues in Hollywood for working on the rest of the show . Finally , all the equipment was sent to Houston , where the last rehearsals took place . Gaga enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence for helping her belt out the correct musical notes . Lawrence had worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance previous year , as well as for her concert tours . A behind - the - scenes video from the rehearsals was uploaded by Pepsi , where Gaga explained that the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different than the preceding years , but keep it still about the music . Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers , enacting the characteristic moves from the song , `` Bad Romance '' ( 2009 ) . Jackson said that the dancers were hand - picked and were among the personnel that had worked with the singer . He further added that the show would unveil a different aspect of Gaga , since she had never got the chance to perform on a big platform like the Super Bowl . As the day for the show approached , the singer kept posting short videos from rehearsal as well as behind - the - scenes . She showed her pre-game dance routines and choreography , FaceTimeing with her grandmother , warming up for the show , and the onstage activities . Toman explained that they wanted to have the general fans get `` a peek into the journey to halftime , tapping into the artist fanbase -- that really works . Doing a behind - the - scenes content program , giving people that glimpse of what it takes to prepare . People love that . So that really worked and we continue to do that . '' Fashion ( edit ) After the release of Joanne Gaga had worn simplistic fashion , deviating from her previous outrageous attires . Prior to the halftime show , there was much speculation regarding her fashion for the performance . Versace had created all the looks for the show , including the final look which was inspired by the label 's Spring 2017 collection . The singer wore a custom created , Atelier Versace , iridescent colored jumpsuit , which was beaded over with Swarovski crystals , along with high shoulder pads and matching knee length boots . The body suit facilitated swift movement onstage , aiding the mobility for the singer . According to fashion expert Cameron Silver , Gaga 's final look for the performance of `` Bad Romance '' was the `` most interesting '' . It consisted of silver hot pants with sequins on it , with a footballer shoulder - pad like jacket . Both the dresses were deemed as a `` customary nod '' to Gaga 's past by Billboard , who added that `` It was a solid balance of glam and sexy without overdoing it ( ... ) ( The dress ) gave fantasy to her fans . She looked great . She sounded great . It 's like she was playing football in heels . '' In between the performance , Gaga also wore a golden jacket which had shoulder spikes , while playing the keytar . Gaga 's looks were styled by her longtime collaborator Brandon Maxwell , while her makeup was influenced by singer David Bowie 's persona Ziggy Stardust . Donatella Versace herself flew to Houston to help with the costumes , including dressing the singer herself before the show . Gaga 's makeup was done by artist Sarah Nicole Tanno and her hair was coiffured by Frederic Aspiras . Tanno used products from Marc Jacobs ' cosmetics line to give a `` timeless '' look for Gaga . The singer wore a pair of eye masks made of crystals , extending till her temples . According to Vanessa Friedman from The New York Times , choosing Versace as her fashion brand for the costumes `` helped to support a subtler , arguably more powerful , message '' by Gaga . She had promised to make the show about `` inclusion '' and to that extent , using Versace and a number of other designers like Dr. Martens and Vera Wang made it a point . Multimedia ( edit ) During `` Million Reasons '' a field cast used Glow Motion LED Batons , creating a three - dimensional moving pixels show . The production work on the show was done by designers Bruce Rodgers of Tribe Inc. and LeRoy Bennett , and lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees . The stage was created by All Access Staging & Productions , who had also created previous Super Bowl halftime stages . Key features of the stage consisted of a main platform , two towers , three star - shaped side stages , a piano dome and a stage lift . The towers were around 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall and could be carried by carts to the field for set - up . All Access had only 4.5 weeks to create the whole piece with the main stage itself , and required 17 trucks for storage and transport . The show utilized LED system from Verrents and sound by ATK Audio tek . Around 5,000 LED lights were embedded in the stage , which was a record number . Special effects group Strictly FX was behind all the pyrotechnics . Both Rodgers and Bennett combined the individual ideas for the show , and took inputs from Barnhart and special effects designer Mark Grega from FX . Rodgers called the stage setup as `` the most intense technological and visually impactful epic possible '' . The show featured a field cast led by KP Terry ; they used Glow Motion LED batons , creating a 3D moving pixels show . A Nashville - based company , Glow Motion programmed each of the individual batons to sync with the music being played . `` All our field cast and staging experts , technicians and vendors ( had ) stepped up to support the vision , and Gaga herself , having embraced the concept early on , ( had ) taken on the task with more interest and heart than any other artist that I 've worked with in the last 11 years , '' Rodgers concluded . Lighting for the show was supplied by Production Resource Group ( PRG ) . Chris Conti from the company shared Barnhart 's floor planning for the lighting setup , which utilized DMX512 for controlling the whole system . Barnhart recalled that `` ( the ) show was a little more complicated this year , due to the amount of scenery that we normally do n't have on a halftime show '' , but it was better since there were no video backdrops . All around the roof of NRG Stadium , an array of 36 Clay Paky Sharpy fixtures were added , which lit the Houston night skyline with light beams . Barnhart also arranged a backlight array fixture , using Philips Vari - Lite VL4000 and PRG Best Boy . LED tape was used around the main production area . They were controlled by the lighting team and could light the stage from afar . Director Hamish Hamilton and his crew devised their own way of capturing and transmitting the show for the live audience . Drones ( edit ) See also : Quadcopter § Art For performing on top of NRG Stadium , Gaga was accompanied by a fleet of 300 synchronized , LED - equipped `` Shooting Star '' quadcopter drones provided by Intel , which formed an image of the American flag behind the singer . It marked the first time that the drones had been used as part of a television broadcast . According to Intel 's senior vice president Josh Walden , `` Gaga and the Super Bowl creative team wanted to pull off something that had never been done before ... The potential for these light show drones is endless '' . Barnhart explained that he had wanted to use drones in the Super Bowl for many years , but never encountered the correct technology until Intel 's drones . With the permission from producer Ricky Kirshner , he reached out to Intel representatives and told them that he wanted to use their drone technology for a `` large TV show in February . I ca n't give you money , but I can give you exposure '' . Hearing that the Super Bowl will expose the technology to over 110 million television sets across the country , Intel agreed . Since the drones did not fly indoors , Barnhart wrote a new creative segment for the opening with Gaga singing atop the roof of the stadium with the drones flying behind her . The segment was filmed earlier in the week due to safety concerns regarding performing the formation over the live audience . The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) had forbidden drones from being used within a 34.5 miles ( 55.5 km ) radius of NRG Stadium ( which is also located near William P. Hobby Airport ) . The production staff obtained special permission from the FAA in order to perform the drone acrobatics . The drones used for the show had a plastic and foam body for soft impacts , and were about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) square and weighed 8 ounces ( 0.50 lb ) . They were connected to a central computer through wireless and executed individual choreography , each being oblivious to what the other drones ' position was . The computer checked the GPS signal strength and battery level of the drones , while assigning their roles accordingly . Intel had started preparing from early December 2016 , working out the logistics . After coming to a consensus with the creative team , they started storyboarding the drones , finally accepting to display a star array , the American flag and the Pepsi logo . Critical response ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Born This Way '' during the show in the Atelier Versace iridescent colored jumpsuit Gaga 's performance at the halftime show was critically acclaimed . A writer for Time described the show as `` among the very best in the history of the form , racing ambitiously through the artist 's entire career and putting forward the qualities of the artist that just work '' . The New Yorker review described Gaga and the show as `` an astute , intense , and disciplined performance '' . Andrew Unterberger from Billboard felt that the performance would go down as `` one of the best halftime sets of the century '' and that it had cemented Gaga as a `` legacy artist ... It was Gaga through and through , and every song felt more gratifying than the last ... ( R ) eminding you why Gaga 's pop supremacy was so inarguable not all that long ago . '' Unterberger noted that there was nothing `` outrageous '' in the show . Chris Chase of Fox Sports said that the halftime show would `` go down with Michael , Prince , Beyoncé , and Bruce as the greatest ever . '' Marguerite Ward from CNBC considered the show to be Gaga 's comeback , noting how she had announced in 2015 that she would retire . `` Fast forward to 2017 . ( Lady Gaga ) is back on the global stage , gearing up for a new world tour , '' she added . Writing for Variety , Sonia Saraiya described the show as `` breathtaking '' and `` soar ( ing ) '' , but felt it `` lacked an iconic moment or emotional button '' . Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was disappointed that the show never had a `` close - up or any sort of swooping medium - shot to accentuate ( Gaga 's ) movement '' , and felt that `` the weakly presented dive '' detracted from Gaga 's rendition of `` God Bless America '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Nico Land from Salon noted that Gaga became the first artist to refer to the LGBT community during a Super Bowl halftime show when she sang `` Born This Way '' . Land considered this a `` crucial milestone '' for the community . He said that `` Putting LGBT issues on the main stage at the Super Bowl served as a powerful message of queer solidarity in the face on an unprecedented wave of challenges from our government . '' Although Gaga did not openly criticize Trump , Land viewed the singer 's opening performance was a subtle `` dig '' at the President . Singing `` This Land Is Your Land '' , a protest anthem for the Women 's Marches across the country following Trump 's inauguration , Gaga referred to Trump 's policies on immigration . According to Joanna Robinson from Vanity Fair , the performance was a `` dog whistle '' against Trump 's plans to construct a wall between United States and Mexico . At the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , the halftime show was nominated in 6 categories : Outstanding Special Class Program , Outstanding Production Design for Variety , Nonfiction , Event or Award Special , Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special , Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Music Direction , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special and won for Outstanding Lighting Design . It was also the most nominations received by a halftime show at the Emmy Awards . Commercial reception ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Poker Face '' , after descending from the roof of the NRG Stadium in a harness . The Super Bowl LI halftime show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers in the United States , making it the second-most - watched halftime show behind Katy Perry 's ( 2015 ) . For the fourth year in a row , the viewership was higher than the game which was viewed by an audience of 111.3 million . A total of 5.1 million tweets were made regarding Gaga 's performance , including 2.2 million during the actual show , which made her the most tweeted about entertainer in the show 's history . According to statistics presented by Billboard , the most tweeted moment was captured when the show ended , followed by when Gaga waved at her parents from the stage , and finally when the singer descended from the NRG Stadium roof in a harness . The set list was also included in the most tweets tabulation with `` Bad Romance '' getting the highest number of tweets . `` Telephone '' was the second-most - tweeted song followed by `` Born This Way '' . According to Nielsen SoundScan on the day of the show , Gaga sold 150,000 digital albums and songs in the United States , up by 1,000 % from the previous day . The singer sold a total of 125,000 digital song downloads , led by `` Million Reasons '' ( 45,000 up by 900 % ) , then `` Bad Romance '' ( 13,000 ) , `` Born This Way '' ( 12,000 ) and `` Poker Face '' ( 10,000 ) . Her albums sold more than 23,000 downloads with Joanne selling over 12,000 copies , followed by The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , which sold about 6,000 . Gaga acquired over 24,000 listeners on music streaming website Pandora Radio . Total station adds for the singer went up by 1,391 % week - by - week with a cumulative 14.8 million stations and her songs received 2.5 billion spins . All the songs performed received significant spin boosts . This was a difference from the previous halftime shows , when Coldplay was up by 225 % , Bruno Mars by 62 % , and Beyoncé up 60 % . After the final tabulation , Gaga sold over 410,000 digital song downloads in total for the tracking week of February 9 , 2017 , an increase of 1,850 % . `` Million Reasons '' re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number four becoming Gaga 's 14th top - ten single . It also reached the top of the Digital Songs chart with 149,000 downloads . Other songs entering the Digital Songs chart were `` Born This Way '' ( 41,000 , number seven ) , `` Bad Romance '' ( 39,000 , number nine ) `` Poker Face '' ( 34,000 , number fourteen ) , `` Just Dance '' ( 25,000 , number 26 ) and `` Telephone '' ( 20,000 , number 39 ) . Gaga 's streaming activity increased by 196 % to 41.8 million streams , led by `` Million Reasons '' with 3.9 million plays . Her album sales increased by 844 % to 135,000 equivalent units , with Joanne soaring from number 66 -- 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 74,000 units ( 48,000 traditional album purchases ) . Other entries in the chart included The Fame ( 38,000 , number six ) , Born This Way ( 17,000 , number 25 ) and Artpop ( 5,000 , number 174 ) . Gaga reached number one on the Billboard Artist 100 chart , which measures activity across various social media websites as well as record sales . The Super Bowl performance also had an impact in Canada , where Joanne vaulted from number 54 -- 2 , with a 524 % gain in album - equivalent units . In the United Kingdom , Joanne 's sales were up by 222 % , while The Fame ( 2008 ) was up by 1,605 % since the show . On the UK Albums Chart , the former moved from number 88 -- 11 , with sales increasing to 5,289 copies , while the latter entered at number 38 , selling 2,263 copies . Set list ( edit ) The final performance of the show , `` Bad Romance '' The following songs were performed during the halftime show : `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( pre-recorded intro ) `` Poker Face '' `` Born This Way '' `` Telephone '' `` Just Dance '' `` Million Reasons '' `` Bad Romance '' Set list adapted from Billboard . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the listing available at Live Design website . Main performer Lady Gaga Creative personnel Executive Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Production Designer : Bruce Rodgers , Tribe Inc . Co-Production Designer : LeRoy Bennett Lighting Designer : Bob Barnhart , 22 Degrees Vendors Set and Staging Fabrication : All Access Pyro and Effects : Strictly FX On - field cast LED batons : Glow Motion Technologies Lighting Equipment Supplier : PRG LED Systems : VER Sound Equipment Provider : ATK Lighting crew Lighting Directors : Pete Radice , David Grill , Jason Rudolph Gaffer : Tony Ward Best Boy : David Serralles , Kieth Berkes , Dean Brown , Joe Faretta , George Clayton Lead Tech : Robb Minnotte Tech : Matt Geneczko , Jeff Anderson Network Designer : Chris Conti Lead Spot Op : Tim Altman , George Sennerfelder , John Washburton Lead Spot Tech : Quinn Smith Assistant Lighting Director : Megan Seibel Fiber Tech : Alex Ward Art design team Art Directors : Shelley Rodgers , Lindsey Breslauer Set and CAD Designers : Maria Maria Garcia , Bruno Oliveira , Evan Alexander , Assistant Art Director : Lucas Ingram Stage video and projection crew LED Technicians : Gary Madura , Luke Pilato , Rod Silhanek , Michael Spencer Media Server Operator : Jason Rudolph Media Server Technician : Tim Nauss Intel Shooting Star drone team Lead Technical Engineer : Daniel Gurden Software Development Engineer ( Programmer ) : Tobias Gurden General Manager of Drone Light Shows : Natalie Cheung Project Manager : Madeline Ong Pilot In Command : Clay Coleman , Pilot In Command Hardware Engineer : Tobi Lang All Access Staging & Productions crew All Access Staging Supervisor : Tim Fallon Project Manager : Tommy Rose Manufacturing Design : Erik Eastland Automation Technician and Fabrication Lead : Fidel Garza Head Carpenter : Roger Cabot Staging Technicians : Kyle Duarte , Jesus Arroyo , Arturo Martinez , Jeff Haas , Anthony Pozos , Micky Dymond , Staging Technician / Fabricator : Julio Roch LED Technicians : Zack Eastland , Blake Chandler See also ( edit ) 2017 in American music 2017 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Hopes to Deliver ' Powerful ' Super Bowl Halftime Show Like Greats Michael Jackson , Bruce Springsteen '' . People . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Dan ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Adele set to perform at the Super Bowl show as ' desperate ' chiefs bid to land Brit star '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adele Reveals She Turned Down Super Bowl 51 Halftime Gig '' . Rolling Stone . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashlee ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Did Not Get Super Bowl Halftime Show Offer , Says NFL and Pepsi '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga In Talks to Play Super Bowl Halftime Show : Sources '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : Lady Gaga to Headline 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Katie ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Will Be ' Uniquely Lady Gaga ' : Pepsi Execs Promise ' One of the Greatest Halftime Shows Ever ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga : Joanne sealed my Super Bowl halftime show deal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Kendall ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About Lady Gaga 's 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Performance So Far '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Launches ' Guest of Honor ' Contest with Pepsi & NFL For Fans to Watch Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Joey ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` You could be Lady Gaga 's guest at Super Bowl LI '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Was Lady Gaga Asked to Avoid Politics at Super Bowl Halftime Show ? '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PepsiCo 's Zero - Calorie Beverages Take Center Stage During Super Bowl LI '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . January 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Oil ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Inside Lady Gaga 's dangerous Super Bowl halftime plans '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Lady Gaga 's Super Bowl LI Halftime Performance Is Confrontationally Apolitical '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga plots dangerous stunt for Superbowl , and will be allowed to mention Donald Trump '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Talks ' Amazing ' Super Bowl Performance , ' A Star is Born ' & Metallica '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Preps For Super Bowl Gig with Backyard Dance Floor , Horse Rides '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga 's career spanning show '' . The Hamilton Spectator . January 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Neil ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Coach for Lady Gaga , Super Bowl Halftime Star '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Katie ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's A First Look At Lady Gaga 's Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Elle . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga shares Super Bowl rehearsal videos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wete , Brad ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Versace Super Bowl Style Scored Big , Says Fashion Pundit Cameron Silver and Beyonce 's Stylist Ty Hunter '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Booth ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Luminescent Super Bowl Fashion Look '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Erin ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga wins the Super Bowl halftime in sparkly looks by Atelier Versace '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grechko , Irina ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Super Bowl Look Was Fire '' . Nylon . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Vanessa ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga , in Versace , Sends a Sparkly Super Bowl Message '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Build : Super Bowl LI halftime show '' . All Access Inc . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandberg , Marian ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bruce Rodgers On Super Bowl LI 2017 Halftime Show Design Renderings '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orne , Neil ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Nashville company played huge role in Super Bowl halftime show '' . WKRN - TV . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Marian ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Lighting Network System '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lampert - Greaux , Ellen ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bob Barnhart On The Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Skylight Lights Super Bowl Sky With Claypaky Supersharpy Array '' . Live Design . February 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Andrew ; McCormick , Rich ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Super Bowl halftime show drones were n't flying live '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Drones Light Up Lady Gaga Performance During Pepsi Zero Sugar Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Brian ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Halftime Show Drones Have a Bright Future '' . Wired . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Pandora Station Adds Spike Nearly 1,400 % Post Super Bowl '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Pulled Off One of the Best Halftime Shows Ever '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga 's All - American Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New Yorker . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Is a Legacy Artist Now , But What a Legacy : Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Show Analysis '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga won the Super Bowl with high - flying halftime show ( the best since MJ ? ) '' . Fox Sports . February 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward , Marguerite ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` How Lady Gaga overcame career burnout and came back with a bang '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Review : Lady Gaga Takes Safe Route With Hits and Spectacle '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Nico ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Super Bowl 's big queer milestone : Lady Gaga was the first singer to reference LGBT people during a halftime show '' . Salon . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Made an Edgy Political Statement You Might Have Missed at the Super Bowl '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI halftime show featuring Lady Gaga '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` For Immediate Release : First Night of 2017 Creative Arts Emmy Awards are Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Sadie ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Celebrates Record 6 Emmy Nominations for Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl LI Pulls in 111.3 Million Viewers on Fox , Shy of 2015 Ratings Record '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Super Bowl Halftime Show Drives 5.1 Million Tweets '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Sales Surge Over 1,000 % in Wake of Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Super Week : Her Sales & Streaming Gains After the Big Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Leaps to No. 1 on Billboard Artist 100 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` On the Charts ... This Week '' . FYI Music Canada . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's sales surge in the UK after Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Elbow debut at No. 1 with new album Little Fictions '' . Music Week . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Lady Gaga 's Show - Stopping Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Credits And Staff '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LI halftime show . Do n't Worry About What ' Joanne ' Songs Lady Gaga Is Gonna Perform at the Super Bowl Billboard Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Staging Technical Drawings Live Design Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Set Drawings Live Design Will Lady Gaga 's Drones Win a Lion ? Intel Explains How It Pulled Off Its Fantastical Super Bowl Stunt Adweek Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Dive Bar Tour Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Super Bowl LI halftime show Fragrances Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Related articles Aleiodes gaga Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Gaga ( plant ) Gagadon Haus of Gaga Joanne Trattoria Cookbook Lady Gaga : Queen of Pop `` Lisa Goes Gaga '' Meat dress `` Perform This Way '' TechHaus Volantis Book Portal Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Houston portal Lady Gaga portal National Football League portal Texas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LI_halftime_show&oldid=834357845 '' Categories : 2017 in American music 2017 in American television 2017 in sports in Texas Lady Gaga Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 08 : 58 . 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who performed at last year's super bowl 2017
[ "The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5, 2017, at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas as part of Super Bowl LI. The show was headlined by Lady Gaga, who performed a medley of her songs, including newer material from her most recent studio album Joanne." ]
[ "Lady Gaga" ]
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Pringles
Pringles - Wikipedia Pringles This article is about the brand of potato snacks . For the city in Argentina , see Coronel Pringles . For other uses , see Pringles ( disambiguation ) . Pringles 2009 -- present logo A pile of Pringles chips Product type Potato snack Owner Kellogg 's Country United States Introduced 1967 ; 51 years ago ( 1967 ) in America 1991 in Great Britain . Markets Worldwide Previous owners Procter & Gamble ( 1967 -- 2012 ) Website pringles.com Pringles is an American brand of potato and wheat - based stackable snack chips . Originally developed by Procter & Gamble ( P&G ) in 1967 and marketed as `` Pringle 's Newfangled Potato Chips '' , the brand was sold to Kellogg 's in 2012 . As of 2011 Pringles are sold in more than 140 countries , and in 2012 was the fourth most popular snack brand after Lay 's , Doritos and Cheetos ( all manufactured by Frito - Lay ) , with 2.2 % market share globally . Contents 1 History 2 Ingredients 3 Flavors 4 Marketing 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History In 1956 , Procter & Gamble ( P&G ) assigned a task to chemist Fredric Baur to develop a new kind of potato chips to address consumer complaints about broken , greasy , and stale chips , as well as air in the bags . Baur spent 2 years developing saddle - shaped chips from fried dough and invented the tubular can as the chips container . However he could not figure out how to make the chips taste good and he eventually was pulled off the task to work on another brand . In the mid-1960s , another P&G researcher , Alexander Liepa of Montgomery , Ohio , restarted Baur 's work and succeeded in improving the chip taste . Even though Baur was the true inventor of the Pringles chip , Liepa 's name is on the patent . Gene Wolfe , a mechanical engineer - author known for science fiction and fantasy novels , developed the machine that cooks them . The consistent saddle shape is mathematically known as a hyperbolic paraboloid . Their designers reportedly used supercomputers to ensure that the chips ' aerodynamics would keep them in place during packaging . P&G began selling Pringles in 1967 and have nationally distributed them across the US by 1975 , and internationally by 1991 . There are several theories behind the origin of the name `` Pringles '' . One theory refers to Mark Pringle , who filed a US Patent 2,286,644 titled `` Method and Apparatus for Processing Potatoes '' on 5 March 1937 . Pringle 's work was cited by P&G in filing their own patent for improving the taste of dehydrated processed potatoes . Another theory suggested two Procter advertising employees lived on Pringle Drive in Finneytown ( north of Cincinnati , Ohio ) , and the name paired well with potato . Another theory says that P&G chose the Pringles name from a Cincinnati telephone book . They were originally known as `` Pringles Newfangled Potato Chips '' , but other snack manufacturers objected , saying Pringles failed to meet the definition of a potato `` chip '' . The US Food and Drug Administration weighed in on the matter , and in 1975 , they ruled Pringles could only use the word `` chip '' in their product name within the following phrase : `` potato chips made from dried potatoes '' . Faced with such an unpalatable appellation , Pringles eventually opted to rename their product potato `` crisps '' instead of chips . This later led to other issues in the United Kingdom , where the term potato `` crisps '' refers to the product Americans call potato `` chips '' . In July 2008 in the London High Court , P&G lawyers successfully argued that Pringles were not crisps ( even though labelled `` Potato Crisps '' on the container ) as the potato content was only 42 % and their shape , P&G stated , `` is not found in nature '' . This ruling , against a United Kingdom VAT and Duties Tribunal decision to the contrary , exempted Pringles from the then 17.5 % VAT for potato crisps and potato - derived snacks . In May 2009 , the Court of Appeal reversed the earlier decision . A spokesman for P&G stated it had been paying the VAT proactively and owed no back taxes . In April 2011 , P&G agreed to the $2.35 billion sale of the brand to Diamond Foods of California , a deal which would have more than tripled the size of Diamond 's snack business . However , the deal fell through in February 2012 after a year - long delay due to issues over Diamond 's accounts . On 31 May 2012 , The Kellogg Company officially acquired Pringles for $2.695 billion as part of a plan to grow its international snacks business . The acquisition of Pringles makes Kellogg the second - largest snack company in the world . As of 2015 , there are 5 Pringles factories worldwide : in Jackson , Tennessee ; Mechelen , Belgium ; Johor , Malaysia ; Kutno , Poland ; and Fujian , China . Ingredients Pringles have about 42 % potato content , the remainder being wheat starch and flours ( potato , corn , and rice ) combined with vegetable oils , an emulsifier , salt , and seasoning . Other ingredients can include sweeteners like maltodextrin and dextrose , monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) , disodium inosinate , disodium guanylate , sodium caseinate , modified food starch , monoglyceride and diglyceride , autolyzed yeast extract , natural and artificial flavors , malted barley flour , wheat bran , dried black beans , sour cream , cheddar cheese , etc. ; Pringles varieties vary in their ingredients . Pringles also produces several `` tortilla '' and `` multi-grain '' varieties which have some of their base starch ingredients replaced with corn flour , rice , wheat bran , black beans , and barley flour . At one point in the early 1990s , `` Corn Pringles '' were available . The canister was black and had cartoon images of corn , as well as the normal packaging standards . The crisps were made of corn and resembled a corn chip in flavor and texture . Rice Pringles were also available in the UK although it had been discontinued . Flavors Pringles come in many flavors . Standard flavors in the US include original , salt and vinegar , sour cream and onion , cheddar cheese , ranch dressing , barbecue , hot and spicy , and loaded baked potato . Some flavors are distributed only to limited market areas . For example , prawn cocktail , wasabi , and curry flavors have been available in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . Occasionally , P&G produced limited edition runs . Seasonal flavors , past and present , include ketchup , zesty lime and chili , chili cheese dog , `` pizzalicious '' , paprika , Texas BBQ sauce , buffalo wing , and cajun . A `` low - fat '' variety was also sold . Examples of limited edition flavors include jalapeño , honey mustard , cheesy fries , onion blossom , mozzarella cheese stick , screamin ' dill pickle , and Mexican - layered dip . In 2012 , they brought out seasonal flavors of `` peppermint white chocolate '' , cinnamon sugar , and `` pumpkin pie spice '' . Other examples of limited runs only in certain parts of the world include as mozzarella stick with marinara in North America and jalapeño in Latin America , also soft - shelled crab , grilled shrimp , seaweed , `` blueberry and hazelnut '' , and `` lemon and sesame '' in Asia in early 2010s . The grilled shrimp chips are pink in color , while seaweed is colored green . Two limited - market flavors , cheeseburger and `` Taco Night '' , were recalled in March 2010 as a safety precaution after Salmonella was found in a Basic Food Flavors plant which produces the flavor - enhancing hydrolyzed vegetable protein used in those flavors . Marketing This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pringles is advertised in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia and Ireland with the slogan `` Once you pop , the fun do n't stop '' along with the original slogan `` Once you pop , you ca n't stop '' . The original Pringles television commercials were written , produced and directed by Thomas Scott Cadden ( composer of the original Mr. Clean jingle ) in 1968 , while working at Tatham - Laird and Kudner Advertising Agency in Chicago . Throughout its history , Pringles used its advertising campaigns to compare their products to conventional potato chips . In its early years , they were marketed as `` Newfangled Potato Chips '' and had a small silver pop - top to open the can . Unlike the current advertising , they only mentioned that , with their pop - top cans ( which have been replaced with foil tops since the 1980s ) , their chips remain fresh and unbroken , the can holds as many chips as a bag , and their curvy shape allows them to be stackable ; thus inspiring the slogan , `` Other potato chips just do n't stack up . '' By the 1980s , the company launched the `` Pringle Jingle '' , whose lyrics were `` Once you taste the flavor ( '' It 's a deep - fried taste ! `` ) , then you get the fever ( '' With a crispy crunch ! `` ) , then you 've got the fever for the flavor of a Pringle ! '' Starting in the 1990s and continuing today , Pringles has advertised their products by comparing them to bagged chips , which they view as greasy and broken . In each ad , a group of people are enjoying Pringles , while a lone person is enjoying a bag of generic potato chips ( the bags themselves resemble either Lay 's or Ruffles , depending on the Pringles variety marketed in the ad ) . They dump out some broken chips into their hand , only to find they are greasy , and end up wiping the grease all over their clothing . Pringles Christmas tree in Spinningfields , Manchester in 2014 The Pringles logo is a stylized cartoon caricature of the head of a male figure ( officially known as `` Julius Pringles '' ) designed by Louis R. Dixon , with a large mustache and parted bangs ( until 2001 , the character had eyebrows and his bow tie framed the product name ; in 1998 , the bangs and lips were removed from the logo , and his head was widened a little ) . Pringles , as a product brand , is especially known for its packaging , a tubular paperboard can with a foil - lined interior and a resealable plastic lid , which was invented by Fredric J. Baur . Baur ( 1918 - 2008 ) was an organic chemist and food storage technician who specialized in research and development and quality control for Cincinnati - based P&G . Baur 's children honored his request to bury him in one of the cans by placing part of his cremated remains in a Pringles container in his grave . The can has been criticised for being difficult to recycle due to the multiple materials used in its construction . In 2013 , Lucasfilm and Pringles jointly commissioned crowdsourcing video studio Tongal for a commercial , with a total of $75,000 in prize money distributed to seven finalists . A promotion for the upcoming game Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 lasting from September 17 to December 31 , 2018 includes 4 Pringles Mega Stack products awarding buyers `` Double XP '' for the upcoming game . See also Lay 's Stax List of brand name snack foods Kryzpo Pringles Unsung Torengos Cantenna References ^ Jump up to : `` Kellogg Company Completes Pringles Acquisition '' . Kellogg Company . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Michelle ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Pringles sold to growing empire '' . The Sun News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Culliney , Kacey ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Kellogg inks Pringles EMEA expansion plan '' . Bakeryandsnacks.com . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles -- Bidding Farewell to a P&G Original '' . P&G Corporate Newsroom . Procter & Gamble . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Andrew ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Once a Great Flop , Now Sold for Billions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Pringles patent Jump up ^ Person , Lawrence ( Fall -- Winter 1998 ) . `` Suns New , Long , and Short : An interview with Gene Wolfe '' . Nova Express . 5 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 16 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles '' . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mihelich , Peggy ( 8 March 2007 ) . `` Supercomputers crunching potato chips , proteins and nuclear bombs '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Vance , Ashley ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Chinese Supercomputer Wrests Title From U.S. '' The New York Times . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles '' . Procter & Gamble UK . 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ George , Brace A. ( 16 June 1942 ) . `` Method and apparatus for processing potatoes '' . Freepatentsonline.com . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Pringles got its name '' . Procter & Gamble Everyday Solutions Canada . 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` Where Did ' Pringles ' Come From ? The Stories Behind 7 Salty Snacks '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marketing : Non-Crunch on Pringle 's '' . Time . 8 December 1975 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Pringles ' are not potato crisps ' '' . BBC . 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles lose Appeal Court case '' . BBC . 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British court rules yes , Pringles are in fact chips '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles sold by P&G to Kettle Chips firm Diamond Foods '' . BBC News . 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ de la Merced , Michael J. ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Kellogg Wins Pringles After Diamond Deal Falls Apart '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kellogg 's oficjalnie otwiera fabrykę w Kutnie i zapowiada jej rozbudowę . Trwa rekrutacja pracowników - Newsy - Newseria Biznes '' . www.biznes.newseria.pl . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Merger of Pringles Snack Business with Diamond Foods '' ( PDF ) . Procter & Gamble . April 2011 . p. 14 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Liles , Valerie ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Nutritional Information for Pringles Chips '' . LiveStrong . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Olson , Elizabeth ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` The Chip That Stacks Adds a Multigrain Twist '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Multigrain '' . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles Light Aromas Range '' . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Dana ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Holiday Pringles and 9 other weird and wonderful holiday flavors '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Moors , John ( 12 March 2010 ) . `` Uhhhhh ... Pringles ? '' . Epicportions.com . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katla ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` Funky Mustard , Blueberry , And Braised Pork : Ridiculous Pringles Flavors From Around The Globe '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` P&G recalls 2 Pringles flavors '' . Salon.com . Associated Press . 9 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2010 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bokale , Jemima ( 28 September 2005 ) . `` Brand Health Check : Pringles '' . Marketing Magazine . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles '' . Procter & Gamble . 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kellogg Company 2012 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Kellogg . p. 24 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeremy ( 4 June 2008 ) . `` The Man Buried in a Pringles Can '' . Time . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrabin , Roger ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Recycling body criticises Pringles and Lucozade packaging '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ DeJulio , James ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Call for Star Wars Commercial By Fans , for Fans '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Dishman , Lydia ( 2013 ) . `` See The Winners of Tongal 's Star Wars - Pringles Campaign '' . Fast to Create . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles are giving away double XP for Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Dexerto . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 . External links Official website of the Pringles brand Are Pringles `` real food '' ? opinion piece at The New York Times Kellogg 's Divisions and brands Bear Naked Eggo Kashi Keebler Gardenburger Morningstar Farms Nutri - Grain Sunshine Biscuits Products Current Cereals All - Bran Apple Jacks Bran Buds Coco Pops / Cocoa Krispies Corn Flakes Corn Pops Complete Wheat Bran Flakes Country Store Crispix Cruncheroos Crunchy Nut Froot Loops Frosted Flakes / Frosties Frosted Mini-Wheats Fruit ' n Fibre Honey Loops Honey Smacks Just Right Krave Mini Swirlz Nutri - Grain Cracklin ' Oat Bran Raisin Bran Raisin Wheats Rice Krispies Smorz Special K Start Cookies and crackers Austin Carr 's ( USA ) Cheez - It Chips Deluxe Club Crackers E.L. Fudge Cookies Famous Amos Mother 's Cookies Vienna Fingers Wheatables Other Special K2O Protein Water Pop - Tarts Pringles Worthington Yogos Rollers Discontinued Cinnamon Crunch Crispix Disney Hunny B 's Honey - Graham Disney Mickey 's Magix Eggo Cereal Cinnamon Mini-Buns Pep Product 19 Puffa Puffa Rice Droxies Other John Harvey Kellogg Will Keith Kellogg W.K. Kellogg Foundation Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pringles&oldid=865797657 '' Categories : Brand name snack foods Brand name potato chips and crisps Products introduced in 1967 Former Procter & Gamble brands Kellogg 's brands Parabolas American brands Jackson , Tennessee Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2015 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use American English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 06 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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what manufacturer introduced pringles potato chips in 1969
[ "Pringles is an American brand of potato and wheat-based stackable snack chips. Originally developed by Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1967 and marketed as \"Pringle's Newfangled Potato Chips\", the brand was sold to Kellogg's in 2012.[1] As of 2011 Pringles are sold in more than 140 countries,[2] and in 2012 was the fourth most popular snack brand after Lay's, Doritos and Cheetos (all manufactured by Frito-Lay), with 2.2% market share globally.[3]\n" ]
[ "Procter & Gamble (P&G)" ]
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The Empire Strikes Back
The Empire Strikes Back - Wikipedia The Empire Strikes Back Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Empire Strikes Back ( disambiguation ) . The Empire Strikes Back Theatrical release poster by Roger Kastel Directed by Irvin Kershner Produced by Gary Kurtz Screenplay by Leigh Brackett Lawrence Kasdan Story by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Harrison Ford Carrie Fisher Billy Dee Williams Anthony Daniels David Prowse Kenny Baker Peter Mayhew Frank Oz Music by John Williams Cinematography Peter Suschitzky Edited by Paul Hirsch Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 17 ) ( Washington , D.C. ) May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 -- 33 million Box office $534.1 -- 538.4 million The Empire Strikes Back ( also known as Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ) is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner . Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay , with George Lucas writing the film 's story and serving as executive producer . The second installment in the original Star Wars trilogy , it was produced by Gary Kurtz for Lucasfilm and stars Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , Carrie Fisher , Billy Dee Williams , Anthony Daniels , David Prowse , Kenny Baker , Peter Mayhew , and Frank Oz . The film is set three years after Star Wars . The Galactic Empire , under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor , is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker and the rest of the Rebel Alliance . While Vader relentlessly pursues the small band of Luke 's friends -- Han Solo , Princess Leia Organa , and others -- across the galaxy , Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda . When Vader captures Luke 's friends , Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader and save them . Following a difficult production , The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21 , 1980 . It received mixed reviews from critics initially but has since grown in esteem , becoming the most critically acclaimed chapter in the Star Wars saga ; it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time . The film ranks # 3 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . It became the highest - grossing film of 1980 and , to date , has earned more than $538 million worldwide from its original run and several re-releases . When adjusted for inflation , it is the second - highest - grossing sequel of all time and the 13th - highest - grossing film in North America . The film was followed by Return of the Jedi , which was released in 1983 . In 2010 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States ' National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Effects 3.4 Filming 4 Themes 5 Releases 5.1 Special Edition 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.3. 1 Legacy 7 Soundtrack 8 Other media 8.1 Novelization 8.2 Comic book adaptation 8.3 Book - and - record set 8.4 Video games 8.5 Radio adaptation 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Works cited 10.4 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their former base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire . The Rebels , led by Princess Leia , have set up a new base on the ice planet Hoth . The Imperial fleet , led by Darth Vader , continues to hunt for the Rebels ' new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy . While investigating a potential meteor strike , Luke Skywalker is captured by a wampa , a yeti - like creature . He manages to escape from its cave with his lightsaber , but soon succumbs to the freezing temperatures and collapses . The force ghost of his late mentor , Obi - Wan Kenobi , instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda . Luke is found by Han Solo , whose tauntaun collapses and dies . Han uses its warmth to keep Luke warm while he sets up a shelter . The duo make it through the night and are rescued by a search party . On patrol , Han and Chewbacca discover the meteor Luke had planned to investigate is actually a probe droid , which alerts the Empire to the Rebels ' location . The Empire launches a large - scale attack , using AT - AT Walkers to capture the base . Despite great resistance , the Walkers destroy the base 's shield generator and force the Rebels to retreat . Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C - 3PO and Chewbacca , but the hyperdrive malfunctions . They hide in an asteroid field , where Han and Leia grow closer and eventually kiss . Vader summons bounty hunters , including the notorious Boba Fett , to assist in finding the Falcon . Luke , meanwhile , escapes with R2 - D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash - lands on the swamp planet Dagobah . He meets a diminutive creature who reveals himself to be Yoda ; after conferring with Obi - Wan 's spirit , Yoda reluctantly accepts Luke as his student . Yoda trains Luke as a Jedi , and raises his sunken ship from the swamp with the power of the Force , after Luke claims it to be impossible . After evading the Empire , Han travels to the planet of Bespin , which is home to a floating colony in the skies known as Cloud City . Cloud City is run by Han 's old friend , Lando Calrissian . Unknowingly , the Millennium Falcon has been tracked for the Empire by Boba Fett ; shortly after they arrive , Lando leads the group into a trap and they are handed over to Darth Vader and Boba Fett . Vader plans to use the group as bait to lure out Luke , intending to capture him alive and take him to the Emperor . During his training on Dagobah , Luke sees a premonition of Han and Leia in pain in a city in the clouds and , against the wishes of Yoda and Obi - Wan , leaves to save them . Vader goes back on his agreement with Lando to let Leia and Chewbacca stay in Cloud City and takes them into custody instead . He intends to hold Luke in suspended animation in a block of carbonite for delivery to the Emperor . To test this process , he selects Han to be frozen against the protests of Fett , who fears he will lose his bounty . Han survives the freezing process . Vader then hands the frozen Han over to Fett , who intends to leave for Tatooine to deliver Han to Jabba the Hutt and claim the bounty on Han . Lando , who was forced into cooperating with the Empire , initiates an escape and frees Leia and the others . They then try to save Han but are too late and unable to stop Fett as he departs on his ship . They fight their way back to the Falcon and flee Cloud City . After arriving at Cloud City , and engaging in a brief confrontation with Boba Fett , Luke encounters Vader , and the two engage in a lightsaber duel that leads them over the city 's central air shaft . As his mentors warned , Luke proves to be no match for Vader , who severs Luke 's right hand , causing him to lose his weapon . After Luke refuses to join Vader against the Emperor , Vader reveals to Luke that he is his father . Humiliated , and horrified by the truth , Luke intentionally falls off the bridge and is pulled into an air shaft . He is ejected beneath the floating city , but is able to grab onto an antenna . He makes a desperate telepathic plea to Leia , who senses it and persuades Lando to return for him in the Falcon . After Luke is brought on board , they are chased by TIE fighters but R2 - D2 reactivates the Falcon 's hyperdrive , allowing them to escape . Later , aboard a medical frigate in the Rebel fleet , Luke 's severed hand is replaced with a robotic prosthetic . Lando and Chewbacca set off for Tatooine in the Falcon in order to find Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett to save Han . As the Falcon departs , Luke , Leia , R2 - D2 , and C - 3PO gaze out on the galaxy and await word from Lando . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : A Jedi in training , who is powerfully connected with the Force . Harrison Ford as Han Solo : A smuggler and Captain of the Millennium Falcon . Carrie Fisher as Leia Organa : A leader of the Rebel Alliance , the former Princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan . Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian : Administrator of Cloud City and an old friend to Han Solo . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : A humanoid protocol droid in the Rebel Alliance . David Prowse as Darth Vader : A warrior of the dark side of the Force and the Emperor 's second - in command . The character 's voice is provided by James Earl Jones . Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : A Wookiee and loyal friend to Han Solo . Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 : An astromech droid in the Rebel Alliance and long - time friend to C - 3PO . He also portrays a GONK power droid in the background . Frank Oz as Yoda : The wise , centuries - old Grand Master of the Jedi , who is Luke 's self - exiled Jedi Master living on Dagobah . Oz was assisted by several other performers , including Kathryn Mullen , David Barclay , Wendy Froud , Wendy Midener , and Deep Roy . Jeremy Bulloch as Boba Fett : A bounty hunter , hired by the Galactic Empire . Jason Wingreen provided Fett 's voice in the film 's original theatrical cut and the 1997 Special Edition . In the 2004 and 2011 special editions , Temuera Morrison , who played Jango Fett in Attack of the Clones and all his clones including Commander Cody in Revenge of the Sith , replaced Wingreen as Fett 's voice . Bulloch also makes a cameo appearance as the Imperial officer who grabs Leia when she tells Luke to avoid Vader 's trap with John Morton doubling as Fett in this scene . Several different actors portray the Emperor : The evil ruler of the Galactic Empire and Darth Vader 's powerful Sith Master , who appears via hologram . Clive Revill originally provided the voice of the Emperor , while Marjorie Eaton portrayed the Emperor 's physical form , filmed under heavy makeup with superimposed chimpanzee eyes . Ultimately they were replaced by Ian McDiarmid , who portrayed the character in later films , for the 2004 Special Edition and subsequent releases . Alec Guinness appears briefly as Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Force - ghost : Luke 's deceased mentor , who guides him to Yoda . Denis Lawson reprises his role as Wedge Antilles from the first film . John Hollis plays ' Lobot ' , Lando 's personal aide . Julian Glover appears as General Veers , a general who leads the Empire in the battle of Hoth ; Kenneth Colley portrays Admiral Piett , the Empire 's top admiral ; Michael Sheard as Admiral Ozzel , Vader 's previous admiral ; Michael Culver appears as Captain Needa , one of the Empire 's captains who failed to catch the Millennium Falcon ; John Ratzenberger portrays Major Derlin , one of the officers who led the rebels in the battle of Hoth ; Bruce Boa appears as General Rieekan , Princess Leia 's military advisor on Hoth ; Christopher Malcolm plays Rebel snowspeeder pilot Zev Senesca , who finds Skywalker and Solo on the surface of Hoth ; and John Morton portrays Dak , Luke 's gunner in the battle of Hoth who was killed by an AT - AT . Morris Bush portrays the bounty hunter Dengar , Alan Harris portrays the bounty hunter Bossk and Chris Parsons portrays the robotic bounty hunter 4 - LOM . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) George Lucas , writer / director of the first film , decided to only executive produce and co-write this film George Lucas ' 1977 film Star Wars exceeded all expectations in terms of profit , had a revolutionary effect on the film industry , and had an unexpected resonance as a cultural phenomenon . Lucas hoped to become independent from the Hollywood film industry by financing The Empire Strikes Back himself with $33 million from loans and the previous film 's earnings , going against the principles of many Hollywood producers never to invest one 's own money . Now fully in command of his Star Wars enterprise , Lucas chose not to direct The Empire Strikes Back because of his other production roles , including overseeing his special effects company Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) and handling of the financing . Lucas offered the role of director to Irvin Kershner , one of his former professors at the USC School of Cinematic Arts . Lucas hired veteran independent film maker and his former professor Irvin Kershner to direct the movie Kershner was known for smaller - scale , character - driven films , but had more recently directed the true - life drama Raid on Entebbe ( 1977 ) and the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) . Kershner initially turned Lucas down , citing his belief that a sequel would never meet the quality or originality of Star Wars . He called his agent , who immediately demanded that he take the job . Writing ( edit ) Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . He also took the script to a darker extreme by having Han Solo imprisoned in carbonite and left in limbo . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke 's father ; there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978 . After writing the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back in which the point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin Skywalker was Ben Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by The Emperor ( who was really a Sith Lord and not simply just a politician ) . Anakin battled Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was wounded , but then resurrected as Darth Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Republic became the Empire and Vader systematically hunted down the Jedi . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the screenplay impressed Lucas , who hired him to write the next drafts with additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Effects ( edit ) Play media The Imperial AT - AT walkers at the Battle of Hoth were created using models and a new stop motion animation technique developed by Phil Tippett for The Empire Strikes Back . When making Dragonslayer ( 1981 ) Tippett called it `` go motion '' . Landscape paintings ( by Mike Pangrazio ) were used as backgrounds to enhance the scenery . After the release of Star Wars , ILM grew from being a struggling company and moved to Marin County , California . The Empire Strikes Back provided the company with new challenges . Whereas Star Wars mostly featured space sequences , The Empire Strikes Back featured not only space dogfights but also an ice planet battle opening sequence and elements of cities that floated among the clouds . For the battle scenes on the ice planet Hoth , the initial intent was to use bluescreen to composite the Imperial walkers into still - shots from the original set . Instead , an artist ( Michael Pangrazio ) was hired to paint landscapes , resulting in the Imperial walkers being shot using stop motion animation in front of the landscape paintings . The original designs for the AT - ATs were , according to Phil Tippett , `` big armored vehicles with wheels '' . Many believe the finished design was inspired by the Port of Oakland container cranes , but Lucas denied this . In designing the Jedi Master Yoda , Stuart Freeborn used his own face as a model and added the wrinkles of Albert Einstein for the appearance of exceptional intelligence . Sets for Dagobah were built five feet above the stage floor , allowing puppeteers to crawl underneath and hold up the Yoda puppet . The setup presented communication problems for Frank Oz , who portrayed Yoda , as he was underneath the stage and unable to hear the crew and Mark Hamill above . Hamill later expressed his dismay at being the only human character on set for months ; he felt like a trivial element on a set of animals , machines , and moving props . Kershner commended Hamill for his performance with the puppet . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in Norway , at the Hardangerjøkulen glacier near the town of Finse , on March 5 , 1979 . Like the filming of Star Wars , where the production in Tunisia coincided with the area 's first major rainstorm in fifty years , the weather was against the film crew . While filming in Norway , they encountered the worst winter storm in fifty years . Temperatures dropped to − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) , and 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) of snow fell . On one occasion , the crew were unable to exit their hotel . They achieved a shot involving Luke 's exit of the Wampa cave by opening the hotel 's doors and filming Mark Hamill running out into the snow while the crew remained warm inside . Mark Hamill 's face was scarred in a motor accident that occurred between filming of Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back . Despite reports to the contrary , the scene in which Luke gets knocked out by the Wampa was not added specifically to explain this change to Hamill 's face . Lucas admitted that the scene `` helped '' the situation , though he felt that Luke 's time fighting in the rebellion was sufficient explanation . The production then moved to Elstree Studios in London on March 13 , where over 60 sets were built , more than double the number used in the previous film . A fire in January on Stage 3 ( during filming of Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining ) forced the budget to be increased from $18.5 million to $22 million , and by July the budget increased $3 million more . Filming finished by mid-September . One memorable exchange of dialogue was partially ad - libbed . Originally a scene in which Princess Leia professed her love to Han Solo , with Han replying `` I love you too . '' Harrison Ford felt the characterization was not being used effectively , and Kershner agreed . After several takes , the director told the actor to improvise on the spot , and Ford changed Solo 's line to `` I know . '' During production , great secrecy surrounded the fact that Darth Vader was Luke 's father . The film includes a brief image of Vader with his mask off , facing away from the camera . For the original viewers of the film , this scene made it clear that Vader is not a droid . Like the rest of the crew , Prowse -- who spoke all of Vader 's lines during filming -- was given a false page that contained dialogue with the revelatory line being `` Obi - Wan killed your father . '' Hamill was informed just moments before cameras rolled on his close - up , and did not tell anyone , including his wife ; Ford did not learn the truth until he watched the film . To preserve the dramatic opening sequences of his films , Lucas wanted the screen credits to come at the end of the films . While this practice has become more common over the years , this was a highly unusual choice at the time . The Writers and Directors Guilds of America had no problem allowing it on Star Wars , back in 1977 , because the writer - director credit ( George Lucas ) matched the company name , but when Lucas did the same thing for the sequel it became an issue because Lucas had his last name on the start of the film ( Lucasfilm ) , while the director and the writers had theirs on the end . They fined him over $250,000 and attempted to pull Empire out of theaters . The DGA also attacked Kershner ; to protect his director , Lucas paid all the fines to the guilds . Due to the controversy , he left the Directors and Writers Guilds , and the Motion Picture Association . The initial production budget of $18 million was 50 percent more than that of the original . After the various increases in budget , The Empire Strikes Back became one of the most expensive films of its day and after the bank threatened to pull his loan , Lucas was forced to approach 20th Century Fox . Lucas made a deal with the studio to secure the loan in exchange for paying the studio more money , but without the loss of his sequel and merchandising rights . After the film 's box office success , unhappiness at the studio over the deal 's generosity to Lucas caused studio president Alan Ladd , Jr. to quit . The departure of his longtime ally caused Lucas to take Raiders of the Lost Ark to Paramount Pictures . Themes ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Like its predecessor , The Empire Strikes Back draws from several mythological stories and world religions . It also includes elements of 1930s film serials such as Flash Gordon , a childhood favorite of Lucas ' , that similarly featured a city afloat in the sky . Releases ( edit ) The world premiere of The Empire Strikes Back was held on May 17 , 1980 , at the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. ( as a special Children 's World Premiere event ) . The film had a Royal Charity Premiere in London at the Odeon Cinema in Leicester Square on May 20 . The special event was dubbed `` Empire Day '' , a playful take the British Commonwealth Day holiday ( known as Empire Day prior to 1958 ) , where legions of stormtroopers were unleashed across the city . A series of other charity benefit premieres were held in numerous locations on May 19 and 20 . The film went on to official general release in North America and the U.K. on May 21 , 1980 . The first wave of release included 126 70 mm prints , before a wider release in June 1980 ( which were mostly 35 mm prints ) . During the initial theatrical run in Europe and Australia , the short film Black Angel by Star Wars art director Roger Christian was shown before the feature . Though the film was simply titled The Empire Strikes Back in its original promotional materials , the film still started with the title Star Wars on - screen which was followed by the opening crawl that gave the film 's subtitle as Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back , causing some surprise among cinema goers at the time as the original Star Wars film had not been given an episode number or subtitle for its first release in 1977 . However , Episode IV : A New Hope was added to its opening crawl from its 1981 re-release onwards . Like A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back was rated PG by the Motion Picture Association of America , and certificate U in the United Kingdom . This original version was released on CED in 1984 and on VHS and Laserdisc several times during the 1980s and 1990s . Special Edition ( edit ) The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film ( art by Drew Struzan ) As part of Star Wars 's 20th anniversary celebration in 1997 , The Empire Strikes Back was digitally remastered and re-released along with A New Hope and Return of the Jedi under the title Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . Lucas took this opportunity to make several minor changes to the film . These included explicitly showing the Wampa creature on Hoth in full form , creating a more complex flight path for the Falcon as it approaches Cloud City , digitally replacing some of the interior walls of Cloud City with vistas of Bespin , and replacing certain lines of dialogue . A short sequence was also added depicting Vader 's return to his Super Star Destroyer after dueling with Luke , created from alternate angles of a scene from Return of the Jedi . Most of the changes were small and aesthetic ; however , some fans believe that they detract from the film . The film was also resubmitted to the MPAA for rating ; it was again rated PG , but under the Association 's new description nomenclature , the reason given was for `` sci - fi action / violence '' . This version of the film runs 127 minutes . Home media ( edit ) DVD release The Empire Strikes Back was released on DVD in September 2004 , bundled in a box set with A New Hope , Return of the Jedi , and a bonus disc of extra features . The films were digitally restored and remastered , with additional changes made by George Lucas . The bonus features include a commentary by George Lucas , Irvin Kershner , Ben Burtt , Dennis Muren , and Carrie Fisher , as well as an extensive documentary called Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Also included are featurettes , teasers , trailers , TV spots , still galleries , video game demos , and a preview of Revenge of the Sith . For the DVD release , Lucas and his team made changes that were mostly implemented to ensure continuity between The Empire Strikes Back and the recently released prequel trilogy films . The most noticeable of these changes was replacing the stand - in used in the holographic image of the Emperor ( with Clive Revill providing the voice ) with actor Ian McDiarmid providing some slightly altered dialogue . With this release , Lucas also supervised the creation of a high - definition digital print of The Empire Strikes Back and the original trilogy 's other films . It was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three - disc `` limited edition '' boxed set that did not feature the bonus disc . The film was reissued again on a separate two - disc Limited Edition DVD for a brief time from September 12 , 2006 , to December 31 , 2006 , this time with the film 's original , unaltered version as bonus material . It was also re-released in a trilogy box set on November 4 , 2008 . There was controversy surrounding the initial release , because the DVDs featured non-anamorphic versions of the original films based on LaserDisc releases from 1993 ( as opposed to newly remastered , film - based high definition transfers ) . Since non-anamorphic transfers fail to make full use of the resolution available on widescreen televisions , many fans were disappointed with this choice . Blu - ray release On August 14 , 2010 , George Lucas announced that all six Star Wars films in their Special Edition form would be released on Blu - ray Disc in Fall 2011 . On January 6 , 2011 , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced the Blu - ray release for September 2011 in three different editions . Digital release On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Empire Strikes Back through the iTunes Store , Amazon Video , Vudu , Google Play , and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Within three months of the release of The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas had recovered his $33 million investment and distributed $5 million in bonuses to employees . The film grossed $10,840,307 on its opening weekend in limited release . It earned $209,398,025 during its first 1980 run in the United States and about 450 million worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 70 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . When The Empire Strikes Back returned to cinemas in 1997 , it grossed $21,975,993 on its first weekend of re-release . As of 2007 , the film has grossed $290,475,750 domestically and $538,375,067 worldwide . 35 years after the film 's initial release , it re-entered the UK box office at number 9 grossing $470,000 from June 4 -- 7 , 2015 . Critical response ( edit ) The Empire Strikes Back received mixed reviews from critics upon its initial release . For example , Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote a largely negative review . David Denby of New York magazine called the film `` a Wagnerian pop movie -- grandiose , thrilling , imperiously generous in scale , and also a bit ponderous '' . Judith Martin of The Washington Post criticized the film 's `` middle - of - the - story '' plot , which she claimed had no particular beginning or end . However , this was a concept that Lucas had intended . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , The Empire Strikes Back currently holds a 94 % approval rating , based on 87 reviews , with an average rating of 8.9 / 10 . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes : `` Dark , sinister , but ultimately even more involving than A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back defies viewer expectations and takes the series to heightened emotional levels . '' Bob Stephens of The San Francisco Examiner described The Empire Strikes Back as `` the greatest episode of the Star Wars Trilogy '' in 1997 . In 2016 , James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film # 3 on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals . Roger Ebert described the film as the strongest and `` most thought - provoking '' film of the original trilogy . Chuck Klosterman suggested that while `` movies like Easy Rider and Saturday Night Fever painted living portraits for generations they represented in the present tense , The Empire Strikes Back might be the only example of a movie that set the social aesthetic for a generation coming in the future . '' Accolades ( edit ) At the Academy Awards in 1981 , The Empire Strikes Back won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing , which was awarded to Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Greg Landaker , and Peter Sutton . In addition , this film received the Special Achievement Academy Award for Best Visual Effects that was awarded to Brian Johnson , Richard Edlund , Dennis Muren , and Bruce Nicholson . Composer John Williams was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score , and Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , Harry Lange , Alan Tomkins , and Michael Ford were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design . In addition , John Williams was awarded the British Academy Film Award for his compositions : the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music . The Empire Strikes Back also received British Academy Film Award nominations for Best Sound and Best Production Design . Williams was also nominated for a Grammy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his musical score of the film . The Empire Strikes Back received four Saturn Awards , for Mark Hamill as Best Actor , Irvin Kershner for Best Director , Brian Johnson and Richard Edlund for Best Special Effects , and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . The Empire Strikes Back won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . The film was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The Empire Strikes Back was awarded the Golden Screen Award in Germany . Legacy ( edit ) Darth Vader was ranked as the third - greatest film villain of all time in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 100 greatest heroes and villains , and Wizard magazine selected the ending of The Empire Strikes Back as the greatest cliffhanger of all time . The line `` No , I am your father '' is often misquoted as `` Luke , I am your father . '' The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , a list of the greatest American film quotes . Yoda 's statement to Luke Skywalker , `` Try not ! Do , or do not . There is no try '' , was also a nominee for the same list by the AFI . The film was selected in 2010 to be preserved by the Library of Congress as part of its National Film Registry . It is unclear whether a copy of the 1980 theatrical version or the 1997 Special Edition has been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . In the 2014 Empire Magazine list , `` The 301 Greatest Movies of All Time '' voted by fans , The Empire Strikes Back was named as the greatest film ever made . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Darth Vader -- No. 3 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I am your father . '' -- Nominated `` Do , or do not . There is no try . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Empire Strikes Back ( soundtrack ) The musical score of The Empire Strikes Back was composed and conducted by John Williams , and it was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra at a cost of about $250,000 . In 1980 , the company RSO Records published this film 's original musical score as both a double LP album and as an 8 - track cartridge in the United States . Its front cover artwork features the mask of Darth Vader against a backdrop of outer space , as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film . In 1985 , the first Compact disc ( CD ) issue of the film score was made by the company Polydor Records , which had absorbed both RSO Records and its music catalog . Polydor Records used a shorter , one compact - disc edition of the music as their master . In 1993 , 20th Century Fox Film Scores released a special boxed set of four compact discs : the Star Wars Trilogy : The Original Soundtrack Anthology . This anthology included the film scores of all three members of the original Star Wars Trilogy in separate CDs , even though there was significant overlap between the three ( such as the Star Wars theme music ) . In 1997 , the record company RCA Victor released a definitive two - CD set to accompany the publications of all three of the Special Editions of the films of the Star Wars Trilogy . This original limited - edition set of CDs featured a 32 - page black booklet that was enclosed within a protective outer slip - case . The covers of the booklet and of the slip - case have selections from the poster art of the Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . All of the tracks have been digitally re-mastered supposedly for superior clarity of sound . RCA Victor next re-packaged the Special Edition set later on in 1997 , offering it in slim - line jewel case packaging as an unlimited edition , but without the packaging that the original `` black booklet '' version offered . In 2004 , the Sony Classical Records company purchased the sales rights of the original trilogy 's musical scores -- primarily because it already had the sales rights of the music from the trilogy of prequels : The Phantom Menace , Attack of the Clones , and Revenge of the Sith . Hence in 2004 , the Sony Classical company began manufacturing copies of the film - score CDs that RCA Victor had been making since 1997 , including the one for The Empire Strikes Back . This set was made with new cover artwork similar to that of the film 's first publication on DVD . Despite the digital re-mastering by Sony Classical , their CD version made and sold since 2004 is essentially the same as the version by RCA Victor . Other media ( edit ) Novelization ( edit ) Main article : The Empire Strikes Back ( novel ) A novelization of the film was released on April 12 , 1980 , and published by the company Del Rey Books . The novelization was written by Donald F. Glut , and it was based on the screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan , Leigh Brackett , and George Lucas . This novelization was originally published as Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back . However , the later editions have been renamed Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back to conform with the change in the titles of the Star Wars saga . Like the other novelizations of the Star Wars Trilogy , background information is added to explain the happenings of the story beyond that which is depicted on - screen . Comic book adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( 1977 comic book ) Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back which was written by Archie Goodwin and illustrated by Al Williamson and Carlos Garzon . It was published simultaneously in four formats : as a magazine ( Marvel Super Special # 16 ) , an oversized tabloid edition ( Marvel Special Edition Featuring Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ) , as part of a serialized comic book series , and as a paperback pocket book . In the paperback and tabloid versions , which were published first and for which early concept designs were the only available art reference , Yoda was given a quite different appearance than in the films : Yoda is thinner , he has long white hair , and he has purple skin , rather than green skin . For the magazine and serialized comic book editions , there was enough time for the artwork featuring Yoda to be revised extensively , and his appearance was changed to match that in the film . Comic book historians and industry professionals have remarked that Marvel 's Star Wars comics published in the years before The Empire Strikes Back include plot points similar to those later used in the film . However , the film 's makers have not acknowledged receiving any inspiration from the comic books . Book - and - record set ( edit ) Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children 's book - and - record set . Released in 1980 , the 24 - page Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back read - along book was accompanied by a 331⁄3 rpm 7 - inch gramophone record . Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the film with an abridged and condensed version of the story . The record was produced by Buena Vista Records . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars video games Video games based on the film have been released on several consoles . Additionally , several Star Wars video games feature or mention key events seen in the film , but are not entirely based upon the film . In 1982 Parker Brothers released Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Atari 2600 games console , which featured the speeder attack on the AT - ATs on Hoth . The arcade game Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back followed in 1985 . The game features familiar battle sequences and characters played from a first - person perspective . Specific battles include the Battle of Hoth and the subsequent escape of the Millennium Falcon through an asteroid field . A conversion was released in 1988 for the ZX Spectrum , Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , BBC Micro , Atari ST , and Commodore Amiga . In 1992 , JVC released the LucasArts - developed video game also titled Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) console . The player assumes the role of Luke Skywalker and maneuvers through Skywalker 's story as seen in the film . In 1992 , Ubisoft released a version for the Game Boy . Like its previous incarnation , it follows the story of Luke Skywalker . Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back was developed for the console Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) by LucasArts and was released by JVC in 1993 . The SNES game is similar in spots to the 1991 NES release , and is on a 12 - megabit cartridge . Radio adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( radio ) A radio play adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back was written by Brian Daley , and was produced for and broadcast on the National Public Radio network in the U.S. during 1983 . It was based on characters and situations created by George Lucas , and on the screenplay by Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan . Its director was John Madden , with sound mixing and post-production work done by Tom Voegeli . Mark Hamill , Billy Dee Williams , and Anthony Daniels reprised their roles as Luke Skywalker , Lando Calrissian , and C - 3PO respectively , with John Lithgow voicing Yoda . This radio play was designed to last for five hours of radio time , usually presented in more than one part . Radio agencies estimate that about 750,000 people tuned in to listen to this series radio play beginning on February 14 , 1983 . In terms of the canonical Star Wars story , this radio drama has been given the highest designation , G - canon . See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Science fiction portal The Story of Star Wars Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , a science fiction novel set in the Star Wars universe List of films considered the best List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Theatrical and home media distribution rights will be transferred from 20th Century Fox to the Walt Disney Studios in May 2020 . The digital distribution rights belong to Disney , as Lucasfilm retained the film 's digital distribution rights prior to its acquisition by Disney . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tales From The Dark Side : The Making Of The Empire Strikes Back '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Ep . V : The Empire Strikes Back -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian . `` The 500 greatest movies of all time , No. 3 : Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Empire . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Film features : 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Films of All Time '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Movies of All Time by Mr. Showbiz '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Films adjusted for inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Revenge of the Movie : 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals '' . Playboy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( June 22 , 2004 ) . Sex , Drugs , and Cocoa Puffs : A Low Culture Manifesto . Scribner . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3601 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Academy Awards ( 1981 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back -- Awards & Nominations '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2006 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How Many Academy Awards Did The Empire Strikes Back Win In 1980 ? '' . AtThaMovies . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) -- Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jake Rossen ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` The Top 25 Cliffhangers of All Time ! '' . Wizard . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael French ( 2003 ) . `` The Common Concept of Indiana Jones '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Blockbusters , Independent Films and Shorts Selected for 2010 National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . 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Jump up ^ Marvel Special Edition Featuring Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Edwards , Ted ( 1999 ) . `` Adventures in the Comics '' . The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium . Little , Brown and Company . p. 82 . ISBN 9780316329293 . In 1980 The Empire Strikes Back hit theaters and Marvel published their adaptation of the movie in a few different formats . The earliest version appeared in a paperback - size book followed by the magazine - size Marvel Super Special No. 16 , and then in regular comic book form in six parts . Jump up ^ Keane , Mike ( June 2009 ) . `` Bob Wiacek '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 34 ) : 53 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back , The '' . The Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Advertising poster Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for NES '' . Moby Games . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for Game Boy '' . Moby Games . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robb , Brian J. ( 2012 ) . A Brief Guide to Star Wars . London : Hachette . ISBN 9781780335834 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back Produced by NPR '' . HighBridge Audio . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Radiodrama '' . NPR Shop . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keeper of the Holocron '' . Star Wars : Blogs . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Canon '' . Canon Wars . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10 - K Filing '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . November 20 , 2013 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm retained the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode 4 , which are owned by a third - party studio . All of the films are distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode 4 , for which these distribution rights are retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Works cited ( edit ) -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of Star Wars '' ( 3.0 ed . ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnold , Alan . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of Making the Empire Strikes Back . Sphere Books , London . 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Empire Strikes Back The Empire Strikes Back at starwars.com The Empire Strikes Back at Lucasfilm.com The Empire Strikes Back on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki The Empire Strikes Back on IMDb The Empire Strikes Back at the TCM Movie Database The Empire Strikes Back at AllMovie The Empire Strikes Back at Rotten Tomatoes The Empire Strikes Back at Box Office Mojo The Empire Strikes Back at Metacritic The Empire Strikes Back at The Numbers The Empire Strikes Back at Filmsite.org The Empire Strikes Back at the American Film Institute Catalog The Empire Strikes Back Characters Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Princess Leia Han Solo Obi - Wan Kenobi C - 3PO R2 - D2 Chewbacca Lando Calrissian The Emperor / Palpatine Admiral Piett Yoda Boba Fett Wedge Antilles Stormtrooper Planets Hoth Dagobah Bespin Starships Imperial Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Super Star Destroyer TIE fighter X-wing fighter Y - wing Vehicles AT - AT / AT - ST Snowspeeder Tie - in media Novelization Soundtrack Radio drama Video games Atari 2600 game Arcade game NES game Super NES game Related Black Angel `` Yoda '' ( song ) Films directed by Irvin Kershner Stakeout on Dope Street ( 1958 ) The Young Captives ( 1959 ) The Hoodlum Priest ( 1961 ) Face in the Rain ( 1963 ) The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1964 ) A Fine Madness ( 1966 ) The Flim - Flam Man ( 1967 ) Loving ( 1970 ) Up the Sandbox ( 1972 ) S * P * Y * S ( 1974 ) The Return of a Man Called Horse ( 1976 ) Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 , uncredited ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 , uncredited ) Red Tails ( 2012 , uncredited ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 186700474 LCCN : n80020079 GND : 4396738 - 3 SUDOC : 182088855 BNF : cb14438655w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Empire_Strikes_Back&oldid=802284028 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films American films British films The Empire Strikes Back Star Wars films Science fantasy films 1980s science fiction films American epic films American robot films American science fiction war films American space adventure films American sequel films Family in fiction Films about twins Films adapted into radio programs Films featuring puppetry Films shot in Norway Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films using computer - generated imagery Films using stop - motion animation Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Prosthetics in fiction Rebellions in fiction Science fiction adventure films Telekinesis in film United States National Film Registry films 20th Century Fox films Films shot at Elstree Studios Lucasfilm films Film scores by John Williams Films directed by Irvin Kershner Films produced by Gary Kurtz Screenplays by Leigh Brackett Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 04 : 44 . 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when was star wars the empire strikes back made
[ "The Empire Strikes Back (also known as Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back) is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner. Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay, with George Lucas writing the film's story and serving as executive producer. The second installment in the original Star Wars trilogy, it was produced by Gary Kurtz for Lucasfilm and stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew, and Frank Oz." ]
[ "1980" ]
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Toronto
Toronto - Wikipedia Toronto Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in Canada . For other uses , see Toronto ( disambiguation ) . Toronto City ( single - tier ) City of Toronto From top left : Downtown Toronto viewed from the Toronto Islands , City Hall , the Ontario Legislative Building , Casa Loma , Prince Edward Viaduct , and the Scarborough Bluffs Flag Coat of arms Logo Nickname ( s ) : `` T.O. '' , `` T - Dot '' , `` Hogtown '' , `` The Queen City '' , `` The Big Smoke '' , `` Toronto the Good '' Motto ( s ) : Diversity Our Strength Location of Toronto in the province of Ontario Toronto Toronto Show map of Canada Show map of Ontario Show all Location of Toronto in Canada Coordinates : 43 ° 42 ′ N 79 ° 24 ′ W  /  43.700 ° N 79.400 ° W  / 43.700 ; - 79.400 Coordinates : 43 ° 42 ′ N 79 ° 24 ′ W  /  43.700 ° N 79.400 ° W  / 43.700 ; - 79.400 Country Canada Province Ontario Districts East York , Etobicoke , North York , Old Toronto , Scarborough , York Historic countries Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom Settled 1750 ( as Fort Rouillé ) Established August 27 , 1793 ( as York ) Incorporated March 6 , 1834 ( as Toronto ) Amalgamated into division January 20 , 1953 ( as Metropolitan Toronto ) Amalgamated January 1 , 1998 ( as City of Toronto ) Government Type Mayor -- council Mayor John Tory Deputy Mayor Denzil Minnan - Wong Council Toronto City Council MPs List of MPs ( show ) Gary Anandasangaree ( LPC ) Carolyn Bennett ( LPC ) Bill Blair ( LPC ) Scarborough -- Agincourt ( Vacant ) Shaun Chen ( LPC ) Julie Dabrusin ( LPC ) Kirsty Duncan ( LPC ) Julie Dzerowicz ( LPC ) Ali Ehsassi ( LPC ) Nathaniel Erskine - Smith ( LPC ) Chrystia Freeland ( LPC ) Ahmed Hussen ( LPC ) Michael Levitt ( LPC ) James Maloney ( LPC ) John McKay ( LPC ) Marco Mendicino ( LPC ) Bill Morneau ( LPC ) Rob Oliphant ( LPC ) Yasmin Ratansi ( LPC ) Judy Sgro ( LPC ) Geng Tan ( LPC ) Adam Vaughan ( LPC ) Arif Virani ( LPC ) Borys Wrzesnewskyj ( LPC ) Salma Zahid ( LPC ) MPPs List of MPPs ( show ) Laura Albanese ( LPO ) Yvan Baker ( LPO ) Lorenzo Berardinetti ( LPO ) Raymond Cho ( PC ) Michael Colle ( LPO ) Michael Coteau ( LPO ) Cheri DiNovo ( NDP ) Han Dong ( LPO ) Brad Duguid ( LPO ) Eric Hoskins ( LPO ) Mitzie Hunter ( LPO ) Monte Kwinter ( LPO ) Tracy MacCharles ( LPO ) Cristina Martins ( LPO ) Peter Milczyn ( LPO ) Toronto Centre ( Vacant ) Arthur Potts ( LPO ) Shafiq Qaadri ( LPO ) Mario Sergio ( LPO ) Peter Tabuns ( NDP ) Soo Wong ( LPO ) Kathleen Wynne ( LPO ) David Zimmer ( LPO ) Area ( 2011 ) City ( single - tier ) 630.21 km ( 243.33 sq mi ) Urban 1,751.49 km ( 676.25 sq mi ) Metro 5,905.71 km ( 2,280.21 sq mi ) Elevation 76 m ( 249 ft ) Population ( 2016 ) City ( single - tier ) 2,731,571 ( 1st ) Density 4,149.5 / km ( 10,747 / sq mi ) Urban 5,132,794 ( 1st ) Metro 5,928,040 ( 1st ) Demonym ( s ) Torontonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) Postal code span Area code ( s ) 416 , 647 , 437 NTS Map 030M11 GNBC Code FEUZB GDP US $ 276.3 billion GDP per capita US $45,771 Website www.toronto.ca Toronto ( / təˈrɒntoʊ / ( listen ) toh - RON - toe , locally / təˈrɒnoʊ / ( listen ) tuh - RA - no ) is the capital of the Canadian province of Ontario . It is located within the Golden Horseshoe in Southern Ontario on the northern shore of Lake Ontario . With 2,731,571 residents in 2016 , it is the largest city in Canada and fourth - largest city in North America by population . Also in 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , the majority of which is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , had a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . A global city , Toronto is a centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , situated on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississaugas surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by U.S. troops . York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834 , and became the capital of the province of Ontario during Canadian Confederation in 1867 . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada , with over 50 % of residents belonging to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins represented among its inhabitants . While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language , there are over 160 different languages spoken in the city . Toronto is a prominent centre for music , theatre , motion picture production , and television production , and is home to the headquarters of Canada 's major national broadcast networks and media outlets . Its varied cultural institutions , which include numerous museums and galleries , festivals and public events , entertainment districts , national historic sites , and sports activities , attract over 25 million tourists each year . Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high - rise buildings , in particular the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere , the CN Tower . The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange , the headquarters of Canada 's five largest banks , and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations . Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology , design , financial services , life sciences , education , arts , fashion , business services , environmental innovation , food services , and tourism . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before 1800 1.2 1800 -- 1945 1.3 Since 1945 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Neighbourhoods 3.2. 1 Old Toronto 3.2. 2 Suburbs 3.3 Industrial 3.4 Public spaces 4 Culture 4.1 Tourism 4.2 Sports 4.2. 1 Professional sports 4.2. 2 Tournaments , events and amateur sports 4.3 Media 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnicity 6.2 Religion 6.3 Language 7 Government 8 Crime 9 Education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Health and medicine 10.2 Transportation 10.2. 1 Public transportation 10.2. 2 Airports 10.2. 3 Intercity Transportation 10.2. 4 Road system 11 Notable people 12 International relations 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Bibliography 16 Further reading 17 External links History Main articles : History of Toronto , Name of Toronto , and Amalgamation of Toronto Before 1800 When Europeans first arrived at the site of present - day Toronto , the vicinity was inhabited by the Iroquois , who by then had displaced the Wyandot ( Huron ) people who had occupied the region for centuries before c. 1500 . The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto , meaning `` place where trees stand in the water '' . This refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe , where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish . However , the word `` Toronto '' , meaning `` plenty '' also appears in a French lexicon of the Huron language in 1632 , and appeared on French maps referring to various locations , including Georgian Bay , Lake Simcoe , and several rivers . A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point , the Toronto Carrying - Place Trail , led to widespread use of the name . In the 1660s , the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto , Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagon on the banks of the Humber River . By 1701 , the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois , who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars . French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750 , but abandoned it in 1759 . During the American Revolutionary War , the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British - controlled lands north of Lake Ontario . The new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital . In 1787 , the British Lord Dorchester arranged for the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation , thereby securing more than a quarter of a million acres ( 1000 km ) of land in the Toronto area . Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto . In 1793 , Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands , instead naming it after Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany . Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark ( Niagara - on - the - Lake ) to York , believing that the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the United States . The York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the town 's natural harbour , sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula . The town 's settlement formed at the eastern end of the harbour behind the peninsula , near the present - day intersection of Parliament Street and Front Street ( in the `` Old Town '' area ) . 1800 -- 1945 Map of Toronto , 1894 House of Parliament and Government Offices , Toronto , 1835 Yonge Street in 1900 The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 In 1813 , as part of the War of 1812 , the Battle of York ended in the town 's capture and plunder by U.S. forces . The surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan . American soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five - day occupation . The sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war . York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6 , 1834 , reverting to its original native name . Reformist politician William Lyon Mackenzie became the first Mayor of Toronto and led the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 against the British colonial government . Toronto 's population of only 9,000 included escaped African American slaves , some of whom were brought by the Loyalists , including Mohawk leader Joseph Brant . Torontonians integrated people of colour into their society . In the 1840s , an eating house at Frederick and King Streets , a place of mercantile prosperity in early Toronto , was operated by a man of colour named Bloxom . Slavery was banned outright in Upper Canada ( and throughout the British Empire ) in 1834 . As a major destination for immigrants to Canada , the city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century . The first significant population influx occurred when the Great Irish Famine brought a large number of Irish to the city , some of them transient , and most of them Catholic . By 1851 , the Irish - born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city . Smaller numbers of Protestant Irish immigrants were welcomed by the existing Scottish and English population , giving the Orange Order significant and long - lasting influence over Toronto society . For brief periods Toronto was twice the capital of the united Province of Canada : first from 1849 to 1852 , following unrest in Montreal , and later 1856 -- 1858 , after which Quebec became the capital until 1866 ( one year before Confederation ) . Since then , the capital of Canada has remained Ottawa . Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867 , the seat of government located at the Ontario Legislature located at Queen 's Park . Because of its provincial capital status , the city was also the location of Government House , the residence of the viceregal representative of the Crown in right of Ontario . Long before the Royal Military College of Canada was established in 1876 , there were proposals for military colleges in Canada . Staffed by British Regulars , adult male students underwent a three - month long military course at the School of Military Instruction in Toronto . Established by Militia General Order in 1864 , the school enabled officers of militia or candidates for commission or promotion in the Militia to learn military duties , drill and discipline , to command a company at Battalion Drill , to drill a company at Company Drill , the internal economy of a company , and the duties of a company 's officer . The school was retained at Confederation , in 1867 . In 1868 , Schools of cavalry and artillery instruction were formed in Toronto . In the 19th century , an extensive sewage system was built , and streets became illuminated with gas lighting as a regular service . Long - distance railway lines were constructed , including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes . The Grand Trunk Railway and the Northern Railway of Canada joined in the building of the first Union Station in downtown . The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving , commerce and industry , as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before . These enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent . Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation ( in particular , spirits ) centre in North America ; the Gooderham and Worts Distillery operations became the world 's largest whiskey factory by the 1860s . A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the Distillery District . The harbour allowed for sure access to grain and sugar imports used in processing . Expanding port and rail facilities brought in northern timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal . Industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years . Horse - drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891 , when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company . The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission , later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission . The system now has the third - highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America . The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 destroyed a large section of downtown Toronto , but the city was quickly rebuilt . The fire caused more than $10 million in damage , and resulted in more stringent fire safety laws and expansion of the city 's fire department . The city received new immigrant groups beginning in the late 19th century into the early 20th century , particularly Germans , French , Italians , and Jews from various parts of Eastern Europe . They were soon followed by Chinese , Russians , Poles , and immigrants from other Eastern European nations . As the Irish before them , many of these new migrants lived in overcrowded shanty - type slums , such as `` the Ward '' which was centred on Bay Street , now the heart of the country 's financial district . Despite its fast - paced growth , by the 1920s , Toronto 's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established Montreal . However , by 1934 , the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country . Since 1945 V-E Day celebrations on Bay Street , May 1945 Following the Second World War , refugees from war - torn Europe and Chinese job - seekers arrived , as well as construction labourers , particularly from Italy and Portugal . Following the elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s , immigration began from all parts of the world . Toronto 's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large - scale suburbanization began , and doubled to two million by 1971 . By the 1980s , Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada 's most populous city and the chief economic hub . During this time , in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement , many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and Western Canadian cities . In 1954 , the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a regional government known as Metropolitan Toronto . The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development and it was believed that a coordinated land use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region . The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries , including highways , police services , water and public transit . In that year , a half - century after the Great Fire of 1904 , disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding . In the Toronto area , 81 people were killed , nearly 1,900 families were left homeless , and the hurricane caused more than $25 million in damage . In 1967 , the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged into their larger neighbours , resulting in a six - municipality configuration that included the old City of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York , Etobicoke , North York , Scarborough , and York . In 1998 , the Conservative provincial government led by Mike Harris dissolved the metropolitan government despite vigorous opposition from the component municipalities and overwhelming rejection in a municipal plebiscite . All six municipalities were amalgamated into a single municipality , creating the current City of Toronto , successor of the old City of Toronto . North York mayor Mel Lastman became the first `` megacity '' mayor and the 62nd Mayor of Toronto . John Tory is the current mayor . On March 6 , 2009 , the city celebrated the 175th anniversary of its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834 . Toronto hosted the 4th G20 summit during June 26 -- 27 , 2010 . This included the largest security operation in Canadian history and , following large - scale protests and rioting , resulted in the largest mass arrest ( more than a thousand people ) in Canadian history . On July 8 , 2013 , severe flash flooding hit Toronto after an afternoon of slow moving , intense thunderstorms . Toronto Hydro estimated that 450,000 people were without power after the storm and Toronto Pearson International Airport reported that 126 mm ( 5 in ) of rain had fallen over five hours , more than during Hurricane Hazel . Within six months , December 20 , 2013 , Toronto was brought to a halt by the worst ice storm in the city 's history rivaling the severity of the 1998 Ice Storm . Toronto went on to host WorldPride in June 2014 and the Pan American Games in 2015 . Geography Main article : Geography of Toronto Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres ( 243 sq mi ) , with a maximum north - south distance of 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) and a maximum east - west distance of 43 km ( 27 mi ) . It has a 46 - kilometre ( 29 mi ) long waterfront shoreline , on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario . The Toronto Islands and Port Lands extend out into the lake , allowing for a somewhat sheltered Toronto Harbour south of the downtown core . The city 's borders are formed by Lake Ontario to the south , Etobicoke Creek and Highway 427 to the west , Steeles Avenue to the north and the Rouge River and the Scarborough - Pickering Townline to the east . Topography This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The city is mostly flat or gentle hills and the land gently slopes upward away from the lake . The flat land is interrupted by numerous ravines cut by numerous creeks and the valleys of the three rivers in Toronto : the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown at opposite ends of the Toronto Harbour , and the Rouge River at the city 's eastern limits . Most of the ravines and valley lands in Toronto today are park lands , and recreational trails are laid out along the ravines and valleys . The original town was laid out in a grid plan on the flat plain north of the harbour , and this plan was extended outwards as the city grew . The width and depth of several of the ravines and valleys are such that several grid streets such as Finch Avenue , Leslie Street , Lawrence Avenue , and St. Clair Avenue , terminate on one side of a ravine or valley and continue on the other side . Toronto has many bridges spanning the ravines . Large bridges such as the Prince Edward Viaduct were built to span wide river valleys . Despite its deep ravines , Toronto is not remarkably hilly , but its elevation does increase steadily away from the lake . Elevation differences range from 75 metres ( 246 ft ) above sea level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m ( 686 ft ) ASL near the York University grounds in the city 's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue . There are occasional hilly areas ; in particular , midtown Toronto has a number of sharply sloping hills . Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue , 7 to 8 kilometres ( 4.3 to 5.0 mi ) inland . The other major geographical feature of Toronto is its escarpments . During the last ice age , the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois . Today , a series of escarpments mark the lake 's former boundary , known as the `` Iroquois Shoreline '' . The escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek where they form the Scarborough Bluffs . Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River , and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road ; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment . The geography of the lake shore is greatly changed since the first settlement of Toronto . Much of the land on the north shore of the harbour is landfill , filled in during the late 19th century . Until then , the lakefront docks ( then known as wharves ) were set back farther inland than today . Much of the adjacent Port Lands on the east side of the harbour was a wetland filled in early in the 20th century . The shoreline from the harbour west to the Humber River has been extended into the lake . Further west , landfill has created extensions of land such as Humber Bay Park . The Toronto Islands were a natural peninsula until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland , creating a channel to the harbour . The peninsula was formed by longshore drift taking the sediments deposited along the Scarborough Bluffs shore and transporting them to the Islands area . The other source of sediment for the Port Lands wetland and the peninsula was the deposition of the Don River , which carved a wide valley through the sedimentary land of Toronto and deposited it in the harbour , which is quite shallow . The harbour and the channel of the Don River have been dredged numerous times for shipping . The lower section of the Don River was straightened and channelled in the 19th century . The former mouth drained into a wetland ; today the Don drains into the harbour through a concrete waterway , the Keating Channel . Climate The city of Toronto has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa ) , with warm , humid summers and cold winters . The city experiences four distinct seasons , with considerable variance in length . Some parts of the north and east of the city such as Scarborough and the suburbs , have a climate classified as humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) . As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems ( such as high - and low - pressure systems ) , the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons . Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water , Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range . The denser urban scape makes for warmer nights year around ; the average nighttime temperature is about 3.0 ° C ( 5.40 ° F ) warmer in the city than in rural areas in all months . However , it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze since Lake Ontario is cool , relative to the air during these seasons . These lake breezes mostly occur in summer , bringing relief on hot days . Other low - scale maritime effects on the climate include lake - effect snow , fog , and delaying of spring - and fall - like conditions , known as seasonal lag . Winters are cold with frequent snow . During the winter months , temperatures are usually below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps when maximum temperatures remain below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) , often made to feel colder by wind chill . Occasionally , they can drop below − 25 ° C ( − 13 ° F ) . Snowstorms , sometimes mixed with ice and rain , can disrupt work and travel schedules , while accumulating snow can fall anytime from November until mid-April . However , mild stretches also occur in most winters , melting accumulated snow . The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures . Daytime temperatures are usually above 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , and often rise above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . However , they can occasionally surpass 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) accompanied by high humidity . Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods . Daytime temperatures average around 10 to 12 ° C ( 50 to 54 ° F ) during these seasons . Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year , but summer is usually the wettest season , the bulk falling during thunderstorms . There can be periods of dry weather , but drought - like conditions are rare . The average yearly precipitation is about 831 mm ( 32.7 in ) , with an average annual snowfall of about 122 cm ( 48 in ) . Toronto experiences an average of 2,066 sunshine hours , or 45 % of daylight hours , varying between a low of 28 % in December to 60 % in July . According to the classification applied by Natural Resources Canada , Toronto is located in plant hardiness zones 5b to 7a . ( show ) Climate data for Toronto ( The Annex ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1840 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 0.7 ( 30.7 ) 0.4 ( 32.7 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 3.7 ( 25.3 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 32.8 ( − 27 ) − 31.7 ( − 25.1 ) − 26.7 ( − 16.1 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 3.9 ( 25 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 8.9 ( 16 ) − 20.6 ( − 5.1 ) − 30.0 ( − 22 ) − 32.8 ( − 27 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 61.5 ( 2.421 ) 55.4 ( 2.181 ) 53.7 ( 2.114 ) 68.0 ( 2.677 ) 82.0 ( 3.228 ) 70.9 ( 2.791 ) 63.9 ( 2.516 ) 81.1 ( 3.193 ) 84.7 ( 3.335 ) 64.4 ( 2.535 ) 84.1 ( 3.311 ) 61.5 ( 2.421 ) 831.1 ( 32.72 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 29.1 ( 1.146 ) 29.7 ( 1.169 ) 33.6 ( 1.323 ) 61.1 ( 2.406 ) 82.0 ( 3.228 ) 70.9 ( 2.791 ) 63.9 ( 2.516 ) 81.1 ( 3.193 ) 84.7 ( 3.335 ) 64.3 ( 2.531 ) 75.4 ( 2.969 ) 38.2 ( 1.504 ) 714.0 ( 28.11 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 37.2 ( 14.65 ) 27.0 ( 10.63 ) 19.8 ( 7.8 ) 5.0 ( 1.97 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.04 ) 8.3 ( 3.27 ) 24.1 ( 9.49 ) 121.5 ( 47.83 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 15.4 11.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 11.0 10.4 10.2 11.1 11.7 13.0 13.2 145.5 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 5.4 4.8 7.9 11.2 12.7 11.0 10.4 10.2 11.1 11.7 10.9 7.0 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 12.0 8.7 6.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 3.1 8.4 40.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 85.9 111.3 161.0 180.0 227.7 259.6 279.6 245.6 194.4 154.3 88.9 78.1 2,066.3 Percent possible sunshine 29.7 37.7 43.6 44.8 50.0 56.3 59.8 56.7 51.7 45.1 30.5 28.0 44.5 Source : Environment Canada Cityscape 360 - degree panorama of Toronto as seen from the CN Tower . The Toronto Islands and the island airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image while buildings of Downtown Toronto are visible on the right . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Toronto See also : List of tallest buildings in Toronto , Doors Open Toronto , and List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto Allen Lambert Galleria in Brookfield Place Lawrence Richards , a member of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Toronto , has said : `` Toronto is a new , brash , rag - tag place -- a big mix of periods and styles . '' Toronto 's buildings vary in design and age with many structures dating back to the mid-19th - century , while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century . Bay - and - gable houses , mainly found in Old Toronto , are a distinct architectural feature of the city . Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower , a telecommunications and tourism hub . Completed in 1976 at a height of 553.33 metres ( 1,815 ft 5 in ) , it was the world 's tallest freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by Burj Khalifa . Toronto is a city of high - rises , having 1,800 buildings over 30 metres ( 98 ft ) . Through the 1960s and 1970s , significant pieces of Toronto 's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or parking . In contrast , since the 2000s , Toronto has experienced a period of architectural revival , with several buildings by world - renowned architects having opened during the late 2000s . Daniel Libeskind 's Royal Ontario Museum addition , Frank Gehry 's remake of the Art Gallery of Ontario , and Will Alsop 's distinctive Ontario College of Art & Design expansion are among the city 's new showpieces . The historic Distillery District , located on the eastern edge of downtown has been redeveloped into a pedestrian - oriented arts , culture and entertainment neighbourhood . Neighbourhoods This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of neighbourhoods in Toronto and History of neighbourhoods in Toronto A group of `` The Annex '' style houses , a style of house that was popular in Toronto in the late nineteenth century Toronto encompasses a geographical area formerly administered by many separate municipalities . These municipalities have each developed a distinct history and identity over the years , and their names remain in common use among Torontonians . Former municipalities include East York , Etobicoke , Forest Hill , Mimico , North York , Parkdale , Scarborough , Swansea , Weston and York . Throughout the city there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres . The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from that of the skyscrapers in the commercial core . Victorian and Edwardian - era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Rosedale , Cabbagetown , The Annex , and Yorkville . The Wychwood Park neighbourhood , historically significant for the architecture of its homes , and for being one of Toronto 's earliest planned communities , was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985 . The Casa Loma neighbourhood is named after Casa Loma , a castle built in 1911 by Sir Henry Pellat , complete with gardens , turrets , stables , an elevator , secret passages , and a bowling alley . Spadina House is a 19th - century manor that is now a museum . Old Toronto Map of Toronto with major traffic routes . Also shown are the boundaries of six former municipalities , which form the current City of Toronto Downtown Toronto The pre-amalgamation City of Toronto covers the area generally known as downtown , but also older neighbourhoods to the east , west , and north of downtown . It includes the core of Toronto and remains the most densely populated part of the city . The Financial District contains the First Canadian Place , Toronto - Dominion Centre , Scotia Plaza , Royal Bank Plaza , Commerce Court and Brookfield Place . This area includes , among others , the neighbourhoods of St. James Town , Garden District , St. Lawrence , Corktown , and Church and Wellesley . From that point , the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street . Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves , such as Yorkville , Rosedale , The Annex , Forest Hill , Lawrence Park , Lytton Park , Deer Park , Moore Park , and Casa Loma , most stretching away from downtown to the north . East and west of Downtown , neighbourhoods such as Kensington Market , Chinatown , Leslieville , Cabbagetown and Riverdale are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as communities of artists with studio lofts , with many middle - and upper - class professionals . Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity , including two smaller Chinatowns , the Greektown area , Little Italy , Portugal Village , and Little India , along with others . Suburbs The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York . These are mature and traditionally working - class areas , consisting primarily of post -- World War I small , single - family homes and small apartment blocks . Neighbourhoods such as Crescent Town , Thorncliffe Park , Weston , and Oakwood -- Vaughan consist mainly of high - rise apartments , which are home to many new immigrant families . During the 2000s , many neighbourhoods have become ethnically diverse and have undergone gentrification as a result of increasing population , and a housing boom during the late 1990s and first two decades of the 21st century . The first neighbourhoods affected were Leaside and North Toronto , gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York . Some of the area 's housing is in the process of being replaced or remodelled . The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke ( west ) , Scarborough ( east ) and North York ( north ) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development . Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of metropolitan government , existing towns or villages such as Mimico , Islington and New Toronto in Etobicoke ; Willowdale , Newtonbrook and Downsview in North York ; Agincourt , Wexford and West Hill in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s . Upscale neighbourhoods were built such as the Bridle Path in North York , the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in Guildwood , and most of central Etobicoke , such as Humber Valley Village , and The Kingsway . One of largest and earliest `` planned communities '' was Don Mills , parts of which were first built in the 1950s . Phased development , mixing single - detached housing with higher - density apartment blocks , became more popular as a suburban model of development . Over the late 20th century and early 21st century , North York City Centre , Etobicoke City Centre and Scarborough City Centre have emerged as secondary business districts outside Downtown Toronto . High - rise development in these areas has given the former municipalities distinguishable skylines of their own with high - density transit corridors serving them . Industrial This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Distillery District In the 1800s , a thriving industrial area developed around Toronto Harbour and lower Don River mouth , linked by rail and water to Canada and the United States . Examples included the Gooderham and Worts Distillery , Canadian Malting Company , the Toronto Rolling Mills , the Union Stockyards and the Davies pork processing facility ( the inspiration for the `` Hogtown '' nickname ) . This industrial area expanded west along the harbour and rail lines and was supplemented by the infilling of the marshlands on the east side of the harbour to create the Port Lands . A garment industry developed along lower Spadina Avenue , the `` Fashion District '' . Beginning in the late 19th century , industrial areas were set up on the outskirts , such as West Toronto / The Junction , where the Stockyards relocated in 1903 . The Great Fire of 1904 destroyed a large amount of industry in the downtown . Some of the companies moved west along King Street , some as far west as Dufferin Street ; where the large Massey - Harris farm equipment manufacturing complex was located . Over time , pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards . This trend continues to this day , the largest factories and distribution warehouses are located in the suburban environs of Peel and York Regions ; but also within the current city : Etobicoke ( concentrated around Pearson Airport ) , North York , and Scarborough . Many of Toronto 's former industrial sites close to ( or in ) Downtown have been redeveloped including parts of the Toronto waterfront , the rail yards west of downtown , and Liberty Village , the Massey - Harris district and large - scale development is underway in the West Don Lands . The Gooderham & Worts Distillery produced spirits until 1990 , and is preserved today as the `` Distillery District , '' the largest and best - preserved collection of Victorian industrial architecture in North America . Some industry remains in the area , including the Redpath Sugar Refinery . Similar areas that still retain their industrial character , but are now largely residential are the Fashion District , Corktown , and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville . Toronto still has some active older industrial areas , such as Brockton Village , Mimico and New Toronto . In the west end of Old Toronto and York , the Weston / Mount Dennis and The Junction areas still contain factories , meat - packing facilities and rail yards close to medium - density residential , although the Junction 's Union Stockyards moved out of Toronto in 1994 . The `` brownfield '' industrial area of the Port Lands , on the east side of the harbour , is one area planned for redevelopment . Formerly a marsh that was filled in to create industrial space , it was never intensely developed , its land unsuitable for large - scale development , because of flooding and unstable soil . It still contains numerous industrial uses , such as the Portlands Energy Centre power plant , some port facilities , some movie and TV production studios , a concrete processing facility and various low - density industrial facilities . The Waterfront Toronto agency has developed plans for a naturalized mouth to the Don River and to create a flood barrier around the Don , making more of the land on the harbour suitable for higher - value residential and commercial development . A former chemicals plant site along the Don River is slated to become a large commercial complex and transportation hub . Public spaces This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of Toronto parks High Park in Toronto , with Menashe Kadishman 's Yellow Circles ( 1967 ) Toronto has a diverse array of public spaces , from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines . Nathan Phillips Square is the city 's main square in downtown , and forms the entrance to City Hall . Yonge - Dundas Square , near City Hall , has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city . Other squares include Harbourfront Square , on the Toronto waterfront , and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto , most notably Mel Lastman Square in North York . The Toronto Public Space Committee is an advocacy group concerned with the city 's public spaces . In recent years , Nathan Phillips Square has been refurbished with new facilities , and the central waterfront along Queen 's Quay West has been updated recently with a new street architecture and a new square next to Harbourfront Centre . There are many large downtown parks , which include Allan Gardens , Christie Pits , Grange Park , Little Norway Park , Moss Park , Queen 's Park , Riverdale Park and Trinity Bellwoods Park . An almost hidden park is the compact Cloud Gardens , which has both open areas and a glassed - in greenhouse , near Queen and Yonge . South of downtown are two large parks on the waterfront : Tommy Thompson Park on the Leslie Street Spit , which has a nature preserve , is open on weekends ; and the Toronto Islands , accessible from downtown by ferry . Large parks in the outer areas include High Park , Humber Bay Park , Centennial Park , Downsview Park , Guild Park and Gardens , Morningside Park and Rouge National Urban Park . Toronto also operates several public golf courses . Most ravine lands and river bank floodplains in Toronto are public parklands . After Hurricane Hazel in 1954 , construction of buildings on floodplains was outlawed , and private lands were bought for conservation . In 1999 , Downsview Park , a former military base in North York , initiated an international design competition to realize its vision of creating Canada 's first national urban park . The winner , `` Tree City '' , was announced in May 2000 . Approximately 8,000 hectares ( 20,000 acres ) , or 12.5 % of Toronto 's land base is maintained parkland . Toronto 's largest park is Morningside Park , which is 241.46 hectares ( 596.7 acres ) in size . In the winter , Nathan Phillips Square , Harbourfront Centre , and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice - skating . Etobicoke 's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto 's first skating trail . Centennial Park and Earl Bales Park offer outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a chairlift , rental facilities , and lessons . Several parks have marked cross-country skiing trails . Culture This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Culture in Toronto See also : Recreation in Toronto , Annual events in Toronto , and List of cinemas in Toronto Toronto 's gay pride celebration is one of the world 's largest . The Royal Alexandra Theatre Toronto theatre and performing arts scene has more than fifty ballet and dance companies , six opera companies , two symphony orchestras and a host of theatres . The city is home to the National Ballet of Canada , the Canadian Opera Company , the Toronto Symphony Orchestra , the Canadian Electronic Ensemble , and the Canadian Stage Company . Notable performance venues include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts , Roy Thomson Hall , the Princess of Wales Theatre , the Royal Alexandra Theatre , Massey Hall , the Toronto Centre for the Arts , the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres and the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts ( originally the `` O'Keefe Centre '' and formerly the `` Hummingbird Centre '' ) . Ontario Place features the world 's first permanent IMAX movie theatre , the Cinesphere , as well as the Budweiser Stage , an open - air venue for music concerts . In spring 2012 , Ontario Place closed after a decline in attendance over the years . Although the Molson Amphitheatre and harbour still operate , the park and Cinesphere are no longer in use . There are plans to revitalise Ontario Place . Each summer , the Canadian Stage Company presents an outdoor Shakespeare production in Toronto 's High Park called `` Dream in High Park '' . Canada 's Walk of Fame acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians , with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street . The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry . Toronto as of 2011 ranks as the third largest production centre for film and television after Los Angeles and New York City , sharing the nickname `` Hollywood North '' with Vancouver . The Toronto International Film Festival is an annual event celebrating the international film industry . Another prestigious film festival is the Toronto Student Film Festival , that screens the works of students ages 12 -- 18 from many different countries across the globe . Toronto 's Caribana ( formerly known as Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival ) takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer . Primarily based on the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival , the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city 's Caribbean community celebrated Canada 's Centennial . More than forty years later , it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto 's Lake Shore Boulevard annually . Tourism for the festival is in the hundred thousands , and each year , the event generates over $400 million in revenue into Ontario 's economy . One of the largest events in the city , Pride Week takes place in late June , and is one of the largest LGBT festivals in the world . Tourism This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Tourism in Toronto and Attractions in Toronto Royal Ontario Museum is one of Canada 's leading museums . The CN Tower is a major tourist attraction in Toronto . The Royal Ontario Museum ( ROM ) is a museum of world culture and natural history . The Toronto Zoo , is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species . The Art Gallery of Ontario contains a large collection of Canadian , European , African and contemporary artwork , and also plays host to exhibits from museums and galleries all over the world . The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics , and the Museum 's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia , the Americas , and Europe . The city also hosts the Ontario Science Centre , the Bata Shoe Museum , and Textile Museum of Canada . Other prominent art galleries and museums include the Design Exchange , the Museum of Inuit Art , the TIFF Bell Lightbox , the Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada , the Institute for Contemporary Culture , the Toronto Sculpture Garden , the CBC Museum , the Redpath Sugar Museum , the University of Toronto Art Centre , Hart House , the TD Gallery of Inuit Art and the Aga Khan Museum . The city also runs its own museums , which include the Spadina House . The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site that opened in 1889 , and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996 , with further restoration and reuse being completed in stages since then . The Canadian National Exhibition ( `` The Ex '' ) is held annually at Exhibition Place , and it is the oldest annual fair in the world . The Ex has an average attendance of 1.25 million . City shopping areas include the Yorkville neighbourhood , Queen West , Harbourfront , the Entertainment District , the Financial District , and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood . The Eaton Centre is Toronto 's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually . Greektown on the Danforth is home to the annual `` Taste of the Danforth '' festival which attracts over one million people in 21⁄2 days . Toronto is also home to Casa Loma , the former estate of Sir Henry Pellatt , a prominent Toronto financier , industrialist and military man . Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions include The Beaches , the Toronto Islands , Kensington Market , Fort York , and the Hockey Hall of Fame . Sports This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Toronto sports , Amateur sport in Toronto , and List of sports teams in Toronto The Hockey Hall of Fame , housed in a former Bank of Montreal building at 30 Yonge Street erected in 1885 , is located downtown . The Toronto Raptors play at the Air Canada Centre . The Toronto Blue Jays host the Detroit Tigers at Rogers Centre . Toronto is represented in six major league sports , with teams in the National Hockey League , Major League Baseball , National Basketball Association , Canadian Football League , Major League Soccer and Canadian Women 's Hockey League . It was formerly represented in a seventh , the USL W - League , until that announced on November 6 , 2015 that it would cease operation ahead of 2016 season . The city 's major sports venues include the Air Canada Centre , Rogers Centre ( formerly SkyDome ) , Ricoh Coliseum , and BMO Field . Professional sports Toronto is home to the Toronto Maple Leafs , one of the National Hockey League 's Original Six clubs , and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958 . The city had a rich history of ice hockey championships . Along with the Maple Leafs ' 13 Stanley Cup titles , the Toronto Marlboros and St. Michael 's College School - based Ontario Hockey League teams , combined , have won a record 12 Memorial Cup titles . The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Ricoh Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs . The city is home to the Toronto Blue Jays professional baseball team of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The team has won two World Series titles ( 1992 , 1993 ) . The Blue Jays play their home games at the Rogers Centre , in the downtown core . Toronto has a long history of minor - league professional baseball dating back to the 1800s , culminating in the baseball Maple Leafs , whose owner first proposed a MLB team for Toronto . The Toronto Raptors entered the National Basketball Association in 1995 , and have since earned seven playoff spots and three Atlantic Division titles in 20 seasons . The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel , NBA TV Canada . They and the Maple Leafs play their home games at the Air Canada Centre . In 2016 , Toronto hosted the 65th NBA All - Star game , the first to be held outside the United States . The city is represented in the Canadian Football League by the Toronto Argonauts , who have won 16 Grey Cup titles . Toronto played host to the 95th Grey Cup in 2007 , the first held in the city since 1992 . Later in 2012 , while hosting and participating in the 100th Grey Cup , they won the game to the delight of the home fans . Toronto is represented in Major League Soccer by the Toronto FC , who have won four Canadian Championship titles . They share BMO Field with the Toronto Argonauts . Toronto has a high level of participation in soccer across the city at several smaller stadiums and fields . Toronto FC entered the league as an expansion team . The Toronto Wolfpack became Canada 's first professional rugby league team and the world 's first transatlantic professional sports team when they began play in the Rugby Football League 's League One competition in 2017 . The Toronto Rock are the city 's National Lacrosse League team . They won five Champion 's Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century , appearing in an NLL record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003 , and are currently first all - time in the number of Champion 's Cups won . The Rock share the Air Canada Centre with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors . Toronto has hosted several National Football League exhibition games at the Rogers Centre . Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013 . Toronto was home to the International Bowl , an NCAA sanctioned post-season football game that pitted a Mid-American Conference team against a Big East Conference team . From 2007 to 2010 , the game was played at Rogers Centre annually in January . Toronto is home to the Toronto Rush , a semi-professional ultimate team that competes in the American Ultimate Disc League ( AUDL ) . Ultimate ( disc ) , in Canada , has its beginning roots in Toronto , with 3300 players competing annually in the Toronto Ultimate Club ( League ) . Tournaments , events and amateur sports Toronto , along with Montreal , hosts an annual tennis tournament called the Canadian Open ( not to be confused with the identically named golf tournament ) between the months of July and August . In odd - numbered years , the men 's tournament is held in Montreal , while the women 's tournament is held in Toronto , and vice versa in even - numbered years . The city hosts the annual Honda Indy Toronto car race , part of the IndyCar Series schedule , held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place . It was known previously as the Champ Car 's Molson Indy Toronto from 1986 to 2007 . Both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing events are conducted at Woodbine Racetrack in Rexdale . Toronto hosted the 2015 Pan American Games in July 2015 , and the 2015 Parapan American Games in August 2015 . It beat the cities of Lima , Peru and Bogotá , Colombia , to win the rights to stage the games . The games were the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in Canada ( in terms of athletes competing ) , double the size of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Toronto was a candidate city for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics , which were awarded to Atlanta and Beijing respectively . Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the Granite Club ( established in 1836 ) , the Royal Canadian Yacht Club ( established in 1852 ) , the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club ( established before 1827 ) , the Argonaut Rowing Club ( established in 1872 ) , the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club ( established in 1881 ) , and the Badminton and Racquet Club ( established in 1924 ) . Professional and amateur sports teams in Toronto Club League Sport Venue Established Championships Toronto Argonauts CFL Football BMO Field 1873 17 ( Last in 2017 ) Toronto Maple Leafs NHL Ice hockey Air Canada Centre 1917 13 ( Last in 1967 ) Toronto Blue Jays MLB Baseball Rogers Centre 1977 2 ( Last in 1993 ) Toronto Raptors NBA Basketball Air Canada Centre 1995 0 Toronto FC MLS Soccer BMO Field 2007 1 ( Last in 2017 ) Toronto Wolfpack Championship Rugby league Lamport Stadium 2017 1 ( in 2017 League 1 ) Toronto Maple Leafs IBL Baseball Christie Pits 1969 8 Toronto Rock NLL Box lacrosse Air Canada Centre 1998 6 ( last in 2011 ) Toronto Marlies AHL Ice hockey Ricoh Coliseum 2005 0 Toronto Furies CWHL Women 's ice hockey MasterCard Centre 2007 Toronto Lady Lynx USL Women 's soccer Centennial Park Stadium 2005 0 Toronto Eagles AFLO Australian Football Humber College North 12 Toronto Rush AUDL Ultimate Frisbee Varsity Stadium 2013 Media Main article : Media in Toronto Toronto is Canada 's largest media market , and has four conventional dailies , two alt - weeklies , and three free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 6 million inhabitants . The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers , while national dailies The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city . The Toronto Star , The Globe and Mail , and National Post are broadsheet newspapers . Metro and 24 Hours are distributed as free commuter newspapers . Several magazines and local newspapers cover Toronto , including Now and Toronto Life , while numerous magazines are produced in Toronto , such as Canadian Business , Chatelaine , Flare and Maclean 's . Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English - language Canadian television networks CBC , CTV , City , Global , The Sports Network ( TSN ) and Sportsnet . Much ( formerly MuchMusic ) , M3 ( formerly MuchMore ) and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city , though they no longer primarily show music videos as a result of channel drift . Economy Main article : Economy of Toronto Toronto is an international centre for business and finance . Generally considered the financial capital of Canada , Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street , in the Financial District . The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world 's seventh - largest stock exchange by market capitalization . The five largest financial institutions of Canada , collectively known as the Big Five , have national offices in Toronto . The city is an important centre for the media , publishing , telecommunication , information technology and film production industries ; it is home to Bell Media , Rogers Communications , and Torstar . Other prominent Canadian corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International , Celestica , Manulife , Sun Life Financial , the Hudson 's Bay Company , and major hotel companies and operators , such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts . Although much of the region 's manufacturing activities take place outside the city limits , Toronto continues to be a wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector . The city 's strategic position along the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor and its road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles , iron , steel , food , machinery , chemicals and paper . The completion of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean . Toronto 's unemployment rate was 6.7 % as of July 2016 . According to the website Nimbeo , Toronto 's cost of living plus rent index was second highest in Canada ( of 31 cities ) . The local purchasing power was the sixth lowest in Canada , mid-2017 . The average monthly social assistance caseload for January to October 2014 was 92,771 . The number of seniors living in poverty increased from 10.5 % in 2011 to 12.1 % in 2014 . Toronto 's 2013 child poverty rate was 28.6 % , the highest among large Canadian cities of 500,000 or more residents . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Toronto Developed in the early 1900s , Little Italy is one of the city 's oldest extant ethnic neighbourhoods . The city 's population grew by 4 % ( 96,073 residents ) between 1996 and 2001 , 1 % ( 21,787 residents ) between 2001 and 2006 , 4.3 % ( 111,779 residents ) between 2006 and 2011 , and 4.5 % ( 116,511 ) between 2011 and 2016 . In 2016 , persons aged 14 years and under made up 14.5 % of the population , and those aged 65 years and over made up 15.6 % . The median age was 39.3 years . The city 's gender population is 48 % male and 52 % female . Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older . In 2016 , foreign - born persons made up 47.5 % of the population , compared to 49.9 % in 2006 . According to the United Nations Development Programme , Toronto has the second - highest percentage of constant foreign - born population among world cities , after Miami , Florida . While Miami 's foreign - born population has traditionally consisted primarily of Cubans and other Latin Americans , no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto 's immigrant population , placing it among the most diverse cities in the world . In 2010 , it was estimated that over 100,000 immigrants arrive in the Greater Toronto Area annually . Ethnicity In 2016 , the three most commonly reported ethnic origins overall were Chinese ( 332,830 or 12.5 % ) , English ( 331,890 or 12.3 % ) and Canadian ( 323,175 or 12.0 % ) . Common regions of ethnic origin were European ( 47.9 % ) , Asian ( including middle - Eastern - 40.1 % ) , African ( 5.5 % ) , Latin / Central / South American ( 4.2 % ) , and North American aboriginal ( 1.2 % ) . In 2016 , 51.5 % of the residents of the city proper belonged to a visible minority group , compared to 49.1 % in 2011 , and 13.6 % in 1981 . The largest visible minority groups were South Asian ( 338,960 or 12.6 % ) , Chinese ( 332,830 or 12.5 % ) , and Black ( 239,850 or 8.9 % ) . Visible minorities are projected to increase to 63 % of the city 's population by 2031 . This diversity is reflected in Toronto 's ethnic neighbourhoods , which include Chinatown , Corso Italia , Greektown , Kensington Market ( alternative / counterculture ) , Koreatown , Little India , Little Italy , Little Jamaica , Little Portugal and Roncesvalles ( Polish community ) . Religion In 2011 , the most commonly reported religion in Toronto was Christianity , adhered to by 54.1 % of the population . A plurality , 28.2 % , of the city 's population was Catholic , followed by Protestants ( 11.9 % ) , Christian Orthodox ( 4.3 % ) , and members of other Christian denominations ( 9.7 % ) . With the city 's significant number of Methodist Christians , Toronto was historically referred to as the Methodist Rome . Other religions significantly practised in the city are Islam ( 8.2 % ) , Hinduism ( 5.6 % ) , Judaism ( 3.8 % ) , Buddhism ( 2.7 % ) , and Sikhism ( 0.8 % ) . Those with no religious affiliation made up 24.2 % of Toronto 's population . Language While English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians , many other languages have considerable numbers of local speakers . The varieties of Chinese and Italian are the second and third most widely spoken languages at work . Despite Canada 's official bilingualism , while 9.7 % of Ontario 's Francophones live in Toronto , only 0.6 % of the population reported French as a singular language spoken most often at home ; meanwhile 64 % reported speaking predominantly English only and 28.3 % primarily used a non-official language ; 7.1 % reported commonly speaking multiple languages at home . The city 's 9 - 1 - 1 emergency services are equipped to respond in over 150 languages . Government Main article : Municipal government of Toronto Further information : Politics of Toronto and Public services in Toronto Toronto 's Electoral Wards Toronto is a single - tier municipality governed by a mayor -- council system . The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of Toronto Act . The Mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city . The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body , comprising 44 councillors representing geographical wards throughout the city . The mayor and members of the city council serve four - year terms without term limits . ( Until the 2006 municipal election , the mayor and city councillors served three - year terms . ) However , on November 18 , 2013 , council voted to modify the city 's government by transferring many executive powers from the mayor to the deputy mayor , and itself . As of 2016 , the city council has twelve standing committees , each consisting of a Chairman , ( some have a vice-chair ) , and a number of councillors . The Mayor names the committee chairs and the remaining membership of the committees is appointed by City Council . An executive committee is formed by the chairs of each of standing committee , along with the mayor , the deputy mayor and four other councillors . Councillors are also appointed to oversee the Toronto Transit Commission and the Toronto Police Services Board . The city has four community councils that consider local matters . City Council has delegated final decision - making authority on local , routine matters , while others -- like planning and zoning issues -- are recommended to the city council . Each city councillor serves as a member on a community council . There are about 40 subcommittees and advisory committees appointed by the city council . These bodies are made up of city councillors and private citizen volunteers . Examples include the Pedestrian Committee , Waste Diversion Task Force 2010 , and the Task Force to Bring Back the Don . The City of Toronto had an approved operating budget of CA $10.5 billion in 2017 and a 10 - year capital budget and plan of CA $26.5 billion . The city 's revenues include subsidies from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario , 33 % from property tax , 6 % from the land transfer tax and the rest from other tax revenues and user fees . The City 's largest operating expenditures are the Toronto Transit Commission at CA $1.955 billion ( 19 % ) , and the Toronto Police Services , CA $1.131 billion ( 9 % ) . Crime Main article : Crime in Toronto See also : Crime in Canada and Gun politics in Canada This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) The low crime rate in Toronto has resulted in the city having a reputation as one of the safest major cities in North America . For instance , in 2007 , the homicide rate for Toronto was 3.3 per 100,000 people , compared with Atlanta ( 19.7 ) , Boston ( 10.3 ) , Los Angeles ( 10.0 ) , New York City ( 6.3 ) , Vancouver ( 3.1 ) , and Montreal ( 2.6 ) . Toronto 's robbery rate also ranks low , with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people , compared with Los Angeles ( 348.5 ) , Vancouver ( 266.2 ) , New York City ( 265.9 ) , and Montreal ( 235.3 ) . Toronto has a comparable rate of car theft to various U.S. cities , although it is not among the highest in Canada . Toronto recorded its largest number of homicides in 1991 with 89 , a rate of 3.9 per 100,000 . In 2005 , Toronto media coined the term `` Year of the Gun '' , because of a record number of gun - related homicides , 52 , out of 80 homicides in total . The total number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006 , that year , nearly 2,000 people in Toronto were victims of a violent gun - related crime , about one - quarter of the national total . 84 homicides were committed in 2007 , roughly half of which involved guns . Gang - related incidents have also been on the rise ; between the years of 1997 and 2005 , over 300 gang - related homicides have occurred . As a result , the Ontario government developed an anti-gun strategy . In 2011 , Toronto 's murder rate plummeted to 45 murders -- nearly a 26 % drop from the previous year . The 45 homicides were the lowest number the city has recorded since 1986 . While subsequent years did see a return to higher rates , the nearly flat line of 56 homicides in 2012 and 57 in both 2013 and 2014 continued to be a significant improvement over the previous decade ; and the year - to - date figure of 47 murders at November 23 , 2015 continued that overall trend of improvement . Education Main article : Education in Toronto University College at the University of Toronto Toronto has a number of post-secondary academic institutions . The University of Toronto , established in 1827 , is Canada 's largest university and has two satellite campuses , one of which is located in the city 's eastern district of Scarborough while the other is located in the neighbouring city of Mississauga . York University , Canada 's third - largest university , founded in 1959 , is located in the northwest part of the city . Toronto is also home to Ryerson University , OCAD University , and the University of Guelph - Humber . There are four diploma - and degree - granting colleges in Toronto . These are Seneca College , Humber College , Centennial College and George Brown College . The city is also home to a satellite campus of the francophone Collège Boréal . The Royal Conservatory of Music , which includes the Glenn Gould School , is a school of music located downtown . The Canadian Film Centre is a film , television and new media training institute founded by filmmaker Norman Jewison . Tyndale University College and Seminary is a Christian post-secondary institution and Canada 's largest seminary . The southeast side of the Robarts Library complex , an example of brutalist architecture . Robarts Library is partially seen in the background , behind the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library . The Toronto District School Board ( TDSB ) operates 588 public schools . Of these , 451 are elementary and 116 are secondary ( high ) schools . Additionally , the Toronto Catholic District School Board manages the city 's publicly funded Roman Catholic schools , while the Conseil scolaire Viamonde and the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir manage public and Roman Catholic French - language schools , respectively . There are also numerous private university - preparatory schools including the University of Toronto Schools , the Upper Canada College and Havergal College . The Toronto Public Library consists of 100 branches with more than 11 million items in its collection . Infrastructure Health and Medicine Main article : Health in Toronto See also : List of hospitals in Toronto and XVI International AIDS Conference , 2006 Toronto General Hospital Toronto is home to 20 public hospitals , including : The Hospital for Sick Children , Mount Sinai Hospital , St. Michael 's Hospital , North York General Hospital , Toronto General Hospital , Toronto Western Hospital , St. Joseph 's Health Centre , Rouge Valley Health System , The Scarborough Hospital , Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health ( CAMH ) , and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , many of which are affiliated with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine . In 2007 , Toronto was reported as having some of the longer average ER wait times in Ontario . Toronto hospitals at the time employed a system of triage to ensure life - threatening injuries receive rapid treatment . After initial screening , initial assessments by physicians were completed within the waiting rooms themselves for greater efficiency , within a median of 1.2 hours . Tests , consultations , and initial treatments were also provided within waiting rooms . 50 % of patients waited 4 hours before being transferred from the emergency room to another room . The least - urgent 10 % of cases wait over 12 hours . The extended waiting - room times experienced by some patients were attributed to an overall shortage of acute care beds . Toronto 's Discovery District is a centre of research in biomedicine . It is located on a 2.5 - square - kilometre ( 620 - acre ) research park that is integrated into Toronto 's downtown core . It is also home to the Medical and Related Sciences Centre ( MaRS ) , which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the Province of Ontario . Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine ( MCMM ) . Toronto also has some specialized hospitals located outside of the downtown core . These hospitals include Baycrest for geriatric care and Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital for children with disabilities . Toronto is also host to a wide variety of health - focused non-profit organizations that work to address specific illnesses for Toronto , Ontario and Canadian residents . Organizations include The Crohn 's and Colitis Foundation of Canada , the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada , the Canadian Cancer Society , the Alzheimer Society of Canada , Alzheimer Society of Ontario and Alzheimer Society of Toronto , all situated in the same office at Yonge and Eglinton , the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada , the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation , the Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research , Cystic Fibrosis Canada , the Canadian Mental Health Association , the ALS Society of Canada , and many others . These organizations work to help people within the GTA , Ontario or Canada who are affected by these illnesses . As well , most engage in fundraising to promote research , services , and public awareness . Transportation A GO Train along the Lakeshore West line at Sunnyside in Toronto Toronto Union Station serves over 250,000 passengers a day . Pearson International Airport Gardiner Expressway in downtown Main article : Transportation in Toronto Toronto is a central transportation hub for road , rail and air networks in Southern Ontario . There are many forms of transport in the city of Toronto , including highways and public transit . Toronto also has an extensive network of bicycle lanes and multi-use trails and paths . Public transportation Main article : Public transportation in Toronto Toronto 's main public transportation system is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) . The backbone of its public transport network is the Toronto subway system , which includes three heavy - rail rapid transit lines spanning the city , including the U-shaped Line 1 and east - west Line 2 . A light metro line also exists , exclusively serving the eastern district of Scarborough but discussion is underway to replace it with a heavy - rail line . The TTC also operates an extensive network of buses and streetcars , with the latter serving the downtown core , and buses providing service to many parts of the city not served by the sparse subway network . TTC buses and streetcars use the same fare system as the subway , and many subway stations offer a fare - paid area for transfers between rail and surface vehicles . There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light - rail lines , but many efforts have been thwarted by budgetary concerns . Since July 2011 , the only subway - related work is the Spadina subway ( line 1 ) extension north of Sheppard West station ( formerly named Downsview ) to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre . By November 2011 , construction on Line 5 Eglinton began . Line 5 is scheduled to finish by 2021 . In 2015 , the Ontario government promised to fund the Finch West LRT ( line 7 ) which is to be completed by 2021 . Toronto 's public transit network also connects to other municipal networks such as York Region Transit , Viva , Durham Region Transit , and MiWay . The Government of Ontario also operates a commuter rail and bus transit system called GO Transit in the Greater Toronto Area . GO Transit carries over 250,000 passengers every weekday ( 2013 ) and 57 million annually , with a majority of them travelling to or from Union Station . GO Transit is implementing RER ( Regional Express Rail ) into its system . Airports Canada 's busiest airport , Toronto Pearson International Airport ( IATA : YYZ ) , straddles the city 's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga . Limited commercial and passenger service to nearby destinations in Canada and the USA is also offered from the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport ( IATA : YTZ ) on the Toronto Islands , southwest of downtown . Toronto / Buttonville Municipal Airport ( IATA : YKZ ) in Markham provides general aviation facilities . Toronto / Downsview Airport ( IATA : YZD ) , near the city 's north end , is owned by de Havilland Canada and serves the Bombardier Aerospace aircraft factory . The Union Pearson Express is a train service that provides a direct link between Pearson International and Union Station . It began carrying passengers in June 2015 . Hamilton 's John C. Munro International Airport ( IATA : YHM ) and Buffalo 's Buffalo Niagara International Airport ( IATA : BUF ) also serve as alternate airports for the Toronto area in addition to serving their respective cities . Intercity transportation Toronto Union Station serves as the hub for VIA Rail 's intercity services in Central Canada , and includes services to various parts of Ontario , Corridor services to Montreal and national capital Ottawa , and long distance services to Vancouver and New York City . The Toronto Bus Terminal in downtown Toronto also serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Southern Ontario , served by multiple companies and providing a comprehensive network of services in Ontario and neighboring provinces and states . GO Transit provides intercity bus services from Union Station Bus Terminal and other bus terminals in the city to destinations within the GTA . Road system The grid of major city streets was laid out by a concession road system , in which major arterial roads are 6,600 ft ( 2.0 km ) apart ( with some exceptions , particularly in Scarborough and Etobicoke , as they were originally separate townships ) . Major east - west arterial roads are generally parallel with the Lake Ontario shoreline , and major north - south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular to the shoreline , though slightly angled north of Eglinton Avenue . This arrangement is sometimes broken by geographical accidents , most notably the Don River ravines . Toronto 's grid north is approximately 18.5 ° to the west of true north . There are a number of municipal expressways and provincial highways that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area . In particular , Highway 401 bisects the city from west to east , bypassing the downtown core . It is the busiest road in North America , and one of the busiest highways in the world . Other provincial highways include Highway 400 which connects the city with Northern Ontario and beyond and Highway 404 , an extension of the Don Valley Parkway into the northern suburbs . The Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) , North America 's first divided intercity highway , terminates at Toronto 's western boundary and connects Toronto to Niagara Falls and Buffalo . The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the Gardiner Expressway , the Don Valley Parkway , and to some extent , Allen Road . Toronto 's traffic congestion is one of the highest in North America , and is the second highest in Canada after Vancouver . Notable people Main article : List of people from Toronto International relations Main article : Sister cities of Toronto Partnership cities Chongqing , China ( 1986 ) Chicago , Illinois , United States ( 1991 ) Frankfurt , Germany ( 1989 ) Lisbon , Portugal Milan , Italy ( 2003 ) São Paulo , Brazil Friendship cities Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam ( 2006 ) Kyiv , Ukraine ( 1992 ) Quito , Ecuador ( 2006 ) Sagamihara , Japan ( 1991 ) Warsaw , Poland ( 1990 ) See also Toronto portal Ontario portal Canada portal Great Lakes Megalopolis Largest cities in the Americas List of metropolitan areas in the Americas OPENCities Outline of Toronto ( extensive topic list ) Notes Jump up ^ Maximum and minimum temperature data at The Annex was recorded by manned observers from March 1840 to June 2003 under the station name `` TORONTO '' . From July 2003 to present , climate data has been recorded by an automatic weather station under the name `` TORONTO CITY '' . References ^ Jump up to : Benson , Denise . `` Putting T - Dot on the Map '' . Eye Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Toronto called ' Hogtown ? ' '' . funtrivia.com . Jump up ^ `` City nicknames '' . got.net . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jessica ( August 4 , 2007 ) . `` Quirky finds in the Big Smoke '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The real story of how Toronto got its name Earth Sciences '' . Geonames.nrcan.gc.ca . September 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Code 3520005 ) Census Profile '' . 2016 census . Statistics Canada . 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for population centres , 2011 and 2006 censuses '' . 2011 Census of Population . Statistics Canada . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for census metropolitan areas , 2011 and 2006 censuses '' . 2011 Census of Population . Statistics Canada . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global city GDP 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Vipond ( 24 April 2017 ) . Making a Global City : How One Toronto School Embraced Diversity . University of Toronto Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 2443 - 6 . Jump up ^ David P. Varady ( February 2012 ) . Desegregating the City : Ghettos , Enclaves , and Inequality . SUNY Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ute Husken ; Frank Neubert ( 7 November 2011 ) . Negotiating Rites . Oxford University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 981230 - 1 . 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Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural Institutions in the Public Realm '' ( PDF ) . Eraarch.ca . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arts and Culture -- Living In Toronto City of Toronto '' ... toronto.ca . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism '' . toronto.ca . Jump up ^ Trevor Melanson . `` What Toronto 's skyline will look like in 2020 -- Canadian Business -- Your Source For Business News '' . Canadian Business -- Your Source For Business News . Jump up ^ Torontoist . `` The CN Tower is Dead . Long Live The CN Tower ! '' . torontoist.com . Jump up ^ Duffy 2004 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Dinnie 2011 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : City of Toronto ( 2007 ) -- Toronto economic overview , Key industry clusters . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ICF Consulting ( February 2000 ) . `` Toronto Competes '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Business Toronto -- Key Business Sectors '' . Investtoronto.ca . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myrvold & Fahey 1997 , pp. 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ See R.F. Williamson , ed. , Toronto : An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years ( Toronto : James Lorimer , 2008 ) , ch. 2 , with reference to the Mantle Site . Jump up ^ `` The real story of how Toronto got its name '' . Natural Resources Canada ( 2005 ) . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hounsom 1970 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hounsom 1970 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Schmalz 1991 . Jump up ^ Fort Rouillé Archived September 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Jarvis Collegiate Institute ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Natives and newcomers , 1600 -- 1793 , City of Toronto ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ontario 's Legislative Buildings '' . Government of Ontario . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the birthplace of Toronto '' . Friends of Fort York ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of York '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Black history at the City of Toronto Archives , City of Toronto ( 2009 ) . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robertson 1894 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( repealed 19.11. 1998 ) '' . UK Government . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Provinces '' . Statoids.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Province of Canada : Second Class Certificate '' ( JPG ) . Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Preston ' Canada 's RMC : A History of the Royal Military College of Canada ' published by the RMC Club by U of Toronto Press . ^ Jump up to : Toronto transit chief says searches unlikely ( 2005 ) . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Westward ho ? The shifting geography of corporate power in Canada Archived March 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2002 ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto Act , Government of Ontario ( 2000 ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ SOS ! Canadian Disasters Library and Archives Canada ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Toronto Called the Six '' David Witten ( 2016 ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More than 1,000 people detained during G20 summit in Toronto can sue police '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Canada answers the question : Where was Toronto 's severe thunderstorm warning ? '' . Global Toronto . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Showing off a world of Pride '' . Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site '' . TORONTO 2015 Pan Am / Parapan Am Games . 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City of Toronto . 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather Expectations '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Annex '' . 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals . Environment Canada . February 13 , 2014 . Climate ID : 6158350 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Service , Government of Canada , Natural Resources Canada , Canadian Forest . `` Canada 's Plant Hardiness Site '' . Planthardiness.gc.ca . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Service , Government of Canada , Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada . `` Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada '' . agr.gc.ca . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Data Report for 1840 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . June 22 , 2016 . Climate ID : 6158350 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Data Report for 2003 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . June 22 , 2016 . Climate ID : 6158350 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Most of these buildings are residential , whereas the central business district contains commercial office towers . There has been recent attention given for the need to retrofit many of these buildings , which were constructed beginning in the 1950s as residential apartment blocks to accommodate a quickly growing population . As of November 2011 , the city had 132 high - rise buildings under construction . `` Highrises ? We 're tops on the continent '' . TheStar.com . October 5 , 2011 . `` Some 132 tall buildings are currently rising in Toronto , by far the most in North America . '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's Cultural Renaissance '' , City of Toronto website ( 2005 ) ; retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Distillery Historic District '' . Toronto.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Wychwood Park '' . Maple Tree Publishing . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Casa Loma '' . Liberty Entertainment Group . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spadina Museum : Historic House & Gardens '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Paul L. ( March 12 , 1953 ) . `` Plan town of 45,000 on Don Mills farms ; Will cost 10,000,000 '' . Toronto Star . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Junction Stockyards '' . Toronto Historical Association . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flack , Derek ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` What King West looked like in the 1980s '' . blogTO . Jump up ^ Gibson 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Port Lands Acceleration Initiative -- City Planning -- Your City City of Toronto '' . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashbridge 's Bay '' . Leslieville Historical Society . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City Announces Next Steps in Port Lands Revitalization Urban Toronto '' . urbantoronto.ca . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` East Harbour '' . First Gulf . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Design : Cloud Garden Park '' . Lost Streams , Toronto , Web site . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , James ; McAllister , Mark ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Toronto boasts thousands of hectares of parkland '' . Global News . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IMAX.com / Corporate History Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` $100 M revitalization plan for Ontario Place '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film and Television Industry : 2011 Year in Review '' ( PDF ) . City of Toronto . September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Sarasota Herald - Tribune . `` Toronto Now Called Hollywood of North `` . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New numbers confirm Toronto 's rank as Hollywood North '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SARS costs for ' Hollywood North ' and more '' . CBC News . March 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toronto Caribbean Carnival ( Caribana ) Festival 2006 , WORD Magazine ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Caribana success story '' . Toronto Star . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` City of Toronto , Attractions '' . Toronto.ca . October 23 , 2000 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the Toronto Zoo '' . Toronto Zoo . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Buhasz , Laszlo ( May 7 , 2003 ) . `` Uncaging the zoo '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CNE -- About Us ) '' . Canadian National Exhibition. 2006 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ City of Toronto ( 2007 ) . `` Who uses the square ( Demographics ) ) '' . Yonge Dundas Square . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Taste of the Danforth '' . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ News from wleaguesoccer.com Archived November 19 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Equalizer Soccer -- USL W - League , once top flight , folds after 21 seasons '' . Equalizersoccer.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host 2016 All Star Game '' . AllStarweekendToronto . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ W. , T.A. ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Rugby league 's Toronto Wolfpack are the first transatlantic sports team '' . economist.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Joseph ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Toronto Rush takes flight with American Ultimate Disc League '' . The Star . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Ultimate Disc League '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the TUC '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 2015 Pan American Games Bid Officially Launched '' . GameBids.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayley , Shawn ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Countdown is on to Pan American and Parapan American Games in Durham Region '' . durhamregion.com . Metroland Media Group . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Byers , Jim ( July 10 , 2007 ) . `` Third time lucky for T.O. Games bid ? , TheStar.com , 2007 '' . The Star . Toronto . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Media Job Search Canada Archived April 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Media Job Search Canada ( 2003 ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Market Statistics Archived February 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Toronto Stock Exchange ( 2006 ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` EI Economic Region of Toronto '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Living in Canada '' . Numbeo . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America : Cost of Living Index by City 2017 Mid-Year '' . Numbeo . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are We Making Any Progress In Reducing Poverty In Toronto ? '' . TorontoVitalSigns.ca . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detailed Mother Tongue , Toronto CMA 2006 , Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Profile , 2016 Census : Toronto , City ( Census subdivision ) , Ontario and Canada ( Country ) '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Francine Kopun ; Nicholas Keung ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` A city of unmatched diversity '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A few frank words about immigration '' . The Globe and Mail . October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Household Survey ( NHS ) Profile , 2011 '' . 2.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto in Transition : Demographic Change in the Late Twentieth Century Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . ( PDF ) . CERIS -- The Ontario Metropolis Centre . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Toronto Star ( Wed March 10 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Jeff Clark ( 2013 ) . Toronto Visible Minorities ( Map ) . Neoformix . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The way we were in Toronto in 1892 '' Trish Worron . Toronto Star . November 1 , 2002 . pg . A. 29 Jump up ^ Various Languages Spoken -- Toronto CMA , Statistics Canada ( 2006 ) ; retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Language used at work by mother tongue in Toronto CMA , Statistics Canada ( 2001 ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Language used at work by mother tongue ( City of Toronto ) , Statistics Canada ( 2001 ) ; retrieved December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Francophones in Ontario -- 2011 Census Data '' . Government of Ontario -- Ministry of Francophone Affairs . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Focus on Geography Series , 2011 Census -- Language '' . Statistics Canada . April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 1 - 1 = EMERGENCY in any language '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Council Members '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taking the keys ' from Mayor Rob Ford : How Toronto councillors voted '' . thestar.com . November 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto City Council and Committees '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of committees , task forces and round tables '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Overview - City Budget - Budget & Finances '' . City of Toronto . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget 2017 Charts '' ( PDF ) . City of Toronto . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics Canada ; The Daily ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Crime statistics '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Crime and Safety '' . Torontoisms . 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Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double murder occurred on Christmas Day : police '' . Ctv.ca . December 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Toronto -- Toronto sets a new record for gun - related carnage -- CTV News , Shows and Sports -- Canadian Television '' . Toronto.ctv.ca . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gun crime in Metro Vancouver highest per capita in Canada '' . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of the Attorney General -- Backgrounder '' . Attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doucette , Chris ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` Toronto murder rate plummets in 2011 '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TPS Crime Statistics -- Year to Date Shootings & Homicides '' . Toronto Police Service . November 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Toronto District School Board . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts : Media : Toronto Public Library '' . Torontopubliclibrary.ca . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scarborough Civic Centre Branch : Hours & Locations : Toronto Public Library '' . Toronto Public Library . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Public Library contributes 63 millionth record '' OCLC ( February 3 , 2006 ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2007 . Archived February 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Study sheds light on ER wait times in Ontario '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . January 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Toronto Discovery District FAQ Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Toronto Discovery District ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Medical and Related Sciences Centre , Medical and Related Sciences Centre ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine ( MCMM ) , McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine ( 2006 ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Metrolinx Eglinton Crosstown LRT '' . www.metrolinx.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More Transit for Toronto Crosstown '' . www.thecrosstown.ca . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario Moving Forward with Finch West Light Rail Transit Project '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Info to GO '' ( PDF ) . GO Transit . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Underground mall in store for Union Station makeover '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . November 2007 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metrolinx Regional Express Rail '' . www.metrolinx.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maier , Hanna ( October 9 , 2007 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Long - Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada ( Report ) . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . The key high - volume highways in Ontario are the 400 - series highways in the southern part of the province . The most important of these is the 401 , the busiest highway in North America , with average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004 , and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000 vehicles . Jump up ^ `` Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401 '' . Ontario Ministry of Transportation . August 6 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario 's transportation infrastructure , carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto . Jump up ^ Brian Gray ( April 10 , 2004 ) . `` GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 -- North America 's Busiest Freeway '' . Toronto Sun , transcribed at Urban Planet . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . The `` phenomenal '' number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world ... Jump up ^ `` TomTom Congestion Index : North America '' . tomtom.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto 's International Alliance Program '' . Toronto.ca . October 23 , 2000 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lisboa -- Geminações de Cidades e Vilas '' ( Lisbon -- Twinning of Cities and Towns ) . Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses ( National Association of Portuguese Municipalities ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acordos de Geminação , de Cooperação e / ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa '' ( Lisbon -- Twinning Agreements , Cooperation and Friendship ) . Camara Municipal de Lisboa ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal -- No 14471 '' ( Research Municipal Legislation -- No 14471 ) . Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo ( Municipality of the City of São Paulo ) ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource ( in Portuguese ) Bibliography Dinnie , Keith ( 2011 ) . City Branding : Theory and Cases . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24185 - 5 . Duffy , Hazel ( 2004 ) . Competitive Cities : Succeeding in the Global Economy . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 36231 - 0 . Gibson , Sally ( 2008 ) . Toronto 's Distillery District : history by the lake . Cityscape Holdings Inc. and Dundee Distillery District ( GP ) Commercial Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9809905 - 0 - 8 . Hounsom , Eric Wilfrid ( 1970 ) . Toronto in 1810 . Toronto : Ryerson Press . ISBN 0 - 7700 - 0311 - 7 . Johansen Aase , Emily ( 2014 ) . Cosmopolitanism and Place : Spatial Forms in Contemporary Anglophone Literature . New York City , NY , USA : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 40266 - 0 . Johnson , James Keith ; Wilson , Bruce G. ( 1989 ) . Historical Essays on Upper Canada : New Perspectives . McGill - Queen 's Press . ISBN 0886290708 . Myrvold , Barbara ; Fahey , Curtis ( 1997 ) . The people of Scarborough : a history . Scarborough , Ont. : Scarborough Public Library Board . ISBN 9780968308608 . Robertson , John Ross ( 1894 ) . Robertson 's Landmarks of Toronto : A Collection of Historical Sketches of the Old Town of York from 1792 Until 1837 , and of Toronto from 1834 to 1894 . Toronto : J. Ross Robertson . Schmalz , Peter S. ( 1991 ) . The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0802067784 . Williamson , R.F. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Toronto : An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years . Toronto , Ontario : James Lorimer . Further reading Akler , Howard ; Hood , Sarah ( 2003 ) . Toronto : The Unknown City . Arsenal Pulp Press . ISBN 1 - 55152 - 146 - 6 . Careless , J.M.S. `` Toronto '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Foundation of Canada . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Careless , J.M. S ( 1984 ) . Toronto to 1918 : An Illustrated History . J. Lorimer and National Museum of Man . ISBN 0 - 88862 - 665 - 7 . `` Ultimate Inline Skating Guide to Toronto v1. 5 '' ( Google Earth ) . 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Filey , Mike ( 2008 ) . Toronto : the way we were . Dundurn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 842 - 3 . Fulford , Robert ( 1995 ) . Accidental city : the transformation of Toronto . Toronto : Macfarlane , Walter & Ross . ISBN 0 - 921912 - 91 - 9 . Also ISBN 1 - 55199 - 010 - 5 ( paperback ) . Harris , Richard ( October 7 , 1999 ) . Unplanned Suburbs : Toronto 's American Tragedy , 1900 to 1950 . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6282 - 3 . The novel `` In the Skin of a Lion '' by Michael Ondaatje depicts Toronto in the 1920s , giving prominence to the construction of Toronto landmarks , such as the Prince Edward Viaduct and the R.C. Harris Water Treatment Plant , and focusing on the lives of the immigrant workers . Phillips , Robert ; Bram , Leon ; Dickey , Norma ( 1971 ) . Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia . Vol. 23 . New York : Funk & Wagnalls . ISBN 0 - 8343 - 0025 - 7 . Rayburn , Alan ( 2001 ) . Naming Canada : stories about Canadian place names ( 2nd ed . ) . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8293 - 9 . Statistics Canada ( 2003 ) . `` Toronto '' . Statistics Canada . 2002 . 2001 Community Profiles . Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . City of Toronto . `` Toronto 's Economic Profile '' . City of Toronto . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Whitzman , Carolyn ( 2009 ) . Suburb , slum , urban village : transformations in Toronto 's Parkdale neighbourhood , 1875 -- 2002 . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1535 - 2 . 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what is the population of toronto ontario canada
[ "\n\nToronto\n\n\nCity (single-tier)\n\n\nCity of Toronto\n\n\n\nFrom top left: Downtown Toronto viewed from the Toronto Islands, City Hall, the Ontario Legislative Building, Casa Loma, Prince Edward Viaduct, and the Scarborough Bluffs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\n\n\nCoat of arms\n\nLogo\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): \"T.O.\", \"T-Dot\", \"Hogtown\", \"The Queen City\", \"The Big Smoke\", \"Toronto the Good\"[1][1][2][3][4]\n\n\nMotto(s): Diversity Our Strength\n\n\n\nLocation of Toronto in the province of Ontario\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nToronto\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nToronto\n\n\n\n\n\nShow map of CanadaShow map of OntarioShow all\nLocation of Toronto in Canada\n\n\nCoordinates: 43°42′N 79°24′W / 43.700°N 79.400°W / 43.700; -79.400Coordinates: 43°42′N 79°24′W / 43.700°N 79.400°W / 43.700; -79.400\n\n\nCountry\n Canada\n\n\nProvince\n Ontario\n\n\nDistricts\nEast York, Etobicoke, North York, Old Toronto, Scarborough, York\n\n\nHistoric countries\n Kingdom of France\n Kingdom of Great Britain\n United Kingdom\n\n\nSettled\n1750 (as Fort Rouillé)[5]\n\n\nEstablished\nAugust 27, 1793 (as York)\n\n\nIncorporated\nMarch 6, 1834 (as Toronto)\n\n\nAmalgamated into division\nJanuary 20, 1953 (as Metropolitan Toronto)\n\n\nAmalgamated\nJanuary 1, 1998 (as City of Toronto)\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Type\nMayor–council\n\n\n • Mayor\nJohn Tory\n\n\n • Deputy Mayor\nDenzil Minnan-Wong\n\n\n • Council\nToronto City Council\n\n\n • MPs\n\n\nList of MPs[show]\n\nGary Anandasangaree (LPC)\nCarolyn Bennett (LPC)\nBill Blair (LPC)\nScarborough—Agincourt (Vacant)\nShaun Chen (LPC)\nJulie Dabrusin (LPC)\nKirsty Duncan (LPC)\nJulie Dzerowicz (LPC)\nAli Ehsassi (LPC)\nNathaniel Erskine-Smith (LPC)\nChrystia Freeland (LPC)\nAhmed Hussen (LPC)\nMichael Levitt (LPC)\nJames Maloney (LPC)\nJohn McKay (LPC)\nMarco Mendicino (LPC)\nBill Morneau (LPC)\nRob Oliphant (LPC)\nYasmin Ratansi (LPC)\nJudy Sgro (LPC)\nGeng Tan (LPC)\nAdam Vaughan (LPC)\nArif Virani (LPC)\nBorys Wrzesnewskyj (LPC)\nSalma Zahid (LPC)\n\n\n\n\n\n • MPPs\n\n\nList of MPPs[show]\n\nLaura Albanese (LPO)\nYvan Baker (LPO)\nLorenzo Berardinetti (LPO)\nRaymond Cho (PC)\nMichael Colle (LPO)\nMichael Coteau (LPO)\nCheri DiNovo (NDP)\nHan Dong (LPO)\nBrad Duguid (LPO)\nEric Hoskins (LPO)\nMitzie Hunter (LPO)\nMonte Kwinter (LPO)\nTracy MacCharles (LPO)\nCristina Martins (LPO)\nPeter Milczyn (LPO)\nToronto Centre (Vacant)\nArthur Potts (LPO)\nShafiq Qaadri (LPO)\nMario Sergio (LPO)\nPeter Tabuns (NDP)\nSoo Wong (LPO)\nKathleen Wynne (LPO)\nDavid Zimmer (LPO)\n\n\n\n\n\nArea (2011)[6][7][8]\n\n\n • City (single-tier)\n630.21 km2 (243.33 sq mi)\n\n\n • Urban\n1,751.49 km2 (676.25 sq mi)\n\n\n • Metro\n5,905.71 km2 (2,280.21 sq mi)\n\n\nElevation\n76 m (249 ft)\n\n\nPopulation (2016)[6][7][8]\n\n\n • City (single-tier)\n2,731,571 (1st)\n\n\n • Density\n4,149.5/km2 (10,747/sq mi)\n\n\n • Urban\n5,132,794 (1st)\n\n\n • Metro\n5,928,040 (1st)\n\n\nDemonym(s)\nTorontonian\n\n\nTime zone\nEST (UTC−5)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nEDT (UTC−4)\n\n\nPostal code span\nM\n\n\nArea code(s)\n416, 647, 437\n\n\nNTS Map\n030M11\n\n\nGNBC Code\nFEUZB\n\n\nGDP\nUS$276.3 billion [9]\n\n\nGDP per capita\nUS$45,771[9]\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.toronto.ca\n\n" ]
[ "2,731,571" ]
-8380023056319320930
Just-in-time manufacturing
Just - in - time manufacturing - wikipedia Just - in - time manufacturing See also : Lean manufacturing Corporate finance Working capital Cash conversion cycle Return on capital Economic value added Just - in - time Economic order quantity Discounts and allowances Factoring Sections Managerial finance Financial accounting Management accounting Mergers and acquisitions Balance sheet analysis Business plan Corporate action Societal components Financial law Financial market Financial market participants Corporate finance Personal finance Peer - to - peer lending Public finance Banks and banking Financial regulation Clawback Just - in - time ( JIT ) manufacturing , also known as just - in - time production or the Toyota Production System ( TPS ) , is a methodology aimed primarily at reducing flow times within production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers . Its origin and development was in Japan , largely in the 1960s and 1970s and particularly at Toyota . Alternative terms for JIT manufacturing have been used . Motorola 's choice was short - cycle manufacturing ( SCM ) . IBM 's was continuous - flow manufacturing ( CFM ) , and demand - flow manufacturing ( DFM ) , a term handed down from consultant John Constanza at his Institute of Technology in Colorado . Still another alternative was mentioned by Goddard , who said that `` Toyota Production System is often mistakenly referred to as the ' Kanban System ' '' , and pointed out that kanban is but one element of TPS , as well as JIT production . But the wide use of the term JIT manufacturing throughout the 1980s faded fast in the 1990s , as the new term lean manufacturing became established as `` a more recent name for JIT '' . As just one testament to the commonality of the two terms , Toyota production system ( TPS ) has been and is widely used as a synonym for both JIT and lean manufacturing . Contents 1 History 1.1 Evolution in Japan 1.2 Migration to the West 1.3 Middle era and to the present 2 Methodology 3 Objectives and benefits 4 Potential risks 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References History ( edit ) Evolution in Japan ( edit ) The exact reasons for adoption of JIT in Japan are unclear . Plenert offers four reasons , paraphrased here . During Japan 's post-World War II rebuilding of industry : 1 ) Japan 's lack of cash made it difficult for industry to finance the big - batch , large inventory production methods common elsewhere . 2 ) Japan lacked space to build big factories loaded with inventory . 3 ) The Japanese islands were ( and are ) lacking in natural resources with which to build products . 4 ) Japan had high unemployment , which meant that labor efficiency methods were not an obvious pathway to industrial success . Thus the Japanese `` leaned out '' their processes . `` They built smaller factories ... in which the only materials housed in the factory were those on which work was currently being done . In this way , inventory levels were kept low , investment in in - process inventories was at a minimum , and the investment in purchased natural resources was quickly turned around so that additional materials were purchased . '' Plenart goes on to explain Toyota 's key role in developing this lean or JIT production methodology . Migration to the west ( edit ) News about JIT / TPS reached western shores in 1977 in two English - language articles : one referred to the methodology as the `` Ohno system '' , after Taiichi Ohno , who was instrumental in its development within Toyota . The other article , by Toyota authors in an international journal , provided additional details . Finally , those and other publicity were translated into implementations , beginning in 1980 and then quickly multiplying throughout industry in the United States and other developed countries . A seminal 1980 event was a conference in Detroit at Ford World Headquarters co-sponsored by the Repetitive Manufacturing Group ( RMG ) , which had been founded 1979 within the American Production and Inventory Control Society ( APICS ) to seek advances in manufacturing . The principle speaker , Fujio Cho ( later , president of Toyota Motor Corp . ) , in explaining the Toyota system , stirred up the audience , and led to the RMG 's shifting gears from things like automation to JIT / TPS . At least some of audience 's stirring had to do with a perceived clash between the new JIT regime and manufacturing resource planning ( MRP II ) , a computer software - based system of manufacturing planning and control which had become prominent in industry in the 1960s and 1970s . Debates in professional meetings on JIT vs. MRP II were followed by published articles , one of them titled , `` The Rise and Fall of Just - in - Time '' . Less confrontational was Walt Goddard 's , `` Kanban Versus MRP II -- Which Is Best for You ? '' in 1982 . Four years later , Goddard had answered his own question with a book advocating JIT . Among the best known of MRP II 's advocates was George Plossl , who authored two articles questioning JIT 's kanban planning method and the `` japanning of America '' . But , as with Goddard , Plossl later wrote that `` JIT is a concept whose time has come '' . JIT / TPS implementations may be found in many case - study articles from the 1980s and beyond . An article in a 1984 issue of Inc. magazine relates how Omark Industries ( chain saws , ammunition , log loaders , etc . ) emerged as an extensive JIT implementer under its US home - grown name ZIPS ( zero inventory production system ) . At Omark 's mother plant in Portland , Oregon , after the work force had received 40 hours of ZIPS training , they were `` turned loose '' and things began to happen . A first step was to `` arbitrarily eliminate a week 's lead time ( after which ) things ran smoother . ' People asked that we try taking another week 's worth out . ' After that , ZIPS spread throughout the plant 's operations ' like an amoeba . ' '' The article also notes that Omark 's 20 other plants were similarly engaged in ZIPS , beginning with pilot projects . For example , at one of Omark 's smaller plants making drill bits in Mesabi , Minnesota , `` large - size drill inventory was cut by 92 % , productivity increased by 30 % , scrap and rework ... dropped 20 % , and lead time ... from order to finished product was slashed from three weeks to three days . '' The Inc. article states that companies using JIT the most extensively include `` the Big Four , Hewlett - Packard , Motorola , Westinghouse Electric , General Electric , Deere , and Black and Decker '' . By 1986 , a case - study book on JIT in the U.S. was able to devote a full chapter to ZIPS at Omark , along with two chapters on JIT at several Hewlett - Packard plants , and single chapters for Harley - Davidson , John Deere , IBM - Raleigh , North Carolina , and California - based Apple Computers , a Toyota truck - bed plant , and New United Motor Manufacturing joint venture between Toyota and General Motors . Two similarly - inclined books emergent in the U.K. in the same years are more international in scope . One of the books , with both conceptual articles and case studies , includes three sections on JIT practices : in Japan ( e.g. , at Toyota , Mazda , and Tokagawa Electric ) ; in Europe ( jmg Bostrom , Lucas Electric , Cummins Engine , IBM , 3M , Datasolve Ltd. , Renault , Massey - Ferguson ) ; and in the USA and Australia ( Repco Manufacturing - Australia , Xerox Computer , and two on Hewlett - Packard ) . The second book , reporting on what was billed as the First International Conference on just - in - time manufacturing , includes case studies in three companies : Repco - Australia , IBM - UK , and 3M - UK . In addition , a day - 2 keynote discussed JIT as applied `` across all disciplines , ... from accounting and systems to design and production '' . Middle era and to the present ( edit ) Three more books which include JIT implementations were published in 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 , which are start - up years of the lean manufacturing / lean management movement that was launched in 1990 with publication of the book , The Machine That Changed the World . That one , along with other books , articles , and case studies on lean , were supplanting JIT terminology in the 1990s and beyond . The same period , saw the rise of books and articles with similar concepts and methodologies but with alternative names , including cycle time management , time - based competition , quick - response manufacturing , flow , and pull - based production systems . There is more to JIT than its usual manufacturing - centered explication . Inasmuch as manufacturing ends with order - fulfillment to distributors , retailers , and end users , and also includes remanufacturing , repair , and warranty claims , JIT 's concepts and methods have application downstream from manufacturing itself . A 1993 book on `` world - class distribution logistics '' discusses kanban links from factories onward . And a manufacturer - to - retailer model developed in the U.S. in the 1980s , referred to as quick response , has morphed over time to what is called fast fashion . Methodology ( edit ) Sepheri provides a list of methodologies of JIT manufacturing that `` are important but not exhaustive '' : Housekeeping -- physical organization and discipline . Make it right the first time -- elimination of defects . Setup reduction -- flexible changeover approaches . Lot sizes of one -- the ultimate lot size and flexibility . Uniform plant load -- leveling as a control mechanism . Balanced flow -- organizing flow scheduling throughput . Skill diversification -- multi-functional workers . Control by visibility -- communication media for activity . Preventive maintenance -- flawless running , no defects . Fitness for use -- producibility , design for process . Compact plant layout -- product - oriented design . Streamlining movements -- smoothing materials handling . Supplier networks -- extensions of the factory . Worker involvement -- small group improvement activities . Cellular manufacturing -- production methods for flow . Pull system -- signal ( kanban ) replenishment / resupply systems . Objectives and benefits ( edit ) Objectives and benefits of JIT manufacturing may be stated in two primary ways : first , in specific and quantitative terms , via published case studies ; second , general listings and discussion . A case - study summary from Daman Products in 1999 lists the following benefits : reduced cycle times 97 % , setup times 50 % , lead times from 4 to 8 weeks to 5 to 10 days , flow distance 90 % -- achieved via four focused ( cellular ) factories , pull scheduling , kanban , visual management , and employee empowerment . Another study from NCR ( Dundee Scotland ) in 1998 , a producer of make - to - order automated teller machines , includes some of the same benefits while also focusing on JIT purchasing : In switching to JIT over a weekend in 1998 , eliminated buffer inventories , reducing inventory from 47 days to 5 days , flow time from 15 days to 2 days , with 60 % of purchased parts arriving JIT and 77 % going dock to line , and suppliers reduced from 480 to 165 . Hewlett - Packard , one of western industry 's earliest JIT implementers , provides a set of four case studies from four H-P divisions during the mid-1980s . The four divisions , Greeley , Fort Collins , Computer Systems , and Vancouver , employed some but not all of the same measures . At the time about half of H-P 's 52 divisions had adopted JIT . Greeley Fort Collins Computer Systems Vancouver Inventory reduction 2.8 months 75 % 75 % Labor cost reduction 30 % 15 % 50 % Space reduction 50 % 30 % 33 % 40 % WIP stock reduction 22 days to 1 day Production increase 100 % Quality improvement 30 % scrap , 79 % rework 80 % scrap 30 % scrap & rework Throughput time reduction 50 % 17 days to 30 hours Standard hours reduction 50 % No. of shipments increase 20 % Potential risks ( edit ) According to Williams , it becomes necessary to find suppliers that are close by or can supply materials quickly with limited advance notice . When ordering small quantities of materials , suppliers ' minimum order policies may pose a problem , though . Employees are at risk of precarious work when employed by factories that utilize just - in - time and flexible production techniques . A longitudinal study of US workers since 1970 indicates employers seeking to easily adjust their workforce in response to supply and demand conditions respond by creating more nonstandard work arrangements , such as contracting and temporary work . See also ( edit ) CONWIP Just in case manufacturing Just - in - time compilation Ovsiankina effect Theory of constraints Total quality management Further reading ( edit ) Billesbach , Thomas J. 1987 . Applicability of Just - in - Time Techniques in the Administrative Area . Doctoral dissertation , University of Nebraska . Ann Arbor , Mich. , University Microfilms International . Goddard , W.E. 2001 . JIT / TQC -- identifying and solving problems . Proceedings of the 20th Electrical Electronics Insulation Conference , Boston , October 7 -- 10 , 88 -- 91 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. and Fox , Robert E. ( 1986 ) , The Race , North River Press , ISBN 0 - 88427 - 062 - 9 Hall , Robert W. 1983 . Zero Inventories . Homewood , Ill. : Dow Jones - Irwin . Hall , Robert W. 1987 . Attaining Manufacturing Excellence : Just - in - Time , Total Quality , Total People Involvement . Homewood , Ill. : Dow Jones - Irwin . Hay , Edward J. 1988 . The Just - in - Time Breakthrough : Implementing the New Manufacturing Basics . New York : Wiley . Hohner , Gregory ( 1988 ) . `` JIT / TQC : integrating product design with shop floor effectiveness '' . Industrial Engineering . 20 ( 9 ) : 42 -- 48 . Hum , Sin - Hoon ( 1991 ) . `` Industrial progress and the strategic significance of JIT and TQC for developing countries '' . International Journal of Operations & Production Management . 110 ( 5 ) : 39 -- 46 . Hyer , Nancy ; Wemmerlov , Urban ( 2001 ) . Reorganizing the Factory : Competing Through Cellular Manufacturing . CRC Press . ISBN 9781563272288 . Jackson , Paul ( 1991 ) . `` White collar JIT at Security Pacific '' . Target . 7 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 37 . Lubben , R.T. 1988 . Just - in - Time Manufacturing : An Aggressive Manufacturing Strategy . New York : McGraw - Hill . Monden , Yasuhiro. 1982 . Toyota Production System . Norcross , Ga : Institute of Industrial Engineers . Ohno , Taiichi ( 1988 ) , Toyota Production System : Beyond Large - Scale Production , Productivity Press , ISBN 0 - 915299 - 14 - 3 Ohno , Taiichi ( 1988 ) , Just - In - Time for Today and Tomorrow , Productivity Press , ISBN 0 - 915299 - 20 - 8 . Schonberger , Richard J. 1982 . Japanese Manufacturing Techniques : Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity . New York : Free Press . Shingo , Shingeo ; Dillon , Andrew P. ( 1989 ) . A Study of the Toyota Production System : From an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint . ISBN 9780915299171 . Suri , R. 1986 . Getting from ' just in case ' to ' just in time ' : insights from a simple model . 6 ( 3 ) 295 -- 304 . Suzaki , Kyoshi. 1993 . The New Shop Floor Management : Empowering People for Continuous Improvement . New York : Free Press . Voss , Chris , and David Clutterbuck. 1989 . Just - in - Time : A Global Status Report . UK : IFS Publications . Wadell , William , and Bodek , Norman ( 2005 ) , The Rebirth of American Industry , PCS Press , ISBN 0 - 9712436 - 3 - 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ohno , Taiichi ( 1988 ) . Toyota Production System : Beyond Large - Scale Production . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915299 - 14 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shingo , Shigeo. 1985 . A Revolution in Manufacturing : The SMED System . Stamford , Ct. : Productivity Press Jump up ^ Heard , Ed . 1987 . Short cycle manufacturing : the route to JIT . Target . 2 ( 3 ) ( fall ) 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ High , W. 1987 . Short cycle manufacturing ( SCM ) implementation : an approach taken at Motorola . Target , 3 ( 4 ) ( Winter ) , 19 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Barkman , William E. 1989 . In - Process Quality Control for Manufacturing . Boca Raton , Fl. : CRC Press . Jump up ^ Bowers , G.H. , Jr. 1991 . Continuous flow manufacturing . Proc. SPIE1496 , 10th Annual Symposium on Microlithography . ( March 1 , 1991 ) , 239 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Roebuck , Kevin . 2011 . Business Process Modeling : High - impact Emerging Technology - What You Need to Know : Definitions , Adoptions , Impact , Benefits , Maturity , Vendors . Tebbo , p 32 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , Walter E. 1986 . Just - in - Time : Surviving by Breaking Tradition . Essex Junction , Vt . '' Oliver Wight Ltd . Jump up ^ Womack , James P. ; Jones , Daniel T. ; Roos , Daniel ( 2007 ) . The Machine That Changed the World : The Story of Lean Production . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781416554523 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , J. Temple ; Hunter , Steve , L. ( 2003 ) . Lean Manufacturing Systems and Cell Design . Society of Manufacturing Engineers . p. 41 . ISBN 9780872636477 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Nancy ; Wemmerlov , Urban ( 2001 ) . Reorganizing the Factory : Competing Through Cellular Manufacturing . CRC Press . p. 41 . ISBN 9781563272288 . Lean manufacturing is a more recent name for JIT . As with JIT , lean manufacturing is deeply rooted in the automotive industry and focuses mostly on repetitive manufacturing situations . '' Jump up ^ Monden , Yasuhiro , ed. 1986 . Applying Just in Time : The American / Japanese Experience . Norcross , Ga. : Institute of Industrial Engineers . This collection of JIT articles includes multiple references to TPS . Jump up ^ Womack , J.P. and D. Jones . 2003 . Lean Thinking : Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation . Revised . New York : Free Press . Numerous references to both lean and TPS . Jump up ^ Plenert , G. 2007. Reinventing Lean : Introducing Lean Management into the Supply Chain . Oxford , U.K. : Butterworth - Heinemann . pp 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Ashburn , A. , 1977 . Toyota 's `` famous Ohno system '' , American Machinist , July , 120 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Sugimori , Y. ; Kusunoki , K. ; Cho , F. ; Uchikawa , S. ( 1977 ) . `` Toyota Production System and Kanban System : Materialization of Just - in - time and Respect - for - human System '' . 2016 Impact Factor 2.325 International Journal of Production Research . 15 ( 6 ) : 553 -- 564 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207547708943149 . ISSN 0020 - 7543 . Jump up ^ Hall . R.W. 2001 . The founding of the Association for Manufacturing Excellence . Unpublished summary of Hall 's presentation at a meeting of AME 's founders on February 2 . Jump up ^ Landvater , Darryl. 1984 . `` The rise and fall of just - in - time '' . Infosystems . November , p 62 . Jump up ^ Goddard , W. 1982 . `` Kanban versus MRP II -- which is best for you ? '' Modern Materials Handling . Nov 5 , p 40 - 48 . Jump up ^ Plossl , G.W. 1981 . Japanese productivity : myth vs. reality . P&IM Review and APICS News , September , pp 59 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Plossl , G.W. 1984 . The redirection of U.S. manufacturing . P&IM Review and APICS News . November , pp 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Plossl . G.W. 1986 . `` J.I.T. -- fad or fact of life ? '' P&IM Review and APICS News , February 1986 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Walters , C.R. 1984 . Why everybody 's talking about `` just - in - time . '' Inc . ( March 1 ) 77 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Sepehri , Mehran. 1986 . Just - in - Time : Not Just in Japan : Case Studies of American Pioneers in JIT Implementation . Falls Church , Va. : American Production and Inventory Control Society Jump up ^ Mortimer , J. ( 1986 ) . Just - in - Time : An Executive Briefing . Kempston , Bedford , UK : IFS Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Ingersoll Engineers . 1986 . Just in Time Manufacturing : Proceedings of the First International Conference . London , UK . April 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Schniederjans , M.J. 1993 . Topics in Just - in - Time Management . Needham Heights , Mass. : Allyn & Bacon Jump up ^ Jasinowski , Jerry , and Robert Hamrin. 1995 . Making It in America : Proven Paths to Success from 50 Top Companies . New York : Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Kinni , T.B. 1996 . America 's Best Plants : Industry Week 's Guide to World - Class Manufacturing Plants . New York : Wiley Jump up ^ Womack , James P. , Jones , Daniel T. , and Roos , Daniel . 1990 . The Machine That Changed the World : The Story of Lean Production . New York : Rawson Associates . Jump up ^ Thomas , P.R. 1991 . Getting Competitive : Middle Managers and the Cycle Time Ethic . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Joseph T. 1991 . Time - based Competition : The Next Battleground in American Manufacturing . Homewood , Ill. ; Business One Irwin , p 28 . Jump up ^ Suri , R. 1998 . Quick Response Manufacturing : A Companywide Approach to Reducing Lead Times . Portland , Ore. : Productivity Inc . Jump up ^ Hirano , Hiroyuki. and Makota Furuya. 2006 . JIT Is Flow : Practice and Principles of Lean Manufacturing . Vancouver , Wash. : PCS Press , Jump up ^ Pettersen , Jan - Arne. 2010 . `` Pull Based Production Systems : Performance , Modeling and Analysis , '' doctoral thesis . Lulea , Sweden : Lulea University of Technology . Jump up ^ Harmon , R.L. 1993 . Reinventing the Warehouse : World Class Distribution Logistics . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Lowson , B. , R. King , and A. Hunter . 1999 . Quick Response -- Managing the Supply Chain to Meet Consumer Demand . Chichester , UK : Wiley . Jump up ^ Hines , T. 2001 . `` From analogue to digital supply chains : Implications for fashion marketing , '' in Fashion Marketing : Contemporary Issues . eds , T. Hines and M. Bruce . Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann , 26 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Hines , T. 2004 . Supply Chain Strategies : Customer Driven and Customer Focused . Oxford , UK : Elsevier . Jump up ^ Sepheri , M. , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Grahovec , D. and Bernie Ducan , Jerry Stevenson , Colin Noone. 1999 . How lean focused factories enabled Daman to regain responsiveness and become more agile . Target . 4th quarter , pp 47 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Caulkin , Simon . 1990 . Britain 's best factories . Management Today . November 60 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Alex . Effective just - in - time manufacture at Hewlett - Packard . In Mortimer ( 1986 ) , pp. 123 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Williams , John T. `` Pros & Cons of the JIT Inventory System '' . Houston Chronicle . Supply - chain relationships require retooling that involves multiple suppliers , closer locations , or companies that can supply materials with little advance notice . Companies ordering smaller amounts of goods may encounter difficulty meeting minimum orders , requiring a different contract or a way to break up a large order over time or among several smaller manufacturers . Jump up ^ L. , Kalleberg , A. `` Precarious Work , Insecure Workers : Employment Relations in Transition '' . American Sociological Review . 74 . doi : 10.1177 / 000312240907400101 . ISSN 0003 - 1224 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just-in-time_manufacturing&oldid=846122429 '' Categories : Lean manufacturing Freight transport Working capital management Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 13 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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what is just in time in operation management
[ "Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, also known as just-in-time production or the Toyota Production System (TPS), is a methodology aimed primarily at reducing flow times within production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers. Its origin and development was in Japan, largely in the 1960s and 1970s and particularly at Toyota.[1][page needed][disputed – discuss], [2][page needed][disputed – discuss]\n" ]
[ "a methodology aimed primarily at reducing flow times within production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers" ]
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Laverne Cox
Laverne Cox - wikipedia Laverne Cox This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Laverne Cox Cox at PaleyFest 2014 , representing Orange Is the New Black Mobile , Alabama , U.S. Education Indiana University Bloomington Marymount Manhattan College Occupation Actress , reality television star , activist Years active 2000 -- present Website www.lavernecox.com Laverne Cox is an American actress and LGBT advocate . She became known for her portrayal of Sophia Burset on the Netflix television series Orange Is the New Black , for which she became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the acting category , and the first to be nominated for an Emmy Award since composer / musician Angela Morley in 1990 . In 2015 , she won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents : The T Word . This made her the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer ; as well , The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy . Also in 2015 , she became the first openly transgender person to have a wax figure of herself at Madame Tussauds . In 2017 , she became the first transgender person to play a transgender series regular on broadcast TV as Cameron Wirth on Doubt on CBS . Cox appeared as a contestant on the first season of VH1 's I Want to Work for Diddy , and for producing and co-hosting the VH1 makeover television series TRANSform Me . In April 2014 , Cox was honored by GLAAD with its Stephen F. Kolzak Award for her work as an advocate for the transgender community . On June 9 , 2014 , Cox became the first openly transgender person to appear on the cover of Time magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Impact 4 Honors and awards 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Discography 6.1 Soundtrack albums 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Laverne Cox was born in Mobile , Alabama , and was raised by a single mother and grandmother within the AME Zion church . She has an identical twin brother , M Lamar , who portrays the pre-transitioning Sophia ( as Marcus ) in Orange Is the New Black . Cox stated she attempted suicide at the age of 11 , when she noticed that she had developed feelings about her male classmates and had been bullied for several years for not acting `` the way someone assigned male at birth was supposed to act '' . She is a graduate of the Alabama School of Fine Arts in Birmingham , Alabama , where she studied creative writing before switching to dance . She then studied for two years at Indiana University Bloomington before transferring to Marymount Manhattan College in New York City , where she switched from dancing ( specifically classical ballet ) to acting . During her first season on Orange Is the New Black , she was still appearing at a restaurant on the Lower East Side as a drag queen ( where she had applied initially to work as a waitress ) . Career ( edit ) Cox in July 2014 Cox appeared as a contestant on the first season of I Want to Work for Diddy ; afterwards she was approached by VH1 about show ideas . From that came the makeover television series TRANSform Me , which made Cox the first African - American transgender person to produce and star in her own TV show . Both those shows were nominated for GLAAD media awards for outstanding reality programs , and when Diddy won in 2009 , Cox accepted the award at the GLAAD ceremony , giving a speech described by the San Francisco Sentinel as `` among the most poignant because ( it ) reminded us how important it is to tell our stories , all of our stories . '' She has also acted in a number of TV shows and films , including Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Bored to Death , and Musical Chairs . In 2013 , Cox began her recurring role in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black as Sophia Burset , a trans woman sent to prison for credit - card fraud . In that year , she stated , `` Sophia is written as a multi-dimensional character who the audience can really empathize with -- all of the sudden they 're empathizing with a real Trans person . And for Trans folks out there , who need to see representations of people who are like them and of their experiences , that 's when it becomes really important . '' Cox 's role in Orange Is the New Black provides her a platform to speak on the rights of trans people . In January 2014 , Cox joined trans woman Carmen Carrera on Katie Couric 's syndicated show , Katie . Couric referred to transgender people as `` transgenders '' , and after being rebuffed by Carrera on the subject of her surgeries , specifically what genital reconstruction she had done , turned the same question to Cox . Cox responded , I do feel there is a preoccupation with that . The preoccupation with transition and surgery objectifies trans people . And then we do n't get to really deal with the real lived experiences . The reality of trans people 's lives is that so often we are targets of violence . We experience discrimination disproportionately to the rest of the community . Our unemployment rate is twice the national average ; if you are a trans person of color , that rate is four times the national average . The homicide rate is highest among trans women . If we focus on transition , we do n't actually get to talk about those things . News outlets such as Salon , The Huffington Post , and Business Insider covered what was characterized by Salon writer Katie McDonough as Couric 's `` clueless '' and `` invasive '' line of questioning . Cox was on the cover of the June 9 , 2014 , issue of Time , and was interviewed for the article `` The Transgender Tipping Point '' by Katy Steinmetz , which ran in that issue and the title of which was also featured on the cover ; this makes Cox the first openly transgender person on the cover of Time . Later in 2014 , Cox became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in an acting category : Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sophia Burset in Orange Is the New Black . Also in 2014 , Cox appeared in John Legend 's video for the song `` You & I ( Nobody in the World ) '' . Cox also joined a campaign that year against a Phoenix , Arizona law which allows police to arrest anyone suspected of `` manifesting prostitution '' , and which she feels targets transgender women of color , following the conviction of activist ( and transgender woman of color ) Monica Jones . Cox stated , `` '' All over the country , trans women are targeted simply for being who they are . Laws like this manifestation law really support systematically the idea that girls like me , girls like me and Monica , are less than ( others ) in this country , '' Later that year the Sylvia Rivera Law Project released a video in which Cox read a letter from transgender inmate Synthia China Blast , addressing common issues faced by trans inmates . But when Cox learned that Blast was found guilty of the 1993 rape and murder of 13 - year - old Ebony Williams , she wrote on her Tumblr , `` I was not aware of the charges for which she was convicted . If I had been aware of those charges , I would have never agreed to read the letter . '' Cox was featured in the annual `` Rebels '' issue of V in late 2014 . For the issue , V asked celebrities and artists to nominate who they saw as their personal rebels , and Natasha Lyonne nominated Cox . Cox was also on the cover of the October 2014 issue of Essence magazine , along with actresses Alfre Woodard , Nicole Beharie , and Danai Gurira . On October 17 , 2014 , Laverne Cox Presents : The T Word , an hour - long documentary executive - produced and narrated by Cox , premiered on MTV and Logo simultaneously . Also in 2014 , Cox was featured on the fifth anniversary cover of C ☆ NDY magazine along with 13 other transgender women -- Janet Mock , Carmen Carrera , Geena Rocero , Isis King , Gisele Alicea , Leyna Ramous , Dina Marie , Nina Poon , Juliana Huxtable , Niki M'nray , Pêche Di , Carmen Xtravaganza ( House of Xtravaganza ) , and Yasmine Petty . In 2015 , Cox won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents : The T Word . This made Cox the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer ; as well , The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy . Also in 2015 , Cox ( among others ) posed nude for the Allure annual `` Nudes '' issue , becoming the first openly transgender actress to do so . Cox is the cover subject for the June 11 , 2015 `` totally not - straight issue '' of Entertainment Weekly , the first issue of the magazine in 15 years to focus exclusively on gay , lesbian , and transgender entertainment . In June 2016 , the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting ; in the video , Cox and others told the stories of the people killed there . In 2017 , Cox began her role as transgender attorney Cameron Wirth on Doubt on CBS . However , after only two episodes had aired , CBS announced that they were pulling the series from their schedule , leaving the future of the remaining unaired episodes uncertain . It was the first official cancellation of the 2016 -- 17 season , following weak viewership . CBS later announced that the remaining 11 episodes would be broadcast on Saturday , beginning July 1 . Also in 2017 , Cox was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her role in Orange Is the New Black . Also in 2017 , Cox collaborated with the ACLU , Zackary Drucker , Molly Crabapple , and Kim Boekbinder , in making a video about transgender history and resistance , called `` Time Marches Forward & So Do We '' , which Cox narrated . Also in that year Cox became one of the four faces of the fall campaign for the Ivy Park line of clothing . Impact ( edit ) Laverne Cox has been noted by her LGBT peers , and many others , for being a trailblazer for the transgender community , and has won numerous awards for her activist approach in spreading awareness . Her impact and prominence in the media has led to a growing conversation about transgender people , specifically transgender women , and how being transgender intersects with one 's race . She is the first openly transgender person to be on the cover of Time magazine , be nominated for a Primetime Emmy , and have a wax work in Madame Tussauds , as well as the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer . In May 2016 , Cox was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from The New School in New York City for her progressive work in the fight for gender equality . Honors and Awards ( edit ) 2013 -- Anti-Violence Project 2013 Courage Award honoree 2013 -- Reader 's Choice Award at Out Magazine 's OUT100 Gala , honoring the magazine 's selection of 2013s 100 `` most compelling people of the year . '' 2014 -- Woman of the Year by Glamour magazine . 2014 -- Included in the annual Root 100 ; this list honors `` standout black leaders , innovators and culture shapers '' age 45 and younger . 2014 -- Topped the British newspaper The Guardian 's third annual World Pride Power List , which ranks the world 's most influential LGBT people . 2014 -- Stephen F. Kolzak Award from GLAAD . 2014 -- Named to the EBONY Power 100 list . 2015 -- Named to the 2015 OUT Power 50 List . 2015 -- Included in the People World 's Most Beautiful Women List . 2015 -- Three Twins Ice Cream in San Francisco renamed its chocolate orange confetti ice cream Laverne Cox 's Chocolate Orange Is the New Black for Pride weekend . 2015 -- Named in the 2015 Time 100 Most Influential People List ; her entry was written by Jazz Jennings . 2015 -- Named by Forum for Equality as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month . 2015 -- Winner of a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents : The T Word . This made Cox the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer ; as well , The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy . 2017 -- Named to the 2017 OUT Power 50 List . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Betty Anderson Deirdre Short film Kings of Brooklyn , The The Kings of Brooklyn Girl 2008 All Night Layla Short film 2009 Uncle Stephanie Stephanie Bronx Paradise Hooker 2011 Carla Cinnamon 2011 Musical Chairs Chantelle 2012 Migraine Lola Short film 2012 Exhibitionists , The The Exhibitionists Blithe Stargazer 2013 36 Saints Genesuis 2014 Grand Street Chardonnay 2014 Laverne Cox Presents : The T Word Herself Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Class Special ( 2015 ) Nominated - GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary ( 2015 ) 2015 Grandma Deathy 2017 Freak Show Felicia Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Candace Episode : `` Closet '' 2008 I Want to Work for Diddy Herself 6 episodes 2008 Law & Order Minnie Episode : `` Sweetie '' 2009 Bored to Death Transsexual prostitute Episode : `` Stockholm Syndrome '' TRANSform Me Herself Also producer 8 episodes 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Sophia Burset 38 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nominated -- Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated -- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( 2015 -- 17 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series 2014 Faking It Margot Episode : `` Lying Kings and Drama Queens '' 2014 Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Adele Northrop Episode : `` Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit '' 2015 Mindy Project , The The Mindy Project Sheena 2 episodes 2016 The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again Dr. Frank - N - Furter Television movie 2016 Lip Sync Battle Herself Episode : `` Laverne Cox vs. Samira Wiley '' 2017 Doubt Cameron Wirth 13 episodes Discography ( edit ) Soundtrack albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions US The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again Released : October 21 , 2016 Format : Digital download Label : Ode Sounds & Visuals -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . See also ( edit ) LGBT culture in New York City LGBT people in prison References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox Bio '' . LaverneCox.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erik Piepenburg ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Helping Gay Actors Find Themselves Onstage '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Gay Man and Transgender Woman Who Want to Work for Diddy '' . AfterElton . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gjorgievska , Aleksandra ; Rothman , Lily ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox Is the First Transgender Person Nominated for an Emmy -- She Explains Why That Matters '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox Cast As Transgender Attorney in CBS Legal Drama Pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 ... the first openly transgender actor to be nominated for an Emmy ... ^ Jump up to : Gavin Gaughan . `` Obituary : Angela Morley Television & radio '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . A transsexual woman , previously known as Wally Stott , she underwent a sex change in 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Megan ( April 25 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox makes history with Daytime Creative Arts Emmy win '' . GLAAD . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laverne Cox Wins Daytime Emmy '' . Out.com. April 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laverne Cox to debut as Madame Tussauds ' first transgender wax figure '' . Reuters . June 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spendlove , Jacqueline . `` Career revival : Katherine Heigl takes another crack at TV success '' . TV Media . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich Ferraro ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox to be honored at 25th Annual GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles '' . GLAAD . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Westcott , Lucy ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox Is the First Transgender Person on the Cover of Time '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture '' . Time Magazine . May 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Laverne ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Transgender Visibility '' . Boulder , Colorado : Alternative Radio . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bertstein , Jacob ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` In Their Own Terms -- The Growing Transgender Presence in Pop Culture '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : C.J. Dickson ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` She 's a survivor '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laverne Cox on Her Twin Brother 's Surprising Role on the Netflix Series '' . Yahoo TV . August 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Badash , David ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox : I Have One Wish For America '' . The New Civil Rights Movement . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox : ' We live in a binary world : it can change ' '' . London : The Independent . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Interview by Will O'Bryan August 8 , 2013 ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Laverne Cox Rocks -- Metro Weekly -- Page 2 '' . Metroweekly.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Sarah ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox Details Her Transgender Journey at IU '' . indianapolismonthly.com . Indianapolis Monthly . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Briana ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Emmys 2014 : Laverne Cox on 1 Way Fear Helps Performance '' . backstage.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Laverne Cox shoots down host who claimed she was ' born a boy ' `` . Pinknews.co.uk . August 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox : ' Now I have the money to feminise my face I do n't want to . I 'm happy ' Life and style The Guardian '' . theguardian.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Catarinella , Alex ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` PAPERMAG : Reality Bites : Laverne Cox from VH1 's < em > TRANSform Me < / em > '' . papermag.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSform Me '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox Bio '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox and Calpernia Addams at GLAAD Awards 2009 '' . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD and MTPC Launch I AM Trans People Speak video series '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Carpet at the GLAAD Media Awards '' . San Francisco Sentinel . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douvris , Michelle . `` Sitting Down With Orange is the New Black Star Laverne Cox '' . Emertainment Monthly . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox flawlessly shuts down Katie Couric 's invasive questions about transgender people '' . Salon.com . January 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The post-Katie Couric shift : Laverne Cox tells Salon why the media 's so clueless '' . Salon.com . February 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katy Steinmetz ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Transgender Tipping Point '' . TIME . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Myles Tanzer . `` Laverne Cox Is on the Cover of Time Magazine '' . Buzzfeed.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Primetime Emmy nominees '' . Usatoday.com . July 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Emmy Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black 's ' Laverne Cox Is First Transgender Nominee '' . ExtraTV.com . July 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bendix , Trish ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Morning Brew -- Jodie Foster is back on the set of `` Orange is the New Black '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US : Laverne Cox joins # StandWithMonica campaign against Phoenix ' walking while trans ' law '' . Pinknews.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Molloy , Parker Marie ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox Distances Herself From Controversial Trans Inmate '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sauvalle , Julien ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive First Look : Laverne Cox Honored in V magazine 's ' Rebels ' Issue '' . Out . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox : It Feels `` So Good '' Having a Diverse Cast on Orange Is the New Black `` . E ! Online . E !. Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox Doc Tackles Transgender Issues For MTV '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox , Carmen Carrera , Among 14 Trans Stars On `` Candy '' Magazine Cover `` . NewNowNext . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sasson , Eric . `` Bruce Jenner Interview , Cox Photos Not a Transgender Tipping Point '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , Henry ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` This week 's editor 's letter : Laverne , surely '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 49 Celebrities Honor 49 Victims of Orlando Tragedy Human Rights Campaign '' . Hrc.org . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothaus , Steve ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pulse Orlando shooting scene a popular LGBT club where employees , patrons ' like family ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dan ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Doubt Canceled After 2 Episodes , to Be Replaced by Beyond Borders '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Doubt Update : CBS to Air Cancelled Drama 's 11 Remaining Episodes '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Matt ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Emmy Nominations List : Actor and Actress Nominees '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender Rights History Told by Laverne Cox : Watch VIDEO '' . Time.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox takes a starring role in Beyoncé 's new Ivy Park campaign '' . LA Times . 2017 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Laverne Cox Honors the Legacy of Stonewall at Logo 's Trailblazer Awards - LOGO , Orange Is the New Black '' . People.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox and the State of Trans Representation in Pop Culture '' . US News . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Laverne Cox Discusses Identity , Trans Issues News The Harvard Crimson '' . Thecrimson.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Megan ( April 25 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox makes history with Daytime Creative Arts Emmy win '' . GLAAD . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement 2016 : Get To Know The Honorary Degree Recipients '' . blogs.newschool.edu . May 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vieira , Meredith . `` Laverne Cox and her Transgender Transformation ( OVERSHARE EP 3 ) '' . Lives with Meredith Vieira . YouTube . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reader 's Choice Award '' . Out.com . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post '' . The Huffington Post . November 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glamour Magazine . `` Laverne Cox Is a Glamour Woman of the Year for 2014 : Glamour.com '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juro , Rebecca ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Root 100 Recognizes African - American LGBT Luminaries '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Materville Studios -- Host of Windy City Times . `` Gay team makes history ; Laverne Cox tops world list -- 520 -- Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive '' . Windy City Times . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Ellen Page presents ' Orange is the New Black ' star Laverne Cox with GLAAD award '' . Pinknews.co.uk. April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EBONY Magazine Unveils Its 2014 EBONY Power 100 List -- NAACP LDF '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Power 50 2015 '' . Out Magazine . April 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , James ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox Is One of People 's Most Beautiful Women '' . Out Magazine . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Laverne Cox Gets Ice Cream Flavor Named for Her for Pride '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox by Jazz Jennings : TIME 100 '' . Time.com. April 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Lazin ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Op - ed : Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015 's Gay History Month '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ By Out.com Editors. `` Power 50 2017 '' . Out Magazine . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Laverne Cox to star in Fox 's Rocky Horror reboot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again '' by Laverne Cox `` . iTunes . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Contemporary Black biography . Volume 122 : profiles from the international Black community . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Gale , Cengage Learning . 2015 . ISBN 9781573024310 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laverne Cox . Official website Laverne Cox on IMDb Interview with Laverne Cox ( video ) Laverne Cox on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Biography portal Film in the United States portal LGBT portal Television in the United States portal VIAF : 316800264 LCCN : no2015098489 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laverne_Cox&oldid=800961758 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses Actors from Mobile , Alabama Actresses from Alabama African - American actresses American actresses American television actresses Daytime Emmy Award winners Identical twin actresses Indiana University Bloomington alumni LGBT African Americans LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Alabama LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people Marymount Manhattan College alumni Transgender and transsexual actresses Transgender rights activists Twin people from the United States Transfeminists African - American feminists American feminists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית मैथिली Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 20 : 22 . 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orange is the new black cast transgender actress
[ "Laverne Cox is an American actress and LGBT advocate.[1][2][3] She became known for her portrayal of Sophia Burset on the Netflix television series Orange Is the New Black, for which she became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the acting category,[4][5] and the first to be nominated for an Emmy Award since composer/musician Angela Morley in 1990.[6] In 2015, she won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word.[7][8] This made her the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy.[7] Also in 2015, she became the first openly transgender person to have a wax figure of herself at Madame Tussauds.[9] In 2017, she became the first transgender person to play a transgender series regular on broadcast TV as Cameron Wirth on Doubt on CBS.[10]" ]
[ "Laverne Cox" ]
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Manchester United F.C. in European football
Manchester United F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Manchester United F.C. in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Manchester United in European football Club Manchester United First entry 1956 -- 57 European Cup Latest entry 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League Titles Champions League 3 ( show ) 1968 1999 2008 Europa League 1 ( show ) 2017 Cup Winners ' Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Super Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Intercontinental Cup 1 ( show ) 1999 FIFA Club World Cup 1 ( show ) 2008 Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester . They were the first English club to enter European competition , entering the European Cup in 1956 . Since then , the club has competed in every UEFA - organised competition , with the exception of the now - defunct Intertoto Cup . The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup ( now known as the UEFA Champions League ) ; they have won three European Cups , the first of which came in 1968 ; this win made them the first English club to win the European Cup . The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008 . The club has also won the Cup Winners ' Cup , which they won in 1991 ; the Super Cup , also won in 1991 ; the Intercontinental Cup , which they won in 1999 ; and the Europa League , which they won in 2017 . After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008 , Manchester United also competed as UEFA 's representatives at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup . They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage , but went on to win the 2008 competition , becoming the first English side to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Munich 1.3 Return to Europe 1.4 Back in the European Cup 1.5 First European title 1.6 European comeback 1.7 Since 1990 2 Matches 3 Overall record 3.1 By competition 3.2 By country 3.3 By club 4 Honours 4.1 European 4.2 Worldwide 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Following their league title win the previous season , Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956 -- 57 . 1954 -- 55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League 's chairman Alan Hardaker , who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game . However , Matt Busby , the manager of Manchester United , was a forward - thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage . With the backing of The Football Association 's chairman , Stanley Rous ( who would later go on to become the president of FIFA ) , Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956 -- 57 European Cup . The club 's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels ; Manchester United won the match 2 -- 0 in front of 35,000 spectators . The return leg was played at Maine Road , the home of Manchester United 's local rivals Manchester City , as United 's stadium , Old Trafford , had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games . The match finished as a 10 -- 0 win for Manchester United , a result that still stands as the club 's record win in all competitions . A long run in the European Cup followed , including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid . The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , where they were defeated 3 -- 1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators . However , they were only able to draw 2 -- 2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford , and the club 's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles . Munich ( edit ) Main article : Munich air disaster United won the league title again that season , and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year . After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9 -- 2 on aggregate in the preliminary round , United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round . After the second leg in Prague , the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day , but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester . This long - winded journey took its toll on the players , who were only able to manage a 1 -- 1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later . Eager to avoid such a scenario again , the club 's management chartered a plane for the quarter - final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade . Following a 2 -- 1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford , a 3 -- 3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals . On the return flight to Manchester , British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow - covered Munich for refuelling . Once the refuelling was complete , the pilot was given clearance to take off , only to be halted by a fault with the plane 's engine . A second attempt was made a few seconds later , but the same fault kept the plane grounded . Half an hour later , after inspection by the airport 's engineers , the plane was given clearance for another take - off attempt . The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly , but this meant that the take - off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway . Once the plane reached 117 knots -- the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take - off -- the pilot would have expected the plane 's velocity to continue to increase ; however , there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway . It skidded off the end of the runway , through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house . The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly , and another two died in hospital a few days later . Eight of those who died were Manchester United players , among them Duncan Edwards , Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor , while club secretary Walter Crickmer , trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed . Matt Busby was also severely injured , but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital . With eight of the club 's first team having been killed in the accident , and several more still recuperating , a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan . A 2 -- 1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final , but a 4 -- 0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams . In honour of those who died , UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup , drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round , but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster . Return to Europe ( edit ) Victory in the 1962 -- 63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five - year absence for the 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup . After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions , England 's Tottenham Hotspur , United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter - finals . A 4 -- 1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals ; however , the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date , losing 5 -- 0 on the night and 6 -- 4 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the league in 1963 -- 64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964 -- 65 . They reached the semi-finals , knocking out Djurgården , Borussia Dortmund , Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2 -- 1 to Ferencváros in a play - off after a 3 -- 3 aggregate draw over two legs . Back in the European Cup ( edit ) The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average . After seeing off Finland 's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds , Manchester United were drawn against four - time finalists , two - time winners and the previous season 's runners - up , Benfica . Benfica 's most famous player , the Portuguese international Eusébio , had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites . Despite this tag , United ran out 3 -- 2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford , before beating the Lisbon side 5 -- 1 back at the Estádio da Luz , in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best 's career . The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan , a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich . Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before , and although he played in the first leg against Partizan , he was not fully fit and United struggled , losing 2 -- 0 at the JNA Stadium . A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford , but it was not enough and Matt Busby , believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over , considered retirement ; however , he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe 's biggest prize . First European title ( edit ) Manchester United won the 1966 -- 67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare ; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967 -- 68 . After overcoming the Maltese champions , Hibernians , in the first round , United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia , this time to take on FK Sarajevo . The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg , and they were held to a 0 -- 0 draw in a very physical match . The second leg was equally robust , but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best . Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter - finals , where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze . United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2 -- 0 ; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1 -- 0 up after an hour , and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute . The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight , and they were able to come away with a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg , but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid . United 's 1 -- 0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3 -- 3 draw at the Bernabéu , setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium . Best was again on the scoresheet , along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday , as United beat the Portuguese champions 4 -- 1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy . United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968 -- 69 season , but lost to Milan . They would not compete in Europe for another seven years . European comeback ( edit ) Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968 -- 69 season , United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974 . Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty , who had taken over in December 1972 , and in that first season back in the top flight , United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup . Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top - five finishes , they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983 -- 84 season , when they qualified for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson . The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era , containing star players including Ray Wilkins , Bryan Robson , Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside . United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter - finals of the 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , winning the second leg 3 -- 0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2 -- 0 in Spain in the first leg , made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona 's team contained Diego Maradona , rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time . United reached the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984 -- 85 , but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade ; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final , in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990 . This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985 , and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988 . During this exile from Europe , United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager , and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later . Since 1990 ( edit ) Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990 -- 91 season , United were England 's representatives in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , as FA Cup winners , and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition , with a 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona ( by now without Maradona ) in the final , in which Mark Hughes scored twice . Their defence of the trophy in the 1991 -- 92 season was short - lived , ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round , and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup . League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup ( now branded the Champions League ) for the first time in 25 years , but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era , they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996 -- 97 season , when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund . This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition , 40 years after first competing on the continent , losing 1 -- 0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage . They finally ended a 31 - year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage - time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2 -- 1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona . In 2003 -- 04 , United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League , ending a seven - year run of quarter - final appearances in the competitions , which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals . After three short - lived Champions League campaigns , United made an impact on the competition in the 2006 -- 07 season . After going down 2 -- 1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter - final first leg , they triumphed 7 -- 1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years . They took a 3 -- 2 lead against Milan in the first leg , only for their hopes of an all - English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3 -- 0 second leg defeat . A year later , however , they won the trophy for the third time , beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1 -- 1 draw in the first all - English European Cup final . Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years , but lost to Barcelona on both occasions ; first in the 2009 final in Rome , and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London . After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013 -- 14 under David Moyes , United missed out on European football in 2014 -- 15 for the first time in 25 years , but returned to European action the following season after Moyes ' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play - off round . It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005 -- 06 competition . Matches ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1956 -- 57 European Cup Preliminary round Anderlecht 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 10 -- 0 ( H ) First round Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 5 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1957 -- 58 European Cup Preliminary round Shamrock Rovers 6 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) First round Dukla Prague 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1958 -- 59 European Cup Preliminary round Young Boys Withdrew 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup Preliminary round Willem II 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Sporting CP 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 5 ( A ) 1964 -- 65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Djurgården 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Borussia Dortmund 6 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Everton 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Strasbourg 5 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Ferencváros 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1965 -- 66 European Cup Preliminary round HJK Helsinki 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Vorwärts Berlin 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Benfica 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Partizan Belgrade 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1967 -- 68 European Cup First round Hibernians 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round FK Sarajevo 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Górnik Zabrze 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Final Benfica 4 -- 1 ( N ) 1968 Intercontinental Cup Final Estudiantes 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1968 -- 69 European Cup First round Waterford 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Anderlecht 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - final Rapid Vienna 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1976 -- 77 UEFA Cup First round Ajax 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 1977 -- 78 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Saint - Étienne 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Porto 0 -- 4 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup First round Widzew Łódź 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup First round Valencia 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1983 -- 84 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Dukla Prague 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round Spartak Varna 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1984 -- 85 UEFA Cup First round Rába ETO Győr 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Dundee United 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Videoton 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1985 -- 86 Cup Winners ' Cup Banned 1986 -- 87 UEFA Cup 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup 1990 -- 91 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Pécsi Munkás 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Wrexham 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Montpellier 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Legia Warsaw 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1991 Super Cup Final Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1991 -- 92 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Athinaikos 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup First round Torpedo Moscow 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1993 -- 94 Champions League First round Kispest Honvéd 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Galatasaray 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1994 -- 95 Champions League Group A IFK Göteborg 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Galatasaray 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup First round Rotor Volgograd 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1996 -- 97 Champions League Group C Juventus 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Rapid Vienna 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Fenerbahçe 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Borussia Dortmund 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1997 -- 98 Champions League Group B Košice 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Feyenoord 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final AS Monaco 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1998 -- 99 Champions League Second qualifying round ŁKS Łódź 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Barcelona 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Brøndby 6 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Final Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Super Cup Final Lazio 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Intercontinental Cup Final Palmeiras 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2000 Club World Championship Group B Necaxa 1 -- 1 ( N ) Vasco da Gama 1 -- 3 ( N ) South Melbourne 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1999 -- 2000 Champions League First group round Group D Croatia Zagreb 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Marseille 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second group round Group B Fiorentina 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Valencia 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Bordeaux 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) 2000 -- 01 Champions League First group round Group G Anderlecht 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Second group round Group A Panathinaikos 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Valencia 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 Champions League First group round Group G Lille 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Deportivo 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) Olympiacos 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Second group round Group A Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Boavista 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Nantes 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2002 -- 03 Champions League Third qualifying round Zalaegerszeg 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) First group round Group F Maccabi Haifa 5 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Olympiacos 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Second group round Group D Basel 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Juventus 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 4 -- 3 ( H ) 2003 -- 04 Champions League Group E Panathinaikos 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Stuttgart 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Rangers 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Porto 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2004 -- 05 Champions League Third qualifying round Dinamo București 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group D Lyon 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Fenerbahçe 6 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Sparta Prague 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Milan 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2005 -- 06 Champions League Third qualifying round Debrecen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Benfica 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Lille 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2006 -- 07 Champions League Group F Celtic 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Copenhagen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Lille 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Milan 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 2007 -- 08 Champions League Group F Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Roma 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 4 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Lyon 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2008 Super Cup Final Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2008 Club World Cup Semi-final Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 ( N ) Final LDU Quito 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2008 -- 09 Champions League Group E Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Aalborg 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Celtic 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Internazionale 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Arsenal 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( N ) 2009 -- 10 Champions League Group B Beşiktaş 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 3 ( H ) Round of 16 Milan 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Champions League Group C Rangers 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Valencia 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Bursaspor 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Marseille 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Chelsea 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Schalke 04 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( N ) 2011 -- 12 Champions League Group C Benfica 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Basel 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Oțelul Galați 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) 2011 -- 12 Europa League Round of 32 Ajax 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Athletic Bilbao 2 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2012 -- 13 Champions League Group H Galatasaray 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) CFR Cluj 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Braga 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2013 -- 14 Champions League Group A Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 0 ( A ) Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Real Sociedad 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Olympiacos 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2015 -- 16 Champions League Play - off round Club Brugge 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Group B PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2015 -- 16 Europa League Round of 32 Midtjylland 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Liverpool 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2016 -- 17 Europa League Group A Fenerbahçe 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Feyenoord 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Zorya Luhansk 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 32 Saint - Étienne 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Rostov 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Anderlecht 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Celta Vigo 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Ajax 2 -- 0 ( N ) 2017 Super Cup Final Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2017 -- 18 Champions League Group A Basel 3 - 0 ( H ) CSKA Moscow Benfica Overall record ( edit ) By competition ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Champions League / European Cup 7002262000000000000 ♠ 262 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7002486000000000000 ♠ 486 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 + 238 07001557300000099999 ♠ 55.73 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 + 20 07001516100000000000 ♠ 51.61 Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 + 39 07001444400000000000 ♠ 44.44 Super Cup 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 − 2 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Intertoto Cup 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 0 ! -- Intercontinental Cup 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 0 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Club World Cup 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 3 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Total 7002359000000000000 ♠ 359 7002191000000000000 ♠ 191 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7002642000000000000 ♠ 642 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 + 298 07001532000000000000 ♠ 53.20 By country ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Argentina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Australia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Austria 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 16 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Belgium 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 23 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 − 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Bulgaria 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Croatia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 5 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Denmark 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 17 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 East Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ecuador 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 1 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 England 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 5 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 France 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 25 07001535700000000000 ♠ 53.57 Germany / West Germany 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 + 24 07001483900000000000 ♠ 48.39 Greece 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 21 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 17 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 15 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 + 9 07001485700000000000 ♠ 48.57 Japan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Malta 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Mexico 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Netherlands 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 15 07001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 Poland 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 5 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Portugal 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 + 23 07001640000000000000 ♠ 64.00 Romania 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Russia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 2 07001272700000000000 ♠ 27.27 Scotland 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 9 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Serbia 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 1 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Spain 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 − 8 07001260000000000000 ♠ 26.00 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Switzerland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 4 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Turkey 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 12 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 11 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 5 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 By club ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Opponent Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference Aalborg 0 5 + 3 Ajax 5 0 7 + 4 Anderlecht 8 5 25 8 + 17 Arsenal 0 0 + 3 Athinaikos 0 0 + 2 Athletic Bilbao 0 9 10 − 1 Atlético Madrid 0 − 3 Barcelona 11 15 20 − 5 Basel 5 11 7 + 4 Bayer Leverkusen 6 0 16 6 + 10 Bayern Munich 11 5 13 16 − 3 Benfica 9 6 22 11 + 11 Beşiktaş 0 0 Boavista 0 0 6 0 + 6 Bordeaux 0 0 0 + 3 Borussia Dortmund 6 13 5 + 8 Braga 0 0 6 + 3 Brøndby 0 0 11 + 9 Budapest Honvéd 0 0 5 + 2 Bursaspor 0 0 0 + 4 Celta Vigo 0 + 1 Celtic 7 + 3 CFR Cluj 0 0 Chelsea 0 + 2 Club Brugge 0 0 7 + 6 Copenhagen 0 + 2 CSKA Moscow 0 6 + 2 Debrecen 0 0 6 0 + 6 Deportivo La Coruña 6 0 10 9 + 1 Dinamo București 0 0 5 + 4 Dinamo Zagreb 0 + 1 Djurgården 0 7 + 6 Dukla Prague 6 + 2 Dundee United 0 5 + 1 Dynamo Kyiv 0 9 + 7 Estudiantes 0 − 1 Everton 0 7 + 6 Fenerbahçe 6 0 13 9 + 4 Ferencváros 0 5 − 1 Feyenoord 0 9 + 6 Fiorentina 0 0 Galatasaray 6 8 + 4 Gamba Osaka 0 0 5 + 2 Górnik Zabrze 0 + 1 Göteborg 0 5 5 0 Győri ETO 0 5 + 3 HJK Helsinki 0 0 9 + 7 Hibernians 0 0 + 4 Internazionale 0 5 + 4 Juventus 12 5 5 15 15 0 Košice 0 0 6 0 + 6 Lazio 0 0 0 − 1 L.D.U. Quito 0 0 0 + 1 Legia Warsaw 0 + 2 Lille 6 + 2 Liverpool 0 − 2 ŁKS Łódź 0 0 + 2 Lyon 0 6 + 2 Maccabi Haifa 0 5 5 0 Marseille + 1 Midtjylland 0 6 + 3 Milan 10 5 0 5 13 16 − 3 AS Monaco 0 0 0 Montpellier 0 + 2 Nantes 0 6 + 4 Necaxa 0 0 0 Olympiacos 6 5 0 15 + 11 Oțelul Galați 0 0 0 + 4 Palmeiras 0 0 0 + 1 Panathinaikos 0 10 + 8 Partizan 0 − 1 Pécsi MFC 0 0 0 + 3 Porto 8 14 11 + 3 PSV Eindhoven 6 6 6 0 Rangers 0 5 0 + 5 Rapid Wien 0 7 0 + 7 Real Madrid 11 5 17 22 − 5 Real Sociedad 0 0 + 1 Red Star Belgrade 0 6 + 2 Roma 6 13 + 9 Rostov 0 + 1 Rotor Volgograd 0 0 0 Saint - Étienne 0 7 + 6 FK Sarajevo 0 + 1 Schalke 04 0 0 6 + 5 Shakhtar Donetsk 0 + 1 Shamrock Rovers 0 0 9 + 7 South Melbourne 0 0 0 + 2 Sparta Prague 0 + 3 Spartak Varna 0 0 + 3 Sporting CP 0 7 7 0 Strasbourg 0 5 0 + 5 Sturm Graz 0 0 10 + 9 Stuttgart 0 + 1 Torpedo Moscow 0 0 0 0 0 Tottenham Hotspur 0 + 1 Valencia 8 5 7 + 3 Vasco da Gama 0 0 − 2 Videoton 0 0 Villarreal 0 0 0 0 0 Vorwärts Berlin 0 0 5 + 4 Waterford 0 0 10 + 8 Widzew Łódź 0 0 0 Willem II 0 7 + 6 Wolfsburg 0 9 6 + 3 Wrexham 0 0 5 0 + 5 Zalaegerszeg 0 5 + 4 Zenit Saint Petersburg 0 0 − 1 Zorya Luhansk 0 0 0 + 3 Honours ( edit ) European ( edit ) European Cup / UEFA Champions League : 3 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 1 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup : 1 1991 Worldwide ( edit ) Intercontinental Cup : 1 1999 FIFA Club World Cup : 1 2008 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park , Plymouth ^ Jump up to : Lost on away goals Jump up ^ Won on away goals Jump up ^ Lost 5 -- 4 on penalties Jump up ^ Lost 4 -- 3 on penalties Jump up ^ Won 6 -- 5 on penalties ^ Jump up to : Win % is rounded to two decimal places References ( edit ) Jump up ^ May , John ( 25 November 2005 ) . `` The best of Best '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Best : The Times obituary '' . Times Online . Times Newspapers. 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bostock , A. ; Shaw , M. ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` George Best 's finest hour '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` European triumphs : 1991 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 31 October 1996 ) . `` United 's record ended by Bolic '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 1 Porto '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 9 March 2004 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 April 2007 ) . `` Roma 2 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Roma ( agg 8 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 - 2 AC Milan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 3 - 0 Man Utd ( Agg : 5 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona 2 - 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 3 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United manager sacked by club '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United could face Monaco in Champions League '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Rob ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` Manchester United to face Champions League play - off '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup / Champions League '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Fairs Cup / Europa League / UEFA Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Super Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Inter-Continental Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Club World Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Won , Drawn , Lost '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Argentina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Australia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Austria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Belgium '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Brazil '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bulgaria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Croatia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Czech Republic '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Denmark '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ecuador '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from England '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Finland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from France '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Monaco '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Germany '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Greece '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Hungary '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ireland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Israel '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Italy '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Japan '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Malta '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Mexico '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from the Netherlands '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Poland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Portugal '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Romania '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Russia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Scotland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Serbia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Slovakia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Spain '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Sweden '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Switzerland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Turkey '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ukraine '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Wales '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) StretfordEnd.co.uk Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. 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when was the last time man u played champions league
[ "\n2017–18\nChampions League\nGroup A\n Basel\n3-0 (H)\n" ]
[ "2017–18" ]
-899351908881081678
Alyson Hannigan
Alyson Hannigan - wikipedia Alyson Hannigan This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Alyson Hannigan Hannigan at the May 2015 Phoenix Comicon Alyson Lee Hannigan ( 1974 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Residence Santa Monica , California Other names Alyson Denisof Alma mater California State University , Northridge Occupation Actress , television host Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Alexis Denisof ( m . 2003 ) Children Alyson Lee Hannigan ( born March 24 , 1974 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 -- 2003 ) , Lily Aldrin on the sitcom How I Met Your Mother ( 2005 -- 2014 ) , and Michelle Flaherty in the American Pie film series ( 1999 -- 2012 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Childhood and early years 2.2 The Buffy years 2.3 Stage , television , and movie work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hannigan was born in Washington , DC , the only child of Emilie ( Posner ) Haas , a real estate agent , and Al Hannigan , a truck driver . Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish . Her parents divorced when she was two , and she was raised mostly by her mother in Atlanta , Georgia . Career ( edit ) Childhood and early years ( edit ) At age four , Hannigan began appearing in commercials . She moved to Hollywood at age 11 . Living with her mother and attending North Hollywood High School , she successfully auditioned for agents while visiting her father in Santa Barbara . After attending North Hollywood High School , she attended California State University , Northridge , where she was a member of the Alpha Chi Omega sorority and earned a degree in psychology . Hannigan 's first major film role was in My Stepmother Is an Alien , a science - fiction comedy released in 1988 ; one of her co-stars in the film was actor Seth Green , who later joined her in the regular cast of Buffy as her on - screen boyfriend . Then in 1989 , her first regular role on a TV series came when she was cast in the short - lived ABC sitcom Free Spirit . As a teenager , Hannigan babysat for the children of her future How I Met Your Mother costar , Bob Saget . The Buffy years ( edit ) In 1997 , Hannigan was cast to play Willow Rosenberg , Buffy Summers ' best friend , on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . The show became a success , and Hannigan gained recognition , subsequently appearing in several films aimed at teenaged audiences , including American Pie ( 1999 ) , Boys and Girls ( 2000 ) , American Pie 2 ( 2001 ) , and American Wedding ( 2003 ) . She also had a guest spot on the Buffy spin - off , Angel , reprising her role of Willow in a few episodes ( including most notably `` Orpheus '' , during the fourth season of Angel and the seventh season of Buffy ) , but none after Buffy finished production . Stage , television , and Movie work ( edit ) In early 2004 , Hannigan made her West End debut , starring in a stage adaptation of When Harry Met Sally ... at the Theatre Royal Haymarket , opposite Luke Perry . In 2005 , Hannigan returned to starring in a regular television series , taking the main role of Lily Aldrin in the hit comedy How I Met Your Mother , and also playing a recurring guest role on Veronica Mars as Trina Echolls . In February 2006 , Hannigan starred as Julia Jones in Date Movie , a parody of romantic comedies . She was also a guest star on the ABC animated sitcom The Goode Family in 2009 . Hannigan joined forces with Emily Deschanel , Jaime King , Minka Kelly , and Katharine McPhee in a `` video slumber party '' featured on FunnyorDie.com to promote regular breast cancer screenings for the organization Stand Up 2 Cancer . In 2012 , Hannigan reprised the role of Michelle in American Reunion . Since 2016 , Hannigan has hosted the television series Penn & Teller : Fool Us . With husband Alexis Denisof Personal life ( edit ) Hannigan married her Buffy the Vampire Slayer recurring co-star Alexis Denisof at Two Bunch Palms Resort in Desert Hot Springs , California , on October 11 , 2003 . The couple have two daughters , Satyana Marie Denisof , born on March 24 , 2009 ( which is also Alyson Hannigan 's birthday ) and Keeva Jane Denisof , born May 23 , 2012 . Alyson and Alexis live with their two daughters in Encino . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Impure Thoughts Patty Stubbs My Stepmother Is an Alien Jessie Mills 1998 Dead Man on Campus Lucy 1999 American Pie Michelle Flaherty 2000 Boys and Girls Betty 2001 American Pie 2 Michelle Flaherty 2001 Beyond the City Limits Lexi 2003 American Wedding Michelle Flaherty 2006 Date Movie Julia Jones 2007 Farce of the Penguins Hottie Penguin ( voice ) 2011 Love , Wedding , Marriage Courtney 2012 American Reunion Michelle Flaherty - Levenstein 2016 Do You Take This Man Rachael Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 -- 90 Free Spirit Jessie Harper Main role ( 14 episodes ) 1990 Roseanne Jan Episode : `` Like , a New Job '' 1991 Switched at Birth Gina Twigg , Age 13 -- 16 TV movie Almost Home Samantha 2 episodes Touched by an Angel Cassie Peters Episode : `` Cassie 's Choice '' 1995 The Stranger Beside Me Dana TV movie A Case for Life Iris TV movie For My Daughter 's Honor Kelly TV movie Picket Fences Peggy Patterson Episode : `` To Forgive Is Devine '' Friends for Life Emma Daniels Pilot 1997 -- 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Willow Rosenberg Main role ( 144 episodes ) 1999 -- 2000 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd Gigi Voice 2 episodes 1999 Hayley Wagner , Star Jenna Jakes TV movie 2000 Wild Thornberrys , The The Wild Thornberrys Gerda Voice Episode : `` Every Little Bit Alps '' 2001 -- 03 Angel Willow Rosenberg 3 episodes 2002 -- 03 Rugrats Cynthia P.I. / Young Starlet Voice 2 episodes That ' 70s Show Suzy Simpson 2 episodes King of the Hill Stacey Gibson Voice Episode : `` Talking Shop '' In the Game Role unknown Pilot Americana Andrea TV movie 2005 -- 06 Veronica Mars Trina Echolls 3 episodes : `` Ruskie Business '' `` Hot Dogs '' `` My Mother , the Fiend '' 2005 -- 14 How I Met Your Mother Lily Aldrin Main role 206 episodes 2009 Gordon Ramsay : Cookalong Live Herself Guest Star Episode : `` Gordon Ramsay : Cookalong Live '' 2009 Goode Family , The The Goode Family Michelle Voice Episode : `` Graffiti in Greenville '' 2011 Simpsons , The The Simpsons Melody Voice Episode : `` Flaming Moe '' 2011 Robot Chicken Steelheart Voice Episode : `` Big Trouble in Little Clerks 2 '' 2011 , 2013 American Dad ! Chelsea / Peasant 's Daughter Voice 2 episodes 2013 , 2016 Hollywood Game Night Herself Episode : `` The One with the Friends '' Episode : `` Hannigan , Hale & Hunt ... Oh My ! '' 2014 Sofia the First Winter Voice Episode : `` Winter 's Gift '' 2014 The McCarthys Pam Episode : `` Red Sox Swap '' 2016 Penn & Teller : Fool Us Herself Host Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Young Artist Award Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture : Comedy or Fantasy My Stepmother Is an Alien Nominated 1990 Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Free Spirit Nominated 2000 Young Hollywood Awards Best Ensemble Cast American Pie Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Sidekick Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2001 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated 2001 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Sidekick Nominated 2002 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television Won 2002 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Television Series Nominated 2002 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Sidekick Won 2003 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated 2003 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Sidekick Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy American Wedding Nominated Choice Movie Liplock ( shared with Jason Biggs ) Nominated 2008 Choice TV Show : Comedy How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2009 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actress Won Favorite TV Comedy Actress Nominated 2012 Favorite TV Comedy Won 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy American Reunion Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( 2009 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Alyson Hannigan Welcomes a Daughter ! '' . People . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother Cast : Alyson Hannigan '' . CBS . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Atlantan Alyson Hannigan interview for ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . September 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Film Reference Alyson Hannigan Bio '' . Filmreference.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Nate ( 2004 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Celebrity Jews '' . the Jewish News Weekly of Northern California . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Now : Alyson Hannigan , Jewish Male Actors , Fall Feature - InterfaithFamily '' . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Biography for Alyson Hannigan on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Interview : Alyson Hannigan on American Pie '' . Scotland on Sunday . April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Hannigan '' . SuperiorPics.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Hannigan Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Evening in America '' . Vanity Fair . May 2012 . Page 158 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now ? Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . People . December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` When Harry Met Sally , Review by Philip Fisher ( 2004 ) '' . British Theatre Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Veronica Mars ' scoop '' . Chicago Tribune . January 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Alyson Hannigan on IMDb Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Deschanel , Hannigan and Others Cop a Feel for a Cause '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Hannigan , Cobie Smulders and ' Mother ' - hood '' . USA Today . April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Alyson Hannigan tapped to host Penn & Teller : Fool Us in season 3 Jump up ^ Alyson Hannigan Welcomes a Daughter ! , People Magazine , March 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Alyson Hannigan Welcomes Daughter Keeva Jane ! '' . usmagazine.com. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Slayer ' star Alyson Hannigan settles on contemporary lair in Encino '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` '' Hollywood Game Night `` : Jane , We Love You , But Let 's Revamp '' . The Backlot . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAlyson Hanniganat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Alyson Hannigan on IMDb Alyson Hannigan on Twitter Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Justina Vail ( 1999 ) Jeri Ryan ( 2000 ) Jolene Blalock ( 2001 ) Alyson Hannigan ( 2002 ) Amy Acker ( 2003 ) Amanda Tapping ( 2004 ) Katee Sackhoff ( 2005 ) Hayden Panettiere ( 2006 ) Summer Glau / Elizabeth Mitchell ( 2007 ) Jennifer Carpenter ( 2008 ) Julie Benz ( 2009 ) Lucy Lawless ( 2010 ) Michelle Forbes ( 2011 ) Laurie Holden ( 2012 ) Melissa McBride ( 2013 ) Melissa McBride ( 2014 ) Danai Gurira ( 2015 ) Candice Patton ( 2016 ) VIAF : 75865733 LCCN : no00079350 ISNI : 0000 0001 1475 2623 GND : 103376759X SUDOC : 12603902X BNF : cb14032435k ( data ) MusicBrainz : df09624b - 16c6 - 4147 - 9e6f - 5a244e0c3975 BNE : XX1608152 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alyson_Hannigan&oldid=799706292 '' Categories : 1974 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Atlanta Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from Washington , D.C. American child actresses American film actresses American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent American stage actresses American television actresses California State University , Northridge alumni Jewish American actresses Living people Ashkenazi Jews Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar मैथिली مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 10 : 24 . About Wikipedia
who played lily in how i met your mother
[ "Alyson Lee Hannigan (born March 24, 1974)[1] is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003), Lily Aldrin on the sitcom How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014), and Michelle Flaherty in the American Pie film series (1999–2012).[2]" ]
[ "Alyson Lee Hannigan" ]
-2319393439841555732
Tales Told by Dead Friends
Tales Told by Dead Friends - wikipedia Tales Told by Dead Friends Jump to : navigation , search Tales Told by Dead Friends EP by Mayday Parade Released June 13 , 2006 Studio Earthsound Recording , Valdosta , Georgia Genre Pop punk emo Length 26 : 58 Label Self - released Mayday Parade chronology Tales Told by Dead Friends ( 2006 ) A Lesson in Romantics ( 2007 ) A Lesson in Romantics 2007 Tales Told by Dead Friends is the debut EP by American rock band Mayday Parade , released on June 13 , 2006 . The group resulted from the merger of local acts Kid Named Chicago and Defining Moment . With their line - up solidified , the first two songs they wrote together was `` When I Get Home , You 're So Dead '' and `` Three Cheers for Five Years '' . Soon afterwards , they recorded an EP , Tales Told by Dead Friends , with Lee Dyess . The group followed Warped Tour and sold copies to people in line . By the end of summer , the band had sold 10,000 copies of the EP . This attracted the attention of Fearless Records , who would sign the band in late August . The group went on tour from September to November , before the EP was reissued by Fearless . Told by Dead Friends has received a mixed response from critics . The EP has since sold over 50,000 copies . Several of the tracks would later be re-recorded for future albums / EPs or compilation albums . To celebrate the EP 's 10th anniversary in 2016 , the group are set to go on an anniversary tour and re-release it with a bonus track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Release 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Legacy 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 References 7 External links Background and Recording ( edit ) Mayday Parade was formed in the winter of 2005 following the merger of two local Tallahassee bands , Kid Named Chicago and Defining Moment . Kid Named Chicago featured vocalist / guitarist Jason Lancaster , guitarist Alex Garcia and drummer Jake Bundrick , while Defining Moment featured vocalist Derek Sanders , guitarist Brooks Betts , and bassist Jeremy Lenzo . Both bands previously practiced in the same building , before it occurred to Lenzo that it `` made more sense if we put them together instead of playing separately . '' After composing `` When I Get Home , You 're So Dead '' and `` Three Cheers for Five Years '' , the group realised they had `` something special '' . Tales Told by Dead Friends was recorded at Earthsound Recording , in Valdosta , Georgia . Recording was handled by Lee Dyess , who also did mixing . Dan Shike mastered the EP at Tone and Volume Mastering in Nashville , Tennessee . The group recorded the EP `` as fast as we could . '' Release ( edit ) The EP , originally titled Music to Dance To , was self - released by the band on June 13 , 2006 . Friends of the artwork 's photographer posed for the artwork . On the artwork , the arm and phone were taken in two different locations , because the photographer `` did n't like the phone he was posing next to . '' The band followed the 2006 edition of Warped Tour , selling copies of the EP to people in line . By the end of summer , the group had sold 10,000 copies of the EP . These sales caught the attention of Fearless Records , which signed Mayday Parade on August 29 . Fearless label president Bob Becker said the group : `` were really believable , they were obviously good musicians , and they were really tight sounding . And we already knew they were hard - working . '' Between late September and early November , the band went on the Text on the Dance Floor tour with Mêlée , Wheatus , Brandtson , Lakes , and Fall of Transition . Tales Told by Dead Friends was re-released through Fearless on November 7 . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Exclaim ! Favorable Melodic PopMatters Critical response ( edit ) AllMusic writer Corey Apar wrote that given the number of members in the band , their sound `` should be much fuller sounding ( ... ) instead of it being hard to even tell if there 's more than one guitarist playing at a time . '' He explained that if they had better production , `` this could easily be fixed '' . Despite this , Apar wrote that there is `` still not a whole lot '' to separate the group from other bands at the time . He compared Sanders and Lancaster 's vocals to `` sound ( ing ) pretty similar '' to that of Fall Out Boy . Apar concluded that the EP was `` a good starting point with a lot of potential '' . Ariana Rock of Exclaim ! opened her review with mentioning the EP 's `` catchy fun sound '' . She noted the `` layered vocals , clean harmonies and mature musical dynamics '' could help amass a large fan base . She concluded with calling the EP `` the start of something big , without a doubt . '' PopMatters contributor Jason Macneil noted that the EP was `` ringing with earnest melodies and Emo 101 trademarks '' . He called the band `` a lighter Fall Out Boy or My Chemical Romance '' . He concluded with calling `` The Last Something That Meant Anything '' , `` the closest anyone has come to an emo - powered power ballad . '' The EP has sold over 50,000 copies to date . Legacy ( edit ) `` When I Get Home , You 're So Dead '' would later be re-recorded for their debut album , A Lesson in Romantics ( 2007 ) . `` Three Cheers for Five Years '' was re-recorded acoustically for Punk Goes Acoustic 2 . It was later released as a bonus track on the 2008 reissue of A Lesson in Romantics . `` Your Song '' was re-recorded acoustically for the band 's Valdosta ( 2011 ) EP . A vinyl version was released on December 2 , 2013 , limited to 1,000 copies . To celebrate the EP 's 10th anniversary , the band went on tour in November 2016 where they will perform the EP in its entirety . They were supported by Modern Chemistry . A 10th anniversary edition of the EP , featuring new packaging , a book and an additional track `` The Problem with the Big Picture Is That It 's Hard to See '' , was released on November 11 . A day prior to the reissue , a music video for `` The Problem with the Big Picture Is That It 's Hard to See '' was released . The video features highlights from the band 's career . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written and performed by Mayday Parade . `` Just Say You 're Not into It '' -- 4 : 21 `` When I Get Home , You 're So Dead '' -- 3 : 29 `` One Man Drinking Games '' -- 4 : 39 `` Your Song '' -- 3 : 57 `` Three Cheers for Five Years '' -- 5 : 39 `` The Last Something That Meant Anything '' -- 4 : 53 10th anniversary edition bonus track `` The Problem with the Big Picture Is That It 's Hard to See '' -- 3 : 48 Personnel ( edit ) Personnel per booklet . Mayday Parade Derek Sanders -- lead vocals Jason Lancaster -- guitar , lead vocals Alex Garcia -- lead guitar Jeremy Lenzo -- bass guitar , vocals Brooks Betts -- rhythm guitar Jake Bundrick -- drums Production Lee Dyess -- recording , mixing Dan Shike -- mastering Jerrod Landon Porter -- layout , photography References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ U.S. Fearless FRL 30095 - 2 Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Mayday Parade - Tales Told by Dead Friends '' . Sputnik . ^ Jump up to : Apar , Corey . `` Tales Told by Dead Friends - Mayday Parade Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MacNeil , Jason ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Tales Told by Dead Friends '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Apar , Corey . `` Mayday Parade Biography '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayday Parade '' . Billboard . August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Niesel , Jeff ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Punk Rockers Mayday Parade Return with Their Most Nuanced Album to Date '' . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Tyler ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mayday Parade announce ' Tales Told By Dead Friends ' 10 - year tour '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tales Told by Dead Friends ( Booklet ) . Mayday Parade . Mayday Parade ( self - released ) . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mayday Parade '' . Purevolume . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fearless Records > Artists > Mayday Parade '' . Fearless Records . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Heart JLP '' . iheartjlp . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2007 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Pryor , Terrance ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Mayday Parade : From following Warped Tour to selling out shows '' . AXS . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Aubin ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` Fearless signs Mayday Parade '' . Punknews.org . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tao , Paul ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Melee 's Upcoming Tour Dates '' . AbsolutePunk.net . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rock , Ariana ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Mayday Parade Tales Told by Dead Friends '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Kaj ( January 13 , 2007 ) . `` Mayday Parade - Tales Told by Dead Friends '' . Melodic . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing lines on PH grounds once again : Mayday Parade Live in Manila ! '' . Inquirer.net . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pham , Jamie ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` Mayday Parade - 06.15. 07 '' . AbsolutePunk.net . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A Lesson in Romantics ( Booklet ) . Mayday Parade . Fearless. 2008 ( First released in 2007 ) . FRL 30099 - 2 . Jump up ^ Manley , Brendan ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Mayday Parade - Valdosta EP '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayday Parade -- Tales Told By Dead Friends ( Yellow / Black Vinyl ) '' . Fearless Records . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sayer , Harry ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Alt - rock band Mayday Parade will kick off new tour in Orlando this fall '' . Orlando Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Caitlyn ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Mayday Parade re-releasing debut EP with new song '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gogia , Nikhail ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Mayday Parade celebrate 10 years of first EP , release new song -- listen '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Bibliography Erickson , Anne ( Aug 16 , 2007 ) . `` Local music beat : Band gives fans a ' Romantics ' lesson '' ( PDF ) . Lansing State Journal . Lansing , Michigan : Gannett Company . External links ( edit ) Tales Told by Dead Friends at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) ( hide ) Mayday Parade Brooks Betts Jake Bundrick Alex Garcia Jeremy Lenzo Derek Sanders Jason Lancaster Studio albums A Lesson in Romantics Anywhere but Here Mayday Parade Monsters in the Closet Black Lines Extended plays Tales Told by Dead Friends Valdosta Singles `` In My Head '' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' `` Comedown '' Related articles Discography Song list Go Radio Dan Korneff Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tales_Told_by_Dead_Friends&oldid=827336307 '' Categories : 2006 EPs Debut EPs Mayday Parade EPs Self - released EPs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 03 : 39 . About Wikipedia
mayday parade three cheers for five years album
[ "Tales Told by Dead Friends is the debut EP by American rock band Mayday Parade, released on June 13, 2006. The group resulted from the merger of local acts Kid Named Chicago and Defining Moment. With their line-up solidified, the first two songs they wrote together was \"When I Get Home, You're So Dead\" and \"Three Cheers for Five Years\". Soon afterwards, they recorded an EP, Tales Told by Dead Friends, with Lee Dyess. The group followed Warped Tour and sold copies to people in line. By the end of summer, the band had sold 10,000 copies of the EP. This attracted the attention of Fearless Records, who would sign the band in late August. The group went on tour from September to November, before the EP was reissued by Fearless." ]
[ "Tales Told by Dead Friends" ]
2859448870964136252
Jahangiri Mahal
Jahangiri Mahal - Wikipedia Jahangiri Mahal Jump to : navigation , search Agra Fort : Jahangiri Mahal The Hauz - i - Jahangiri is made out of one single block of stone Jahangiri Mahal ( Hindi : जहाँगीरी महल , Urdu : جہانگیری محل ) , may be the most noteworthy building inside the Agra Fort of India . The Mahal was the principal zenana ( palace for women belonging to the royal household ) , and was used mainly by the Rajput wives of Akbar . It is a form Islamic architecture . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The palace was built by the emperor Akbar . It is one of the earliest surviving buildings of Akbar 's reign . Jahangir in his memories has clearly mentioned that the buildings were erected by his father Akbar but did not take any credit for the construction of Jahangiri palace or Mahal . Mughal empress Nur Jahan used this magnificent palace as her residence until her death on 17 December 1645 . There is a huge bowl called Hauz - i - Jahangiri that is carved out of a single piece of stone . This was used as a container for fragrant rose water . See also ( edit ) Moti Masjid , Agra Shah Jahani Mahal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Agra Fort . India Tourism . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jahangiri Mahal ( Agra Fort ) . Photos of Jahangiri Mahal This article about a palace in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahangiri_Mahal&oldid=796546699 '' Categories : Agra Fort Indian palace stubs Hidden categories : Uttar Pradesh articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 15 : 51 . About Wikipedia
who built the jahangir palace in agra fort
[ "The palace was built by the emperor Akbar. It is one of the earliest surviving buildings of Akbar's reign. Jahangir in his memories has clearly mentioned that the buildings were erected by his father Akbar but did not take any credit for the construction of Jahangiri palace or Mahal.[1] Mughal empress Nur Jahan used this magnificent palace as her residence until her death on 17 December 1645 ." ]
[ "the emperor Akbar" ]
-2184257090996297148
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals Alan Shearer was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals , and only player to score 100 goals for two clubs . Wayne Rooney is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more , behind only Shearer and the only active player as of 2017 to do so . Frank Lampard is the Premier League 's highest scoring midfielder of all time . Thierry Henry scored 175 Premier League goals , the most by a foreign player . Ryan Giggs is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons . Didier Drogba is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 26 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition . During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Sergio Agüero is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 147 games . Players ( edit ) As of 30 September 2017 List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Position Premier League club ( s ) Goals Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 200 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard MF West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 159 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 128 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard MF Liverpool 120 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs MF Manchester United 109 22 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes MF Manchester United 107 23 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 24 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 105 25 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 26 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier MF Southampton 100 ( Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold show players still playing in the Premier League ) See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Sergio Aguero second - fastest to 100 PL goals , but was he offside ? '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Players Index '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_100_or_more_goals&oldid=804829302 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Italiano Shqip Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 11 : 58 . About Wikipedia
who holds the record for most premier league goals
[ "During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Sergio Agüero is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 147 games.[3]" ]
[ "Alan Shearer" ]
-283417668910475099
Models of communication
Models of communication - wikipedia Models of communication Jump to : navigation , search Shannon and Weaver 's model of communication Communication major dimensions scheme Communication code scheme Linear Communication Model Interactional Model of Communication Berlo 's Sender - Message - Channel - Receiver Model of Communication Transactional Model of Communication Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process . The first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories . Following the basic concept , communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part ( sender ) to another ( receiver ) . In 1960 , David Berlo expanded the linear transmission model with the Sender - Message - Channel - Receiver ( SMCR ) Model of Communication . Later , Wilbur Schramm introduced a model that identified multiple variables in communication which includes the transmitter , encoding , media , decoding , and receiver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Shannon and Weaver 2 Berlo 3 Schramm 4 Barnlund 5 Constructionist 6 Linear 7 Interactive / convergence 8 Communication theory framework 9 Ontology 10 Epistemology 11 Axiology 12 Some realms of communication and their theories 13 Notes 14 References Shannon and Weaver ( edit ) Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver were engineers that worked for Bell Telephone Labs in the United States . Their goal was to make sure that the telephone cables and radio waves were working at the maximum efficiency . Therefore , they developed the Shannon -- Weaver model which had an intention to expand a mathematical theory of communication . The Shannon -- Weaver model was developed in 1949 which is referred as the ' mother of all models ' . The model is well accepted as a main initial model for Communication Studies which has grown since then . As well , the Shannon -- Weaver model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technology . Their initial model consisted of four primary parts : sender , message , channel , and receiver . The sender was the part of a telephone a person speaks into , the channel was the telephone itself , and the receiver was the part of the phone through which one can hear the person on the other end of the line . Shannon and Weaver also recognized that there may often be static or background sounds that interfere with the process of the other partner in a telephone conversation ; they referred to this as noise . Certain types of background sounds can also indicate the absence of a signal . The original model of Shannon and Weaver has five elements : information source , transmitter , channel , receiver , and destination . To illustrate the process of the communication the first step is the information source where the information is stored . Next , in order to send the information , the message is encoded into signals , so it can travel to its destination . After the message is encoded , it goes through the channel which the signals are adapted for the transmission . In addition , the channel carried the noise course which is any interference that might happen to lead to the signal receive a different information from the source . After the channel , the message arrives in the receiver step where the message reconstruct ( decode ) from the signal . Finally , the message arrives at the destination . In a simple model , often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication , information or content ( e.g. a message in natural language ) is sent in some form ( as spoken language ) from an emissor / sender / encoder to a destination / receiver / decoder . According to this common communication - related conception , communication is viewed as a means of sending and receiving information . The strengths of this model are its simplicity , generality , and quantifiability . The mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model on the basis of the following elements : An information source , which produces a message . A transmitter , which encodes the message into signals A channel , for which signals are adapted for transmission A receiver , which reconstructs the encoded message from a sequence of received signals and decodes it . An information destination , where the message arrives . Shannon and Weaver argued that this concept entails three levels of problems for communication : The technical problem : how accurately can the message be transmitted ? The semantic problem : how precisely is the meaning ' conveyed ' ? The effectiveness problem : how effectively does the received meaning affect behavior ? Daniel Chandler criticizes the transmission model in the following terms : It assumes that communicators are isolated individuals . It makes no allowance for differing purposes . It makes no allowance for differing interpretations . It makes no allowance for unequal power relationships . Berlo ( edit ) In 1960 , David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver 's 1949 linear model of communication and created the Sender - Message - Channel - Receiver ( SMCR ) Model of Communication . The SMCR Model of Communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars . The Berlo 's communication process is a simple application for communication of person - to - person which include communication source , encoder , message , channel , decoder , and communication receiver . In addition , David Berlo presented some factors that influence the communication process between two people . The factors include communication skills , awareness level , social system , cultural system , and attitude . The Berlo 's Model of Communication process starts at the source . This is the part where determine the communication skills , attitude , knowledge , social system , and culture of the people involved in the communication . After the message is developed which is elements in a set of symbols . Then the encoder step beginning . The encoder process is where the motor skills take place by speaking or writing . The message goes through the channel which carries the message by hearing , seeing , touching , smelling , or tasting . Then the decoder process takes place . In this process , the receiver interpreter the message with her or him sensory skills . Finally , the communication receiver gets the whole message understood . Schramm ( edit ) Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions : Message ( what type of things are communicated ) , source / emissor / sender / encoder ( by whom ) , form ( in which form ) , channel ( through which medium ) , destination / receiver / target / decoder ( to whom ) , and Receiver . Wilbur Schramm ( 1954 ) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has ( both desired and undesired ) on the target of the message . Between parties , communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences , give advice and commands , and ask questions . These acts may take many forms , in one of the various manners of communication . The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating . Together , communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination . The target can be oneself , another person or being , another entity ( such as a corporation or group of beings ) . Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules : Syntactic ( formal properties of signs and symbols ) , Pragmatic ( concerned with the relations between signs / expressions and their users ) and Semantic ( study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent ) . Therefore , communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules . This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication , including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self - talk , both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions . Barnlund ( edit ) In light of these weaknesses , Barnlund ( 1970 ) proposed a transactional model of communication . The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages . In a slightly more complex form , a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally . This second attitude of communication , referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view , focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted . Communication is viewed as a conduit ; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself . A particular instance of communication is called a speech act . The sender 's personal filters and the receiver 's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions , cultures , or gender ; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents . In the presence of `` noise '' on the transmission channel ( air , in this case ) , reception and decoding of content may be faulty , and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect . One problem with this encode - transmit - receive - decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a ( code - book ) , and that these two code books are , at the very least , similar if not identical . Although something like code books is implied by the model , they are nowhere represented in the model , which creates many conceptual difficulties . Theories of co-regulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process , rather than a discrete exchange of information . Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society . His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus . Papyrus is what he called ' Space Binding '. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space , empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration . The other is stone and ' Time Binding ' , through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation , through this media they can change and shape communication in their society . Constructionist ( edit ) There is an additional working definition of communication to consider that authors like Richard A. Lanham ( 2003 ) and as far back as Erving Goffman ( 1959 ) have highlighted . This is a progression from Lasswell 's attempt to define human communication through to this century and revolutionized into the constructionist model . Constructionists believe that the process of communication is in itself the only messages that exist . The packaging can not be separated from the social and historical context from which it arose , therefore the substance to look at in communication theory is style for Richard Lanham and the performance of self for Erving Goffman . Lanham chose to view communication as the rival to the over encompassing use of CBS model ( which pursued to further the transmission model ) . CBS model argues that clarity , brevity , and sincerity are the only purpose to prose discourse , therefore communication . Lanham wrote : `` If words matter too , if the whole range of human motive is seen as animating prose discourse , then rhetoric analysis leads us to the essential questions about prose style '' ( Lanham 10 ) . This is saying that rhetoric and style are fundamentally important ; they are not errors to what we actually intend to transmit . The process which we construct and deconstruct meaning deserves analysis . Erving Goffman sees the performance of self as the most important frame to understand communication . Goffman wrote : `` What does seem to be required of the individual is that he learn enough pieces of expression to be able to ' fill in ' and manage , more or less , any part that he is likely to be given '' ( Goffman 73 ) , highlighting the significance of expression . The truth in both cases is the articulation of the message and the package as one . The construction of the message from social and historical context is the seed as is the pre-existing message is for the transmission model . Therefore , any look into communication theory should include the possibilities drafted by such great scholars as Richard A. Lanham and Goffman that style and performance is the whole process . lun Communication stands so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures of society that scholars have difficulty thinking of it while excluding social or behavioral events . Because communication theory remains a relatively young field of inquiry and integrates itself with other disciplines such as philosophy , psychology , and sociology , one probably can not yet expect a consensus conceptualization of communication across disciplines . Communication Model Terms as provided by Rothwell ( 11 - 15 ) : Noise ; interference with effective transmission and reception of a message . For example ; physical noise or external noise which are environmental distractions such as poorly heated rooms , startling sounds , appearances of things , music playing some where else , and someone talking really loudly near you . physiological noise are biological influences that distract you from communicating competently such as sweaty palms , pounding heart , butterfly in the stomach , induced by speech anxiety , or feeling sick , exhausted at work , the ringing noise in your ear , being really hungry , and if you have a runny nose or a cough . psychological noise are the preconception bias and assumptions such as thinking someone who speaks like a valley girl is dumb , or someone from a foreign country ca n't speak English well so you speak loudly and slowly to them . semantic noise are word choices that are confusing and distracting such as using the word tri-syllabic instead of three syllables . Sender ; the initiator and encoder of a message Receiver ; the one that receives the message ( the listener ) and the decoder of a message Decode ; translates the sender 's spoken idea / message into something the receiver understands by using their knowledge of language from personal experience . Encode ; puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word / message . Channel ; the medium through which the message travels such as through oral communication ( radio , television , phone , in person ) or written communication ( letters , email , text messages ) Feedback ; the receiver 's verbal and nonverbal responses to a message such as a nod for understanding ( nonverbal ) , a raised eyebrow for being confused ( nonverbal ) , or asking a question to clarify the message ( verbal ) . Message ; the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea . Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things . - `` Language is the source of meaning '' . - Meaning arises out of the social interaction people have with each other . - Meaning is not inherent in objects but it is negotiated through the use of language , hence the term symbolic interactionism . As human beings , we have the ability to name things . Symbols , including names , are arbitrary signs . By talking with others , we ascribe meaning to words and develop a universe of discourse A symbol is a stimulus that has a learned / shared meaning and a value for people Significant symbols can be nonverbal as well as linguistic . - Negative responses can consequently reduce a person to nothing . - Our expectations evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated , resulting in a self - fulfilling prophecy . Linear ( edit ) This is a one - way model to communicate with others . It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise . In this model there is no feedback or response which may allow for a continuous exchange of information ( F.N.S. Palma , 1993 ) . The linear model was first introduced by Shannon & Weaver in 1949 . In the linear communication model , the message travels one direction from the start point to the endpoint . In other words , once the sender sends the message to the receiver the communication process ends . Many communications online use the linear communication model . For example , when you send an email , post a blog , or share something on social media . However , the linear model does not explain many other forms of communication including face - to - face conversation . Interactive / convergence ( edit ) It is two linear models stacked on top of each other . The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender . This model has added feedback , indicating that communication is not a one way but a two way process . It also has `` field of experience '' which includes our cultural background , ethnicity geographic location , extent of travel , and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime . Draw backs -- there is feedback but it is not simultaneous . The Interactive Model . For example , -- instant messaging . The sender sends an IM to the receiver , then the original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react . Or a question / answer session where you just ask a question then you get an answer . Communication theory framework ( edit ) Main article : Theory of communication Communication theory can be seen from one of the following viewpoints : Mechanistic : This view considers communication as a perfect transaction of a message from the sender to the receiver . ( as seen in the diagram above ) Psychological : This view considers communication as the act of sending a message to a receiver , and the feelings and thoughts of the receiver upon interpreting the message . Social Constructionist ( Symbolic Interactionist ) : This view considers communication to be the product of the interactants sharing and creating meaning . The Constructionist View can also be defined as , how you say something determines what the message is . The Constructionist View assumes that `` truth '' and `` ideas '' are constructed or invented through the social process of communication . Robert T. Craig saw the Constructionist View or the constitutive view as it 's called in his article , as `` ... an ongoing process that symbolically forms and re-forms our personal identities . '' ( Craig , 125 ) . The other view of communication , the Transmission Model , sees communication as robotic and computer - like . The Transmission Model sees communication as a way of sending or receiving messages and the perfection of that . But , the Constructionist View sees communications as , `` ... in human life , info does not behave as simply as bits in an electronic stream . In human life , information flow is far more like an electric current running from one landmine to another '' ( Lanham , 7 ) . The Constructionist View is a more realistic view of communication because it involves the interacting of human beings and the free sharing of thoughts and ideas . Daniel Chandler looks to prove that the Transmission Model is a lesser way of communicating by saying `` The transmission model is not merely a gross over-simplification but a dangerously misleading representation of the nature of human communication '' ( Chandler , 2 ) . Humans do not communicate simply as computers or robots so that 's why it 's essential to truly understand the Constructionist View of Communication well . We do not simply send facts and data to one another , but we take facts and data and they acquire meaning through the process of communication , or through interaction with others . Systemic : This view considers communication to be the new messages created via `` through - put '' , or what happens as the message is being interpreted and re-interpreted as it travels through people . Critical : This view considers communication as a source of power and oppression of individuals and social groups . Inspection of a particular theory on this level will provide a framework on the nature of communication as seen within the confines of that theory . Theories can also be studied and organized according to the ontological , epistemological , and axiological framework imposed by the theorist . Ontology ( edit ) Ontology essentially poses the question of what , exactly , the theorist is examining . One must consider the very nature of reality . The answer usually falls in one of three realms depending on whether the theorist sees the phenomena through the lens of a realist , nominalist , or social constructionist . Realist perspective views the world objectively , believing that there is a world outside of our own experience and cognitions . Nominalists see the world subjectively , claiming that everything outside of one 's cognitions is simply names and labels . Social constructionists straddle the fence between objective and subjective reality , claiming that reality is what we create together . Epistemology ( edit ) Epistemology is an examination of the approaches and beliefs which inform particular modes of study of phenomena and domains of expertise . In positivist approaches to epistemology , objective knowledge is seen as the result of the empirical observation and perceptual experience . In the history of science , empirical evidence collected by way of pragmatic - calculation and the scientific method is believed to be the most likely to reflect truth in the findings . Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon . Subjective theory holds that understanding is based on situated knowledge , typically found using interpretative methodology such as ethnography and also interviews . Subjective theories are typically developed to explain or understand phenomena in the social world . Axiology ( edit ) Axiology is concerned with how values inform research and theory development . Most communication theory is guided by one of three axiological approaches . The first approach recognizes that values will influence theorists ' interests but suggests that those values must be set aside once actual research begins . Outside replication of research findings is particularly important in this approach to prevent individual researchers ' values from contaminating their findings and interpretations . The second approach rejects the idea that values can be eliminated from any stage of theory development . Within this approach , theorists do not try to divorce their values from inquiry . Instead , they remain mindful of their values so that they understand how those values contextualize , influence or skew their findings . The third approach not only rejects the idea that values can be separated from research and theory , but rejects the idea that they should be separated . This approach is often adopted by critical theorists who believe that the role of communication theory is to identify oppression and produce social change . In this axiological approach , theorists embrace their values and work to reproduce those values in their research and theory development . Some realms of communication and their theories ( edit ) message production : Constructivist Theory , Action Assembly Theory message processing : Elaboration Likelihood Model , Inoculation theory discourse and interaction : Speech Acts Theory , Coordinated Management of Meaning developing relationships : Uncertainty Reduction Theory , Social Penetration Theory , Predicted Outcome Value Theory ongoing relationships : Relational Systems Theory , Relational Dialectics organizational : Structuration Theory , Unobtrusive and Concertive Control Theory small group : Functional Theory , Symbolic Convergence Theory media processing and effects : Social Cognitive Theory , Uses and Gratifications Theory media and society : Agenda Setting , Information deficit model , Spiral of silence , Symbolic Convergence Theory culture : Speech Codes Theory , Face - saving Theory making social worlds : Coordinated Management of Meaning , Symbolic Interactionism science communication : Gateway Belief Model Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shannon , C.E. , & Weaver , W. ( 1949 ) . The mathematical theory of communication . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Craig 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Berlo , D.K. ( 1960 ) . The process of communication ; an introduction to theory and practice . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Claude E Shannon , W.W. ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Schulz , Peter . Cobley , Paul . ( 2013 ) . Theories and Models of Communication . Berlin : De Gruyter Mouton. 2013 . Jump up ^ Qing - Lan Chen , Chiou - Shuei Wei , Mei - Yao Huang and Chiu - Chi Wei. ( 2013 ) A model for project communication medium evaluation and selection . ^ Jump up to : Chandler Daniel , The Transmission Model of Communication . http://transcriptions-2008.english.ucsb.edu/archive/courses/warner/english197/Schedule_files/Chandler/Transmission.model_files/trans.htm ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Erik Hollnagel , David D. Woods . Joint Cognitive Systems : Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering . CRC Press . 2005 Jump up ^ Fiske , John . Introduction to Communication Studies . London : Routledge ( Chapter 1 , ' Communication Theory ' is a good introduction to this topic ) . ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Chandler , Daniel ( 1994 ) . The Transmission Model of Communication . University of Western Australia . Retrieved 11.06. 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berlo , D.K. ( 1960 ) . The process of communication . New York , New York : Holt , Rinehart , & Winston . ^ Jump up to : Ann , Bette . Berlo 's Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow , Herzberg , and McGrego . Stead Source : The Academy of Management Journal , Vol. 15 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1972 ) , pp. 389 - 394 Published by : Academy of Management Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/254868 ^ Jump up to : Sluková , Petra Zia . Studies of Information and Knowledge Management in he European Context : No. 5 Communication of Information Reg . No : CZ. 1.07 / 2.2. 00 / 07.0284 OP : Education for Competitiveness Support area . 2.2 University Education Realization : VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava , Faculty of Economics , separate unit : Business Academy and HPS Valašské Meziříčí Jump up ^ Schramm , W. ( 1954 ) . How communication works . In W. Schramm ( Ed . ) , The process and effects of communication ( pp. 3 - 26 ) . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Barnlund , D.C. ( 2008 ) . A transactional model of communication . In . C.D. Mortensen ( Eds . ) , Communication theory ( 2nd ed. , pp47 - 57 ) . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction . ^ Jump up to : Wark , McKenzie ( 1997 ) . The Virtual Republic . Allen & Unwin , St Leonards . Jump up ^ McCornack , Steven . Ortiz , Joseph . Choice & Connections : An Introduction to Communication . ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Littlejohn , S.W. and Foss , K.A. ( 2008 ) . Theories of human communication , 9th edition . Belmont , CA : Thomson Wadsworth . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 31 . References ( edit ) Craig , Robert T. ( 1999 ) . `` Communication Theory as a Field '' . Communication Theory . 9 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2885.1999. tb00355. x . ISSN 1050 - 3293 . Miller , Katherine ( 2005 ) . Communication Theories : Perspectives , Processes , and Contexts ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 0 - 07 - 293794 - 7 . ( hide ) Communication studies Topics and terminology Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer - mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural / Interpersonal / Intrapersonal communication Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta - communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing Subfields Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis communication Cross-cultural communication Development communication Discourse analysis Environmental communication Health communication International communication Mass communication Media studies Mediated cross-border communication Organizational communication Political communication Risk communication Science communication Technical communication Visual communication Related fields Conversation analysis Critical theory Cultural studies Digital rhetoric Film criticism Heritage interpretation Journalism photojournalism Linguistics Philosophy of language Political science Pragmatics Public relations Rhetoric Semiotics Sociolinguistics Sociology of culture Theatre Scholars Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Fisher Flusser Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Tankard Tannen Wertheimer History Journals Organizations Outline Scholars Templates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Models_of_communication&oldid=838717775 '' Categories : Communication Conceptual models Human behavior Linguistics Human communication Communication theory Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch 한국어 मराठी Nederlands Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 21 : 30 . About Wikipedia
the first model of communication is said to have developed by
[ "Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process. The first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.[1] Following the basic concept, communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part (sender) to another (receiver).[2]" ]
[ "Claude Elwood Shannon" ]
4159374617917963482
Electric discharge in gases
Electric discharge in gases - wikipedia Electric discharge in gases Jump to : navigation , search Electric discharge in gases occurs when electric current flows through a gaseous medium due to ionization of the gas . Depending on several factors , the discharge may radiate visible light . The properties of electric discharges in gases are studied in connection with design of lighting sources and in the design of high voltage electrical equipment . Discharge types ( edit ) Avalanche effect between two electrodes . The original ionisation event liberates one electron , and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron , so two electrons emerge from each collision : the ionising electron and the liberated electron . Transition from glow to arc discharge in argon , by increasing the gas pressure . Voltage - current characteristics of electrical discharge in neon at 1 torr , with two planar electrodes separated by 50 cm . A : random pulses by cosmic radiation B : saturation current C : avalanche Townsend discharge D: self - sustained Townsend discharge E : unstable region : corona discharge F : sub-normal glow discharge G : normal glow discharge H : abnormal glow discharge I : unstable region : glow - arc transition J : electric arc K : electric arc The A-D region is called a dark discharge ; there is some ionization , but the current is below 10 microamperes and there is no significant amount of radiation produced . The F-H region is a region of glow discharge ; the plasma emits a faint glow that occupies almost all the volume of the tube ; most of the light is emitted by excited neutral atoms . The I-K region is a region of arc discharge ; the plasma is concentrated in a narrow channel along the center of the tube ; a great amount of radiation is produced . In cold cathode tubes , the electric discharge in gas has three regions , with distinct current - voltage characteristics : I : Townsend discharge , below the breakdown voltage . At low voltages , the only current is that due to the generation of charge carriers in the gas by cosmic rays or other sources of ionizing radiation . As the applied voltage is increased , the free electrons carrying the current gain enough energy to cause further ionization , causing an electron avalanche . In this regime , the current increases from femtoamperes to microamperes , i.e. by nine orders of magnitude , for very little further increase in voltage . The voltage - current characteristics begins tapering off near the breakdown voltage and the glow becomes visible . II : glow discharge , which occurs once the breakdown voltage is reached . The voltage across the electrodes suddenly drops and the current increases to milliampere range . At lower currents , the voltage across the tube is almost current - independent ; this is used in glow discharge voltage - regulator tubes . At lower currents , the area of the electrodes covered by the glow discharge is proportional to the current . At higher currents the normal glow turns into abnormal glow , the voltage across the tube gradually increases , and the glow discharge covers more and more of the surface of the electrodes . Low - power switching ( glow - discharge thyratrons ) , voltage stabilization , and lighting applications ( e.g. Nixie tubes , decatrons , neon lamps ) operate in this region . III : arc discharge , which occurs in the ampere range of the current ; the voltage across the tube drops with increasing current . High - current switching tubes , e.g. triggered spark gap , ignitron , thyratron and krytron ( and its vacuum tube derivate , sprytron , using vacuum arc ) , high - power mercury - arc valves and high - power light sources , e.g. mercury - vapor lamps and metal halide lamps , operate in this range . Glow discharge is facilitated by electrons striking the gas atoms and ionizing them . For formation of glow discharge , the mean free path of the electrons has to be reasonably long but shorter than the distance between the electrodes ; glow discharges therefore do not readily occur at both too low and too high gas pressures . The breakdown voltage for the glow discharge depends nonlinearly on the product of gas pressure and electrode distance according to Paschen 's law . For a certain pressure × distance value , there is a lowest breakdown voltage . The increase of strike voltage for shorter electrode distances is related to too long mean free path of the electrons in comparison with the electrode distance . A small amount of a radioactive element may be added into the tube , either as a separate piece of material ( e.g. nickel - 63 in krytrons ) or as addition to the alloy of the electrodes ( e.g. thorium ) , to preionize the gas and increase the reliability of electrical breakdown and glow or arc discharge ignition . A gaseous radioactive isotope , e.g. krypton - 85 , can also be used . Ignition electrodes and keepalive discharge electrodes can also be employed . The E / N ratio between the electric field E and the concentration of neutral particles N is often used , because the mean energy of electrons ( and therefore many other properties of discharge ) is a function of E / N. Increasing the electric intensity E by some factor q has the same consequences as lowering gas density N by factor q . Its SI unit is V cm , but the Townsend unit ( Td ) is frequently used . Application in analog computation ( edit ) The use of a glow discharge for solution of certain mapping problems was described in 2002 . According to a Nature news article describing the work , researchers at Imperial College London demonstrated how they built a mini-map that gives tourists luminous route indicators . To make the one - inch London chip , the team etched a plan of the city centre on a glass slide . Fitting a flat lid over the top turned the streets into hollow , connected tubes . They filled these with helium gas , and inserted electrodes at key tourist hubs . When a voltage is applied between two points , electricity naturally runs through the streets along the shortest route from A to B -- and the gas glows like a tiny glowing strip light . The approach itself provides a novel visible analog computing approach for solving a wide class of maze searching problems based on the properties of lighting up of a glow discharge in a microfluidic chip . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reference Data for Engineers : Radio , Electronics , Computers and Communications By Wendy Middleton , Mac E. Van Valkenburg , p. 16 - 42 , Newnes , 2002 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7291 - 9 Jump up ^ Handbook of optoelectronics , Volume 1 by John Dakin , Robert G.W. Brown , p. 52 , CRC Press , 2006 ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0646 - 7 Jump up ^ Reyes , D.R. ; Ghanem , M.M. ; Whitesides , G.M. ; Manz , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Glow discharge in microfluidic chips for visible analog computing '' . Lab on a Chip. 2 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 6 . doi : 10.1039 / B200589A . PMID 15100843 . Jump up ^ `` Glow discharge in microfluidic chips for visible analog computing '' . Nature . 27 May 2002 . doi : 10.1038 / news020520 - 12 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_discharge_in_gases&oldid=830748588 '' Categories : Electrical discharge in gases Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español 한국어 Қазақша Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
why does a gas show a colour only when electricity is passed through the discharge tube
[ "Electric discharge in gases occurs when electric current flows through a gaseous medium due to ionization of the gas. Depending on several factors, the discharge may radiate visible light. The properties of electric discharges in gases are studied in connection with design of lighting sources and in the design of high voltage electrical equipment." ]
[ "due to ionization of the gas" ]
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Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree
Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree - wikipedia Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree Jump to : navigation , search `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' Single by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando from the album Tuneweaving B - side `` I Ca n't Believe How Much I Love You '' Released 19 February 1973 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1973 Genre Pop Length 3 : 20 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Irwin Levine , L. Russell Brown Producer ( s ) Hank Medress , Dave Appell Dawn featuring Tony Orlando singles chronology `` You 're a Lady '' ( 1972 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( 1973 ) `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're a Lady '' ( 1972 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( 1973 ) `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' ( 1973 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' is a song by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando . It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell , with Motown / Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins , Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals . It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973 . The single reached the top 10 in ten countries , in eight of which it topped the charts . It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973 , number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973 . It was the top - selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK . In 2008 , Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Origins of the song 3 Chart and sales performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 In popular culture 6 Association with the People Power Revolution 7 Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests 8 See also 9 References Synopsis ( edit ) The song is told from the point of view of someone who has `` done his time '' but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home . He writes to his love , asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the `` ole oak tree '' in front of the house ( which the bus will pass by ) if she wants him to return to her life ; if he does not see such a ribbon , he will remain on the bus ( taking that to mean he is unwelcome ) and understand her reasons ( `` put the blame on me '' ) . He asks the bus driver to check , fearful of not seeing anything . To his amazement , the entire bus cheers the response -- there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree , a sign he is very much welcome . Origins of the song ( edit ) This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town . I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine . The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war -- who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia ... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy ... -- L. Russell Brown The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th - century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry . The song `` ' Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon '' , which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon , is a reference to this . The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one , either in the military or in jail , would be welcomed home on their return . In October 1971 , newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called `` Going Home '' . In it , he told a variant of the story , in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick , Georgia . Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition . In June 1972 , nine months later , Reader 's Digest reprinted `` Going Home '' . Also in June 1972 , ABC - TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con . According to L. Russell Brown , he read Hamill 's story in the Reader 's Digest , and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it . Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon ' Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . At the time , the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military . Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement . Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before `` Going Home '' had been written . Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr , but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as `` ridiculous '' . Chart and sales performance ( edit ) In April 1973 , the recording by Tony Orlando and Dawn reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 ( chart date April 21 , 1973 ) in the US , and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks . `` Tie A Yellow Ribbon '' sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks . It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973 . It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia , and has sold 1 million copies in the UK . In New Zealand , the song spent 10 weeks at number one . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada RPM Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Cover versions ( edit ) The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio , as a cover version by Johnny Carver . Carver 's rendition - simply titled `` Yellow Ribbon '' - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973 . Carver 's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Musically similar , the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive `` damn '' ( in the lyric , `` Now the whole damn bus is cheering '' ) with `` darn '' . Bing Crosby recorded the song on June 8 , 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records . Also in 1973 , Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never ( Columbia KC 32377 ) . Also in 1973 , Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language : `` Appendi un nastro giallo '' . The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original , the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus , the Italian singer watches it from a tram . Perry Como - included in his album And I Love You So ( 1973 ) . Dean Martin - included in his album You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me ( 1973 ) . In Chile , Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version , which was number one on the national radio for the September 11 , 1973 . Lou Sino covered the song which appeared on his Now album ( 1973 ) . It was also the B side of his single , `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' released on Bengal 112873 . Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974 hitting number 12 . Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I 've Missed ( 1974 ) Around 1974 the song was also covered by Hong Kong singing artist Agnes Chan . The song is included on the album `` With love from '' of Taiwanese superstar Teresa Teng . In 1974 Venezuelan group ' Los Tres Tristes Tigres ' ( Three Sad Tigers ) launched locally a huge hit version of the song in Spanish , entitled `` Amarra Una Cinta '' . The colour of the ribbon was changed from yellow ( amarillo ) to dark red ( carmesí ) , due to the rhyme of the song in Spanish . Max Bygraves included in his album Singalong with Max ( 1975 ) . The song was covered by Lawrence Welk , whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s ; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk 's Most Requested TV Favorites ( Champagne Style ) . The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976 . Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 ( 2001 ) . In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country . The song was covered by Eric D. Johnson and appears on the soundtrack for the 2011 film Our Idiot Brother starring Paul Rudd . The song is used over the opening credits as Rudd is released from prison after serving time for selling marijuana to a uniform police officer . In 2014 , a cover version was sung by Cuban stars Silvio Rodríguez , Amaury Pérez , Los Cinco , Kiki Corona , Luna Manzanares , Gretell Barreiro and the famous classical pianist Frank Fernández . This version , sung in English , was a protest asking Barack Obama to free three Cuban activists kept in a Miami prison . In popular culture ( edit ) The song had renewed popularity in 1981 , in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis . Later in 1973 , Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song , `` The Answer ( Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree ? ) '' . Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks , peaking at number 31 . In 1977 , the song was sung by Andy Kaufman playing his character Tony Clifton on HBO . The song was performed by David Alan Grier over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) . In 1993 , Aardman Animations ' stop - motion animated short film The Wrong Trousers featuring Wallace and Gromit , included the song when Gromit realises his bedroom has been taken over by the evil mute penguin disguised as a chicken , Feathers McGraw . The Hammond organ arrangement of the song is menacingly played from Feathers McGraw 's radio at a very loud volume . In 1999 S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7 . It was featured in the second episode . The song was also covered by SHINee during their 1st Japan Arena Tour Shinee World 2012 starting with SHINee Fukuoka arena tour on April 25 , 2012 and ending with SHINee Hiroshima arena tour on July 1 , 2012 . They also performed the same song throughout their 2nd Asia Tour Shinee World II in various countries such as South Korea , Taiwan , China and Singapore . In The Simpsons ' `` Treehouse of Horror XXVI '' ( 2015 ) segment ' Homerzilla ' , Disco Stu sings the song at a karaoke box as all the power is cut off due to Homerzilla cutting off the wires in a wire tower . Association with the People power revolution ( edit ) In the Philippines , the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino , Jr. to the country in 1983 , during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival . However , Aquino was assassinated upon arrival , sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos ' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino 's widow Corazon Aquino as president . Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino 's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010 . Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests ( edit ) During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site ( tied to street railings ) and on social media . Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1973 ( Ireland ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1970s ( UK ) Preceded by `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' by Vicki Lawrence Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Tony Orlando and Dawn version ) April 21 , 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Dirty Old Man '' by George Hamilton IV RPM Country Tracks number one single ( Johnny Carver version ) June 16 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` You Always Come Back ( To Hurting Me ) '' by Johnny Rodriguez Preceded by `` Get Down '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single April 21 , 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` See My Baby Jive '' by Wizzard References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald E. Parson , `` How the Yellow Ribbon Became a National Folk Symbol '' , available at Library of Congress , originally printed in the Folklife Center News ( Volume XIII , # 3 , 1991 , pp. 9 - 11 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The L. Russell Brown Interview '' . Classicbands.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1973 Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Dawn -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dawn -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Dawn . Jump up ^ `` Dawn -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Dawn . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1973 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM Country Tracks for June 16 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Nabors - The Twelfth Of Never ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Discogs Lou Sino -- Now Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Welk - Lawrence Welk 's Most Requested TV Favorites ( Champagne Style ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic yellow ribbon -- why it keeps waving '' . Asian Journal . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jasmine ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Protests : The Symbols and Songs Explained '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizie ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Hong Kong Protests : A Guide to Yellow Ribbons , Blue Ribbons and All the Other Colours '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for June 9 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for June 23 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Tony Orlando and Dawn Tony Orlando Telma Hopkins Joyce Vincent Wilson Albums Candida Dawn 's New Ragtime Follies Singles `` Candida '' `` Knock Three Times '' `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' `` He Do n't Love You ( Like I Love You ) '' Book : Tony Orlando and Dawn Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree&oldid=804115783 '' Categories : 1973 singles Tony Orlando songs Johnny Carver songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by L. Russell Brown Songs written by Irwin Levine Bell Records singles Songs about buses Songs about prison Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austrian Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang tie a yellow ribbon round an old oak tree
[ "\"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\" is a song by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando. It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals.[1] It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973." ]
[ "Dawn featuring Tony Orlando" ]
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List of Presidents of the United States by age
List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by age Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to November 6 , 2017 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 List of presidents by age 2.1 Notes 3 Timeline of oldest living presidents 4 Sources Overview ( edit ) See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months , which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president following William McKinley 's assassination , at the age of 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days . The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy , who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days . Assassinated three years into his term , he became the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four - year term was Theodore Roosevelt ( 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump , at the age of 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days ; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office , at the age of 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989 . The oldest living U.S. president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 7004341150000000000 ♠ 93 years , 147 days ) . The second oldest , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 7004134390000000000 ♠ 36 years , 290 days . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 7004205480000000000 ♠ 56 years , 94 days ) . The longest - lived president was Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days . He surpassed Ronald Reagan for this distinction on November 12 , 2006 , 44 days prior to his death . ( Reagan had surpassed the 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days lifespan of the nation 's second president , John Adams , on October 12 , 2001 . ) The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield , who were both assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died at the age of 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . Since 1797 , when George Washington 's service as president ended , there have been five periods in American history where the only living president was the incumbent president . John Adams , December 14 , 1799 to March 4 , 1801 , between the death of George Washington , and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant , July 31 , 1875 to March 4 , 1877 , between the death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes Theodore Roosevelt , June 24 , 1908 to March 4 , 1909 , between the death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft Herbert Hoover , January 5 , 1933 to March 4 , 1933 , between the death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt Richard Nixon , January 22 , 1973 to August 9 , 1974 , between the death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford . The greatest number of presidents -- former presidents plus the incumbent -- alive at any given time is six , which has happened four times . Including : Martin Van Buren , John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln ; between March 4 , 1861 ( Abraham Lincoln 's first inauguration ) and January 18 , 1862 ( John Tyler 's death ) Including : Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , and Bill Clinton ; between January 20 , 1993 ( Bill Clinton 's first inauguration ) and April 22 , 1994 ( Richard Nixon 's death ) Including : Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; between January 20 , 2001 ( George W. Bush 's first inauguration ) and June 5 , 2004 ( Ronald Reagan 's death ) Including : Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Barack Obama and Donald Trump ; began on January 20 , 2017 ( Donald Trump 's inauguration ) and is ongoing . Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : John Adams ( 1735 -- 1826 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 -- 1964 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1911 -- 2004 ) Gerald Ford ( 1913 -- 2006 ) George H.W. Bush ( born 1924 ) Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) List of presidents by age ( edit ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Washington , George George Washington 000000001732 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1732 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 Apr 30 , 1789 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days 01,015 1,015 days ( 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days ) 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 Dec 14 , 1799 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days ( 24,767 days ) Adams , John A. John Adams 000000001735 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1735 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days 09,253 9,253 days ( 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days ( 33,119 days ) Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson 000000001743 - 04 - 13 - 0000 Apr 13 , 1743 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days 06,331 6,331 days ( 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days ( 30,397 days ) Madison , James James Madison 000000001751 - 03 - 16 - 0000 Mar 16 , 1751 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days 07,056 7,056 days ( 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days ) 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 Jun 28 , 1836 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days ( 31,150 days ) Monroe , James James Monroe 000000001758 - 04 - 28 - 0000 Apr 28 , 1758 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 02,313 2,313 days ( 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days ) 000000001831 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1831 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days ( 26,729 days ) 6 Adams , John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767 - 07 - 11 - 0000 Jul 11 , 1767 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days 06,930 6,930 days ( 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days ) 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 Feb 23 , 1848 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days ( 29,446 days ) 7 Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001767 - 03 - 15 - 0000 Mar 15 , 1767 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days 03,018 3,018 days ( 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days ) 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 Jun 8 , 1845 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days ( 28,574 days ) 8 Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001782 - 12 - 05 - 0000 Dec 5 , 1782 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days 07,812 7,812 days ( 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days ) 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 Jul 24 , 1862 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days ( 29,085 days ) 9 Harrison , William H. William H. Harrison 000000001773 - 02 - 09 - 0000 Feb 9 , 1773 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 00,000 0 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days ( 24,890 days ) 10 Tyler , John John Tyler 000000001790 - 03 - 29 - 0000 Mar 29 , 1790 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days 06,164 6,164 days ( 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days ) 000000001862 - 01 - 18 - 0000 Jan 18 , 1862 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days ( 26,227 days ) 11 Polk , James K. James K. Polk 000000001795 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1795 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days 00,103 103 days 000000001849 - 06 - 15 - 0000 Jun 15 , 1849 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ( 19,583 days ) 12 Taylor , Zachary Zachary Taylor 000000001784 - 11 - 24 - 0000 Nov 24 , 1784 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 00,000 0 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days ( 23,967 days ) 13 Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001800 - 01 - 07 - 0000 Jan 7 , 1800 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days 07,674 7,674 days ( 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days ) 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1874 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days ( 27,088 days ) 14 Pierce , Franklin Franklin Pierce 000000001804 - 11 - 23 - 0000 Nov 23 , 1804 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days 04,601 4,601 days ( 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days ) 000000001869 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1869 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days ( 23,695 days ) 15 Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001791 - 04 - 23 - 0000 Apr 23 , 1791 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days 02,646 2,646 days ( 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days ) 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 1 , 1868 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days ( 28,163 days ) 16 Lincoln , Abraham Abraham Lincoln 000000001809 - 02 - 12 - 0000 Feb 12 , 1809 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 00,000 0 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days ( 20,516 days ) 17 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001808 - 12 - 29 - 0000 Dec 29 , 1808 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days 02,340 2,340 days ( 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days ) 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 Jul 31 , 1875 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days ( 24,320 days ) 18 Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1822 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days 03,063 3,063 days ( 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days ) 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 Jul 23 , 1885 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days ( 23,098 days ) 19 Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1822 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days 04,337 4,337 days ( 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days ) 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 Jan 17 , 1893 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days ( 25,673 days ) 20 Garfield , James A. James A. Garfield 000000001831 - 11 - 19 - 0000 Nov 19 , 1831 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 00,000 0 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days ( 18,202 days ) 21 Arthur , Chester A. Chester A. Arthur 000000001829 - 10 - 05 - 0000 Oct 5 , 1829 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days 00,624 624 days ( 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days ) 000000001886 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1886 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days ( 20,863 days ) 22 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 23 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001833 - 08 - 20 - 0000 Aug 20 , 1833 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days 02,930 2,930 days ( 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days ) 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 Mar 13 , 1901 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days ( 24,676 days ) 24 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 25 McKinley , William William McKinley 000000001843 - 01 - 29 - 0000 Jan 29 , 1843 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 00,000 0 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days ( 21,412 days ) 26 Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001858 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1858 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 03,595 3,595 days ( 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days ) 000000001919 - 01 - 06 - 0000 Jan 6 , 1919 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days ( 21,985 days ) 27 Taft , William H. William H. Taft 000000001857 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1857 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 06,213 6,213 days ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1930 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days ( 26,471 days ) 28 Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001856 - 12 - 28 - 0000 Dec 28 , 1856 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days 01,066 1,066 days ( 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days ) 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 Feb 3 , 1924 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days ( 24,507 days ) 29 Harding , Warren G. Warren G. Harding 000000001865 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1865 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 00,000 0 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days ( 21,091 days ) 30 Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001872 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1872 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days 01,403 1,403 days ( 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days ) 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 Jan 5 , 1933 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days ( 22,099 days ) 31 Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001874 - 08 - 10 - 0000 Aug 10 , 1874 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days 11,553 11,553 days ( 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days ) 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 Oct 20 , 1964 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days ( 32,943 days ) 32 Roosevelt , Franklin D. Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882 - 01 - 30 - 0000 Jan 30 , 1882 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 00,000 0 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days ( 23,082 days ) 33 Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001884 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1884 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days 07,280 7,280 days ( 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days ) 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 1972 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days ( 32,373 days ) 34 Eisenhower , Dwight D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890 - 10 - 14 - 0000 Oct 14 , 1890 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days 02,989 2,989 days ( 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days ) 000000001969 - 03 - 28 - 0000 Mar 28 , 1969 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days ( 28,654 days ) 35 Kennedy , John F. John F. Kennedy 000000001917 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1917 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 00,000 0 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ( 16,978 days ) 36 Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1908 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days 01,463 1,463 days ( 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days ) 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 Jan 22 , 1973 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days ( 23,524 days ) 37 Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001913 - 01 - 09 - 0000 Jan 9 , 1913 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days 07,196 7,196 days ( 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days ) 000000001994 - 04 - 22 - 0000 Apr 22 , 1994 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days ( 29,688 days ) 38 Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000001913 - 07 - 14 - 0000 Jul 14 , 1913 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days 10,932 10,932 days ( 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days ) 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 2006 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days ( 34,133 days ) 39 Carter , Jimmy Jimmy Carter 000000001924 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1924 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days 13,439 13,439 days ( 7004134390000000000 ♠ 36 years , 290 days ) 2017 - 11 - 6 7004340040000000000 ♠ 93 years , 36 days ( 34,004 days ) 40 Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001911 - 02 - 06 - 0000 Feb 6 , 1911 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days 05,615 5,615 days ( 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days ) 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 Jun 5 , 2004 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days ( 34,088 days ) 41 Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000001924 - 06 - 12 - 0000 Jun 12 , 1924 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days 09,056 9,056 days ( 7003905600000000000 ♠ 24 years , 290 days ) 2017 - 11 - 6 7004341150000000000 ♠ 93 years , 147 days ( 34,115 days ) 42 Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 000000001946 - 08 - 19 - 0000 Aug 19 , 1946 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days 06,134 6,134 days ( 7003613400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 290 days ) 2017 - 11 - 6 7004260120000000000 ♠ 71 years , 79 days ( 26,012 days ) 43 Bush , George W. George W. Bush 000000001946 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1946 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days 03,212 3,212 days ( 7003321200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 290 days ) 2017 - 11 - 6 7004260560000000000 ♠ 71 years , 123 days ( 26,056 days ) 44 Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000001961 - 08 - 04 - 0000 Aug 4 , 1961 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days 00 , 134290 290 days 2017 - 11 - 6 7004205480000000000 ♠ 56 years , 94 days ( 20,548 days ) 45 Trump , Donald Donald Trump 000000001946 - 06 - 14 - 0000 Jun 14 , 1946 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days 2017 - 11 - 6 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days 24,781 2017 - 11 - 6 7004260780000000000 ♠ 71 years , 145 days ( 26,078 days ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . ^ Jump up to : Died in office . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Resigned from office . ^ Jump up to : Ongoing . Timeline of oldest living presidents ( edit ) See also : Living Presidents of the United States Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time . Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president ( while still president himself ) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933 , and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 but held this distinction for only 27 days . On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the election of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 50 ) and a former president ( at age 51 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90 . On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . President Became oldest living president Ceased to be oldest living president Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Duration ( days ) Washington , George George Washington 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1789 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days 03,880 3,880 days Adams , John John Adams 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days 09,698 9,698 days Madison , James James Madison 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days 03,647 3,647 days Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days 03,267 3,267 days Adams , John Quincy John Quincy Adams 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days 00,990 990 days Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 151 days 05,265 5,265 days Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days 02,139 2,139 days Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days 02,106 2,106 days Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days 00,510 510 days Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days 03,645 3,645 days Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days 02,735 2,735 days Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days 02,976 2,976 days Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days 02,660 2,660 days Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days 00,253 253 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 01,461 1,461 days Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days 03,988 3,988 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days 02,225 2,225 days Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days 01,034 1,034 days Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days 11,611 11,611 days Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days 02,989 2,989 days Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days 00,027 27 days Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years , 11 days 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days 02,920 2,920 days Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days 08,537 8,537 days Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days 00,934 934 days Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 Current 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days Current 7003396800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 315 days 03,968 3,968 days President Became oldest living president Ceased to be oldest living president Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Duration ( days ) Sources ( edit ) Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Pension and benefits Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age&oldid=808927325 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders by age Lists relating to the United States presidency Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Latina Română Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 02 : 19 . 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who is the oldest living president of the us
[ "\n\nPresident\nBecame oldest living president\nCeased to be oldest living president\nAge at\nstart date\nAge at\nend date\nDuration\n(years, days)\nDuration (days)\n\n\nWashington, GeorgeGeorge Washington\n000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789\n000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799\n7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days\n7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days\n7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days\n03,8803,880 days\n\n\nAdams, JohnJohn Adams\n000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799\n000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826\n7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days\n7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days\n7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days\n09,6989,698 days\n\n\nMadison, JamesJames Madison\n000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826\n000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836\n7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days\n7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days\n7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days\n03,6473,647 days\n\n\nJackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson\n000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836\n000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845\n7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days\n7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days\n7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days\n03,2673,267 days\n\n\nAdams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams\n000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845\n000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848\n7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days\n7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days\n7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days\n00,990990 days\n\n\nVan Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren\n000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848\n000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862\n7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days\n7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days\n7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days\n05,2655,265 days\n\n\nBuchanan, JamesJames Buchanan\n000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862\n000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868\n7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days\n7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days\n7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days\n02,1392,139 days\n\n\nFillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore\n000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868\n000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874\n7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days\n7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days\n7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days\n02,1062,106 days\n\n\nJohnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson\n000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874\n000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875\n7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days\n7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days\n7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days\n00,510510 days\n\n\nGrant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant\n000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875\n000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885\n7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days\n7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days\n7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days\n03,6453,645 days\n\n\nHayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes\n000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885\n000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893\n7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days\n7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days\n7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days\n02,7352,735 days\n\n\nHarrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison\n000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893\n000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901\n7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days\n7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days\n7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days\n02,9762,976 days\n\n\nCleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland\n000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901\n000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908\n7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days\n7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days\n7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days\n02,6602,660 days\n\n\nRoosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt\n000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908\n000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909\n7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days\n7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days\n7002253000000000000♠253 days\n00,253253 days\n\n\nTaft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft\n000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909\n000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913\n7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days\n7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days\n7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days\n01,4611,461 days\n\n\nWilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson\n000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913\n000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924\n7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days\n7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days\n7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days\n03,9883,988 days\n\n\nTaft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft\n000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924\n000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930\n7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days\n7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days\n7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days\n02,2252,225 days\n\n\nCoolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge\n000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930\n000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933\n7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days\n7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days\n7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days\n01,0341,034 days\n\n\nHoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover\n000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933\n000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964\n7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days\n7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days\n7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days\n11,61111,611 days\n\n\nTruman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman\n000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964\n000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972\n7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days\n7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days\n7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days\n02,9892,989 days\n\n\nJohnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson\n000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972\n000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973\n7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days\n7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days\n7001270000000000000♠27 days\n00,02727 days\n\n\nNixon, RichardRichard Nixon\n000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973\n000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981\n7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days\n7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days\n7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days\n02,9202,920 days\n\n\nReagan, RonaldRonald Reagan\n000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981\n000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004\n7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days\n7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days\n7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days\n08,5378,537 days\n\n\nFord, GeraldGerald Ford\n000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004\n000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006\n7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days\n7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days\n7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days\n00,934934 days\n\n\nBush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush\n000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006\nCurrent\n7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days\nCurrent\n7003396800000000000♠10 years, 315 days\n03,9683,968 days\n\n\n\nPresident\nBecame oldest living president\nCeased to be oldest living president\nAge at\nstart date\nAge at\nend date\nDuration\n(years, days)\nDuration\n(days)\n" ]
[ "George H. W. Bush" ]
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Beat Bobby Flay
Beat Bobby Flay - wikipedia Beat Bobby Flay Jump to : navigation , search Beat Bobby Flay Genre Cooking Starring Bobby Flay Judges Various Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 16 No. of episodes 191 Release Original network Food Network Picture format HDTV External links Beat Bobby Flay Beat Bobby Flay is an American cooking competition show on the Food Network . It features various chefs competing against Iron Chef Bobby Flay . This show is taped in front of a live audience . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 2.8 Season 8 2.9 Season 9 2.10 Season 10 2.11 Season 11 2.12 Season 12 2.13 Season 13 2.14 Season 14 2.15 Season 15 2.16 Season 16 3 References 4 External links Format ( edit ) In the first round , two guests , often a celebrity chef and a friend of Flay , introduce two contestants who cook for 20 minutes against each other using an ingredient chosen by Flay . The guests then determine who cooked the better dish and will face Flay in the second round . The contestant who won the first round then chooses a dish for both the contestant and Flay to cook in the second round which lasts for 45 minutes . The winner of the second round is determined by three judges in a blind taste test . Through 191 competitions Bobby Flay 's win - loss record is 126 and 65 . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner `` Grueneberg and Nunziata '' August 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 24 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Jeff Mauro zucchini Sara Grueneberg , Alberico Nunziata Billy Grant , Marissa May , Lauren DeMayo chicken parm Sara Grueneberg `` Welcome to New York ! '' March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) Sunny Anderson , Jonathan Waxman skirt steak Anthony Lamas , Jennifer Nguyen Cobi Levy , Kelsey Nixon , Roberto Treviño shrimp and grits Bobby Flay `` Farmer and the Belle '' March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) Michael Symon , Simon Majumdar red prawn Karen Akunowicz , Matthew Raiford Corby Kummer , Melba Wilson , Harold Dieterle chicken and waffles Bobby Flay `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Anne Burrell cauliflower Adam Harvey , Brian Tsao Michael Chernow , Daniel Holzman , Wylie Dufresne meat tacos Brian Tsao 5 5 `` Fighting Irish '' March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Mo Rocca scallops Brian Young , Steven McHugh Ed Levine , Madison Cowan , Nils Norén bangers & mash Bobby Flay 6 6 `` Beauty and the Feast '' March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) Eden Grinshpan , Justin Warner eggplant Paul Denamiel , Rochelle Bilow George Mendes , Michele Ragussis , Hugh Mangum burger Bobby Flay 7 7 `` Eat , Flay , Love '' April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Jack McDavid brussels sprouts Kimberly Van Kline , Christopher Lee Todd Coleman , Marco Canora , Frank Prisinzano mac & cheese Bobby Flay 8 8 `` Up in Smoke '' April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) Ally Wentworth , Michael Symon poblano chili pepper Kamal Rose , Shannon Barr Ed Macfsarland , Alain Allegretti , Brian Duffy crab cakes Bobby Flay 9 9 `` Old School / New School '' April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) Katie Lee , Scott Conant pineapple Andrew Evans , Brooke Mallory Joey Campenaro , Aliya LeeKong , Samus Mullen meatloaf Bobby Flay Season 2 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 10 `` They Must Be Giants '' July 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Scott Conant lamb chops Bruce Kalman , Andy Saint - Ange Donatella Arpaia , Ed McFarland , Leah Cohen linguine & clams Bobby Flay 11 `` East vs West '' August 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Michael Symon fresh squid Jason Santos , Neil Fraser Drew Nieporent , Anita Lo , Harold Dieterle fried chicken sandwich Neil Fraser 12 `` Bring Home the Bacon '' August 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) Sunny Anderson , Jet Tila broccoli Matthew Britt , Tyler Anderson Wylie Dufresne , Emily Fleischaker , Charlie Palmer New England clam chowder Bobby Flay 13 `` Battle of Brooklyn '' August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) Anne Burrell , Chris Santos arctic char Jennifer Cole Ruiz , Jordin Andino Jonathon Sawyer , Roberto Trevino , Andy Ricker Korean short ribs Bobby Flay 14 5 `` Out of the Pan / Into the Fire '' August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) Daphne Oz , Alton Brown pork chops Rina Younan , Carlos Serrano Michael Psilakis , Ivy Stark , Eugene Remm falafel Rina Younan 15 6 `` Ladies First '' September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) Katie Lee , Marc Murphy oysters Natasha Pogrebinsky , Esther Choi Michael Ferraro , Kristin Sollenne , Jeff Zalanick beef stroganoff Bobby Flay 16 7 `` Risky Business '' September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) Ted Allen , Alex Guarnaschelli ricotta cheese Jeremiah Bullfrog , Kyle Williams Michael Psilakis , Joey Campanaro , Joshua David Stein Cuban sandwich Bobby Flay 17 8 `` Smile Now , Cry Later '' September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) Judah Friedlander , Michael Symon sweet potato Jason Fullilove , Billy Olivia Leah Cohen , George Mendes , Dominique Crenn bouillabaise Bobby Flay 18 9 `` Ruling with an Iron Fist '' September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) Simon Majumdar , Donatella Arpaia beets Tim Wiechmann , Stephan Durand April Bloomfield , Scott Gerber , Maureen Petrosky wienerschnitzel Tim Wiechmann 19 10 `` Against All Odds '' October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) Alton Brown , Anne Burrell corn Florian Wehrli , Heather West Terrance Brennan , Maureen Petrosky , Glenn Harris French toast Bobby Flay 20 11 `` Sun Up to Show Down '' October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) Sunny Anderson , Katie Lee wild king salmon Mychael Bonner , Anna Maria Santorelli Harold Moore , Tracy Weiss , Ryan Scott eggplant Parmesan Bobby Flay 21 12 `` Only in New York '' October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Michael Symon fresh atlantic cod Palak Patel , Daniel Holzman Hugh Mangum , Todd Coleman , Andrew Carmellini chicken curry Palak Patel 22 13 `` Orange is the New Beat '' October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Jeff Mauro pumpkin puree James Gillespie , Rob Mafucci Frank Prisinzano , Candice Kuman , Lauren Hirschberg pasta Bolognese Bobby Flay Season 3 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 23 `` An International Affair '' October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) Amanda Freitag , Ted Allen egg Patrick D'Andrea , Rob Feenie Mark Birnbaum , Franklin Becker , Andrew Friedman ravioli Bobby Flay 24 `` Surf and Turf '' November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Anne Burrell green peas Jake Gandolfo , Rafael Lunetta Ed Brown , Ken Oringer , Suvir Saran fish sandwich Bobby Flay 25 `` Gobbled Up '' November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Chrissy Teigen cranberries Kat Ploszaj , Julietta Ballesteros Seamus Mullen , Shaun Hergatt , David Leite duck a l'orange Bobby Flay 26 `` Shaken Not Stirred '' November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Michael Symon chorizo Kristin Kittrell , Giulio Adriani Frank Prisinzano , Tricia Williams , Brian Duffy gnocchi Kristin Kittrell 27 5 `` By Land or by Sea '' December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) Brooke Burke - Charvet , Alton Brown marcona almonds Alex Diaz , Jeremy Hanlon Seamus Mullen , Lourdes Castro , Madison Cowan fish and chips Bobby Flay 28 6 `` Bells will be Ringing '' December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) Anne Burrell , Scott Conant pears Mark Allen , Blythe Beck Aliya Leekong , Greg and Darin Bresnitz cornish game hen Bobby Flay 29 7 `` Heat in the Street '' December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) Scott Conant , Alex Guarnaschelli pancetta Damien O'Donnell , Adrian Leon Phillip Lee , Ariane Daguin , Ivan Orkin pork chop Bobby Flay 30 8 `` Roll the Dice '' December 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 25 ) Michael Voltaggio , Simon Majumdar pork tenderloin Evan Hennessey , John Miele Ken Friedman , Ed McFarland , Donald Brophy lobster roll John Miele 31 9 `` Pot Calling the Kettle Beat '' January 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) Jonathan Waxman , Aaron Sanchez goat cheese Herb Wilson , Robin King Wylie Dufresne , Anita Lo , Josh Capon chicken pot pie Bobby Flay 32 10 `` New Kids on the Butcher Block '' January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) Jeff Mauro , Justin Warner ground beef Malcolm Mitchell , Daniela D'Ambrosio Joey Campanaro , Madison Cowan , Mike Birnbaum BLT Bobby Flay 33 11 `` Clash of the Culinary Titans '' January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) Sunny Anderson , Ted Allen pizza dough Victor Albisu , Eddie Tangredi Michael Stillman , Ariane Daguin , George Motz steak and eggs Victor Albisu 34 12 `` Defend the House '' January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) Alton Brown , Alex Guarnaschelli hanger steak Joe Dobias , Alina Eisenhauer Sam Talbot , Aliya Leekong , Alex Garcia biscuits & gravy Bobby Flay 35 13 `` Fry Me a River '' February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) Scott Conant , Geoffrey Zakarian tomatoes Robert Hesse , Michael Jenkins Corby Kummer , Terrance Brennon , Drew Nieporent chicken wings Bobby Flay Season 4 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 36 `` Foreign Relations '' March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Michael Symon porterhouse steak Taichi Kitamura , David Decastro Ed Schoenfeld , Kristin Sollenne , Harold Dieterle pot stickers Taichi Kitamura 37 `` Fire in the Hole '' March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Katie Lee chickpeas Jen Biesty , Chris Lamphier George Mendes , Aliya Leekong , Drew Nieporent paella Bobby Flay 38 `` To Contend and Serve '' March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) Anne Burrell , Geoffrey Zakarian italian sausage Carla Harris , Noah Schwartz Ed McFarland , Lourdes Castro , Rick Moonen catfish po ' boy Bobby Flay 39 `` Culinary Validation '' March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) Scott Conant , Natalie Morales kielbasa Joe Adorno , Adam Halberg Jeff Zalaznick , Kristin Sollenne , Rick Moonen arroz con pollo Bobby Flay 40 5 `` Raising the Bar '' April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) Sunny Anderson , Allison Sweeney shiitake mushrooms Kelvin Fernandez , Chris Kobayashi Ivan Orkin , Roberto Treviño , Ming Tsai meat arepas Kelvin Fernandez 41 6 `` No Training Wheels '' April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , David Burtka feta cheese Johnny Zone , Jumoke Jackson Luke Holden , Mary Sue Milliken , Suvir Saran fried fish tacos Johnny Zone 42 7 `` Best Laid Plans '' April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) Katie Lee , Simon Majumdar sardines Clark Frasier , Keri Moser Donal Brophy , Tricia WIlliams , Ken Friedman cedar plank salmon Bobby Flay 43 8 `` East Coast 's Finest '' April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) Curtis Stone , Michael Symon mussels Luke Venner , Antonio Franco Frank Pellegrino Jr. , Laura Vitale , Michael Psilakis veal milanese Bobby Flay 44 9 `` Out on a Limb '' April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) Ted Allen , Tamron Hall fluke John Wassil , Katherine Humphus Harold Moore , Ariane Daguin , Todd Coleman lamb chops Bobby Flay 45 10 `` Any Given Sunday '' May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) Chris Santos , Geoffrey Zakarian bacon Kathy Cary , Shanna O'Hea Michael Ferraro , Susan Ungaro , Terrance Brennan croque - monsieur Bobby Flay 46 11 `` Homeland '' May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) Anne Burrell , Scott Conant oranges Thoa Nguyen , Jason Hippen David Massoni , Anita Lo , Ivan Orkin bibimbap Thoa Nguyen 47 12 `` Humble Beginnings '' May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) Sunny Anderson , Simon Majumdar fresh mozzarella Christopher Wall , Eugene Jones Ed McFarlnd , Alexander Smalls , Frank Prisinzano étouffée Bobby Flay 48 13 `` Getting Grilled '' May 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) Michael Symon , Debi Mazar chicken Dominic Zumpano , Angelo Sosa Michael Stillman , Hugh Mangum , Michael Lomonaco steak and potatoes Bobby Flay Season 5 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 49 `` No Fear '' June 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) Damaris Phillips , Alex Guarnaschelli halibut Will Gilson , Lawrence Males Roberto Treviño , Lourdes Castro , Hugh Mangum corn - beef hash Bobby Flay 50 `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Scott Conant , Haylie Duff lobster Sam Marvin , Gregory Torrech Frank Prisinzano , Roberto Treviño , April Bloomfield sausage & peppers Sam Marvin 51 `` No Formalities '' June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) Sunny Anderson , Giada de Laurentiis littleneck clams Tre Wilcox , Sarah Acconcia Andrew Carmellini , Tracy Weiss , Josh Capon pork roulade Bobby Flay 52 `` Mavericks '' June 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) Daphne Oz , Michael Symon jumbo lump crab meat Sylvia Casares , Braden Wages Ivy Stark , Corby Kummer , Leah Cohen thai green curry Bobby Flay 53 5 `` Stars and Stripes '' July 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) Rachael Ray , Jessica Seinfeld watermelon Matt O'Neil , Brian Cartenuto Glenn Harris , Susan Ungaro , Ken Freidman burger Bobby Flay 54 6 `` Rollin ' Deep '' July 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) Katie Lee , Geoffrey Zakarian fennel Linda Hamel , Kenny Johnson Charlie Parker , Tracy Weiss , Frankie Pelegrino Jr . meatballs Kenny Johnson 55 7 `` Worst Case Scenario '' July 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) Amanda Freitag , Alex Guarnaschelli hen of the woods mushroom Kouri Killmeier , Jared Case Michael Lomonaco , Franklin Becker , Michael Psilakis bratwurst sandwich Bobby Flay 56 8 `` Rise to the Occasion '' July 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 23 ) Ted Allen , Debi Mazar apples Gio Osso , Mike Friedman Aliya Leekong , Jeff Zalaznick , Laura Vitale lasagne Bobby Flay 57 9 `` Do or Die '' July 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 30 ) Scott Conant , Geoffrey Zakarian pomegranates Peter Morris , Gregory Webb Harold Dieterle , Ivy Stark , Jason Birchard chili relleno Bobby Flay 58 10 `` The Heat is On '' August 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) Katie Lee , Robert Irvine rib - eye steak Jeanie Roland , Becca Richards Susan Feniger , Ed Brown , Susan Ungaro mussels frites Jeanie Roland 59 11 `` Sticking to Your Guns '' August 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) Sunny Anderson , Curtis Stone russet potatoes Clark Barlowe , Peter McAndrews Andrew Carmellini , Madison Cowan , April Bloomfield liver & onions Bobby Flay 60 12 `` Arrivals and Departures '' August 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) Donatella Arpaia , Alex Guarnaschelli swordfish Michael Walters , Lisa Nakamura Franklin Becker , Candice Kumai , Madison Cowan jerk chicken Michael Walters 61 13 `` Culinary Tornado '' August 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) Anne Burrell , Simon Majumdar New York strip steak Miguel Trinidad , Brian Hill Leah Cohen , Hugh Mangum , Devin Alexander ribs Bobby Flay Season 6 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 62 `` Unfinished Business '' October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) Scott Conant , Jonathan Scott , Drew Scott cherrystone clams Angelo Sosa , Blythe Beck Ivy Stark , Josh Capon , Elizabeth Karmel pork enchiladas Bobby Flay 63 `` Settling the Score '' October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Sunny Anderson , Jeff Mauro rack of lamb Jordan Andino , Bruce Kalman Frank Prisinzano , Laura Vitale , Harold Moore pasta carbonara Bruce Kalman 64 `` Frenemies '' October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) Michael Symon , Debi Mazar portobello mushroom Natasha Pogrebinsky , Michael Jenkins Ed McFarland , Tom Birchard , Andrew Friedman pierogi Bobby Flay 65 `` Back with a Vengeance '' October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) Daphne Oz , Geoffrey Zakarian kale Tre Wilcox , Anthony Lamas Franklin Becker , Lourdes Castro , Julien Medina moqueca Bobby Flay 66 5 `` Trick or Sweet '' October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) Simon Majumdar , Debi Mazar coconut Justin Burke - Samson , Tommy Juliano Paulette Goto , Johnny Iuzzini , Jennifer Yee pumpkin trifle Bobby Flay 67 6 `` It 's a Family Secret '' November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) Anne Burrell , Spike Mendelsohn flat iron steak Kiran Verma , Ric Orlando Jason Birchard , Maneet Chauhan , Madison Cowan potato latkes Ric Orlando 68 7 `` She 's a Lady '' November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) Katie Lee , Alex Guarnaschelli chicken thighs Giovanna Huyke , Jennifer Bajsel Roberto Treviño , Aliya Leekong , Hugh Mangum shrimp mofongo Bobby Flay 69 8 `` Let 's Talk Turkey '' November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) Michael Symon , Geoffrey Zakarian acorn squash Nick Rabar , Jeff Haskel Susan Ungaro , Michael Ferraro , Sarah Simmons turkey sandwich Bobby Flay 70 9 `` Hook , Line and Sinker '' December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) Scott Conant , Willie Geist rainbow trout Roy Breiman , Vaughn Crenshaw Ken Friedman , Anita Lo , Glenn Harris Dutch baby pancake Roy Breiman 71 10 `` Roasting on an Open Fire '' December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Penn Jillette chestnuts Ariane Duarte , Adil Fawzi Michael Lomonaco , Candice Kumai , Phillipe Massoud filet mignon Ariane Duarte 72 11 `` Poking and Prodding '' December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) Katie Lee , Judy Gold polenta Alex Stratta , Houman Gohary Marco Moreira , Maneet Chauhan , Jean - Paul Bourgeouis lamb shish kebab Bobby Flay 73 12 `` Rules are Meant to be Broken '' January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) Ted Allen , Margaret Cho fresh tuna Diane DiMeo , Ian Russo Jason Debriere , Ivy Stark , David Massoni pork tostado Bobby Flay 74 13 `` Live From the Food Carpet '' January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) Rachael Ray , Ross Mattthews bell peppers Gavin Fine , K.N. Vinod Frank Prisinzano , Missy Robbins , Suvir Saran fish curry Bobby Flay Season 7 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 75 `` Strike While the Iron 's Hot '' January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) Amanda Freitag , Geoffrey Zakarian peanuts Steve `` Nookie '' Postal , Tim Freeman Kristin Sollenne , Dale Talde , Candice Kumai pad thai Tim Freeman 76 `` A Cut Above '' January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) Simon Majumdar , Jet Tila flank steak John Tesar , Terry Sargent Michael Stillman , Madison Cowan , Jean - Paul Bourgeouis beef Wellington Bobby Flay 77 `` Touchdown ! '' February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) Anne Burrell , Laila Ali avocado Zane Holmquist , Deji Oduwole Ben Ford , Tricia Williams , Pete Levin pork nachos Bobby Flay 78 `` Sweet and Spicy '' February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) Katie Lee , Damaris Phillips chocolate & chillies Carlos Baez , Steven Scalesse Susan Feniger , Richard Sandoval , Pamela Morgan chicken mole Bobby Flay 79 5 `` A Feather in Your Cap '' February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Sunny Anderson duck breast Mohan Ismail , Nicole Roarke Wylie Dufresne , Ed Schoenfeld , Frank Pellegrino seafood lo mein Mohan Ismail 80 6 `` The Boys Are Back '' February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) Michael Symon , Michael Voltaggio jarred tuna Todd Hall , Brian Archibald Julian Medina , Tricia Williams , Franklin Becker steak torta Brian Archibald 81 7 `` Always Expect the Unexpected '' March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) Ted Allen , Kelsey Nixon sirloin steak Matt Levin , Sanaa Abourezk Michael Psilakis , Corby Kummer , Jeremy Spector vegetarian moussaka Bobby Flay Season 8 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 82 `` Turning the Tables '' March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) Katie Lee spinach Alex Guarnaschelli , Michael Symon Michael Lomonaco , April Bloomfield , Wylie Dufresne lobster Newberg Alex Guarnaschelli 83 `` Pie in the Sky '' March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) Maria Menounos , Scott Conant striped bass Branden Levine , Damon Gordon Donal Brophy , Michael Lomonaco , Pete Levin shepherd 's pie Bobby Flay 84 `` Time to Get Schooled '' March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) Anne Burrell , Curtis Stone asparagus Cindy Wolf , Stacie Vande Wetering Jean - Paul Bourgeouis , Cedric Vongerichten , Franklin Becker seafood risotto Bobby Flay 85 `` Something Sweet '' April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) Bobby Deen , Sunny Anderson cherry Caprial Pence , Ty Leon Johnny Iuzzini , Paulette Goto , Zac Young cream puffs Bobby Flay 86 5 `` Have Merci ! '' April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Josh Capon artichoke hearts Gui Alinat , Kevin Ashade Marco Moreira , Aliya Leekong , Alain Allegretti coq au vin Kevin Ashade 87 6 `` Just Act Natural '' April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) Ina Garten , Neil Patrick Harris piquillo pepper Gail Arnold , Thomas John Richie Notar , Madhur Jaffrey , Jehangir Mehta chicken shawarma Bobby Flay 88 7 `` Riding the Wave '' April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) Katie Lee , Simon Majumdar lamb tenderloin Shaymus Alwin , Jeremy Sewall Jamie Bissonnette , Keri Glassman , Ed McFarland lobster bisque Bobby Flay 89 8 `` Fully Baked '' May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Scott Conant plantain Robert Vasquez , Aaron Rivera Michael Laiskonis , Ivy Stark , Roberto Santibáñez beef empanada Aaron Rivera 90 9 `` Hall of Shame '' May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Jerome Bettis okra Kenny Gilbert , Jordan Wakefield Tom Birchard , Lisle Richards , Ken Friedman chicken & dumplings Kenny Gilbert 91 10 `` Star Power '' May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) Jeff Mauro , Eddie Jackson Dover sole Jesse Schenker , Danny Mena Julian Medina , Rosanna Scotto , Madison Cowan tortilla soup Bobby Flay 92 11 `` Ring of Fire '' May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) Jeff Mauro , Anthony Anderson mahi - mahi Adrianne Calvo , Ben Thomas Michael Lomonaco , Tracy Weiss , Brian Duffy steak au poivre Bobby Flay 93 12 `` Fingerlings Crossed ! '' June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Diane Guerrero fingerling potato Philippe Corbet , George Rodrigues Roberto Santibáñez , Paulette Goto , Brian Mazza chili George Rodrigues 94 13 `` A Little Bit Country '' June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Trisha Yearwood bay scallop Lee Frank , Joe Wolfson Hugh Mangum , Elizabeth Karmel , Marc Murphy country fried steak Bobby Flay Season 9 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 95 `` Fancy Meeting You Here '' June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) Sunny Anderson prosciutto Anne Burrell , Scott Conant Ken Oringer , Susan Ungaro , Jacques Torres cheesecake Anne Burrell 96 `` Breaking Food News '' June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) Michael Symon , Katie Couric mackerel Michael Ginor , Alyssa Gorelick Michael Psilakis , Leah Cohen , George Mendes lamb gyro Bobby Flay 97 `` Red , White , and BBQ '' June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Katie Lee , Elvis Duran chicken wings Brother Luck , Matt Bolus Raquel Pelzel , Corby Kummer , Elizabeth Karmel pulled pork sliders Brother Luck 98 `` Green with Envy '' July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) Scott Conant , Perrey Reeves silken tofu Pankaj Pradhan , Vikki Krinsky Michael Schulson , Keri Glassman , Sal Scognamillo stuffed peppers Bobby Flay 99 5 `` Dancing With the Devil '' July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) Lance Bass , Michael Voltaggio veal cutlet Robbie Jester , James Laird Frank Pellegrino , Tricia Williams , Stratis Morfogen shrimp scampi Robbie Jester 100 6 `` Ladies Night '' July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) Katie Lee , Laura Vitale romanesco Eric Levine , Jannifer Janinski Raquel Pelzel , Richie Natar , Kristin Sollene tortelloni Bobby Flay 101 7 `` Stop Drop and Roll '' July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Donny Deutsch cannellini beans Kevin Naderi , Mark Vecchitto Maneet Chauhan , Franklin Becker , Dorothy Cann Hamilton stuffed cabbage rolls Kevin Naderi 102 8 `` So many obstacles '' August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) Anne Burrell , Apolo Ohno couscous Michele Castelli , Brian Miller Christian Petroni , Rosanna Scotto , Alex Garcia meat pizza Bobby Flay 103 9 `` Who 's Got This in the Bag '' August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) Jet Tila , Debi Mazar ground lamb Mark Gaier , Christopher Covelli Ed Brown , Candice Kumai , Vikas Khanna fish en papillote Bobby Flay 104 10 `` Age is Just a Number '' August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) Sunny Anderson , Kimberly Schlapman blue cheese Kevin Des Chenes , Jenny Dorsey Cobi Levy , Anita Lo , Hugh Mangum wonton soup Jenny Dorsey 105 11 `` Get in the Zone '' August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Kenny Mayne Yukon gold potatoes Jeff Williams , Kevin Templeton David Massoni , Lourdes Castro , Jason Debriere chilaquiles Bobby Flay 106 12 `` Bobby 's DMV Appointment '' September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Curtis Stone ; Haylie Duff guanciale Serge Pambo , Todd Gray Michael Psilakis , Tracy Weiss , Hugh Mangum soft - shell crab sandwich Bobby Flay 107 13 `` Dark Horses Still Kick '' September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Debi Mazar branzino Ed Hardy , Kunal Lamba Hari Nayak , Dorothy Cann Hamilton , Hung Huynh chicken bánh mì Bobby Flay Season 10 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 108 `` Comforts of Home '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Scott Conant , Bethenny Frankel ground pork Jackie Rothong , Matteo Boffo Frank Prisinzano , Jody Adams , Salvatore Coppola cannelloni Bobby Flay 109 `` Shore Fire Strategy '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) Anne Burrell , Mario Cantone squab Geoff Johnson , Martin Rios Ed Brown , Clodagh Mckenna , Craig Samuel lobster thermidor Bobby Flay 110 `` Howdy Halloween '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) Sunny Anderson , Laura Vitale blood oranges Katherine Clapner , Joe Baker David Lebovitz , Nicole Friday , Zac Young devil 's food cake Katherine Clapner 111 `` Bobby - Bing Bobby - Boom ! '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) Anthony Carrino , John Colaneri , Alex Guarnaschelli kalamata olives Toni Sapienza , Rodney Murillo Nick Defonte , Kristin Sollenne , Dale Talde meatball sandwich Bobby Flay 112 5 `` Che - Sing Glory '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) Geoffrey Zakarian , Michael Che country ham Tony Nguyen , Andres Dangond Judy Joo , Ivan Orkin , Ivy Stark ramen Bobby Flay 113 6 `` Hold on for One More Flay '' October 27 , 2016 Katie Lee , Carnie Wilson butchery brioche Jeremy Nolen , Vijay Sadhu Aliya Leekong , Edi Frauneder , Julie Sahni samosas Vijay Sadhu 114 7 `` Surprise Surprise '' November 3 , 2016 Curtis Stone , Sandra Lee haddock Pat Sheerin , Katie Chin Michel Nischan , Anita Lo , Hung Huynh pork fried rice Bobby Flay 115 8 `` Country Boys in the Big City '' November 10 , 2016 Ted Allen , Anne Burrell black beans Mike Johnson , Justin Gaines Jean Paul Bourgeois , Candice Kumai , Michael Psilakis jambalaya Bobby Flay 116 9 `` Thanks But No Thanksgiving '' November 17 , 2016 Martha Stewart , Scott Conant butternut squash Ed Cotton , Omar Zerrei Madison Cowan , Marcie Turney , Felipe Donnelly turkey cacciatore Ed Cotton 117 10 `` You 've Got to be Kidding Me ! '' '' November 30 , 2016 Carla Hall , Aubrey Anderson - Emmons , Quvenzhane Wallis cheddar cheese Chris Scott , Line Pelletier Chris Ekpiken , Sabrina Richard , Taylor Moxey chicken fingers Bobby Flay 118 11 `` Back to School '' December 8 , 2016 Ted Allen , Rowan Blanchard strawberries Zac Young , Francois Payard Olivia Oshiro , David Pines , Elizabeth Oakes Napoleon Francois Payard 119 12 `` Whiz Kids '' December 15 , 2016 Gibson Boreli , Tyler Zager , Sunny Anderson corn flakes Brian Santos , Claud Beltran Lauren Zilberman , Finn Skerlj , Emily Waters beef quesadillas Bobby Flay 120 13 `` Like Father Like Daughter '' December 22 , 2016 Scott Conant , Aila Conant bowtie pasta Max Hardy , Lee Knoeppel Hunter Zampa , Julep Knowlton , Tatiana Cicciarella grilled cheese Bobby Flay Season 11 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 121 `` All at Stake '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) Amanda Freitag , Carla Hall Canadian bacon Todd Erickson , Charles Bauer Jeremy Spector , Michael Ferraro , Dorothy Cann Hamilton salisbury steak Todd Erickson 122 `` Better Late Than Never '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Alex Guarnaschelli parsnip Melissa Mayer , Jen Royle Jason DeBriere , Sara Gore , Ken Oringer chicken flautas Bobby Flay 123 `` Bro - Down Showdown '' January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) Michael Voltaggio , Bryan Voltaggio sunchokes Terence Feury , Patrick Feury Jason Hicks , Raquel Pelzel , Michael Vignola surf & turf Bobby Flay 124 `` Too Biggs to Fail '' January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) Katie Lee , Jason Biggs rock shrimp David Vargas , Sam Gorenstein Roberto Santibanez , Alison Roman , Ed McFarland seafood burrito Sam Gorenstein 125 5 `` The Grid Iron Chef '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Josh Capon jalapeno Lee Chizmar , Mark Allen Moller Robbie Schultz , Katie Quinn , Michael Lomonaco cheesesteak Bobby Flay 126 6 `` She Loves Me ... Not '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) Daphne Oz , Lara Spencer red wine Frank Otte , Eric Adjepong Susan Ungaro , Glenn Harris , Angie Mar eggs benedict Bobby Flay 127 7 `` You Wo n't Like Him When He 's Angry '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) Kristin Cavallari , Geoffrey Zakarian veal tenderloin Daniel Angerer , Jamie Knott Robyn Lawley , Chris `` C - Snacks '' Clarke , Tricia Williams veggie burger Bobby Flay 128 8 `` Roll with the Punches '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) Curtis Stone , Simon Majumdar razor clams Perry Chung , Richard Mancini Hung Huynh , Pamela Morgan , Frank Prisinzano crispy spring rolls Perry Chung 129 9 `` Steak Me Home Tonight '' March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) Anne Burrell , Chris D'Elia peaches Trish Tracey , Daniel Cox Wylie Dufresne , Ariane Daguin , Alfred Portale steak frites Bobby Flay 130 10 `` Sweet but Sour '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) Sunny Anderson , Katie Lee white chocolate Kym Delost , Chris Teixeira Michael Laiskonis , Nicole Friday , Niles Noren apple dumpling Bobby Flay 131 11 `` Thrown from the Throne '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) Amanda Freitag , Simon Majumdar heirloom carrots Ian Bowden , Danielle Duran Erik Ramirez , April Bloomfield , Joey Campanaro veal piccata Bobby Flay 132 12 `` I Thought We Were Friends '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Scott Conant red snapper Vuong Loc , Ian Alvarez Jason Wang , Robbie Shoults , Leah Cohen chicken pho Vuong Loc 133 13 `` Both Sides of the Coin '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Anne Burrell , quail eggs Jason Tom , Admir Alibasic Michael Stillman , Brian Mazza , Harold Moore sloppy joe Bobby Flay Season 12 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 134 `` Iron Chef Redemption '' April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) Ted Allen , Debi Mazar sun - dried tomatoes Todd Stein , Paul Virant Susan Feniger , Billy Durnan , Alex Thermopoulos brick chicken Bobby Flay 135 `` Mazel Tov '' April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) Michael Symon , Susan Lucci broccoli rabe Alex Reznik , Colin Smith Lidia Bastianich , Noah Bernamoff , Olivia Culpo matzo ball soup Alex Reznik 136 `` Challah at Your Boy ! '' May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Anne Burrell , Jay Pharoah challah bread Rene Rodriguez , Michael Kramer Ivy Stark , Jeremy Jacobowirz , Lidia Bastianich huevos rancheros Rene Rodriguez 137 `` Tame in the Flame '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Scott Conant , Busy Philipps duck confit Ivana Raca , Tom Wolfe Einat Admony , Lazarus Lynch , Anita Lo branzino Bobby Flay 138 5 `` Inside Scoop '' May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Helene Yorke top round of beef Steven Oakley , Bobby Hanson Madison Cowan , April Bloomfield , Jimmy Bradley seafood corndogs Steven Oakley 139 6 `` Open Grill Season '' May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) Sunny Anderson , Gail Simmons meyer lemon Brandon Byrd , Nicolay Adinaguev Michael Lomonaco , Jess Pryles , Robbie Shoults carne asada Bobby Flay 140 7 `` Friends in All Places '' May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Michael Symon king crab Jet Tila , Alex Guarnaschelli Ed McFarland , Leah Cohen , Drew Neoporent sole almondine Alex Guarnaschelli 141 8 `` The Next Food Network Star Is ... '' June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Alton Brown persimmons Damaris Phillips , Justin Warner Donal Brophy , Tricia Williams , Michael Psilakis tuna noodle casserole Damaris Phillips 142 9 `` Deja Flay '' June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) Scott Conant grapefruit Anne Burrell , Marcus Samuelsson Sileshi Alifom , Sara Moulton , Michael Laiskonis chicken doro wat Marcus Samuelsson 143 10 `` BBF vs. Chopped '' June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) Ted Allen colossal shrimp Amanda Freitag , Marc Murphy Najmieh Batmanglij , April Bloomfield , Kristin Sollenne fesenjān Amanda Freitag 144 11 `` Ghosts of Bobby 's Past '' June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) Laura Prepon , Daphne Oz filet mignon Einat Admony , Leia Gaccione Tom Birchard , Susan Ungaro , Alon Shaya pork chops and applesauce Bobby Flay 145 12 `` Salty and Sweet '' July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) Katie Lee , Carla Hall Raisin Bruno Feldeisen , Michelle Gayer Paulette Goto , David Lebovitz , Nicole Friday Banana cream pie Bobby Flay 146 13 `` Record Breaking '' July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) Josh Capon , Jaymee Sire steamer clams Joshua Bedford , Jarad Gallagher Ed Schoenfeld , Maggie Nemser , Spencer Rubin egg drop soup Bobby Flay Season 13 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 147 `` Sugar and Spice but not so nice '' July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) Alton Brown , Adam Richman Coffee Beans Josh Johnson , Dana Cree Samantha Seneviratne , Nils Noren , Raiza Costa Brownie Sundae Dana Cree 148 `` Fancy vs Rustic '' July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) Sunny Anderson , Katie Lee Figs Angie Berry , Giuliano Matarese Ed Brown , Rohini Dey , Corby Kummer Shrimp and Grits Bobby Flay 149 `` Bear - Ware '' August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Daphne Oz Merguez sausage Hal Holden - Bache , Derek Orrell Jason Debriere , Claudia Fleming , Craig Samuel Oysters Rockefeller Bobby Flay 150 `` Green , White and Red '' August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) Anne Burrell , Scott Conant Turbot Raffaele Ronca , Ken Vedrinski Frank Prisinzano , Kristin Sollenne , Dan Pashman Gnudi Ken Vedrinski 151 5 `` Chop Chop '' August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) Amanda Freitag , Jet Tila Gruyere Cheese Fabio Mura , Nicole Votano Glenn Harris , Michele Ragussis , Joe Isidori Breakfast Sandwich Bobby Flay 152 6 `` Familiar Names and Faces '' August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Ted Allen , Sunny Anderson Coconut Milk Stephen Kalt , Brad Spence Lex Taylor , Raquel Pelzel , Nguyen Tran Patty Melt Stephen Kalt 153 7 `` International Showdown '' August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Katie Lee , Marcus Samuelsson Green Beans Alida Solomon , Pasquale Cozzolino Lauren Hirschberg , Barbara Lynch , Rich Aronovitch White Clams Pizza Bobby Flay 154 8 `` Feathered and Fried '' September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) Anne Burrell , Marc Murphy Rabbit Legs Thomas Boemer , Darnell Ferguson Melba Wilson , Daniel Delaney , Sarah Simmons Fried Chicken Bobby Flay 155 9 `` Pulling Out All the Stops '' September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) Steve Schirripa , Simon Majumdar White Anchovies Dave Bazirgan , Stephen Jones Stephen Starr , Susan Povich , Jean - Paul Bourgeois Hoppin ' John Stephen Jones 156 10 `` Number One Baby '' September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Scott Conant , Laura Vitale Tri-Tip Of Beef Nicolas Bour , RJ Moody Tom Birchard , Leah Cohen , Roberto Trevino Salt Cod Fritters Bobby Flay 157 11 `` Drop the Knife '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Colin Quinn , Katie Lee Collard Greens Diane Vista - Wayne , Lauren Brown Angie Mar , Ed Mcfarland , Ariane Daguin Savory Souffle Lauren Brown 158 12 `` Boil and Trouble '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Giada De Laurentiis , Daphne Oz Pumpkin Seeds Jeffrey Hansell , Meghann Ward Wylie Dufresne , Alon Shaya , Dale Talde Frog Legs Bobby Flay 159 13 `` We 're All Family Here '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) Sophie Flay , Alton Brown Tomatillos Jonathan Waxman , Dean Fearing Marc Vetri , Lourdes Castro , Christian Petroni Tagliatelle Bobby Flay Season 14 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 160 `` Feeling Bleu '' October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Bobby Moynihan Halloumi Cheese Marcellus Coleman , Lionel Haeberle Raquel Pelzel , Madison Cowan , Keri Glassman Chicken Cordon Bleu Lionel Haeberle 161 `` Take a Bao '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) David Alan Grier , Carla Hall Black Cod Suchanan Aksornnan , Richard Hales Cobi Levy , Angie Mar , Wilson Tang Pork Bun Bobby Flay 162 `` Ai n't That Dandy '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) Katie Lee , Ben Feldman Pork Chops Jason Dady , Mike DeCamp Drew Crane , Dale Talde , Marco Canora Poke Bobby Flay 163 5 `` The Iron Age '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Simon Majumdar Onions Jose Garces , Stephanie Izard Donatella Arpaia , Madison Cowan , Susan Ungaro Seafood Paella Bobby Flay 164 `` Turkey 's Done '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) Sunny Anderson , Sophie Flay Turkey Cutlets Clayton Chapman , Tony Priolo Brian Mazza , Einat Admony , Ronnie Woo Pumpkin Ravioli Tony Priolo 165 6 `` Sea Shells by the Sea Shore '' November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) Marcus Samuelsson , Michael Voltaggio Sea Urchin Ed Harris , Jason McLeod Michael Schulson , Abigail Hitchcock , Alain Allegretti Coquilles St. - Jacques Bobby Flay 166 7 `` Rotten Tomatoes for Bobby '' November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) Scott Conant , Helene Yorke Green Tomatoes Andre Fowles , Darren Sayphraraj Ed Schoenfeld , Aliya Leekong , Nigel Spence Hot And Sour Soup Darren Sayphraraj 167 8 `` Holidays Are for Battle '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Tia Mowry Cornish Game Hens Simone Falco , Eoghain O'Neill Ariane Daguin , Frank Prisinzano , Jackie Gebel Ossobuco Simone Falco 168 9 `` Cracking a Win '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Anne Burrell , Andrew Zimmern Soft Shell Crabs David Baruthio , Blake Hartwick Michael Lomonaco , Ali Rosen , Daniel Eddy Scotch Egg Bobby Flay 169 10 `` Who Done It ? '' January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) Lorraine Pascale , Damaris Phillips Prosecco Jeremy Fogg , Andrea Bergin Paulette Goto , Zac Young , Marcy Blum Ice Cream Sandwich Jeremy Fogg 170 11 `` Clamming Up '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Amanda Freitag , Geoffrey Zakarian Cockles Kiran Patnam , Jonathan Wu Tricia Williams , Jehangir Mehta , Tracy Jane Young Butter Chicken Masala Kiran Patnam 171 12 `` Midwest Swing '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Katie Lee , Daphne Oz Hake Daniel Angerer , Mike Johnson Andrew Friedman , Lucinda Scala Quinn , Hugh Mangum Barbecued Chicken Bobby Flay 172 13 `` Peeling Away '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Ted Allen , Busy Philipps Bananas Amanda Rockman , Vicki Wells Nils Norén , Raiza Costa , Scott Levine Tiramisu Amanda Rockman Season 15 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 173 `` Big Dog on the Block '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Sunny Anderson , Josh Denny Ostrich Egg Harold Baker , Tony Minadakis Craig Samuel , Kardea Brown , Matt FX Ginormous Seafood Sandwich Bobby Flay 174 `` Windy City Wants More '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Scott Conant , Hannah Hart Purple Potatoes David Adjey , Cory Morris Billy Durney , Lourdes Castro , Isaac Toups Ropa Vieja Cory Morris 175 `` Bobby Gets Sacked '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Eddie Jackson , Jaymee Sire Bratwurst Paul Malvone , Jack Riebel Jeremy Ford , Melba Wilson , Robbie Shoults Juicy Lucy Bobby Flay 176 `` Broken Hearts '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Anne Burrell , Scott Conant Maraschino cherry Robert Nieto , Caroline Schiff Jacques Torres , Samantha Seneviratne , Alan Rosen Chocolate tart Bobby Flay 177 5 `` Going Loco '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) Eddie Jackson , Damaris Phillips Shishito Peppers Mike Andrzejewski , Anthony Nelson Chung Chow , Nicole Ponseca , Corby Kummer Loco moco Mike Andrzejewski 178 6 `` Sour With The Sweet '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) Sunny Anderson , Josh Capon Cowboy Rib eye steak Robert Cho , Brian Malarkey Leah Cohen , Rich Aronovitch , Dana Cowin Monte Cristo sandwich Bobby Flay 179 7 `` Stuffed and Fried '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Katie Lee , Jet Tila Langoustine Crista Luedtke , Alan Vargas Brian Duffy , Ivy Stark , Akhtar Nawab Chimichanga Bobby Flay 180 8 `` At It Again '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Ted Allen , Marc Murphy Squid Ink Seis Kamimura , Demetrio Zavala Michael Psilakis , Leah Cohen , Christian Petroni Beef Bulgogi Bobby Flay 181 9 `` Surf 's Up '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Anne Burrell , Loni Love Basil Paras Shah , Sheldon Simeon Bill Telepan , Nicole Ponseca , Roberto Treviño Pork Adobo Bobby Flay 182 10 `` Revenge Is Best Served Bold '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Scott Conant , Laura Vitale Zucchini Leia Gaccione , Tony Nguyen Glenn Harris , Rohini Dey , Hung Huynh Brunch Burger Bobby Flay 183 11 `` Ladies Do n't Play '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) Daphne Oz , Michael Voltaggio Fava Beans Aarthi Sampath , Zoe Schor Hari Nayak , Alison Roman , Albert Di Meglio Chicken Biryani Aarthi Sampath 184 12 `` Not a Speck '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) Sunny Anderson , Carla Hall Speck Jonah Miller , Ronny Miranda Seamus Mullen , Ingrid Hoffmann , David Santos Peri Peri Chicken Bobby Flay 185 13 `` Getting Crabby '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) Alex Guarnaschelli , Jet Tila Cucumber Mark Laubner , Brendan Pelley Michael Psilakis , April Bloomfield , Drew Nieporent Crab cake sandwich Bobby Flay Season 16 ( edit ) No # Title Original airdate First round Second round Guest ( s ) Ingredient ( s ) Contestants Judges Dish Winner 186 `` Red Hot '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) Katie Lee , Giada De Laurentiis Red Kidney bean Ashbell McElveen , John Cox Dale Talde , Ivy Stark , Lazarus Lynch Pancake Bobby Flay 187 `` Worldly Ways '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) Sunny Anderson , Andrew Zimmern Manchego Jared Forman , Fabio Viviani Frank Prisinzano , Lidia Bastianich , Marco Canora Spaghetti with meatballs Fabio Viviani 188 `` Sticky Situation '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) Michael Symon , Marcela Valladolid Peanut butter Clarice Lam , Avery Ruzicka Jen King , Zac Young , Tracy Obolsky S'more Bobby Flay 189 `` Sprung a Leek '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Damaris Phillips , Amanda Freitag Leek Shota Nakajima , Jamie Gwen Drew Nieporent , Sara Gore , Charles Parker Tempura Shota Nakajima 190 5 `` Stealing the Spotlight '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Ina Garten , Laura Benanti Dates Paulette Goto , Ed Schoenfeld Mary Sue Milliken , Michael Solomonov , Lucinda Scala Quinn Chicken marsala Bobby Flay 191 6 `` Grill Me '' May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) Katie Lee , Mekhi Phifer Korean - Style Short ribs Lisa Dahl , Nathan Gresham Timothy Walker , Sasha Miranda , Brian Duffy Beef Slider Bobby Flay References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Dish : New York Chef Brian Tsao '' . Jump up ^ Hill , Megan ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` Taichi Kitamura Beats Bobby Flay and You Can Eat the Winning Dishes '' . Jump up ^ Cicero , Providence ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` Options Abound at Bothells Sushi Chinoise '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ 21 Aug 2015 , Chef Mike Walters Shows up to Win for Beat Bobby Flay Jump up ^ `` I Beat Bobby Flay ! - Chef Bruce Kalman '' . 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kordenbrock , Mike ( 8 Jan 2016 ) . `` Northern chef competes on ' Beat Bobby Flay ' episode airing Jan. 21 '' . Billings Gazette . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chef Mohan Ismail Dishes Featured at RockSugar Pan Asian Ktichen '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday Bites with Chef Brian Archibald '' . 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallock , Jeremy ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` The Dallas Chef Who Beat Bobby Flay '' . Jump up ^ `` Chef Aaron Rivera of Tapas 51 Beats Bobby Flay '' . Jump up ^ `` June 2 TV Picks : ' Beauty and the Beast ' season premiere '' . 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ KKTV. `` Old Colorado City chef beats Bobby Flay in cooking competition '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Beat Bobby Flay ' judge from Defonte 's on Staten Island '' . SILive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Beth ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Food News : A Food Hall in Uptown , Doughnuts in Plano and a Major Texas Craft Beer Shake - Up '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Meehan , Sarah ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Baltimore chef beats Bobby Flay in Food Network cook off '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Walters , Gwen Ashley ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Will one of Sedona 's best chefs ' Beat Bobby Flay ' on Food Network ? Tune in May 24 '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Beat Bobby Flay on IMDb Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( since 2016 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) See also : Food Network pilots and specials Food Network Canada original programming Current Bake with Anna Olson ( since 2012 ) Carnival Eats ( since 2014 ) Chopped Canada ( since 2014 ) David Rocco 's Dolce Vita ( since 2010 ) Food Factory ( since 2012 ) You Gotta Eat Here ! ( since 2012 ) Former 2000s debuts The 100 Mile Challenge ( 2009 ) Chef at Home ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Chef School ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Christine Cushing Live ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Christine Cushing : Cook with Me ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Chuck 's Day Off ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Everyday Exotic ( since 2008 -- 2009 ) The Family Restaurant ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Food Jammers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) French Food at Home ( 2007 -- 2010 ) The Heat with Mark McEwan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) I Do , Let 's Eat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Kitchen Equipped ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Licence to Grill ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Made to Order ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Man - Made Food ( 2004 -- unknown ) Restaurant Makeover ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Ricardo and Friends ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Sugar ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Summer 's Best ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Surreal Gourmet ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Thirsty Traveler ( 2002 -- 2006 ) 2010s debuts Chef in Your Ear ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Dinner Party Wars ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Eat St. ( 2011 -- 2015 ) From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney ( 2011 ) Ice Cold Cash ( 2012 ) Recipe for Success ( 2004 -- unknown ) Recipe to Riches ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Top Chef Canada ( 2011 -- 2017 ) World 's Weirdest Restaurants ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat_Bobby_Flay&oldid=842863613 '' Categories : 2013 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 05 : 32 . 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who won beat bobby flay spaghetti and meatballs
[ "\n\n№\n#\nTitle\nOriginal airdate\nFirst round\nSecond round\n\n\nGuest(s)\nIngredient(s)\nContestants\nJudges\nDish\nWinner\n\n\n186\n1\n\"Red Hot\"\nApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)\nKatie Lee, Giada De Laurentiis\nRed Kidney bean\nAshbell McElveen, John Cox\nDale Talde, Ivy Stark, Lazarus Lynch\nPancake\nBobby Flay\n\n\n187\n2\n\"Worldly Ways\"\nApril 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)\nSunny Anderson, Andrew Zimmern\nManchego\nJared Forman, Fabio Viviani\nFrank Prisinzano, Lidia Bastianich, Marco Canora\nSpaghetti with meatballs\nFabio Viviani\n\n\n188\n3\n\"Sticky Situation\"\nMay 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)\nMichael Symon, Marcela Valladolid\nPeanut butter\nClarice Lam, Avery Ruzicka\nJen King, Zac Young, Tracy Obolsky\nS'more\nBobby Flay\n\n\n189\n4\n\"Sprung a Leek\"\nMay 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)\nDamaris Phillips, Amanda Freitag\nLeek\nShota Nakajima, Jamie Gwen\nDrew Nieporent, Sara Gore, Charles Parker\nTempura\nShota Nakajima\n\n\n190\n5\n\"Stealing the Spotlight\"\nMay 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)\nIna Garten, Laura Benanti\nDates\nPaulette Goto, Ed Schoenfeld\nMary Sue Milliken, Michael Solomonov, Lucinda Scala Quinn\nChicken marsala\nBobby Flay\n\n\n191\n6\n\"Grill Me\"\nMay 24, 2018 (2018-05-24)\nKatie Lee, Mekhi Phifer\nKorean-Style Short ribs\nLisa Dahl[16], Nathan Gresham\nTimothy Walker, Sasha Miranda, Brian Duffy\nBeef Slider\nBobby Flay\n\n" ]
[ "Fabio Viviani" ]
645389636823455750
Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain Jump to : navigation , search The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides ( Example : Guanethidine ) , Rotenone , Barbiturates , Chlorpromazine , Piericidin . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . This complex is inhibited by Carboxin . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2 H 2 + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2H + 2e - ) ) ) ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2 H 2 + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2H + 2e - ) ) ) ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH 2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe III ) + 2 H + ( in ) ⟶ Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe II ) + 4 H + ( out ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe ^ ( III ) ) + 2 H+ ( in ) - > Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe ^ ( II ) ) + 4 H+ ( out ) ) ) ) When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite ( BAL ) , Napthoquinone and Antimycin . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide , carbon monoxide , azide , hydrogen sulphide ( H S ) . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol , 2 , 4 - dinitrocresol , CCCP ) also exist , and can be lethal at high doses . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=837323998 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 03 : 12 . 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what goes in and comes out of the electron transport chain
[ "Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively \"pumping\" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.", "Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively \"pumping\" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps." ]
[ "electrons from NADH and FADH2", "produce ATP" ]
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Barney Stinson
Barney Stinson - wikipedia Barney Stinson Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barney Stinson - Whittaker How I Met Your Mother character Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris Tanner Maguire Riley Thomas Stewart Information Nickname ( s ) Awesome Swarley Gender Male Occupation PLEASE ( Provide Legal Exculpation and Sign Everything ) Family Loretta Stinson ( mother ) Jerome Whittaker ( father ) Cheryl Whittaker ( step - mother ) James Stinson ( maternal half - brother ) Jerome `` J.J. '' Whittaker , Jr. ( paternal half - brother ) Carly Whittaker ( paternal half - sister ) Spouse ( s ) Robin Scherbatsky ( m . 2013 - 2016 ) Significant other ( s ) Shannon ( ex-girlfriend ) Nora ( ex-girlfriend ) Quinn Garvey ( ex-fiancée ) `` # 31 '' ( daughter 's mother ) Children Ellie Stinson ( daughter , born 2020 ) Relatives Tom ( brother - in - law ) Eli Stinson ( nephew ) Sadie Stinson ( niece ) Nationality American Barnabas `` Barney '' Stinson is a fictional character portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris and created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas for the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother . One of the main characters , Barney is a womanizer who uses many ' plays ' in his ' playbook ' to help him have sex with women . The character is known for his love of wearing expensive suits , laser tag , alcohol and various catchphrases , including `` Suit up ! '' , `` Legendary '' , `` Wait for it '' ( often combining the two as `` legen -- wait for it -- dary ! '' ) , and `` Daddy 's home '' . In later seasons , he has a few serious relationships , marries , divorces , and has a child with an unnamed woman from a one - night stand . Critics have praised the character and credit him for much of the show 's success . He is considered the show 's breakout character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Character 2.1 Childhood and family 2.2 Education 2.3 Adult life prior to 2005 ( `` Pilot '' ) 2.4 In the series ( 2005 -- 2014 ) 2.5 Career 2.6 Friends 2.6. 1 Ted Mosby 2.6. 2 Marshall Eriksen 2.6. 3 Lily Aldrin 2.6. 4 Robin Scherbatsky 2.7 Romantic relationships 2.7. 1 Robin Scherbatsky 2.7. 2 Others 3 Appearances outside How I Met Your Mother 4 Catchphrases 5 Reception 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Development ( edit ) The show 's creators envisioned Barney as what Bays later described as a `` large , John Belushi - type character '' ; nonetheless , Megan Branman , the casting director for How I Met Your Mother , invited Harris to audition . He assumed that he was invited solely because the two were friends and did not believe he had a chance of winning the role . Harris later said : `` Since I ( considered ) myself the long shot , I did n't care that much , and I think that allowed a freedom . '' His audition centered on a scene playing laser tag , and Harris attempted a dive roll , accidentally knocking over a chair and slamming into a wall in the process . CBS executives enjoyed his playing and soon offered Harris the part . The character is named for a heroin dealer in the James Ellroy novel L.A. Confidential . Character ( edit ) Barney Stinson is one of five main characters on How I Met Your Mother . He is a manipulative , oversexed businessman in his thirties who always wears a suit , likes women with `` daddy issues '' and is frequently willing to offer his ( sometimes hypocritical ) opinion . Throughout the earlier seasons , Barney is a huge womanizer , and has been described as a `` high - functioning sociopath '' by his best friend , Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) . Barney has a plethora of strategies and rules designed to meet women , sleep with them , and discard them . Through several seasons of the show , four ( 4 ) of the main characters are couples , as Ted began dating Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) and Ted 's roommate Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) becomes engaged and later married to Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) . This leaves Barney the only single character , and , according to Harris , Barney is `` resentful '' that the other characters have paired up . Later on , in season 5 , he dates Robin . They end up breaking up not long after , once they both realize they are making one another miserable . Harris describes Barney as a man who `` likes to create crazy situations and then sit back and watch it all go down . '' He is an opportunist who manipulates any situation so that it goes his way . He is also highly competitive , and will take on `` challenges '' to complete outlandish tasks in order to prove his worth . He is proud and stubborn , and attempts to stand by his word no matter what . In `` I Heart NJ '' , for example , he refuses to put down his fist unless someone offers him a fist bump . By the end of the episode , he has the same fist elevated in a sling after struggling to keep his fist up throughout the episode . In `` Lucky Penny '' , when the others do not believe that he can run the New York City Marathon the next day without training , Barney immediately agrees to do so . Although he succeeds , he is unable to walk afterwards . Although he thinks of himself as worldly , Barney is sometimes extremely naive , believing many lies his mother told him well into adulthood , such as believing that Bob Barker is his father . Barney , like Harris himself , is an illusionist . His favorite types of magic tricks involve fire , as seen in the tenth episode of the second season , `` Single Stamina '' and in the fourth episode of the fourth season , `` Intervention '' . Barney uses magic tricks mostly to pick up women . His most common method of picking up women is telling them elaborate lies about himself , often using an alias . Many of his schemes for picking up women are in a book he has written called `` The Playbook '' , which is exposed in the episode `` The Playbook '' . He has commitment issues , as evidenced in his reluctance to put a label on his relationship with Robin and the fact that she is one of the few women he has actually dated since the show started . Barney is very well - connected and is the most affluent member of the group . He frequently buys expensive items -- such as a last - minute plane ticket to San Francisco , thousands of dollars in postage stamps , or two televisions specifically for smashing in frustration -- in the spur of the moment . He is also something of a metrosexual ; he waxes his chest , enjoys manicures and has an extensive knowledge of designer labels and gourmet food . However , he is also seen to have a gambling problem that he occasionally gets under control , only to relapse as seen in several episodes such as `` Atlantic City '' , where he has gambling buddies in the Chinese Triad , and `` Monday Night Football '' . Although The Early Show described him as `` Utterly devoid of morality '' , Barney lives by the `` Bro Code '' , his own code of ethics . Despite his overall questionable character , according to creator Craig Thomas , Barney is `` a pretty fragile character who 's really afraid of being alone . He just wants people to like him , to be important to people , and to have disciples who follow his word . '' He has displayed a softer , kinder side on several occasions , however , such as preventing Marshall from sleeping with other women when he and Lily break up , and persuading Lily to come back to Marshall . In `` The Slutty Pumpkin Returns '' , Barney finds out he is one quarter Canadian , much to his horror and embarrassment . Throughout the series , one major character development is apparent in Barney : At the beginning of the show , his character is a womanizer who completely objectifies sex and women and wants nothing to do with dating and relationships . Although he does date Robin in Season 5 , he resumes his promiscuous lifestyle immediately after they break up . In Seasons 6 and 7 , however , he begins to confront his personal issues , like his relationship with his estranged father and his fear of commitment . By the time late Season 7 rolls around , Barney has finally `` grown up , '' and has now warmed to the idea of a commitment and marriage , culminating in his proposal to his girlfriend , Quinn . Although he briefly retreats to his escapades after he and Quinn break up , he does make one major final leap in his maturity when he burns The Playbook and proposes to Robin in Season 8 's two - part episode `` The Final Page , '' after finally admitting to himself that he is still in love with her . Robin accepts and they plan their wedding in the second half of the season . The final season revolves around Barney and Robin 's wedding weekend . After some apprehension on both their parts , they get married in `` The End of the Aisle '' after he vows to always be honest with her . The series finale , `` Last Forever '' , reveals that , three years after their wedding , they get divorced because Robin 's hectic travel schedule prevents them from spending any time together . Barney returns to a lifestyle of meaningless sex with multiple women for several years afterward , until he gets one of his one - night stands pregnant . He hates the idea of being a father until the day his child -- a girl named Ellie -- is born . He falls in love with her at first sight and becomes a devoted father , turning away from his player lifestyle for good . Childhood and family ( edit ) A few references have been offered to identify Barney 's Birthday : In `` Natural History '' , Barney claims he was six years old on July 23 , 1981 . This puts his birthday somewhere between July 24 , 1974 and July 23 , 1975 ; in `` Zoo or False '' , Ted says Barney was born seven years after the moon landing ( which occurred in July 1969 ) , In `` Columns '' set in 2007 , Barney gives his age as 31 further confirming his birth year is 1976 . In `` The Drunk Train '' Marshall states Barney is a Scorpio which places his birthday between October 23 - November 21 , 1976 . He was raised in Port Richmond , Staten Island by his mother Loretta ( younger version voiced by Megan Mullally , played by Frances Conroy ) , who was apparently very promiscuous . His father proved to be an ongoing mystery in the series . When Barney was young , he asked his mother who his father was , and as The Price Is Right happened to be on TV at the time , she pointed to Bob Barker and replied , `` Oh , I do n't know . That guy . '' Barney believed the lie wholeheartedly . Years later , as portrayed in the season 2 episode `` Showdown '' , he appears on The Price Is Right with the intention of naming Barker as his father on national television , until he panics at the last minute and can not go through with it . As a child , Barney was terrible at sports , and from various episodes it is shown he had few friends ( one scene shows that no one attended his birthday party ) . In the episode `` The Leap , '' Lily reveals that Barney planned on being a violinist when he was young . In `` Natural History '' , Barney finds out that a man named Jerome Whittaker , whom Barney believed to be his uncle , signed a form claiming to be Barney 's father . Barney finally meets Jerome ( John Lithgow ) again in the episode `` Legendaddy '' and learns that he is in fact his father . Upon meeting , Jerome feels pressured to act like the hard - partying womanizer he once was in order to impress Barney , and also because Barney refuses to see him any other way . Barney eventually breaks down and accuses Jerome of walking out on him . Jerome , who can offer no excuse , apologizes and pleads with Barney to allow him to be a part of his life . Later in the sixth season , in `` Hopeless '' , Jerome tries to impress Barney by acting like his old self , but later reveals he was just pretending . Barney , nevertheless , willingly listens to advice from Jerome about settling down . Barney also learns of his Canadian heritage , when he finds out that Jerome 's mother was born in Manitoba . Barney has three half - siblings : James ( played by Wayne Brady ) , from his mother 's side , a gay African American who is married to a man , with whom he has an adopted son and daughter ( as revealed in the season seven episode `` The Rebound Girl '' ) ; Carly ( played by Ashley Benson ) , a university student from his father 's side with whom Ted has a one - night stand in `` Ring Up ! '' , and Jerome Jr . ( JJ ) , from his father 's side , who is 11 . He also has a female cousin named Leslie , with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub , as seen in the episode `` Okay Awesome '' . Education ( edit ) Throughout the series Barney has claimed to have attended MIT ; In the final season , Barney explains that MIT is an acronym for the Magicians Institute of Teaneck , not the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He has worn a Cornell Big Red T - shirt , indicating that he may have gone there , instead . As evidenced in Season 2 `` Atlantic City '' , Barney learned at least conversational Korean , Chinese at some point , as well as some French . His musical skills include playing the drums , dancing the tango and singing . He is also skilled at juggling and laser tag . Adult life prior to 2005 ( `` pilot '' ) ( edit ) `` Game Night '' reveals that Barney had once been an innocent , idealistic young man who wanted to join the Peace Corps with his first serious girlfriend , Shannon . When she left him for a suit - wearing womanizer , James arranged for the 23 - year - old Barney to lose his virginity to their mother 's friend , Rhonda `` the Man Maker '' French . After he slept with Rhonda and was led to believe he satisfied her , he became a similarly suit - wearing womanizer , even going so far as to adopt some of his rival 's catchphrases . He lives by a strict code known as the Bro Code . Barney is also revealed to have had a gambling problem , enabled by his mother , who is a bookmaker . However , he assures the group that it is not a problem because he is so good at it . He revealed in `` Atlantic City '' that he lost his entire life savings playing a Chinese game . He has also apparently lost every one of his many bets on the Super Bowl . He will go to any lengths to win a bet , even if it takes one year for just $10 . In the series ( 2005 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) While Barney 's softer , generous side is not often apparent , it is not always relegated to flashbacks . When Marshall and Lily break their engagement in season one , Barney lures women away from Marshall so that he can remain faithful to the woman he truly loves . It is revealed that it was Barney who convinced Lily to come back to New York , even buying her a plane ticket home . Barney 's relationship with women evolves throughout the series ; in the later seasons , he begins to desire a more conventional relationship , as evidenced by his subsequent proposals to both Quinn Garvey and Robin Scherbatsky . He is also known to write a blog . In an allusion to Harris ' role in Doogie Howser , M.D. , the music played during his blogging sessions is the theme song from the show . Career ( edit ) Throughout the series , Barney frequently refuses to say what he does for a living , brushing off any questions about his job with a dismissive `` Please . '' Barney is apparently quite wealthy , and is undeniably the richest out of the five . He lives in an upscale apartment and is rich enough to own two 300 inch televisions shipped from Japan as well as expensive memorabilia , including an Imperial Stormtrooper costume from the Star Wars films . Barney is also shown to be a fan of the rock groups AC / DC , Van Halen and Bon Jovi . In his blog , he writes that he is the Director of WHO DID THIS . The company he works for , Altrucell , advertises itself as the world 's largest producer of the felt covers of tennis balls ; however , Future Ted implies that the company 's main profits come from other , less innocent sources , such as logging , oil drilling , small arms , tobacco farming and missile construction . Barney states in `` Cupcake '' that , as a lawyer for Altrucell , Marshall would make more money in three months than he and Lily make in a year because his company has so many lawsuits against it . In the season 3 episode `` The Bracket , '' he says that he is good enough at lying to avoid perjury charges . As of Season 4 , his company is involved in a hostile takeover of Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) and consequently shifts him to the management team of the bank , but he remains a powerful executive and continues to use the same office he has had since it was first shown in Season 1 . Despite this , he has suggested there is the possibility he will one day wash up on shore with no teeth or fingerprints and supposedly has come under attack by ninjas in the past during work . In Season 4 , during the episode `` Happily Ever After '' , Barney states to a woman that he is an `` Attorney in Law '' , though this was probably just part of a pick - up line as he immediately followed it with `` Let 's talk about getting you off '' . His video resume was published in Season 4 episode `` The Possimpible '' . In a season 8 episode , it was implied that the full extent of Barney 's career might never be revealed . In the Season 9 episode `` Unpause '' , he drunkenly reveals that his job is to `` Provide Legal Exculpation And Sign Everything '' ( P.L.E.A.S.E. ) , setting him up to be the fall guy for his company 's nefarious activities . Unknown to his company , he has been conspiring with the federal government as part of a long - term plan to get revenge on his boss , who stole his girlfriend prior to the start of the series . Friends ( edit ) Ted Mosby ( edit ) Ted is Barney 's self - proclaimed best friend and `` wing man '' . They meet in 2001 at MacLaren 's , and Barney takes it upon himself to `` teach Ted how to live '' . While Ted is often annoyed by Barney 's antics , he considers him a good friend , and in `` Miracles , '' says that Barney is like a brother to him . Their friendship has been tested , however ; in `` The Goat '' , Ted finds out that Barney and Robin slept together and ends their friendship , and refuses to speak to him for several episodes . In the third - season finale , `` Miracles '' , however , Ted forgives Barney after Barney severely injures himself while trying to help him . They remain an important part of each other 's lives for the rest of the series , with Barney comforting Ted after he is left at the altar in `` Shelter Island '' and Ted teaching Barney how to be a good boyfriend to Robin in `` Robin 101 '' . Ted is the best man at Barney 's wedding , and , along with the other main characters , is present for the birth of his child . Marshall Eriksen ( edit ) Barney meets Marshall around the same time as Ted , and takes it upon himself to give Marshall unwanted advice on picking up women . While Marshall makes fun of Barney 's promiscuity and ethical lapses , however , Barney has helped him many times throughout the series . For example , Barney gets him an internship at Altrucell in `` Life Among the Gorillas '' , keeps him from sleeping with other women in `` The Scorpion and the Toad '' , persuades Lily to come back to him in `` Bachelor Party '' , and gets him a job at Goliath National Bank in `` The Best Burger in New York '' . Barney is `` co-best man '' with Ted at Marshall 's wedding . Along with the other main characters , Marshall is present for the birth of Barney 's daughter . In the episode `` Slap Bet '' , Barney loses a bet with Marshall and agrees to let Marshall slap him five times at random occasions `` throughout eternity '' . This is later extended to eight slaps in the episode `` Disaster Averted '' . Marshall administers these slaps in the episodes `` Slap Bet '' , `` Stuff '' , `` Slapsgiving '' , `` Slapsgiving 2 : Revenge of the Slap '' , `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' , and `` The End of the Aisle '' . Lily Aldrin ( edit ) Barney makes many unwelcome sexual advances toward Lily throughout the series , and frequently implies that Lily is secretly attracted to him , despite all evidence to the contrary . Nevertheless , he considers Lily a confidante , seeking her advice on winning Robin over and telling her deeply personal secrets , such as his failed ambition to be a concert violinist . He also admires her skill at lying and manipulating people , considering it to be on par with his own . While Lily calls Barney `` the world 's biggest pervert '' and a `` womanizing creep '' , she also considers him one of her best friends . Along with the other main characters , Lily is present for the birth of Barney 's daughter . Robin Scherbatsky ( edit ) Barney and Robin start out as friends , but he falls in love with her after they impulsively sleep together in `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' . Throughout Season 4 , he struggles with his feelings for her , until they finally get together in the season finale `` The Leap '' . They become a full - fledged couple in season 5 , but they break up in `` The Rough Patch '' when they find that they are making each other miserable . They never truly get over each other , however , even while they are dating other people . In the eighth season , he launches an elaborate plan to win Robin 's heart ( encouraged by Ted 's future wife ) that ends with Barney proposing to her . She accepts , and they get engaged . The final season revolves around their wedding weekend . After much doubt and soul - searching , they get married in `` The End of the Aisle '' . The series finale , `` Last Forever '' , reveals that , after three years of marriage , they get divorced because Robin 's work schedule prevents them from spending any time together . They do not see each other again for several years , until Ted 's wedding . Romantic relationships ( edit ) Robin Scherbatsky ( edit ) Barney and Robin start out as friends , but he falls in love with her after they impulsively sleep together in `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' . Throughout Season 4 , he struggles with his feelings for her , until they finally get together in the season finale `` The Leap '' . They become a full - fledged couple in season 5 , but they break up in `` The Rough Patch '' when they find that they are making each other miserable . They never truly get over each other , however , even while they are dating other people . In the eighth season , he launches an elaborate plan to win Robin 's heart ( encouraged by Ted 's future wife ) that ends with Barney proposing to her . She accepts , and they get engaged . The final season revolves around their wedding weekend . After much doubt and soul - searching , they get married in `` The End of the Aisle '' . The series finale , `` Last Forever '' , reveals that , after three years of marriage , they get divorced because Robin 's work schedule prevents them from spending any time together . They do not see each other again for several years , until Ted 's wedding . Others ( edit ) Barney has two other serious girlfriends throughout the series : Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , on whom he cheats with Robin ; and Quinn ( Becki Newton ) , a stripper to whom he proposes , but with whom he breaks up upon realizing that they do n't trust each other . Appearances outside How I Met Your Mother ( edit ) In 2008 , the book The Bro Code , ostensibly written by Barney , was published . Three other books ostensibly written by Barney , Bro on the Go ( 2009 ) , The Playbook ( 2010 ) , and Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome ( 2012 ) , were also published . In 2010 , Barney was featured in a Super Bowl commercial that showed him in the stands at the Super Bowl with a sign stating `` Hey Ladies Call Barney Stinson 1 - 877 - 987 - 6401 . '' A recorded message by Neil Patrick Harris was played if the number was dialed . Catchphrases ( edit ) In the show 's pilot , Barney first utters the phrase , `` Suit up ! '' , as he tells others to dress like him to go out . The phrase `` Suit up ! '' came from an ad for a suit sale in a later episode about his past with Shannon . According to creator Thomas , this is a sign that Barney `` thought of his suit as some kind of superhero outfit that separated him from the pack . '' The phrase is repeated in many episodes , and is often modified to fit whatever clothing Barney is wearing , such as `` Flight suit up '' , `` Snow suit up '' , and even `` Birthday suit up '' . He also uses the word `` awesome '' to describe anything that he finds remotely pleasing , and invents different kinds of `` high - fives '' for every occasion . However , Barney 's arguably most famous catch phrase is `` Legendary ! '' which he uses to describe anything and everything fun and exciting ( In fact , Ted says that he over-uses it ) . When saying something is legendary , he typically says `` it 's going to be Legen ... wait for it ... dary ! Legendary ! '' He also says `` wait for it '' quite often . And also he often uses the word `` Nice '' to express when he enjoys something or someone . In the show Barney frequently approaches attractive women with Ted in tow and asks `` Haaaaaave you met Ted ? '' as a way to start a conversation with strangers . Thomas says that this phrase is based in real life , as a one - time friend of his often used a similar line to meet women . He is also prone to saying `` Daddy 's Home '' as either a chat - up line or for grand entrances , and `` True Story '' as an ending to stories or theories that are generally erroneous . Barney often uses the phrase `` Challenge accepted '' when someone mentions an outlandish task that supposedly can not be done ; he takes this as a personal challenge and attempts , usually successfully , to perform the task . Reception ( edit ) According to The Early Show , Barney is one of the main reasons that the show has been a success . Maclean 's stated that Barney is the show 's most popular character and explains that the most likeable characters are often those with the best catchphrases . In 2006 , TV Land named Barney 's `` Suit Up '' one of the 100 Best Catchphrases . Barney 's signature phrase is one of only four from contemporary television shows , as writers are now less likely to have a character repeat a phrase in many episodes . In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly named him one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years . Paste included him in their list of the 20 Best Characters of 2011 , ranking him No. 4 . From 2007 -- 10 , Harris was nominated for a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his work playing Barney . In 2008 , Fireside published The Bro Code . Ostensibly written by Stinson , although actually penned by Matt Kuhn , a writer for the show , the book reveals the code by which the character supposedly lives his life ( though he has been shown disregarding and / or violating a large portion of the articles in the book ) . Oxford Dictionaries recognized Stinson as `` the quintessence of a certain iteration of the contemporary bro '' and noted how his language uses the word liberally . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Unpause '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 15 . January 20 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian . `` How I Met Your Mother : Girls vs. Suits Review '' . IGN TV . IGN . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barney , has a good sense of humor , and made one of his catchphrases , `` True story '' , an Internet viral meme . Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Scott D. ( September 3 , 2007 ) . `` Legen - dary ! '' . Deseret Morning News . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Patrick Harris on Playing a Cad '' . The Early Show . October 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weinman , Jaime J. ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Why Barney is the new Fonzie '' . Maclean 's . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Lily Stole Christmas '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 11 . December 11 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Yips '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 10 . November 26 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ Weather & Time ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Barney Stinson 's Bro Code '' . Chacha.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Sessions '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 13 . March 24 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Community '' . CBS.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Third Wheel '' Review -- A potential threesome ... for Ted , not Barney `` ... we know he 's a geek at heart . He does have a life - size Stormtrooper in his living room after all . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother Season Premiere Monday September 24 , 8 / 7c ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Barney 's Blog : Interrogation Room , Sweet Interrogation Room -- How I Met Your Mother '' . CBS.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Life Among the Gorillas '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 17 . March 20 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Barney Stinson 's Video Resume '' . Barneysvideoresume.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Forever '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 24 . March 31 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl : Call Barney Stinson at 1 - 877 - 987 - 6401 '' . Zap2It . Tribune Digital Ventures . Jump up ^ Adam B. Vary ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years : Here 's our full list ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` The 20 Best TV Characters of 2011 '' . Paste . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And the nominees are '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Esposito ( November 8 , 2008 ) . `` 5 things we learned from `` The Bro Code '' `` . Chicago Tribune ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Katherine Connor ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` The rise of the portmanbro '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Stinson , Barney ( 2010 ) . The Playbook : Suit up . Score chicks . Be awesome . New York : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Barney Stinson on IMDb Barney 's Blog VIAF : 271113218 LCCN : n2012034995 ISNI : 0000 0001 1547 3757 SUDOC : 139164278 BNF : cb16501128r ( data ) MusicBrainz : 13dff037 - 3d25 - 4067 - a91f - c698e8a151ea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barney_Stinson&oldid=832838875 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional American people of Russian descent Fictional American people of Canadian descent Fictional gamblers Fictional stage magicians Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional businesspeople Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2012 All articles needing style editing Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 08 : 14 . 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when do barney and ted become friends again
[ "Ted is Barney's self-proclaimed best friend and \"wing man\". They meet in 2001 at MacLaren's, and Barney takes it upon himself to \"teach Ted how to live\". While Ted is often annoyed by Barney's antics, he considers him a good friend, and in \"Miracles,\" says that Barney is like a brother to him. Their friendship has been tested, however; in \"The Goat\", Ted finds out that Barney and Robin slept together and ends their friendship, and refuses to speak to him for several episodes. In the third-season finale, \"Miracles\", however, Ted forgives Barney after Barney severely injures himself while trying to help him. They remain an important part of each other's lives for the rest of the series, with Barney comforting Ted after he is left at the altar in \"Shelter Island\" and Ted teaching Barney how to be a good boyfriend to Robin in \"Robin 101\" . Ted is the best man at Barney's wedding, and, along with the other main characters, is present for the birth of his child.[17]" ]
[ "In the third-season finale, \"Miracles\"" ]
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First Family of the United States
First Family of the United States - wikipedia First Family of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. First Family . For other uses , see First Family . The current U.S. First Family pictured during President Trump 's inauguration : Donald , Melania , Donald Jr. , Barron , Ivanka , Eric , and Tiffany Trump , with Chief Justice John Roberts administering the oath of office The First Family of the United States ( FFOTUS ) is the official title for the family of the President of the United States , who is both head of state and head of government of the United States . Members of the First Family consist of the President , the First Lady of the United States , and any of their children . However , other close relatives of the President and First Lady , such as parents , grandchildren , stepchildren , and in - laws , may be classified as members of the First Family if they reside in the Executive Residence of the White House Complex . In the United States , the term `` First Family '' in casual reference to the President 's immediate family , is most often used by the media and in particular , the White House press corps . Individually , each member of the First Family is designated a Secret Service codename by the United States Secret Service . Used by special agents , these code names uniquely identify members of the First Family for their ongoing protection as well as for the sake of brevity , clarity , and tradition . List ( edit ) Portrait Administration Years President and First Lady Children and family Notes Trump January 20 , 2017 -- present Donald and Melania Trump Barron Donald Jr. , Ivanka and Eric are the President 's children from his first marriage to Ivana Trump , while Tiffany is his daughter from his second marriage to Marla Maples and Barron is his son from his third marriage to Melania Trump . Barron is the first Presidential son to live at the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. in 1963 ; however from January to June 2017 he remained with his mother at Trump Tower so he could complete his school year at Manhattan 's Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School . Melania Trump is the second First Lady to be foreign - born after Louisa Adams and the first to be a naturalized citizen . Obama January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Barack and Michelle Obama Malia and Sasha Marian Shields Robinson , mother to the First Lady and mother - in - law to the President , lived with the First Family in the Executive Residence at the White House Complex . They were the first African American family to live in the White House . G.W. Bush January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 George W. and Laura Bush Barbara and Jenna Barbara and Jenna , fraternal twins , were also the nation 's First Granddaughters , from January 20 , 1989 to January 20 , 1993 . Barbara and Jenna were seven years old at the time of George H.W. Bush , their grandfather 's , inauguration and eleven years old when he left office . The twins were both First Daughters of Texas from 1995 , when they were thirteen , to 2001 , when they were nineteen . Barbara and Jenna did not live in the White house , as both attended college while their father was the President . Jenna married Henry Chase Hager at the Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford , Texas on May 10 , 2008 . Clinton January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Bill and Hillary Clinton Chelsea The President and First Lady 's daughter Chelsea was born a First Daughter of Arkansas . Until she left the White House in 2001 , the two - year period between her father 's first and second terms as the Governor of Arkansas would be the only time when she did not have an unofficial title . Beginning on January 3 , 2001 , Hillary Rodham Clinton was both a United States Senator for the state of New York while simultaneously carrying out her formal duties as First Lady , a title which she lost 17 days later on January 20 , 2001 when President Clinton 's term in office expired . Hillary was also the first woman to be nominated by a major U.S. political party in the presidential election . G.H.W. Bush January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 George and Barbara Bush George W. , Jeb , Neil , Marvin , and Dorothy The President and First Lady 's eldest daughter , Robin , died of leukemia in 1953 . Arguably , other members of the First Family included , First Mother / Grandmother , Dorothy Wear Walker Bush ( died in 1992 ) , First Grandsons George , Jebby , Pierce , and Samuel LeBlond ; and First Granddaughters Barbara , Jenna , Noelle , Lauren , Ashley , and Ellie LeBlond Reagan January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Ronald and Nancy Reagan Maureen , Michael , Patti , and Ron Maureen and Michael were two of the President 's children from his first marriage to Hollywood actress Jane Wyman while Patti and Ron were the President 's two youngest children from his second marriage to Nancy Reagan . Carter January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter John , James Earl Carter III , Donnel , and Amy The President and First Lady 's three sons John , James , and Donnel were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1977 . Their daughter Amy was the first true child to live in the White House since the Kennedy children lived there between 1961 and 1963 . Ford August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 Gerald and Betty Ford Susan , Michael , Jack , and Steven The President and First Lady 's daughter Susan was a teenage high school student during her time in the White House . Their three sons Michael , Jack , and Steven were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1974 . Nixon January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 Richard and Pat Nixon Tricia and Julie One of the most thrilling occurrences during the President 's administration was the marriage of his daughter Tricia to Edward Cox , who were wed in a fairytale ceremony in the Rose Garden of the White House on June 12 , 1971 . The President and First Lady 's other daughter , Julie Nixon Eisenhower , married David Eisenhower , a grandson of Dwight D. Eisenhower . L.B. Johnson November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson Lynda Bird , and Luci The President and First Lady 's oldest daughter Lynda married Charles S. Robb , a former Governor of Virginia and two - term senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia , in the East Room at the White House on December 9 , 1967 . Kennedy January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 John and Jacqueline Kennedy Caroline , John Jr. , and Patrick The President and First Lady 's first - born daughter , Arabella , was delivered as a stillborn in 1956 . The First Lady gave birth prematurely to a second son , Patrick Bouvier Kennedy , on August 7 , 1963 . The child died two days later due to hyaline membrane disease . In 1999 , John Jr. died in a plane crash , leaving his sister Caroline as the only surviving child of the President and First Lady . Eisenhower January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower John President and Mrs. Eisenhower posed for this portrait on their 39th wedding anniversary at their farm in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . The President and First Lady 's eldest son , Doud , died of scarlet fever in 1921 . The President 's only surviving son , John Eisenhower served various roles as an Assistant Staff Secretary in the West Wing , on the Army 's General Staff , and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster . Truman April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 Harry and Bess Truman Margaret Between the years 1948 and 1952 , the First Family resided at Blair House , the official guest quarters of foreign heads of state and government located near Lafayette Park , while the White House underwent a complete interior restoration . F.D. Roosevelt March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Anna , James , Elliott , Franklin Jr. , and John In 1937 , the President 's oldest son James moved into the Executive Residence and served as an advisor and private secretary in the West Wing . At the President 's request , his daughter Anna moved into the Executive Residence in 1944 to serve as an assistant to the President and as White House hostess during the First Lady 's frequent absences . A fifth son , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Jr . ( III ) , was born on March 18 , 1909 and died approximately eight months later on November 7 , 1909 . Hoover March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover Herbert Jr. , and Allan Coolidge August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 Calvin and Grace Coolidge John and Calvin Jr . The President and First Lady 's younger son , Calvin Jr. , died during the President 's 1924 election campaign . Their son John who lived until 2000 , married the daughter of Connecticut governor John H. Trumbull . Harding March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 Warren and Florence Harding The President never had children with his wife but had an illegitimate daughter , Elizabeth Ann Blaesing , with another woman , Nan Britton . In a previous marriage , the First Lady had a son named Marshall Eugene DeWolfe who died from complications of alcoholism and tuberculosis on January 1 , 1915 , at the age of 34 . Wilson March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Wilson ( d. 1914 ) , Edith Wilson ( m. 1915 ) Margaret , Jessie , and Eleanor On November 25 , 1913 , the second oldest daughter Jessie married Francis Bowes Sayre at the White House . On January 17 , 1915 , Jessie gave birth to a son , Francis B. Sayre , Jr. , at the White House . On May 7 , 1914 , the youngest daughter Eleanor married her father 's Secretary of the Treasury , William Gibbs McAdoo . There were two First Ladies during the Wilson Administration . The President 's first wife , Ellen , died at the White House on August 6 , 1914 due to complications of Bright 's disease . The following year , the President married his second wife , Edith . At the time of her mother 's death in 1914 , the oldest daughter Margaret served the role as First Lady until her father remarried in 1915 . Taft March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 William Howard and Helen Taft Robert , Helen , and Charles II After the First Lady suffered a stroke in 1909 , daughter Helen moved into the Executive Residence and helped her mother to regain body movement and speech . The President and First Lady 's daughter , Helen , also served as official hostess for many White House functions while the First Lady was disabled . The youngest son , Charles , was only 12 years old when he moved into the Executive Residence , upon his father 's election as President . T. Roosevelt September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Theodore and Edith Roosevelt Theodore Jr. , Kermit , Ethel , Archie , and Quentin In 1906 , the President 's oldest daughter , Alice Roosevelt Longworth , married Nicholas Longworth at the White House . Alice was another child from the President 's previous marriage to his first wife , Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt , who died in 1884 due to childbirth complications and the disease known as Bright 's disease . The President 's fifth cousin , Franklin D. Roosevelt , would become the 32nd President of the United States in 1933 . McKinley March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 William and Ida McKinley Cleveland March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Grover and Frances Cleveland Ruth , Esther and Marion Esther Cleveland was born in 1893 , she was the first and only child of a president to be born in the White House . B. Harrison March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 Benjamin and Caroline Harrison Russell and Mary Cleveland March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Grover and Frances Cleveland ( m. 1886 ) Frances Cleveland was the youngest of the first ladies . She and Cleveland married on June 2 , 1886 , when she was 21 years old . When she and Cleveland departed the White House , she told the staff ' take careof everything as we would like to see it just the way it is when we return , four years from today ' . Arthur September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Chester A. Arthur Chester II and Ellen Garfield March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 James and Lucretia Garfield Harry , James , Mary , Irvin , and Abram Hayes March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 Rutherford and Lucy Hayes Birchard , Webb , Rutherford , Fanny , and Scott Grant March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Ulysses and Julia Grant Jesse , Ulysses Jr. , Nellie , and Frederick The Grant family was the last slave holding family to live in the White House . Grant owned a slave during the Civil War but freed the slave soon after . A. Johnson April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 Andrew and Eliza Johnson Martha , Mary , Robert , and Andrew Jr . Lincoln March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln Robert Todd , Willie , and Tad In 1862 , Willie , after riding his pony in bad weather , became ill . His condition fluctuated from day to day . The most likely cause of the illness was typhoid fever , contracted from contaminated drinking water . Gradually Willie weakened . Finally on February 20 , 1862 , the young boy died . The President and First Lady 's second son , Edward , died earlier in 1850 , most likely from a wasting disease called medullary thyroid cancer as part of the genetic cancer syndrome - multiple endocrine neoplasia , type 2B - that his father and two of his brothers may have shared . In 1871 , their son Tad died at the age of 18 due to tuberculosis . Of the President and First Lady 's four children , only Robert lived into adulthood ; he died in 1926 . Throughout the President 's term in office , the First Lady suffered from severe headaches . Dealing with the death of her son Willie in 1862 , as well as the deaths of siblings killed in the American Civil War , difficult bouts of mourning , especially after Willie 's death , led to protracted depression . During her years at the White House , the First Lady suffered a severe head injury in a carriage accident , thought to be an assassination attempt aimed at the President , who was not with her at the time . In addition to depression , the First Lady suffered from irrational , sometimes public outbursts . Buchanan March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 James Buchanan The President never married or had children . The President 's niece , Harriet Lane , acted as First Lady and served as hostess at White House functions . Pierce March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 Franklin and Jane Pierce Pierce 's son Benjamin was killed in a train wreck two months before Pierce 's inauguration . Jane Pierce arrived at the White house months later and spent most of their tenure in her room , writing letters to her dead son . Fillmore July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 Millard and Abigail Fillmore Millard , and Mary During the presidential inauguration for her husband 's successor Franklin Pierce in 1853 , the First Lady caught a cold and the next day came down with a fever . Abigail Fillmore developed pneumonia and died weeks later , on March 30 , 1853 . Throughout much of the President 's term in office and due to the First Lady 's illness , their daughter Mary was hostess at many White House functions from 1850 to 1853 . Taylor March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 Zachary and Margaret Taylor Ann , Betty , and Richard As a semi-invalid , the First Lady became a recluse and remained in seclusion on the second floor of the Executive Residence , leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth . They were the last family to own slaves in the White House from 1849 to 1850 . Polk March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 James and Sarah Polk The President and First Lady never had children . Tyler April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 John and Letitia Tyler ( d. 1842 ) , Julia Tyler ( m. 1844 ) Mary , Robert , John , Letitia , Elizabeth , Alice , and Tazewell During the President 's term in office , there were two First Ladies . In 1839 , Letitia , suffered a paralytic stroke that left her an invalid . As First Lady , she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House only coming downstairs just once , to attend the wedding of her daughter Elizabeth in January 1842 . On the evening of September 10 , 1842 , the First Lady died peacefully . At the time of her death , she was 51 years old , making her the youngest First Lady to die . John and Letita Tyler 's children were the following : Mary Tyler - Jones , Robert Tyler ( who served as the President 's private secretary at the White House ) , John Tyler III , Letitia Tyler - Semple , Elizabeth Tyler - Waller ( marrying William N. Waller at a White House wedding in 1842 ) , Alice Tyler - Denison , and Tazewell Tyler . The second First Lady was Julia , who at age 24 , married the President at the age of 54 on June 26 , 1844 . John and Julia 's children were the following : David Gardiner Tyler , John `` Alex '' Alexander Tyler , Julia Gardiner Tyler - Spencer , Lachlan Gardiner Tyler , Lyon Gardiner Tyler , Robert `` Fitz '' Fitzwalter Tyler , and Pearl Tyler - Ellis . Two of his grandchildren are still alive . W.H. Harrison March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 William Henry and Anna Harrison The President and First Lady had ten children . After taking the Oath of Office in March 1841 , the President died just 32 days later of complications of a cold , making William Henry Harrison 's term the shortest in United States presidential history to date . Van Buren March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Martin Van Buren and Angelica Singleton ( Daughter - in - law ) Abraham , John , Martin , and Smith During the President 's term , there was no First Lady . The President 's wife died from tuberculosis much earlier in 1819 . Their oldest son Abraham had a wife , Angelica Singleton Van Buren ( a cousin of Dolley Madison ) , who assumed the duties being hostess at White House functions . Jackson March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Andrew Jackson Andrew Jr. , Daniel , Andrew , Andrew , Eliza , and Edward Jackson 's wife Rachel died shortly after he was elected president . Their niece , Emily Donelson and the President 's daughter - in - law Sarah Yorke Jackson served at his hostess at the White house . J.Q. Adams March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 John Quincy and Louisa Adams George , John , and Charles Francis The President was the oldest son of the 2nd President of the United States , John Adams and his wife , Abigail Adams . The President and First Lady 's son , George led a troubled life of alcoholism , womanizing , and depression who finally succumbed to an apparent suicide during the President 's final year in office in 1829 . Louisa Adams was the first foreign - born First Lady . Monroe March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 James and Elizabeth Monroe Eliza and Maria During the President 's term in office , his oldest daughter Eliza often substituted as official White House hostess for her ailing mother , the First Lady . Appearing as a haughty and often pompous socialite , Eliza soon alienated most of Washington society for her refusal to call on wives of the diplomatic corps , as was the custom . She caused another uproar when she closed her sister 's wedding to all but family and friends . The second daughter named Maria was only a child when her father was elected president . When she finished school in Philadelphia , she moved into the Executive Residence in 1819 . On March 9 , 1820 , she married her first cousin , Samuel L. Gouverneur , in the first wedding ever performed at the White House . The President and First Lady 's only son , James , died much earlier in childhood . Madison March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 James and Dolley Madison John Prior to becoming First Lady and marrying the President , Dolley Madison was a widow who had two children , John Payne Todd and William Temple Todd , from a previous marriage to Quaker lawyer John Todd . Her husband and youngest son both suddenly died when yellow fever struck Philadelphia in 1793 . The following year , she accepted Madison 's proposal of marriage . Madison adopted her oldest son John . Perhaps Dolley Madison 's most courageous act as First Lady was when she removed and saved several priceless valuables , objets d'art , china , silverware , and the famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington painted by Gilbert Stuart prior to British Redcoats burning down the White House during the War of 1812 . Jefferson March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Thomas Jefferson and Martha Randolph ( Daughter ) Mary There was no First Lady during the Presidency as Jefferson 's former wife , Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , died shortly after giving birth to their sixth child in 1782 . In the conspicuous absence of First Lady , James Madison 's wife , Dolley Madison , often served in the capacity as a White House hostess . Out of all six children of the Jefferson 's , only Martha and Mary would survive into early adulthood . J. Adams March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 John and Abigail Adams Nabby , John Quincy , Charles and Thomas The First Family during the Adams administration was the first to reside in the newly constructed White House ( then known as the President 's House ) designed by Irish architect James Hoban . In 1797 , the President appointed his oldest son , John Quincy , as Minister to Prussia . In 1800 , the President and First Lady 's second oldest son Charles , died due to complications of alcoholism . Following in his father 's footsteps , John Quincy would eventually be elected to the Presidency in 1824 and take the oath of office the next year . Washington April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 George and Martha Washington Nelly and George Since the Federal City was not completed when the President was inaugurated in 1789 , the capital of the United States was first located in New York City between the years 1785 and 1790 , later uprooting the Federal Government and moving it temporarily to the city of Philadelphia between the years 1790 and 1800 . Because of this , the First Family never lived in the unfinished White House . Between April 1789 and February 1790 , the First Family resided at the Alexander Macomb mansion at 39 -- 41 Broadway Avenue in New York City . In Philadelphia , Robert Morris 's mansion at 190 High Street was rented for the First Family to reside at . During his lifetime , the President never had children . However , he adopted the First Lady 's two children , Jack and Patsy , from a previous marriage to Daniel Parke Custis . Likewise , the President also raised the First Lady 's two youngest grandchildren , Nelly and George . See also ( edit ) Adams family Bush family Clinton family Harrison family Kennedy family Lincoln family Obama family Trump family Roosevelt family Taft family United States presidential family political lines Adams Harrison Lincoln Roosevelt Taft Kennedy Bush Clinton Obama Trump Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Melania and Barron Trump Wo n't Immediately Move to White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush Family Tree - Wall Street Journal ^ Jump up to : 10 things you may not know about the Roosevelts - History.com ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Family_of_the_United_States&oldid=825294116 '' Categories : First Families of the United States First Ladies of the United States Children of Presidents of the United States Political families of the United States Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština فارسی 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 15 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the first president to call his residence the white house
[ "\n\nPortrait\nAdministration\nYears\nPresident and First Lady\nChildren and family\nNotes\n\n\n\nTrump\nJanuary 20, 2017\n—\npresent\nDonald and Melania Trump\nBarron\nDonald Jr., Ivanka and Eric are the President's children from his first marriage to Ivana Trump, while Tiffany is his daughter from his second marriage to Marla Maples and Barron is his son from his third marriage to Melania Trump. Barron is the first Presidential son to live at the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. in 1963; however from January to June 2017 he remained with his mother at Trump Tower so he could complete his school year at Manhattan's Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School.[1] Melania Trump is the second First Lady to be foreign-born after Louisa Adams and the first to be a naturalized citizen.\n\n\n\nObama\nJanuary 20, 2009\n—\nJanuary 20, 2017\nBarack and Michelle Obama\nMalia and Sasha\nMarian Shields Robinson, mother to the First Lady and mother-in-law to the President, lived with the First Family in the Executive Residence at the White House Complex. They were the first African American family to live in the White House.\n\n\n\nG.W. Bush\nJanuary 20, 2001\n—\nJanuary 20, 2009\nGeorge W. and Laura Bush\nBarbara and Jenna\nBarbara and Jenna, fraternal twins, were also the nation's First Granddaughters, from January 20, 1989 to January 20, 1993. Barbara and Jenna were seven years old at the time of George H. W. Bush, their grandfather's, inauguration and eleven years old when he left office. The twins were both First Daughters of Texas from 1995, when they were thirteen, to 2001, when they were nineteen. Barbara and Jenna did not live in the White house, as both attended college while their father was the President. Jenna married Henry Chase Hager at the Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas on May 10, 2008.[2]\n\n\n\nClinton\nJanuary 20, 1993\n—\nJanuary 20, 2001\nBill and Hillary Clinton\nChelsea\nThe President and First Lady's daughter Chelsea was born a First Daughter of Arkansas. Until she left the White House in 2001, the two-year period between her father's first and second terms as the Governor of Arkansas would be the only time when she did not have an unofficial title. Beginning on January 3, 2001, Hillary Rodham Clinton was both a United States Senator for the state of New York while simultaneously carrying out her formal duties as First Lady, a title which she lost 17 days later on January 20, 2001 when President Clinton's term in office expired. Hillary was also the first woman to be nominated by a major U.S. political party in the presidential election.\n\n\n\nG.H.W. Bush\nJanuary 20, 1989\n—\nJanuary 20, 1993\nGeorge and Barbara Bush\nGeorge W., Jeb, Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy\nThe President and First Lady's eldest daughter, Robin, died of leukemia in 1953. Arguably, other members of the First Family included, First Mother/Grandmother, Dorothy Wear Walker Bush (died in 1992), First Grandsons George, Jebby, Pierce, and Samuel LeBlond; and First Granddaughters Barbara, Jenna, Noelle, Lauren, Ashley, and Ellie LeBlond[2]\n\n\n\nReagan\nJanuary 20, 1981\n—\nJanuary 20, 1989\nRonald and Nancy Reagan\nMaureen, Michael, Patti, and Ron\nMaureen and Michael were two of the President's children from his first marriage to Hollywood actress Jane Wyman while Patti and Ron were the President's two youngest children from his second marriage to Nancy Reagan.\n\n\n\nCarter\nJanuary 20, 1977\n—\nJanuary 20, 1981\nJimmy and Rosalynn Carter\nJohn, James Earl Carter III, Donnel, and Amy\nThe President and First Lady's three sons John, James, and Donnel were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1977. Their daughter Amy was the first true child to live in the White House since the Kennedy children lived there between 1961 and 1963.\n\n\n\nFord\nAugust 9, 1974\n—\nJanuary 20, 1977\nGerald and Betty Ford\nSusan, Michael, Jack, and Steven\nThe President and First Lady's daughter Susan was a teenage high school student during her time in the White House. Their three sons Michael, Jack, and Steven were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1974.\n\n\n\nNixon\nJanuary 20, 1969\n—\nAugust 9, 1974\nRichard and Pat Nixon\nTricia and Julie\nOne of the most thrilling occurrences during the President's administration was the marriage of his daughter Tricia to Edward Cox, who were wed in a fairytale ceremony in the Rose Garden of the White House on June 12, 1971. The President and First Lady's other daughter, Julie Nixon Eisenhower, married David Eisenhower, a grandson of Dwight D. Eisenhower.\n\n\n\nL.B. Johnson\nNovember 22, 1963\n—\nJanuary 20, 1969\nLyndon and Lady Bird Johnson\nLynda Bird, and Luci\nThe President and First Lady's oldest daughter Lynda married Charles S. Robb, a former Governor of Virginia and two-term senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the East Room at the White House on December 9, 1967.\n\n\n\nKennedy\nJanuary 20, 1961\n—\nNovember 22, 1963\nJohn and Jacqueline Kennedy\nCaroline, John Jr., and Patrick\nThe President and First Lady's first-born daughter, Arabella, was delivered as a stillborn in 1956. The First Lady gave birth prematurely to a second son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, on August 7, 1963. The child died two days later due to hyaline membrane disease. In 1999, John Jr. died in a plane crash, leaving his sister Caroline as the only surviving child of the President and First Lady.\n\n\n\nEisenhower\nJanuary 20, 1953\n—\nJanuary 20, 1961\nDwight and Mamie Eisenhower\nJohn\nPresident and Mrs. Eisenhower posed for this portrait on their 39th wedding anniversary at their farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.\nThe President and First Lady's eldest son, Doud, died of scarlet fever in 1921. The President's only surviving son, John Eisenhower served various roles as an Assistant Staff Secretary in the West Wing, on the Army's General Staff, and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster.\n\n\n\nTruman\nApril 12, 1945\n—\nJanuary 20, 1953\nHarry and Bess Truman\nMargaret\nBetween the years 1948 and 1952, the First Family resided at Blair House, the official guest quarters of foreign heads of state and government located near Lafayette Park, while the White House underwent a complete interior restoration.\n\n\n\nF.D. Roosevelt\nMarch 4, 1933\n—\nApril 12, 1945\nFranklin and Eleanor Roosevelt\nAnna, James, Elliott, Franklin Jr., and John\nIn 1937, the President's oldest son James moved into the Executive Residence and served as an advisor and private secretary in the West Wing. At the President's request, his daughter Anna moved into the Executive Residence in 1944 to serve as an assistant to the President and as White House hostess during the First Lady's frequent absences. A fifth son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (III), was born on March 18, 1909 and died approximately eight months later on November 7, 1909.[3]\n\n\n\nHoover\nMarch 4, 1929\n—\nMarch 4, 1933\nHerbert and Lou Henry Hoover\nHerbert Jr., and Allan\n\n\n\n\nCoolidge\nAugust 2, 1923\n—\nMarch 4, 1929\nCalvin and Grace Coolidge\nJohn and Calvin Jr.\nThe President and First Lady's younger son, Calvin Jr., died during the President's 1924 election campaign. Their son John who lived until 2000, married the daughter of Connecticut governor John H. Trumbull.\n\n\n\nHarding\nMarch 4, 1921\n—\nAugust 2, 1923\nWarren and Florence Harding\nThe President never had children with his wife but had an illegitimate daughter, Elizabeth Ann Blaesing, with another woman, Nan Britton. In a previous marriage, the First Lady had a son named Marshall Eugene DeWolfe who died from complications of alcoholism and tuberculosis on January 1, 1915, at the age of 34.\n\n\n\nWilson\nMarch 4, 1913\n—\nMarch 4, 1921\nWoodrow Wilson and\nEllen Wilson (d.1914), Edith Wilson (m.1915)\nMargaret, Jessie, and Eleanor\nOn November 25, 1913, the second oldest daughter Jessie married Francis Bowes Sayre at the White House. On January 17, 1915, Jessie gave birth to a son, Francis B. Sayre, Jr., at the White House. On May 7, 1914, the youngest daughter Eleanor married her father's Secretary of the Treasury, William Gibbs McAdoo. There were two First Ladies during the Wilson Administration. The President's first wife, Ellen, died at the White House on August 6, 1914 due to complications of Bright's disease. The following year, the President married his second wife, Edith. At the time of her mother's death in 1914, the oldest daughter Margaret served the role as First Lady until her father remarried in 1915.\n\n\n\nTaft\nMarch 4, 1909\n—\nMarch 4, 1913\nWilliam Howard and Helen Taft\nRobert, Helen, and Charles II\nAfter the First Lady suffered a stroke in 1909, daughter Helen moved into the Executive Residence and helped her mother to regain body movement and speech. The President and First Lady's daughter, Helen, also served as official hostess for many White House functions while the First Lady was disabled. The youngest son, Charles, was only 12 years old when he moved into the Executive Residence, upon his father's election as President.\n\n\n\nT. Roosevelt\nSeptember 14, 1901\n—\nMarch 4, 1909\nTheodore and Edith Roosevelt\nTheodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin\nIn 1906, the President's oldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, married Nicholas Longworth at the White House. Alice was another child from the President's previous marriage to his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, who died in 1884 due to childbirth complications and the disease known as Bright's disease. The President's fifth cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, would become the 32nd President of the United States in 1933.[3]\n\n\n\nMcKinley\nMarch 4, 1897\n—\nSeptember 14, 1901\nWilliam and Ida McKinley\n\n\n\n\nCleveland\nMarch 4, 1893\n—\nMarch 4, 1897\nGrover and Frances Cleveland\nRuth, Esther and Marion\nEsther Cleveland was born in 1893, she was the first and only child of a president to be born in the White House.\n\n\n\nB. Harrison\nMarch 4, 1889\n—\nMarch 4, 1893\nBenjamin and Caroline Harrison\nRussell and Mary\n[4]\n\n\n\nCleveland\nMarch 4, 1885\n—\nMarch 4, 1889\nGrover and Frances Cleveland (m.1886)\nFrances Cleveland was the youngest of the first ladies. She and Cleveland married on June 2, 1886, when she was 21 years old. When she and Cleveland departed the White House, she told the staff 'take careof everything as we would like to see it just the way it is when we return, four years from today'.\n\n\n\nArthur\nSeptember 19, 1881\n—\nMarch 4, 1885\nChester A. Arthur\nChester II and Ellen\n\n\n\n\nGarfield\nMarch 4, 1881\n—\nSeptember 19, 1881\nJames and Lucretia Garfield\nHarry, James, Mary, Irvin, and Abram\n\n\n\n\nHayes\nMarch 4, 1877\n—\nMarch 4, 1881\nRutherford and Lucy Hayes\nBirchard, Webb, Rutherford,\nFanny, and Scott\n\n\n\n\nGrant\nMarch 4, 1869\n—\nMarch 4, 1877\nUlysses and Julia Grant\nJesse, Ulysses Jr., Nellie, and Frederick\nThe Grant family was the last slave holding family to live in the White House. Grant owned a slave during the Civil War but freed the slave soon after.\n\n\n\nA. Johnson\nApril 15, 1865\n—\nMarch 4, 1869\nAndrew and Eliza Johnson\nMartha, Mary, Robert, and Andrew Jr.\n\n\n\n\nLincoln\nMarch 4, 1861\n—\nApril 15, 1865\nAbraham and Mary Todd Lincoln\nRobert Todd, Willie, and Tad\nIn 1862, Willie, after riding his pony in bad weather, became ill. His condition fluctuated from day to day. The most likely cause of the illness was typhoid fever, contracted from contaminated drinking water. Gradually Willie weakened. Finally on February 20, 1862, the young boy died. The President and First Lady's second son, Edward, died earlier in 1850, most likely from a wasting disease called medullary thyroid cancer as part of the genetic cancer syndrome - multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2B - that his father and two of his brothers may have shared. In 1871, their son Tad died at the age of 18 due to tuberculosis. Of the President and First Lady's four children, only Robert lived into adulthood; he died in 1926. Throughout the President's term in office, the First Lady suffered from severe headaches. Dealing with the death of her son Willie in 1862, as well as the deaths of siblings killed in the American Civil War, difficult bouts of mourning, especially after Willie's death, led to protracted depression. During her years at the White House, the First Lady suffered a severe head injury in a carriage accident, thought to be an assassination attempt aimed at the President, who was not with her at the time. In addition to depression, the First Lady suffered from irrational, sometimes public outbursts.\n\n\n\nBuchanan\nMarch 4, 1857\n—\nMarch 4, 1861\nJames Buchanan\nThe President never married or had children. The President's niece, Harriet Lane, acted as First Lady and served as hostess at White House functions.\n\n\n\nPierce\nMarch 4, 1853\n—\nMarch 4, 1857\nFranklin and Jane Pierce\nPierce's son Benjamin was killed in a train wreck two months before Pierce's inauguration. Jane Pierce arrived at the White house months later and spent most of their tenure in her room, writing letters to her dead son.\n\n\n\nFillmore\nJuly 9, 1850\n—\nMarch 4, 1853\nMillard and Abigail Fillmore\nMillard, and Mary\nDuring the presidential inauguration for her husband's successor Franklin Pierce in 1853, the First Lady caught a cold and the next day came down with a fever. Abigail Fillmore developed pneumonia and died weeks later, on March 30, 1853. Throughout much of the President's term in office and due to the First Lady's illness, their daughter Mary was hostess at many White House functions from 1850 to 1853.\n\n\n\nTaylor\nMarch 4, 1849\n—\nJuly 9, 1850\nZachary and Margaret Taylor\nAnn, Betty, and Richard\nAs a semi-invalid, the First Lady became a recluse and remained in seclusion on the second floor of the Executive Residence, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth. They were the last family to own slaves in the White House from 1849 to 1850.\n\n\n\nPolk\nMarch 4, 1845\n—\nMarch 4, 1849\nJames and Sarah Polk\nThe President and First Lady never had children.\n\n\n\nTyler\nApril 4, 1841\n—\nMarch 4, 1845\nJohn and Letitia Tyler (d.1842), Julia Tyler (m.1844)\nMary, Robert, John, Letitia, Elizabeth, Alice, and Tazewell\nDuring the President's term in office, there were two First Ladies. In 1839, Letitia, suffered a paralytic stroke that left her an invalid. As First Lady, she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House only coming downstairs just once, to attend the wedding of her daughter Elizabeth in January 1842. On the evening of September 10, 1842, the First Lady died peacefully. At the time of her death, she was 51 years old, making her the youngest First Lady to die. John and Letita Tyler's children were the following: Mary Tyler-Jones, Robert Tyler (who served as the President's private secretary at the White House), John Tyler III, Letitia Tyler-Semple, Elizabeth Tyler-Waller (marrying William N. Waller at a White House wedding in 1842), Alice Tyler-Denison, and Tazewell Tyler. The second First Lady was Julia, who at age 24, married the President at the age of 54 on June 26, 1844. John and Julia's children were the following: David Gardiner Tyler, John \"Alex\" Alexander Tyler, Julia Gardiner Tyler-Spencer, Lachlan Gardiner Tyler, Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Robert \"Fitz\" Fitzwalter Tyler, and Pearl Tyler-Ellis. Two of his grandchildren are still alive.\n\n\n\nW.H. Harrison\nMarch 4, 1841\n—\nApril 4, 1841\nWilliam Henry and Anna Harrison\nThe President and First Lady had ten children. After taking the Oath of Office in March 1841, the President died just 32 days later of complications of a cold, making William Henry Harrison's term the shortest in United States presidential history to date.[4]\n\n\n\nVan Buren\nMarch 4, 1837\n—\nMarch 4, 1841\nMartin Van Buren and\nAngelica Singleton (Daughter-in-law)\nAbraham, John, Martin, and Smith\nDuring the President's term, there was no First Lady. The President's wife died from tuberculosis much earlier in 1819. Their oldest son Abraham had a wife, Angelica Singleton Van Buren (a cousin of Dolley Madison), who assumed the duties being hostess at White House functions.\n\n\n\nJackson\nMarch 4, 1829\n—\nMarch 4, 1837\nAndrew Jackson\nAndrew Jr., Daniel, Andrew, Andrew, Eliza, and Edward\nJackson's wife Rachel died shortly after he was elected president. Their niece, Emily Donelson and the President's daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson served at his hostess at the White house.\n\n\n\nJ.Q. Adams\nMarch 4, 1825\n—\nMarch 4, 1829\nJohn Quincy and Louisa Adams\nGeorge, John, and Charles Francis\nThe President was the oldest son of the 2nd President of the United States, John Adams and his wife, Abigail Adams. The President and First Lady's son, George led a troubled life of alcoholism, womanizing, and depression who finally succumbed to an apparent suicide during the President's final year in office in 1829. Louisa Adams was the first foreign-born First Lady.\n\n\n\nMonroe\nMarch 4, 1817\n—\nMarch 4, 1825\nJames and Elizabeth Monroe\nEliza and Maria\nDuring the President's term in office, his oldest daughter Eliza often substituted as official White House hostess for her ailing mother, the First Lady. Appearing as a haughty and often pompous socialite, Eliza soon alienated most of Washington society for her refusal to call on wives of the diplomatic corps, as was the custom. She caused another uproar when she closed her sister's wedding to all but family and friends. The second daughter named Maria was only a child when her father was elected president. When she finished school in Philadelphia, she moved into the Executive Residence in 1819. On March 9, 1820, she married her first cousin, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in the first wedding ever performed at the White House. The President and First Lady's only son, James, died much earlier in childhood.\n\n\n\nMadison\nMarch 4, 1809\n—\nMarch 4, 1817\nJames and Dolley Madison\nJohn\nPrior to becoming First Lady and marrying the President, Dolley Madison was a widow who had two children, John Payne Todd and William Temple Todd, from a previous marriage to Quaker lawyer John Todd. Her husband and youngest son both suddenly died when yellow fever struck Philadelphia in 1793. The following year, she accepted Madison's proposal of marriage. Madison adopted her oldest son John. Perhaps Dolley Madison's most courageous act as First Lady was when she removed and saved several priceless valuables, objets d'art, china, silverware, and the famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington painted by Gilbert Stuart prior to British Redcoats burning down the White House during the War of 1812.\n\n\n\nJefferson\nMarch 4, 1801\n—\nMarch 4, 1809\nThomas Jefferson and Martha Randolph (Daughter)\nMary\nThere was no First Lady during the Presidency as Jefferson's former wife, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, died shortly after giving birth to their sixth child in 1782. In the conspicuous absence of First Lady, James Madison's wife, Dolley Madison, often served in the capacity as a White House hostess. Out of all six children of the Jefferson's, only Martha and Mary would survive into early adulthood.\n\n\n\nJ. Adams\nMarch 4, 1797\n—\nMarch 4, 1801\nJohn and Abigail Adams\nNabby, John Quincy, Charles\nand Thomas\nThe First Family during the Adams administration was the first to reside in the newly constructed White House (then known as the President's House) designed by Irish architect James Hoban. In 1797, the President appointed his oldest son, John Quincy, as Minister to Prussia. In 1800, the President and First Lady's second oldest son Charles, died due to complications of alcoholism. Following in his father's footsteps, John Quincy would eventually be elected to the Presidency in 1824 and take the oath of office the next year.\n\n\n\nWashington\nApril 30, 1789\n—\nMarch 4, 1797\nGeorge and Martha Washington\nNelly and George\nSince the Federal City was not completed when the President was inaugurated in 1789, the capital of the United States was first located in New York City between the years 1785 and 1790, later uprooting the Federal Government and moving it temporarily to the city of Philadelphia between the years 1790 and 1800. Because of this, the First Family never lived in the unfinished White House. Between April 1789 and February 1790, the First Family resided at the Alexander Macomb mansion at 39–41 Broadway Avenue in New York City. In Philadelphia, Robert Morris's mansion at 190 High Street was rented for the First Family to reside at. During his lifetime, the President never had children. However, he adopted the First Lady's two children, Jack and Patsy, from a previous marriage to Daniel Parke Custis. Likewise, the President also raised the First Lady's two youngest grandchildren, Nelly and George.\n\n" ]
[ "J. Adams" ]
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Supernatural (season 13)
Supernatural ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Supernatural ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Supernatural ( season 13 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network The CW Original release October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) -- May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 List of Supernatural episodes The thirteenth season of Supernatural , an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on October 12 , 2017 , on The CW and concluded on May 17 , 2018 . The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8 : 00 pm ( ET ) . This is the second season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners . This season featured a backdoor pilot to a possible spin - off series called Wayward Sisters , starring Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills , Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum , Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak , Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones , Clark Backo as Patience Turner and Yadira Guevara - Prip as Kaia Nieves . The spin - off was ultimately not chosen to move forward as a series . The season also featured an animated crossover episode with Scooby - Doo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Starring 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester / Michael Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer Alexander Calvert as Jack / Nephilim Misha Collins as Castiel Special guest stars ( edit ) Loretta Devine as Missouri Moseley Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer Felicia Day as Charlie Bradbury Guest stars ( edit ) Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester Ruth Connell as Rowena Osric Chau as Kevin Tran Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones Clark Backo as Patience Turner Yadira Guevara - Prip as Kaia Nieves Christian Keyes as Michael Keith Szarabajka as Donatello Redfield Courtney Ford as Kelly Kline Jeffrey Vincent Parise as Asmodeus Lisa Berry as Billie / Death David Haydn - Jones as Arthur Ketch Danneel Ackles as Sister Jo / Anael Brendan Taylor as Doug Stover Richard Speight Jr. as Gabriel / Loki Chad Rook as Zachariah Erica Cerra as Dumah Amanda Tapping as Naomi Katherine Evans as Maggie Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Supernatural episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 265 `` Lost and Found '' Phil Sgriccia Andrew Dabb October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T13. 20551 2.10 Lucifer 's son Jack seems unsure of himself and the world . Dean tries to shoot him and he knocks out both Winchesters with a sonic scream , leaving to search for his father . He ends up at a local police station and seems mostly innocent but is unsure of , and unable to control , his power . Sam and Dean follow ; Dean insists on killing him but Sam sees Jack as just a child . While Dean explains what Jack is to a local officer , Jack explains he learned English from his mother and grew up quickly because she told him the world was dangerous ; she also said that Castiel was the father who would protect him . Three angels show up wanting to use Jack 's almost limitless power for themselves . The Winchesters banish two of them and kill the third ; Jack is stabbed in the heart in the process but is unharmed by the blade . Dean agrees to take him to the bunker , but only until they can find a way to kill him . They are on their own with Chuck not answering prayers . They give Castiel and Kelly a hunter 's funeral , also saying goodbye to Crowley and Mary whom they assume Lucifer killed . In the alternate world , Lucifer keeps Mary alive because he needs her for something . 266 `` The Rising Son '' Thomas J. Wright Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T13. 20552 1.90 On the way back to the bunker , the Winchesters and Jack stop at a hotel and are met by Donatello the prophet . Amara ate his soul , but he has been mentally making the moral choice ever since , and he was drawn to Jack 's power . Jack reads the Bible to learn more about himself and his family . Realizing he 'll need more protection , the Winchesters try to get him warding tattoos , but he reflexively attacks the tattoo artist for hurting him and his body heals the ink away . Dean takes this as proof that Jack will turn evil , while Sam thinks it 's because he lacks control . Meanwhile , the final Prince of Hell , Asmodeus , takes charge of Hell until Lucifer returns , disguising himself as Donatello to trick Jack into freeing the Shedim -- Hell 's darkest creatures -- to be a hero . The brothers and the real Donatello appear , and when Asmodeus hurts them , a flicker of Jack 's power makes him flee . At the bunker , Dean admits to Jack that he will kill him if he turns bad . In the alternate world , Lucifer protects Mary , intending to trade her for Jack when they get home . They meet an alternate version of Michael , who killed his world 's Lucifer . Michael is the stronger of the two , and keeps this Lucifer alive because he needs him for something . 267 `` Patience '' Robert Singer Robert Berens October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T13. 20553 1.93 Missouri Mosley ( from Season 1 's `` Home '' ) calls the Winchesters because a wraith with a taste for psychics is about to go after her family . Dean and Jody go to protect her son James and granddaughter Patience , who is unaware she has inherited Missouri 's gift . The wraith reappears and kills Missouri , as she knew it would . James reveals he cut his mother out of his life many years ago , as he grew up fearing she would get killed and also because he could n't forgive her after his wife Tess died after becoming sick despite Missouri saying she would be fine . The wraith attacks Patience at school and later kidnaps her from home intending to feed on her slowly . In a vision , Patience sees the wraith kill her father , Jody and Dean . She warns them and Dean kills the wraith . James and Dean think Patience should live a normal life , but Jody says it is Patience 's choice and that her door is open if she needs help . Meanwhile , Sam tries to train Jack because he reminds him of his own days addicted to demon blood . Jack makes no progress , which he takes as a sign he will be evil , since his powers only work negatively . While the brothers argue over him , Jack says Castiel 's name ; Castiel hears this and wakes up in a void of nothingness . 268 `` The Big Empty '' John Badham Meredith Glynn November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T13. 20554 1.82 A man is killed by his dead wife . Taking the case , Sam convinces Dean to let Jack join them ; also having convinced Jack to help save Mary if he can master his powers . There are no signs of a ghost or revenant . A woman is then killed by her dead son . Both victims shared a grief therapist Mia , whom the guys question pretending to be three brothers that lost their mother . Sam and Dean get into an argument about Mary ; and Sam discovers Mia is a shapeshifter . Mia says she only helps people by pretending to be their loved ones to give closure , and the killer must be her ex boyfriend and fellow shapeshifter , Buddy . While Sam goes to Buddy 's address , Buddy actually sneaks into Mia 's office and knocks out Dean and Jack . When Mia refuses to kill them , Buddy prepares to shoot Sam when he walks into the room . Jack is able to use his powers to deflect the bullet away from Sam and throw Buddy into the wall , allowing Sam to kill him . Mia in Kelly 's form tells Jack that even monsters can do good . At the bunker Dean gives Jack some approval ; and wants Sam to keep believing Mary is alive , admitting that he no longer seems to believe in anything anymore . Meanwhile , Castiel is in The Empty , a place predating even God and Amara , where all angels and demons sleep forever after they die . Castiel is the first in eternity to wake up . The entity there takes Castiel 's form and taunts him to go back to sleep as the entity hates being awake itself . Castiel refuses , forcing the entity to send him back to Earth . 269 5 `` Advanced Thanatology '' John Showalter Steve Yockey November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T13. 20555 1.71 Two teenagers explore an abandoned asylum and one of them is killed . The survivor , Shawn , is left unable to speak from trauma and taking a medical mask with him . The brothers take the case and Dean insists he will be fine but clearly is n't . Dean is unable to get Shawn to talk . Sam discovers the asylum 's doctor used to lobotomize his patients and the next day Shawn disappears . At the asylum Dean burns the masks destroying the doctor but the place is still haunted ; Dean kills himself to find out where the patients bodies are . Shawn was possessed to go back there through the mask and the doctor made him kill himself . A Reaper reports that Dean is in The Veil and the new Death comes to see him : Billie . As the first Reaper to die after Dean killed the old Death she took the job , wanting information on how the hole to the other universe ripped open . She sees the Winchesters as important to the universe with work to do ; letting the ghosts move on and sending Dean back , stating his choices decide how he dies . Dean admits to Sam he needs a victory , and they are reunited with Castiel . 270 6 `` Tombstone '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Davy Perez November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T13. 20556 1.89 After meeting Castiel , Jack finds a case in Dodge City , Kansas . Dean loves all Western scene material . A local deputy is killed and his Uncle Joe , another officer , swears revenge . Questioning the local undertaker , Athena , Sam realizes they are dealing with a ghoul , whom Dean recognizes as wearing the face of the famous outlaw Dave Mather . Dave robs a bank so Athena can afford to go to school in California , she has no idea what Dave really is . The brothers , Castiel and Jack get into a shootout with Dave ; Jack blasts him with power but accidentally kills a bank security guard , while Dave escapes . Castiel can not heal the guard . As the others take Jack back , Dean and Joe investigate the local graveyard where Dave has captured Athena . Dean distracts him so Joe can shoot his head off . Dean has Joe blame the guard 's death on Dave . At the bunker , despite the other three saying it was a mistake , a withdrawn Jack believes he is a monster and will end up hurting the others so he must leave ; knocking them back and teleporting away . 271 7 `` War of the Worlds '' Richard Speight , Jr . Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T13. 20557 1.24 Castiel informs Sam and Dean that he has a meeting with an angel about Jack but says he needs to go alone . Asmodeus is unable to sense Jack , and is told that the Winchesters no longer have him . In the alternate world , Michael takes most of Lucifer 's grace , using his Kevin Tran to create a portal for Lucifer 's earth . Instead , Lucifer escapes and the portal closes . Lucifer arrives back in the correct time , but is greatly weakened . Meanwhile the brothers notice witches being killed . Talking to a survivor , they discover the killer is searching for Rowena and looks like Arthur Ketch . Capturing him , he claims to be Arthur 's twin brother , Alexander , who turned his back on the British Men of Letters . Sam finds records of Alexander but Dean is skeptical . Castiel meets with the angel Dumah and is told the angels ' population is very low and they intend to force Jack to create more angels when they find him . The angels try to capture Castiel , but Lucifer is able to scare them off . He tries to convince Castiel about the urgent threat of the other Michael , saying they need Jack 's power , and he decides not to tell the Winchesters . Asmodeus then appears , deciding he is the ruler of hell , capturing them both . Tracking Castiel , the brothers are attacked by demons but are helped by Alexander ; who finally admits he is Arthur . He tells them Rowena gave him a spell to cheat death in exchange for allowing her to escape after being captured by the British Men of Letters some years back , but it needs a recharge so he must find her , insinuating she survived . Dean attacks but Arthur escapes . Asmodeus locks up Lucifer and Castiel and tricks the Winchesters into thinking everything is fine ; having worked with Arthur all along . 272 8 `` The Scorpion and the Frog '' Robert Singer Meredith Glynn November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T13. 20558 1.73 After stealing a Nephilim tracking spell from a British museum , the Crossroad Demon Barthamus offers to trade it to the Winchesters to find Jack . In exchange , Barthamus requests the Winchesters aid his minions Smash and Grab in stealing a trunk from a man named Luther Shrike . Luther has Barthamus ' trunk in a vault that only Dean can open due to his previous time in Hell . The Winchesters reluctantly agree to the deal and perform a raid on Luther 's property . During the raid , Luther realizes the truth and kills Grab , a demon , before being captured by the Winchesters . With the help of Smash , who is a girl named Alice who once made a deal with Barthamus and is now forced to work for him , the Winchesters are able to retrieve the trunk . To their shock , the Winchesters learn that Luther is a man who once made a deal with Barthamus to save his son only to be double - crossed . The trunk contains Barthamus ' human bones , leverage with which Luther can force Barthamus to leave him alone . Barthamus kills Luther , but the Winchesters reject his deal due to Barthamus ' actions . Alice kills Barthamus by burning his bones , but the spell is destroyed with him . Despite this , the Winchesters are content with how things turned out as they managed to free Alice from her deal to live a normal life and stopped Barthamus . 273 9 `` The Bad Place '' Phil Sgriccia Robert Berens December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T13. 20559 1.74 Jack approaches a dreamwalker named Derek Swan in order to look into the alternate reality where Mary Winchester and Lucifer were trapped . Shortly afterwards , the Winchesters learn from Sheriff Jody Mills that Derek is dead and Jack is apparently responsible . The Winchesters track down Jack shortly after he helps dreamwalker Kaia Nieves escape from a drug rehabilitation facility . Jack is revealed to be innocent in Derek 's death . He reveals that he has been attempting to rescue Mary from the alternate reality , but he needs a dreamwalker in order to see the world so that he can open a portal . The Winchesters and Jack rescue Kaia from angels looking for Jack to help them repopulate their species and Dean holds Kaia at gunpoint , forcing her to help them rescue Mary . Under attack by angels , Kaia and Jack combine their powers to open a portal , disintegrating the angels at the same time . Due to Kaia 's visions of another reality populated by monsters that she calls the Bad Place , the Winchesters end up in the Bad Place instead while Kaia is deposited on the side of the road and Jack finds Mary . At the same time , Patience Turner has visions of the Winchesters and Jody Mills in great danger . Against her father 's wishes , Patience leaves to help and warns Jody that something terrible is coming . 274 10 `` Wayward Sisters '' Phil Sgriccia Robert Berens & Andrew Dabb January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T13. 20560 1.85 After completing a werewolf hunt , Claire Novak gets a call from Jody Mills that the Winchesters are missing and returns to Sioux Falls . At the same time , the Winchesters remain trapped in the Bad Place where they are ambushed by a hooded figure that apparently intends to feed them to a giant monster . Working together , Jody , Alex and Claire attempt to locate and rescue the Winchesters . They are joined by Patience Turner who warns of a vision where Claire dies . The group locates dreamwalker Kaia Nieves , but come under attack by monsters from the Bad Place , making them realize that the rift to the Bad Place is still open . With the help of Kaia and Sheriff Donna Hanscum , Jody 's family locates the rift . As Claire and Kaia travel to the Bad Place to rescue the Winchesters , Jody , Alex , Patience and Donna work together to kill several attacking monsters . Claire and Kaia succeed in rescuing the Winchesters before the rift closes , but Kaia is killed by the hooded figure , the true unexpected outcome of Patience 's vision . In the aftermath , Sam warns Jody that more monsters may have made it through the rift in the time that it was open and Claire mourns Kaia 's death . As Claire sits down to eat dinner with her family and swears revenge on Kaia 's killer , another rift opens and the hooded figure emerges . The hooded figure is revealed to be an alternate reality version of Kaia . 275 11 `` Breakdown '' Amyn Kaderali Davy Perez January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T13. 20561 1.93 In Oshkosh , Nebraska , Donna Hanscum 's niece Wendy is kidnapped . Desperate , Donna contacts the Winchesters for help despite the fact that it appears that they are dealing with a human villain rather than a monster . The Winchesters agree to help Donna and team up with Donna , her boyfriend Officer Doug Stover and Agent Clegg of the FBI . Clegg identifies the villain as the Butterfly , a serial abductor operating in the area for the past twelve years . With the help of a trucker , Dean identifies a gas station clerk Marlon as a participant in the abduction . Marlon reveals that the kidnapped victims are butchered and their parts sold online to monsters by the Butterfly . Clegg is revealed to be the Butterfly and kidnaps Sam in order to sell off his parts to monsters . Marlon is revealed to be a vampire and turns Doug into one as well . Dean and Donna are able to use Marlon 's blood to cure Doug and force Marlon to give up Clegg 's location before killing him . Donna rescues Wendy and kills Clegg 's accomplice while Dean kills Clegg in time to save Sam 's life . In the aftermath , Doug is terrified by the discovery of the world of monsters and breaks up with Donna . Sam displays a bleak outlook on life , believing that the Winchesters and anyone they get close to will suffer a terrible end . 276 12 `` Various & Sundry Villains '' Amanda Tapping Steve Yockey February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T13. 20562 1.68 Dean falls under a love spell cast by Jaime Plum , a witch working with her sister Jennie to steal the Black Grimoire , the spell book the Winchesters took from the Loughlin Family . Though the Plums succeed in stealing the book , Rowena unexpectedly shows up to help despite having been believed dead for months . Rowena reveals that she was resurrected again by the precautionary spell she put in place , but took a very long time to recover from her death . Rowena is seeking the Black Grimoire as it contains a ritual that will allow her to remove the magical binding placed upon her by the Grand Coven and regain her full powers . Privately , Rowena admits to Sam that she saw Lucifer 's true face and she is terrified of his inevitable return . After stealing the Black Grimorie , the Plums attempt to use it to resurrect their deceased mother , but only succeed in bringing her back as a zombie . Together the Winchesters and Rowena defeat the Plums and recover the Black Grimoire . Though the Winchesters keep the book , a sympathetic Sam allows Rowena to take the page with the ritual she needs and Rowena is able to restore her full powers . At the same time , Castiel and Lucifer form an alliance to escape Asmodeus ' custody . Though they succeed , Castiel refuses to trust Lucifer or give up some of his grace to him . Castiel attacks Lucifer with an angel blade , causing him harm in his weakened state . 277 13 `` Devil 's Bargain '' Eduardo Sánchez Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T13. 20563 1.81 Following his confrontation with Lucifer , a wounded Castiel makes his way back to the Winchesters and informs them of everything that has happened including Lucifer 's return . The Winchesters realize that the demon tablet could potentially contain the spell the alternate Kevin Tran used to reopen the rift and set Prophet Donatello Redfield to work on translating it . Learning of Donatello 's work , Asmodeus places Donatello under his control with an order to let him know once the spell is translated . With Lucifer becoming more human , he begins draining other angels ' graces in an effort to restore his own . Along the way , Lucifer meets the angel Anael , disguised as a faith healer named Sister Jo . Lucifer and Anael form a connection while the Winchesters and Arthur Ketch , working for Asmodeus , hunt for Lucifer . Lucifer and Anael are able to avoid an attempt to kill them by Arthur . Lucifer , with a promise to help make new angels and to restore the living angels wings , becomes the ruler of Heaven again with Anael at his side . Following Lucifer 's escape , Arthur proposes an alliance between himself and the Winchesters to defeat Lucifer and Michael 's upcoming invasion , revealing his work for Asmodeus in the process . The Winchesters reluctantly concede that they need Arthur for now and are unaware of Donatello being under the control of Asmodeus as he translates the spell . When Arthur reports his failure to Asmodeus , Asmodeus reveals that he has acquired an Archangel Blade , the one weapon that can kill Lucifer . As well , Asmodeus has prisoner the Archangel Gabriel who has been believed dead for nearly eight years . 278 14 `` Good Intentions '' P.J. Pesce Meredith Glynn March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T13. 20564 1.61 While reading the demon tablet , Prophet Donatello Redfield , due to his soulless state , becomes corrupted by its power . As a result , he gives the Winchesters and Castiel what he claims is the ingredients before attacking Sam who manages to subdue him . Donatello sends Dean and Castiel after Gog and Magog in an attempt to kill them , but the attempt fails . With Donatello refusing to help , Castiel forcefully strips the information from his mind , leaving Donatello brain dead . Castiel justifies that they are fighting a war for their very survival and reveals that they need the grace of an archangel , a fruit from the Tree of Life , the seal of Solomon and the blood of a most holy man . In the Apocalypse World , Zachariah ( Chad Rook ) tries and fails to trick Jack into helping the angels . Working together , Jack and Mary escape Michael 's fortress and are taken by Bobby Singer ( Jim Beaver ) to one of the few human colonies left . Bobby reveals to Mary the history of Apocalypse World and the war of extermination the angels are waging , causing Mary to realize that her own alternate self created this world by not making the deal with Azazel and having Sam and Dean . Jack is ordered exiled once his true nature is discovered , but Zachariah leads an attack on the colony before he can leave . Jack kills Zachariah and helps repel the attack on the colony , earning him acceptance . Having grown to care for the humans of Apocalypse World , Jack decides to kill Michael in order to end his war of extermination and save what 's left of the human race . 279 15 `` A Most Holy Man '' Amanda Tapping Andrew Dabb & Robert Singer March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T13. 20565 1.66 The Winchesters realize that the blood of a most holy man likely refers to a saint and set out to find someone who has saint blood . Through a black market dealer named Margaret Astor , the Winchesters are directed to a man named Richard Greenstreet who claims to have saint 's blood . Greenstreet offers to give the Winchesters the blood of Saint Ignatius if they get him the skull of Saint Peter which has recently been stolen from a monastery in Malta by a man working for Seattle mob boss Santino Scarpatti . After discovering the thief murdered , the Winchesters are apprehended by Scarpatti 's henchmen and Scarpatti offers a deal where he will pay them a handsome finder 's fee that they can buy the blood with if they get him the skull . Complicating matters , the Winchesters meet Father Luca Camilleri , a priest from Malta seeking the skull for altruistic reasons . The Winchesters choose to help Luca and discover that Margaret Astor had murdered the thief to auction the skull off to everyone interested . Sam joins the auction , but Greenstreet instigates a gunfight that kills Margaret , Scarpatti and their henchmen . During the fight , Luca saves Dean 's life and the Winchesters learn that Greenstreet lied about having the saint 's blood . Greenstreet is arrested while Luca returns home with the skull . Before Luca leaves , Sam learns that he is an apostolic protonotary supernumery , a title given by the Pope for doing good works . As a result , Luca was declared `` a most holy man '' by the Pope and at the Winchesters ' request , gives them his blood . Afterwards , Dean displays faith for the first time that they will succeed . 280 16 `` Scoobynatural '' Robert Singer Jim Krieg & Jeremy Adams March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T13. 20566 2.03 After stopping a plushie that comes to life in a pawn shop and attacks , the grateful owner gives Dean a new TV for free . While testing out the TV , the Winchesters are sucked into Dean 's favorite episode of Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! followed soon after by Castiel . To the group 's shock , they discover an actual ghost that begins killing people and the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang are forced to team up together to stop it . Working together , the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang trap the ghost who reveals himself to be a young boy who a greedy real estate developer in the real world is using to scare away reluctant shop owners . The ghost helps the Winchesters and Castiel fool the Scooby Gang into thinking that it was a human villain before returning the Winchesters and Castiel to the real world . There , the three put the ghost to rest and get the criminal arrested for tax evasion . Before getting sucked into Scooby - Doo , Castiel is shown to have gotten the fruit from the Tree of Life , bringing the Winchesters one step closer to their goal of opening a portal to Apocalypse World . This episode is a crossover with Scooby - Doo . 281 17 `` The Thing '' John Showalter Davy Perez April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T13. 20567 1.41 Having gotten two of the needed ingredients to open a portal to Apocalypse World , the Winchesters search through the Men of Letters archive for clues on the Seal of Solomon . Finally , Dean discovers records showing that the Men of Letters found King Solomon 's treasure in Israel in 1917 , including the Seal , and stored it in their Portsmouth , Rhode Island chapter house . The Winchesters are able to locate the chapter house and find a young woman inside named Sandy Porter that has been trapped since 1925 and has n't aged at all . Following an attack by a mysterious group , Sam learns that in 1925 , a rogue Man of Letters named Diego Avila opened a rift into another dimension and brought forth the god Yokoth to cleanse the Earth . Sandy is in fact Yokoth who intends to bring her mate to Earth in Dean 's body while the group that attacked are Men of Letters legacies who have been keeping Yokoth trapped . With the help of Diego 's great - grandchildren , the Winchesters banish Yokoth back to her dimension and get the Seal of Solomon . At the same time , Arthur Ketch discovers Asmodeus using Gabriel 's grace to power up . Asmodeus recognizes that Arthur seeks redemption and brutally beats him . In retaliation , Arthur rescues Gabriel and steals the archangel blade , bringing both to the Winchesters . Now having all the ingredients they need , the Winchesters open a door to Apocalypse World that will last twenty - four hours and Dean and Arthur pass through to finally rescue Jack and Mary . 282 18 `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' Amyn Kaderali Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T13. 20568 1.53 In Apocalypse World , Dean reluctantly works with Arthur Ketch to find Mary and Jack . To Dean 's shock , he witnesses a group of angels holding the alternate reality version of his old friend Charlie Bradbury captive . Against Arthur 's wishes , Dean launches a rescue mission for Charlie . Dean reveals that he still holds guilt over his Charlie 's murder and Arthur agrees to help him . Together , the two men liberate Charlie who reveals that Mary and Jack are leading a resistance against Michael . Out of time before the rift closes , Dean returns to his Earth while Arthur remains behind in Apocalypse World to aid the resistance and coordinate for Dean 's inevitable return with reinforcements . At the same time , Sam and Castiel attempt to help Gabriel , learning that he faked his death when Lucifer `` killed '' him in order to escape all responsibility again . Asmodeus eventually locates Gabriel and leads an attack on the bunker to recapture him . However , Gabriel recovers and kills Asmodeus . Gabriel chooses to abscond from his responsibility once again and departs , leaving the Winchesters without Gabriel 's power to fight Michael or his grace to reopen the door to Apocalypse World . At the same time , Lucifer struggles in his new role as the ruler of Heaven , ultimately alienating Anael with his behavior . 283 19 `` Funeralia '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Steve Yockey April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T13. 20569 1.38 In an effort to find Gabriel , Castiel visits Heaven to gain the help of the angels . To Castiel 's shock , he is greeted by Naomi who has been believed dead since the fall of the angels nearly five years earlier . Naomi reveals she survived , but her injuries were such that she faked her death and has required years to recover . With Heaven experiencing power fluctuations , Naomi explains that there are now less than a dozen angels left , Naomi and Castiel included . Heaven will soon crumble and release its souls upon the Earth while the angels will burn out if Gabriel , their only chance , is not found and brought back to Heaven . After Castiel leaves , Naomi seals the portal until the situation is resolved . At the same time , the Winchesters learn that Rowena is using her new powers to kill both humans and Reapers and alter fate . Rowena is revealed to be trying to force Billie to bring back Crowley due to her remorse over the life he was forced to lead when she abandoned him . Rowena proves unable to kill Sam and weakens her power in a futile attack on Billie who offers sympathy , but wo n't bring Crowley back . The Winchesters become convinced that Rowena may be able to find redemption for her actions and she agrees to join them . Its also revealed that when Rowena permanently dies , Sam will be the one to kill her as dictated by fate . 284 20 `` Unfinished Business '' Richard Speight , Jr . Meredith Glynn April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T13. 20570 1.51 In Apocalypse World , Mary and Jack 's resistance has had a string of victories against Michael and his angels , causing Jack to become overconfident in his abilities . The two receive the unexpected news that Michael 's fortress has been cleared out and while searching it with a few resistance fighters , discover Kevin Tran in the dungeon . Kevin reveals that he has perfected the spell from the angel tablet to open the rift between the worlds and Michael is preparing to use it to lead an army to the Winchesters world . Kevin reveals that he has been left behind as a trap by Michael and kills himself in an explosion that kills all but Jack and Mary , leaving Jack dispirited as Michael wanted . At the same time , Gabriel is seriously injured while killing the Norse god Fenrir . Gabriel , low on power , asks the Winchesters for help with getting revenge against Loki who , along with his sons Fenrir , Narfi and Sleipnir , had sold Gabriel to Asmodeus when Gabriel sought their help . With the help of the Winchesters , Gabriel kills Narfi and Sleipnir before facing off with Loki who is revealed to have made a deal with Gabriel for Gabriel to assume his identity in exchange for Gabriel leaving Loki 's family out of the angels ' conflict . Loki is furious because Lucifer killed Odin years earlier and he blames Gabriel for the death of his father . Gabriel kills Loki and agrees to help the Winchesters against Michael . While the Winchesters only have to wait for Gabriel 's grace to recharge to open the portal again , Dean is revealed to have been overprotecting Sam out of fear of losing him again , causing Sam to confront Dean . 285 21 `` Beat the Devil '' Phil Sgriccia Robert Berens May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T13. 20571 1.39 With Gabriel unable to supply the needed grace to open a rift to Apocalypse World , Sam decides to capture Lucifer and use his grace as a continuous power source to keep the rift open . Working together , Gabriel and Rowena succeed in capturing Lucifer and the Winchesters , Castiel and Gabriel travel through the rift to Apocalypse World . However , after learning that his son is in Apocalypse World , Lucifer eventually breaks free and travels through the rift , leaving Rowena to scramble to find a way to keep it open without Lucifer to power it . In Apocalypse World , the Winchesters rescue two refugees from bestial vampires and learn that the only way to Mary and Jack 's camp is through a tunnel full of the creatures . Though Dean , Castiel , Gabriel , and one of the refugees , Maggie , make it , Sam is killed by the vampires in the process . A grief - stricken Dean , Castiel and Gabriel are finally reunited with Mary and Jack in their camp in the ruins of Dayton , Ohio while Sam is unexpectedly resurrected by a recharged Lucifer . Lucifer requests Sam 's help in building a relationship with Jack and insists that they need his help to defeat Michael . Sam reluctantly leads Lucifer to the camp where Lucifer meets his son for the first time . 286 22 `` Exodus '' Thomas J. Wright Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T13. 20572 1.30 Despite the objections of the Winchesters , Jack agrees to hear Lucifer out and is fascinated by Lucifer , forming a bond with him . With Mary unwilling to abandon the people she has come to care about and only thirty - one hours left , Sam and Dean suggest evacuating the people through the rift to their world until they can come up with a plan to defeat Michael once and for all . After a vote , the resistance all agree to evacuate , including Bobby Singer . However , Arthur Ketch and Charlie Bradbury fall into an angel trap and are captured before the exodus can begin . As the angels bring in an evil Castiel to torture them for information , the Winchesters , Jack and Castiel launch a rescue mission . They succeed in rescuing the two and Castiel kills his evil counterpart . As Rowena struggles to hold the rift open , everyone begins passing through it , only for Michael to arrive . Michael kills Gabriel when he tries to hold Michael off and Sam purposefully strands Lucifer on Apocalypse World . As everyone celebrates in the bunker , Lucifer and Michael form an alliance to reopen the rift and conquer the world . 287 23 `` Let the Good Times Roll '' Robert Singer Andrew Dabb May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) T13. 20573 1.63 As the refugees from Apocalypse World start to settle in and the Winchesters resume hunting alongside Jack and Castiel , one of the Apocalypse World refugees , Maggie , turns up dead . Shortly afterwards , Jack is greeted by Lucifer who entices his son into leaving the Earth to find a new life out amongst the stars . Jack gets Lucifer to resurrect Maggie who later identifies Lucifer as her killer . At the same time , Michael appears to attack the Winchesters and Castiel who barely escape . With the bunker under attack , Mary and Bobby Singer flee as Sam prays to Jack for help . Jack severely injures Michael before Lucifer 's actions are revealed . Only wanting his son 's power , Lucifer steals Jack 's grace , leaving Jack human before teleporting to a church with Jack and Sam . With Lucifer now virtually unstoppable , Dean makes a deal with Michael where he will become Michael 's vessel to fight Lucifer but Dean will remain in control . Powered by Michael , Dean fights Lucifer , ending with Dean finally killing Lucifer with the Archangel Blade . With Lucifer dead , the Winchesters and Jack celebrate only to have Michael betray his deal , take full control of Dean and depart . Production ( edit ) Supernatural was renewed for a thirteenth season by The CW on January 8 , 2017 . This season is the first season not to feature Mark Sheppard as Crowley since his introduction in season 5 , as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning after his character was killed off for the last time . Alexander Calvert , who was introduced as Jack in the twelfth season finale , was promoted to series regular for this season . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating for Supernatural 's thirteenth season , with an average rating of 7.87 / 10 based on 6 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Lost and Found '' October 12 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Rising Son '' October 19 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Patience '' October 26 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.93 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Big Empty '' November 2 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.82 0.5 N / A 1.1 N / A 5 `` Advanced Thanatology '' November 9 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Tombstone '' November 16 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` War of the Worlds '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.24 0.5 1.21 0.8 2.45 8 `` The Scorpion and the Frog '' November 30 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.73 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` The Bad Place '' December 7 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.74 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Wayward Sisters '' January 18 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.85 0.4 N / A 1.0 N / A 11 `` Breakdown '' January 25 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.93 0.5 1.10 1.1 3.03 12 `` Various & Sundry Villains '' February 1 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.94 1.0 2.62 13 `` Devil 's Bargain '' February 8 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.81 0.4 1.08 1.0 2.89 14 `` Good Intentions '' March 1 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.61 N / A 0.97 N / A 2.59 15 `` A Most Holy Man '' March 8 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.66 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.73 16 `` Scoobynatural '' March 29 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.03 0.6 1.32 1.3 3.36 17 `` The Thing '' April 5 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.41 0.4 0.97 0.8 2.41 18 `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' April 12 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.98 0.9 2.51 19 `` Funeralia '' April 19 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.36 20 `` Unfinished Business '' April 26 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.4 0.99 0.9 2.49 21 `` Beat the Devil '' May 3 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.39 TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` Exodus '' May 10 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 TBD TBD TBD TBD 23 `` Let the Good Times Roll '' May 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.63 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Gelman , Vlada ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Supernatural Names New Showrunners as Jeremy Carver Moves to Frequency '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wayward Sisters : Spinoff Adds Supernatural Trio And Newcomer To Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Spin - off casts Yadira Guevara - Prip as Kaia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Supernatural Spinoff Wayward Sisters Not Going to Series at The CW '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Meets Scooby - Doo ? Jinkies , It 's Happening ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim Beaver ( @ jumblejim ) ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` In 48 hours , I 'll be back in Vancouver loading angel - blade bullets ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' The Originals ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Supernatural ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' Casts Danneel Ackles in Recurring Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Life in Pieces , ' ' Showtime at the Apollo ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews Supernatural , DC Superhero Shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Season 13 : Mark Sheppard Not Returning as a Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Promotes Lucifer 's Son to Series Regular Ahead of Season 13 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural : Season 13 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Supernatural at epguides.com List of Supernatural episodes on IMDb List of Supernatural season 13 episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 `` Scoobynatural '' Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Jody Mills Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supernatural_(season_13)&oldid=843260133 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) seasons 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 23 : 45 . 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when does supernatural scooby doo episodes come out
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n265\n1\n\"Lost and Found\"\nPhil Sgriccia\nAndrew Dabb\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\nT13.20551\n2.10[10]\n\n\nLucifer's son Jack seems unsure of himself and the world. Dean tries to shoot him and he knocks out both Winchesters with a sonic scream, leaving to search for his father. He ends up at a local police station and seems mostly innocent but is unsure of, and unable to control, his power. Sam and Dean follow; Dean insists on killing him but Sam sees Jack as just a child. While Dean explains what Jack is to a local officer, Jack explains he learned English from his mother and grew up quickly because she told him the world was dangerous; she also said that Castiel was the father who would protect him. Three angels show up wanting to use Jack's almost limitless power for themselves. The Winchesters banish two of them and kill the third; Jack is stabbed in the heart in the process but is unharmed by the blade. Dean agrees to take him to the bunker, but only until they can find a way to kill him. They are on their own with Chuck not answering prayers. They give Castiel and Kelly a hunter's funeral, also saying goodbye to Crowley and Mary whom they assume Lucifer killed. In the alternate world, Lucifer keeps Mary alive because he needs her for something.\n\n\n266\n2\n\"The Rising Son\"\nThomas J. Wright\nEugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner\nOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)\nT13.20552\n1.90[11]\n\n\nOn the way back to the bunker, the Winchesters and Jack stop at a hotel and are met by Donatello the prophet. Amara ate his soul, but he has been mentally making the moral choice ever since, and he was drawn to Jack's power. Jack reads the Bible to learn more about himself and his family. Realizing he'll need more protection, the Winchesters try to get him warding tattoos, but he reflexively attacks the tattoo artist for hurting him and his body heals the ink away. Dean takes this as proof that Jack will turn evil, while Sam thinks it's because he lacks control. Meanwhile, the final Prince of Hell, Asmodeus, takes charge of Hell until Lucifer returns, disguising himself as Donatello to trick Jack into freeing the Shedim — Hell's darkest creatures — to be a hero. The brothers and the real Donatello appear, and when Asmodeus hurts them, a flicker of Jack's power makes him flee. At the bunker, Dean admits to Jack that he will kill him if he turns bad. In the alternate world, Lucifer protects Mary, intending to trade her for Jack when they get home. They meet an alternate version of Michael, who killed his world's Lucifer. Michael is the stronger of the two, and keeps this Lucifer alive because he needs him for something.\n\n\n267\n3\n\"Patience\"\nRobert Singer\nRobert Berens\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\nT13.20553\n1.93[12]\n\n\nMissouri Mosley (from Season 1's \"Home\") calls the Winchesters because a wraith with a taste for psychics is about to go after her family. Dean and Jody go to protect her son James and granddaughter Patience, who is unaware she has inherited Missouri's gift. The wraith reappears and kills Missouri, as she knew it would. James reveals he cut his mother out of his life many years ago, as he grew up fearing she would get killed and also because he couldn't forgive her after his wife Tess died after becoming sick despite Missouri saying she would be fine. The wraith attacks Patience at school and later kidnaps her from home intending to feed on her slowly. In a vision, Patience sees the wraith kill her father, Jody and Dean. She warns them and Dean kills the wraith. James and Dean think Patience should live a normal life, but Jody says it is Patience's choice and that her door is open if she needs help. Meanwhile, Sam tries to train Jack because he reminds him of his own days addicted to demon blood. Jack makes no progress, which he takes as a sign he will be evil, since his powers only work negatively. While the brothers argue over him, Jack says Castiel's name; Castiel hears this and wakes up in a void of nothingness.\n\n\n268\n4\n\"The Big Empty\"\nJohn Badham\nMeredith Glynn\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\nT13.20554\n1.82[13]\n\n\nA man is killed by his dead wife. Taking the case, Sam convinces Dean to let Jack join them; also having convinced Jack to help save Mary if he can master his powers. There are no signs of a ghost or revenant. A woman is then killed by her dead son. Both victims shared a grief therapist Mia, whom the guys question pretending to be three brothers that lost their mother. Sam and Dean get into an argument about Mary; and Sam discovers Mia is a shapeshifter. Mia says she only helps people by pretending to be their loved ones to give closure, and the killer must be her ex boyfriend and fellow shapeshifter, Buddy. While Sam goes to Buddy's address, Buddy actually sneaks into Mia's office and knocks out Dean and Jack. When Mia refuses to kill them, Buddy prepares to shoot Sam when he walks into the room. Jack is able to use his powers to deflect the bullet away from Sam and throw Buddy into the wall, allowing Sam to kill him. Mia in Kelly's form tells Jack that even monsters can do good. At the bunker Dean gives Jack some approval; and wants Sam to keep believing Mary is alive, admitting that he no longer seems to believe in anything anymore. Meanwhile, Castiel is in The Empty, a place predating even God and Amara, where all angels and demons sleep forever after they die. Castiel is the first in eternity to wake up. The entity there takes Castiel's form and taunts him to go back to sleep as the entity hates being awake itself. Castiel refuses, forcing the entity to send him back to Earth.\n\n\n269\n5\n\"Advanced Thanatology\"\nJohn Showalter\nSteve Yockey\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\nT13.20555\n1.71[14]\n\n\nTwo teenagers explore an abandoned asylum and one of them is killed. The survivor, Shawn, is left unable to speak from trauma and taking a medical mask with him. The brothers take the case and Dean insists he will be fine but clearly isn't. Dean is unable to get Shawn to talk. Sam discovers the asylum's doctor used to lobotomize his patients and the next day Shawn disappears. At the asylum Dean burns the masks destroying the doctor but the place is still haunted; Dean kills himself to find out where the patients bodies are. Shawn was possessed to go back there through the mask and the doctor made him kill himself. A Reaper reports that Dean is in The Veil and the new Death comes to see him: Billie. As the first Reaper to die after Dean killed the old Death she took the job, wanting information on how the hole to the other universe ripped open. She sees the Winchesters as important to the universe with work to do; letting the ghosts move on and sending Dean back, stating his choices decide how he dies. Dean admits to Sam he needs a victory, and they are reunited with Castiel.\n\n\n270\n6\n\"Tombstone\"\nNina Lopez-Corrado\nDavy Perez\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\nT13.20556\n1.89[15]\n\n\nAfter meeting Castiel, Jack finds a case in Dodge City, Kansas. Dean loves all Western scene material. A local deputy is killed and his Uncle Joe, another officer, swears revenge. Questioning the local undertaker, Athena, Sam realizes they are dealing with a ghoul, whom Dean recognizes as wearing the face of the famous outlaw Dave Mather. Dave robs a bank so Athena can afford to go to school in California, she has no idea what Dave really is. The brothers, Castiel and Jack get into a shootout with Dave; Jack blasts him with power but accidentally kills a bank security guard, while Dave escapes. Castiel cannot heal the guard. As the others take Jack back, Dean and Joe investigate the local graveyard where Dave has captured Athena. Dean distracts him so Joe can shoot his head off. Dean has Joe blame the guard's death on Dave. At the bunker, despite the other three saying it was a mistake, a withdrawn Jack believes he is a monster and will end up hurting the others so he must leave; knocking them back and teleporting away.\n\n\n271\n7\n\"War of the Worlds\"\nRichard Speight, Jr.\nEugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner\nNovember 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)\nT13.20557\n1.24[16]\n\n\nCastiel informs Sam and Dean that he has a meeting with an angel about Jack but says he needs to go alone. Asmodeus is unable to sense Jack, and is told that the Winchesters no longer have him. In the alternate world, Michael takes most of Lucifer's grace, using his Kevin Tran to create a portal for Lucifer's earth. Instead, Lucifer escapes and the portal closes. Lucifer arrives back in the correct time, but is greatly weakened. Meanwhile the brothers notice witches being killed. Talking to a survivor, they discover the killer is searching for Rowena and looks like Arthur Ketch. Capturing him, he claims to be Arthur's twin brother, Alexander, who turned his back on the British Men of Letters. Sam finds records of Alexander but Dean is skeptical. Castiel meets with the angel Dumah and is told the angels' population is very low and they intend to force Jack to create more angels when they find him. The angels try to capture Castiel, but Lucifer is able to scare them off. He tries to convince Castiel about the urgent threat of the other Michael, saying they need Jack's power, and he decides not to tell the Winchesters. Asmodeus then appears, deciding he is the ruler of hell, capturing them both. Tracking Castiel, the brothers are attacked by demons but are helped by Alexander; who finally admits he is Arthur. He tells them Rowena gave him a spell to cheat death in exchange for allowing her to escape after being captured by the British Men of Letters some years back, but it needs a recharge so he must find her, insinuating she survived. Dean attacks but Arthur escapes. Asmodeus locks up Lucifer and Castiel and tricks the Winchesters into thinking everything is fine; having worked with Arthur all along.\n\n\n272\n8\n\"The Scorpion and the Frog\"\nRobert Singer\nMeredith Glynn\nNovember 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)\nT13.20558\n1.73[17]\n\n\nAfter stealing a Nephilim tracking spell from a British museum, the Crossroad Demon Barthamus offers to trade it to the Winchesters to find Jack. In exchange, Barthamus requests the Winchesters aid his minions Smash and Grab in stealing a trunk from a man named Luther Shrike. Luther has Barthamus' trunk in a vault that only Dean can open due to his previous time in Hell. The Winchesters reluctantly agree to the deal and perform a raid on Luther's property. During the raid, Luther realizes the truth and kills Grab, a demon, before being captured by the Winchesters. With the help of Smash, who is a girl named Alice who once made a deal with Barthamus and is now forced to work for him, the Winchesters are able to retrieve the trunk. To their shock, the Winchesters learn that Luther is a man who once made a deal with Barthamus to save his son only to be double-crossed. The trunk contains Barthamus' human bones, leverage with which Luther can force Barthamus to leave him alone. Barthamus kills Luther, but the Winchesters reject his deal due to Barthamus' actions. Alice kills Barthamus by burning his bones, but the spell is destroyed with him. Despite this, the Winchesters are content with how things turned out as they managed to free Alice from her deal to live a normal life and stopped Barthamus.\n\n\n273\n9\n\"The Bad Place\"\nPhil Sgriccia\nRobert Berens\nDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)\nT13.20559\n1.74[18]\n\n\nJack approaches a dreamwalker named Derek Swan in order to look into the alternate reality where Mary Winchester and Lucifer were trapped. Shortly afterwards, the Winchesters learn from Sheriff Jody Mills that Derek is dead and Jack is apparently responsible. The Winchesters track down Jack shortly after he helps dreamwalker Kaia Nieves escape from a drug rehabilitation facility. Jack is revealed to be innocent in Derek's death. He reveals that he has been attempting to rescue Mary from the alternate reality, but he needs a dreamwalker in order to see the world so that he can open a portal. The Winchesters and Jack rescue Kaia from angels looking for Jack to help them repopulate their species and Dean holds Kaia at gunpoint, forcing her to help them rescue Mary. Under attack by angels, Kaia and Jack combine their powers to open a portal, disintegrating the angels at the same time. Due to Kaia's visions of another reality populated by monsters that she calls the Bad Place, the Winchesters end up in the Bad Place instead while Kaia is deposited on the side of the road and Jack finds Mary. At the same time, Patience Turner has visions of the Winchesters and Jody Mills in great danger. Against her father's wishes, Patience leaves to help and warns Jody that something terrible is coming.\n\n\n274\n10\n\"Wayward Sisters\"\nPhil Sgriccia\nRobert Berens & Andrew Dabb\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\nT13.20560\n1.85[19]\n\n\nAfter completing a werewolf hunt, Claire Novak gets a call from Jody Mills that the Winchesters are missing and returns to Sioux Falls. At the same time, the Winchesters remain trapped in the Bad Place where they are ambushed by a hooded figure that apparently intends to feed them to a giant monster. Working together, Jody, Alex and Claire attempt to locate and rescue the Winchesters. They are joined by Patience Turner who warns of a vision where Claire dies. The group locates dreamwalker Kaia Nieves, but come under attack by monsters from the Bad Place, making them realize that the rift to the Bad Place is still open. With the help of Kaia and Sheriff Donna Hanscum, Jody's family locates the rift. As Claire and Kaia travel to the Bad Place to rescue the Winchesters, Jody, Alex, Patience and Donna work together to kill several attacking monsters. Claire and Kaia succeed in rescuing the Winchesters before the rift closes, but Kaia is killed by the hooded figure, the true unexpected outcome of Patience's vision. In the aftermath, Sam warns Jody that more monsters may have made it through the rift in the time that it was open and Claire mourns Kaia's death. As Claire sits down to eat dinner with her family and swears revenge on Kaia's killer, another rift opens and the hooded figure emerges. The hooded figure is revealed to be an alternate reality version of Kaia.\n\n\n275\n11\n\"Breakdown\"\nAmyn Kaderali\nDavy Perez\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\nT13.20561\n1.93[20]\n\n\nIn Oshkosh, Nebraska, Donna Hanscum's niece Wendy is kidnapped. Desperate, Donna contacts the Winchesters for help despite the fact that it appears that they are dealing with a human villain rather than a monster. The Winchesters agree to help Donna and team up with Donna, her boyfriend Officer Doug Stover and Agent Clegg of the FBI. Clegg identifies the villain as the Butterfly, a serial abductor operating in the area for the past twelve years. With the help of a trucker, Dean identifies a gas station clerk Marlon as a participant in the abduction. Marlon reveals that the kidnapped victims are butchered and their parts sold online to monsters by the Butterfly. Clegg is revealed to be the Butterfly and kidnaps Sam in order to sell off his parts to monsters. Marlon is revealed to be a vampire and turns Doug into one as well. Dean and Donna are able to use Marlon's blood to cure Doug and force Marlon to give up Clegg's location before killing him. Donna rescues Wendy and kills Clegg's accomplice while Dean kills Clegg in time to save Sam's life. In the aftermath, Doug is terrified by the discovery of the world of monsters and breaks up with Donna. Sam displays a bleak outlook on life, believing that the Winchesters and anyone they get close to will suffer a terrible end.\n\n\n276\n12\n\"Various & Sundry Villains\"\nAmanda Tapping\nSteve Yockey\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\nT13.20562\n1.68[21]\n\n\nDean falls under a love spell cast by Jaime Plum, a witch working with her sister Jennie to steal the Black Grimoire, the spell book the Winchesters took from the Loughlin Family. Though the Plums succeed in stealing the book, Rowena unexpectedly shows up to help despite having been believed dead for months. Rowena reveals that she was resurrected again by the precautionary spell she put in place, but took a very long time to recover from her death. Rowena is seeking the Black Grimoire as it contains a ritual that will allow her to remove the magical binding placed upon her by the Grand Coven and regain her full powers. Privately, Rowena admits to Sam that she saw Lucifer's true face and she is terrified of his inevitable return. After stealing the Black Grimorie, the Plums attempt to use it to resurrect their deceased mother, but only succeed in bringing her back as a zombie. Together the Winchesters and Rowena defeat the Plums and recover the Black Grimoire. Though the Winchesters keep the book, a sympathetic Sam allows Rowena to take the page with the ritual she needs and Rowena is able to restore her full powers. At the same time, Castiel and Lucifer form an alliance to escape Asmodeus' custody. Though they succeed, Castiel refuses to trust Lucifer or give up some of his grace to him. Castiel attacks Lucifer with an angel blade, causing him harm in his weakened state.\n\n\n277\n13\n\"Devil's Bargain\"\nEduardo Sánchez\nEugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\nT13.20563\n1.81[22]\n\n\nFollowing his confrontation with Lucifer, a wounded Castiel makes his way back to the Winchesters and informs them of everything that has happened including Lucifer's return. The Winchesters realize that the demon tablet could potentially contain the spell the alternate Kevin Tran used to reopen the rift and set Prophet Donatello Redfield to work on translating it. Learning of Donatello's work, Asmodeus places Donatello under his control with an order to let him know once the spell is translated. With Lucifer becoming more human, he begins draining other angels' graces in an effort to restore his own. Along the way, Lucifer meets the angel Anael, disguised as a faith healer named Sister Jo. Lucifer and Anael form a connection while the Winchesters and Arthur Ketch, working for Asmodeus, hunt for Lucifer. Lucifer and Anael are able to avoid an attempt to kill them by Arthur. Lucifer, with a promise to help make new angels and to restore the living angels wings, becomes the ruler of Heaven again with Anael at his side. Following Lucifer's escape, Arthur proposes an alliance between himself and the Winchesters to defeat Lucifer and Michael's upcoming invasion, revealing his work for Asmodeus in the process. The Winchesters reluctantly concede that they need Arthur for now and are unaware of Donatello being under the control of Asmodeus as he translates the spell. When Arthur reports his failure to Asmodeus, Asmodeus reveals that he has acquired an Archangel Blade, the one weapon that can kill Lucifer. As well, Asmodeus has prisoner the Archangel Gabriel who has been believed dead for nearly eight years.\n\n\n278\n14\n\"Good Intentions\"\nP. J. Pesce\nMeredith Glynn\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\nT13.20564\n1.61[23]\n\n\nWhile reading the demon tablet, Prophet Donatello Redfield, due to his soulless state, becomes corrupted by its power. As a result, he gives the Winchesters and Castiel what he claims is the ingredients before attacking Sam who manages to subdue him. Donatello sends Dean and Castiel after Gog and Magog in an attempt to kill them, but the attempt fails. With Donatello refusing to help, Castiel forcefully strips the information from his mind, leaving Donatello brain dead. Castiel justifies that they are fighting a war for their very survival and reveals that they need the grace of an archangel, a fruit from the Tree of Life, the seal of Solomon and the blood of a most holy man. In the Apocalypse World, Zachariah (Chad Rook) tries and fails to trick Jack into helping the angels. Working together, Jack and Mary escape Michael's fortress and are taken by Bobby Singer (Jim Beaver) to one of the few human colonies left. Bobby reveals to Mary the history of Apocalypse World and the war of extermination the angels are waging, causing Mary to realize that her own alternate self created this world by not making the deal with Azazel and having Sam and Dean. Jack is ordered exiled once his true nature is discovered, but Zachariah leads an attack on the colony before he can leave. Jack kills Zachariah and helps repel the attack on the colony, earning him acceptance. Having grown to care for the humans of Apocalypse World, Jack decides to kill Michael in order to end his war of extermination and save what's left of the human race.\n\n\n279\n15\n\"A Most Holy Man\"\nAmanda Tapping\nAndrew Dabb & Robert Singer\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\nT13.20565\n1.66[24]\n\n\nThe Winchesters realize that the blood of a most holy man likely refers to a saint and set out to find someone who has saint blood. Through a black market dealer named Margaret Astor, the Winchesters are directed to a man named Richard Greenstreet who claims to have saint's blood. Greenstreet offers to give the Winchesters the blood of Saint Ignatius if they get him the skull of Saint Peter which has recently been stolen from a monastery in Malta by a man working for Seattle mob boss Santino Scarpatti. After discovering the thief murdered, the Winchesters are apprehended by Scarpatti's henchmen and Scarpatti offers a deal where he will pay them a handsome finder's fee that they can buy the blood with if they get him the skull. Complicating matters, the Winchesters meet Father Luca Camilleri, a priest from Malta seeking the skull for altruistic reasons. The Winchesters choose to help Luca and discover that Margaret Astor had murdered the thief to auction the skull off to everyone interested. Sam joins the auction, but Greenstreet instigates a gunfight that kills Margaret, Scarpatti and their henchmen. During the fight, Luca saves Dean's life and the Winchesters learn that Greenstreet lied about having the saint's blood. Greenstreet is arrested while Luca returns home with the skull. Before Luca leaves, Sam learns that he is an apostolic protonotary supernumery, a title given by the Pope for doing good works. As a result, Luca was declared \"a most holy man\" by the Pope and at the Winchesters' request, gives them his blood. Afterwards, Dean displays faith for the first time that they will succeed.\n\n\n280\n16\n\"Scoobynatural\"\nRobert Singer\nJim Krieg & Jeremy Adams\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\nT13.20566\n2.03[25]\n\n\n\nAfter stopping a plushie that comes to life in a pawn shop and attacks, the grateful owner gives Dean a new TV for free. While testing out the TV, the Winchesters are sucked into Dean's favorite episode of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! followed soon after by Castiel. To the group's shock, they discover an actual ghost that begins killing people and the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang are forced to team up together to stop it. Working together, the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang trap the ghost who reveals himself to be a young boy who a greedy real estate developer in the real world is using to scare away reluctant shop owners. The ghost helps the Winchesters and Castiel fool the Scooby Gang into thinking that it was a human villain before returning the Winchesters and Castiel to the real world. There, the three put the ghost to rest and get the criminal arrested for tax evasion. Before getting sucked into Scooby-Doo, Castiel is shown to have gotten the fruit from the Tree of Life, bringing the Winchesters one step closer to their goal of opening a portal to Apocalypse World.\n\nThis episode is a crossover with Scooby-Doo.\n\n\n281\n17\n\"The Thing\"\nJohn Showalter\nDavy Perez\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\nT13.20567\n1.41[26]\n\n\nHaving gotten two of the needed ingredients to open a portal to Apocalypse World, the Winchesters search through the Men of Letters archive for clues on the Seal of Solomon. Finally, Dean discovers records showing that the Men of Letters found King Solomon's treasure in Israel in 1917, including the Seal, and stored it in their Portsmouth, Rhode Island chapter house. The Winchesters are able to locate the chapter house and find a young woman inside named Sandy Porter that has been trapped since 1925 and hasn't aged at all. Following an attack by a mysterious group, Sam learns that in 1925, a rogue Man of Letters named Diego Avila opened a rift into another dimension and brought forth the god Yokoth to cleanse the Earth. Sandy is in fact Yokoth who intends to bring her mate to Earth in Dean's body while the group that attacked are Men of Letters legacies who have been keeping Yokoth trapped. With the help of Diego's great-grandchildren, the Winchesters banish Yokoth back to her dimension and get the Seal of Solomon. At the same time, Arthur Ketch discovers Asmodeus using Gabriel's grace to power up. Asmodeus recognizes that Arthur seeks redemption and brutally beats him. In retaliation, Arthur rescues Gabriel and steals the archangel blade, bringing both to the Winchesters. Now having all the ingredients they need, the Winchesters open a door to Apocalypse World that will last twenty-four hours and Dean and Arthur pass through to finally rescue Jack and Mary.\n\n\n282\n18\n\"Bring 'em Back Alive\"\nAmyn Kaderali\nBrad Buckner & Eugenie Ross-Leming\nApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)\nT13.20568\n1.53[27]\n\n\nIn Apocalypse World, Dean reluctantly works with Arthur Ketch to find Mary and Jack. To Dean's shock, he witnesses a group of angels holding the alternate reality version of his old friend Charlie Bradbury captive. Against Arthur's wishes, Dean launches a rescue mission for Charlie. Dean reveals that he still holds guilt over his Charlie's murder and Arthur agrees to help him. Together, the two men liberate Charlie who reveals that Mary and Jack are leading a resistance against Michael. Out of time before the rift closes, Dean returns to his Earth while Arthur remains behind in Apocalypse World to aid the resistance and coordinate for Dean's inevitable return with reinforcements. At the same time, Sam and Castiel attempt to help Gabriel, learning that he faked his death when Lucifer \"killed\" him in order to escape all responsibility again. Asmodeus eventually locates Gabriel and leads an attack on the bunker to recapture him. However, Gabriel recovers and kills Asmodeus. Gabriel chooses to abscond from his responsibility once again and departs, leaving the Winchesters without Gabriel's power to fight Michael or his grace to reopen the door to Apocalypse World. At the same time, Lucifer struggles in his new role as the ruler of Heaven, ultimately alienating Anael with his behavior.\n\n\n283\n19\n\"Funeralia\"\nNina Lopez-Corrado\nSteve Yockey\nApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)\nT13.20569\n1.38[28]\n\n\nIn an effort to find Gabriel, Castiel visits Heaven to gain the help of the angels. To Castiel's shock, he is greeted by Naomi who has been believed dead since the fall of the angels nearly five years earlier. Naomi reveals she survived, but her injuries were such that she faked her death and has required years to recover. With Heaven experiencing power fluctuations, Naomi explains that there are now less than a dozen angels left, Naomi and Castiel included. Heaven will soon crumble and release its souls upon the Earth while the angels will burn out if Gabriel, their only chance, is not found and brought back to Heaven. After Castiel leaves, Naomi seals the portal until the situation is resolved. At the same time, the Winchesters learn that Rowena is using her new powers to kill both humans and Reapers and alter fate. Rowena is revealed to be trying to force Billie to bring back Crowley due to her remorse over the life he was forced to lead when she abandoned him. Rowena proves unable to kill Sam and weakens her power in a futile attack on Billie who offers sympathy, but won't bring Crowley back. The Winchesters become convinced that Rowena may be able to find redemption for her actions and she agrees to join them. Its also revealed that when Rowena permanently dies, Sam will be the one to kill her as dictated by fate.\n\n\n284\n20\n\"Unfinished Business\"\nRichard Speight, Jr.\nMeredith Glynn\nApril 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)\nT13.20570\n1.51[29]\n\n\nIn Apocalypse World, Mary and Jack's resistance has had a string of victories against Michael and his angels, causing Jack to become overconfident in his abilities. The two receive the unexpected news that Michael's fortress has been cleared out and while searching it with a few resistance fighters, discover Kevin Tran in the dungeon. Kevin reveals that he has perfected the spell from the angel tablet to open the rift between the worlds and Michael is preparing to use it to lead an army to the Winchesters world. Kevin reveals that he has been left behind as a trap by Michael and kills himself in an explosion that kills all but Jack and Mary, leaving Jack dispirited as Michael wanted. At the same time, Gabriel is seriously injured while killing the Norse god Fenrir. Gabriel, low on power, asks the Winchesters for help with getting revenge against Loki who, along with his sons Fenrir, Narfi and Sleipnir, had sold Gabriel to Asmodeus when Gabriel sought their help. With the help of the Winchesters, Gabriel kills Narfi and Sleipnir before facing off with Loki who is revealed to have made a deal with Gabriel for Gabriel to assume his identity in exchange for Gabriel leaving Loki's family out of the angels' conflict. Loki is furious because Lucifer killed Odin years earlier and he blames Gabriel for the death of his father. Gabriel kills Loki and agrees to help the Winchesters against Michael. While the Winchesters only have to wait for Gabriel's grace to recharge to open the portal again, Dean is revealed to have been overprotecting Sam out of fear of losing him again, causing Sam to confront Dean.\n\n\n285\n21\n\"Beat the Devil\"\nPhil Sgriccia\nRobert Berens\nMay 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)\nT13.20571\n1.39[30]\n\n\nWith Gabriel unable to supply the needed grace to open a rift to Apocalypse World, Sam decides to capture Lucifer and use his grace as a continuous power source to keep the rift open. Working together, Gabriel and Rowena succeed in capturing Lucifer and the Winchesters, Castiel and Gabriel travel through the rift to Apocalypse World. However, after learning that his son is in Apocalypse World, Lucifer eventually breaks free and travels through the rift, leaving Rowena to scramble to find a way to keep it open without Lucifer to power it. In Apocalypse World, the Winchesters rescue two refugees from bestial vampires and learn that the only way to Mary and Jack's camp is through a tunnel full of the creatures. Though Dean, Castiel, Gabriel, and one of the refugees, Maggie, make it, Sam is killed by the vampires in the process. A grief-stricken Dean, Castiel and Gabriel are finally reunited with Mary and Jack in their camp in the ruins of Dayton, Ohio while Sam is unexpectedly resurrected by a recharged Lucifer. Lucifer requests Sam's help in building a relationship with Jack and insists that they need his help to defeat Michael. Sam reluctantly leads Lucifer to the camp where Lucifer meets his son for the first time.\n\n\n286\n22\n\"Exodus\"\nThomas J. Wright\nEugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner\nMay 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)\nT13.20572\n1.30[31]\n\n\nDespite the objections of the Winchesters, Jack agrees to hear Lucifer out and is fascinated by Lucifer, forming a bond with him. With Mary unwilling to abandon the people she has come to care about and only thirty-one hours left, Sam and Dean suggest evacuating the people through the rift to their world until they can come up with a plan to defeat Michael once and for all. After a vote, the resistance all agree to evacuate, including Bobby Singer. However, Arthur Ketch and Charlie Bradbury fall into an angel trap and are captured before the exodus can begin. As the angels bring in an evil Castiel to torture them for information, the Winchesters, Jack and Castiel launch a rescue mission. They succeed in rescuing the two and Castiel kills his evil counterpart. As Rowena struggles to hold the rift open, everyone begins passing through it, only for Michael to arrive. Michael kills Gabriel when he tries to hold Michael off and Sam purposefully strands Lucifer on Apocalypse World. As everyone celebrates in the bunker, Lucifer and Michael form an alliance to reopen the rift and conquer the world.\n\n\n287\n23\n\"Let the Good Times Roll\"\nRobert Singer\nAndrew Dabb\nMay 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)\nT13.20573\n1.63[32]\n\n\nAs the refugees from Apocalypse World start to settle in and the Winchesters resume hunting alongside Jack and Castiel, one of the Apocalypse World refugees, Maggie, turns up dead. Shortly afterwards, Jack is greeted by Lucifer who entices his son into leaving the Earth to find a new life out amongst the stars. Jack gets Lucifer to resurrect Maggie who later identifies Lucifer as her killer. At the same time, Michael appears to attack the Winchesters and Castiel who barely escape. With the bunker under attack, Mary and Bobby Singer flee as Sam prays to Jack for help. Jack severely injures Michael before Lucifer's actions are revealed. Only wanting his son's power, Lucifer steals Jack's grace, leaving Jack human before teleporting to a church with Jack and Sam. With Lucifer now virtually unstoppable, Dean makes a deal with Michael where he will become Michael's vessel to fight Lucifer but Dean will remain in control. Powered by Michael, Dean fights Lucifer, ending with Dean finally killing Lucifer with the Archangel Blade. With Lucifer dead, the Winchesters and Jack celebrate only to have Michael betray his deal, take full control of Dean and depart.\n\n" ]
[ "March 29, 2018" ]
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Red Hot Chili Peppers
Red Hot Chili Peppers - Wikipedia Red Hot Chili Peppers This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 August 2018 . For the band 's self - titled debut album , see The Red Hot Chili Peppers ( album ) . For the Jelly Roll Morton band of 1920s , see Red Hot Peppers . For the New Zealand band of 1970s , see Red Hot Peppers ( New Zealand band ) . For the London band of 1970s , see Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers . `` RHCP '' redirects here . For right - handed circularly polarized waves , see Polarization ( waves ) . Red Hot Chili Peppers Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2012 ( left to right ) : Anthony Kiedis , Chad Smith , Josh Klinghoffer , & Flea Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Funk rock alternative rock funk metal rap rock Years active 1983 ( 1983 ) -- present Labels Capitol EMI Warner Bros . Associated acts What Is This ? Ataxia the Mars Volta Jane 's Addiction John Frusciante Website Official website Members Anthony Kiedis Flea Chad Smith Josh Klinghoffer Past members See below Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . The group 's musical style primarily consists of rock with an emphasis on funk , as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock and psychedelic rock . When played live , their music incorporates elements of jam band due to the improvised nature of many of their performances . Currently , the band consists of founding members vocalist Anthony Kiedis and bassist Flea , longtime drummer Chad Smith , and former touring guitarist Josh Klinghoffer . Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best - selling bands of all time with over 80 million records sold worldwide , have been nominated for sixteen Grammy Awards , of which they have won six , and are the most successful band in alternative rock radio history , currently holding the records for most number - one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top - ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . In 2012 , they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The band 's original lineup , originally named Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem , featured guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons , alongside Kiedis and Flea . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's self - titled debut album ( 1984 ) . Slovak performed on the second and third albums , Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , but he died from a heroin overdose in 1988 . As a result of his friend 's death , Irons chose to leave the group . After short - lived replacements on guitar and drums , John Frusciante and Chad Smith joined in 1988 . The lineup of Flea , Kiedis , Frusciante , and Smith was the longest - lasting and recorded five studio albums beginning with Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) . In 1990 , the group signed with Warner Bros. Records and recorded the album Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) under producer Rick Rubin . This album became the band 's first major commercial success , but Frusciante grew uncomfortable with the band 's popularity and left abruptly in 1992 in the middle of the Blood Sugar Sex Magik Tour . After two temporary guitarists , Dave Navarro joined the group in 1993 and played on their subsequent album , One Hot Minute ( 1995 ) . Although commercially successful , the album failed to match the critical or popular acclaim of Blood Sugar Sex Magik , selling less than half as much as its predecessor . Navarro was fired from the band in 1998 . Frusciante , fresh out of drug rehabilitation , rejoined the band that same year at Flea 's request . The reunited quartet returned to the studio to record Californication ( 1999 ) , which became the band 's biggest commercial success with 16 million copies sold worldwide . That album was followed three years later by By the Way ( 2002 ) , and then four years later by the double album Stadium Arcadium ( 2006 ) , their first number - one album in America . After a world tour , the group went on an extended hiatus . Frusciante announced he was amicably leaving the band in 2009 to focus on his solo career . Klinghoffer , who had worked both as a sideman for the band on their Stadium Arcadium tour and on Frusciante 's solo projects , replaced him . The band 's tenth studio album , I 'm with You , was released in 2011 and topped the charts in 18 different countries . The band released their eleventh studio album , The Getaway , in 2016 . The album was produced by Danger Mouse , marking the first time since Mother 's Milk that the Red Hot Chili Peppers had not worked with Rubin , and topped the charts in ten different countries . Contents 1 History 1.1 1983 -- 1984 : Early history 1.2 1985 -- 1988 : Building a following and Slovak 's death 1.3 1988 -- 1989 : Successful new lineup 1.4 1990 -- 1993 : Breakthrough , international fame and Frusciante 's first departure 1.5 1993 -- 1997 : Transitional period 1.6 1998 -- 2001 : Return of Frusciante and new - found popularity 1.7 2001 -- 2007 : Continued success 1.8 2008 -- 2009 : Hiatus and Frusciante 's second departure 1.9 2010 -- 2014 : Klinghoffer replaces Frusciante and I 'm with You 1.10 2014 -- 2017 : The Getaway 1.11 2017 -- present : Upcoming twelfth studio album 2 Recognition and legacy 3 Activism 4 Musical style 4.1 Techniques 4.2 Lyrics and songwriting 5 Members 5.1 Current 5.2 Current touring musicians 5.3 Former 5.4 Former touring musicians 5.5 Timeline 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 7.1 Studio albums 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) 1983 -- 1984 : early history ( edit ) Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis , guitarist Hillel Slovak , bassist Flea , and drummer Jack Irons , all of whom were classmates from Fairfax High School . Originally going under the band name of Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem , their first performance was at the Rhythm Lounge club to a crowd of approximately 30 people , opening for Gary and Neighbor 's Voices . Inspired by punk funk acts like The Contortions and Defunkt , they `` wrote '' for the occasion , which involved the band improvising music while Kiedis rapped a poem he had written called `` Out in L.A. '' . At the time , Slovak and Irons were already committed to another group , What Is This ? however , the performance was so lively , that the band was asked to return the following week . Due to this unexpected success , the band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers , playing several more shows at various LA clubs and musical venues . Six songs from these initial shows were on the band 's first demo tape . In November 1983 , manager Lindy Goetz struck a seven - album deal with EMI America and Enigma Records . Two weeks earlier however , What Is This ? had also obtained a record deal with MCA . Slovak and Irons still considered the Red Hot Chili Peppers as only a side project and so in December 1983 they quit to focus on What Is This ? . Instead of dissolving the band , Kiedis and Flea recruited new members . Cliff Martinez , a friend of Flea 's and member from the punk band , The Weirdos , was the new replacement for Irons . The band held auditions for a new guitarist but decided after a few practices that Weirdos guitarist Dix Denney did not fit . Kiedis described the two final candidates , Mark Nine and Jack Sherman , respectively as a `` hip avant - garde art school refugee '' and a nerd looking guy with a combed - back Jewfro with an unknown background . Musically Sherman clicked right away with Flea and Martinez and was hired as Slovak 's replacement . Founding guitarist Hillel Slovak performing in Philadelphia in 1983 The band released their eponymous debut album , The Red Hot Chili Peppers on August 10 , 1984 . Though the album did not set sales records , airplay on college radio and MTV helped to build a fan base , and the album ultimately sold 300,000 copies . Gang of Four guitarist Andy Gill , who produced the album `` did n't embrace ( the band 's ) musical aesthetic or ideology , argued constantly with the band over the record 's sound . '' Kiedis recalled , that `` Andy 's thing was having a hit at all costs , but it was such a mistake to have an agenda . '' Despite the misgivings of Kiedis and Flea , Gill pushed the band to play with a cleaner , crisper , more radio - friendly sound . The band was disappointed in the record 's overall sound , feeling it was overly polished and as if it had `` gone through a sterilizing Goody Two - shoes machine '' . The album included backing vocals by Gwen Dickey , the singer for the successful 1970s disco funk group Rose Royce . The band embarked on a grueling tour during which they performed sixty shows in sixty - four days . During the tour , continuing musical and lifestyle tension between Kiedis and Sherman complicated the transition between concert and daily band life . When the tour ended in October 1984 , Sherman was fired . Hillel Slovak , who had just quit What Is This ? , would re-join the band in early 1985 . 1985 -- 1988 : Building a following and Slovak 's death ( edit ) George Clinton produced the next album , Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) . Clinton combined various elements of punk and funk into the band 's repertoire , allowing their music to incorporate a variety of distinct styles . The album featured Maceo Parker and Fred Wesley on many of the album 's tracks . The band often indulged in heavy heroin use while recording the album , which influenced the lyrics and musical direction of the album . The band had a much better relationship with Clinton than with Gill , but Freaky Styley , released on August 16 , 1985 , also achieved little success , failing to make an impression on any chart . The subsequent tour was also considered unproductive by the band . Despite the lack of success , the band was satisfied with Freaky Styley ; Kiedis reflected , that `` it so surpassed anything we thought we could have done that we were thinking we were on the road to enormity . '' The band appeared in the 1986 movie Thrashin ' ( directed by David Winters and starring Josh Brolin ) playing the song `` Blackeyed Blonde '' from Freaky Styley . During this time the band also appeared in the movie Tough Guys starring Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas performing the song `` Set It Straight '' at a Los Angeles nightclub . In spring 1986 , the band decided to begin work on their upcoming album . EMI gave the band a budget of $5,000 to record a demo tape , and the band chose to work with producer Keith Levene , because he shared the band 's interest in drugs . Levene and Slovak decided to put aside $2,000 of the budget to spend on heroin and cocaine , which created tension between the band members . Martinez ' `` heart was no longer in the band '' , but he did not quit , so Kiedis and Flea fired him . After the firing of Martinez in April 1986 , original drummer Jack Irons rejoined the band to Kiedis , Flea , and Slovak 's great surprise , which marked the first time all four founding members were together since 1983 . During the recording and subsequent tour of Freaky Styley , Kiedis and Slovak were dealing with debilitating heroin addictions . Due to his addiction , Kiedis `` did n't have the same drive or desire to come up with ideas or lyrics '' and appeared at rehearsal `` literally asleep '' . Flea , Slovak and Irons informed Kiedis to clean up his drug habit or be fired from the band . The band won the LA Weekly `` Band of the Year Award '' , which prompted Kiedis to get clean in order to continue making music . Kiedis called his mother in Michigan for guidance and she promptly sent him to drug rehabilitation . After Kiedis completed his stint in rehab , he felt a `` whole new wave of enthusiasm '' due to his sobriety and wrote the lyrics to `` Fight Like a Brave '' on the plane ride home . After a month away from the band , he rejoined Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record the group 's next album , The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) . The Chili Peppers attempted to hire Rick Rubin to produce their third album , but he declined . The band eventually hired Michael Beinhorn from the art funk project Material , the band 's last choice . Kiedis sat down with producer Michael Beinhorn to discuss the recording of the album ; Kiedis planned to record the album in ten days and write the songs during the recording sessions . Songs began to form quickly , and the album took shape , blending the same funk feel and rhythms as Freaky Styley , with a harder , more immediate approach to punk rock . The album was recorded in the basement of the Capitol Records Building . The recording process for the album was difficult ; Kiedis would frequently disappear to seek drugs . After fifty days of sobriety , Kiedis decided to take drugs again to celebrate his new music . His drug use `` made a mess of the early recording process '' , but the band still had an enjoyable time recording the album . The band was musically inspired by the return of their original drummer Jack Irons , who added `` such an important and different element to our chemistry . '' Slovak helped Kiedis record his vocals on the album . In between takes , Slovak would run around the studio out of excitement and say `` This is the most beautiful thing we 've ever done . '' On September 29 , 1987 , The Uplift Mofo Party Plan was released , becoming their first album to appear on any chart . Although it peaked at only No. 148 on the Billboard 200 , this was a significant success compared to the first two . During this period however , Kiedis and Slovak had both developed serious drug addictions , often abandoning the band , each other , and their significant others for days on end . Slovak 's addiction led to his death on June 25 , 1988 , not long after the conclusion of the Uplift tour . Kiedis fled the city and did not attend Slovak 's funeral ( referenced in the song `` This Is the Place '' from 2002 's By the Way ) , considering the situation to be surreal and dreamlike . After returning to L.A. following his departure after Slovak 's death , Kiedis , Flea , Irons and manager Lindy Goetz had a meeting to figure out what to do next . Irons decided he had to leave the group , saying that he did not want to be part of a group where his friends were dying . Irons , who would battle through years of depression , went on to become a member of Seattle grunge band Pearl Jam many years later . With Slovak dead and Irons quitting , Kiedis and Flea debated whether they should continue making music , but ultimately decided to move ahead , hoping to continue what Slovak `` helped build . '' 1988 -- 1989 : successful new lineup ( edit ) Chad Smith became the band 's drummer through open auditions in November 1988 replacing D.H. Peligro After losing two of the original band members , Flea and Kiedis started looking for musicians to fill those spots . Shortly after Irons ' departure they chose as Slovak 's replacement DeWayne `` Blackbyrd '' McKnight , former member of Parliament - Funkadelic and who at one point briefly filled in for Slovak , when he was temporarily fired . D.H. Peligro of the punk rock outfit Dead Kennedys replaced Irons . Kiedis and Flea had been friends of Peligro for many years and even had a joke band together called Three Little Butt Hairs . With a new lineup set , Kiedis decided to enter rehab to fix his drug problem . Kiedis entered a rehab facility in Van Nuys called ASAP . After two weeks into Kiedis ' rehab he was taken by his counselor , Bob Timmons , to finally visit Slovak 's grave . Kiedis had no desire to be there ; however , Timmons urged him to talk to Slovak . Within minutes , Kiedis had opened up and could not stop crying . Thirty days later , Kiedis left rehab and was ready to resume his career with the band . Three dates into the tour , McKnight was fired , because the chemistry was not there with the other three . McKnight was with the band long enough to record one song , `` Blues For Meister '' ( drums were performed by Jack Irons -- bass and drums were recorded before Slovak 's death ) , a song sung by Flea . McKnight was so unhappy about being fired he threatened to burn down Kiedis ' house . Shortly after McKnight 's firing , Peligro introduced Kiedis and Flea to a teenage guitarist named John Frusciante . Kiedis actually had met Frusciante a year earlier outside of one of the band 's shows . Frusciante was originally directed to audition for the band Thelonious Monster , but Kiedis said that he knew right away that Frusciante would be in his band . An avid Red Hot Chili Peppers fan , Frusciante was , according to Flea , `` a really talented and knowledgeable musician . He ( Frusciante ) knows all the shit I do n't know . I basically know nothing about music theory and he 's studied it to death , inside and out . He 's a very disciplined musician -- all he cares about are his guitar and his cigarettes . '' Frusciante performed his first show with the band on September 17 , 1988 . The new lineup immediately began writing music for the next album and went on a short tour dubbed the Turd Town Tour , although in November , Kiedis and Flea felt the need to fire drummer Peligro due to his own drug and alcohol problems . Much like McKnight , Peligro did not take the news well . Flea stayed in bed for days after making the decision . Years later , Kiedis said firing Peligro was one of the toughest things the band ever had to do , although Kiedis became a major part of Peligro 's road to sobriety , which began right after he was fired . The Chili Peppers were again without a drummer and were forced to hold open auditions . Denise Zoom , a friend of the band , suggested Chad Smith , claiming he was the best drummer she had ever seen . The band agreed to audition Smith , but he was late and the last drummer to audition . Kiedis recalled the first time he saw Smith by saying , `` I spied this big lummox walking down the street with a really bad Guns N ' Roses hairdo and clothes that were not screaming I 've got style '' . Smith was a six - foot three - inch tall drummer who , according to Flea , `` lit a fire under our asses '' . From the moment they started jamming , Smith and Flea instantly found chemistry . Smith was a hard - hitting musician with whom the Chili Peppers believed they would create a strong relationship . Kiedis said the audition with Smith `` left the band in a state of frenzied laughter , that we could n't shake out of for a half an hour '' . Smith was so much different from the other three . Kiedis , Flea and Frusciante were heavily influenced by punk rock , whereas Smith 's taste in heavy metal music and his biker appearance contrasted with their punk rock views . Kiedis informed Smith he would be hired on one condition : as an initiation to the band , Smith had to cut his long hair . He refused , though Kiedis was not about to argue with the much larger Smith . Smith was hired as the band 's fourth drummer on December 3 , 1988 . Anthony Kiedis and Flea in Amsterdam , August 1989 Unlike the stop - start sessions for The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , where Kiedis would frequently disappear to seek drugs , pre-production for Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) went smoothly . The band recorded basic tracks during March and early April 1989 at Hully Gully studios in Silver Lake ; songs like `` Knock Me Down '' were formed from jam sessions without any input from returning producer Michael Beinhorn while `` Sexy Mexican Maid '' , `` Stone Cold Bush '' and `` Taste the Pain '' ( which was recorded prior to Smith joining and features Fishbone drummer Philip `` Fish '' Fisher ) were written with Peligro . Although there had been stress and conflict during the recording of other Chili Peppers albums , the Mother 's Milk sessions were especially uncomfortable due to Beinhorn 's incessant desire to create a hit . Frusciante and Kiedis were frustrated with the producer 's attitude . In April 1989 , the Chili Peppers embarked on a short tour to break in the new lineup . Released on August 16 , 1989 , Mother 's Milk peaked at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard 200 . The record failed to chart in the United Kingdom and Europe , but climbed to number 33 in Australia . `` Knock Me Down '' reached number six on the U.S. Modern Rock Tracks whereas `` Higher Ground '' charted at number eleven ; the latter of the two ultimately proved to be more successful , reaching number fifty - four in the UK and forty - five in Australia and France . Mother 's Milk was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in late March 1990 -- it is now certified platinum -- and was the first Chili Peppers album to ship over 500,000 units . 1990 -- 1993 : breakthrough , international Fame and Frusciante 's first departure ( edit ) `` Give It Away '' `` Give It Away '' , the first single from the record , combined funky guitar riffs and prominent sexual references with an overall `` dryer '' guitar sound attributed to producer Rick Rubin . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In 1990 , after the success of Mother 's Milk , the group decided they had had enough of EMI and entered a major label bidding war ultimately signing with Warner Bros. Records and hired Rick Rubin to produce their then - untitled fifth album . Rubin would go on to produce five of the band 's subsequent studio albums , but originally turned the band down in 1987 due to the drug problems in the band at the time . This time , in 1990 , Rubin felt the band was in a better place and much more focused . The writing process for this album was far more productive than it had been for Mother 's Milk , with Kiedis stating , `` ( every day ) , there was new music for me to lyricize '' . The band spent six months recording a new album , with long periods of rehearsal , songwriting , and incubating ideas . However , Rubin was dissatisfied with a regular recording studio , thinking the band would work better in a less orthodox setting , believing it would enhance their creative output . Rubin suggested the mansion magician Harry Houdini once lived in , to which they agreed . A crew was hired to set up a recording studio and other equipment required for production in the house . The band decided that they would remain inside the mansion for the duration of recording , though according to Kiedis , Smith was convinced the location was haunted , and refused to stay . He would , instead , come each day by motorcycle. Smith himself disputes this account , and instead claims the real reason he did not stay at The Mansion was because he wanted to be with his wife . Frusciante , however , disagreed with Smith , and said `` There are definitely ghosts in the house , '' and Frusciante felt they were `` very friendly . We ( the band ) have nothing but warm vibes and happiness everywhere we go in this house . '' Rubin is the current owner of the studio known as The Mansion . During production , the band agreed to let Flea 's brother - in - law document the creative process on film . When the album 's recording was complete , the Chili Peppers released the film , titled Funky Monks . The band was unable to decide on the title of the album , but to Rubin , one particular song title stuck out : `` Blood Sugar Sex Magik '' . Although it was not a featured song , Rubin believed it to be `` clearly the best title '' . On September 24 , 1991 , Blood Sugar Sex Magik was released . `` Give It Away '' was released as the first single ; it eventually became one of the band 's biggest and most well known songs , winning a Grammy Award in 1992 for `` Best Hard Rock Performance With Vocal '' and became the band 's first number one single on the Modern Rock chart The ballad `` Under the Bridge '' was released as a second single , and went on to reach No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , the highest the band has reached on that chart as of 2016 , and became one of the band 's most recognizable songs . Other singles such as `` Breaking the Girl '' and `` Suck My Kiss '' also charted well . The album sold over 12 million copies . Blood Sugar Sex Magik was listed at number 310 on the Rolling Stone magazine list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and in 1992 it rose to No. 3 on the U.S. album charts , almost a year after its release . The band kicked off their Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour which featured Nirvana , Pearl Jam and Smashing Pumpkins , three of that era 's biggest up and coming bands in alternative music , as opening acts . The unexpected success instantly turned Red Hot Chili Peppers into rock stars . Frusciante was blindsided by his newfound fame , and struggled to cope with it . Soon after the album 's release , he began to develop a dislike for the band 's popularity and personal problems between Kiedis and Frusciante began to unfold . Kiedis recalled that he and Frusciante used to get into heated discussions backstage after concerts : `` John would say , ' We 're too popular . I do n't need to be at this level of success . I would just be proud to be playing this music in clubs like you guys were doing two years ago . ' '' The final dates with Frusciante were a mess and Frusciante was so disconnected from the group , often changing the way he played on certain songs , which further got under Kiedis ' skin . Unknown to others , Frusciante was also starting his own drug habit at the time and was shutting himself off from everyone except for his girlfriend . Frusciante abruptly quit the band hours before a show during the Blood Sugar Japanese tour in May 1992 . The band reached out to Dave Navarro , who had just split from Jane 's Addiction , but who was involved in his own personal drug battles . The group held rehearsals with Zander Schloss , though after a few days they decided he was not the right fit either . Guitarist Arik Marshall , of Los Angeles band Marshall Law , was hired to replace Frusciante and the band headlined the Lollapalooza festival in 1992 . Marshall would also appear in the music videos for `` Breaking the Girl '' , `` If You Have to Ask '' and on The Simpsons fourth - season finale , `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' . In September 1992 , the Peppers , with Marshall , performed `` Give It Away '' at the MTV Video Music Awards . The band was nominated for seven awards including Video of the Year ( which they did not obtain ) ; however , they did manage to win three other awards , including Viewer 's Choice . On February 24 , 1993 , the band , along with George Clinton & the P. Funk All - Stars and Weapon of Choice , performed `` Give It Away '' at the Grammy Awards , a song which won the band their first Grammy later that evening . The performance marked the end of the Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour and Marshall 's final performance with the band . The band had planned to begin a follow - up to Blood Sugar Sex Magik with Marshall . However , when it came time to play music , Marshall was always busy , so the band decided that Marshall failed to fit with their future plans and he was dismissed . With Marshall gone , the band decided to hold open auditions ( which they considered a huge mess ) , but which however did lead to an encounter with Buckethead . The band enjoyed his rehearsal even though he claimed to have never heard of them ; Flea felt he did not fit the feel of the band . Still without a guitarist , Kiedis was out one night at a local club and spotted Jesse Tobias of the Los Angeles - based band Mother Tongue . Kiedis felt like he had the right vibe for the band and he was recruited to be the new guitarist after a few auditions . However , his tenure with the band did not last long , with the rest of the band stating that `` the chemistry was n't right '' . It was at this same time that Smith informed the band that Navarro was now ready to join the band . When offered the spot this time he accepted . 1993 -- 1997 : transitional period ( edit ) Dave Navarro ( pictured ) replaced Jesse Tobias as guitarist in 1993 Navarro first appeared with the band at Woodstock ' 94 . The band opened their set wearing enormous light bulb costumes attached precariously to chrome metallic suits , making it near - impossible for them to play their instruments . Navarro hated the idea but went with it . The performance saw the debut of new songs such as `` Warped '' , `` Aeroplane '' , and `` Pea '' although the songs were in the beginning stages and the lyrics were very different from the final versions . The band followed up their performance at Woodstock with a brief tour , which included headlining appearances at the Pukkelpop and Reading Festivals as well two performances as the opening act for The Rolling Stones . According to Kiedis , however , opening for the Stones was a horrible experience . While externally , the band appeared to be settled , the relationship between the three established members and Navarro had begun to deteriorate . His differing musical background made performing difficult as they began playing together , and continued to be an issue over the next year . Navarro admitted he did not care for funk music or jamming . Kiedis was also struggling with his heroin addiction ; he had been through a dental procedure in Beverly Hills , in which an addictive sedative , Valium , was used ; this caused him to relapse , and he once again became dependent on drugs , although the band would not find this out until later . Navarro 's joining and Kiedis 's continued drug addiction had a profound effect on the band and the subsequent sound of their next album , One Hot Minute ( 1995 ) . With Frusciante no longer present for collaboration , songs were written at a far slower rate . Working with Frusciante had been something Kiedis took for granted : `` John had been a true anomaly when it came to song writing . He made it even easier than Hillel to create music , even though I 'd known Hillel for years . I just figured that was how all guitar players were , that you showed them your lyrics and sang a little bit and the next thing you knew you had a song . That did n't happen right off the bat with Dave . '' To compensate , Kiedis and bassist Flea took several vacations together , during which entire songs were conceived and with Kiedis often absent from recording due to his drug problems or struggling to come up with lyrics , Flea took a much bigger role in the writing process ; coming up with ideas for many songs including full lyrics and even singing lead on his own song , `` Pea '' . `` Warped '' Sample of `` Warped '' , the first single from the album ; it incorporated prominent heavy metal riffs and among the darkest lyrics throughout the record . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Navarro 's only album with the band was One Hot Minute , released on September 12 , 1995 after many delays and setbacks . Navarro 's guitar work had created a stylistic departure in the band 's sound , which was now characterized by prominent use of heavy metal guitar riffs and hints of psychedelic rock . The band described the album as a darker , sadder record compared to their previous material , which was not as universally well - received as Blood Sugar Sex Magik . Many of the lyrics written by Kiedis were drug - related , including the lead single , `` Warped , '' which left Kiedis stunned that nobody else in the band picked up on his lyrics that he was using again . Broken relationships and deaths of friends and family also played a major role in the album 's darker tone and lyrics . The ballad , `` Tearjerker , '' was written about Kurt Cobain , while `` Transcending '' , which was written by Flea , was about longtime friend , River Phoenix ; and the single `` Shallow Be Thy Game '' took shots at religion . Despite mixed reviews , the album was a commercial success . Selling eight million copies worldwide , it spawned the band 's third No. 1 single , the ballad `` My Friends '' , and enjoyed chart success with the songs `` Warped '' and `` Aeroplane '' . This iteration of the band appeared on several soundtracks . `` I Found Out '' , a John Lennon cover , was featured on Working Class Hero : A Tribute to John Lennon . The Ohio Players cover , `` Love Rollercoaster '' , was featured on the Beavis and Butthead Do America soundtrack , and was released as a single . The band began its tour for One Hot Minute in Europe on September 27 , 1995 and played 16 shows . A US tour was to follow but was postponed after Chad Smith broke his wrist . The band considered carrying on with the tour even at one point considering Jack Irons as a replacement for Smith but there just was not enough time to rehearse with anyone new and the dates were rescheduled for early 1996 . The band spent most of 1996 playing shows in the United States and Europe . By 1997 , for the first time , the band cancelled many shows . Most of this was again due to problems within the band . Flea at that point was exhausted , tired of playing the same songs each night and was seriously talking about quitting the band while Kiedis had recently been involved in a motorcycle accident which left one arm in a sling and created yet another drug relapse due to his use of painkillers . Even Navarro was back to using drugs . 1997 saw the band playing just one show . This was at the very first Fuji Rock Festival on July 26 , 1997 . A massive typhoon hit that day but the band played anyway . They played through an 8 - song set before having to cut the show short due to the storm . This would be the final show with Navarro and due to Flea 's previous comments left many speculating if it was the end of the band . After making attempts to carry on with Navarro and record a follow - up to One Hot Minute , things were not working out , and due to Navarro 's drug problems and lack of effort in wanting to create new music and chemistry on the road , the band felt it was time to part ways . In April 1998 it was announced that Navarro had left the band due to creative differences ; Kiedis stated that the decision was `` mutual '' . Reports at the time , however , indicated Navarro 's departure came after he attended a band practice under the influence of drugs , which at one point involved him falling backwards over his own amp . 1998 -- 2001 : return of Frusciante and new - found popularity ( edit ) In the years following his departure from the band , it became public that John Frusciante had developed a heroin addiction , which left him in poverty and near death . Frusciante had lost contact with most of his friends . However , Flea always remained in contact , and he helped talk Frusciante into admitting himself to Las Encinas Drug Rehabilitation Center in January 1998 . He concluded the process in February of that year and began renting a small apartment in Silver Lake . He acquired many injuries and problems in the years of his addiction , some requiring surgery , including permanent scarring on his arms , a restructured nose , and an oral infection , which led to his teeth being removed and replaced with dental implants . After Navarro 's departure in early 1998 , Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up . Flea told Kiedis , `` the only way I could imagine carrying on ( with Red Hot Chili Peppers ) is if we got John back in the band . '' Kiedis was surprised and thought there was no way Frusciante would ever want to work with him as the two still had unresolved personal problems from when Frusciante quit in 1992 . With Frusciante free of his addictions and ailments , Kiedis and Flea thought it was an appropriate time to invite him back . In April 1998 , when Flea visited him at his home and asked him to rejoin the band , Frusciante began sobbing and said `` nothing would make me happier in the world . '' Flea decided to contact Kiedis and have him meet with John to try and resolve any personal problems that the two might have had . Flea was relieved to find out that both had no bad blood towards each other and were once again excited to make music together . Within the week and , for the first time in six years , the reunited foursome jump - started the newly reunited Red Hot Chili Peppers . Anthony Kiedis said of the situation : `` For me , that was the defining moment of what would become the next six years of our lives together . That was when I knew that this was the real deal , that the magic was about to happen again . Suddenly we could all hear , we could all listen , and instead of being caught up in our finite little balls of bullshit , we could all become players in that great universal orchestra again . '' `` Otherside '' `` Otherside '' , the third single from Californication , was one of the darkest recordings following One Hot Minute due to Kiedis ' continuing drug addiction which considerably affected his songwriting . The track prominently features a sparse guitar arrangement that Frusciante played on a 1955 Gretsch White Falcon . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Despite the band 's elation , Frusciante was both mentally and physically torn . Frusciante had not played with the band since his departure and other than his solo albums had not picked up a guitar in years . He had lost his guitars in a house fire from which he barely escaped , and experienced a difficult time resuming his prior life . Nonetheless , the group began jamming in Flea 's garage and it did not take long for Frusciante to regain his talent ; new songs began to roll out . Frusciante 's return restored a key component of the Chili Peppers ' sound , as well as a healthy morale . He brought with him his deep devotion to music , which affected the band 's recording style during the sessions which produced their next album . Frusciante has frequently stated that his work on Californication was his favorite . On June 8 , 1999 , after more than a year of production and meticulous practice , Californication was released as the band 's seventh studio album . The album ultimately sold over 16 million copies and became the band 's most successful recording to date . Californication contained fewer rap - driven songs than its predecessors , instead integrating textured , consistent , and melodic guitar riffs , vocals and bass - lines . The record produced three more number one modern rock hits , `` Scar Tissue '' , `` Otherside '' and `` Californication '' . Californication gained positive critical acceptance in contrast to its less popular predecessor , One Hot Minute , and was a greater success worldwide . While many critics credited the success of the album to Frusciante 's return , they also noted that Kiedis ' vocals had also greatly improved . It was later listed at number 399 on the Rolling Stone magazine list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . In July 1999 , as part of the band 's two - year - long international world tour in support of their new album , Red Hot Chili Peppers played at Woodstock 1999 , which became infamous for the violence that resulted . Some 10 minutes before the show , they were asked by Jimi Hendrix 's stepsister to play a cover of her brother 's songs . After some hesitation due to not having performed the song in years , the band decided to play his classic `` Fire '' , which they had covered on Mother 's Milk . Coincidentally , about two thirds of the way into the band 's set , the closing set of the three - day concert , a small fire escalated into full - fledged vandalism and resulted in the intervention of riot control squads . The disruption escalated into violence when nearby property including ATMs and several semi-tractor trailers were looted and destroyed . Kiedis felt that `` It was clear that this situation had nothing to do with Woodstock anymore . It was n't symbolic of peace and love , but of greed and cashing in ... We woke up to papers and radio stations vilifying us for playing ' Fire ' . '' The tour also originated the band 's first concert DVD , 2001 's Off the Map . 2001 -- 2007 : continued success ( edit ) By the Way Sample of `` By the Way '' , the first single from the album , which was far more fast paced and contained heavier guitar riffs than most of the songs on By the Way . Frusciante sings backing vocals throughout the chorus and bridge . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The writing and formation of the band 's next album , By the Way began immediately following the culmination of Californication 's world tour , in spring 2001 . As with Californication , much of the creation took place in the band members ' homes , and other locations of practice , such as a recording studio stage . Kiedis recalled of the situation : `` We started finding some magic and some music and some riffs and some rhythms and some jams and some grooves , and we added to it and subtracted from it and pushed it around and put melodies to it . '' Frusciante and Kiedis would collaborate for days straight , discussing and sharing guitar progressions and lyrics . For Kiedis , `` writing By the Way ... was a whole different experience from Californication . John was back to himself and brimming with confidence . '' John Frusciante , 2006 Before recording By the Way ( 2002 ) , the Chili Peppers decided that they would again have Rick Rubin produce the album . In the past , Rubin had given the band creative freedom on their recording material ; this was something they thought essential for the album to be unique , and could only occur with his return . Originally the album was headed in a much different direction than the final production . The album started out as a group of fast , hardcore punk songs , which Rubin rejected . Frusciante also wanted a darker , 1980s UK pop / new wave sound mixed in with 1980s hardcore . The recording process was tough for Flea , who felt like an outsider in the band and that his role was being diminished due to a musical power struggle with Frusciante . Flea wanted to create more funk - inspired songs , while Frusciante felt that the band had overused their funk side . Flea considered quitting the band after the album , but the two eventually worked out all their problems . By the Way was released on July 9 , 2002 and produced four singles ; `` By the Way '' , `` The Zephyr Song '' , `` Ca n't Stop '' and `` Universally Speaking '' . The album was their most subdued album to date , focusing primarily on melodic ballads as opposed to their classic rap - driven funk . Frusciante also concentrated on a more layered texture on many of the songs , often adding keyboard parts , that featured low in the mix , and also writing string arrangements for songs such as `` Midnight '' and `` Minor Thing '' . The album was followed by an eighteen month - long world tour . The European leg of the By the Way tour produced the band 's second full - length concert DVD , Live at Slane Castle , recorded at Slane Castle in Ireland on August 23 , 2003 . The band released their first full - length live album , Live in Hyde Park ; recorded during their performances in Hyde Park , London . More than 258,000 fans paid over $17,100,000 for tickets over three nights , a 2004 record ; the event ranked No. 1 on Billboard 's Top Concert Boxscores of 2004 . In November 2003 , the Chili Peppers released their Greatest Hits album , which featured two new songs , `` Fortune Faded '' and `` Save the Population '' . The two songs were selected out of sessions that generated fifteen tracks and Smith later said the band had hopes to use along with new compositions to create a full album after finishing the tour , but the idea was vetoed by Frusciante because his musical influences and styles had evolved and he wanted to do something new . In 2006 the band released the Grammy award - winning Stadium Arcadium produced by Rick Rubin . Although 38 songs were created with the intention of being released as three separate albums spaced six months apart , the band instead chose to release a 28 - track double album , and released nine of the ten as B -- sides . It was their first album to debut at No. 1 on the US charts , where it stayed for two weeks , and debuted at number one in the UK and 25 other countries . Stadium Arcadium sold over seven million units . The band in 2006 during the Stadium Arcadium World Tour featuring its long - time lineup : Flea , Kiedis , Smith , Frusciante The record 's first single , `` Dani California '' , was the band 's fastest - selling single , debuting on top of the Modern Rock chart in the U.S. , peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reaching No. 2 in the UK . `` Tell Me Baby '' , released next , also topped the charts in 2006 . `` Snow ( Hey Oh ) '' was released in late 2006 , breaking multiple records by 2007 . The song became their eleventh number one single , giving the band a cumulative total of 81 weeks at number one . It was also the first time three consecutive singles by the band made it to number one . `` Desecration Smile '' was released internationally in February 2007 and reached number 27 on the UK charts . `` Hump de Bump '' was planned to be the next single for the US , Canada , and Australia only , but due to positive feedback from the music video , it was released as a worldwide single in May 2007 . The band began another world tour in support of Stadium Arcadium in 2006 , beginning with promotional concerts in Europe and culminating in a two - month - long European tour from late May to mid-July . During this tour Frusciante 's friend and frequent musical collaborator Josh Klinghoffer joined the touring band , contributing guitar parts , back up vocals , and keyboards . Klinghoffer 's presence allowed the live performances of songs to sound more like the recorded versions , in which Frusciante laid down multiple tracks himself . The group toured North America from early August to early November , returning to Europe later in November for a second leg , that ran until mid-December . The Chili Peppers began 2007 with a second North American leg , this time including Mexico , from mid-January to mid-March . This was followed by April shows in various cities in Australia and New Zealand and concerts in Japan in early June . The Peppers concluded their tour with a third European leg from late June to late August . They appeared at the Live Earth concert at London 's Wembley Stadium on July 7 , 2007 . The band appeared at several festivals , including Denmarks Roskilde festival , Ireland 's Oxegen in July 2006 , Lollapalooza in August 2006 in Grant Park , Chicago , a subsequent set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio , California in late April 2007 and in August 2007 they appeared as one of three headliners at the Reading and Leeds festivals along with Razorlight and Smashing Pumpkins . In February 2007 , Stadium Arcadium won five Grammys : Best Rock Album , Best Rock Song ( `` Dani California '' ) , Best Rock Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocal ( `` Dani California '' ) , Best Boxed Or Special Limited Edition Package , and Best Producer ( Rick Rubin ) . Rolling Stone 's ' 100 Best Albums of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ' included Stadium Arcadium at No. 74 . 2008 -- 2009 : hiatus and Frusciante 's second departure ( edit ) Following the last leg of the Stadium Arcadium tour , the band members took an extended break . Kiedis attributed this to the band being worn out from their years of nonstop work since Californication ( 1999 ) . The band 's only recording during this time was in 2008 with George Clinton on his latest album George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love . Accompanied by Kim Manning , the band recorded a new version of Shirley and Lee 's classic `` Let the Good Times Roll '' . The song would become the last song the band would record with Frusciante . Kiedis , who had recently become a father , was looking forward to the time off and taking care of his son Everly Bear and possibly creating a short television series called Spider and Son , which was set to recap his autobiography . Flea began taking music theory classes at the University of Southern California , and revealed plans to release a mainly instrumental solo record , that was being recorded in his home ; guest musicians include Patti Smith and a choir from the Silverlake Conservatory . Flea also joined Thom Yorke of Radiohead in the supergroup Atoms for Peace . Frusciante continued his solo career and released his solo album , The Empyrean . Chad Smith worked with Sammy Hagar , Joe Satriani , and Michael Anthony in the supergroup Chickenfoot , as well as on his solo project , Chad Smith 's Bombastic Meatbats . The band planned to remain on hiatus for `` a minimum of one year '' . In October 2009 the band officially ended their hiatus and minus Frusciante , entered the studio to begin writing for their tenth studio album . The band was joined by Josh Klinghoffer , who to the public was still the band 's backup touring guitarist , although it was later confirmed , that he was already an official member and Frusciante 's replacement with Frusciante having quit the band on July 29 , 2009 . An official announcement on Frusciante 's departure was n't made until December 2009 . Frusciante explained on his MySpace page , that there was no drama or anger about him leaving the band this time , and that the other members were very supportive and understanding . Frusciante said he felt his musical interests had led him in a different direction , and that he needed to fully focus his efforts on his solo career . 2010 -- 2014 : Klinghoffer replaces Frusciante and I 'm with You ( edit ) Josh Klinghoffer ( pictured ) , who acted as backup touring guitarist for the band in 2007 , replaced John Frusciante in 2009 as the band 's full - time guitarist The band , with Josh Klinghoffer on guitar , made their live comeback on January 29 , 2010 , paying tribute to Neil Young with a cover of `` A Man Needs a Maid '' at MusiCares . After months of speculation , in February 2010 Klinghoffer was officially confirmed by Chad Smith as Frusciante 's full - time replacement . The band officially began recording their tenth studio album with producer Rick Rubin in September 2010 . According to Rubin , the band recorded enough material to release a second double album , following Stadium Arcadium but ultimately decided not to . Rubin notes , `` it was painful not to share all of the material that we had , but we felt it would be too much . We really wanted it to be twelve songs but it ended up being fourteen just because nobody could agree on which twelve . '' The recording process lasted until March 2011 . Many of the songs were written between October 2009 and August 2010 and according to Flea around 60 -- 70 songs were written in the ten months prior to entering the studio to record the album . In July 2011 , the band kicked off a trio of invitation - only warm - up dates in California . These were the first shows the band played since August 2007 and their first official shows with Klinghoffer as their lead guitarist . I 'm with You , the band 's tenth studio album was released in the United States in August 2011 . The album topped the charts in 18 different countries although failed to provide the band with their second straight number one debut in the U.S. The album was met with mostly positive reviews from the critics . The album 's first single , `` The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie '' was released a month earlier and went on to become the band 's twelfth number one hit single , topping their own record . Kreayshawn was tapped to direct the music video for the single , however due to unknown reasons , the video shot by Kreayshawn went unreleased and a second video directed by Marc Klasfeld was released in its place . `` Monarchy of Roses '' , `` Look Around '' and `` Did I Let You Know '' , released only in Brazil , followed as singles / music videos . `` Brendan 's Death Song '' would be the next single and released during the summer of 2012 . The band kicked off a monthlong promotional tour in August 2011 starting in Asia . On August 30 , 2011 , the band appeared on movie screens throughout the world via satellite from Cologne , Germany performing the entire new album in sequence , minus `` Even You Brutus '' and adding `` Give It Away '' and `` Me and My Friends '' . The band officially kicked off the I 'm with You Tour on September 11 , 2011 , the next day , on September 12 , they played in Costa Rica . On December 31 , 2011 the band was hired by Roman Abramovich for a reported £ 5m to perform at his New Year 's Eve celebration at his estate on the Caribbean island of St Bart 's , and the show included a special appearance from Toots Hibbert of Toots and the Maytals as they played a rendition of `` Louie Louie '' together . The tour lasted into 2013 and was one of the band 's biggest to date . All shows from the upcoming world tour were made available to purchase as downloads through LiveChiliPeppers.com . The North American leg of the tour , which was expected to begin on January 19 , 2012 , had to be postponed due to a surgery Kiedis went to resolve multiple foot injuries he had suffered through since the Stadium Arcadium tour . The first U.S. leg of the tour , including dates in Canada , kicked off in March 2012 and lasted into June , followed by summer shows in Europe , while the rest of the already scheduled U.S. dates took place in August and then from September through November 2012 . Jack Irons and Cliff Martinez again joined the band during their performance of August 12 , 2012 of `` Give it Away '' in Los Angeles . Following the I 'm with You World Tour , the band set out on another small tour consisting mostly of festivals in the United States however the tour expanded to dates in South America as well for November . Flea along with Chili Peppers touring percussionist , Mauro Refosco spent the band 's break keeping busy with their side - project Atoms For Peace , who had many dates throughout the world scheduled from July to November 2013 . The band was nominated for two MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Rock Band and Best Live Artist and nominated for Best Group at the 2012 People 's Choice Awards I 'm with You was also nominated for a 2012 Grammy Award for Best Rock Album . The band released 2011 Live EP on March 29 , 2012 . The EP a free five live song MP3 download through their website . The five songs were selected by Chad Smith from the band 's 2011 European live albums , which were released for purchase through their website as well . On April 14 , 2012 , the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . May 1 , 2012 saw the release of digital download only Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP , which consisted of previously released studio and live covers of artists that influenced the band . In addition to their newly released live performances , starting in August 2012 , the band started to put out a collection of singles from the I 'm With You Sessions . The singles , which contained two songs each and total 17 songs were made available on 7 - inch vinyl , digital download and CD . All of the singles were eventually released together as I 'm Beside You LP on November 29 , 2013 as a Record Store Day exclusive . The band concluded the I 'm with You World Tour in April 2013 . The tour ranked 15th on Billboard 's `` Top 25 Tours '' list of 2012 . Following the end of the tour , the band headed back out on the road the next month for another lengthy tour which included their first ever shows in Alaska , Paraguay , the Philippines and Puerto Rico . The Chili Peppers joined Bruno Mars as performers at the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show on February 2 , 2014 , to which a record 115.3 million viewers tuned in . The band 's performance was met with mixed reviews from fans , the media , and even musicians towards Flea and Klinghoffer for performing to pre-recorded music ; Flea responded that it was a NFL rule for bands to pre-record music due to time and technical issues , and that the band agreed because it was a once in a lifetime opportunity . He said Kiedis ' vocals were completely live and the band pre-recorded `` Give it Away '' during rehearsals . In June 2014 the band wrapped up their tour which began in May 2013 ; since September 2011 they had played 158 shows on their two tours , the longest span of touring in their history without a real break . 2012 - 13 Live EP was released on July 1 , 2014 through their website as a free download . Like the 2011 Live EP , five songs were selected by Chad Smith from the band 's tour as a way to announce the official conclusion of the tour . 2014 -- 2017 : the Getaway ( edit ) On November 17 , 2014 , Anthony Kiedis announced that the band would be returning to the studio in December to record their newly written album . He said that he hoped for the album to contain 13 songs , however it is likely they will `` put 10 more songs on top of that '' . A few days later in an interview with David Fricke , Kiedis confirmed that Rick Rubin would not be producing the band 's next record and for the first time since 1989 they would work with someone else . Flea broke the news on Twitter in January 2015 that Danger Mouse would be the producer . The following month Flea suffered a broken arm during a skiing trip which delayed the recording of the album for over six months . In an October 2015 interview with Rolling Stone , Kiedis gave an update on the band 's next album . The following month , Chad Smith posted in a video to a fan page on Twitter saying that he expected the new album to be finished in May or June 2016 which would be around the same time that the band would be in the midst of their summer festival tour . In December 2015 , Flea said that the album was recorded and they were waiting on Kiedis to track the vocals . Kiedis gave an update two months later in February 2016 saying they were near completion of the album . Chad Smith posted an image on Twitter on March 21 , 2016 stating that work has begun with Nigel Godrich mixing the new album . The following day it was reported that Elton John would appear on the album . The band announced on May 2 , 2016 that `` Dark Necessities '' , the first single from their upcoming album , would be released on May 5 , 2016 . On May 5 , 2016 , it was announced that the band 's eleventh album would be entitled The Getaway , and would be released on June 17 , 2016 Kiedis in a May 9 , 2016 interview on BBC Radio 2 said of the album that lyrically many of the songs were influenced by a two - year relationship that fell apart like a nuclear bomb . `` Dark Necessities '' became the band 's 25th top - ten single on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart , a record they hold over U2 who currently has 23 top - ten singles . On February 3 , 2016 , `` Circle of the Noose '' , one of the band 's most sought after unreleased songs and the only song recorded with Dave Navarro for the follow - up album to One Hot Minute before he was fired from the band , was leaked to the internet . The rough mix was recorded on March 16 , 1998 . Dave Navarro , who in 1997 said it was one of the greatest songs he ever played on , tweeted `` WOW what a trip down memory lane '' in response to the leak . Three days following the leak of the unreleased Navarro era song , the band played `` Aeroplane '' live for the first time since July 26 , 1997 , making it the first One Hot Minute song besides `` Pea '' ( a song featuring only Flea ) to be performed by the Chili Peppers since Navarro 's departure from the band . On 26 May , the band released `` The Getaway '' , the title track on their upcoming album , on their YouTube channel . While not a single ( it was originally the band 's choice to be the first single until they went with `` Dark Necessities '' at the suggestion of Danger Mouse ) , the song was made available for purchase the following day and was also being given away as a free download for those who pre-order the new album . The music video for `` Dark Necessities '' , directed by actress Olivia Wilde , was released on June 16 , 2016 . `` Go Robot '' , the song management and the band 's label originally wanted as the first single , is expected to be the second single released from the album . `` We Turn Red '' was released on the band 's YouTube page on June 9 , 2016 . The Getaway made its debut at number 2 on the Billboard 200 chart however failed to dethrone Drake who had the number one album for eight consecutive weeks . The Getaway outsold Drake its opening week with album sales of 108,000 to 33,000 ( actually placing him at 4th in sales for the week ) though due to album streaming , Drake managed to top the band for the top position in the charts . On July 1 , 2016 , the Live In Paris EP was released exclusively through the music streaming website Deezer . `` Go Robot '' was announced as the second single from The Getaway . On July 26 , 2016 , the band members started to post images from the set of the music video . The Getaway was re-issued on limited edition pink vinyl on September 27 , 2016 as part of 10 Bands 1 Cause . All money from sales of the re-issue will go to Gilda 's Club NYC an organization that provides community support for both those diagnosed with cancer and their caretakers . It is named after comedian Gilda Radner . The band kicked off the headlining portion of The Getaway World Tour in September 2016 with the North American leg , featuring Jack Irons , the band 's original drummer as an opening act on all dates , beginning in January 2017 . Dave Rat , the band 's sound engineer since February 1991 , announced that following the band 's show of January 22 , 2017 he would no longer be working with the band . `` I truly love Flea , Anthony , Chad , Josh and all my dear and close friends I consider family both on the road now and those that have moved on to other adventures over the years . I am pretty happy to say that I have dedicated significant time documenting touring with Peppers in journals but also have thousands of amazing photos spanning decades of smiles and challenges '' Rat said . 2017 -- present : upcoming twelfth studio album ( edit ) On March 18 , 2017 , frontman Anthony Kiedis gave an interview with a Vancouver radio station and indicated that , for band 's follow - up to The Getaway , they were likely to work with Danger Mouse again as their producer . He said , `` I think it 's good to work with the same guy again to um , you know you had your freshman experience . I think we owe it to ourselves to start from the beginning with this guy and see what we can accomplish . '' The Getaway World Tour concluded on October 18 , 2017 . The tour consisted of 151 shows lasting a year and almost five months . The band performed a short set at the 2017 Stand Up for Heroes fundraiser at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City on November 7 , 2017 . The show also featured comedians Jon Stewart , John Oliver , Conan O'Brien and Trevor Noah . The fundraiser was for the Bob Woodruff Foundation , which supports injured veterans and their families . `` The Red Hot Chili Peppers bring so much energy to the stage and are one of my favorite bands '' Bob Woodruff said . On December 14 , 2017 , the band headlined the Band Together 2 Benefit Concert at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco . Money raised from the concert goes to the Tipping Point Emergency Relief Fund which since 2005 has raised $150 million to educate , employ , house and support those in need in the Bay Area . In a December 2017 interview with ABC News , drummer Chad Smith stated that `` there 's not gon na be any more touring '' in 2018 ( with the exception of three festival appearances in South America in March 2018 ) , and that the Red Hot Chili Peppers will spend most of the year focusing on their twelfth studio album . He explained , `` We 're just gon na take a break for the rest of this year , and then we 'll start up ( and ) probably write some more songs next year . Hopefully ( we 'll ) make a record at some point . That 's the plan . '' On February 28 , 2018 , it was confirmed that after four years in the making , Flea 's 400 page memoir , Acid for the Children , will be released on September 25 , 2018 . Recognition and legacy ( edit ) The band 's mix of hard rock , funk and hip hop has been recognized as being influential to genres such as funk metal , rap metal , rap rock and nu metal . In a 2002 interview with Penthouse , Anthony Kiedis stated `` We were early in creating the combination of hardcore funk with hip - hop - style vocals . We became , maybe , an inspiration to Limp Bizkit , Kid Rock , Linkin Park -- all these other bands that are doing that now . '' In October 2004 , Kiedis released his autobiography Scar Tissue . It tells his life story from birth in 1962 until 2004 . The book follows many major events for Kiedis such as growing up in Los Angeles , coming in contact with drugs at a young age , forming the band , and the troubling drug addictions he experienced during his career . In May 2009 , Kiedis was honored with the Stevie Ray Vaughan Award at the fifth annual MusiCares event for his dedication and support of the MusiCares MAP Fund and for his commitment to helping other addicts with the addiction and recovery process . Kiedis ' fellow band members , minus Frusciante were on hand to pay tribute and under the name , ' The Insects ' , Kiedis , Smith , Flea along with Ron Wood , Josh Klinghoffer and Ivan Neville performed a brief set of cover songs . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 14 , 2012 by actor / comedian Chris Rock , who is a longtime friend and fan of the band . The induction lineup was Kiedis , Flea , Smith , Klinghoffer , Frusciante , Slovak ( who was represented by his brother James ) , Irons and Martinez . Frusciante did not attend the ceremony . Smith said `` We asked him , he said , ' I 'm just not really comfortable with that , but good luck and thanks for inviting me . ' He 's the kind of guy , I think , that once he 's finished with something he 's just on to the next phase of his life . The Chili Peppers are not really on his radar right now . '' Despite recording one album with the band , Dave Navarro and Jack Sherman were the only two former recording band members not inducted . Kiedis explained that Navarro , who appeared to be fine with not being included , was better suited for induction as a member of Jane 's Addiction , the band he was best known for . Sherman on the other hand was angry about not being included and spoke out about the band 's induction blaming the band for not including him or Navarro by saying he was told only original members , current members and those who played on multiple albums were eligible for induction ( although this has proven to not be the case with other inductees ) . `` It appeared to be a politically correct way of omitting Dave Navarro and I for whatever reasons they have that are probably the band 's and not the Hall 's , '' Sherman also said `` It 's really painful to see all this celebrating going on and be excluded . I 'm not claiming that I 've brought anything other to the band ... but to have soldiered on under arduous conditions to try to make the thing work , and I think that 's what you do in a job , looking back . And that 's been dishonored . I 'm being dishonored , and it sucks . '' During his induction speech , Smith made sure to thank all of the band members , past and present including Sherman , Navarro along D.H. Peligro ( whom he accidentally called H.R. Peligro ) and Arik Marshall for the contributions they brought to the band . At 32 , Klinghoffer was the youngest artist ever to be inducted into the hall of fame passing Stevie Wonder , who was 38 at the time of his induction . The band performed three songs ; `` By the Way '' , `` Give it Away '' and `` Higher Ground '' , which included Irons and Martinez on drums . It was the first time Kiedis and Flea had performed with Irons in 24 years and Martinez in 26 years . Near the end of the ceremony , the band was joined by George Clinton , Michael Hampton , Slash , Billie Joe Armstrong , Tre Cool , Ronnie Wood and Kenney Jones for a performance of `` Higher Ground '' . In 2012 , three of the band 's albums Blood Sugar Sex Magik , Californication , and By the Way were ranked among Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ranked at 310 , 399 , and 304 respectively . The band released their book , Fandemonium on November 18 , 2014 . The book is dedicated to the band 's fans throughout the world . To promote the book , Kiedis , Flea and Smith did some in store book signings at Barnes & Noble in Los Angeles and New York . On November 20 , Kiedis appeared on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon sitting in the entire show with the Roots and performing some Chili Peppers songs while also promoting the book . Kiedis received the George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement , presented at the UCLA Spring Sing on May 16 , 2015 . Following his acceptance speech , he was joined on stage by Josh Klinghoffer for an acoustic performance of `` Otherside '' , `` If You Want Me to Stay '' ( a song the Chili Peppers had not performed in almost 30 years ) , and `` By the Way '' . Activism ( edit ) In 1990 , the band appeared in PSA ads for Rock the Vote , a non-profit organization in the United States geared toward increasing voter turnout in the United States Presidential Election among voters ages 18 to 24 . That same year Kiedis appeared in a television special where he discussed his love for the ocean and raising awareness for ocean pollution . Since their beginning , the band has been very outspoken about the environment , supporting various environmental causes and including their views of the environment in lyrics . The band was invited by the Beastie Boys and the Milarepa Fund to perform at the Tibetan Freedom Concert in June 1996 in San Francisco . They also performed at the June 1998 Washington DC concert as well . The concerts , which were held worldwide , were to support the cause of Tibetan independence . In September 2005 , the band performed `` Under the Bridge '' at the ReAct Now : Music & Relief benefit which was held to raise money for the victims of Hurricane Katrina . The live event , which was broadcast on various television states , raised $30 million . In July 2007 , the band performed on behalf of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore who personally invited the band to perform at the London version of his Live Earth concerts which were held to raise awareness towards global warming and solving the most critical environmental issues of our time . Gore said on getting the band to perform `` I was pushing and pushing them that no matter how difficult it was , that it was important . '' In October 2008 , Flea appeared in a Vote for Change ad voicing his support for Barack Obama for president of the United States in the upcoming election . The band performed a free concert in downtown Cleveland , Ohio on April 15 , 2012 in support of President Obama 's re-election campaign . The requirement for getting into the concert was agreeing to volunteer for the Obama 2012 phone bank . The event quickly met its capacity limit after being announced . On May 11 , 2013 , the band performed a special concert in Portland , Oregon for the Dalai Lama as part of the Dalai Lama Environmental Summit . According to the press release `` The musical element of this event is intended to be a display of joyful celebration and an inspiration to future generations to care for our planet . The Red Hot Chili Peppers have been great supporters of the Tibetan cause , of His Holiness the Dalai Lama , and of the need to work to protect and preserve our environment . '' The band , especially Flea , has been very outspoken towards guns and gun violence sometimes speaking out about the issue during the band 's concerts . In 2013 , on his Twitter page , Flea posted `` why anyone would ever want to own an automatic weapon I will never ever understand . it 's a pathetic useless concept for sick people . Automatic , semi automatic , I do n't care . I 'm against em ... Melt em all down turn em into sculptures there is no need for them on earth . in many countries the cops have no guns and they do perfectly fine . No civilians should be allowed to have guns . none. and i dont think the cops should have guns either . change the constitution . '' On January 10 , 2015 , the band performed their first show of the new year , for the Sean Penn & Friends Help Haiti Home fundraiser in support of the J / P Haitian Relief Organization . On September 18 , 2015 the band were among over 120 entertainers and celebrities to sign up and announce that they would be voting for Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election . The band performed at a fundraiser event at the Belly Up Tavern in Solana Beach on September 27 , 2015 . The set featured a mixture of songs from the band 's more recent albums and older songs that have not been performed in over 15 years . The band previously performed at the 600 capacity venue in 1986 . The Fundraiser was in support of the nonprofit San Diego Foundation and tickets for the 21 and over show cost $1,000 of which $750 is tax deductible ) . All money was donated to A Reason To Survive ( ARTS ) , Heartbeat Music Academy , San Diego Young Artists Music Academy , and the Silverlake Conservatory of Music . On October 17 , 2015 , Kiedis and Flea hosted the annual benefit for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music . The band performed a special rare acoustic set and John Legend headlined the event which also includes dinner and a silent auction . Only 300 tickets were available costing $2,500 each . On February 5 , 2016 , the band headlined a fundraiser concert in support of presidential candidate Bernie Sanders . On April 13 , 2016 , the band performed at a private function on behalf of Facebook and Napster founder Sean Parker for his launch of The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy . On April 29 , 2016 , Chad Smith and Will Ferrell hosted the Red Hot Benefit Comedy + Music Show & Quinceanera . The benefit featured a performance by the Chili Peppers along with comedy acts selected by Ferrell and Funny or Die . A portion of the proceeds went to Ferrell 's Cancer for College and Smith 's Silverlake Conservatory of Music . On February 12 , 2018 , Smith once again joined Ferrell at his One Classy Night benefit at the Moore Theater in Seattle to help raise money for Cancer for College . The event raised $300,000 in college scholarship money for students who have survived cancer , and has raised 2.3 Million to date . On February 22 , 2018 , Flea wrote a passionate and revealing op - ed through Time magazine 's website about the current Opioid crisis and his own personal history of drug addiction . Flea , who has been very private about his past addictions , revealed that he finally got clean in 1993 however after breaking his arm following his 2015 snowboarding accident the temptations were there due to the Oxycontin painkillers prescribed by his doctor . `` I 've been around substance abuse since the day I was born . All the adults in my life regularly numbed themselves to ease their troubles , and alcohol or drugs were everywhere , always . I started smoking weed when I was eleven , and then proceeded to snort , shoot , pop , smoke , drop and dragon chase my way through my teens and twenties . Addiction is a cruel disease , and the medical community , together with the government , should offer help to all of those who need it . '' Musical style ( edit ) Techniques ( edit ) `` Fight Like a Brave '' `` Fight Like a Brave '' , the first single from The Uplift Mofo Party Plan , exemplifies the band 's typical punk and funk rock sound of the period , also marked by Anthony Kiedis ' rapping lyrics . The song is also notable for its backing vocals sung by football fans . `` Knock Me Down '' `` Knock Me Down '' , the second single from Mother 's Milk , exemplifies a stylistic divergence away from the band 's typical punk and funk rock into a more alternative territory . The track was originally intended to be a duet between guitarist John Frusciante and vocalist Anthony Kiedis but was mixed in a way that Frusciante 's voice is more prominent . `` Under the Bridge '' `` Under the Bridge '' , the second single from Blood Sugar Sex Magik , was a reflective and melodic composition , that would go on to become one of the defining songs of the 1990s . `` Ca n't Stop '' The third single from By the Way combined rapidly sung verses and textured , multi-layered guitar riffs . Frusciante sings backing vocals throughout . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Red Hot Chili Peppers ' musical style has been characterized under funk rock , alternative rock , funk metal and rap rock , with influences from hard , psychedelic and punk rock . The band 's influences include Defunkt , Parliament - Funkadelic , Jimi Hendrix , the Misfits , Metallica , James Brown , Gang of Four , Bob Marley , Big Boys , Bad Brains , Sly and the Family Stone , Ohio Players , Queen , Stevie Wonder , Elvis Presley , Deep Purple , the Beach Boys , Black Flag , Ornette Coleman , Led Zeppelin , Yes , Fugazi , Fishbone , Marvin Gaye , Billie Holiday , Santana , Elvis Costello , the Stooges , the Clash , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Devo , and Miles Davis . Kiedis provided multiple vocal styles . His primary approach up to Blood Sugar Sex Magik was spoken verse and rapping . Complemented with traditional vocals , he helped the band maintain a consistent style . As the group matured , notably with Californication ( 1999 ) the group reduced the number of rapped verses . By the Way contained only two rap - driven - verse / melodic chorus form . Kiedis ' more recent style was developed through ongoing coaching . Original guitarist Slovak 's style was strongly based on blues and funk . Slovak was primarily influenced by hard rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix , Kiss and Led Zeppelin . His playing method was highly based on improvisation , a style commonly used in funk music . He also was noted for his aggressive playing style ; he would often play with such force , that his fingers would `` come apart '' . Kiedis observed that his playing evolved during his time away from the group in What Is This ? , with Slovak adopting a more fluid style featuring `` sultry '' elements as opposed to his original hard rock techniques . On The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional funk music including reggae and speed metal . His guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group 's songs , with the other members writing their parts to complement his guitar work . His melodic riff featured in the song `` Behind the Sun '' inspired the group to create `` pretty '' songs with an emphasis on melody . Kiedis describes the song as `` pure Hillel inspiration '' . Slovak also used a talk box on songs such as `` Green Heaven '' and `` Funky Crime '' , in which he would sing into a tube while playing to create psychedelic effects . Frusciante 's musical style has evolved over the course of his career . His guitar playing employs melody and emotion rather than virtuosity . Although virtuoso influences can be heard throughout his career , he has said that he often minimizes this . Frusciante brought a melodic and textured sound , notably on Californication ( 1999 ) , By the Way ( 2002 ) and Stadium Arcadium ( 2006 ) . This contrasts with his previous abrasive approach in Mother 's Milk , as well as his dry , funky and more docile arrangements on Blood Sugar Sex Magik . On Californication ( 1999 ) and By the Way ( 2002 ) , Frusciante derived the technique of creating tonal texture through chord patterns from post-punk guitarist Vini Reilly of The Durutti Column , and bands such as Fugazi and The Cure . On By The Way , he wanted lead guitar to be something you could sing , his guitar playing was then influenced by John McGeoch of Siouxsie and the Banshees , Johnny Marr of The Smiths and Bernard Sumner of Joy Division . He initially wanted to take another direction and intended the record to be made up of `` these punky , rough songs '' , drawing inspiration from early punk artists such as The Germs and The Damned . However , this was discouraged by producer Rick Rubin , and he instead built upon Californication 's ( 1999 ) melodically driven style . During the recording of Stadium Arcadium ( 2006 ) , he moved away from his New Wave influences and concentrated on emulating flashier guitar players such as Hendrix and Van Halen . Navarro brought his own sound to the band during his tenure , with his style based on heavy metal , progressive rock and psychedelia . Current guitarist Klinghoffer 's style employs a wide range of his own unconventional guitar effects and vocal treatments . In his debut Chili Peppers album , I 'm With You ( 2011 ) , he focused heavily on producing a textured , emotional sound to complement the vocals and atmosphere of each song . He has stated that he is a huge fan of jazz and funk , which does express itself in many of the album 's tracks . Flea 's electric bass style can be considered an amalgamation of funk , psychedelic , punk , and hard rock . The groove - heavy , low - tuned melodies , played through either finger - picking , or slapping , contributed to their signature style . While Flea 's slap bass style was prominent in earlier albums , albums after Blood Sugar Sex Magik have more melodic and funk - driven bass lines . He has also used double stops on some newer songs . Flea 's bass playing has changed considerably throughout the years . When he joined Fear , his technique centered largely around traditional punk rock bass lines , however he was to change this style , when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed . He began to incorporate a `` slap '' bass style , that drew influence largely from Bootsy Collins . Blood Sugar Sex Magik saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his signature technique but rather styles , that focused more on traditional and melodic roots . His intellectual beliefs , on how to play the instrument , were also altered : `` I was trying to play simply on Blood Sugar Sex Magik because I had been playing too much prior to that , so I thought , ' I 've really got to chill out and play half as many notes ' . When you play less , it 's more exciting -- there 's more room for everything . If I do play something busy , it stands out , instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes . Space is good . '' Drummer Smith blends rock with funk . He mixes funk , rock , metal and jazz to his beats . Influences include Buddy Rich to John Bonham . He brought a different sound to Mother 's Milk , playing tight and fast . In Blood Sugar Sex Magik , he displays greater power . He is recognized for his ghost notes , his beats and his fast right foot . MusicRadar put him in sixth place on their list of the `` 50 Greatest Drummers Of All Time '' , behind Mike Portnoy , Neil Peart , Keith Moon , Rich and Bonham . Lyrics and songwriting ( edit ) Through the years , Kiedis ' lyrics covered a variety of topics , which shifted as time progressed . Early in the group 's career , Kiedis wrote mostly comical songs filled with sexual innuendos as well as songs inspired by friendship and the band members ' personal experiences . However , after the death of his close friend and bandmate Hillel Slovak , Kiedis ' lyrics became much more introspective and personal , as exemplified by the Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) song `` Knock Me Down '' , which was dedicated to Slovak along with the Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) song , `` My Lovely Man '' . When the band recorded One Hot Minute ( 1995 ) Kiedis had turned to drugs once again , which resulted in darker lyrics . He began to write about anguish , and the self mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and cocaine addiction . The album also featured tributes to close friends the band lost during the recording process including Kurt Cobain on the song `` Tearjerker '' and River Phoenix , on the song `` Transcending '' . After witnessing Frusciante 's recovery from his heroin addiction , Kiedis wrote many songs inspired by rebirth and the meaning of life on Californication ( 1999 ) . He was also intrigued by the life lessons , that the band had learned , including Kiedis ' experience with meeting a young mother at the YMCA , who was attempting to battle her crack addiction while living with her infant daughter . On By the Way ( 2002 ) , Kiedis was lyrically influenced by love , his girlfriend , and the emotions expressed when one fell in love . Drugs also played an integral part in Kiedis ' writings , as he had only been sober since December 2000 . Tracks like `` This Is the Place '' and `` Do n't Forget Me '' expressed his intense dislike for narcotics and the harmful physical and emotional effects they caused him . Stadium Arcadium ( 2006 ) continued the themes of love and romance ; Kiedis stated , that `` love and women , pregnancies and marriages , relationship struggles -- those are real and profound influences on this record . And it 's great , because it was n't just me writing about the fact that I 'm in love . It was everybody in the band . We were brimming with energy based on falling in love . '' I 'm With You ( 2011 ) again featured Kiedis writing about the loss of a close friend this time in the song `` Brendan 's Death Song '' , a tribute to club owner Brendan Mullen who gave the band some of their earliest shows and showed support to them throughout their career . Themes within Kiedis ' repertoire include love and friendship , teenage angst , good - time aggression , various sexual topics and the link between sex and music , political and social commentary ( Native American issues in particular ) , romance , loneliness , globalization and the cons of fame and Hollywood , poverty , drugs , alcohol , dealing with death , and California . Members ( edit ) Main article : List of Red Hot Chili Peppers band members Current ( edit ) Anthony Kiedis -- lead vocals ( 1983 -- present ) , rhythm guitar ( 1992 -- 1998 ) Flea -- bass , backing vocals , trumpet , piano ( 1983 -- present ) Chad Smith -- drums , percussion ( 1988 -- present ) Josh Klinghoffer -- lead guitar , backing vocals , keyboards , bass ( 2009 -- present , touring musician 2007 ) Current touring musicians ( edit ) Chris Warren -- keyboards , drum synthesizer , percussion , occasional backing vocals ( 2007 -- present , drum technician since 1990s ) Nate Walcott -- keyboards , trumpet ( 2016 -- present ) Samuel Bañuelos III -- bass ( on `` Go Robot '' and `` Encore '' ) ( 2016 -- present , also assistant touring manager ) Former ( edit ) Hillel Slovak -- guitar , backing vocals , sitar ( 1983 , 1985 -- 1988 ; died 1988 ) Jack Irons -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1983 , 1986 -- 1988 ) Jack Sherman -- guitar , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Cliff Martinez -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1986 ) DeWayne McKnight -- guitar ( 1988 ) D.H. Peligro -- drums , percussion ( 1988 ) John Frusciante -- lead guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ( 1988 -- 1992 , 1998 -- 2009 ) Arik Marshall -- guitar , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Jesse Tobias -- guitar ( 1993 ) Dave Navarro -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Former touring musicians ( edit ) Chuck Biscuits -- drums ( filled in for a few shows ) ( 1986 ) Keith Morris -- lead vocals ( replaced Kiedis for one show ) ( 1986 ) Keith `` Tree '' Barry -- saxophone , violin , backing vocals ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Rob Rule -- opening comedy act , roadie ( 1989 -- 1990 ) , backing vocals , additional guitar ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Rain Phoenix -- backing vocals ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Acacia Ludwig -- backing vocals ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Marcel Rodríguez - López -- congas , bongos , clavinet ( August 2006 -- January 2007 ) Mauro Refosco -- percussion ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Timeline ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Red Hot Chili Peppers Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Red Hot Chili Peppers discography and list of recorded songs Studio albums ( edit ) The Red Hot Chili Peppers ( 1984 ) Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) One Hot Minute ( 1995 ) Californication ( 1999 ) By the Way ( 2002 ) Stadium Arcadium ( 2006 ) I 'm with You ( 2011 ) The Getaway ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) Rock music portal List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of best - selling music artists List of funk rock bands References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serba , John ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers play Super Bowl 2014 : Anthony Kiedis ' mom is proud of performance '' . 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Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH ANNUAL MUSICARES ® MAP FUND ® BENEFIT CONCERT TO HONOR ANTHONY KIEDIS '' . Redhotchilipeppers.com. April 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Kiedis And Flea Discuss The Insects With Ronnie Wood And Ivan Neville '' . Ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Chili Peppers Guitarist Feels ' Dishonored ' By Rock Hall ' Snub ' '' . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Klinghoffer is the Youngest Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Ever 2012 Ceremony , Rock Hall Politics , Controversy '' . FutureRockLegends.com . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DRUM ! Magazine '' . DRUM ! Magazine . April 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Salute You -- RHCP News '' . Redhotchilipeppers.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spring Sing 2015 -- Anthony Kiedis : `` If You Want Me To Stay '' by Sly and the Family Stone . YouTube . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ROCK THE VOTE ANTHONY KIEDIS RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS PSA '' . YouTube . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Kiedis Raps About Ocean Pollution 1990 '' . YouTube . April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eric D'Orazio ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Gore Convinced Peppers To Play Live Earth '' . CBS News . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flea of The Red Hot Chili Peppers and Vote for Change '' . YouTube . April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers Obama Campaign Show -- Readers Poll '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers to play for the Dalai Lama News '' . Nme.Com. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers to perform for Dalai Lama -- MSN Music News '' . T.entertainment.msn.com. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Cruz . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers ' bassist Flea not a fan of guns ; ' Change the Constitution ' and ' Melt them down ' he says '' . Guns.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Penn 's Haiti Benefit Draws Bill Clinton , Chili Peppers and Nets $6 M '' . Yahoo News . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell and the Red Hot Chili Peppers Endorse Bernie Sanders For President '' . Politics USA . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artists and Cultural Leaders For Bernie Sanders '' . berniesanders.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers confirm Belly Up show '' . San Diego Tribune . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers to perform rare acoustic set at conservatory benefit '' . Radio.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers Benefit At Ace Hotel ( The Scenestar ) '' . Thescenestar.typepad.com . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers perform at Facebook , Napster exec 's house 105.7 The Point -- Everything Alternative '' . 105.7 thepoint.com. April 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SPIN ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers ' Chad Smith and Will Ferrell Reunite for Red Hot Benefit Comedy + Music Show & Quinceanera '' . SPIN.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Vedder , Will Ferrell , Chad Smith Play ' Personal Jesus ' '' . www.antimusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Flea : The Temptation of Drugs Is a Bitch '' . Time . February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Mayhew , Malcolm ( March 11 , 1992 ) . `` Hit Parade '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hermione Hoby . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers : I 'm With You -- review Music The Observer '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jody Rosen ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` The improbable rise of the Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lollapalooza 2012 : 10 Best and Worst of Day Two '' . Spin . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography '' . Rolling Stone . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Red Hot Chili Peppers , Sleigh Bells At Prudential Center '' . Cmj.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg Prato . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shuker , Roy ( 2012 ) . Understanding Popular Music Culture . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41906 - 2 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` The top pop picks for spring '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers : The Getaway Album Review -- Pitchfork '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miers , Jeff ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers to warm Buffalo in February '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Red Hot Chili Peppers Songs That Do n't Suck '' . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackett , Matt ( September 1999 ) . `` Return of the Prodigal Son . '' Guitar Player . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges -- Classic US Punk '' . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saunalahti.fi '' setlists . `` Saunalahti.fi '' ( Red Hot Chili Peppers'site ) ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Setlist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' concert performing `` Christine '' ( a Siouxsie and the Banshees cover ) on August 19 , 2001 V2001 Hylands Park Chelmsford , Essex UK . Jump up ^ Red Hot Chili Peppers `` Christine '' ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ' cover ) V2001 festival . Youtube . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers -- The Interview part 4 '' . Jump up ^ Sutton , Michael . `` Anthony Kiedis Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allmusic By the Way Album Review . Allmusic.com Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Sayers , Blaine ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Icons of Rock : Hillel Slovak '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kiedis , p. 168 Jump up ^ Kiedis , p. 204 Jump up ^ Slovak , p. 12 Jump up ^ Kiedis , p. 112 Jump up ^ Kerrang ! Issue No. 21 ; pp. 76 -- 82 Jump up ^ `` Total Guitar Magazine interview with John Frusciante '' . Total Guitar . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Amy . `` Allmusic ; Mother 's Milk '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Page , Scarlet ( July 2004 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers : The LA Punks Who Defied Death , Grunge And A Burning Crack Den '' . Mojo . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ed . `` Robert Johnson -- King of the Delta Blues Singers '' . Total Guitar . February 2006 . p. 66 Jump up ^ Ascott , Phil , `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' , Total Guitar ( July 2006 ) Jump up ^ Apter 2004 , p. 329 Jump up ^ Gallori , Paolo ( 2006 ) . Intervista a John Frusciante ( TV interview ) . YouTube . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` One Hot Minute review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Flea Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Flea in 1988 '' . VPRO . Retrieved January 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Apter 2004 , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Malandrone , Scott ( October 1995 ) . `` Flea Interview '' . Bass Player . Jump up ^ `` SABIAN Cymbals -- Chad Smith '' . Sabian.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 50 greatest drummers of all time : part 2 '' . Musicradar.com . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Apter 2004 , pp. 184 -- 190 Jump up ^ David Fricke . `` The Naked Truth '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , pp. 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , pp. 456 -- 465 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , p. 433 Jump up ^ `` Tattooed Love Boys John Frusciante unofficial website -- Invisible Movement '' . Invisible-movement.net . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , pp. 264 -- 265 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , p. 271 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , pp. 404 -- 405 Jump up ^ Kiedis & Sloman 2004 , pp. 418 -- 419 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers Europe 1999 Tour '' . Ratsound.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remo + Chris Warren + Chad Smith + Quicklock Hi - Hat Clutch on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Chuck Biscuits '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Apter , Jeff ( November 23 , 2004 ) . Fornication : The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story . Omnibus Press . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 381 - 4 . Kiedis , Anthony ; Sloman , Larry ( October 6 , 2004 ) . Scar Tissue . Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0101 - 0 . Thompson , Dave ( September 1 , 2004 ) . Red Hot Chili Peppers -- By the Way : The Biography . Virgin Books . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0970 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Hot Chili Peppers . Official website RHCP Live Archive RHCP Sessions Archive Red Hot Chili Peppers Anthony Kiedis Michael `` Flea '' Balzary Chad Smith Josh Klinghoffer Hillel Slovak Jack Irons Jack Sherman Cliff Martinez DeWayne McKnight D.H. Peligro John Frusciante Arik Marshall Jesse Tobias Dave Navarro Studio albums The Red Hot Chili Peppers Freaky Styley The Uplift Mofo Party Plan Mother 's Milk Blood Sugar Sex Magik One Hot Minute Californication By the Way Stadium Arcadium I 'm with You The Getaway EPs The Abbey Road E.P. 2011 Live EP Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP 2012 - 13 Live EP Live In Paris EP Single series I 'm with You Singles Collection Live releases Live in Hyde Park Official Bootlegs Cardiff , Wales : 6 / 23 / 04 Compilations Sock - Cess What Hits ! ? Live Rare Remix Box The Plasma Shaft Out in L.A. The Best of the Red Hot Chili Peppers Under the Covers : Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers Greatest Hits Road Trippin ' Through Time I 'm Beside You Videos Red Hot Skate Rock Psychedelic Sexfunk Live from Heaven Positive Mental Octopus Funky Monks What Hits ! ? Off the Map Live at Slane Castle Greatest Hits and Videos iTunes Originals -- Red Hot Chili Peppers Red Hot Chili Peppers Live : I 'm with You Red Hot Chili Peppers : Live From the Basement Tours 1983 Tour 1984 Tour Freaky Styley Tour The Uplift Mofo Party Tour Turd Town Tour Mother 's Milk Tour Blood Sugar Sex Magik Tour Tour de La Sensitive One Hot Minute Tour Californication Tour 2001 Tour By the Way World Tour Roll on the Red Tour Stadium Arcadium World Tour I 'm with You World Tour 2013 / 2014 Tour The Getaway World Tour Related articles Articles Discography Videography Band members Songs Awards and nominations Scar Tissue An Oral / Visual History by the Red Hot Chili Peppers Fandemonium Woodstock 1994 Unearthed Silverlake Conservatory of Music `` Bedrock Anthem '' Bands What Is This ? Atoms for Peace Rocket Juice & the Moon Antemasque Chickenfoot Chad Smith 's Bombastic Meatbats Ataxia Dot Hacker The Process Jane 's Addiction Fear Eleven Pearl Jam The Weirdos Parliament - Funkadelic Dead Kennedys Thelonious Monster The Bicycle Thief The Latino Rockabilly War Aleka 's Attic The Mars Volta Gnarls Barkley Fishbone Circle Jerks Off ! The Meters Book Red Hot Chili Peppers singles discography The Red Hot Chili Peppers `` Get Up and Jump '' Freaky Styley `` Jungle Man '' `` Hollywood ( Africa ) '' The Uplift Mofo Party Plan `` Fight Like a Brave '' Mother 's Milk `` Higher Ground '' `` Knock Me Down '' `` Taste the Pain '' Blood Sugar Sex Magik `` Give It Away '' `` Under the Bridge '' `` Suck My Kiss '' `` Breaking the Girl '' `` If You Have to Ask '' One Hot Minute `` Warped '' `` My Friends '' `` Aeroplane '' `` Shallow Be Thy Game '' `` Coffee Shop '' Californication `` Scar Tissue '' `` Around the World '' `` Otherside '' `` Californication '' `` Road Trippin ' '' `` Parallel Universe '' By the Way `` By the Way '' `` The Zephyr Song '' `` Ca n't Stop '' `` Dosed '' `` Universally Speaking '' Stadium Arcadium `` Dani California '' `` Tell Me Baby '' `` Snow ( ( Hey Oh ) ) '' `` Desecration Smile '' `` Hump de Bump '' I 'm with You `` The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie '' `` Monarchy of Roses '' `` Look Around '' `` Brendan 's Death Song '' The Getaway `` Dark Necessities '' `` Go Robot '' `` Sick Love '' `` Goodbye Angels '' What Hits ! ? `` Behind the Sun '' Greatest Hits `` Fortune Faded '' I 'm with You Sessions `` Strange Man / Long Progression '' `` Magpies on Fire / Victorian Machinery '' `` Never Is a Long Time / Love of Your Life '' `` The Sunset Sleeps / Hometown Gypsy '' `` Pink as Floyd / Your Eyes Girl '' `` In Love , Dying '' `` Catch My Death / How It Ends '' `` This Is the Kitt / Brave From Afar '' `` Hanalei / Open / Close '' Non-album singles `` Show Me Your Soul '' `` Soul to Squeeze '' `` Love Rollercoaster '' Other songs `` True Men Do n't Kill Coyotes '' `` Catholic School Girls Rule '' `` Me and My Friends '' `` For the Thrashers '' `` Good Time Boys '' `` Deck the Halls '' `` Circle of the Noose '' `` Yertle Trilogy '' `` Save the Population '' `` Charlie '' `` Havana Affair '' `` Did I Let You Know '' `` The Getaway '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2012 Performers Beastie Boys The Blue Caps The Comets The Crickets Donovan The Famous Flames Guns N ' Roses The Midnighters The Miracles Laura Nyro Red Hot Chili Peppers Small Faces / Faces Early influences Freddie King Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Don Kirshner Award for Musical Excellence Cosimo Matassa Tom Dowd Glyn Johns BNF : cb13906096f ( data ) GND : 1237466 - 0 ISNI : 0000 0001 2290 0470 LCCN : n91119009 MusicBrainz : 8bfac288 - ccc5 - 448d - 9573 - c33ea2aa5c30 NDL : 01235009 NKC : xx0015467 NLA : 36009657 SUDOC : 083489126 VIAF : 135011681 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers&oldid=854702794 '' Categories : Red Hot Chili Peppers 1983 establishments in California Alternative rock groups from California American funk metal musical groups Brit Award winners Echo ( music award ) winners EMI Records artists Funk rock musical groups Grammy Award winners Kerrang ! 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who plays guitar for the red hot chili peppers
[ "Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. The group's musical style primarily consists of rock with an emphasis on funk, as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock and psychedelic rock. When played live, their music incorporates elements of jam band due to the improvised nature of many of their performances. Currently, the band consists of founding members vocalist Anthony Kiedis and bassist Flea, longtime drummer Chad Smith, and former touring guitarist Josh Klinghoffer. Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time with over 80 million records sold worldwide, have been nominated for sixteen Grammy Awards, of which they have won six, and are the most successful band in alternative rock radio history, currently holding the records for most number-one singles (13), most cumulative weeks at number one (85) and most top-ten songs (25) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.[1] In 2012, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\n" ]
[ "Josh Klinghoffer" ]
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Deucalion
Deucalion - wikipedia Deucalion Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Deucalion ( disambiguation ) . Deucalin from `` Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum '' Deucalion ( / djuːˈkeɪliən / ; Greek : Δευκαλίων ) was the son of Prometheus ; ancient sources name his mother as Clymene , Hesione , or Pronoia . He is closely connected with the flood myth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In ancient Greek mythography 2.1 Family 2.2 Deluge accounts 2.3 Variant stories 2.4 Mosaic accretions 2.5 Dating by early scholars 3 Deucalionids 4 References 5 Primary sources 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) According to folk etymology , Deucalion 's name comes from δεῦκος , deukos , a variant of γλεῦκος , gleucos , i.e. `` sweet new wine , must , sweetness '' and ἁλιεύς , haliéus , i.e. `` sailor , seaman , fisher '' . His wife Pyrrha 's name is derived from the adjective πυρρός , - ά , - όν , pyrrhós , - á , - ón , i.e. `` flame - colored , orange '' . In ancient Greek mythography ( edit ) Deucalion and Pyrrha from a 1562 version of Ovid 's Metamorphoses . Family ( edit ) Of Deucalion 's birth , the Argonautica ( from the 3rd century BC ) states : There ( in Achaea , i.e. Greece ) is a land encircled by lofty mountains , rich in sheep and in pasture , where Prometheus , son of Iapetus , begat goodly Deucalion , who first founded cities and reared temples to the immortal gods , and first ruled over men . This land the neighbours who dwell around call Haemonia ( i.e. Thessaly ) . Deucalion and Pyrrha had at least two children , Hellen and Protogenea , and possibly a third , Amphictyon ( who is autochthonous in other traditions ) . Their children as apparently named in one of the oldest texts , Catalogue of Women , include daughters Pandora and Thyia , and at least one son , Hellen . Their descendants were said to have dwelt in Thessaly . One corrupt fragment might make Deucalion the son of Prometheus and Pronoea . Deluge accounts ( edit ) The flood in the time of Deucalion was caused by the anger of Zeus , ignited by the hubris of the Pelasgians . So Zeus decided to put an end to the Bronze Age . According to this story , Lycaon , the king of Arcadia , had sacrificed a boy to Zeus , who was appalled by this savage offering . Zeus unleashed a deluge , so that the rivers ran in torrents and the sea flooded the coastal plain , engulfed the foothills with spray , and washed everything clean . Deucalion , with the aid of his father Prometheus , was saved from this deluge by building a chest . Like the Biblical Noah and the Mesopotamian counterpart Utnapishtim , he uses his device to survive the deluge with his wife , Pyrrha . The fullest accounts are provided in Ovid 's Metamorphoses ( 8 AD ) and in the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus . Deucalion , who reigned over the region of Phthia , had been forewarned of the flood by his father , Prometheus . Deucalion was to build a chest and provision it carefully ( no animals are rescued in this version of the Flood myth ) , so that when the waters receded after nine days , he and his wife Pyrrha , daughter of Epimetheus , were the one surviving pair of humans . Their chest touched solid ground on Mount Parnassus , or Mount Etna in Sicily , or Mount Athos in Chalkidiki , or Mount Othrys in Thessaly . Hyginus mentions the opinion of a Hegesianax that Deucalion is to be identified with Aquarius , `` because during his reign such quantities of water poured from the sky that the great Flood resulted . '' Once the deluge was over and the couple had given thanks to Zeus , Deucalion ( said in several of the sources to have been aged 82 at the time ) consulted an oracle of Themis about how to repopulate the earth . He was told to `` cover your head and throw the bones of your mother behind your shoulder '' . Deucalion and Pyrrha understood that `` mother '' is Gaia , the mother of all living things , and the `` bones '' to be rocks . They threw the rocks behind their shoulders and the stones formed people . Pyrrha 's became women ; Deucalion 's became men . The 2nd - century writer Lucian gave an account of the Greek Deucalion in De Dea Syria that seems to refer more to the Near Eastern flood legends : in his version , Deucalion ( whom he also calls Sisythus ) took his children , their wives , and pairs of animals with him on the ark , and later built a great temple in Manbij ( northern Syria ) , on the site of the chasm that received all the waters ; he further describes how pilgrims brought vessels of sea water to this place twice a year , from as far as Arabia and Mesopotamia , to commemorate this event . Variant stories ( edit ) On the other hand , Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated his parents to be Prometheus and Clymene , daughter of Oceanus and mentions nothing about a flood , but instead names him as commander of those from Parnassus who drove the `` sixth generation '' of Pelasgians from Thessaly . One of the earliest Greek historians , Hecataeus of Miletus , was said to have written a book about Deucalion , but it no longer survives . The only extant fragment of his to mention Deucalion does not mention the flood either , but names him as the father of Orestheus , king of Aetolia . The much later geographer Pausanias , following on this tradition , names Deucalion as a king of Ozolian Locris and father of Orestheus . Plutarch mentions a legend that Deucalion and Pyrrha had settled in Dodona , Epirus ; while Strabo asserts that they lived at Cynus , and that her grave is still to be found there , while his may be seen at Athens ; he also mentions a pair of Aegean islands named after the couple . Mosaic accretions ( edit ) John Lemprière , in Bibliotheca Classica , notes that as the story was re-told in later versions , it accumulated details from the stories of Noah and Moses : `` Thus Apollodorus gives Deucalion a great chest as a means of safety ; Plutarch speaks of the pigeons by which he sought to find out whether the waters had retired ; and Lucian of the animals of every kind which he had taken with him . &c . '' Dating by early scholars ( edit ) For some time during the Middle Ages , many European Christian scholars continued to accept Greek mythical history at face value , thus asserting that Deucalion 's flood was a regional flood , that occurred a few centuries later than the global one survived by Noah 's family . On the basis of the archaeological stele known as the Parian Chronicle , Deucalion 's Flood was usually fixed as occurring sometime around c. 1528 BC . Deucalion 's flood may be dated in the chronology of Saint Jerome to c. 1460 BC . According to Augustine of Hippo ( City of God XVIII , 8 , 10 , &11 ) , Deucalion and his father Prometheus were contemporaries of Moses . According to Clement of Alexandria in his Stromata , `` ... in the time of Crotopus occurred the burning of Phaethon , and the deluges of Deucalion . '' Deucalionids ( edit ) The descendants of Deucalion and Pyrrha are below : Hellen , Amphictyon , Orestheus , Protogeneia , Pandora II and Thyia are their children . Aeolus , Aethlius , Dorus , Graecus , Makednos , Magnes , Xuthus are their grandsons . Genealogy of Hellenes Prometheus Clymene Epimetheus Pandora Deucalion Pyrrha Hellen Dorus Xuthus Aeolus Tectamus Aegimius Achaeus Ion Makednos Magnes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The scholia to Odyssey 10.2 names Clymene as the commonly identified mother , along with Hesione ( citing Acusilaus , FGrH 2 F 34 ) and possibly Pronoia . Jump up ^ δεῦκος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ γλεῦκος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ ἁλιεύς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ πυρρός . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ Hes . Catalogue fragments 2 , 5 and 7 ; cf . M.L. West ( 1985 ) The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women . Oxford , pp. 50 -- 2 , who posits that a third daughter , Protogeneia , who was named at ( e.g. ) Pausanias , 5.1. 3 , was also present in the Catalogue . Jump up ^ A scholium to Odyssey 10.2 ( = Catalogue fr. 4 ) reports that Hesiod called Deucalion 's mother `` Pryneie '' or `` Prynoe '' , corrupt forms which Dindorf believed to conceal Pronoea 's name . The emendation is considered to have `` undeniable merit '' by A. Casanova ( 1979 ) La famiglia di Pandora : analisi filologica dei miti di Pandora e Prometeo nella tradizione esiodea . Florence , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Pleins , J. David ( 2010 ) . When the great abyss opened : classic and contemporary readings of Noah 's flood ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973363 - 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus ' library at theoi.com Jump up ^ Pindar , Olympian Odes , 9.43 ; cf . Ovid , Metamorphoses , I. 313 -- 347 Jump up ^ `` Hyginus ' Fabulae 153 '' . Livius.org. 2007 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Servius ' commentary on Virgil 's Bucolics , 6 : 41 Jump up ^ Hellanicus , FGrH 4 F 117 , quoted by the scholia to Pindar , Olympia 9.62 b : `` Hellanicus says that the chest did n't touch down on Parnassus , but by Othrys in Thessaly . Jump up ^ The manuscripts transmit scythea , `` Scythian '' , rather than Sisythus , which is conjectural . Jump up ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassensis , The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis , volume 1 Jump up ^ Lemprière , John . Bibliotheca Classica , page 475 . Primary sources ( edit ) Hesiod , Catalogue of Women fragments 2 -- 7 and 234 ( 7th or 6th century BC ) Hecataeus of Miletus , frag. 341 ( 500 BC ) Pindar , Olympian Odes 9 ( 466 BC ) Plato , `` Timaeus '' 22B , `` Critias '' 112A ( 4th century BC ) Apollonius of Rhodes , Argonautica 3.1086 ( 3rd century BC ) Virgil , Georgics 1.62 ( 29 BC ) Gaius Julius Hyginus , Fabulae 153 ; Poeticon astronomicon 2.29 ( c. 20 BC ) Dionysius of Halicarnassus , Roman Antiquities 1.17. 3 ( c. 15 BC ) Ovid , Metamorphoses , 1.318 ff. ; 7.356 ( c. 8 AD ) Strabo , Geographica , 9.4 ( c. 23 AD ) Bibliotheca 1.7. 2 ( c. 1st century AD ? ) Plutarch , Life of Pyrrhus , 1 ( 75 AD ) Lucian , De Dea Syria 12 , 13 , 28 , 33 ( 2nd century AD ) Pausanias , Description of Greece 10.38. 1 ( 2nd century AD ) Nonnus , Dionysiaca 3.211 ; 6.367 ( c. 500 AD ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deucalion . Greek mythology portal Deucalion from Charles Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology ( 1867 ) , with source citations and some variants not given here . Deucalion from Carlos Parada , Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology . Images of Deucalion and Pyrrha in the Warburg Institute Iconographic Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deucalion&oldid=830893715 '' Categories : Legendary progenitors Deucalionids Flood myths Mythological Greek characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 14 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who is the son of deucalion and pyrrha
[ "Their children as apparently named in one of the oldest texts, Catalogue of Women, include daughters Pandora and Thyia, and at least one son, Hellen.[6] Their descendants were said to have dwelt in Thessaly. One corrupt fragment might make Deucalion the son of Prometheus and Pronoea.[7]" ]
[ "Hellen" ]
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The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)
The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Vaughan , Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Handmaid 's Tale is an American dystopian drama web television series created by Bruce Miller , based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , for which production began in late 2016 . The plot features a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein a totalitarian society subjects fertile women , called `` Handmaids '' , into child - bearing servitude . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on April 25 , 2018 . The Handmaid 's Tale has received widespread critical acclaim and its first season won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , becoming the first series on a streaming service to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss . In May 2018 , Hulu announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast and release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos , the totalitarian , theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along with a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of the Biblical account of Bilhah . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Women are divided into a small range of social categories , each one signified by a plain dress in a specific color : Handmaids wear red , Marthas ( who are housekeepers and cooks , named after the biblical figure ) wear green , and Wives ( who are expected to run their households ) wear blue and turquoise . Econowives , the lower - class women who still have minimal agency , are a sort of mixture of all these categories , and they wear gray ( a departure from the book in which Econowives wear clothing striped with the aforementioned colors ) . Women prisoners are called Unwomen and are worked to death clearing toxic waste in the Colonies . Another class of women , Aunts ( who train and oversee the Handmaids ) , wear brown . Additionally , the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master ( `` Of Fred '' ) like all Handmaids , was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity in the `` time before '' , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Handmaid 's Tale characters Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband , Luke , and daughter , Hannah . Due to her fertility , she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist . She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen / Ofsteven , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems , and the two become friends . Ofglen had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead , and most university professors are sent to labour camps , but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid , due to her fertility . She is later captured and cruelly punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren / Ofdaniel , a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , Janine 's right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam , whom they name `` Angela '' , but Janine insists the baby 's name is `` Charlotte '' . Janine is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . She was temporarily assigned to the Colonies until a bombing at the new Rachel and Leah Center . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their sexual reeducation and duties . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Lucas `` Luke '' Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . Because he and June began their relationship before his divorce from his first wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society . June is considered an adulteress and their daughter , Hannah , is considered illegitimate . Initially , June believes he has been killed , but it is later revealed Luke managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira / Ruby , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . Tattiawna Jones as Lillie Fuller / Ofglen No. 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes . She initially follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma / Ofrobert , another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira , and Janine . She is frank and chatty , and often trades gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Dolores / Ofsamuel , a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Bahia Watson as Brianna / Oferic , another local Handmaid who is friends with June . Jordana Blake as Hannah Bankole , June and Luke 's daughter . She is later renamed Agnes . Erin Way as Erin , a young , apparently mute , woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape to Canada . Sydney Sweeney as Eden Spencer ( season 2 ) , a pious and obedient girl who was Nick 's wife . Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence ( season 2 ) , the founder of the Colonies . Greg Bryk as Commander Ray Cushing ( season 2 ) Rohan Mead as Isaac ( season 2 ) , a Guardian assigned to the Waterford home . Julie Dretzin as Eleanor Lawrence ( season 2 ) , Joseph 's wife . Guest ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Beth ( season 1 ) , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Marisa Tomei as Mrs. O'Conner ( season 2 ) , a Commander 's wife who is sent to the colonies as punishment for having sex with another man . Cherry Jones as Holly Maddox ( season 2 ) , June 's mother , an outspoken feminist . Clea DuVall as Sylvia ( season 2 ) , Emily 's wife . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as Omar ( season 2 ) a man who helps June attempt to escape . John Carroll Lynch as Dan ( season 2 ) , Emily 's boss at the university where she worked . Kelly Jenrette as Annie ( season 2 ) , Luke 's ex-wife . Rebecca Rittenhouse as Odette ( season 2 ) , a Doctor and Moira 's fiancée . Sam Jaeger as Mark Tuello ( season 2 ) , a mysterious stranger who Serena encounters in Canada . Oprah Winfrey ( uncredited ) as Newsreader ( season 2 ) on a car radio . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 10 April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A family is pursued by a group of armed men . The woman is caught , and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance . She is now known as Offred , the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . While walking with another Handmaid , Ofglen , they pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being a Catholic priest . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , and Offred notices Moira , a woman she knew in college . Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod , later her right eye is removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during `` the Ceremony '' as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid . Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son , and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house . Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping , and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , they see St. Paul Catholic Church , their local church , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed . When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information , she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government , but Offred declines to join . Commander Waterford 's driver , Nick , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden , and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous . Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren ( Janine ) 's child , named Angela by the Puttnams , but Charlotte by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June ( Offred ) remembers the birth of her and Luke 's daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested . Warily , Offred goes to the Commander 's office , but he just wants to play Scrabble , to her relief . The next day , when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office were fired , and the government froze women 's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby , and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional . Back home , Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this , Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible , which would have earned her a much more serious beating , but Serena intervenes , believing that Offred is pregnant . When Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant , Serena angrily locks her in her room . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' . The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence , but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) , to her grief and anger , undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Banished to her room , Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase , Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum , scratched discreetly into the wall . When Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying on the closet floor , Offred tells her that she fainted . Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile , as is common . He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid . Later , June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth , and Moira takes Elizabeth 's outfit . June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston , which has safe houses . Moira manages to catch the train without June , who lets Moira know it 's okay . June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped . Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred , but later that night , they have another game of Scrabble . She asks him about the Latin phrase , and he tells her it means , Do n't let the bastards grind you down . When she inquires about the previous Offred , he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , the Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday . Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza . She hits a guard , and is caught and put into a black van . Offred returns to Nick 's coach house alone , and they have passionate sex . 6 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander 's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience , but she lies , saying that she is happy . Offred visits the Commander 's office later , but there is tension . She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him , but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward . The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead 's success . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but in response , the Mexican ambassador explains her own country 's dire situation . However , the ambassador 's assistant quietly claims June 's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke . A flashback details Serena and Fred 's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband 's . Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place . However , after the takeover , she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create . A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash . 7 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) A flashback chronicles Luke 's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards , but he escapes when the ambulance crashes , and he takes some medical supplies . He reaches a small abandoned town and , after passing out from his wounds , is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada . These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid , a homosexual man , and a daughter of a US Army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they board a boat , Gileadan guards open fire , killing several members of the group , but Luke and Erin , the escaped Handmaid , survive . A further flashback shows Luke , June , and their daughter Hannah before they were separated . June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada . Later , a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged , but the hunter helps them cross the border . Three years later , in the present , Luke and Erin live safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . While in the main administrative office , Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel , where prostitutes ( known as `` Jezebels '' ) work . Offred spots Moira working in the club , and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught . Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife , and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel . However , Offred is worried about Ofwarren / Ofdaniel 's mental state . During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside , tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday , and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , Waterford presents Moira , as he believes they have a sexual attraction . Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package , but she refuses , seemingly resigned to her fate . The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte , while Gileadan guards , the Putnams , the Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by . Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her . Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child , and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below . Later , while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital , Commander Putnam is led away by guards . When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam , she reminds Serena of the first Offred 's fate , causing Serena to doubt her husband 's loyalty . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebel 's . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , then jubilantly drives off in his car . 10 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) A flashback shows June 's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center . After Serena discovers Fred 's trips to Jezebel 's , she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test . It is positive . Serena then angrily accuses her husband , telling him the child is not his . Upon learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives , but Offred is kept in the car , and unable to attract her daughter 's attention . Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial advocating leniency , but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible , and ultimately Putnam 's left arm is amputated at the elbow . The package from Jezebel 's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine / Ofdaniel . The Handmaids hesitate , and Ofglen No. 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal . Offred , then the other Handmaids , drop their stones . One of the guards threatens to kill Offred , but Aunt Lydia saves her , although assuring the handmaids that there will be consequences . Not long afterward , a black van comes for Offred . Nick urges her to trust him and go with them . Offred 's transfer is unusual , as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening . As Offred leaves , she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date 11 `` June '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) Offred and other handmaids are taken to a dilapidated Fenway Park , where they are made to believe they will be hanged , but it turns out to be a ruse to frighten them . During another punishment , Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy . When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her , she is shown a pregnant handmaid , Ofwyatt , chained in a prison room due to her attempt to kill herself by drinking drain cleaner . Offred agrees to eat , and during her meal Aunt Lydia , who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience , but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted , brings the other handmaids into the room . One by one they each have a hand burned over an open gas flame . Later , Offred is at a pregnancy check - up , where she is visited by Fred and Serena , but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots , which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital . The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay , where she meets Nick , while Fred authorizes a highly resourced search for her . He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit , and to cut her hair . After stripping off her handmaid 's dress , she burns it before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear . In flashbacks throughout the episode , Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school ; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school 's fever policy , as well as about June and Luke 's fitness as parents . Later , they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked . 12 `` Unwomen '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) June has been transported to the abandoned former headquarters of The Boston Globe , another safe place arranged by Mayday . Emily has been taken to the Colonies , where disobedient and lower - class infertile women ( `` unwomen '' ) are forced to dig on highly toxic land . Many of the unwomen are becoming sick , and Emily is doing what she can to help them . A commander 's wife arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the unwomen : Emily befriends her and finds that she was sent to the colonies for committing a `` sin of the flesh . '' Emily holds her in contempt for `` holding a woman down while her husband rapes her '' . She feigns giving her pills for her ailments that are in truth poison , which leads to her death . The unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for this death . Janine arrives at the Colonies , where she is briefly greeted by Emily . June is visited by Nick at the Globe and gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her . Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay , and they have sex . In a flashback , after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House , Emily is told by her boss , Professor Dan , that she will not be teaching the following semester at the university , giving her a lower profile to avoid attracting criticism for her sexual orientation . Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the university with the word `` faggot '' spray painted underneath him . While Emily , along with her wife Sylvia and son Oliver , attempt to emigrate to Canada , she is unable to leave the country because their same - sex marriage is no longer recognized , and it becomes known that she is the biological mother of Oliver . June makes a news - clipping memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper 's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it . 13 `` Baggage '' Kari Skogland Dorothy Fortenberry May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) Having spent two months at The Boston Globe offices , June has found evidence in their archives of the early emergence of the Gilead movement . Nick visits occasionally . She is abruptly moved to a different place where she meets Omar , who tells her he is bringing her to a safe house near an airstrip in order to fly to Canada . He receives a message that the safe house has been compromised , and tries to leave without her , but she stands in front of his van to make him take her . He takes her to his apartment , where she meets his wife , Heather , and their son , Adam . Left alone when his family goes to church , June finds a hidden Qur'an and prayer rug under the bedsprings ; Omar and his family do not return . She dons Heather 's Econowife outfit and leaves the apartment , blending in with other Econowives . After a train ride , June runs into the woods . She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to the airstrip that Omar had told her of ; however , the plane is intercepted before take - off , the pilot is executed , and June and another fugitive are apprehended by the Guardians . Meanwhile , Moira , now living with Luke and Erin ( who is no longer mute ) in Canada , gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown , traumatized by what he did as a Guardian . In a flashback , June as a child is taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother , Holly . When she grew up , Holly was disappointed at June 's career choices and plan to marry Luke , hoping that she would have been an activist . Moira and June learned during their training at the Red Center that Holly had been declared an Unwoman and was sent to the Colonies to be worked to death . 14 `` Other Women '' Kari Skogland Yahlin Chang May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) June is taken back and chained in a room where Aunt Lydia explains that she must choose between this imprisonment , followed by execution after the birth of her child , or return as a handmaid to the Waterfords . She chooses the latter and is under close supervision from Lydia . The Waterfords , who still employ Nick , publicly treat Offred 's disappearance as a kidnapping , but privately Serena is furious and grabs Offred by the throat . Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved . A baby shower is held for Serena , incorporating prayer and a ritual binding of Offred to Serena . Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen 's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren ( Janine ) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent . Aunt Lydia takes Offred out to show her what is presumed to be Omar 's hanging corpse . She tells June that Omar 's wife , Heather , is now a handmaid and that their child , Adam , was given away to another family . Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault , and Offred accepts the blame . Aunt Lydia encourages June to distinguish between Offred 's identity and June 's , saying June is to blame not Offred . In a flashback , June sees Luke 's first wife Annie , who tells her that they made wedding vows before God , but Luke rejects her attempts to come between him and June . A few years later , Annie sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child , Hannah . Offred has collapsed emotionally under the knowledge of Omar 's family 's fate . June prays that Hannah forget her . Ignoring Nick the following day , Offred appears to be conforming to the expectations of a handmaid . 15 5 `` Seeds '' Mike Barker Kira Snyder May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Offred is very subdued , and starts to burn the letters she had been keeping for Mayday . She notices vaginal bleeding , which continues and gets worse but does not inform anyone , although Rita notices her unsteadiness . Nick notices Offred 's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it . Mrs. Waterford becomes alarmed at Nick 's interest in Offred and informs Commander Waterford , who arranges for him to be married at a Prayvaganza where loyal Guardians are issued a wife as a reward for their work . Nick 's new bride , Eden , moves into his room . Nick later finds Offred unconscious and drenched in the bushes outside the Waterfords ' house and she is taken to the hospital . Offred , still pregnant , promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead . Meanwhile , in the Colonies , Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead , and helps to arrange a small wedding for a dying worker , officiated by another Unwoman who is a rabbi . Emily , who has begun to lose her teeth , argues with her for attempting to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak . When the newlywed Unwoman dies , the rabbi officiates at the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses . 16 6 `` First Blood '' Mike Barker Eric Tuchman May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) Advised by a doctor that a harmonious household would be good for the child , Serena shows increased care for Offred , giving her the sitting room as a bedroom and inviting some handmaids to have brunch with her . When Serena shows Offred the nursery for the baby , Offred asks to see Hannah , upon which Serena moves her back to her previous room , and sets about humiliating her . Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a `` gender traitor '' due to his reluctance to have sex with her , so Offred warns him and he has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion , but only after he tells Offred that he loves her . Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah , and wants to have sex with her , but Offred refuses . At the opening of the Rachel and Leah Center , a construction and ceremony overseen by Waterford , Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned , and that Offred be protected , to which he agrees . Ofglen runs toward the stage , and detonates a bomb : only Handmaids are seen to have escaped . Flashbacks show Serena being verbally attacked while promoting her book A Woman 's Place , and being shot by a protester , and Fred 's punishment of those he believes to have been involved . 17 7 `` After '' Kari Skogland Lynn Renee Maxcy May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 31 handmaids and 26 commanders , and an unspecified number of civilians , have been killed in Ofglen 's attack on the Rachel and Leah Center , including Commander Pryce , while others , such as Commander Waterford , were seriously injured . Following the attack , Commander Cushing takes Commander Pryce 's role , instituting an increased number of checkpoints and having numerous people summarily executed . He questions Offred , asking who aided her when she tried to flee the country . Offred responds that she was kidnapped , an answer that Commander Cushing does not believe . Mrs. Waterford is alarmed at the possibility of her household being targeted , and is angry at his heavy - handed response to the bombing . She forges orders from her husband to have Commander Cushing arrested for treason and apostasy . Because so many handmaids were killed , some fertile women are taken back from the Colonies and are made to serve as handmaids once again , including Janine and Emily . Both reunite with Offred in the grocery store , with Janine happily telling her that it was God 's plan that she be rescued . Offred , who had been sad to discover that none of the handmaids had known Ofglen 's name , tells her real name , June , to Emily and another handmaid and following this , several of the handmaids whisper their real names to one another , which Eden overhears . Later , Mrs. Waterford enlists Offred 's help in illicitly performing the Commander 's work for him while he is in the hospital . At the refugee center , Moira looks through records to try to confirm whether her fiancée , Odette , has died . Through flashbacks Moira is revealed to have been a surrogate for a couple before the war . She met Odette , an obstetrician , during this process . In the present , Moira eventually finds photographs showing Odette was killed . 18 8 `` Women 's Work '' Kari Skogland Nina Fiore & John Herrera June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) June has been helping Serena to complete Fred 's work for some months while he is too ill from his bomb injuries to do so himself , but as soon as he returns home he excludes Serena from his office . Serena tells June that the Putnams ' child , Angela , ( called Charlotte by Janine , who is her biological mother ) is sick . June advocates for Janine to be able to see the baby , and Serena agrees to ask about it for the baby 's sake . Naomi Putnam dislikes the idea , but she is overruled by her husband , Warren . Serena petitions Fred to allow the sick child to be seen by a Martha who , prior to the Sons of Jacob coup , was one of the nation 's top neonatologists . Fred denies the request , saying that whatever happens to the child must now be left to God 's will . A dismayed Serena forges Fred 's signature to a written order that transfers the Martha to the hospital for a day . Aunt Lydia tells June that she will hold her personally responsible if anything goes wrong with Janine 's visit to the hospital . The neonatologist can find no physical explanation for the child 's deterioration and can recommend no further treatment . She advises them to unplug the baby from all of the machines and help her to feel safe and warm . When Fred discovers that Serena forged his signature on an order to temporarily transfer the physician / Martha , he beats Serena with his belt as June is forced to watch . Serena later tearfully rejects June 's offer of sympathy . Meanwhile , Eden is working hard to please Nick , but after she rearranges his garret and uncovers the bundle of handmaids ' letters he recovered from June , he becomes angry , demanding that she never touch his belongings . The episode ends in the hospital with Janine , partly undressed , singing `` I Only Want to Be with You '' to her child and bouncing her as her baby gurgles happily . This is the first episode in this series that does not have scenes from before the formation of Gilead . 19 9 `` Smart Power '' Jeremy Podeswa Dorothy Fortenberry June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) Fred and Serena travel to Canada on a diplomatic mission accompanied by Nick , while a Guardian , Isaac , is to be left responsible for the household . Much to Offred 's distress , Serena tells her that she will be transferred as soon as the baby is born . In Toronto , Serena is reminded of the time before Gilead , and the Waterfords are ambivalently greeted by Canadian officials . Later , Serena is approached by Mark Tuello , who works for the remnant of the US government in Hawaii , and offers to help her defect from Gilead , but Serena declines . At the Waterford 's residence , June tells Rita that when Hannah was baptized , she and Luke chose godparents for her and wishes for Rita to be the godparent of her expected child as soon as it is born . Rita states that she will try her best , though the government of Gilead has prohibited baptisms and severely restricts Marthas . June makes a similar request to Aunt Lydia , prompting her to reveal she was previously godparent to her sister 's baby , who died in infancy . At a protest , Luke confronts Commander Waterford . Afterwards , Nick finds Luke and tells him June is pregnant by Waterford , but safe , and gives him the bundle of letters from women enslaved in Gilead . Luke , Moira , and Erin make the letters public , causing an outcry that prompts the Canadians to cancel the rest of the summit . Moira holds a sign up to the Waterfords ' car that says `` My name is Moira '' and Fred recognises her from Jezebel 's . Serena burns the Hawaiian matches Mark left her . Meanwhile , Nick gives June news of Luke and Moira , and tells her that the letters were instrumental in getting the talks curtailed . June reveals that Moira is Hannah 's godmother and is happy that she escaped to Canada . Nick tells June that he loves her , and tries to kiss her , but she does not allow him to . 20 10 `` The Last Ceremony '' Jeremy Podeswa Yahlin Chang June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) The commander to whom Emily is newly assigned as handmaid collapses and dies during the Ceremony . June suffers contractions while shopping , forcing her home and to endure a `` birthing ceremony '' as everyone awaits the birth of the child . However , it turns out to be a false alarm and everyone is dismissed . Following the false alarm , June pleads to Fred to be positioned closer to her daughter Hannah after the eventual birth . After Fred denies this request , June implies that the child she is carrying is not his and that he will never have a biological child of his own . Later , Fred rapes June with Serena holding her down , under the guise of inducing the labor . Eden finds herself attracted to Isaac , a guard , and meets with him late at night . They kiss , but she breaks off once she sees Nick watching . She begs his forgiveness , which he readily gives with a detachment that infuriates her . She accuses Nick of liking Offred . Fred then arranges Nick to take June to an empty and remote house for a short visit with Hannah , who is now named Agnes . After they are once again separated , Guardians take Nick captive , and June is left behind , having hidden in the house . 21 11 `` Holly '' Daina Reid Bruce Miller & Kira Snyder June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) After Nick is taken away from the house , June finds a car in the garage and car keys and is able to start the car , but she returns to the house and gets a man 's coat . Flashbacks throughout the episode show her first pregnancy , and Hannah 's birth and childhood . Fred and Serena arrive at the house in a panic , looking for Offred . They are arguing with each other , with Serena telling Fred she gave up everything for him and the cause , and only ever wanted a child . June finds a gun , and prepares to shoot them , but desists . They are unable to find Offred and decide to leave , feeling both angry and concerned . After she 's certain they 're gone , June , having contractions , gets back into the car , but can not get it out of the garage , which is frozen shut . June is exhausted and in pain , and lays down in front of the fire , finally going into labor and passing out . When she wakes , she 's covered in blood , but the baby still has n't come . She crawls outside and discharges the gun to attract attention , then she ends up delivering the baby by herself . She whispers that her name is Holly , after her mother . Light comes in through the windows , indicating that a car has arrived at the house . 22 12 `` Postpartum '' Daina Reid Eric Tuchman July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) Some weeks after the birth , the baby , now named Nichole , is cared for by Serena , while Offred is providing milk through a breast pump . She is unable to pump enough milk and is brought to see her baby in order to induce lactation . Offred requests to nurse her herself , but Fred rejects the idea . Given that Offred 's lactation increases during the meeting , Aunt Lydia convinces Fred to allow Offred back in the house for the baby 's health . Serena becomes enraged and demands that Offred stay away from the baby . Nick , who is back in the Waterford household and presented as having been key to the rescue of Offred and the baby , suggests lightheartedly that he , Offred and the baby should flee , and Fred attempts to renew the illicit elements of their relationship . Emily is reassigned to a new household as a handmaid after being rejected by four couples . Commander Lawrence , the `` architect of Gilead 's economy '' , seems suspicious . His wife , Eleanor , reveals to Emily that Lawrence was the creator of the Colonies . Lawrence interrogates Emily , revealing that he knows much about her past . Meanwhile , Eden and Isaac elope but are soon caught . Eden and Nick admit their faults and ask forgiveness of each other . Eden and Isaac are brought to a diving board above a swimming pool with chains and weights attached to each of them . Both refuse to ask for forgiveness , and Eden instead begins to recite a biblical paean to love . Both are pushed off the diving board and die by drowning in front of a crowd . Distraught by the events , Serena and Offred get to an understanding and Serena allows Offred to nurse the baby herself . 23 13 `` The Word '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) It is revealed that Eden 's father was the one who turned Eden and Isaac in , leading to their execution . While searching through Eden 's belongings , June discovers a Bible that Eden read from and annotated , despite it being illegal for women and girls to read in Gilead . June argues with Serena about her daughter 's future in Gilead , stating that baby Nichole ( Holly ) wo n't be able to know God unless she is eventually able to read his word . Serena and a number of wives propose an amendment to the council that girls be taught to read the Bible and Serena reads from the Bible to make her point , resulting in one of her fingers being cut off . Emily reluctantly prepares for her first ceremony with Lawrence , but he dismisses Emily without going through with it . The next day , Emily is visited by Aunt Lydia and , as she is leaving , Emily brutally attacks Lydia by stabbing her in the back with a kitchen knife . Emily continues to kick Aunt Lydia down the stairs , leaving her gasping for breath . Lawrence 's Martha , Cora , finds Aunt Lydia and throws Emily into a room and locks the door . Fred suggests to June that he could arrange for her to remain as his handmaid , and when she rejects the proposal , he suggests that future meetings with Hannah could be arranged . As a fire consumes a house across the street , Rita tells June that she and her daughter , Holly , have this chance to get out and need to leave immediately . Fred tries to arrange their capture , but is prevented by Nick , who threatens him with a gun . Serena catches her mid-escape , but after a tearful goodbye to the baby , allows June to take the baby and flee , assisted by several Marthas . June is reunited with Emily , who is dropped off at the escape van by Lawrence , who says he is getting himself `` in deep shit '' when asked why he 's allowing them to leave . At the last second , June decides to stay behind and gives the baby to Emily . She tells Emily to call her Nichole , and to tell her she loves her . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book . She also played a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer , and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , Oakville , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes would cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season consists of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel returned as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show , stating , `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo ; the first two episodes premiered on April 30 , 2017 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , on Channel 4 . In Ireland , the series premiered on February 5 , 2018 on RTÉ2 , with a showing of the first two episodes . RTÉ also became the first broadcaster in Europe to debut Season 2 following its broadcast in the US and Canada . In the Brazil , the series premiered on March 7 , 2018 , on Paramount Channel . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand , on July 6 , 2017 . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 95 % ( 107 reviews ) 92 ( 41 reviews ) 92 % ( 73 reviews ) 86 ( 28 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 95 % based on 107 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society during the Presidency of Donald Trump . A comparison has also been made to the Salafi / Wahabbi extremism of ISIL , under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis . Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 91 % based on 74 reviews , with an average rating of 8.31 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant , The Handmaid 's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters , making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . However , the second season of the show received criticism for being excessive in its depictions of violence with critics questioning whether it was merely `` torture porn '' and going too far . The Atlantic 's Sophie Gilbert wrote : `` There came a point during the first episode where , for me , it became too much . '' Lisa Miller of The Cut wrote : `` I have pressed mute and fast forward so often this season , I am forced to wonder : ' Why am I watching this ' ? It all feels so gratuitous , like a beating that never ends . '' And The Daily Telegraph 's Rebecca Reid admitted she had an anxiety attack watching an episode of the show . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Season 1 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Ilene Chaiken , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Frank Siracusa , John Weber , Kira Snyder , Elisabeth Moss , Joseph Boccia , and Leila Gerstein Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` Night '' ) Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Samira Wiley ( for `` Night '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Kate Dennis ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Late '' ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , and Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , and Sophie Neudorfer ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` Birth Day '' ) Nominated Peabody Award Entertainment , children 's and youth honoree The Handmaid 's Tale Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won Television Critics Association Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won 2018 American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Contemporary Single - Camera Television Series Julie Berghoff ( for `` Offred '' , `` Birth Day '' , `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' ) Won Andrew Stearn ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Casting Society of America Television Pilot and First Season -- Drama Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott , Robin D. Cook , and Jonathan Oliveira Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour John J. Thomson , Lou Solakofski , Joe Morrow , and Don White ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Television Series Ane Crabtree Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Ann Dowd Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television John Musikka and Geoffrey Smither Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Satellite Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Ann Dowd Won Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski , and Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Adapted TV Screenplay Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Ilene Chaiken , Nina Fiore , Dorothy Fortenberry , Leila Gerstein , John Herrera , Lynn Maxcy , Bruce Miller , Kira Snyder , Wendy Straker Hauser , and Eric Tuchman Won New Series Won BAFTA Television Awards Best International Programme The Handmaid 's Tale Won Season 2 2018 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Elisabeth Moss , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Mike Barker , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Kira Snyder , Yahlin Chang , Frank Siracusa , John Weber , Dorothy Fortenberry , and Joseph Boccia Pending Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` The Last Ceremony '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Joseph Fiennes ( for `` First Blood '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Ann Dowd ( for `` June '' ) Pending Yvonne Strahovski ( for `` Women 's Work '' ) Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Kari Skogland ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` June '' ) Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Kelly Jenrette ( for `` Other Women '' ) Pending Cherry Jones ( for `` Baggage '' ) Pending Samira Wiley ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott and Robin D. Cook Pending Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Fantasy / Sci - Fi Costumes Ane Crabtree and Natalie Bronfman ( for `` Seeds '' ) Pending Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Burton LeBlanc , Talia Reingold and Erika Caceres ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark White , Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Caroline Gee ( for `` June '' ) Pending Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Rob Hepburn ( for `` Seeds '' , `` First Blood '' , `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Joe Morrow , Lou Solakofski , and Sylvain Arseneault ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Stephen Lebed , Brendan Taylor , Kelly Knauff , Kelly Weisz , Kevin McGeagh , Anderson Leo Bovell , Winston Lee , Xi Luo , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` June '' ) Pending See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Why Offred 's Latest Heartbreak Is the Most Devastating Yet '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . In its third installment , however , the drama digs even deeper into the emotional toll Gilead has taken on everyone -- both those left in what was once the United States and those who 've made it out . The lives and dreams that each character lost to this totalitarian regime have been laid out in excruciating detail before -- but this week , the show lays those losses bare with more subtlety than perhaps any other episode ... ( In richer households , handmaids do the childbearing , Wives raise the children , and Marthas do the housework . Econowives , in contrast , `` have to do everything ; if they can . '' ) Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Here 's the first trailer for season 2 ( and a premiere date ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy for a Streaming Service '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood 's focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale season 1 , episode 7 : `` The Other Side '' takes us out of Gilead to check in on a familiar face `` . Vox . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 Taps Sydney Sweeney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Bradley Whitford Joins Hulu Drama Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Marisa Tomei To Guest on Hulu 's ' Dystopian ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Nabbed Oprah Winfrey '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary -- A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me '' , Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence '' , she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaou , Elena ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Handmaids Tale Season 2 Episode 2 Recap Unwomen '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glynn , Amy ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' Unwomen '' Features The Handmaid 's Tale 's First , Terrifying Glimpse of the Colonies `` . Paste . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . `` Unwomen '' alternates between the Colonies , where `` unwomen '' ( lesbians , defiant Handmaids , the infertile of low economic status , sex workers , collaborators against the republic -- you know , `` undesirables '' ) are sent to perform brutal manual labor ... ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` 9 Major Moments From ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 ' Smart Power ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Offred does n't have many cards left to play , and seems to be drifting toward breaking the vow she made to her child at the end of this season 's fifth episode , accepting that she will inevitably lose this baby . She 's looking for someone to do what she ca n't . In a moment alone with Rita , Offred asks her to act as a godparent , telling her , `` I want my baby to know kindness . I need her to have someone kind in her life . '' Rita says she 'll do what she can , but she 's just plain scared . It is n't enough . Nobody but June is going to put this baby first . Jump up ^ Goodman , Lex ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 Recap '' . PureWow . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . This news brings back the fire in Offred 's belly and she muses , `` Moira is Hannah 's godmother . She got out . It was impossible , and she did it . Jump up ^ Berman , Judy ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 12 : Ball and Chain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Season 2 , Episode 13 Recap : 19 Startling Moments in ' The Word ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Demolder , Kate ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` One of 2017 's most popular shows is coming to RTÉ on Monday night '' . JOE . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ first to air The Handmaid 's Tale series 2 in Europe '' . RTÉ. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premiada no Globo de Ouro , ' Handmaid 's tale ' estreia no Brasil pelo Paramount em março '' . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale -- Blessed Be The Fruit ! Official ' Season 1 ' Press Release : Date , Extras , Final Box Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Geraghty , Jim ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' What Fans of The Handmaid 's Tale Prefer To Ignore '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Lowry , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Lunacy '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Wilhelm , Heather ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Making sense of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' hysteria '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Given , Casey ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' is profiting off anti-Trump hysteria '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Tim ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` What The Handmaid 's Tale can tell us about Islamic extremism '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hate crimes , honour killings and FGM : how The Handmaid 's Tale captures our age of fear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' and the Suffering of Women '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lisa . `` The Relentless Torture of The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Cut . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebecca ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Why I 'm turning off the Handmaid 's Tale and its needless torture porn '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment , Children 's & Youth Winners Named '' . The Peabody Awards . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Blyth , Antonia ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' & ' I , Tonya ' Take Top Film Prizes at ACE Eddie Awards -- Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Matt Grobar , Denise ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : ' Lady Bird , ' ' Three Billboards ' Among Casting Society Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Big Little Lies , Sterling K. Brown and More TV Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , Handmaid 's Tale and Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Are TV 's Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 : The Complete Winners List , from `` The Shape of Water '' to `` Coco '' and `` Jane '' `` . Indiewire . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards : This Is Us , Big Little Lies , Veep , The Crown Among 2018 Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Lost City of Z , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Among USC Scripter Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . 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Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) The Americans , season 6 ( 2018 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) The Americans ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)&oldid=855805173 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows Dystopian television series English - language television programs Feminist television Hulu original programming Lesbian - related television programs Margaret Atwood Nonlinear narrative television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television programs based on Canadian novels Television series produced in Toronto Works about totalitarianism Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 23 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does the handmaids tale season 2 start
[ "The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on April 25, 2018.[2]\n" ]
[ "April 25, 2018" ]
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There Ain't Nothin' Wrong with the Radio
There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio - wikipedia There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio Jump to : navigation , search `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' Single by Aaron Tippin from the album Read Between the Lines B - side `` I Miss Misbehavin ' '' Released February 10 , 1992 Format CD single Genre Country Length 2 : 46 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Aaron Tippin , Buddy Brock Producer ( s ) Emory Gordy , Jr . Aaron Tippin singles chronology `` She Made a Memory Out of Me '' ( 1991 ) `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' ( 1992 ) `` I Would n't Have It Any Other Way '' ( 1992 ) `` She Made a Memory Out of Me '' ( 1991 ) `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' ( 1992 ) `` I Would n't Have It Any Other Way '' ( 1992 ) `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Aaron Tippin . It was released in February 1992 as the first single from his album Read Between the Lines . The song is not only his first Number One hit on the country music charts but also his longest - lasting at three weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Other versions 4 Chart positions 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References Content ( edit ) `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' is a moderate up - tempo novelty song . In it , the male narrator describes how old and run - down his car is but explains that he continues to drive it because `` there ai n't nothin ' wrong with the radio '' -- specifically , `` there ai n't a country station that ( he ) ca n't tune in '' . The song features electric guitar and fiddle accompaniments . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in early - 1992 . It shows Tippin performing at a concert sporting a mullet . Other versions ( edit ) Tippin performed the song with Alvin and the Chipmunks on their 1992 album Chipmunks in Low Places . In this version , Simon repeatedly attempts to correct the song 's grammar , singing `` there is n't anything wrong with the radio '' . Tippin then explains that the song is supposed to have grammatical errors because it is country . Chart positions ( edit ) `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' debuted at number 54 on Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) for the chart week of February 15 , 1992 . On the chart week of April 18 , 1992 , it became Tippin 's first Number One hit , holding the position for three weeks and then falling to number 10 . It was also his only Number One on the RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada . Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 29 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 31 Preceded by `` She Is His Only Need '' by Wynonna Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single April 18 - May 2 , 1992 Succeeded by `` Neon Moon '' by Brooks & Dunn RPM Country Tracks number - one single May 9 , 1992 Succeeded by `` Past the Point of Rescue '' by Hal Ketchum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Chipmunks in Low Places '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Aaron Tippin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2121 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . May 9 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Tippin -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Aaron Tippin . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1992 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . ( hide ) Aaron Tippin Studio albums You 've Got to Stand for Something Read Between the Lines Call of the Wild Lookin ' Back at Myself Tool Box What This Country Needs People Like Us A December to Remember Stars & Stripes In Overdrive Compilation albums Greatest Hits ... and Then Some Notable singles `` You 've Got to Stand for Something '' `` I Wonder How Far It Is Over You '' `` There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio '' `` I Would n't Have It Any Other Way '' `` I Was Born with a Broken Heart '' `` My Blue Angel '' `` Workin ' Man 's Ph. D . '' `` The Call of the Wild '' `` Whole Lotta Love on the Line '' `` I Got It Honest '' `` She Feels Like a Brand New Man Tonight '' `` That 's as Close as I 'll Get to Loving You '' `` Without Your Love '' `` For You I Will '' `` I 'm Leaving '' `` Her '' `` Kiss This '' `` People Like Us '' `` Always Was '' `` Where the Stars and Stripes and the Eagle Fly '' `` If Her Lovin ' Do n't Kill Me '' `` Love Like There 's No Tomorrow '' ( with Thea Tippin ) Related articles Discography RCA Records Lyric Street Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Ain%27t_Nothin%27_Wrong_with_the_Radio&oldid=798363536 '' Categories : 1992 singles Aaron Tippin songs Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr . Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Aaron Tippin RCA Records singles Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller Songs written by Buddy Brock 1992 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings ain't nothing wrong with the radio
[ "\"There Ain't Nothin' Wrong with the Radio\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Aaron Tippin. It was released in February 1992 as the first single from his album Read Between the Lines. The song is not only his first Number One hit on the country music charts but also his longest-lasting at three weeks." ]
[ "Aaron Tippin" ]
2054369775383274005
Member states of the United Nations
Member states of the United Nations - wikipedia Member states of the United Nations For League of Nations , see member states of the League of Nations . Map of the United Nations ( UN ) member states as of August 2017 , with their territories ( including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in green . Flags of the member states of the United Nations , in front of the Palace of Nations ( Geneva , Switzerland ) . Since 2015 , the flags of the two non-member observer states are raised alongside those of the 193 member states . The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization . The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgement of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members , with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote . In principle , only sovereign states can become UN members , and currently all UN members are sovereign states . Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991 . Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly , a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN . This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members . In addition to the member states , the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ) , allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings , but not vote . Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined . Contents 1 Original members 2 Current members 3 Former members 3.1 Republic of China 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan 3.2 Czechoslovakia 3.3 German Democratic Republic 3.4 Federation of Malaya 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3.7 United Arab Republic 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen 3.9 Yugoslavia 4 Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 5 Observers and non-members 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Original members ( edit ) The United Nations in 1945 , after World War II . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories . A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945 , while Poland , which was not represented at the conference , signed it on 15 October 1945 . The original members of the United Nations were : France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Byelorussia , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela and Yugoslavia . Among the original members , 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example , the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e. , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) , had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ) . At the time of UN 's founding , the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China , but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ) . A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , and only gained full independence later : Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union , until gaining full independence in 1991 . India ( whose territory at that time , before the Partition of India , also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule , until gaining full independence in 1947 . The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States , until gaining full independence in 1946 . New Zealand , while de facto sovereign at that time , `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act . This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy . If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria , New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947 . '' Current members ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States Further information : List of sovereign states The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations . The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions , where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point . Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN , and listed under T ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania . The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns . See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also . Original members are listed with blue background . Flag Member state Date of admission See also Afghanistan 19 November 1946 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Albania 14 December 1955 Algeria 8 October 1962 Andorra 28 July 1993 Angola 1 December 1976 Antigua and Barbuda 11 November 1981 Argentina 24 October 1945 Armenia 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Australia 1 November 1945 Australia and the United Nations Austria 14 December 1955 Azerbaijan 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bahamas 18 September 1973 Bahrain 21 September 1971 Bangladesh 17 September 1974 Barbados 9 December 1966 Belarus 24 October 1945 Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belgium 27 December 1945 Belize 25 September 1981 Benin 20 September 1960 Bhutan 21 September 1971 Plurinational State of Bolivia 14 November 1945 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Botswana 17 October 1966 Brazil 24 October 1945 Brazil and the United Nations Brunei Darussalam 21 September 1984 Bulgaria 14 December 1955 Burkina Faso 20 September 1960 Burundi 18 September 1962 Cabo Verde 16 September 1975 Cambodia 14 December 1955 Cameroon 20 September 1960 Canada 9 November 1945 Canada and the United Nations Central African Republic 20 September 1960 Chad 20 September 1960 Chile 24 October 1945 China 24 October 1945 Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations Colombia 5 November 1945 Comoros 12 November 1975 Congo 20 September 1960 Costa Rica 2 November 1945 Côte d'Ivoire 20 September 1960 Croatia 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Cuba 24 October 1945 Cyprus 20 September 1960 Czech Republic 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Democratic People 's Republic of Korea 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Democratic Republic of the Congo 20 September 1960 Denmark 24 October 1945 Djibouti 20 September 1977 Dominica 18 December 1978 Dominican Republic 24 October 1945 Ecuador 21 December 1945 Egypt 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic El Salvador 24 October 1945 Equatorial Guinea 12 November 1968 Eritrea 28 May 1993 Estonia 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Eswatini ( the Kingdom of ) 24 September 1968 Ethiopia 13 November 1945 Fiji 13 October 1970 Fiji and the United Nations Finland 14 December 1955 France 24 October 1945 France and the United Nations Gabon 20 September 1960 Republic of The Gambia 21 September 1965 Georgia 31 July 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Germany 18 September 1973 Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations Ghana 8 March 1957 Greece 25 October 1945 Grenada 17 September 1974 Guatemala 21 November 1945 Guinea 12 December 1958 Guinea - Bissau 17 September 1974 Guyana 20 September 1966 Haiti 24 October 1945 Honduras 17 December 1945 Hungary 14 December 1955 Iceland 19 November 1946 India 30 October 1945 India and the United Nations Indonesia 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations Islamic Republic of Iran 24 October 1945 Iraq 21 December 1945 Ireland 14 December 1955 Israel 11 May 1949 Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations Italy 14 December 1955 Jamaica 18 September 1962 Japan 18 December 1956 Japan and the United Nations Jordan 14 December 1955 Kazakhstan 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Kenya 16 December 1963 Kiribati 14 September 1999 Kuwait 14 May 1963 Kyrgyzstan 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lao People 's Democratic Republic 14 December 1955 Latvia 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lebanon 24 October 1945 Lesotho 17 October 1966 Liberia 2 November 1945 Libya 14 December 1955 Liechtenstein 18 September 1990 Lithuania 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Luxembourg 24 October 1945 Luxembourg and the United Nations Madagascar 20 September 1960 Malawi 1 December 1964 Malaysia 17 September 1957 Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations Maldives 21 September 1965 Mali 28 September 1960 Malta 1 December 1964 Marshall Islands 17 September 1991 Marshall Islands and the United Nations Mauritania 27 October 1961 Mauritius 24 April 1968 Mexico 7 November 1945 Mexico and the United Nations Federated States of Micronesia 17 September 1991 Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations Monaco 28 May 1993 Mongolia 27 October 1961 Montenegro 28 June 2006 Former member : Yugoslavia Morocco 12 November 1956 Mozambique 16 September 1975 Myanmar 19 April 1948 Namibia 23 April 1990 Nauru 14 September 1999 Nepal 14 December 1955 Netherlands 10 December 1945 New Zealand 24 October 1945 New Zealand and the United Nations Nicaragua 24 October 1945 Niger 20 September 1960 Nigeria 7 October 1960 Norway 27 November 1945 Oman 7 October 1971 Pakistan 30 September 1947 Pakistan and the United Nations Palau 15 December 1994 Panama 13 November 1945 Papua New Guinea 10 October 1975 Paraguay 24 October 1945 Peru 31 October 1945 Philippines 24 October 1945 Philippines and the United Nations Poland 24 October 1945 Portugal 14 December 1955 Qatar 21 September 1971 Republic of Korea 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Republic of Moldova 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Romania 14 December 1955 Russian Federation 24 October 1945 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations Rwanda 18 September 1962 Saint Kitts and Nevis 23 September 1983 Saint Lucia 18 September 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 September 1980 Samoa 15 December 1976 San Marino 2 March 1992 São Tomé and Príncipe 16 September 1975 Saudi Arabia 24 October 1945 Senegal 28 September 1960 Serbia 1 November 2000 Former member : Yugoslavia , Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia and the United Nations Seychelles 21 September 1976 Sierra Leone 27 September 1961 Singapore 21 September 1965 Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations Slovakia 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Slovenia 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Solomon Islands 19 September 1978 Somalia 20 September 1960 South Africa 7 November 1945 South Sudan 14 July 2011 Spain 14 December 1955 Sri Lanka 14 December 1955 Sudan 12 November 1956 Suriname 4 December 1975 Sweden 19 November 1946 Switzerland 10 September 2002 Syrian Arab Republic 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic Tajikistan 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thailand 16 December 1946 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 8 April 1993 Former member : Yugoslavia Timor - Leste 27 September 2002 Togo 20 September 1960 Tonga 14 September 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 18 September 1962 Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations Tunisia 12 November 1956 Turkey 24 October 1945 Turkmenistan 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tuvalu 5 September 2000 Tuvalu and the United Nations Uganda 25 October 1962 Ukraine 24 October 1945 Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic United Arab Emirates 9 December 1971 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 24 October 1945 United Kingdom and the United Nations United Republic of Tanzania 14 December 1961 Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar United States of America 24 October 1945 United States and the United Nations Uruguay 18 December 1945 Uzbekistan 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vanuatu 15 September 1981 Vanuatu and the United Nations Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 15 November 1945 Vietnam 20 September 1977 Yemen 30 September 1947 Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen Zambia 1 December 1964 Zimbabwe 25 August 1980 Former members ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . In 1949 , as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , declared on 1 October 1949 , took control of mainland China . The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however , the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN , despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China . As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China , proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades , as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . By the 1970s , a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count . On 25 October 1971 , the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council , '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations , and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it . '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN , including its permanent seat on the Security Council , from the ROC to the PRC , and expelled the ROC from the UN . From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member . No UN member was expelled in 1971 . Rather , the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted . In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China . Consequently , the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it . Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums , 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years . In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout . That fall the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . The Republic of China is officially recognized by 16 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations , including the United States and Japan . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990 . Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992 , its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states , would apply for membership in the UN . Neither state sought sole successor state status . Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993 . German Democratic Republic ( edit ) Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973 . Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990 , the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany , today simply known as Germany . Consequently , the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist . Federation of Malaya ( edit ) The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957 . On 16 September 1963 , its name was changed to Malaysia , following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore , North Borneo ( now Sabah ) , Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya . Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965 . Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961 , and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963 . Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar , the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '' , with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964 . Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN . Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership . The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR , in a letter dated 24 December 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991 , and on 19 September 1991 , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus . Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991 , after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992 . Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992 . United Arab Republic ( edit ) Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958 . The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961 . Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945 . Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958 , the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member . On 13 October 1961 , Syria , having resumed its status as an independent state , resumed its separate membership in the UN . Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic , until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971 . Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971 . Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) Yemen ( i.e. , North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e. , South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967 , with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970 , and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen . On 22 May 1990 , the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen , which continued as a single member under the name Yemen . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s . By 2006 , six UN member states existed in its former territory . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 . The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , referred to as Yugoslavia , joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 . By 1992 , it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states , which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992 . Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993 , being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . Due to the dispute over its legal successor states , the member state `` Yugoslavia '' , referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution . Following the admission of all five states as new UN members , `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members . The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia , claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however , on 30 May 1992 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted , by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars , and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted , '' and on 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years , but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office , it applied for membership , and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . On 4 February 2003 , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro , following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006 , Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006 . In a letter dated on the same day , the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence , in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006 . In the aftermath of the Kosovo War , the territory of Kosovo , then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999 . On 17 February 2008 it declared independence , but this has not been recognised by Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN , but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group , both specialized agencies in the United Nations System . The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 113 UN member states , including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) , while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo . On 22 July 2010 , the International Court of Justice , the primary judicial organ of the UN , issued an advisory opinion , ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law . Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN , according to the United Nations Charter . From Chapter II , Article 5 : A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council . From Article 6 : A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Since its inception , no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6 . However , in a few cases , states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : On 25 October 1971 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ) . This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 , as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members , which included the Republic of China itself and the United States , which at that time still recognized the Republic of China . In October 1974 , the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN , in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter , due to its apartheid policies . However , the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In response , the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however , South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5 . The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994 , following its successful democratic elections earlier that year . On 28 April 1992 , the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established , by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ) . Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history . Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later . Since the inception of the UN , only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation , and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , in a letter dated 20 January 1965 , Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN . However , following the overthrow of President Sukarno , in a telegram dated 19 September 1966 , Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly '' . On 28 September 1966 , the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . Unlike suspension and expulsion , no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail , or to evade obligations under the Charter , similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor , the League of Nations ) , or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership , i.e. , requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however , scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . Observers and non-members ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations , Palestine 194 , and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002 . Despite this , the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations . In addition to the member states , there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine . The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964 , and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly decided that , effective as of 15 December 1988 , the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011 , Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011 , the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member , becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012 , when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' . The Sovereign Military Order of Malta , while not a state , has observer status at the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries . A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members . The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland , which was admitted in 2002 . A European Union institution , the European Commission , was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974 . The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU . It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly , bar the right to vote and put forward candidates , via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011 . It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions , and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences . The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front . Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco , the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , proclaimed by the Polisario Front . Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory '' . The Cook Islands and Niue , which are both associated states of New Zealand , are not members of the UN , but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO , and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively . They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for , such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and are treated as non-member states . Both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state , but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship , in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship . Per United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 and the ongoing dialogue on the political status of Kosovo , the Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations , despite having relations with a majority of member states . It is a member of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank and has applied for UNESCO membership but was narrowly rejected in 2015 . See also ( edit ) Book : Member states of the United Nations United Nations portal Enlargement of the United Nations Member states of the League of Nations List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Palestine 194 United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Plurinational State of Bolivia : Previously referred to as Bolivia . Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984 . Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde . On 24 October 2013 , Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages . Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970 , and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975 . Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976 , and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990 . Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ) . By a letter of 4 January 1974 , the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon . Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984 . Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976 , the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979 . Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ) . Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ) . Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast . On 6 November 1985 , Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986 . Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ) . Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971 , and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Eswatini : Name was changed from Swaziland on 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Republic of The Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia . Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 . It rejoined on 28 September 1966 . Jump up ^ Islamic Republic of Iran : Previously referred to as Iran . By a communication of 5 March 1981 , Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997 . Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya . By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977 , the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011 , the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya . Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic . Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands . Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989 . Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic . Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova . Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN , however , continued to use the former name throughout the year . Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however , the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe , with diacritics . Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972 . Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978 . Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam . Jump up ^ Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela : Previously referred to as Venezuela . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ) , the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ) , Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ) , and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ) . Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state , including , for example , the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ) , as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China . Jump up ^ `` What are Member States ? '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter II : Membership '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` About UN Membership '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 -- present '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Founding Member States '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The World in 1945 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ John Wilson ( August 2007 ) . `` New Zealand Sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? '' . New Zealand Parliament . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Member States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Blue Book `` Permanent Missions to the United Nations No. 306 '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session '' . United Nations . 2 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Change of name -- Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith M. ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` UN approves Libya seat for former rebels '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter V : The Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Winkler , Sigrid ( June 2012 ) . `` Taiwan 's UN Dilemma : To Be or Not To Be '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Year in Review : Red China Admitted to UN '' . United Press International . 1971 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 26 Resolution 2758 . Restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations A / RES / 2758 ( XXVI ) page 1 . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FINAL CLAUSES OF MULTILATERAL TREATIES '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Hence , instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann , Björn Alexander ( 2014 ) . Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations : Taiwan 's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 258 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 60 / 192 2005 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 61 / 194 2006 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Damm , Jens ; Lim , Paul ( 2012 ) . European Perspectives on Taiwan . Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 160 -- 63 . By mid 2009 , 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN , but , in each of these cases , the General Assembly 's General Committee , which sets the Assembly 's agenda , decided against even raising the question during the Assembly 's session . ^ Jump up to : United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - second session Urging the Security Council to process Taiwan 's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations A / 62 / 193 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary - General '' . United Nations . 23 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki - moon Convenes Largest - Ever Meeting of Global Leaders on Climate Change '' . United Nations . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Talking points for Taiwan 's UN Membership Application '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Chen Shui - bian 's Letters to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 ( Office of the President ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` China praises UN 's rejection of Taiwan 's application for membership '' . Xinhua News Agency . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . 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Jump up ^ The Holy See , the Order of Malta and International Law , Bo J. Theutenberg , ISBN 91 - 974235 - 6 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Malta Permanent Mission to the United Nations '' . Un.int . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Permanent Observer ? '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Osmańczyk , Jan ( 2003 ) . Mango , Anthony , ed . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements ( 3rd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93920 - 8 . Jump up ^ McNeely , Connie L. ( 1995 ) . Constructing the Nation - State : International Organization and Prescriptive Action . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29398 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Recommends Admission of Switzerland as Member of United Nations '' . United Nations . 24 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN -- European Union Delegations '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Chronological lists of ratifications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` The World Today '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Niue to seek UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2016 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth plenary meeting of the 38th session of the General Conference , Page 14 '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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Government procurement in the United States
Government procurement in the United States - wikipedia Government procurement in the United States This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Rawilson52 ( talk contribs ) at 03 : 05 , 3 August 2017 ( → ‎ Intellectual Property ( IP ) / Data Rights / Technical Data Rights ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 03 : 05 , 3 August 2017 by Rawilson52 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Intellectual Property ( IP ) / Data Rights / Technical Data Rights ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( August 2009 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Government procurement in the United States is the process by which the Federal Government of the United States acquires goods , services ( notably construction ) , and interests in real property . Contracts for Government procurement usually involve appropriated funds spent on supplies , services , and interests in real property by and for the use of the Federal Government through purchase or lease , whether the supplies , services , or interests are already in existence or must be created , developed , demonstrated , and evaluated . See 48 C.F.R. § 2.101 ( `` Acquisition '' defined , as to goods and services only ) . Federal Government contracting has the same legal elements as contracting between private parties : a lawful purpose , competent contracting parties , an offer , an acceptance that complies with the terms of the offer , mutuality of obligation , and consideration . However , Federal contracts are much more heavily regulated , subject to volumes of statutes dealing with Federal contracts and the Federal contracting process , mostly in Titles 10 , 31 , 40 , and 41 of the United States Code . Private parties entering into a contract with one another ( i.e. , commercial contracts ) are more free to establish a broad range of contract terms by mutual consent than a private party entering into a contract with the Federal Government . Each private party represents its own interests and can obligate itself in any lawful manner . Federal Government contracts allow for the creation of contract terms by mutual consent of the parties , but many areas addressed by mutual consent in commercial contracts are controlled by law in Federal contracts and legally require use of prescribed provisions and clauses . In commercial contracting , where one or both parties may be represented by agents whose authority is controlled by the law of agency , the agent is usually allowed to form a contract only with reference to accepted notions of commercial reasonableness and perhaps a few unique statutes that apply . In Federal Government contracting , specific regulatory authority is required for the Government 's agent to enter into the contract , and that agent 's bargaining authority is strictly controlled by statutes and regulations reflecting national policy choices and prudential limitations on the right of Federal employees to obligate Federal funds . By contrast , in commercial contracting , the law allows each side to rely on the other 's authority to make a binding contract on mutually agreeable terms . The authority of a Contracting Officer , the Government 's agent , to contract on behalf of the Government is set forth in public documents ( a warrant ) that a person dealing with the Contracting Officer can review . The Contracting Officer does not have authority to act outside of this warrant or to deviate from the laws and regulations controlling Federal Government contracts . The private contracting party is held to know the limitations of the Contracting Officer 's authority , even if the Contracting Officer does not . This makes contracting with the United States a more structured and restricted process than a commercial one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 2 Law 2.1 United States Constitution 2.2 Statutes and Regulations 2.2. 1 Anti-Deficiency Act 2.2. 2 Federal Acquisition Regulation 2.2. 2.1 Deviations 2.2. 2.2 Ratifications 2.2. 2.3 Contractor damage 2.2. 2.4 Commercial items 2.2. 2.5 Service Contracts 2.2. 2.5. 1 Personal Services Contracts 2.2. 2.6 Health Care 2.2. 2.7 Intellectual Property ( IP ) / Data Rights / Technical Data Rights 2.2. 2.7. 1 Brand names 2.2. 2.8 Clauses for Government contracts 2.2. 3 Notes regarding FASA 3 Acquisition Process 3.1 Preparing a proposal 3.2 Planning 3.2. 1 Stripped Down Components 3.2. 2 Risk 3.2. 2.1 Requirement Overbundling 3.3 Statement of Work 3.4 Source Selection 3.4. 1 Source Selection Criteria 3.5 Metrics / Performance Measures 3.6 Trade - In or Sales Authority 4 Contract Administration 4.1 Contracting Officer 4.2 Requests for Equitable Adjustments 4.3 Modifications 4.4 Claims 4.4. 1 Release of a Claim 4.4. 2 Contract Disputes Act 4.5 Cancellation of Contract 4.6 Terminations 5 Real options analysis 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Scope ( edit ) Federal Procurement Reports provide contract data that may be used for geographical , market , and socio - economic analysis , as well as for measuring and assessing the impact of acquisition policy and management improvements . In Fiscal Year 2010 , the top five departments by dollars obligated were : Department of Defense ( $365.9 bn ) Department of Energy ( $25.7 bn ) Health and Human Services ( $19.0 bn ) General Services Administration ( $17.6 bn ) NASA ( $16.0 bn ) . The Top 100 Contractors Report for Fiscal Year 2009 lists contracts totalling $294.6 billion , the top five comprising aerospace and defense contractors : Lockheed Martin ( $38.5 bn ) Boeing ( $22.0 bn ) Northrop Grumman ( $19.7 bn ) General Dynamics ( $16.4 bn ) Raytheon ( $16.1 bn ) In the same period , small business contracts totalled $96.8 billion . Law ( edit ) The Federal Government 's authority to enter into contracts derives from the U.S. Constitution , which defines its powers . The Federal Government acts through legislation , treaties , implementing regulations , and the exercise of those authorities . The Federal Government 's power to contract is not set forth expressly and specifically in the U.S. Constitution . However , the U.S. Constitution appears to assume the continued vitality `` Engagements '' entered into under the Articles of Confederation . U.S. Const. , Art . VI . Moreover , the power to contract was and is regarded at law as necessarily incidental to the Federal Government 's execution of its other powers . An early Supreme Court case , United States v. Thomas Tingey , 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 115 ( 1831 ) , recognized that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract . It is an incident to the general right of sovereignty , and the United States , may , within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided , enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers . Scores of statutes now also expressly authorize departments and agencies to enter into contracts . The U.S. Congress passes legislation that defines the process and additional legislation that provides the funds . Executive branch agencies enter into the contracts and expend the funds to achieve their Congressionally defined missions . When disputes arise , administrative processes within the agencies may resolve them , or the contractor can appeal to the courts . The procurement process for executive branch agencies ( as distinguished from legislative or judicial bodies ) is governed primarily by the Armed Services Procurement Act and the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act . To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts , a body of administrative law has been developed through the Federal Acquisition Regulation . This 53 - part regulation defines the procurement process including special preference programs , and includes the specific language of many clauses in Government contracts . Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements . These supplements appear within the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) volumes of the respective agencies . For example , the Department of Defense ( DOD ) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR . Government contracts are governed by Federal common law , a body of law which is separate and distinct from the bodies of law applying to most businesses -- the Uniform Commercial Code ( UCC ) and the general law of contracts . The UCC applies to contracts for the purchase and sale of goods , and to contracts granting a security interest in property other than land . The UCC is a body of law passed by the U.S. state legislatures and is generally uniform among the states . The general law of contracts , which applies when the UCC does not , is mostly common law , and is also similar across the states , whose courts look to each other 's decisions when there is no in - state precedent . Contracts directly between the Government and its contractors ( `` prime contracts '' ) are governed by the Federal common law . Contracts between the prime contractor and its subcontractors are governed by the contract law of the respective states . Differences between those legal frameworks can put pressure on a prime contractor . United States Constitution ( edit ) The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly enumerated powers given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of Article One of the United States Constitution , but courts found that power implicit in the Constitutional power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its specifically granted powers , such as the powers to establish post offices , post roads , banks , an army , a navy , or militias . Statutes and regulations ( edit ) Model of the Acquisition Process Behind any Federal Government acquisition is legislation that permits it and provided money for it . These are normally covered in authorization and appropriation legislation . Generally , this legislation does not affect the acquisition process itself , although the appropriation process has been used to amend procurement laws , notably with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act ( FARA ) and the Federal Acquisitions Streamlining Act ( FASA ) . Other relevant laws include the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 , the Armed Services Procurement Act ( ASPA ) and the Anti-Deficiency Act . Anti-Deficiency Act ( edit ) Main article : Antideficiency Act U.S. Federal fiscal law is about Congressional oversight of the Executive Branch , not principally toward getting the mission accomplished nor getting a good deal for the Government . Fiscal law frequently prevents Government agencies from signing agreements that commercial entities would sign . Therefore , fiscal law can constrain a Federal agency from the quickest , easiest , or cheapest way to accomplish its mission . This Constitutionally mandated oversight of the use of public funds is associated with the principle of checks and balances . A good working relationship and robust communication between the Executive and Legislative branches is the key to avoiding problems in this area . The teeth for fiscal law comes from the Anti-Deficiency Act ( ADA ) . The Anti Deficiency Act provides that no one can obligate the Government to make payments for which money has not already been authorized . The ADA also prohibits the Government from receiving gratuitous services without explicit statutory authority . In particular , an ADA violation occurs when a Federal agency uses appropriated funds for a different purpose than is specified in the appropriations act which provided the funds to the agency . The ADA is directly connected to several other fiscal laws , namely the Purpose Act and the Bona Fide Needs Rule . Money appropriated for one purpose can not be used for a different purpose , according to the Purpose Act ( 31 U.S.C. § 1301 ) . The annual DoD appropriations acts include approximately 100 different appropriations ( known as `` colors of money '' ) , and by this rule operations and maintenance ( O&M ) funds may not be used to buy weapons . Even an expenditure within the apparent scope of one appropriation may not be permissible if there is a more specific appropriation or the agency has made a previous funds election contrary to the proposed use of funds . For example , O&M fund can be used for purchasing repair parts , but if the parts are required to effect a major service life extension that is no longer repair but replacement -- procurement funds must be used if the total cost is more than $250,000 ( otherwise known as the Other Procurement threshold , for example , Other Procurement Army ( OPA ) threshold ) or another procurement appropriation is available such as the armored vehicle or weapons appropriation . An Anti-Deficiency Act violation can also occur when a contract uses funds in a period that falls outside of the time period the funds are authorized for use under what is known as the Bona Fide Needs rule ( 31 USC 1502 ) , which provides : `` The balance of a fixed - term appropriation is available only for payment of expenses properly incurred during the period of availability or to complete contracts properly made within that period . '' The Bona Fide Need Rule is a fundamental principle of appropriations law addressing the availability as to time of an agency 's appropriation. 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 79 ( 1994 ) ; 64 Comp. Gen. 410 , 414 - 15 ( 1985 ) . The rule establishes that an appropriation is available for obligation only to fulfill a genuine or bona fide need of the period of availability for which it was made . 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 79 ( 1994 ) . It applies to all Federal Government activities carried out with appropriated funds , including contract , grant , and cooperative agreement transactions . 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 78 - 79 ( 1994 ) . An agency 's compliance with the bona fide need rule is measured at the time the agency incurs an obligation , and depends on the purpose of the transaction and the nature of the obligation being entered into . 61 Comp. Gen. 184 , 186 ( 1981 ) ( bona fide need determination depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case ) . In the grant context , the obligation occurs at the time of award . 31 Comp. Gen. 608 ( 1952 ) . See also 31 U.S.C. Sec. 1501 ( a ) ( 5 ) ( B ) . Simply put , this rule states that the Executive Branch may only use current funds for current needs -- they can not buy items which benefit future year appropriation periods ( i.e. , 1 October through 30 September ) without a specific exemption . The net result of this rule is funds expire after the end date for which Congress has specified their availability . For example , a single year fund expires on 1 October of the year following their appropriation ( i.e. , FY07 appropriations . ( for example , 1 October 2006 through 30 September 2007 ) expire on 1 October 2007 ) . For example , operations and maintenance funds generally can not be used to purchase supplies after 30 September of the year they are appropriated within with several exceptions -- 1 ) the severable services exemption under 10 USC 2410 and Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) Circular A-34 , Instructions on Budget Execution , 2 ) Authorized stockage level exceptions and 3 ) long lead time exception . ( see https://www.safaq.hq.af.mil/contracting/affars/fiscal-law/bona-fide-need.doc ) The Government Accounting Office Principles of Federal Appropriations Law ( otherwise known as the GAO Redbook at http://www.gao.gov/legal.htm ) has a detailed discussion of these fiscal law rules which directly impact on the ability of a Federal agency to contract with the private sector . Federal acquisition Regulation ( edit ) Main article : Federal Acquisition Regulation The procurement process is subject to legislation and regulation separate from the authorization and appropriation process . These regulations are included in the Code of Federal Regulations ( `` CFR '' ) , the omnibus listing of Government regulations , as Title 48 . Chapter 1 of Title 48 is commonly called the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( `` FAR '' ) . The remaining chapters of Title 48 are supplements to the FAR for specific agencies . The process for promulgating regulations including the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ) includes publication of proposed rules in the Federal Register and receipt of comments from the public before issuing the regulation . Courts treat the FAR as having the `` force and effect of law '' , and Contracting Officers do not have the authority to deviate from it . Supplements to the FAR have been issued following the same process , and have the same force and effect . The FAR and its supplements permit a substantial variation from the purchases of paperclips to battleships . The Contracting Officer and the contractor must seek to achieve their sometimes conflicting goals while following the requirements of the regulations . As with any complex document ( in book form , Title 48 of the CFR requires several shelves ) , the FAR and its supplements can be interpreted differently by different people . Deviations ( edit ) FAR Subpart 1.4 , Deviations from the FAR , provides the steps needed to document deviations from the mandatory FAR or agency FAR supplement . Deviation documentation is needed if there is a precise FAR clause or provision for the issue . FAR 12.401 allows Commercial Items contracts to be tailored to a great extent , therefore deviating in many particulars from the mandatory clause language . See also FAR 12.211 , Technical Data ; FAR 12.212 , Computer Software ; FAR 12.213 , Other Commercial Practices for additional authority to deviate or `` tailor '' FAR clauses and provisions in the context of commercial items / services . Ratifications ( edit ) A ratification is the proper authorization by a contracting officer of an earlier procurement by a Government employee who was not authorized to do it . A ratification package has a legal memo that says an unauthorized commitment was made , that the commitment could properly have been done by contracting officers , and that funds were and are available for it . Other regulations and agency rules apply too , such as those from the Army discussed below . Ratifications are governed by FAR 1.602 - 3 ( Ratification of Unauthorized Commitment ) which defines a ratification as the act of approving an unauthorized commitment by an official who has the authority to do so . Unauthorized commitment means an agreement that is not binding solely because the Government representative who made it lacked the authority to enter into that agreement on behalf of the Government . A ratifying official may ratify only when : ( 1 ) The Government has received the goods or services ; ( 2 ) The ratifying official has authority to obligate the United States , and had that authority at the time of the unauthorized commitment ; ( 3 ) The resulting contract would otherwise be proper , i.e. , adequate funds are available , the contract is not prohibited by law , the ratification is in accordance with agency procedures , etc. ; ( 4 ) The contracting officer determines that the price paid was fair and reasonable and recommends payment , and legal counsel concurs . There are dollar limits to the authority to ratify unauthorized commitments . A Chief of Contracting Office can approve up to $10,000 . A Principal Assistant Responsible for Contracting can approve up to $100,000 . A Head of Contracting Authority can approve higher amounts . Ratifications in the U.S. Army call for a signed statement describing the unauthorized commitment , the value of the procurement , and other documentation . Then a contracting officer is to study the case and recommend action . If the procurement is not ratified , the matter may be handled under FAR Part 50 and DFARS Part 250 ( Public Law 85 - 804 ) as a GAO claim or some other way . Contractor damage ( edit ) FAR Part 45 provides rules on the Contractor 's obligations and the Government 's remedies in these cases . Specific clauses should be in the contract to deal with Government Furnished Equipment ( GFE ) situations and bring your own device ( BYOD ) situations . Commercial items ( edit ) The authority under FAR Part 12 , Commercial Items ( and services ) , must be used thoughtfully and carefully . It is very tempting for a contracting officer to use FAR Part 12 and hence FAR Part 13 in situations where such use is clearly not appropriate in view of the basic reasons commercial item acquisition authority was created by Congress . FAR 2.101 provides that `` a commercial item means -- ( 6 ) services of a type offered and sold competitively in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace based on established catalog or market prices for specific tasks performed or specific outcomes to be achieved and under standard commercial terms and conditions . This does not include services that are sold based on hourly rates without an established catalog or market price for a specific service performed or specific outcomes to be achieved . For purposes of these services -- ( i ) catalog price means a price included in a catalog , price list , schedule or other form that is regularly maintained by the manufacturer or vendor , is either published or otherwise available for inspection by customers and states prices at which sales are currently , or were last , made to a significant number of buyers constituting the general public ; and ( ii ) Market prices means current prices that are established in the course of ordinary trade between buyers and sellers free to bargain and that can be substantiated through competition or from sources independent of the offerors . '' Note the emphasis in the FAR 2.101 definition for commercial items on established market prices . The reason why simplified acquisition is permitted for items above the $100,000 simplified acquisition procedure threshold for commercial items is there is an efficient market pricing mechanism which pressures market participants to provide goods and services at a fair and reasonable price which represents very efficient / non-wasteful pricing mechanisms . Generally , the more efficient and well developed markets have a large number of participating vendors and information is freely available to consumers in that market on the relative merits of each vendor 's products and pricing which permits easy comparison of each vendor 's products to each other . FAR Part 12 commercial items acquisition authority was intended to take advantage of the WalMart 's ( R ) and Microsoft 's ( R ) of the world where there is no need to go through the extensive , formalistic and resource / time consuming process of a fully negotiated procurement , which requires vendors provide cost and pricing information , to verify a fair and reasonable price . In other words , FAR Part 12 was intended to increase the number of competitors available to the US Government by jettisoning all of the unique requirements , including cost accounting systems , which are forced upon Federal contractors by acquisition processes such as FAR Parts 14 , 15 , 36 etc. ; instead , the Federal Government could act more like a normal buyer in a fully functioning commercial market where the Government was but one of a large number of consumers seeking the same or highly similar products or services . However , FAR Part 12 was never intended to apply where the US Government was the only or one of a very few buyers for an item or service not in demand by the commercial market place . What happens when there are very few market participants and the goods or services are not widely available to the public ? Lets take surveillance systems in a military overseas contingency environment as an example . Battlefield full motion video is not something that is found in the commercial sector -- Wal - Marts do n't sell this ; moreover , frequently there are special restrictions which impact on commercial firms ability to engage in work of this nature . For example , special FAA Administrator permission is required before a US certificated aircraft or pilot can fly in Iraq under Special Federal Aviation Regulation ( SFAR ) 77 ; if there are very few , or only one , vendor who can participate in this requirement , there are no vendors out there for meanginful competition which is the bedrock assumption of FAR Parts 12 and 13 . In view of the above , the airborne recon contract is NOT a commercial service -- therefore use of FAR Part 12 commercial items contracting processes is wholly inappropriate and not permissible under the applicable laws governing Federal acquisition . Taking another example , what happens when significant research and development is needed to adapt a commercial items for Government use ? Should FAR Parts 12 and 13 be used here ? Absolutely not . There are no market pricing mechanisms for the non-standard variant -- the Government is the only buyer of this particular variant of the commercially available item . What about situations where Government demand overwhelms the commercial markets supply ? In this case , the Government is actually competing against itself because it has swallowed the market whole and usually has multiple requiring activities competing against each other for the same goods and services . This is exemplified in cases where numerous contracting offices demand the same goods and services unknowingly are driving prices up against each other . Frequently in these case , contracting commands accept take - it or leave - it prices from relatively few vendors ( compared to demand ) who know that these contracting offices are not coordinating amongst each other or establishing commodity control councils to ration demand against the civilian sources of supply . As the US Federal Reserve will attest to , inflation is one of the most damaging elements in an economic system to investment , capital markets and economic activity . In this case , the effect of driving massive cost inflation directly impacts civilians and non-Government consumers who are also competing for the same goods and services against the US Government acquisition commands ; ultimately the deep pockets of the Government win out against the lesser buying power of the non-governmental market participants . In such cases , as the US Government did during World War II , commodity control councils must be established to identify all available sources of supply and ration supply to the various consumers , including US Government consumers , sometimes with price controls ( although this is very dangerous because it frequently leads to black markets run by criminals ) . One solution in this case is to identify markets unaffected by the Government demand and seek to acquire goods and services through that other market . When the situation of overwhelming government demand occurs in a faltering or damaged economy , Government demand that is in excess of what the local vendors can supply to both Government and non-Government consumers should be met by vendors who operate out of the market in question , including through the GSA Schedule system if the damaged market is outside of the United States . Resources and expertise are in the Federal Government that are designed to assist in cases where Federal demand overwhelms civilian supply , one example being the Industrial College of the Armed Forces ( ICAF ) . The ICAF 's charter is to maintain the ability to nationalize an economy to achieve strategic objectives or a wartime mobilization , thus is a good resource expertise in this particular area . Use of FAR Parts 12 and 13 without rationing of demand through a single commodity control council or finding other solutions is likely to create more problems than it solves . Non-commercial contracting methodology and clauses should be used for any acquisition where Government demand overwhelms civilian supply . It is highly unlikely there will be any cost controls or a fair and reasonable price obtained for non-commercial services or goods obtained using FAR Parts 12 and FAR 13 under these circumstances . Service contracts ( edit ) Special rules apply to service contracts . They must be performance - based to the extent practicable , with measurable outcomes . FAR 37.102 and FAR Part 37.6 describe performance - based methods . FAR 37.601 has specific requirements for performance work statements ( PWS ) for service contracts requiring performance - based standards . Agency supplements also require performance - based acquisitions . ( See , e.g. , DFARS 237.170 Approval of contracts and task orders for services ; DFARS 237.170 - 2 Approval requirements . ) Performance Based Service Acquisition ( PBSA ) is a process and way of defining requirements that yields well written work statements that are outcome oriented and measurable thus enforceable . Deming / Six Sigma style quality assessments and process analysis can help define performance work statements . A Performance Work Statement ( PWS ) has : An outcome - based definition of the service deliverable Performance standards that are measurable A plan for measuring and evaluating performance A matrix of related services i.e. , generator maintenance , that has subsets of services underneath them The DOD PBSA guide has a `` performance requirements summary '' matrix which can serve as an outline for work statement provisions . Army Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ) Supplement ( AFARS ) has an outline for performance - based service contracts . Additional Resources for PBSA : Office of Management and Budget , Office of Federal Procurement Policy , Performance Based Service Acquisition Army Material Command PBSA site NASA Defense Acquisition University -- Performance - based services acquisition links and templates The Guidebook for Performance - Based Services Acquisition ( PBSA ) in the Department of Defense December 2000 is an outstanding resource with many examples and ideas Army Material Command ( AMC ) Pamphlet 715 - 17 , Guide for Preparation and Use of Performance Based Specifications Interactive Internet presentation on performance - based services acquisition Air Force Instruction 63 - 124 , Performance - Based Services Acquisition The Office of Federal Procurement Policy ( OFPP ) has a Draft Best Practices Guide on Contractor Performance Personal services contracts ( edit ) Contractors are NOT employees -- no remedies under personnel law and no remedies under contract law if vague / badly written work statements used Inherent governmental restrictions ( See OMB Circular A-76 ) and FAR Part 37 FAR Subpart 9.5 Organizational Conflicts of Interest Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest ( OCIE ) problems `` Nonpersonal services contract '' means a contract under which the personnel rendering the services are not subject , either by the contract 's terms or by the manner of its administration , to the supervision and control usually prevailing in relationships between the Government and its employees . `` Personal services contract '' means a contract that , by its express terms or as administered , makes the contractor personnel appear , in effect , Government employees ( see FAR 37.104 ) . Advisory and assistance services ( A&AS ) are permissible ( See FAR Subpart 37.2 ) Personal services are NOT permissible ( See FAR 37.104 and Classification Act ) without specific authority to obtain such services ( meaning , statutory authority ) Permissible to acquire expert and consultant services ( 5 USC 3109 or 10 USC 129b -- expert services ) or 10 USC 1091 -- health services ) , as well as health services , intelligence , counter intelligence or special operations command operations requirements under DFARS 237.104 , Personal Services Contracts and 10 USC 129b -- Contracting must do a determination and finding ( D&F ) ( per FAR Subpart 1.7 and DFARS Subpart 237.104 ) for this DFARS 237.170 - 2 forbids non-performance - based contracts unless exception done under DFARS 237.170 - 2 If an agency is hiring experts , read over 5 USC 3109 , Employment of Experts and Consultants , Temporary or Intermittent to see if it applies to FAR 37.104 ( f ) . Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) has established requirements that apply in acquiring personal services for experts or consultants in this manner ( for example , benefits , taxes , conflicts of interest ) , `` therefore , the contracting officer shall effect necessary coordination with the cognizant civilian personnel office . '' Note that personal service contracts are potentially subject to salary caps See also 10 USC 2331 Procurement of services : contracts for professional and technical services and AFARS 5137.104 -- Personal Services Contracts . See also agency regulations on specific prohibitions on use of service contractors for inherently governmental activities under OMB Circular A-76 , for example , Army Regulation ( AR ) 735 - 5 , para 2 - 11 sets out those property accountability tasks which can and can not be performed by contractors . ( Basically , contractors may not exercise any discretionary authority . ) Examples of prohibited personal services : Clerical / administrative / secretarial support to Government personnel Technical / Managerial performance of same or similar jobs performed by Government personnel Any contractor personnel working in a Government facility and supervised / directed by Government Health Care ( edit ) Special acquisitions rules and laws govern acquisition of health or medical related services . For example , DoD Instruction ( DoDI ) 6025.5 , Personal Services Contracts ( PSCS ) for Health Care Providers ( HCPS ) has extensive requirements that must be addressed in any DoD health care contract . DoD 6025.18 - R , DoD Health Information Privacy Regulation also has substantial mandates concerning medical records as well as HIPAA compliance . See http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/html/602518r.htm Military service regulations also deal with this issue extensively : for example , See AR 40 - 400 Medical Support Provisions -- Authority Intellectual property ( IP ) / data rights / technical data rights ( edit ) From the Government perspective , the most critical aspect of IP , data , technical data and patent rights revolve around freedom to operate and freedom of contract , namely freedom to have maximum competition . From the perspective of a contractor , the most critical aspect of this area is protection of competitive advantage from disclosure to its competitors . In other words , the contractor / commercial vendor wants to retain its ability to have a product to sell -- inherent in this desire is a need to prevent the Government from disclosing important technical data , e.g. , engineering designs , schematics , specifications , to its competitors when the Government conducts a follow - on acquisition and attempts to seek competition to meet legal and policy mandates in the Competition in Contracting Act ( CICA ) and Armed Services Procurement Act . IP , data rights and technical data rights is a highly specialized practice area in Federal acquisitions . Careful examination of FAR Part 27 and applicable agency FAR supplements ( for example , DFARS 227 ) must be performed and consultation with a wide variety of Federal statutes accomplished before attempting to deal with IP / data / technical data . A number of variables drive allocation and use of IP / data / technical data including whether or not the subject of the contract is for research and development ( R&D ) , small business / non-profit or non-small business / for - profit , source of funds used to create the IP in question ( exclusively private , exclusively Government or mixed funds ) , acquisition of commercial or non-commercial items / services and whether software or non-software is being acquired . Additional clauses must be added to the acquisition for patent / data / technical data and specific CLINs must be added for data / technical data deliverables per the FAR / DFAR . Various agency regulations separately deal with technical data acquisition as well and must be consulted . There is a difference between FAR and agency supplements . For example , the FAR focuses on `` data '' while the DFAR provisions focus on the narrower subset of `` technical data '' . For technical data , DFARS 227.7102 - 3 ( b ) states `` Use the clause at 252.227 - 7013 , Rights in Technical Data -- Noncommercial Items , in lieu of the clause at 252.227 - 7015 if the Government will pay any portion of the development costs ... '' Thus , the Government would n't be using that clause if it was not paying some portion of development costs -- the question is whether or not this particular item 's development costs were in fact paid for by the Government . It is prudent to make this determination up front in the CLIN structure of a contract for technical data deliverables . There are different categories of technical data which are addressed in different sections of the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ) Supplement ( DFARS ) . These main categories are technical data ( defined not to include specific categories as called out in this list ) , software , and SBIR technical data . Technical data and software each are subdivided into two additional sub categories : commercial and non-commercial . Separate treatment and clauses are provided for each sub-category . Generally , there are specific issues which must be addressed in any technical data rights or software acquisition , which include : - Required contract clauses and provisions ( driven by the below categories ) ( commercial versus non-commercial ; software vs non-software ; SIBR versus non-SBIR ; technical and scientific information versus non-technical and non-scientific information ; and special cases discussed in DFARS 227 ) - Disclosure of technical data use restrictions as a part of the offer / proposal ( for example , DFARS 252.227. 7017 clause ) - Markings provisions ( includes basic markings clause plus challenge clause ) - Required contract line item numbers ( CLIN ) structure ( broken out for each category / type which are segregable -- must be specifically expanded upon in the work statement / contract specifications ; each CLIN must be separately priced ; this is NOT THE CDRLS ! ! ! ! -- CDRLS are separate ! ) It is absolutely critical that both contracting and the requiring activity both understand the categories and subcategories of technical data as well as data . A basic understanding of the patent rights clauses are also necessary . Both technical data ( and / or data ) AND the patent rights clauses must be included as they are completely separate from each other . Accordingly , it is important to understand your requirement and whether or not the acquisition or the deliverables fit into these categories because it drives acquisition planning and required clauses and provisions that must be inserted into the solicitation . It is normal for MULTIPLE contract clauses and provisions to be inserted into the contract solicitation for the acquisition of a SINGLE CATEGORY of technical data ( for example , DFARS 7013 , Non-Commercial Technical Data , and 7017 clauses ) . However , it is important to note that if multiple categories of technical data ( or even FAR data ) is to be acquired , multiple categories of technical data clauses must be inserted and each contract line item number ( CLIN ) must be specifically drafted to cover each separate CATEGORY of technical data ( e.g. , commercial AND separately non-commercial software ) Technical data for DoD contracts is defined at the DFARS 252.227. 7013 clause , paragraph a , subparagraph ( 14 ) : `` `` Technical data '' means recorded information , regardless of the form or method of the recording , of a scientific or technical nature ( including computer software documentation ) . The term does not include computer software or data incidental to contract administration , such as financial and / or management information . '' There are separate clauses for software ( commercial and non-commercial ) . The two standards technical data rights clauses in the FAR are the DFARS 252.227. 7013 ( non-commercial technical data ) and the 252.227. 7015 ( commercial technical data ) -- neither of which covers software or software documentation . Non-commercial software and its documentation are covered by the DFARS 252.227. 7014 clause . Commercial software acquisitions are dealt with only briefly at DFARS 227.7202 which essentially says that the Government shall get the rights customarily obtained by customers in the relevant software market , the Government shall obtain the minimum rights necessary for the Government 's purposes , and that the Government can not force the commercial vendor to give up rights . The Government can not issue a unilateral modification forcing delivery of rights in computer software ; mutual consent is mandated by law and DFARS provisions for commercial software acquisitions . The contract clause that is normally in a commercial software contract acquisition is the FAR 52.212 - 4 , Commercial Items , clause . This clause mirrors the above intent which states that the Government will have rights provided to the normal consumer in that particular market , which in reality are defined by a separate software license . Licenses for software routinely have provisions which are illegal in Government contracts . In particular , see FAR 12.304 for the provisions of the 52.212 - 4 clause which may be tailored and which ones that may not as well as some provisions that may NEVER be in a Government contract except under very specific circumstances ( for example , indemnification agreements , provisions which require the Government to give up control of litigation ( usually for patent infringement lawsuits against the Government / licensee , invoicing , and remedies ) . Separately , examine the 52.212 - 4 clause as well as the software license and determine if they have provisions which either overlap or contradict each other . If so , then the two will have to be reconciled -- essentially , the license will have to be rewritten to address any conflict with a provision which tells which one will control -- either the license or the 52.212 - 4 clause . The broader category of know - how , etc. is covered by the `` data '' provisions of the FAR . Note that DFARS part 227 scope provision requires that DOD use the DFARS 227 provisions rather than the FAR 27 provisions . However , it is important to remember that the FAR data provisions include both `` data '' and `` technical data '' . Therefore , in cases where the Government is acquiring rights to know - how , copyrighted information , etc. , which is not `` scientific or technical data '' for example , socio - economic information for information operations or psychological operations contracts , DO NOT USE THE DFARS CLAUSES OR PROVISIONS -- USE FAR 27 REGARDLESS OF WHAT DFARS 227 SAYS . The scope section is inartfully drafted because a literal reading would compel use of clauses which are specifically limited to scientific and technical information -- you have to use the much broader FAR clauses to go after `` data '' which is not scientific or technical information . DFARS 227.7103 - 1 , Policy , para ( c ) says that `` Offerors shall not be required ... to sell or otherwise relinquish to the Government any rights in technical data related to items , components or processes developed at private expense solely because the Government 's rights to use , modify , release , reproduce , perform , display , or disclose technical data pertaining to those items may be restricted . '' HOWEVER , the Government may include a source selection criteria which rates offers more favorably or higher which provide desired technical data rights . A detailed discussion of intellectual property in Government contracts can be found in a variety of sources , including Intellectual Property in Government Contracts by Ralph C. Nash , Jr. and Leonard Rawicz published by CCH / Wolters Kluwer , as well as Licensing Software and Technology to the U.S. Government : the Complete Guide to Rights to Intellectual Property in Prime Contracts and Subcontracts . However , note that neither of these books provide a nuts and bolts explanation on how to deal with commercial computer software licenses as discussed above . These books provide a high level discussion of the law and regulations , history and policy involved , which is useful . Categories of Technical Data Rights : DFARS 227.7103 - 4 License rights ( Non-commercial items ) provides the standard license rights that a licensor grants to the Government are ( 1 ) unlimited rights , ( 2 ) Government purpose rights , or ( 3 ) limited rights . Those rights are defined in the clause at 252.227 - 7013 , Rights in Technical Data -- Noncommercial Items . Technical information developed exclusively with Government funds may be used by the Government without restriction including going to another contractor to produce the item in question . A second technical data rights scenario occurs when items / technical data is acquired using mixed funding -- the Government gets Government purpose rights which allow the Government to go with another vendor provided a non disclosure agreement is signed with that other vendor and any tech data / drawings produced under that other contract are marked in accordance with the DFARS 252.227. 7013 clause . If the technical data was developed exclusively at private expense , the Government has limited rights . That means the rights to use , modify , and disclose the data within the Government . But it generally may not , without permission , release the data outside of the Government . DFARS 252.227 - 7013 . Contractors in the Government Workplace -- OMB Circular A-76 Public -- Private Competitions , Inherently Governmental Work ( not permitted to be performed by a contractor ) and Federal Trade Secret Act ( FTSA ) Impacts on Use of Contractors : In other areas , problems frequently arise when Federal activities hire support contractors to assist them with executing their mission . These contracts frequently come into at least potential conflict with rules governing permissible use of contractors , such as rules against use of contractors for inherently governmental functions ( See OMB Circular A-76 ) and rules against personal services ( see above ) . One of the most serious problems can occur when a contractor is put into a position where they can see private party trade secrets , proprietary information or other contractor 's proprietary information . The Federal Trade Secret Act ( 18 USC 1905 ) imposes criminal , civil and administrative sanctions on Federal employees who with knowledge allow proprietary , confidential or trade secret information to be used for an unauthorized purpose , including permitting other Federal contractors to view the proprietary information in question . Given the overwhelming reliance on support contractors , it is now necessary to address this question of authorized use under the Federal Trade Secret Act . A simple solution is to include in the CLIN structure a statement , such as for example , `` the Government may provide proprietary information received under this contract to support contractors provided no organizational conflict of interest occurs under FAR Subpart 9.5 , the support contractor is not directly competing on the acquisition in question which originated the proprietary information in question and a non-disclosure agreement with each contractor recipient is accomplished requiring the contractor ensure such proprietary information is not disclosed outside of the Government activity handling the proprietary information . '' In this way , the contract that is the entry point for such proprietary information being handled by US Government support contractors includes an explicit authorization which avoids violation of the Federal Trade Secret Act provisions relating to authorized versus unauthorized use . The DFARS includes a non-disclosure agreement at DFARS 227.7103 - 7 , para c , which can be used in this case . Markings : Markings are critically important technical / proprietary data to manage in a Government contract . See : DFARS 252.227 - 7025 ( Limitations on the Use or Disclosure of Government - Furnished Information Marked with Restrictive Legends ) , FAR 27.404 ( h ) -- Unauthorized marking of data -- discusses the marking provisions of FAR clause 52.227 - 14 DFARS 252.227 - 7017 , Identification and Assertion of Use , Release or Disclosure Restrictions ( Great clause to include for marking requirements , along with 52.227 - 14 clause ) Markings also covered in DFARS clause 252.227 - 7013 , Rights in Technical Data -- Noncommercial Items , para ( f ) FAR 27.404 ( i ) Omitted or incorrect notices -- states that data delivered under a contract with FAR clause 52.227 - 14 without restricted markings / legends will be presumed to have been delivered with unlimited rights and the Gov assumes no liability for disclosure of such data . Contracts which include technical data should include a markings section to ensure a contractor properly marks proprietary information and the Government protects it accordingly . Patent rights are determined and dealt with separately from technical data and data rights . By default the Government owns ( `` receives title to '' ) any invention first created , prototyped , or put into practice in the performance of a Government contract . ( The patent law term is `` reduced to practice '' . ) Thus if an inventor designed something , convinced the Government to buy it , then created it for the first time in the performance of the contract , the Government takes title of it . The patent rights clause can specify that the contractor gets title or a license to the invention if the contractor follows some procedures within a specified time span and commercializes the invention or at least provides a commercialization plan . Brand names ( edit ) FAR 11.104 , Use of Brand Name or Equal Purchase Descriptions discusses acceptable uses of brand names in solicitations and how to do this . FAR 11.105 Items Peculiar to One Manufacturer states `` agency requirements shall not be written so as to require a particular brand name or product or a feature of a product , peculiar to one manufacturer , thereby precluding consideration of a product manufactured by another company , unless : ( a ) the particular name brand , product or feature is essential to the Government 's requirements and market research indicates other companies similar products or products lacking the particular feature do not meet , or can not be modified to meet , the agency 's needs . ( b ) the authority to contract without providing for full and open competition is supported by the required justification and approvals ( See 6.302 - 1 ) ; and ( c ) the basis for not providing maximum practical competition is documented in the file when acquisition is awarded using simplified acquisition procedures . '' Clauses for Government contracts ( edit ) Government contracts have mandatory clauses that must be included in a contract document . The FAR and DFARS have prescribing sections in them and the FAR has a table which can be used to determine required , as applicable or optional clauses by subject matter FAR 52.301 clause matrix -- right clauses for the category , e.g. , supplies , services , construction or commercial items and Options ? IDIQ ? Contract TYPE ( see FAR Part 16 ) ( i.e. , fixed price ( FP ) , FP with economic price adjustment , cost - reimbursement , incentive , time and materials , IDIQ , letter contracts , agreements under FAR Subpart 16.7 , etc . ) . Note in FAR 52.301 that a clause must be in both the contract and the solicitation but provisions are only in solicitations . Contracting activities are at unequal stages of transitioning to automated contract generation tools which have a menu driven system which generates the contract with appropriate clauses . However , frequently contracting officers do not have sufficient knowledge that some optional or required clause is applicable in a particular case -- especially for intellectual property or other specialized acquisitions . With the transition to the automated systems , many contracting officers do not possess the knowledge to prepare a manual contract without the automated tool . Also , the automated systems frequently do not allow inclusion of various non standard work statement , instructions or clauses due to limitations on input options . Notes REGARDING FASA ( edit ) Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 ( FASA ) Pub . L. No. 103 - 355 , 108 Stat. 3243 10 U.S.C. § 2323 has language similar to FASA for the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , NASA and the Coast Guard . In this legislation , Congress extended the affirmative action authority granted DoD by 10 U.S.C. § 2323 to all agencies of the Federal Government . See 15 U.S.C. § 644 note . Regulations to implement that authority were delayed because of the decision in Adarand Constructors v. Peña , 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) . See 60 Fed . Reg . 48,258 ( September 18 , 1995 ) . See 61 Fed . Reg . 26,042 ( May 23 , 1996 ) ( proposed reforms to affirmative action in Federal procurement ) for the basis for the regulations to implement this provision of FASA . See 62 Fed . Reg . 25,648 ( May 9 , 1997 ) for Government response to comments on the proposal , and 62 Fed . Reg . 25,786 ( May 9 , 1997 ) ( proposed rules ) , 63 Fed . Reg . 35,719 ( June 30 , 1998 ) ( interim rules ) , and 63 Fed . Reg . 36,120 ( July 1 , 1998 ) ( interim rules ) , Federal Acquisition Regulation , Reform of Affirmative Action in Federal Procurement addressing the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , NASA , and DoD . Acquisition process ( edit ) Generally , Federal acquisitions begin with identification of a requirement by a specific Federal activity . A basic idea of what is needed and the problem statement is prepared and the requiring activity meets with an acquisition command having a Contracting Officer with an appropriate warrant issued by a specific acquisition activity . Contracting Officers have different contracting thresholds and capabilities . Each one has a specific warrant that states the conditions under which they are permitted to engage in Federal contracting . Depending on the contracting activity , some contracting officers may have no experience whatever with the product , service or requirements in question or knowledge of any of the potential vendor base , creating a weakness in the Government procurement process . Preparing a proposal ( edit ) Frequently , contractor proposals in response to a Request for Proposals ( RFP ) include an exact copy of the RFP 's statement of work . An offeror 's response usually indicates their approach to performing the statement of work , their approach to managing the program or project , and examples of past performance on projects similar in size , scope , and complexity . Evaluator scoring penalizes proposals that contain `` fluff '' or generic information that does not directly pertain to the specifics of the solicitation -- the Government 's need , source selection factors and work statement or performance specification . Charts and other infographics can help a proposal . Examples would be : a six - line chart of the most compelling credentials of contractor 's key personnel , or including a picture of a uniformed security guard on the pages describing contractor 's uniforms . Professional proposal writers often have graphic design experience . A proposal can be too long , causing the Government 's source selection authority to skim over it . The Government source selection team may not wish to spend much time on the acquisition source selection . Also , it is possible for vendors to put too much information into proposals which do not go to the heart of the acquisition , particularly information not related to the source selection criteria as well as the work statement . For simple acquisitions , Government source selection authorities have responded favorably to proposals which emphasize experience with the specific requirement that the Government is seeking to source and information on how a product or service will meet the needs of the Government as stated in the source selection factors and the work statement . Contractors must also be aware of whether or not price is more important than non-price factors . Where price is more important than non-price factors , then the lowest bidder who is technically acceptable in view of the source selection factors and work statement requirements will be selected . Where the solicitation indicates that the requirement is a best value acquisition , then a contractor must draft their proposal to emphasize how their proposed technical solution will meet each and every requirement and source selection factor . For more complex acquisitions , source selection authorities will be interested in how the contractor will produce service or non-service deliverables . Thus , staffing plans , methodology to produce , past experience , ISO certifications , and other information which shows that risks to the Government acquisition have been identified and mitigated should be rated higher than other proposals which do not show such information . However , it is important that the proposal first and foremost address the solicitation 's work statement or technical specifications and source selection factors . Contractors must also be aware of the contract clauses in the contract to include requirements for specific standards which do not directly relate to the deliverables in question to include small business or minority set - aside requirements , Davis - Bacon ( essentially local union labor rates must be used ) , specific accounting standards , specific certifications , etc . Planning ( edit ) The requiring activity and Contracting Officer , ideally , will commence acquisition planning as a first step to a Federal acquisition . Acquisition planning is described in FAR Part 7 , Acquisition Planning , and any agency supplement to the FAR , for example , Defense FAR Supplement ( DFARS ) 207 , Acquisition Planning . Components to an agency , such as the US Army , as well as the individual contracting command in question frequently also have an acquisition instruction which includes additional instructions on acquisition planning . For example , the US Army must follow AFARS Part 7 , Acquisition Planning . Acquisition planning is frequently dependent on the circumstances . For example , during World War II , quantity was the key . As in the Civil War , the U.S. achieved victory due in large part to the American industrial base . A war of attrition requires massive quantities of material , but not necessarily of great quality . During the Cold War , quality was key . The United States may not have had as many pieces of equipment as their opposition , but that equipment could be more effective , efficient , or lethal , and offset the opposition 's numerical advantage . Today , the military needs equipment that works where it is needed , is dependable , has a high degree of maintainability , has long - term reliability , is agile , versatile , and avoids equipment choices that result in political debate and partisan politics . As part of the acquisition planning process , the Government must address its buying power leverage . Many Government acquisition commands write acquisitions solely based on haphazard acquisition strategies that are primarily directed toward avoiding bid protests . Thus , it is necessary to emphasize competition and understand the acquisition from the view point of the contractor ; Government acquisition commands should ask what is to be achieved and whether or not the program is really in the best interest of the Government . Many Federal acquisitions are rushed due to poor time management . In these cases , the tendency is to issue a sole - source contract to known vendors even though FAR Part 6 specifically forbids sole - source contracting when it is due to lack of advanced planning . There is also a high cost premium that is added to the cost of an acquisition when a buyer wants a supplier / vendor to rush to execute a contract or push their contract to the head of all other work the contractor / vendor is executing . It is often said that `` if you want it bad , you get it bad . '' Accordingly , bad acquisition planning generally produces poor and unjustifiable acquisition outcomes . Thus , it is critical to understand the time resources that are required to properly plan and execute a Federal acquisition . Generally , a Government acquisition for moderate to complex requirements requires at least 120 days . A variety of factors can affect the contracting process and the contract clauses that are used in a Federal acquisition , including : Cost : A number of cost thresholds exist that trigger increasing degrees of complexity in the acquisition process . These thresholds include the micro-purchase threshold , the simplified acquisition threshold , and the commercial items threshold . The micro-purchase threshold , as of August 2007 , is generally $3,000 , with some exception . No competition or publication requirements are mandated for micro-purchases ; generally , the Government Commercial Purchase Card ( GCPC ) can be used for these purchases under FAR Part 13 . From $3,000 to $100,000 , agencies may make use of simplified acquisition procedures under FAR Part 13 . Blanket purchase agreements , basic ordering agreements , or other contracts may be awarded under simplified procedures , which allow supplies or services to be ordered at a predetermined fair and reasonable price . The simplified acquisition threshold can be increased in situations specified in FAR Part 13 , including overseas contingency operations ( for example , military operations ) and during nuclear / biological / radiological disasters up to the limits described in FAR Part 2 , Definitions . FAR Part 13 simplified acquisition procedures can be used up to $5,000,000 ( $11 M under specified exceptions ) under a test program in which Congress continues to reauthorize for acquisition of commercial items under FAR Subpart 13.5 , Test Program for Certain Commercial Items . Items must qualify as a commercial item under the definition of FAR Part 2 and be supported by market research as specified in FAR Part 10 . Type of acquisition ( FAR Part 16 , Types of Contracts ) : There are two main types of contracts -- fixed price and cost reimbursement . In deciding which type to use , a Contracting Officer 's identification of risk is key . A very well known requirement , such as for commercial off - the - shelf ( COTS ) items ( in which no R&D would be needed and there are no high risk aspects ) would be best acquired using a fixed - price contract , in which a price is fixed and includes the contractor 's profit ; all risk of cost overrun is transferred to the contractor . A higher risk , more unknown requirement is more suited for cost reimbursement type contracts , in which the contractor is reimbursed for all costs , and is paid a fee above that amount . In this arrangement , cost overrun risk is placed mainly upon the Government . Buying patterns : If an agency has a continuing need for a requirement over a period of time , a vehicle that permits multiple orders may be advantageous . For example , a blanket purchasing agreement ( BPA ) or a basic ordering agreement ( BOA ) as described in FAR Part 13 may be used , which allow for repeated purchases at predetermined fair and reasonable prices . Above the simplified acquisition threshold , an indefinite - delivery , indefinite - quantity ( IDIQ ) contract may be executed , as described in FAR Part 16.5 . Availability of existing contract vehicles : Agencies may use existing BPAs or BOAs , provided that the use is within the general scope of the contract . For example , an agency can make use of Federal Supply Schedules as described in FAR Subpart 8.4 . Schedules offered by the General Services Administration ( GSA ) provide a number of pre-competed contract vehicles that give an immediate ability to obtain goods or services without going through the full contracting process ( http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentId=8106&contentType=GSA_OVERVIEW ) . Mandatory Sources : FAR Part 8 discusses the mandatory use of certain sources for acquiring some types of supplies and services . These sources include the Federal Prison Industries , various vendors who hire blind and disabled persons , and Federal Supply Schedules . Certain items can not be purchased by most agencies , such as passenger motor vehicles ; all passenger motor vehicles must be purchased by GSA , unless a waiver is obtained . This is due in part to Congressional restrictions on the use of appropriated funds to purchase vehicles and the special authority that GSA has as the Federal Government 's motor pool manager . Small Businesses and Socioeconomic Issues : Contracting with small businesses and firms affected by certain socioeconomic factors require a highly complex subset of Government regulation which is described by FAR Parts 19 and 26 . Other requirements often apply to acquisitions depending upon the circumstances . These can include those listed in FAR Part 36 , Construction and Architect - Engineer Contracts ; FAR Part 41 , Acquisition of Utility Services ; and FAR Part 37 , Service Contracting . Outside of a specified exception , acquisitions having a cost above the simplified acquisition threshold or the special authority under FAR Subpart 13.5 must be performed using the process specified under FAR Part 14 , Sealed Bidding , or FAR Part 15 , Contracting by Negotiation . Workload of the Government contracting office and requiring activity . Contract vehicle selection ( primarily indefinitely duration , indefinite quantity ( IDIQ ) versus stand alone `` C '' contracts ) , market research , competition , use of performance incentives ( or not ) , earned valued management system ( EVMS ) use , length of contract , number of options periods , simplification of source selection strategy and evaluation factors , inattention to fine acquisition details such as with regard to technical data rights , bundling of contract requirements into larger contract vehicles , and other decisions having a direct impact on acquisition outcomes including cost are frequently driven by workload of contracting and requiring activities . Bundling of requirements to reduce contracting actions in particular reduce contracting workload but necessarily create increased risks and other undesirable impacts to include reduction of potential vendors who directly accomplish the work in question ( thereby increasing subcontracting and decreasing specific experience with particular categories of work by prime contractors ) . Overbundling also reduces competition by reducing the number of vendors willing to take responsibility as a prime integrator over areas that are not in their core business . At some point , bundling reduces vendor base to so called prime integrators who do little to none of the work in house . An acquisition plan may have numerous elements as listed in FAR 7.105 ; depending upon the estimated cost of the acquisition , these elements include : Statement of need and background Applicable conditions Cost Life cycle costs if applicable Capability or performance Delivery or performance requirements Tradeoffs -- expected consequences of tradeoffs among cost , capability and schedule Milestone chart depicting acquisition objectives Plan of action Potential sources Competition plan -- whether full and open competition used , and if not , justification Source selection procedures Acquisition considerations Potential Government furnished information , equipment or services Security and / or force protection considerations Budgeting and funding Product or service description Logistics considerations Environmental considerations Contract administration issues Participants in acquisition plan preparation ( including source selection committee ) During the planning of an acquisition , several key aspects of the effort are decided , including : The degree of competition required under FAR Part 6 , Competition Requirements ( i.e. , full and open competition , full and open competition after exclusion of sources , or other than full and open competition , also called `` sole - source '' ) Publication requirements for the acquisition ( FAR Part 5 , Publicizing Contract Actions ) Preparation of the SOW / PWS -- a document that specifies the `` who , what , when , where , how '' of the contract ; it must be specific enough for the contractor to adequately price the requirement and to be enforceable in court . Measurable outcomes must be stated clearly . Required amount and type of funding for the proposed acquisition Contract line item number ( CLIN ) structure : this is generally in Section B of an issued contract that is constructed in the Uniform Contract Format . The CLIN Schedule is what the offeror prices in their offer / proposal . It is often advantageous to construct a CLIN Schedule that matches an outline of the work statement . Failure to properly structure the CLIN structure to the contents of a work statement can lead to an inability to determine how much a contractor should be paid or penalized if performance issues arise . Source selection criteria ( SSC ) : Source selection criteria `` 1 ) Represent the key areas of importance and emphasis to be considered in the source selection decision ; and ( 2 ) Support meaningful comparison and discrimination between and among competing proposals . '' ( FAR 15.304 , Evaluation factors and significant subfactors ) . Independent Government cost estimate Market research : Market research is a critical part of knowledge - based acquisitions . Information - driven and informed decision - making requires complete information to execute successful acquisitions . FAR Part 10 , Market Research , gives guidance on the process of market research and its role in Federal acquisitions . Acquisition Risks : Risk in contracting falls into three categories -- schedule risk , performance risk and cost risk . Risks to the acquisition , including negative past experiences , must be identified and mitigation measures and risk allocation between the Government and a potential vendor determined . Government provided equipment , resources , support or information : Often , the Government must provide for equipment , logistics support , information , and many other items vital to performance of a contract . If there are proprietary information in the potential Government furnished information ( GFI ) , then measures must be taken to avoid violation of applicable regulations . Effective market research assists the Government in : understanding industry terminology , understanding the basic concepts of the desired service or equipment item , identifying potential contractors that provide the item determining the correct scope of the requirement to best fit the vendor base Lack of adequate market research often results in contracts that fail to achieve the customer 's expectations . Requiring activities are sometimes asked to write work statements on subject matter with which they have little experience . Persons with little knowledge as to how to conduct market research must seek training or guidance or apply the same common sense they would use if they were buying a high value item for themselves . Stripped Down Components ( edit ) Work statement : Deliverable list with performance and objective specifications if not a service contract ( no brand names except as example ) Measurable outcome deliverables in a service contract Construction or architecture & engineering ( A&E ) ( FAR Part 36 ) Schedule / milestones ( included in work statement ) CLINS matched tightly with work statement structure / outline Source selection criteria Risk ( edit ) Contracting is all about risk allocation and minimizing risk to include cost , schedule and performance . The more vague the contract work statement , the more risk that the Government assumes . Risk from Program Manager , Contracting and Investor 's Perspective : Risk . A measure of the inability to achieve program objectives within defined cost and schedule constraints . Risk is associated with all aspects of the program , for example , threat , technology , design processes , Work breakdown structure ( WBS ) elements , etc . It has two components , the probability of failing to achieve a particular outcome , and the consequences of failing to achieve that outcome . Risk from a Lawyer 's Standpoint : Does this contract adequately describe all essential work / expectations , is there a schedule and is it enforceable ? What are our remedies , if any ? Requiring activities and frequently contracting officers want to get an acquisition on contract as quickly as possible ; sometimes too quickly . Thus , contracting officers and acquisition attorneys will frequently have to carefully review the overall acquisition to identify risks to cost , schedule and performance and recommend mitigation measures to decrease these risk areas . Risk from an Investor 's perspective : What is my expected payoff ? The larger the expected payoff , the larger the associated risk , and vice versa . An Investor , who is a shareholder in a contracting company , will seek to carefully balance the expected payoff with the associated risk , and he is incentivized to seek a large payoff , as long as the risk is acceptable . This perspective is unique in the sense that risk represents both opportunity and danger to the Investor , while it only represents danger to the Program Manager and the Lawyer . In other words , there is a misalignment in the perception of risk between the Program Manager , the Lawyer , and the Investor . It is ultimately the Investor who owns the contracting company , and this misalignment will have an effect on the Investor 's behavior and the stock 's performance . Requirement over-bundling ( edit ) Cost , schedule and performance risk can be increased by over-bundling of a requirement into a single acquisition vehicle . Over-bundling dries up the possible vendor base that might otherwise compete for a requirement . Thus , it is critical that an evaluation of the possible vendors who might compete for the overall work statement / deliverables be accomplished . For example , having a work statement for asphalt roads , space shuttles , hot dog carts , movie projectors and skyscrapers is unlikely to get a good vendor ; only a prime integrator will bid on that type of bloated requirement , thereby stacking a tremendous amount of overhead into the price of the acquisition . In the best - case scenario , the prime integrator will merely go out and contract with the vendors the Government should have gone with in the first place . The worst case is the prime integrator will mismanage outsourcing to their subcontractors and poor results will ensue . Overhead costs of over 100 % of the price of the subcontractors is not uncommon in this situation , especially in Iraq . This analysis will frequently require splitting up a requirement into different pieces . The bundling of a requirement also has the very bad effect of making the SSCs and CLIN structure difficult to use in source selection , price evaluation and contract administration . Overbundled requirements frequently suffer from very vague requirements and work statements , particularly in service contracts . In service contracts , the CLIN structure is priced on a per person per hour basis rather than on the service work deliverables themselves . Government or contractor ability to prepare cost or price estimates for vague work statements is severely limited ; Accordingly , the Government will negotiate a labor rate , number of people and individual qualifications for the requirement given that is the only feasible way to get an idea of cost . However , use of per person / per hour pricing for services is a poor contracting practice given the Government retains virtually all performance , cost and schedule risk given the contractor has fully performed under the CLIN statement when they provide the qualified body , rather than providing the needed service . One could argue that a CLIN statement which overbundles work in even a well written work statement and prices the work on a per person / per hour basis with limits on the numbers of person and types of qualifications the contractor can use is in contradiction to the work statement given the means the Government has asked the contractor to price the contract bears no relationship to the actual work itself and the Government is directing the contractor on how to execute the requirement -- thus interfering with contractor performance and a sign of an employee - employer relationship rather than an independent contracting relationship . Also , the CLIN structure which prices on a per person basis or per hour basis generally pays for such persons on an annual basis rather than merely for the service on an a la carte or as - needed basis , therefore driving up costs in many cases . Pricing on a per person or per hour basis is a sign that a contract likely also qualifies as a personal services contract under FAR Part 37 -- technically violating at least the spirit , if not the letter , of the Classification Act and FAR Part 37 except in specific circumstances and with specific determinations and findings . Use of prime integrators in overbundled contracts sometimes has led to poor results in a number of major systems acquisitions . For example , what would happen if say the US Navy went too far in allowing contractors to make choices that make economic sense in the specific acquisition but add cost to the overall Navy ? Example is a prime integrator who gets a good deal on a specific radar system that is not used in any other ship system -- makes this specific buy cheaper but overall this costs the Navy a great deal of money given a lack of interoperability that drives a need to stand up training schools , supply system , work force increase , etc . Over-bundling makes it easy for contracting , but many times , especially for complex acquisitions , does not deliver the results expected by the customer or war fighter for complex acquisitions , especially acquisitions that the acquisition command in question has little experience with or has substantial turn over of personnel during the life of the acquisition . Small business acquisitions have mandatory restrictions on over-bundling . However , non-small business acquisitions are not subject to the same rules . Example of how over-bundling causes big problems ( permutations and evaluation of total price in source selection ) : Lets say a requiring activity wants to get polling services . Acquisition planning reveals there are five polls in ten different regions . However , it turns out that the Government will only be ordering one of the five polls in any real numbers and that particular poll is much more expensive in actual cost than the other four . If a weighting scheme is not applied to this bundled requirement , a vendor can make the four lightly ordered polls very cheap in their offer and the high volume poll very expensive , based on their knowledge of the ordering patterns of the Government in past acquisitions . Thus , on its face , the overall price of a bid when each poll is added together to arrive at a total price ( used in source selection ) would look attractive but in practice , the Government will burn through its budget very quickly given the vast majority of the actually ordered polls are extremely expensive ( even though the actual cost of the most frequently ordered poll is far less than what was in the offer ) . To avoid the headache of a weighting scheme , all five polls should be broken apart and contracted for separately so they can be judged on their merits . This is an example of what is frequently done on major indefinite duration , indefinite quantity ( IDIQ ) contracts and explains why some acquisitions are appallingly expensive and require additional funding to achieve the requiring activity 's objectives . Statement of work ( edit ) Main article : Statement of work The statement of work ( SOW ) is a formal document submitted along with the request for proposal ( RFP ) to a vendor that defines the work to be performed , the location of the work , the deliverable schedule , applicable performance standards , any special requirements ( e.g. , security clearances , travel , and special knowledge ) , and the period of performance . Source selection ( edit ) The Procurement Integrity Act ( PIA ) applies to the personnel that engage in Federal source selections to include prohibitions on gifts to source selection personnel , restrictions on dissemination of procurement sensitive information and post Government employment restrictions . Source selection refers to the process for evaluating contractor proposals or quotes submitted in response to a request for proposals ( RFP ) or request for quotes ( RFQ ) based on the contract solicitation . Source selection is driven by what instructions to offerors clause is included in the contract solicitation ( e.g. , FAR 52.212 - 2 with the tailored language spelling out what the source selection criteria are , weighting , etc . ) . After the requiring activity has written their SOW / PWS , figured out source selection approach , then selected factors and subfactors , then figured out weighting of non cost / price factors , then understood consequences of the above , they write a source selection plan ( SSP ) . A SSP gives instructions to a source selection committee on how to evaluate each proposal . Courts will defer to the source selection committee 's business judgment , so facts must be included to base a decision on ; the source selection committee must not be arbitrary or lack facts in the record for their findings . Ultimately , risk evaluation is where a source selection team wants to be . That is what is used to determine weakness , significant weakness and deficiencies , which are briefed to unsuccessful offerors . Making the connection between risk evaluation / source selection criteria / factors and offeror proposals is what source selection is all about The process used for source selection can be selected from FAR Parts 13 , Simplified Acquisition , 14 , Sealed Bidding or 15 , Contracting by Negotiation . Contractors competing for a Government requirement have an opportunity to request clarification or amendment of a work statement or solicitation . The request for clarification must be done relatively early in the acquisition process , preferably as close to the publication of a solicitation , RFQ , RFP or other publication . Frequently contracting officers will agree to such clarifications if a contractor 's request is well reasoned . Key principles for source selection : Tell them what basis you are going to award it on ( award criteria ) ( tell them ) Award it based on what you said you would award it based on ( do what you said you would do ) Document what you did . ( Tell them that you did what you said you would do in the first place ) More is better as long as it makes sense . If discussions are held , read the bid protests on discussions first to make sure you understand how to do it . Competitive Range -- Defined at FAR 15.305 ( c ) -- used `` if discussions are to be conducted ... . '' Competitive Range is a tool that you use when you expect many proposals so only the most competitive proposals need to be evaluated . FAR 15.209 : `` If the Government intends to make award AFTER DISCUSSIONS WITH THE OFFERORS IN THE COMPETITIVE RANGE ... insert ( provision at 52.21501 ... ) '' Offers excluded from competitive range must follow notification procedures at 15.503 ( a ) and debriefing procedures at FAR 15.305 ( c ) ( 4 ) . Do NOT use competitive ranges to exclude offers / proposals unless solicitation stated discussions were going to be used . FAR 15.306 ( c ) . If a competitive range is used , you MUST send pre-award notifications to offerors thus excluded . An agency entering into discussions must provide `` meaningful discussions '' ( See GAO decisions on this issue ) . If FAR Part 15 is used , there MUST be a proposal evaluation under FAR 15.305 to include a `` fair and reasonable '' price determination under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 1 ) , a past performance evaluation under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 2 ) and a technical evaluation under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 3 ) . For each factor rating , identify each offeror 's key strengths , uncertainties and deficiencies of the proposal and then explain how the strengths , uncertainties and deficiencies resulted in that rating . Focus specifically on the factors and subfactors specifically stated in the solicitation / instructions to offerors . Do not use unstated source selection criteria to select the winning offer . Discuss those discriminators that make one offeror better than another based on the selection criteria . Be as detailed and focused upon discriminators as the source selection results allow . If something was not a discriminator then say so and also state why it was not . If the strength had no bearing on the offerors rating , state so . Adequately address the impact of past performance on the decision ; remember , no past performance is rated NEUTRAL ! ! A drafter of the source selection decision document must show the source selection authorities thought process and reasons behind the comparative analysis . Use a declaration of thinking / intent on the part of the source selection authority ( SSA ) . For example : I selected ; I thought ; I determined ; I reviewed ; etc . Source selections can not compare the offers against each other . Only against the award criteria . Spend some time on the summary to make it correct as it is very important . It is meant to very quickly put in words the best of the key discriminators used by the SSA to reach their decision . Do n't focus the discussion on only one offeror . The Source Selection Decision Document ( SSDD ) compares assessments of the successful offeror against the others . If there are a large number of offerors , the detailed discussion may be limited to the most highly rated offerors . Some light discussion of lower rated offerors is needed when a competitive range is not established . Do n't use ratings with contradicting supporting language , such as a `` not detailed '' rated `` excellent . '' Examine ratings closely as they relate to your technical discussions . Ensure they are consistent ( i.e. , avoid having a weakness discussed in one proposal evaluation and not another proposal having the same weakness ) . Do n't identify or list weaknesses without discussing them and their importance to the thought process . Do n't treat a neutral performance confidence assessment favorably or unfavorably . ( Do n't disqualify an offeror for having a neutral rating . ) No past performance must be rated as neutral under FAR Part 13 and FAR Subpart 15.3 . Ensure that , when documenting an award decision in the SSDD , SSA 's are focusing on the underlying advantages and disadvantages of the proposals rather than merely the ratings themselves . HoveCo , B - 298697 : http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/298697.pdf Agency regulations frequently provide guidance on source selections : See for example , AFARS 5115.308 Source selection decision -- `` A source selection decision document must be prepared for all source selections and reflect the SSA 's integrated assessment and decision . The document must be the single summary document supporting selection of the best value proposal consistent with the stated evaluation criteria . It must clearly explain the decision and documents the reasoning used by the SSA to reach a decision . The document should be releasable to the General Accounting Office and others authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information . When releasing a copy to offerors or to anyone not authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information , redacted material should be limited to that which is proprietary and that which must continue to be protected as source selection information . '' Consistency : what is bad for one proposal is bad for all ; find an adverse comment , then look at of the proposals of the other bidders and see if the same problem exists in there and was not written up in the evaluation for those proposals . What is good for one proposal is good for all proposals ( See above ) Take a hard look at definitions in instructions given to source selection committee -- look at the words in them ; start with the worst definition , i.e. , unacceptable , look at the words in it , then see if those words show up in evaluations that are rated higher than that definition in the rating worksheets . If you have something bad in the proposal you want to win , then acknowledge it in your source decision document , and STATE THAT IT DID NOT AFFECT YOUR DECISION OF X REGARDING RATING OF THAT PROPOSAL ! ! ! -- if the same thing is bad in another proposal , then say the same thing in that one as well . The word `` non-responsive '' IS ONLY USED IN SEALED BIDDING ! It should NEVER be used in FAR Parts 13 or 15 evaluation processes . Packages missing things are just rated lower for example , poor , good , unacceptable or IAW FAR of weakness , significant weakness , etc . Compare SOW and delivery schedules on solicitation ( for example , RFP / RFQ ) to what is in proposals word for word to see if everything was addressed . State if something is missing to justify lower ratings ; talk about everything that applies for each award criteria to `` pile on '' good comments for proposals you like ; then show that more good was said about the ones you liked , and less good was said about the ones you do n't . Do the best you can with bad source selection or award criteria . Just make sure it is consistently applied Source selection criteria ( edit ) Source Selection Criteria ( SSC ) can be simple or complex depending on the subject of the acquisition . If FAR Part 15 is used , then a concept called best value can be used ; best value simply is an idea that the lowest bidder is not necessarily the winner of a competition -- rather , an evaluation of the overall offer based on specified SSCs is accomplished and a source selection decision is accomplished ( see below ) based on those specified SSCs using a fact - based business judgement of the acquiring activity . SSCs can vary widely in complexity depending on the acquisition process used , for example , FAR Part 13 , Simplified Acquisition , or FAR Part 15 , Negotiated Procurement . For example , under FAR Part 15 , there is a range of source selection models including : Lowest Price ( LP ) that is Technically Acceptable ( TA ) based on statement of work ( SOW ) ( LPTA ) ( use this for VERY SIMPLE BUYS -- for example , pencils ) LPTA with Past Performance ( partial tradeoff ) ( more complicated ) Full Tradeoff based on LP , TA , past performance and stated criteria including SOW ( VERY COMPLICATED BUYS ) ( sometimes known as best value ) Do not have to select lowest price Can select higher priced proposal that provides better solution to objectives A Business Judgment - based decision with rational basis If FAR Part 13 , simplified acquisition is used , then a contracting officer can select from a range of processes including Government Purchase Card ( GPC ) for purchases under the micro-purchase threshold ( see definition section of FAR for current value ( for example , in U.S. , it is currently $2,500 ) , simplified acquisition threshold ( see FAR definition section , currently up to $150,000 within the U.S. with certain exceptions ) , or up to $6.5 M for commercial items / services . Under FAR Part 13 , contracting officers are not required to use FAR Part 15 processes or follow the publication requirements of FAR Part 5 , however they MUST create their own processes to follow . Vendor past performance is generally included as a source selection criteria . It is important to include a requirement for `` recent and relevant '' past performance . Inadequate SSCs renders the best work statement and CLIN worthless . Metrics / performance measures ( edit ) Main article : Performance metric A metric is a meaningful measurement taken over a period of time that communicates vital information about a process or activity , leading to fact - based decisions . Focus on where things go bad -- not resource effective to measure everything . Instead , select the critical few metrics for mission essential processes , process that have historically experienced chronic problems or process choke points and monitor them . Characteristics of a good metric : Meaningful to the customer Simple , understandable , logical and repeatable Shows a trend Clearly defined Data that 's economical to collect Timely Drives appropriate action ( this is most important feature of a good metric ) Shows how organizational goals and objectives are being met through tasks and processes Trade - in or sales authority ( edit ) 40 USC 181 ( c ) provides : `` In acquiring personal property , any executive agency , under regulations to be prescribed by the Administrator , subject to regulations prescribed by the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy pursuant to the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act may exchange or sell similar items and may apply the exchange allowance or proceeds of sale in such cases in whole or in part payment for the property acquired ... '' The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gives agencies general authority to sell personal property and use the proceeds to replace similar property during the same fiscal year or the next one , like a used car trade - in . The Miscellaneous Receipts Act ( 31 USC 3302 ) mandates that funds received by the US Government must be deposited in the miscellaneous receipts account at the US Treasury unless a specific exemption was authorized by Congress . The Miscellaneous Receipts Act prevents the Executive Branch from financing itself except as specifically authorized by Congress . 40 USC 181 ( c ) thus is necessary to ensure a command that essentially trades or sells items , frequently information technology ( IT ) equipment , can retain the receipts from the trade in or sale and apply them to acquisition of replacement items . Contract administration ( edit ) Contracting Officer ( edit ) Unless specifically prohibited by another provision of law , an agency 's authority to contract is vested in the agency head , for example , the Secretary of the Air Force or the Administrator , National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Agency heads delegate their authority to Contracting Officers , who either hold their authority by virtue of their position or must be appointed in accordance with procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation . Only Contracting Officers may sign Government contracts on behalf of the Government . 48 CFR § 1.601 . A Contracting Officer has only the authority delegated pursuant to law and agency procedures . This authority is set forth in the Contracting Officer 's certificate of appointment ( formerly called a `` warrant '' ) . Unlike in commercial contracting , there is no doctrine of apparent authority applicable to the Government . Any action taken by a Contracting Officer that exceeds the Contracting Officer 's actual delegated authority is not binding on the Government , even if both the Contracting Officer and the contractor desire the action and the action benefits the Government . The contractor is presumed to know the scope of the Contracting Officer 's authority and can not rely on any action of Contracting Officers when it exceeds their authority . Contracting Officers are assisted in their duties by Contracting Officer Representatives ( CORs ) and Contracting Officer Technical Representatives ( COTRs ) , who usually do not have the authority of a Contracting Officer . What happens after a Government contract is signed ? That subject is referred to as contract administration . Contract administration tasks can include : Payments ( prompt payment essential ) -- frequently Wide Area Workflow ( WAWF ) is used . Modifications and Adjustments , typically done using a changes clause Includes Requests for Equitable Adjustments ( can process under FAR 49.002 ( c ) ) ( these are essentially modifications under the applicable contract changes clause e.g. , FAR 52.212 - 4 clause ) Terminations for cause or convenience -- for commercial items , you use the terminations clauses in the 52.212 - 4 clause . Bid protests , ratifications and contract claims See the DCMA Handbook for more information on contract administration . Requests for equitable Adjustments ( edit ) Requests for Equitable Adjustments ( REAs ) are modifications of the contract that were not done formally or properly . REAs are frequently based on the changes clause . They typically occur when new work is added or a change in current work is ordered , perhaps by the contracting officer , without the required documentation . Changed circumstances and equity are possible justifications for a contractor to ask for a REA . Contractors can ask for delay damages arising from contract changes in REAs . These can be large . The burden of showing evidence of increased costs is on the contractor . Special rules exist for entitlement to whether or not contractor is entitled to profit in addition to the actual costs they incurred , especially in the cases of leased equipment that was held over due to delays on the part of the Government or the Government 's failure to properly integrate other contractors who then interfered with our contractor 's work . Cases out there that say the Government can reduce profit if risk was reduced due to the change . Can use the settlement procedures in FAR Part 49 , per FAR 49.002 ( c ) but be advised that this section is really written for terminations -- you have to adapt the settlement procedures , probably for terminations for convenience , to the REA . The Government should make sure there is a release of claims ( ROC ) clause in the REA 's contract modification -- FAR / DFARS do not have a sample ROC clause . In the context of FAR Part 12 commercial items , the changes clause requires BILATERAL AGREEMENT . A substantial number of Federal cases deal with REAs : `` It is black letter law that every contract with the Government contains an implied obligation that neither party will do anything to prevent , hinder , or delay performance . '' Sterling Millwrights , Inc. v. United States , 26 Cl. Ct. 49 , 67 ( 1992 ) ( citing Lewis - Nicholson , Inc. v. United States , 213 Ct.Cl. 192 , 550 F. 2d 26 , 32 ( 1977 ) ) . When Government actions delay contractor performance and increase costs , `` the contractor has a claim for damages . '' ( Lewis - Nicholson , 550 F. 2d at 26 ) . `` A constructive change generally arises where the Government , without more , expressly or impliedly orders the contractor to perform work that is not specified in the contract documents . '' Lathan , 20 Cl. Ct . at 128 ( citing Chris Berg , Inc. v. United States , 197 Ct.Cl. 503 , 525 , 455 F. 2d 1037 , 1050 ( 1972 ) ) . Contractors may recover excess costs through an equitable adjustment , however , it `` bears the burden of proving liability , causation , and resultant injury . '' Ralph L. Jones , 33 Fed.Cl . at 331 ( citing Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States , 173 Ct.Cl. 180 , 199 , 351 F. 2d 956 ( 1965 ) ; Electronic & Missile Facilities , Inc. v. United States , 189 Ct.Cl. 237 , 253 , 416 F. 2d 1345 ( 1969 ) ) . The standard of meeting this burden is high . Before an equitable adjustment will be granted , contractors must demonstrate : ( 1 ) increased costs arose from conditions materially different from what the contract documents indicated and that such conditions were reasonably unforeseeable based on all information available to the contractor ; and ( 2 ) the changes in the requirements caused the increased costs in question . Johns - Manville Corp. v. United States , 12 Cl. Ct. 1 , 33 ( 1987 ) . A contractor must distinguish for the court those delays for which the Government is responsible as opposed to its own ; the contractor 's standard for proving damages does not require `` absolute exactness or mathematical precision . '' Ralph L. Jones , 33 Fed.Cl . at 336 ( quoting Electronic & Missile , 189 Ct.Cl . at 257 ) . The court `` needs only enough evidence to make a fair and reasonable estimate . '' Id . ( citing Miller Elevator , 30 Fed.Cl . at 702 ; Electronic & Missile , 189 Ct.Cl . at 257 ) . Modifications ( edit ) Two types of scope determinations in contracts . One is scope of the original contract -- meaning , do we have to pay anything for this modification . The second one is whether or not the modification or change is within the scope of the original competition . The first issue comes up when a contractor demands more money ( i.e. , demand for more money in a CDA claim or REA ) ; the second issue comes up when the Government wishes to modify the contract and the contractor agrees , but another contractor objects to the failure to recompete the contract . Modifications are governed by the changes clause in the contract . However , the question of competitive scope must be determined first to determine if there will be a Competition in Contracting Act ( CICA ) violation first . As a collateral issue , the question of whether or not the modification is a good deal must be evaluated because any modification is inherently a sole source award to the incumbent contractor . Thus , there is no price competition for the modification . If the acquisition was done under FAR Part 12 , Commercial Items , the Government has no ability to demand cost and pricing information from the Contractor to evaluate whether or not the contractor is ripping off the Government with inflated or padded charges . With regard to competitive scope determinations , the GAO in American Air Filter Co. , 57 Comp. Gen 567 ( B - 188408 ) , 78 - 1 , para 443 , at 573 , stated : `` The impact of any modification is in our view to be determined by examining whether the alteration is within the scope of the competition which was initially conducted . Ordinarily , a modification falls within the scope of the procurement provided that it is of a nature which potential offerors would have reasonably anticipated under the changes clause . To determine what potential offerors would have reasonably expected , consideration should be given to the procurement format used , the history of the present and related past procurements , and the nature of the supplies or services sought . A variety of factors may be pertinent , including : whether the requirement was appropriate initially for an advertised or negotiated procurement ; whether a standard off the shelf or similar item is sought ; or whether , for example , the contract is one for research and development , suggesting that broad changes might be expected because the Government 's requirement are at best only indefinite . '' GAO issued a decision on 31 Jan 06 in DOR Biodefense Inc. and Emergent BioSolutions , B - 296358.3 and B - 296358.4 regarding whether a modification is within the scope of the original competition under the Competition In Contracting Act ( CICA ) . Modifications outside the scope of the original competition must be competed or justified as sole source actions . Scope analysis is not mechanical , but requires an integrated assessment of multiple factors , including contract type , specification or statement of work , cost and performance period . Whether the modification requires competition also depends upon whether the original solicitation adequately advised offerors of the potential for that type of change , and thus whether the modification would have changed the field of competition . In Biodefense , the Army issued a single award ten year indefinite quantity contract for development and certification of vaccines for biological defense . The challenged modification was exercise of an optional CLIN for development of a type of vaccine not expressly listed in the solicitation 's option that extended the performance period for the option by 8 years at a significant increase in cost . The GAO determined that this modification was , nevertheless , within the overall scope of the original competition based on the broad developmental purpose of the contract and the solicitation 's express notice to offerors that additional vaccine types could be added after award and that changes in regulation may affect performance period and costs . The discussion of actions taken by the Army in the original solicitation to put competitors on notice of the potential for post-award modifications provides good practice insight . See DOR Biodefense , Inc. ; Emergent BioSolutions : http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/2963583.pdf See DCMA 's Contract Administration Handbook for more information : http://guidebook.dcma.mil/15/instructions.htm Claims ( edit ) Release of a claim ( edit ) Release of Claims In consideration of the premises contained in contract modification number _______________ of contract number ______________________________ , executed on _____________ , and sum of $ ______________to be paid by the United States Government under the above noted contract , the undersigned contractor does release and discharge the Government , its officers , agents , and employees of , from all liabilities , obligations , and claims whatsoever in law and equity arising out of or by virtue of said contract , except as follows : ( fill this in or state -- no exceptions ) IN WITNESS WHEREOF , this release has been executed this ___ day of _________ . __________________________ Contractor Signature Contract disputes Act ( edit ) Contract claims are handled under the disputes clause in commercial items contracts or another clause in different types of contracts . The clause simply refers to another clause , the contract dispute clause . That clause invokes the Contract Disputes Act ( CDA ) and specific procedures that must be followed . The Government seeks to avoid treating requests for additional money or changes to the contract as a claim , for several reasons . For starters , the Government has to pay interest from the date of receipt to the date of payment . Second , if the amount is over a specified amount , then the claim must be certified ( see the FAR and CDA ) . Certification is essentially a company swearing under pain of 18 USC false claims act penalties that they are not falsifying the claim . Instead of dealing with it as a claim , the Government should deal with it as a REA ; the contractor will have to decide what is more advantageous to it -- a REA or CDA claim . Cancellation of contract ( edit ) Contractors are understandably quite upset when an awarded contract is cancelled before contract performance can begin . There is some authority for a contractor to recover bid preparation costs in very limited circumstances . Even so , a contracting agency need only establish a reasonable basis to support a decision to cancel an RFQ ; in this regard , so long as there is a reasonable basis for doing so , an agency may cancel an RFQ no matter when the information precipitating the cancellation first arises , even if it is not until quotations have been submitted and evaluated . Quality Tech. , Inc. , B - 292883.2 , Jan. 21 , 2004 , 2004 CPD para. 29 at 2 - 3 ; Datatrak Consulting , Inc. , B - 292502 et al. , September 26 , 2003 , 2003 CPD para. 169 at 5 . It is well established that an agency 's lack of funding for a procurement provides a reasonable basis for cancellation , as agencies can not award contracts which exceed available funds . First Enter. , B - 221502.3 , Mar. 24 , 1986 , 86 - 1 CPD para. 290 at 3 . Procurement authorities are presumed to act in good faith and in order for GAO to conclude otherwise , the record must show that procuring officials intended to injure the protester . Cycad Corp. , B ‐ 255870 , April 12 , 1994 , 94 - 1 CPD para. 253 at 5 . A protester 's mere inference of bad faith is insufficient . Terminations ( edit ) The Government may terminate a contract for cause ( commercial items ) , for default ( T4D ) or for convenience ( T4C ) . Terminations for commercial items ( FAR Part 12 ) contracts are governed by FAR 52.212 - 4 ( l ) and ( m ) , not the T4C or T4D clauses of FAR 52.249 - x . FAR Part 49 prescribes T4D and T4C clauses in FAR Part 52 for non-commercial items ( FAR Part 12 ) related contracts . In particular , T4D is covered by FAR Subpart 49.4 , Terminations for Default . T4C is covered by several sections of FAR Part 49 . Termination for default reviews can be done a variety of ways , however , one method is to start with what is the ACTUAL deliverable on the contract , not the one that the customer thought they had . Carefully track what the contractor 's actual performance is against the specific language in the contract . If there has been verbal changes by the Government without going through the contracting officer ( which should never happen ) , is there something that indicates the contractor consented to those changes ? In writing ? For example , the DFARS 252.212 - 4 clause section that deals with modifications states that mutual consent is required for all modifications . In this review , use the language from the contract and then see if you have adequate evidence from the Government documenting the actual performance . Ask if the Government COR has signed any receiving reports e.g. , DD Form 250s accepting performance ( so they can get paid ) . Is there anything in the record that shows the Government placed the contractor on notice of their default or non conforming deliveries ? FAR Part 49 should be read that to get information on terminations including notice to cure and show cause notices . The more the Government tries to give the contractor chances to remedy their default , the more the Government bolsters its case that T4D is appropriate . The various courts that review T4Ds have a high standard of review for T4Ds , so the Government should consider making sure the T4D is well supported and the Government has had little or no role in the contractors non-conforming performance as well as ensuring there is a clearly defined deliverable , several chances to cure and nothing in the record that indicates the Government failed to do something that was condition precedent to performance or the Government interfered with contract performance or failed to provide required cooperation / support . ( For example , failure to provide security escorts or access to a work site thus causing delays on the part of Contractor performance ) . The key point for T4Ds is that it is the only way that a Government agency can use prior year single year appropriated funds , such as O&M or many types of procurement funds , for reprocurement of the item in question . Accordingly , it is very important the Agency get the acquisition right up front because bad work statements and poor contract administration destroy the Government 's ability to T4D , thus keep their prior year funds to get a replacement contractor . Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) has a Terminations Handbook which is very useful in dealing with terminations for convenience issues . Real options analysis ( edit ) One approach to analysing Government procurements of large systems , such as weapons systems , is to use real options analysis . Such procurements can be done in single annual lots ( `` single - year procurements , '' or SYPs ) , or , with Congressional approval , multi-year procurement ( MYP ) contracts . Multi-year contracts generally lower the risk for the contractor , and thus the unit price paid by the Government . One way to look at this situation is that a multi-year contract contains a real option for the contractor to escape the uncertainty associated with a sequence of single - year contract negotiations ( analogous to a put option ) . Real options analysis can give an estimate of the value to the contractor of transferring revenue risk to the Government as a function of the contract 's size and the volatility of the contract 's value , even though the option is not actively traded . The negotiated price is also influenced by the attitudes towards risk of the negotiating parties . See also ( edit ) No - bid contract Cost - plus contract Small and medium enterprise Contract adjustment board United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Defense Contract Audit Agency , responsible for audits of many defense contractors Defense Contract Management Agency , responsible for contract administration of US Department of Defense contracts . Conjoint analysis ( in marketing ) , conjoint analysis -- useful in determining essential elements of an acquisition from a customer 's perspective . Top 100 US Federal Contractors NASA SEWP , an example of an Acquisition Contract that expanded from its original narrow focus to serve the entire Government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Procurement Reports '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2010 -- Departments '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Contractors Report -- Fiscal Year 2009 '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business Goaling Report -- Fiscal Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The FAR can be found at 48 Code of Federal Regulations Jump up ^ The Purpose Act says `` Appropriations shall be applied only to the objects for which the appropriations were made except as otherwise provided by law . '' Jump up ^ FAR 1.602 - 3 paragraph ( a ) Jump up ^ FAR 1.602 - 3 ( c ) Jump up ^ FAR 1.602 - 3 ( a ) ( 2 ) through ( 3 ) and AFARS 5101.602 - 3 ( b ) Jump up ^ From the Army FAR Supplement : AFARS 5101.602 - 3 - 90 -- Ratification Procedures Jump up ^ Guidebook for Performance - Based Services Acquisition ( PBSA ) in the Department of Defense . Dec. 2000 Jump up ^ `` 48 CFR 14.201 - 1 - Uniform contract format '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 1 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Contract Format '' . Defense Acquisition University . Retrieved 1 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ FAR 8.405 - 2 ( 1 ) Ordering procedures for services requiring a statement of work . accessed July 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ CASE STUDY -- Disposition of personal property ( pdf ) at the US Dept of the Treasury web site Jump up ^ Arnold , Scot , and Marius Vassiliou ( 2010 ) . A Real Options Approach to valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract . Ch. 25 in Thawar T. Arif ( ed ) , Aerospace Technologies Advancements . Zagreb , Croatia : INTECH , pp. 475 - 492 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 7619 - 96 - 1 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Scot , and Marius Vassiliou ( 2007 ) . Real Options Analysis of Multiyear Procurements , î Proc. 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference . Further reading ( edit ) Nash , Ralph Jr. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1993 ) . Formation of Government Contracts ( 2nd ed . ) . George Washington University . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 07 - X . Nash , Ralph Jr. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1995 ) . Administration of Government Contracts ( 3rd ed . ) . Commerce Clearing House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 32 - 0 . Tiefer , Charles ; Shook , William A. ( 2003 ) . Government Contract Law ( 2nd ed . ) . Carolina Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 89089 - 437 - X . J. Edward Murphy ( 2005 ) . Guide to Contract Pricing : Cost and Price Analysis for Contractors , Subcontractors , and Government Agencies . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 153 - 1 . Darrell J. Oyer ( 2005 ) . Pricing and Cost Accounting : A Handbook for Government Contractors ( 2nd ed . ) . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 164 - 7 . Bednar , Richard J. ; Braude , Herman M. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1991 ) . Construction Contracting . George Washington University . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 18 - 5 . Manos , Karen L. ( 2004 ) . Government Contract Costs & Pricing . Thomson - West . Vol . I -- ISBN 0 - 314 - 11621 - 4 Vol. II -- ISBN 0 - 314 - 11708 - 3 Edwards , Vernon J. ( 2006 ) . Source Selection Answer Book . Management Concepts , Inc . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 172 - 8 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Army Judge Advocate General 's Legal Center and School 's Contract Attorneys Deskbook ( 2 ) Business.gov provides information that explains how to become a federal contractor , how to find business opportunities , and the rules and regulations that federal contractors need to follow . acquisition.gov - official US Federal Government website of the Integrated Acquisition Environment , functioning under the auspices of OMB 's Office of Federal Procurement Policy and the Chief Acquisition Officers Council Federal Procurement Data System -- ( Martin Consulting Services , L.L.C. ) Provides information and support for competing in government contracts . Procurement Technical Assistance Centers PTACs provide local assistance for firms marketing products and services to the Federal , state and local governments Former U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manager Sentenced to Six Years in Prison in Bribery and Kickback Scheme , FBI Journals Public Contract Law Journal CCH Government Contract Reports Journal of Contract Management by National Contract Management Association West Briefing Papers West The Government Contractor West International Government Contractor West The Nash & Cibinic Report West Costs , Pricing & Accounting Report Magazines Government Procurement The official magazine of the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing ( NIGP ) Contract Management by National Contract Management Association Case Law Supreme Court Decisions Court of Claims ( Claims Court ) Decisions ; West Federal Claims Reporter Courts of Appeals Decisions ; West Federal Reports Federal District Court Decisions ; West Federal Supplement Boards of Contract Appeals ' Decisions ; CCH Contract Appeals Decisions West Comptroller General 's Procurement Decisions West Government Contracts Citator Forums Spreadsheet showing the proper forum for various actions Civilian Board of Contract Appeals National Contract Management Association at www.ncmahq.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_procurement_in_the_United_States&oldid=793649462 '' Categories : Government procurement in the United States United States administrative law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from August 2009 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who decides which laws are necessary and proper in the u.s. system of government
[ "The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly enumerated powers given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of Article One of the United States Constitution, but courts found that power implicit in the Constitutional power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its specifically granted powers, such as the powers to establish post offices, post roads, banks, an army, a navy, or militias." ]
[ "Federal Government" ]
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Bates Motel (TV series)
Bates Motel ( TV series ) - wikipedia Bates Motel ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the 1987 film Bates Motel . Bates Motel Genre Mystery Psychological horror Drama Based on Characters from Psycho by Robert Bloch Developed by Carlton Cuse Kerry Ehrin Anthony Cipriano Starring Vera Farmiga Freddie Highmore Max Thieriot Olivia Cooke Nicola Peltz Nestor Carbonell Kenny Johnson Composer ( s ) Chris Bacon Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Wolper Roy Lee John Powers Middleton Kerry Ehrin Carlton Cuse Vera Farmiga Tucker Gates Producer ( s ) Justis Greene Scott Kosar Erica Lipez Christopher Nelson Tim Southam Jamie Kaye Wheeler Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Thomas Yatsko John S. Bartley Editor ( s ) Christopher Nelson Sarah Boyd Ryan Neatha Johnson Vikash Patel Edward Warschilka Running time 40 -- 47 minutes Production company ( s ) American Genre Carlton Cuse Productions ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Cuse Productions ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kerry Ehrin Productions Universal Television Distributor A&E Networks NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network A&E Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) -- April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) External links Website Bates Motel is an American psychological horror drama television series that aired from March 18 , 2013 to April 24 , 2017 . It was developed by Carlton Cuse , Kerry Ehrin , and Anthony Cipriano , and is produced by Universal Television and American Genre for the cable network A&E . The series , a contemporary prequel to Alfred Hitchcock 's 1960 film Psycho ; based on Robert Bloch 's 1959 novel of the same name , depicts the lives of Norman Bates ( Freddie Highmore ) and his mother Norma ( Vera Farmiga ) prior to the events portrayed in the novel and film , albeit in a different fictional town ( White Pine Bay , Oregon , as opposed to Fairvale , California ) and in a modern - day setting . However , the final season of the series loosely adapts the plot of Psycho . Max Thieriot and Olivia Cooke both starred as part of the main cast throughout the series ' run . After recurring in the first season , Nestor Carbonell was added to the main cast from season two onward . The series begins in Arizona with the death of Norma 's husband , after which Norma purchases the Seafairer motel located in a coastal Oregon town so that she and Norman can start a new life . Subsequent seasons follow Norman as his mental illness becomes dangerous , and Norma as she struggles to protect her son , and those around him , from himself . The series was filmed outside Vancouver in Aldergrove , British Columbia , along with other locations within the Fraser Valley of British Columbia . A&E chose to skip a pilot of the series , opting to go straight - to - series by ordering a 10 - episode first season . On June 15 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season , making Bates Motel A&E 's longest - running original scripted drama series in the channel 's history . The series ' lead actors , Vera Farmiga and Freddie Highmore , received particular praise for their performances in the series , with the former receiving a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and winning a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . Bates Motel also won three People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Cable TV Drama , and for Favorite Cable TV Actress ( Farmiga ) and Actor ( Highmore ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Home media 6 International broadcast 7 Merchandising 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) May 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) 10 March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 10 March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 10 March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 5 10 February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : Bates Motel ( season 1 ) The first season follows Norma and Norman Bates as they buy a motel after Norman 's father dies . On one of the first nights of the two owning the motel , the former owner breaks in and sexually assaults Norma . Norman knocks the attacker out , and Norma stabs him to death . She decides it 's best not to call the police and to cover up the murder . She and Norman dispose of the body . He complicates the cover - up by keeping a belt that belonged to the victim . When the town sheriff and his deputy notice that a man has gone missing , Norma and Norman must keep them from digging too far . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : Bates Motel ( season 2 ) The second season follows the aftermath of Norman 's teacher 's murder , as her mysterious past comes to light . Meanwhile , Norma finds herself making dangerous decisions in order to keep the motel running and preventing the impending bypass . Bradley 's search for her father 's killer leads to the extremes , and Dylan learns the disturbing truth about his parentage . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : Bates Motel ( season 3 ) The third season focuses on Norman 's waning deniability about what 's happening to him , and the lengths he will go to gain control of his fragile psyche . The dramatic events of last season leave Norma more aware of her son 's mental fragility and fearful of what he is capable of . Meanwhile , Sheriff Romero begins to distance himself from the Bates family after he suspects Norma is lying to him about her husband 's death . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : Bates Motel ( season 4 ) The fourth season follows Norma as she becomes increasingly fearful of Norman , going to great lengths to find him the professional help he needs . This complicates their once unbreakable trust as Norman struggles to maintain his grip on reality . Meanwhile , Sheriff Romero once again finds himself drawn into Norma and Norman 's lives . He agrees to marry Norma because his insurance will enable her to place Norman in an expensive psychiatric hospital . His generosity backfires , however , when Norman learns of the marriage . Norman bitterly resents Romero for coming between him and his mother and at one point threatens the sheriff with an axe . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : Bates Motel ( season 5 ) The fifth season begins two years after the death of Norma . Publicly happy and well - adjusted , Norman struggles at home , where his blackouts are increasing and `` Mother '' threatens to take him over completely . Meanwhile , Dylan and Emma find themselves drawn back into Norman 's world , and Romero hungers for revenge against his stepson , Norman . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel characters Vera Farmiga as Norma Louise Bates Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates Max Thieriot as Dylan Massett Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody Nicola Peltz as Bradley Martin ( main season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) Nestor Carbonell as Sheriff Alex Romero ( recurring season 1 ; main seasons 2 -- 5 ) Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun ( recurring seasons 2 and 5 ; main season 3 ; guest season 4 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The cast promoting the series at the Paley Center for Media , 2013 ( left to right ) Thieriot , Peltz , Highmore , Farmiga , and Carbonell On January 12 , 2012 , it was reported that A&E were developing a television series titled Bates Motel that would serve as a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho . The first script was written by Anthony Cipriano . In March 2012 , Carlton Cuse and Kerry Ehrin joined the project as executive producers and head writers . Cuse has cited the drama series Twin Peaks as a key inspiration for Bates Motel , stating , `` We pretty much ripped off Twin Peaks ... If you wanted to get that confession , the answer is yes . I loved that show . They only did 30 episodes . Kerry ( Ehrin ) and I thought we 'd do the 70 that are missing . '' On July 2 , 2012 , A&E gave Bates Motel a straight - to - series order . Chris Bacon was hired to score the music for the series in January 2013 . Casting ( edit ) On August 27 , 2012 , Vera Farmiga was the first to be cast in the leading role of Norma Louise Bates . On September 14 , 2012 , Freddie Highmore was cast as Norman Bates . That same day , Max Thieriot was cast as Norman 's half - brother , Dylan Massett . Shortly after , on September 19 , 2012 , Nicola Peltz was cast as Bradley Martin , a possible love interest for Norman . Finally , on September 20 , 2012 , Olivia Cooke was the final main cast member to join the series , in the role of Emma Decody , Norman 's best friend . Nestor Carbonell was cast in a recurring role as Sheriff Alex Romero in the first season , but was upgraded to the main cast at the beginning of the second season . In July 2014 , Kenny Johnson , who recurred as Norma 's brother Caleb Calhoun in the second season , was promoted to a series regular for the third season . It was announced on July 22 , 2016 at San Diego Comic - Con International that Rihanna would appear in the iconic role of Marion Crane for the fifth and final season . Filming ( edit ) A replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on location at approximately 1054 272nd Street in Aldergrove , British Columbia , where portions of the series were filmed . The original house and motel is located in Universal Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles . Additional filming for the series took place in multiple areas in British Columbia , including Steveston , Coquitlam , Horseshoe Bay , West Vancouver and Fort Langley . In February 2017 , after filming was completed for the series , the Bates Motel exterior set in Aldergrove was demolished . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Bates Motel received a score of 66 on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 81 % of 37 critics gave the first season a positive review . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel utilizes mind manipulation and suspenseful fear tactics , on top of consistently sharp character work and wonderfully uncomfortable familial relationships . '' The second season of Bates Motel received a score of 67 out of 100 on Metacritic , from 11 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86 % rating from 12 reviews for the second season . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel reinvents a classic thriller with believable performances and distinguished writing . '' The third season of Bates Motel received a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic , from 5 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % rating from 12 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel further blurs lines around TV 's creepiest taboo mother / son relationship , uncomfortably darkening its already fascinating tone . '' The fourth season of Bates Motel was met with positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % positive rating from 8 reviews . The fifth and final season of Bates Motel received a score of 81 out of 100 on Metacritic , from 8 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % rating from 8 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Eps Premiered Ended Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Monday 10 p.m. 10 March 18 , 2013 3.04 May 20 , 2013 2.70 2.70 10 March 3 , 2014 3.07 May 5 , 2014 2.30 2.30 Monday 9 p.m. 10 March 9 , 2015 2.14 May 11 , 2015 1.67 1.80 10 March 7 , 2016 1.55 May 16 , 2016 1.50 1.45 5 Monday 10 p.m. 10 February 20 , 2017 1.34 April 24 , 2017 1.41 1.29 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bates Motel Home media ( edit ) Season Episodes Release date Special features Ref . 10 September 17 , 2013 Deleted Scenes Paley Center Panel Discussion with the Cast and Creative Team 10 October 7 , 2014 Deleted Scenes Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Premiere Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Finale Origins of a Psycho : Inside Bates Motel 10 October 13 , 2015 Deleted Scenes A Broken Psyche : Creating Norma - n 10 October 18 , 2016 Deleted Scenes 5 10 September 19 , 2017 Gag Reel Bates Motel : Closed for Business Bates Motel : The Checkout 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 The Complete Series 50 September 19 , 2017 Paley Center Panel Discussion with the Cast and Creative Team Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Premiere Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Finale Origins of a Psycho : Inside Bates Motel Deleted Scenes A Broken Psyche : Creating Norma - n Gag Reel Bates Motel : Closed for Business Bates Motel : The Checkout International broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series airs only on the U.S. network A&E , which is available through most Canadian cable and satellite companies . In Australia , the series premiered on Fox8 on May 26 , 2013 . In the UK and Ireland , it premiered on Universal Channel on April 2 , 2014 . In Jamaica , it premiered on CVM TV on August 11 , 2014 . In the Middle East , it premiered on OSN First HD in mid-2014 . The second season premiered on January 5 , 2015 . In the Philippines , Bates Motel began airing on Jack TV on August 12 , 2013 . In South Africa , the series premiered on MNet on June 21 , 2013 . The series premiered in India on Colors Infinity on November 6 , 2015 . Merchandising ( edit ) NBCUniversal partnered with Hot Topic , the American retailer of pop culture merchandise , to introduce a collection of clothing and accessories inspired by Bates Motel . The merchandise , including items such as bathrobes and bloody shower curtains , became available at Hot Topic 's website and select stores on March 18 , 2014 . As of 2018 , the merchandise is no longer available through Hot Topic . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 2010s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A&E Network to Premiere New Original Scripted Drama Series ' Bates Motel ' on Monday , March 18 at 10PM ET / PT '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Langmann , Kurt . `` ' Psycho ' prequel shot in Aldergrove '' . Aldergrove Star . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A&E Network Orders ' Bates Motel ' to Series '' . A&E . July 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Bates Motel ' a twisty , moody modern prequel to ' Psycho ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danzis , Alan ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : An Intriguing Contemporary Prequel To ' Psycho ' '' . Starpulse . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Mother , as She Lives and Breathes '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garvin , Glenn ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tension builds in The Lake , but dies at the Bates Motel '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Renewed for Two More Seasons at A&E ; ' Returned ' Cancelled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` TCA : ' Psycho ' Prequel Series ' Bates Motel ' in the Works at A&E '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` A&E developing ' Psycho ' prequel TV series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lost Showrunner Carlton Cuse Joins Psycho Prequel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haithman , Diane ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Carlton Cuse At ' Bates Motel ' Panel : `` We Pretty Much Ripped Off ' Twin Peaks ' '' `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` A&E Orders Carlton Cuse 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Bacon to Score ' Bates Motel ' '' . Film Music Reporter . January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Norman Bates ' mother cast in A&E 's ' Psycho ' series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Bates Motel Casts Its Norman -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman 's Brother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Adds ' Last Airbender ' Actress as Love Interest for Norman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Psycho ' TV prequel ' Bates Motel ' adds ' Blackout ' star Olivia Cooke '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Vogel & Nestor Carbonell Join A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' , Trio To Recur On ' Shameless ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel -- Season 3 -- Kenny Johnson upped to Regular '' . SpoilerTV . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Bates Motel ' Taps Rihanna for Famous ' Psycho ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : What 's going on in that bucolic Oregon coastal town '' . OregonLive.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood North : The Bates Motel gets hit by the wrecking ball ( gallery ) '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . March 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ratings -- Bates Motel Series Premiere on A&E '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' & ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Win Night ; ' Bates Motel ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Rises In Finale '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' The Boondocks ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hip : Atlanta ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' holds steady , ' Bates Motel ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Season 1 of the Modern ' Psycho ' Re-Imagining on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Blu - rays , DVD for Season 2 : Street Date , Pricing , Bonus Material '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Universal Checks in With ' Season 3 ' Announcements on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Street Date , Pricing , Extras for ' Season 4 ' on DVD , Blu - ray Disc '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Bates-Motel-Season-5/17481 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Bates Motel - The Complete Series '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOX8 Secures Highly Anticipated `` Bates Motel '' `` . Foxtel.com . March 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Channel Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Bates Motel ' '' . TVWise . August 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` January 2015 Programming Highlights '' . OSN.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Fri at 21 : 30 '' . MNet . August 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBCUniversal Television Consumer Products and Retailer Hot Topic Introduce New Product Line Inspired by the A&E Hit Original Series ' Bates Motel ' '' . The Futon Critic . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bates Motel ( TV series ) Official website Bates Motel on IMDb Bates Motel at TV.com Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Awards for Bates Motel People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars ( 2012 ) Leverage ( 2013 ) The Walking Dead ( 2014 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2015 -- 16 ) Bates Motel ( 2017 ) Psycho Novels Psycho ( 1959 ) Psycho II ( 1982 ) Psycho House ( 1990 ) Psycho : Sanitarium ( 2016 ) Films Psycho ( 1960 ) Psycho II ( 1983 ) Psycho III ( 1986 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Television Films Bates Motel ( 1987 ) Psycho IV : The Beginning ( 1990 ) Series Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 17 ) Characters Norman Bates Norma Bates Marion Crane Lila Crane Emma Spool Miscellaneous Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Hitchcock ( 2012 ) Robert Bloch 's Psychos The Psycho Legacy ( 2010 ) `` The Murder '' `` Motorpsycho Nitemare '' Psycho : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture Psycho Robert Bloch Novels Psycho American Gothic Psycho II Night of the Ripper Psycho House Short story collections The Opener of the Way Pleasant Dreams : Nightmares The Early Fears Flowers from the Moon and Other Lunacies Short stories `` That Hell - Bound Train '' `` The Shambler from the Stars '' `` A Toy for Juliette '' Screenplays The Cabinet of Caligari Strait - Jacket The Night Walker The Skull The Psychopath Torture Garden The Deadly Bees The House That Dripped Blood Asylum Teleplays `` What Are Little Girls Made Of ? '' `` Wolf in the Fold '' `` Catspaw '' `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' The Dead Do n't Die The Return of Captain Nemo Adaptations Psycho ( 1960 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Anthologies edited Robert Bloch 's Psychos Related Articles De Vermis Mysteriis `` Out of the Aeons '' The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World Robert Harrison Blake Star vampire Carlton Cuse Creator The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr. ( 1993 - 1994 ) Nash Bridges ( 1996 - 2001 ) Martial Law ( 1998 - 2000 ) Bates Motel ( 2013 - 2017 ) The Returned ( 2015 ) Colony ( 2016 - ) Showrunner and Producer Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) Writer San Andreas ( 2015 ) Rampage ( 2018 ) A&E original programming Former 1980s debuts An Evening at the Improv ( 1982 -- 96 ) Caroline 's Comedy Hour ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1990s debuts Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1990 -- 2004 ) America 's Castles ( 1998 -- 2005 ) American Justice ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Ancient Mysteries ( 1994 -- 98 ) Breakfast with the Arts ( 1991 -- 2007 ) City Confidential ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Live by Request ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Mysteries of the Bible ( 1994 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts 100 Centre Street ( 2001 -- 02 ) Airline ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 2008 ) Bearing Witness ( 2005 ) The Beast ( 2009 -- 10 ) Big Spender ( 2006 ) Billy the Exterminator ( 2009 -- 12 ) The Cleaner ( 2008 -- 09 ) Committed ( 2004 -- 05 ) Confessions of a Matchmaker ( 2007 -- 08 ) Crime 360 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Criss Angel Mindfreak ( 2005 -- 10 ) Dallas SWAT / Detroit SWAT ( 2006 -- 07 ) Dog the Bounty Hunter ( 2004 -- 12 ) Driving Force ( 2006 -- 07 ) Family Plots ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fatherhood ( 2005 -- 06 ) Flip This House ( 2005 -- 09 ) Gene Simmons Family Jewels ( 2006 -- 12 ) God or the Girl ( 2006 ) Hoarders ( 2009 -- 13 ) Inked ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty ( 2009 -- 10 ) King of Cars ( 2006 -- 07 ) Manhunters : Fugitive Task Force ( 2008 ) Move This House ( 2005 -- 07 ) A Nero Wolfe Mystery ( 2001 -- 02 ) Obsessed ( 2009 -- 10 ) Paranormal State ( 2007 -- 11 ) Parking Wars ( 2008 -- 12 ) Private Sessions ( 2007 -- 11 ) Psychic Kids ( 2008 -- 10 ) Rollergirls ( 2006 ) Rookies ( 2008 -- 09 ) Sell This House ( 2003 -- 11 ) Sons of Hollywood ( 2007 ) Steven Seagal : Lawman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Tattoo Highway ( 2009 ) The Two Coreys ( 2007 -- 08 ) We Mean Business ( 2008 ) 2010s debuts 8 Minutes ( 2015 ) American Hoggers ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bad Ink ( 2013 -- 14 ) Barry 'd Treasure ( 2014 ) Barter Kings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 17 ) Be the Boss ( 2012 ) Beyond Scared Straight ( since 2011 ) Brandi & Jarrod : Married to the Job ( 2014 ) Breakout Kings ( 2011 -- 12 ) Cajun Justice ( 2012 ) Coma ( 2012 ) Country Bucks ( 2014 -- 15 ) Damien ( 2016 ) Duck Dynasty ( 2012 -- 2017 ) The First 48 : Missing Persons ( 2011 -- 13 ) Flipped Off ( 2012 ) Flipping Vegas ( 2011 -- 14 ) The Glades ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Governor 's Wife ( 2013 ) Growing Up Twisted ( 2010 ) Heavy ( 2011 ) The Killer Speaks ( 2013 ) Kirstie Alley 's Big Life ( 2010 ) Longmire ( 2012 -- 14 ) Modern Dads ( 2013 ) Panic 911 ( 2012 -- 13 ) Paranormal Cops ( 2010 ) Relapse ( 2011 ) The Returned ( 2015 ) Shipping Wars ( 2012 - 15 ) Southie Rules ( 2013 ) Storage Wars : New York ( 2013 -- 14 ) Storage Wars : Texas ( 2011 -- 14 ) Teach : Tony Danza ( 2010 ) Those Who Kill ( 2014 ) Unforgettable ( 2015 - 16 ) Current Akil the Fugitive Hunter ( since 2017 ) Behind Bars : Rookie Year ( since 2015 ) Big Smo ( since 2014 ) Billy the Exterminator ( since 2009 ) Cold Case Files ( since 1999 ) Donnie Loves Jenny ( since 2015 ) The First 48 ( since 2004 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( since 2016 ) The Killing Season ( since 2016 ) Lachey 's Bar ( since 2015 ) Live PD ( since 2016 ) Storage Wars ( since 2010 ) Storage Wars : Miami ( since 2015 ) 60 Days In ( since 2016 ) Going Si - Ral ( since 2016 ) Wahlburgers ( since 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bates_Motel_(TV_series)&oldid=832260947 '' Categories : Bates Motel ( TV series ) 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2013 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings A&E ( TV channel ) shows American drama television series American mystery television series Dissociative identity disorder in television English - language television programs Horror drama television series Works about child abuse Matricide in fiction Mental illness in fiction Patricide in fiction Prequel television series Rape in fiction Serial drama television series Television programs based on films Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Universal Television Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in Oregon Works about serial killers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 21 : 17 . 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how many seasons are there if bates motel
[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n10\nMarch 18, 2013 (2013-03-18)\nMay 20, 2013 (2013-05-20)\n\n\n\n2\n10\nMarch 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)\nMay 5, 2014 (2014-05-05)\n\n\n\n3\n10\nMarch 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)\nMay 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)\n\n\n\n4\n10\nMarch 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)\nMay 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)\n\n\n\n5\n10\nFebruary 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)\nApril 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)\n\n" ]
[ "5" ]
2049466499319967881
Mining in Pakistan
Mining in Pakistan - wikipedia Mining in Pakistan Mining is an important industry in Pakistan . Pakistan has deposits of several minerals including coal , copper , gold , chromite , mineral salt , bauxite and several other minerals . There are also a variety of precious and semi-precious minerals that are also mined . These include peridot , aquamarine , topaz , ruby , emerald , rare - earth minerals bastnaesite and xenotime , sphene , tourmaline , and many varieties and types of quartz . The Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation is the responsible authority for the support and development of the mining industry . Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan looks after the interests of stake holders in gemstone mining and polishing as an official entity . Baluchistan province is the richest in mineral resources available in Pakistan . While recently Sindh discovered coal deposits in Thar . Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa is rich in gems . Most of the mineral gems found in Pakistan exist here . Apart from oil , gas and some mineral used in nuclear energy purposes which comes directly under federal control mining of other minerals is provincial issue . Currently around 52 minerals , are mined and processed in Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mineral salt 2 Copper and gold 3 Iron ore 4 Gems and other precious stones 5 Accidents in mining 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Mineral salt ( edit ) Rock salt makes for some beautiful texture on the walls and the ceiling Salt has been mined in the region since 320 BC . The Khewra Salt Mines are among the world 's oldest and biggest salt mines . Salt is mined at Khewra in an underground area of about 110 square kilometres ( 42 sq mi ) . Khewra salt mine has an estimated total of 220 million tonnes of rock salt deposits . The current production from the mine is 325,000 tons of salt per annum . Copper and gold ( edit ) In Reko Diq , Balochistan , deposits of copper and gold are present . Antofagasta , the company which possesses the Reqo Diq field , is targeting an initial production of 170,000 metric tons of copper and 300,000 ounces of gold a year . The project may produce more than 350,000 tons a year of copper and 900,000 ounces of gold . There are also copper deposits in Daht - e - Kuhn , Nokundi , Located in Chaghi district . Iron ore ( edit ) Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi , Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh ( Less than 42 % quality ) , Haripur and other Northern Areas . 11 February , 2015 The reserves were found in Chiniot , around 160 kilometres northwest of Lahore , by Chinese group the Metallurgical Cooperation of China . A senior provincial administrative official told AFP that initial estimates indicated 500 million tonnes of iron ore , a primary ingredient in steel making , had been discovered. The extracted iron had been tested in Swiss and Canadian laboratories , whichwere successful in finding 60 - 65 percent of it to be high grade . Gems and other precious stones ( edit ) See also : Gemstones of Pakistan A number of precious stones are mined and polished for local as well as export purposes . The centre point of this operation is Khyber - Pakhtoonkhwa and most recently Gilgit - Baltistan . These include actinolite , hessonite , rodingite , agate , idocrase , rutile , aquamarine , jadeite , ruby , amazonite , kunzite , serpentine , azurite , kyanite , spessartine ( garnet ) , beryl , marganite , spinel , emerald , moonstone , topaz , epidote , pargasite , tourmaline , garnet ( alamandine ) , peridot , turquoise , grossular , quartz ( citrine & others ) and vesuvianite . The export earned from these gems is more than 200 Million dollars . Accidents in mining ( edit ) Mining in Pakistan is a dangerous job , especially coal mining , as safety procedures are often neglected and accidents are quite common On 21 March 2011 at least 45 miners died due to an explosion in a coal mine in Surran range , some 35 km ( 22 mi ) east of the provincial capital , Quetta . On 14 of February 2011 , 2 Chinese engineers died in a chromite mine collapse in Qila Saifullah , Pakistan On 27 May 2004 , 15 miners died after a gas explosion at a coal mine in Balochistan . See also ( edit ) Economy of Pakistan List of minerals found in Pakistan Pakistan Coal Mines and Resources References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.palagems.com/pakistanoverview.htm Jump up ^ http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/as/pk/p0005.htm Jump up ^ `` 404 . Page Not Found - Bloomberg '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/iron/as/pk/p0005.htm Jump up ^ `` PM says discovery of huge reserves of iron ore could end ' begging bowl ' culture - The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk. 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Pakistan discovers ' huge ' reserves of iron ore '' . dawn.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani Manifestation Condemns Deadly Mine Accident , Inaction in Retrieving the Dead '' . icem.org . Jump up ^ `` The Most Common Accidents in the Mining Industry '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` 2 Chinese engineers die in Pakistan mine collapse '' . sify.com . Jump up ^ Ltd , Allied Newspapers . `` Fifteen die in Pakistan coal mine blast '' . timesofmalta.com . External links ( edit ) `` 2009 Minerals Yearbook : Pakistan '' http://www.gems.com.pk/Gemstones_History.asp Pakistan topics Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics History Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khalji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 706 Islamisation Baloch insurgency Kargil War Liberalization War in North - West Pakistan Geography Features Beaches Deserts Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Passes Rivers Valleys Waterfalls Wetlands Areas Arabian Sea Gwadar Bay Indus Plain Pothohar Plateau Salt Range Sistan Basin Geology Coal fields Gas fields Minerals Oil fields Tectonics Volcanoes Floods Environment Botanical gardens Ecoregions Environmental issues Forests Protected areas national parks game reserves sanctuaries Wildlife flora fauna Zoos Other topics Archaeological sites Climate weather records Borders Natural disasters earthquakes floods Subdivisions provinces districts cities World Heritage Sites Governance State President National Security Council ( C NS ECC AEDB NCA ) Government National government Cabinet Ministries Prime Minister Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Local government Union councils Legislative Parliament ( Majlis - e-Shoora ) Senate ( upper house ) Chairman National Assembly ( lower house ) Speaker Provincial assemblies Jirga ( tribal assembly ) Judicial Supreme Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Shariat Court High Courts District Courts Politics Elections Foreign relations Feudalism Intelligence community Political parties Martial law Law Constitution LFO PPC WPB PCO Human rights Forced disappearance LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Police Criminal Investigation ( CID ) Anti-Narcotics ( ANF ) Capital punishment Terrorism State terrorism Military History Army Air force Navy Marines Coast Guard Paramilitary Nuclear hide Economy Infrastructure Electricity Thermal Hydro nuclear solar wind Foreign aid Fuel extraction Housing Planning Commission Post Poverty Tallest buildings Telecommunications Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite Transportation bridges Water management Water supply and sanitation Industry Aerospace Agriculture Defence Automobile Fishery Forestry Husbandry Labour child Media Mining Pharmaceuticals Textiles Silk Tourism Commerce Banking banks Companies Investment board Rupee ( currency ) Securities and Exchange Commission Stock markets Trading Corporation Policy programmes Corporatisation Directive investment Industrialisation Military economisation Nationalisation Privatisation Public - private partnering Redundant Islamic economisation Society and culture Society Crime Culture Education institutions Feudalism Gender discrimination Healthcare hospitals Human rights LGBT Marriage Media Naming Pakistanis ( list ) Prostitution Religion Time Urbanisation Women Demographics Diaspora Ethnicity Immigration Languages Urdu Arts Architecture Cinema films Dance Festivals Folklore Literature Mushaira Music Philosophy Textiles Theatre Lifestyle Clothing Shalwar kameez Mehndi Cuisine Etiquette Gun culture Nationalism flags public holidays songs symbols Sports Athletics Baseball Boxing Cricket Cycling Field hockey Football Gilli - danda Golf Kabaddi Motorsport Marathon ( Lahore ) Olympics Paralympics Polo Rugby Squash Swimming Tennis Places Botanical gardens Cemeteries Churches Forts Gurdwaras Hindu temples Libraries Mausolea and shrines Mosques Museums Parks Stadiums World Heritage Sites Zoos Portal Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Pakistan&oldid=843212364 '' Categories : Mining in Pakistan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where are the iron ore deposits of pakistan located
[ "Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas.[4]", "Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas.[4]", "Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas.[4]", "Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas.[4]", "Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas.[4]" ]
[ "Nokundi", "Chinot", "Kalabagh", "Haripur", "other Northern Areas" ]
-3642648790562251306
Red Rum
Red Rum - wikipedia Red Rum Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Redrum ( disambiguation ) . Red Rum Red Rum at Castle Park , Bristol in 1980 Sire Quorum Grandsire Vilmorin Dam Mared Damsire Magic Red Sex Gelding Foaled 3 May 1965 Country Ireland Colour Bay Breeder Martyn McEnery Owner Noel le Mare Trainer Ginger McCain Record 100 : 24 - 15 - 23 Earnings £ 146,409.80 Major wins Grand National ( 1973 , 1974 , 1977 ) Scottish National ( 1974 ) Honours Life - size statue at Aintree Racecourse Smaller bronze statue inside Wayfarers Arcade , Southport Red Rum Handicap Chase at Aintree Last updated on February 15 , 2009 Red Rum ( bay gelding ; 3 May 1964 -- 18 October 1994 ) was a champion Thoroughbred steeplechaser . He achieved an unmatched historic treble when he won the Grand National in 1973 , 1974 and 1977 , and also came second in the two intervening years ( 1975 & 1976 ) . The Grand National is a notoriously difficult race that has been described as `` the ultimate test of a horse 's courage '' . He was also renowned for his jumping ability , having not fallen in 100 races . The 1973 race in which Red Rum secured his comeback victory from 30 lengths behind is often considered one of the greatest Grand Nationals in history . In a 2002 UK poll , Red Rum 's historic third triumph in the Grand National was voted the 24th greatest sporting moment of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Grand National record 3 Retirement 4 Death and legacy 5 Commemorations 6 Pedigree 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Red Rum was bred at Rossenarra stud in Kells , County Kilkenny , Ireland , by Martyn McEnery . His sire was Quorum ( 1954 - 1971 ) , and his dam Mared ( 1958 - 1976 ) . Mared was a grand - daughter of the broodmare Batika , whose other descendants have included the Irish 2000 Guineas winner Turtle Island . McEnery gave Red Rum his name by taking the last three letters of the names of his dam and sire respectively . Bred to win one - mile races , he won his National titles over the longest distance , four miles and four furlongs . Red Rum started his career running in cheap races as a sprinter and dead - heated in his first race , a five - furlong flat race at Aintree Racecourse . He ran another seven times as a two - year - old winning over 7f at Warwick , and won over 7f at Doncaster in the first of his two races as a three - year - old . In his early career , he was twice ridden by Lester Piggott . The comedian Lee Mack , then a stable boy , had his first riding lesson on Red Rum . After being passed from training yard to training yard , he found his footing when Southport car dealer Ginger McCain bought him for his client Noel le Mare and famously trained the horse on the sands at Southport , England . Galloping through sea water may have proved highly beneficial to Red Rum 's hooves . McCain reportedly took Red Rum for a therapeutic swim in the sea off Southport before his first National appearances to help treat the horse 's pedal osteitis , a debilitating incurable bone disease in his hoof . McCain also won the Grand National in 2004 with Amberleigh House , 31 years after his first victory with Red Rum . Grand National record ( edit ) The crowd are willing him home now . The 12 - year - old Red Rum , being preceded only by loose horses , being chased by Churchtown Boy ... They 're coming to the elbow , just a furlong now between Red Rum and his third Grand National triumph ! It 's hats off and a tremendous reception , you 've never heard one like it at Liverpool - Red Rum wins the National ! `` '' Commentator Peter O'Sullevan describes the moment Red Rum sealed his third Grand National title At the 1973 Grand National , Red Rum beat the Australian chaser Crisp , which was carrying 23 pounds more , in a new record time of nine minutes , 1.9 seconds . Crisp led the field virtually all the way in that year 's National in which he was 30 lengths clear , and at the last fence was 15 lengths clear of Red Rum , his nearest pursuer . Red Rum and jockey Brian Fletcher , however , made up the ground on the final stretch and , two strides from the finishing post , pipped the tiring Crisp to win by three - quarters of a length in what is often considered one of the greatest Grand Nationals in history . Crisp 's jockey Richard Pitman later stated : `` I still dream about that race , of Crisp running so strongly and jumping so fearlessly , and then the sound of Red Rum 's hooves as he got closer and closer at the end . '' He added : `` I felt as though I was tied to a railway line with an express train thundering up and being unable to jump out of the way . '' A year later , Red Rum retained his title at the 1974 National , carrying 12 stone . ( He followed that with victory in the Scottish Grand National , and remains the only horse to win both in the same season . ) Red Rum came second in 1975 and 1976 ; Tommy Stack replaced Fletcher as jockey in the last race after Fletcher angered trainer Ginger McCain by telling the press the horse no longer felt right after a defeat in a race away from Aintree . Again , Red Rum saved his best for Aintree but was held off by Rag Trade . The following year , Stack rode the 12 - year - old Red Rum to his record third Grand National triumph , in what is regarded as one of the greatest moments in horse racing history . Retirement ( edit ) Red Rum was prepared for a sixth attempt at the Grand National the season following his 1977 win , but suffered a hairline fracture the day before the 1978 race and was subsequently retired . However , he had become a national celebrity , opening supermarkets and annually leading the Grand National parade for many further years . His likeness graced playing cards , mugs , posters , models , paintings , plates and jigsaw puzzles . Several books have been written about Red Rum by his trainer , sculptor , jockeys and author Ivor Herbert ; a children 's story about his life was also written by Christine Pemberton . The horse helped open the Steeplechase rollercoaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in 1977 . He also switched on the Blackpool Illuminations in that year . In 1975 , a song entitled `` Red Rum '' was issued as a tribute to him by a group named Chaser , on Polydor 2058 564 . It was written by Steve Jolley , Richard Palmer and Tony Swain . In 2010 the name of the racecourse bar , formerly called `` The Sefton '' , was changed to `` The Red Rum '' . In 1977 Red Rum appeared as a studio guest at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards ceremony . Viewers were delighted when the horse seemed to recognise the voice of his jockey Tommy Stack , who was appearing by video link from another location . Death and legacy ( edit ) Red Rum 's grave at Aintree Red Rum 's feats , of three Nationals and two seconds , are legendary . They will never be equalled , let alone surpassed . They say records are there to be broken , but Red Rum 's at Aintree is one which will stand the test of time . `` '' Twenty time champion jockey Tony McCoy . Red Rum died on 18 October 1995 , aged 30 . His death made the front pages of national newspapers . He was buried at the winning post of the Aintree Racecourse , which is still a destination for his fans . The epitaph reads `` Respect this place / this hallowed ground / a legend here / his rest has found / his feet would fly / our spirits soar / he earned our love for evermore '' . Eleven years after his death , a survey found he remained the best - known racehorse in the UK . When asked to name an equine animal , Red Rum was named by 45 % of Britons , with Black Beauty ( from Anna Sewell 's novel ) in second with 33 % . In 2002 the UK public voted Red Rum 's third Grand National win # 24 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments . In the early 1970s , the future running of the Grand National was uncertain . The emergence of Red Rum and his historic triumphs captivated the nation , and ensured huge public support for the fund to buy Aintree and put it in the hands of the Jockey Club . On 19 September 2011 , Red Rum 's trainer Ginger McCain died aged 80 . Red Rum statue in Southport Commemorations ( edit ) Red Rum Handicap Chase at Aintree . There are statues of Red Rum at Aintree Racecourse , in Southport and at Ayr Racecourse . Merseyrail named one of its trains in Red Rum 's honour in 2008 as part of a Merseyside Legends programme . There used to be two pubs named Red Rum . One was next to Aintree Racecourse ; it is now a tandoori restaurant . One was in Croxteth , and there were 4 sets of shops next to it . The bar closed some time in the mid 2000s and took all the shops with it . A post office on the site stayed open until it closed due to demolition plans . On 13 October 2009 , Merseyside Matrix officers searched the pub following a tip - off and found four live shotgun cartridges in it . No arrests have been made . The pub was demolished in 2010 under plans for the restoration of the River Alt , which is due to open in spring 2016 Southport Fire Station took delivery of an engine they named Red Rum in 1979 Red Rum Drive in Ashburn , Virginia , a suburb of Washington , D.C. ( part of the area referred to as the silicon valley of the east ) , is named for the famous racehorse , due to the land developer being an avid horse racing fan . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Red Rum ( IRE ) , bay gelding , 1965 Sire Quorum ( GB ) 1954 Vilmorin ( GB ) 1943 Gold Bridge Golden Boss Flying Diadem Queen of the Meadows Fairway Queen of the Blues Akimbo ( GB ) 1947 Bois Roussel Vatout Plucky Liege Bulolo Noble Star Pussy Willow Dam Mared ( GB ) 1958 Magic Red ( GB ) 1941 Link Boy Pharos Market Girl Infra Red Ethnarch Black Ray Quinta ( GB ) 1953 Anwar Umidwar Stafaralla Batika Blenheim Brise Bise ( Family 25 ) See also ( edit ) Horse racing portal Repeat winners of horse races 1973 Grand National Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Red Rum pedigree '' . equineline.com . ^ Jump up to : Tony McCoy : jump jockeys owe Ginger McCain a huge debt for saving the Grand National Telegraph . Retrieved 9 October 2011 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved 9 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : Legend of Ginger ' Mr Aintree ' McCain will live forever Telegraph . Retrieved 10 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sport 's greatest ever comebacks Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : 100 Greatest sporting moments -- results Channel 4 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Thoroughbred Bloodlines - Brimmer Mare - Family 25 '' . Bloodlines.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Red Rum remains people 's champion '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 March 2016 Jump up ^ The Grand National Grand National.net Jump up ^ Reg Green - Grand National Historian BBC . Jump up ^ Lily Allen and Friends BBC . Retrieved 17 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Red Rum trainer Ginger McCain dies aged 80 BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 October 2011 Jump up ^ Car dealer who struck up winning relationship with dodgy - legged horse Irish Times . Retrieved 10 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Red Rum - The Legendary Horse Who Stole Our Hearts Retrieved 10 October 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/red-rum-will-always-be-my-grand-national-121496 ^ Jump up to : Red Rum : Aintree favourite BBC . Retrieved 9 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Red Rum memories flooding back with Ginger up for a record The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2011 Jump up ^ Red Rum remains people 's champion The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 October 2011 Jump up ^ The World Greatest Steeplechase Grand National.net Jump up ^ http://www.grand-national.me.uk/3231/redrumilluminatesblackpool/ Jump up ^ Famous Racehorses : Red Rum Tribute ^ Jump up to : Red Rum is UK 's best - known horse BBC . Retrieved 9 October 2011 Jump up ^ Ginger McCain : Racing trainer who took Red Rum to an historic hat - trick of Grand National victories Independent . Retrieved 12 October 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Rum . Red Rum 's site The Kumbi Site Video ( RealPlayer ) - Ginger McCain talks to Sue Barker about Red Rum in 2002 Video ( YouTube ) BBC News Report of Red Rum 's death ( hide ) Grand National Races by year 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Course Aintree Racecourse Becher 's Brook Canal Turn The Chair Famous horses Aldaniti Battleship Corbiere Crisp Devon Loch The Duke E.S.B. Foinavon Golden Miller L'Escargot Lord Gyllene Lottery Peter Simple Red Rum West Tip Famous jockeys Duke of Alburquerque Jack Anthony Martin Becher Tommy Carberry Bob Champion Richard Dunwoody Brian Fletcher Dick Francis Josh Gifford Bruce Hobbs Count Karl Kinsky Jem Mason Tony McCoy Tom Olliver Ernest Piggott Richard Pitman Ruby Walsh Fred Winter Other people Peter Bromley Ginger McCain Vincent O'Brien Michael O'Hehir Peter O'Sullevan Jenny Pitman Fred Rimell Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Lord Oaksey Lord Sefton Lists List of Grand National winners List of Grand National first four placings List of equine fatalities in the Grand National List of female Grand National jockeys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Rum&oldid=804291469 '' Categories : 1965 racehorse births 1995 racehorse deaths Horse monuments Grand National winners National Hunt racehorses Racehorses bred in Ireland Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom Thoroughbred family 25 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Nederlands 日本 語 Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 00 : 45 . 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when did red rum win the grand national
[ "Red Rum (bay gelding; 3 May 1964 – 18 October 1994) was a champion Thoroughbred steeplechaser. He achieved an unmatched historic treble when he won the Grand National in 1973, 1974 and 1977, and also came second in the two intervening years (1975 & 1976). The Grand National is a notoriously difficult race that has been described as \"the ultimate test of a horse’s courage\".[2] He was also renowned for his jumping ability, having not fallen in 100 races.[3]", "Red Rum (bay gelding; 3 May 1964 – 18 October 1994) was a champion Thoroughbred steeplechaser. He achieved an unmatched historic treble when he won the Grand National in 1973, 1974 and 1977, and also came second in the two intervening years (1975 & 1976). The Grand National is a notoriously difficult race that has been described as \"the ultimate test of a horse’s courage\".[2] He was also renowned for his jumping ability, having not fallen in 100 races.[3]", "Red Rum (bay gelding; 3 May 1964 – 18 October 1994) was a champion Thoroughbred steeplechaser. He achieved an unmatched historic treble when he won the Grand National in 1973, 1974 and 1977, and also came second in the two intervening years (1975 & 1976). The Grand National is a notoriously difficult race that has been described as \"the ultimate test of a horse’s courage\".[2] He was also renowned for his jumping ability, having not fallen in 100 races.[3]" ]
[ "1973", "1974", "1977" ]
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Preterm birth
Preterm birth - Wikipedia Preterm birth Preterm birth Synonyms Premature birth , preemies , premmies Intubated preterm baby in an incubator Specialty Obstetrics , pediatrics Symptoms Birth of a baby at younger than 37 weeks ' gestational age Complications Cerebral palsy , delays in development , hearing problems , sight problems Causes Often unknown Risk factors Diabetes , high blood pressure , being pregnant with more than one baby , obesity or underweight , a number of vaginal infections , celiac disease , tobacco smoking , psychological stress Prevention Progesterone Treatment Corticosteroids , keeping the baby warm through skin to skin contact , supporting breastfeeding , treating infections , supporting breathing Frequency ~ 15 million a year ( 12 % of deliveries ) Deaths 805,800 Preterm birth , also known as premature birth , is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks ' gestational age . These babies are known as preemies or premies . Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina . Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy , delays in development , hearing problems and sight problems . These risks are greater the earlier a baby is born . The cause of preterm birth is often not known . Risk factors include diabetes , high blood pressure , being pregnant with more than one baby , being either obese or underweight , a number of vaginal infections , tobacco smoking and psychological stress , among others . It is recommended that labor not be medically induced before 39 weeks unless required for other medical reasons . The same recommendation applies to cesarean section . Medical reasons for early delivery include preeclampsia . In those at risk , the hormone progesterone , if taken during pregnancy , may prevent preterm birth . Evidence does not support the usefulness of bed rest . It is estimated that at least 75 % of preterm infants would survive with appropriate treatment , and the survival rate is highest among the infants born the latest . In women who might deliver between 24 and 37 weeks , corticosteroids improve outcomes . A number of medications , including nifedipine , may delay delivery so that a mother can be moved to where more medical care is available and the corticosteroids have a greater chance to work . Once the baby is born , care includes keeping the baby warm through skin to skin contact , supporting breastfeeding , treating infections and supporting breathing . Preterm birth is the most common cause of death among infants worldwide . About 15 million babies are preterm each year ( 5 % to 18 % of all deliveries ) . Approximately 0.5 % of births are extremely early periviable births , and these account for most of the deaths . In many countries , rates of premature births have increased between the 1990s and 2010s . Complications from preterm births resulted in 0.81 million deaths in 2015 down from 1.57 million in 1990 . The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6 % , while at 23 weeks it is 26 % , 24 weeks 55 % and 25 weeks about 72 % . The chances of survival without any long - term difficulties are lower . Contents 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Complications 2.1. 1 Mortality and morbidity 2.1. 2 Specific risks for the preterm neonate 3 Risk factors 3.1 Maternal factors 3.2 Factors during pregnancy 3.3 Infection 3.4 Genetics 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Placental alpha microglobulin - 1 4.2 Fetal fibronectin 4.3 Ultrasound 5 Prevention 5.1 Before pregnancy 5.2 During pregnancy 5.2. 1 Screening of low risk women 5.2. 2 Self - care 5.3 Reducing existing risks 5.3. 1 Multiple pregnancies 5.3. 2 Reducing indicated preterm birth 5.3. 3 Reducing spontaneous preterm birth 5.3. 3.1 Antibiotics 5.3. 3.2 Progestogens 5.3. 3.3 Cervical cerclage 6 Management 6.1 Steroids 6.2 Antibiotics 6.3 Tocolysis 6.4 Mode of delivery 6.5 Neonatal care 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 Society and culture 9.1 Economics 9.2 Notable cases 10 Ethics 11 References 12 External links Classification ( edit ) Stages in prenatal development , with weeks and months numbered from last menstruation . In humans , the usual definition of preterm birth is birth before a gestational age of 37 complete weeks . In the normal human fetus , several organ systems mature between 34 and 37 weeks , and the fetus reaches adequate maturity by the end of this period . One of the main organs greatly affected by premature birth is the lungs . The lungs are one of the last organs to mature in the womb ; because of this , many premature babies spend the first days and weeks of their lives on ventilators . Therefore , a significant overlap exists between preterm birth and prematurity . Generally , preterm babies are premature and term babies are mature . Preterm babies born near 37 weeks often have no problems relating to prematurity if their lungs have developed adequate surfactant , which allows the lungs to remain expanded between breaths . Sequelae of prematurity can be reduced to a small extent by using drugs to accelerate maturation of the fetus , and to a greater extent by preventing preterm birth . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) A new mother holds her premature baby at Kapiolani Medical Center NICU in Honolulu , Hawaii Preterm birth causes a range of problems . The main categories of causes of preterm birth are preterm labor induction and spontaneous preterm labor . Signs and symptoms of preterm labor include four or more uterine contractions in one hour . In contrast to false labour , true labor is accompanied by cervical dilatation and effacement . Also , vaginal bleeding in the third trimester , heavy pressure in the pelvis , or abdominal or back pain could be indicators that a preterm birth is about to occur . A watery discharge from the vagina may indicate premature rupture of the membranes that surround the baby . While the rupture of the membranes may not be followed by labor , usually delivery is indicated as infection ( chorioamnionitis ) is a serious threat to both fetus and mother . In some cases , the cervix dilates prematurely without pain or perceived contractions , so that the mother may not have warning signs until very late in the birthing process . A review into using uterine monitoring at home to detect contractions and possible preterm births in women at higher risk of having a preterm baby found that it did not reduce the number of preterm births . The research included in the review was poor quality but it showed that home monitoring may increase the number of unplanned antenatal visits and may reduce the number of babies admitted to special care when compared with women receiving normal antenatal care . Complications ( edit ) Mortality and morbidity ( edit ) In the U.S. where many neonatal infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced , prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25 % . Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk for having subsequent serious chronic health problems as discussed below . The earliest gestational age at which the infant has at least a 50 % chance of survival is referred to as the limit of viability . As NICU care has improved over the last 40 years , the limit of viability has reduced to approximately 24 weeks . Most newborns who die , and 40 % of older infants who die , were born between 20 and 25.9 weeks ( gestational age ) , during the second trimester . As risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that threshold even if the infant survives , there are ethical controversies over the aggressiveness of the care rendered to such infants . The limit of viability has also become a factor in the abortion debate . Specific risks for the preterm neonate ( edit ) Preterm infants usually show physical signs of prematurity in reverse proportion to the gestational age . As a result , they are at risk for numerous medical problems affecting different organ systems . Neurological problems include apnea of prematurity , hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy ( HIE ) , retinopathy of prematurity ( ROP ) , developmental disability , transient hyperammonemia of the newborn , cerebral palsy and intraventricular hemorrhage , the latter affecting 25 % of babies born preterm , usually before 32 weeks of pregnancy . Mild brain bleeds usually leave no or few lasting complications , but severe bleeds often result in brain damage or even death . Neurodevelopmental problems have been linked to lack of maternal thyroid hormones , at a time when their own thyroid is unable to meet postnatal needs . Cardiovascular complications may arise from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth : patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA ) . Respiratory problems are common , specifically the respiratory distress syndrome ( RDS or IRDS ) ( previously called hyaline membrane disease ) . Another problem can be chronic lung disease ( previously called bronchopulmonary dysplasia or BPD ) . Gastrointestinal and metabolic issues can arise from neonatal hypoglycemia , feeding difficulties , rickets of prematurity , hypocalcemia , inguinal hernia , and necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) . Hematologic complications include anemia of prematurity , thrombocytopenia , and hyperbilirubinemia ( jaundice ) that can lead to kernicterus . Infection , including sepsis , pneumonia , and urinary tract infection A study of 241 children born between 22 and 25 weeks who were currently of school age found that 46 percent had severe or moderate disabilities such as cerebral palsy , vision or hearing loss and learning problems . Thirty - four percent were mildly disabled and 20 percent had no disabilities , while 12 percent had disabling cerebral palsy . Risk factors ( edit ) The exact cause of preterm birth is difficult to determine and it may be multi-factorial . The cause of 50 % of preterm births is never determined . Labor is a complex process involving many factors . Four different pathways have been identified that can result in preterm birth and have considerable evidence : precocious fetal endocrine activation , uterine overdistension ( placental abruption ) , decidual bleeding , and intrauterine inflammation / infection . Identifying women at high risk of giving birth early would enable the health services to provide specialized care for these women to delay the birth or make sure they are in the best place to give birth ( for example a hospital with a special care baby unit ) . Risk scoring systems have been suggested as a possible way of identifying these women . However , there is no research in this area so it is unclear whether the risk scoring systems would prolong pregnancy and reduce the numbers of preterm births or not . Maternal factors ( edit ) Risk factor Relative risk or odds ratio 95 % confidence interval Black ethnicity / race 2.0 1.8 -- 2.2 Filipino ancestry 1.7 1.5 -- 2.1 High or low BMI 0.96 0.66 -- 1.4 Large or small pregnancy weight gain 1.8 1.5 -- 2.3 Short maternal height 1.8 1.3 -- 2.5 History of spontaneous preterm birth 3.6 3.2 -- 4.0 Being single / unmarried 1.03 -- 1.28 Bacterial vaginosis 2.2 1.5 -- 3.1 Asymptomatic bacteriuria 0.8 -- 1.5 Periodontitis 1.6 1.1 -- 2.3 Low socio - economic status 1.9 1.7 -- 2.2 Short cervical length 2.9 2.1 -- 3.9 Fetal fibronectin 4.0 2.9 -- 5.5 Chlamydia 2.2 1.0 -- 4.8 Celiac disease 1.4 1.2 -- 1.6 A number of factors have been identified that are linked to a higher risk of a preterm birth such as being less than 18 years of age . Maternal height and weight can play a role . Further , in the U.S. and the UK , black women have preterm birth rates of 15 -- 18 % , more than double than that of the white population . Filipinos are also at high risk of premature birth , and it is believed that nearly 11 -- 15 % of Filipinos born in the U.S. ( compared to other Asians at 7.6 % and whites at 7.8 % ) are premature . Filipinos being a big risk factor is evidenced with the Philippines being the 8th highest ranking in the world for preterm births , the only non-African country in the top 10 . This discrepancy is not seen in comparison to other Asian groups or Hispanic immigrants and remains unexplained . Pregnancy interval makes a difference as women with a six - month span or less between pregnancies have a two-fold increase in preterm birth . Studies on type of work and physical activity have given conflicting results , but it is opined that stressful conditions , hard labor , and long hours are probably linked to preterm birth . A history of spontaneous ( i.e. , miscarriage ) or surgical abortion has been associated with a small increase in the risk of preterm birth , with an increased risk with increased number of abortions , although it is unclear whether the increase is caused by the abortion or by confounding risk factors ( e.g. , socioeconomic status ) . Increased risk has not been shown in women who terminated their pregnancies medically . Pregnancies that are unwanted or unintended are also a risk factor for preterm birth . Adequate maternal nutrition is important . Women with a low BMI are at increased risk for preterm birth . Further , women with poor nutrition status may also be deficient in vitamins and minerals . Adequate nutrition is critical for fetal development and a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may help reduce the risk of a preterm delivery . Obesity does not directly lead to preterm birth ; however , it is associated with diabetes and hypertension which are risk factors by themselves . To some degree those individuals may have underlying conditions ( i.e. , uterine malformation , hypertension , diabetes ) that persist . Women with celiac disease have an increased risk of the development of preterm birth . The risk of preterm birth is more elevated when celiac disease remains undiagnosed and untreated . Marital status is associated with risk for preterm birth . A study of 25,373 pregnancies in Finland revealed that unmarried mothers had more preterm deliveries than married mothers ( P = 0.001 ) . Pregnancy outside of marriage was associated overall with a 20 % increase in total adverse outcomes , even at a time when Finland provided free maternity care . A study in Quebec of 720,586 births from 1990 to 1997 revealed less risk of preterm birth for infants with legally married mothers compared with those with common - law wed or unwed parents . Genetic make - up is a factor in the causality of preterm birth . Genetics has been a big factor into why Filipinos have a high risk of premature birth as the Filipinos have a large prevalence of mutations that help them be predisposed to premature births . An intra - and transgenerational increase in the risk of preterm delivery has been demonstrated . No single gene has been identified . Subfertility is associated with preterm birth . Couples who have tried more than 1 year versus those who have tried less than 1 year before achieving a spontaneous conception have an adjusted odds ratio of 1.35 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.22 - 1.50 ) of preterm birth . Pregnancies after IVF confers a greater risk of preterm birth than spontaneous conceptions after more than 1 year of trying , with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.55 ( 95 % CI 1.30 - 1.85 ) . Factors during pregnancy ( edit ) The use of fertility medication that stimulates the ovary to release multiple eggs and of IVF with embryo transfer of multiple embryos has been implicated as an important factor in preterm birth . Maternal medical conditions increase the risk of preterm birth . Often labor has to be induced for medical reasons ; such conditions include high blood pressure , pre-eclampsia , maternal diabetes , asthma , thyroid disease , and heart disease . In a number of women anatomical issues prevent the baby from being carried to term . Some women have a weak or short cervix ( the strongest predictor of premature birth ) Women with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy are at higher risk for preterm birth . While bleeding in the third trimester may be a sign of placenta previa or placental abruption -- conditions that occur frequently preterm -- even earlier bleeding that is not caused by these conditions is linked to a higher preterm birth rate . Women with abnormal amounts of amniotic fluid , whether too much ( polyhydramnios ) or too little ( oligohydramnios ) , are also at risk . The mental status of the women is of significance . Anxiety and depression have been linked to preterm birth . Finally , the use of tobacco , cocaine , and excessive alcohol during pregnancy increases the chance of preterm delivery . Tobacco is the most commonly abused drug during pregnancy and contributes significantly to low birth weight delivery . Babies with birth defects are at higher risk of being born preterm . Passive smoking and / or smoking before the pregnancy influences the probability of a preterm birth . The World Health Organization published an international study in March 2014 . Presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk preterm birth with an odds ratio of 1.9 and 95 % confidence interval of 1.1 -- 3.5 . A 2004 systematic review of 30 studies on the association between intimate partner violence and birth outcomes concluded that preterm birth and other adverse outcomes , including death , are higher among abused pregnant women than among non-abused women . The Nigerian cultural method of abdominal massage has been shown to result in 19 % preterm birth among women in Nigeria , plus many other adverse outcomes for the mother and baby . This ought not be confused with massage conducted by a fully trained and licensed massage therapist or by significant others trained to provide massage during pregnancy , which has been shown to have numerous positive results during pregnancy , including the reduction of preterm birth , less depression , lower cortisol , and reduced anxiety . Infection ( edit ) The frequency of infection in preterm birth is inversely related to the gestational age . Mycoplasma genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth , and spontaneous abortion . Infectious microorganisms can be ascending , hematogeneous , iatrogenic by a procedure , or retrograde through the Fallopian tubes . From the deciduas they may reach the space between the amnion and chorion , the amniotic fluid , and the fetus . A chorioamnionitis also may lead to sepsis of the mother . Fetal infection is linked to preterm birth and to significant long - term handicap including cerebral palsy . It has been reported that asymptomatic colonization of the decidua occurs in up to 70 % of women at term using a DNA probe suggesting that the presence of micro-organism alone may be insufficient to initiate the infectious response . As the condition is more prevalent in black women in the US and the UK , it has been suggested to be an explanation for the higher rate of preterm birth in these populations . It is opined that bacterial vaginosis before or during pregnancy may affect the decidual inflammatory response that leads to preterm birth . The condition known as aerobic vaginitis can be a serious risk factor for preterm labor ; several previous studies failed to acknowledge the difference between aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis , which may explain some of the contradiction in the results . Untreated yeast infections are associated with preterm birth . A review into prophylactic antibiotics ( given to prevent infection ) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy ( 13 -- 42 weeks of pregnancy ) found a reduction in the number of preterm births in women with bacterial vaginosis . These antibiotics also reduced the number of waters breaking before labor in full - term pregnancies , reduced the risk of infection of the lining of the womb after delivery ( endometritis ) , and rates of gonococcal infection . However , the women without bacterial vaginosis did not have any reduction in preterm births or pre-labor preterm waters breaking . Much of the research included in this review lost participants during follow - up so did not report the long - term effects of the antibiotics on mothers or babies . More research in this area is needed to find the full effects of giving antibiotics throughout the second and third trimesters of pregnancy . A number of maternal bacterial infections are associated with preterm birth including pyelonephritis , asymptomatic bacteriuria , pneumonia , and appendicitis . A review into giving antibiotics in pregnancy for asymptomatic bacteriuria ( urine infection with no symptoms ) found the research was of very low quality but that it did suggest that taking antibiotics reduced the numbers of preterm births and babies with low birth weight . Another review found that one dose of antibiotics did not seem as effective as a course of antibiotics but fewer women reported side effects from one dose . This review recommended that more research is needed to discover the best way of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria . A different review found that preterm births happened less for pregnant women who had routine testing for low genital tract infections than for women who only had testing when they showed symptoms of low genital tract infections . The women being routinely tested also gave birth to fewer babies with a low birth weight . Even though these results look promising , the review was only based on one study so more research is needed into routine screening for low genital tract infections . Also periodontal disease has been shown repeatedly to be linked to preterm birth . In contrast , viral infections , unless accompanied by a significant febrile response , are considered not to be a major factor in relation to preterm birth . Genetics ( edit ) There is believed to be a maternal genetic component in preterm birth . Estimated heritability of timing - of - birth in women was 34 % . However , the occurrence of preterm birth in families does not follow a clear inheritance pattern , thus supporting the idea that preterm birth is a non-Mendelian trait with a polygenic nature . Diagnosis ( edit ) Placental alpha microglobulin - 1 ( edit ) Placental alpha microglobulin - 1 ( PAMG - 1 ) has been the subject of several investigations evaluating its ability to predict imminent spontaneous preterm birth in women with signs , symptoms , or complaints suggestive of preterm labor . In one investigation comparing this test to fetal fibronectin testing and cervical length measurement via transvaginal ultrasound , the test for PAMG - 1 ( commercially known as the PartoSure test ) has been reported to be the single best predictor of imminent spontaneous delivery within 7 days of a patient presenting with signs , symptoms , or complaints of preterm labor . Specifically , the PPV , or positive predictive value , of the tests were 76 % , 29 % , and 30 % for PAMG - 1 , fFN and CL , respectively ( P < 0.01 ) . Fetal fibronectin ( edit ) Fetal fibronectin ( fFN ) has become an important biomarker -- the presence of this glycoprotein in the cervical or vaginal secretions indicates that the border between the chorion and deciduas has been disrupted . A positive test indicates an increased risk of preterm birth , and a negative test has a high predictive value . It has been shown that only 1 % of women in questionable cases of preterm labor delivered within the next week when the test was negative . Ultrasound ( edit ) Further information : Cervical incompetence Obstetric ultrasound has become useful in the assessment of the cervix in women at risk for premature delivery . A short cervix preterm is undesirable : A cervical length of less than 25 mm at or before 24 weeks of gestational age is the most common definition of cervical incompetence . Prevention ( edit ) Historically efforts have been primarily aimed to improve survival and health of preterm infants ( tertiary intervention ) . Such efforts , however , have not reduced the incidence of preterm birth . Increasingly primary interventions that are directed at all women , and secondary intervention that reduce existing risks are looked upon as measures that need to be developed and implemented to prevent the health problems of premature infants and children . Smoking bans are effective in decreasing preterm births . Before pregnancy ( edit ) Adoption of specific professional policies can immediately reduce risk of preterm birth as the experience in assisted reproduction has shown when the number of embryos during embryo transfer was limited . Many countries have established specific programs to protect pregnant women from hazardous or night - shift work and to provide them with time for prenatal visits and paid pregnancy - leave . The EUROPOP study showed that preterm birth is not related to type of employment , but to prolonged work ( over 42 hours per week ) or prolonged standing ( over 6 hours per day ) . Also , night work has been linked to preterm birth . Health policies that take these findings into account can be expected to reduce the rate of preterm birth . Preconceptional intake of folic acid is recommended to reduce birth defects . There is significant evidence that long - term ( > one year ) use of folic acid supplement preconceptionally may reduce premature birth . Reducing smoking is expected to benefit pregnant women and their offspring . During pregnancy ( edit ) Healthy eating can be instituted at any stage of the pregnancy including nutritional adjustments , use of vitamin supplements , and smoking cessation . Calcium supplementation in women who have low dietary calcium reduces the number of negative outcomes including preterm birth , pre-eclampsia , and maternal death . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) suggests 1.5 -- 2 g of calcium supplements daily , for pregnant women who have low levels calcium in their diet . Supplemental intake of C and E vitamins have not been found to reduce preterm birth rates . Different strategies are used in the administration of prenatal care , and future studies need to determine if the focus can be on screening for high - risk women , or widened support for low - risk women , or to what degree these approaches can be merged . While periodontal infection has been linked with preterm birth , randomized trials have not shown that periodontal care during pregnancy reduces preterm birth rates . Screening of low risk women ( edit ) Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria followed by appropriate treatment reduces pyelonephritis and reduces the risk of preterm birth . Extensive studies have been carried out to determine if other forms of screening in low - risk women followed by appropriate intervention are beneficial , including : Screening for and treatment of Ureaplasma urealyticum , group B streptococcus , Trichomonas vaginalis , and bacterial vaginosis did not reduce the rate of preterm birth . Routine ultrasound examination of the length of the cervix identifies patients at risk , but cerclage is not proven useful , and the application of a progestogen is under study . Screening for the presence of fibronectin in vaginal secretions is not recommended at this time in women at low risk . Self - care ( edit ) Self - care methods to reduce the risk of preterm birth include proper nutrition , avoiding stress , seeking appropriate medical care , avoiding infections , and the control of preterm birth risk factors ( e.g. working long hours while standing on feet , carbon monoxide exposure , domestic abuse , and other factors ) . Self - monitoring vaginal pH followed by yogurt treatment or clindamycin treatment if the pH was too high all seem to be effective at reducing the risk of preterm birth . Additional support during pregnancy does not appear to prevent low birthweight or preterm birth . Reducing existing risks ( edit ) Women are identified to be at increased risk for preterm birth on the basis of their past obstetrical history or the presence of known risk factors . Preconception intervention can be helpful in selected patients in a number of ways . Patients with certain uterine anomalies may have a surgical correction ( i.e. removal of a uterine septum ) , and those with certain medical problems can be helped by optimizing medical therapies prior to conception , be it for asthma , diabetes , hypertension and others . Multiple pregnancies ( edit ) In multiple pregnancies , which often result from use of assisted reproductive technology , there is a high risk of preterm birth . Selective reduction is used to reduce the number of fetuses to two or three . Reducing indicated preterm birth ( edit ) A number of agents have been studied for the secondary prevention of indicated preterm birth . Trials using low - dose aspirin , fish oil , vitamin C and E , and calcium to reduce preeclampsia demonstrated some reduction in preterm birth only when low - dose aspirin was used . Even if agents such as calcium or antioxidants were able to reduce preeclampsia , a resulting decrease in preterm birth was not observed . Reducing spontaneous preterm birth ( edit ) Reduction in activity by the mother -- pelvic rest , limited work , bed rest -- may be recommended although there is no evidence it is useful with some concerns it is harmful . Increasing medical care by more frequent visits and more education has not been shown to reduce preterm birth rates . Use of nutritional supplements such as omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is based on the observation that populations who have a high intake of such agents are at low risk for preterm birth , presumably as these agents inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines . A randomized trial showed a significant decline in preterm birth rates , and further studies are in the making . Antibiotics ( edit ) While antibiotics can get rid of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy , this does not appear to change the risk of preterm birth . It has been suggested that chronic chorioamnionitis is not sufficiently treated by antibiotics alone ( and therefore they can not ameliorate the need for preterm delivery in this condition ) . Progestogens ( edit ) Progestogens , often given in the form of progesterone or hydroxyprogesterone caproate , relaxes the uterine musculature , maintains cervical length , and has anti-inflammatory properties , and thus exerts activities expected to be beneficial in reducing preterm birth . Two meta - analyses demonstrated a reduction in the risk of preterm birth in women with recurrent preterm birth by 40 -- 55 % . Progestogen supplementation also reduces the frequency of preterm birth in pregnancies where there is a short cervix . However , progestogens are not effective in all populations , as a study involving twin gestations failed to see any benefit . Cervical cerclage ( edit ) In preparation for childbirth , the woman 's cervix shortens . Preterm cervical shortening is linked to preterm birth and can be detected by ultrasonography . Cervical cerclage is a surgical intervention that places a suture around the cervix to prevent its shortening and widening . Numerous studies have been performed to assess the value of cervical cerclage and the procedure appears helpful primarily for women with a short cervix and a history of preterm birth . Instead of a prophylactic cerclage , women at risk can be monitored during pregnancy by sonography , and when shortening of the cervix is observed , the cerclage can be performed . Management ( edit ) Preterm birth at 32 week 4 days with a weight of 2,000 gms attached to medical equipment About 75 % of nearly a million deaths due to preterm deliver would survive if provided warmth , breastfeeding , treatments for infection , and breathing support . If a baby has cardiac arrest at birth and is before 23 weeks or less than 400 g attempts at resuscitation are not indicated . Tertiary interventions are aimed at women who are about to go into preterm labor , or rupture the membranes or bleed preterm . The use of the fibronectin test and ultrasonography improves the diagnostic accuracy and reduces false - positive diagnosis . While treatments to arrest early labor where there is progressive cervical dilatation and effacement will not be effective to gain sufficient time to allow the fetus to grow and mature further , it may defer delivery sufficiently to allow the mother to be brought to a specialized center that is equipped and staffed to handle preterm deliveries . In a hospital setting women are hydrated via intravenous infusion ( as dehydration can lead to premature uterine contractions ) . Steroids ( edit ) Severely premature infants may have underdeveloped lungs because they are not yet producing their own surfactant . This can lead directly to respiratory distress syndrome , also called hyaline membrane disease , in the neonate . To try to reduce the risk of this outcome , pregnant mothers with threatened premature delivery prior to 34 weeks are often administered at least one course of glucocorticoids , a steroid that crosses the placental barrier and stimulates the production of surfactant in the lungs of the baby . Steroid use up to 37 weeks is also recommended by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . Typical glucocorticoids that would be administered in this context are betamethasone or dexamethasone , often when the pregnancy has reached viability at 23 weeks . In cases where premature birth is imminent , a second `` rescue '' course of steroids may be administered 12 to 24 hours before the anticipated birth . There are still some concerns about the efficacy and side effects of a second course of steroids , but the consequences of RDS are so severe that a second course is often viewed as worth the risk . A 2015 Cochrane review supports the use of repeat dose ( s ) of prenatal corticosteroids for women still at risk of preterm birth seven days or more after an initial course . Beside reducing respiratory distress , other neonatal complications are reduced by the use of glucocorticosteroids , namely intraventricular bleeding , necrotising enterocolitis , and patent ductus arteriosus . A single course of antenatal corticosteroids could be considered routine for preterm delivery , but there are some concerns about applicability of this recommendation to low - resource settings with high rates of infections . It remains unclear whether one corticosteroid ( or one particular regimen ) has advantages over another . Concerns about adverse effects of prenatal corticosteroids include increased risk for maternal infection , difficulty with diabetic control , and possible long - term effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes for the infants . There is ongoing discussion about when steroids should be given ( i.e. only antenatally or postnatally too ) and for how long ( i.e. single course or repeated administration ) . Despite these unknowns , there is a consensus that the benefits of a single course of prenatal glucocorticosteroids vastly outweigh the potential risks . Antibiotics ( edit ) The routine administration of antibiotics to all women with threatened preterm labor reduces the risk of the baby to get infected with group B streptococcus and has been shown to reduce related mortality rates . When membranes rupture prematurely , obstetrical management looks for development of labor and signs of infection . Prophylactic antibiotic administration has been shown to prolong pregnancy and reduced neonatal morbidity with rupture of membranes at less than 34 weeks . Because of concern about necrotizing enterocolitis , amoxicillin or erythromycin has been recommended , but not amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ( co-amoxiclav ) . Tocolysis ( edit ) A number of medications may be useful to delay delivery including : nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , calcium channel blockers , beta mimetics , and atosiban . Tocolysis rarely delays delivery beyond 24 -- 48 hours . This delay , however , may be sufficient to allow the pregnant woman to be transferred to a center specialized for management of preterm deliveries and give administered corticosteroids to reduce neonatal organ immaturity . Meta - analyses indicate that calcium - channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist can delay delivery by 2 -- 7 days , and β2 - agonist drugs delay by 48 hours but carry more side effects . Magnesium sulfate does not appear to be useful to prevent preterm birth . Its use before delivery , however , does appear to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy . Mode of delivery ( edit ) The routine use of caesarean section for early delivery of infants expected to have very low birth weight is controversial , and a decision concerning the route and time of delivery probably needs to be made on a case by case basis . Neonatal care ( edit ) After delivery , plastic wraps or warm mattresses are useful to keep the infant warm on their way to the neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) . In developed countries premature infants are usually cared for in an NICU . The physicians who specialize in the care of very sick or premature babies are known as neonatologists . In the NICU , premature babies are kept under radiant warmers or in incubators ( also called isolettes ) , which are bassinets enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs . Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature , respiration , cardiac function , oxygenation , and brain activity . Treatments may include fluids and nutrition through intravenous catheters , oxygen supplementation , mechanical ventilation support , and medications . In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable , simple measures such as kangaroo care ( skin to skin warming ) , encouraging breastfeeding , and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm morbidity and mortality . Bili lights may also be used to treat newborn jaundice ( hyperbilirubinemia ) . Water can be carefully provided to prevent dehydration but no so much to increase risks of side effects . In a 2012 policy statement , the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended feeding preterm infants human milk , finding `` significant short - and long - term beneficial effects , '' including lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) . Prognosis ( edit ) The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6 % , while at 23 weeks it is 26 % , 24 weeks 55 % and 25 weeks about 72 % . The chances of survival without long - term difficulties is less . In the developed world overall survival is about 90 % while in low - income countries survival rates are about 10 % . Some children will adjust well during childhood and adolescence , although disability is more likely nearer the limits of viability . A large study followed children born between 22 and 25 weeks until the age of 6 years old . Of these children , 46 percent had moderate to severe disabilities such as cerebral palsy , vision or hearing loss and learning disabilities , 34 percent had mild disabilities , and 20 percent had no disabilities . Twelve percent had disabling cerebral palsy . As survival has improved , the focus of interventions directed at the newborn has shifted to reduce long - term disabilities , particularly those related to brain injury . Some of the complications related to prematurity may not be apparent until years after the birth . A long - term study demonstrated that the risks of medical and social disabilities extend into adulthood and are higher with decreasing gestational age at birth and include cerebral palsy , intellectual disability , disorders of psychological development , behavior , and emotion , disabilities of vision and hearing , and epilepsy . Standard intelligence tests showed that 41 percent of children born between 22 and 25 weeks had moderate or severe learning disabilities when compared to the test scores of a group of similar classmates who were born at full - term . It is also shown that higher levels of education were less likely to be obtained with decreasing gestational age at birth . People born prematurely may be more susceptible to developing depression as teenagers . Some of these problems can be described as being within the executive domain and have been speculated to arise due to decreased myelinization of the frontal lobes . Studies of people born premature and investigated later with MRI brain imaging , demonstrate qualitative anomalies of brain structure and grey matter deficits within temporal lobe structures and the cerebellum that persist into adolescence . Throughout life they are more likely to require services provided by physical therapists , occupational therapists , or speech therapists . Despite the neurosensory , mental and educational problems studied in school age and adolescent children born extremely preterm , the majority of preterm survivors born during the early years of neonatal intensive care are found to do well and to live fairly normal lives in young adulthood . Young adults born preterm seem to acknowledge that they have more health problems than their peers , yet feel the same degree of satisfaction with their quality of life . Beyond the neurodevelopmental consequences of prematurity , infants born preterm have a greater risk for many other health problems . For instance , children born prematurely have an increased risk for developing chronic kidney disease . Epidemiology ( edit ) Disability - adjusted life year for prematurity and low birth weight per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . no data less than 120 120 - 240 240 - 360 360 - 480 480 - 600 600 - 720 720 - 840 840 - 960 960 - 1080 1080 - 1200 1200 - 1500 more than 1500 Preterm birth complicates the births of infants worldwide affecting 5 % to 18 % of births . In Europe and many developed countries the preterm birth rate is generally 5 -- 9 % , and in the USA it has even risen to 12 -- 13 % in the last decades . As weight is easier to determine than gestational age , the World Health Organization tracks rates of low birth weight ( < 2,500 grams ) , which occurred in 16.5 percent of births in less developed regions in 2000 . It is estimated that one third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to preterm delivery . Weight generally correlates to gestational age , however , infants may be underweight for other reasons than a preterm delivery . Neonates of low birth weight ( LBW ) have a birth weight of less than 2500 g ( 5 lb 8 oz ) and are mostly but not exclusively preterm babies as they also include small for gestational age ( SGA ) babies . Weight - based classification further recognizes Very Low Birth Weight ( VLBW ) which is less than 1,500 g , and Extremely Low Birth Weight ( ELBW ) which is less than 1,000 g . Almost all neonates in these latter two groups are born preterm . Complications from preterm births resulted in 740,000 deaths in 2013 , down from 1.57 million in 1990 . Society and culture ( edit ) Economics ( edit ) Preterm birth is a significant cost factor in healthcare , not even considering the expenses of long - term care for individuals with disabilities due to preterm birth . A 2003 study in the US determined neonatal costs to be $224,400 for a newborn at 500 -- 700 g versus $1,000 at over 3,000 g . The costs increase exponentially with decreasing gestational age and weight . The 2007 Institute of Medicine report Preterm Birth found that the 550,000 premature babies born each year in the U.S. run up about $26 billion in annual costs , mostly related to care in neonatal intensive care units , but the real tab may top $50 billion . Notable cases ( edit ) James Elgin Gill ( born on 20 May 1987 in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ) was the earliest premature baby in the world , until that record was broken in 2014 . He was 128 days premature ( 21 weeks and 5 days ' gestation ) and weighed 1 pound 6 ounces ( 624 g ) . He survived . In 2014 , a baby girl born in San Antonio , Texas , U.S. became the youngest premature baby in the world . The daughter of Courtney Stensrud was born at 21 weeks 4 days and weighed 410 grams ( less than a pound ) . Kaashif Ahmad resuscitated the baby after she was born . As of 2017 , the girl was in preschool and on par with her peers . Amillia Taylor is also often cited as the most premature baby . She was born on 24 October 2006 in Miami , Florida , U.S. at 21 weeks and 6 days ' gestation . This report has created some confusion as her gestation was measured from the date of conception ( through in vitro fertilization ) rather than the date of her mother 's last menstrual period , making her appear 2 weeks younger than if gestation was calculated by the more common method . At birth , she was 9 inches ( 22.9 cm ) long and weighed 10 ounces ( 280 g ) . She suffered digestive and respiratory problems , together with a brain hemorrhage . She was discharged from the Baptist Children 's Hospital on 20 February 2007 . The record for the smallest premature baby to survive was held for a considerable amount of time by Madeline Mann , who was born in 1989 at 26 weeks , weighing 9.9 ounces ( 280 g ) and measuring 9.5 inches ( 241.3 mm ) long . This record was broken in September 2004 by Rumaisa Rahman , who was born in the same hospital at 25 weeks ' gestation . At birth , she was 8 inches ( 200 mm ) long and weighed 244 grams ( 8.6 oz ) . Her twin sister was also a small baby , weighing 563 grams ( 1 lb 3.9 oz ) at birth . During pregnancy their mother had suffered from pre-eclampsia , which causes dangerously high blood pressure putting the baby into distress and requiring birth by caesarean section . The larger twin left the hospital at the end of December , while the smaller remained there until 10 February 2005 by which time her weight had increased to 1.18 kg ( 2.6 lb ) . Generally healthy , the twins had to undergo laser eye surgery to correct vision problems , a common occurrence among premature babies . The world 's smallest premature boy to survive was born in February 2009 at Children 's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S.. Jonathon Whitehill was born at 25 weeks ' gestation with a weight of 310 grams ( 11 oz ) . He was hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit for five months , and then discharged . Historical figures who were born prematurely include Johannes Kepler ( born in 1571 at seven months ' gestation ) , Isaac Newton ( born in 1642 , small enough to fit into a quart mug , according to his mother ) , Winston Churchill ( born in 1874 at seven months ' gestation ) , and Anna Pavlova ( born in 1885 at seven months ' gestation ) , Ethics ( edit ) The transformation of medical care means that extremely premature and very ill babies have better chances of survival than ever before . But it is difficult to predict which babies will die and which will live , though possibly with severe disabilities . As a consequence , families and health professionals have to make complex decisions about how much intervention is necessary or justifiable . The most difficult decisions are about whether or not to resuscitate a premature baby and admit him or her to neonatal intensive care , or whether to withdraw intensive care and give the child palliative care . This is discussed at great length in a report `` Critical care decisions in fetal and neonatal medicine : ethical issues '' produced by the London - based Nuffield Council for Bioethics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Preterm Labor and Birth : Condition Information '' . National Institutes of Health . 3 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization ( November 2014 ) . `` Preterm birth Fact sheet N ° 363 '' . who.int . Archived from the original on 7 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What are the risk factors for preterm labor and birth ? '' . National Institutes of Health . 3 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . 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This study is registered with PROSPERO , number CRD42013003522 Jump up ^ van den Boogaard E , Vissenberg R , Land JA , van Wely M , van der Post JA , Goddijn M , Bisschop PH ( 2011 ) . `` Significance of ( sub ) clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy : A systematic review '' . Human Reproduction Update. 17 ( 5 ) : 605 -- 619 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmr024 . PMID 21622978 . Jump up ^ Boy A , Salihu HM ( 2004 ) . `` Intimate partner violence and birth outcomes : a systematic review '' . Int J Fertil Womens Med. 49 ( 4 ) : 159 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ugboma HA , Akani CI ( 2004 ) . `` Abdominal massage : another cause of maternal mortality '' . Niger J Med. 13 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 62 . PMID 15532228 . Jump up ^ Field T , Deeds O , Diego M , Hernandez - Reif M , Gauler A , Sullivan S , Wilson D , Nearing G ( 2009 ) . `` Benefits of combining massage therapy with group interpersonal psychotherapy in prenatally depressed women '' . 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Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Kistka ZA , DeFranco EA , Ligthart L , Willemsen G , Plunkett J , Muglia LJ , Boomsma DI ( 2008 ) . `` Heritability of parturition timing : an extended twin design analysis '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 199 ( 1 ) : 43. e1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2007.12. 014 . PMID 18295169 . Jump up ^ Zhang G , Feenstra B , Bacelis J , et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 377 ( 22 ) : 1156 -- 67 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1612665 . PMC 5561422 . PMID 28877031 . Jump up ^ Lee SE , Park JS , Norwitz ER , Kim KW , Park HS , Jun JK . Measurement of placental a-microglobulin - 1 in cervicovaginal discharge to diagnose rupture of membranes '' Obstet Gynecol 2007 ; 109 : 634 -- 640 . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee MS , Romero R , Park JW , Kim SM , Park CW , Korzeniewski S , Chaiworapongsa T , Yoon BH ( Sep 2012 ) . `` The clinical significance of a positive Amnisure test ( TM ) in women with preterm labor '' . J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 25 ( 9 ) : 1690 -- 8 . doi : 10.3109 / 14767058.2012. 657279 . PMC 3422421 . PMID 22280400 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sukchaya K , Phupong V ( Aug 2013 ) . `` A comparative study of positive rate of placental alpha - microglobulin - 1 test in pre-term pregnant women with and without uterine contraction '' . J Obstet Gynaecol. 33 ( 6 ) : 566 -- 8 . doi : 10.3109 / 01443615.2013. 807786 . PMID 23919851 . Jump up ^ Nikolova T , Bayev O , Nikolova N , Di Renzo GC . Evaluation of a novel placental alpha microglobulin - 1 ( PAMG - 1 ) test to predict spontaneous preterm delivery . J Perinat Med. 2013 Dec 13 : 1 - 5 . 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GER Gastroesophageal reflux Patent Ductus Arterosis Seizures Immature GI system so feeding from an ( NG ) tube or nasogastric tube may help make feeding easier on the babies ' tummy . Also theirs TPN feeding or Total Parenteral Nutrition is made up of lipids , calories , good fats calcium , magnesium sulfate and other vitamins including B and C. Neonatalogists work with the family as a whole instead of just the neonate or baby whose systems are to immature to actually swallow food so babies between 23 - 28 weeks are fed through a neonatal gastric tube from the babies nose to the stomach . In some neonates , there are disabilities from varying conditions of the baby this depends on the gestational age the babies delivered a. uUsually , women with severe enough preeclampsia will deliver earlier than normal and those mothers worry greatly because of all of their rumors about NICUs and babies needing wheelchairs glasses and also needing medicines for seizures and ADD / ADHD , Borderline Personality Disorder , anxiety disorders . Pompeii LA , Savitz DA , Evenson KR , Rogers B , McMahon M ( 2005 ) . `` Physical exertion at work and the risk of preterm delivery and small - for - gestational - age birth '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 106 ( 6 ) : 1279 -- 1288 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AOG. 0000189080.76998. f8 . PMID 16319253 . 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Jump up ^ Stan , Catalin M. ; Boulvain , Michel ; Pfister , Riccardo ; Hirsbrunner - Almagbaly , Pascale ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Hydration for treatment of preterm labour '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 11 ) : CD003096 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003096. pub2 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 24190310 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Caroline A. ; McKinlay , Christopher J.D. ; Middleton , Philippa ; Harding , Jane E. ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 7 ) : CD003935 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003935. pub4 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMC 4170912 . PMID 26142898 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Devender ; Brown , Julie ; Medley , Nancy ; Dalziel , Stuart R. ( 21 Mar 2017 ) . `` Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth '' . 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The Lancet . 357 ( 9261 ) : 979 -- 988 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 00 ) 04233 - 1 . PMID 11293641 . Jump up ^ Haas DM , Caldwell DM , Kirkpatrick P , McIntosh JJ , Welton NJ ( Oct 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery : systematic review and network meta - analysis '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 345 : e6226 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. e6226 . PMC 4688428 . PMID 23048010 . Jump up ^ Simhan HN , Caritis SN ( 2007 ) . `` Prevention of Preterm Delivery '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 357 ( 5 ) : 477 -- 487 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra050435 . PMID 17671256 . Jump up ^ Li X , Zhang Y , Shi Z ( February 2005 ) . `` Ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour : a meta - analysis '' . Indian J. Med . Res. 121 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 7 . PMID 15756046 . Jump up ^ Crowther CA , Brown J , McKinlay CJ , Middleton P ( Aug 15 , 2014 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 8 ( 8 ) : CD001060 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001060. pub2 . PMID 25126773 . Jump up ^ Crowther , CA ; Middleton , PF ; Voysey , M ; Askie , L ; Duley , L ; Pryde , PG ; Marret , S ; Doyle , LW ; AMICABLE , Group . ( October 2017 ) . `` Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate : An individual participant data meta - analysis '' . PLoS Medicine . 14 ( 10 ) : e1002398 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1002398 . PMID 28976987 . Jump up ^ Alfirevic , Zarko ; Milan , Stephen J. ; Livio , Stefania ( 2012 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 6 ) : CD000078 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000078. pub2 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMC 4164504 . PMID 22696314 . Jump up ^ McCall EM , Alderdice F , Halliday HL , Jenkins JG , Vohra S ( Mar 17 , 2010 ) . `` Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and / or low birthweight infants '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 3 ) : CD004210 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004210. pub4 . PMID 20238329 . Jump up ^ Bell EF , Acarregui MJ ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 12 ( 12 ) : CD000503 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000503. pub3 . PMID 25473815 . Jump up ^ American Academy of Pediatrics , Section on Breastfeeding ( 2012 ) . `` Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk '' . Pediatrics. 129 ( 3 ) : e827 -- e841 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2011 - 3552 . PMID 22371471 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Meta - analyses of 4 randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction ( 58 % ) in the incidence of NEC . ^ Jump up to : Saigal S , Doyle LW ( 2008 ) . `` An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood '' . The Lancet . 371 ( 9608 ) : 261 -- 269 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 60136 - 1 . PMID 18207020 . ^ Jump up to : Moster D , Lie RT , Markestad T ( 2008 ) . `` Long - Term Medical and Social Consequences of Preterm Birth '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 359 ( 3 ) : 262 -- 273 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0706475 . PMID 18635431 . ^ Jump up to : `` Depression linked to premature birth '' . The Age . Melbourne . 4 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Böhm B , Katz - Salamon M , Institute K , Smedler AC , Lagercrantz H , Forssberg H ( 2002 ) . `` Developmental Risks and Protective Factors for Influencing cognitive outcome at 5 , 5 years of age in very - low - birthweight children '' . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology . 44 ( 8 ) : 508 -- 516 . doi : 10.1017 / S001216220100247X . PMID 12206615 . Jump up ^ Spencer MD , Moorhead TW , Gibson RJ , McIntosh AM , Sussmann JE , Owens DG , Lawrie SM , Johnstone EC ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Low birthweight and preterm birth in young people with special educational needs : a magnetic resonance imaging analysis '' . BMC Medicine . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 6 - 1 . PMC 2241838 . PMID 18234075 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hack , Maureen ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Adult Outcomes of Preterm Children '' . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 30 ( 5 ) : 460 -- 470 . doi : 10.1097 / dbp. 0b013e3181ba0fba . ISSN 0196 - 206X . Jump up ^ Saigal , Saroj ( 2013 ) . `` Quality of life of former premature infants during adolescence and beyond '' . Early Human Development . 89 ( 4 ) : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earlhumdev. 2013.01. 012 . Jump up ^ Carmody JB , Charlton JR ( 2013 ) . `` Short - term gestation , long - term risk : Prematurity and chronic kidney disease '' . Pediatrics. 131 ( 6 ) : 1168 -- 79 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2013 - 0009 . PMID 23669525 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Disease and injury country estimates '' . World Health Organization . 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Delnord , Marie ; Blondel , Béatrice ; Zeitlin , Jennifer ( April 2015 ) . `` What contributes to disparities in the preterm birth rate in European countries ? '' . Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 27 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 142 . doi : 10.1097 / GCO. 0000000000000156 . ISSN 1040 - 872X . PMC 4352070 . PMID 25692506 . Jump up ^ `` Data and statistics '' . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Subramanian , KNS ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant '' . eMedicine . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert WM , Nesbitt TS , Danielsen B ( 2003 ) . `` The Cost of Prematurity : Quantification by Gestational Age and Birth Weight '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 102 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 492 . doi : 10.1016 / S0029 - 7844 ( 03 ) 00617 - 3 . PMID 12962929 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Behrman , Adrienne Stith Butler , Editors , Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes . Preterm Birth : Causes , Consequences , and Prevention Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Institute of Medicine . The National Academies Press , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 1 - 14 . Jump up ^ Spencer E. Ante . Million - Dollar Babies Archived 31 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... BusinessWeek . June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 1 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Powell 's Books -- Guinness World Records 2004 ( Guinness Book of Records ) by '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle child '' . Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mom pleads with doctor to resuscitate baby delivered at 21 weeks . ' Miracle ' daughter is now a healthy toddler '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most - premature baby allowed home '' . BBC News . 21 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` trithuc.thanhnienkhcn.org.vn '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : A little miracle called Madeline '' . Chennai , India . 26 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Smallest Baby Goes Home , Cellphone - Sized Baby Is Discharged From Hospital '' . CBS News . 8 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Smallest Baby Goes Home '' . CBS News . 8 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Tiniest Babies '' . University of Iowa . Archived from the original on 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Raju , TNK ( 1980 ) . `` Some Famous `` High Risk '' Newborn Babies `` . Historical Review and Recent Advances in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Nuffield Council for Bioethics ( 2006 ) . `` Critical care decisions in fetal and neonatal medicine '' . Critical care decisions in fetal and neonatal medicine ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : O60. 1 , P07. 3 ICD - 9 - CM : 644 , 765 MeSH : D047928 DiseasesDB : 10589 External resources MedlinePlus : 001562 eMedicine : ped / 1889 Preterm Birth : Causes , Consequences and Prevention ( PDF ) . Institute of Medicine . Infants and their care Main Article Infant Health Baby food Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and medications Bottle feeding Colic Immunizations Cradle cap Cross eyed Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and toddler safety Infant bathing Infant food safety Infant formula Infant massage Infant food safety Infant nutrition Infant respiratory distress syndrome Infant sleep training Neo-natal intensive care unit Oral rehydration therapy / Pedialyte Newborn care and safety Pediatrician Preterm birth Shaken baby syndrome Soy formula Sudden infant death syndrome Development Attachment parenting Baby - led weaning Baby talk Babbling Childbirth Congential disorder Crawling Infant visual development Diaper rash Gestational age Infant cognitive development Kangaroo care Mother Nursery Rhyme Object permanence Parent Parenting Peekaboo Play Prenatal development Prenatal development table Teething Types of crying Walking Weaning Socialization and Culture Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child custody Child 's rights UN Child rights Circumcision Daycare Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurse Infant care and equipment Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby monitor / Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib baby swing Baby transport Bassinet Child safety seat / Car seat safety Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder Highchair Infant bed ( American ' crib ' and ' cradle ' , British ' cot ' ) Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Baby teether Travel cot Other topics Baby shower Babywearing Child neglect Closed adoption Cry room Infant ear piercing Open adoption Prenatal cocaine exposure Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental child abduction Parental rights Parenting plan Paternity fraud Paternity Pathology of pregnancy , childbirth and the puerperium ( O , 630 -- 679 ) Pregnancy Pregnancy with abortive outcome Ectopic pregnancy Abdominal pregnancy Cervical pregnancy Interstitial pregnancy Ovarian pregnancy Heterotopic pregnancy Molar pregnancy Miscarriage Stillbirth Oedema , proteinuria and hypertensive disorders Gestational hypertension Pre-eclampsia HELLP syndrome Eclampsia Other , predominantly related to pregnancy Digestive system Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Gestational diabetes Hepatitis E Hyperemesis gravidarum Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Integumentary system / dermatoses of pregnancy Gestational pemphigoid Impetigo herpetiformis Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Linea nigra Prurigo gestationis Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy ( PUPPP ) Striae gravidarum Nervous system Chorea gravidarum Blood Gestational thrombocytopenia Pregnancy - induced hypercoagulability Maternal care related to the fetus and amniotic cavity amniotic fluid Oligohydramnios Polyhydramnios Braxton Hicks contractions chorion / amnion Amniotic band syndrome Chorioamnionitis Chorionic hematoma Monoamniotic twins Premature rupture of membranes Obstetrical bleeding Antepartum placenta Circumvallate placenta Monochorionic twins Placenta accreta Placenta praevia Placental abruption Twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome Labor Amniotic fluid embolism Cephalopelvic disproportion Dystocia Shoulder dystocia Fetal distress Locked twins Obstetrical bleeding Postpartum Pain management during childbirth placenta Placenta accreta Preterm birth Postmature birth Umbilical cord prolapse Uterine inversion Uterine rupture Vasa praevia Puerperal Breastfeeding difficulties Low milk supply Cracked nipples Breast engorgement Childbirth - related posttraumatic stress disorder Diastasis symphysis pubis Postpartum bleeding Peripartum cardiomyopathy Postpartum depression Postpartum thyroiditis Puerperal fever Puerperal mastitis Other Concomitant conditions Diabetes mellitus Systemic lupus erythematosus Thyroid disorders Maternal death Sexual activity during pregnancy Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease ( P , 760 -- 779 ) Maternal factors and complications of pregnancy , labour and delivery placenta : Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome chorion / amnion : Chorioamnionitis umbilical cord : Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery Length of gestation and fetal growth Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age Preterm birth / Postmature birth Intrauterine growth restriction Birth trauma scalp Cephalhematoma Chignon Caput succedaneum Subgaleal hemorrhage Brachial plexus lesion Erb 's palsy Klumpke paralysis By system Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson -- Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation Haemorrhagic and hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity Digestive Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis Integument and thermoregulation Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum Nervous system Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia Infectious Vertically transmitted infection Neonatal infection Congenital rubella syndrome Neonatal herpes simplex Mycoplasma hominis infection Ureaplasma urealyticum infection Omphalitis Neonatal sepsis Group B streptococcal infection Neonatal conjunctivitis Other Miscarriage Perinatal mortality Stillbirth Infant mortality Neonatal withdrawal GND : 4155535 - 1 NDL : 00571491 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preterm_birth&oldid=865897999 '' Categories : Complications of labour and delivery Neonatology Women 's health Infancy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 22 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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when is a baby said to be premature
[ "Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age.[1] These babies are known as preemies or premies.[1] Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina.[8] Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and sight problems.[1] These risks are greater the earlier a baby is born.[1]\n" ]
[ "fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age" ]
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List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters
List of Sabrina the Teenage witch characters - wikipedia List of Sabrina the Teenage witch characters Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The television series Sabrina the Teenage Witch has hosted a wide array of characters and guests over its series run . Sabrina and Salem are the only two characters to remain on the show throughout all consecutive seven seasons and all three made - for - TV movies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Sabrina Spellman 2.2 Hilda Spellman 2.3 Zelda Spellman 2.4 Harvey Kinkle 2.5 Salem Saberhagen 2.6 Jenny Kelley 2.7 Libby Chessler 2.8 Valerie Birkhead 2.9 Mr. Willard Kraft 2.10 Dreama 2.11 Josh Blackhart 2.12 Roxie King 2.13 Morgan Cavanaugh 2.14 Miles Goodman 2.15 Aaron Jacobs 2.16 Brad Alcerro 2.17 Mr. Eugene Pool 2.18 Albert the Quizmaster 3 Relatives 4 Other characters 5 Lost in Time people 6 Celebrity guest appearances 6.1 Other musical guests 7 References Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 Melissa Joan Hart Sabrina Spellman Main Nick Bakay Salem Saberhagen Main Caroline Rhea Hilda Spellman Main Guest Beth Broderick Zelda Spellman Main N / A Nate Richert Harvey Kinkle Main Recurring Main Jenna Leigh Green Libby Chessler Main Michelle Beaudoin Jenny Kelley Main Paul Feig Mr. Pool Main Martin Mull Willard Kraft Main Lindsay Sloane Valerie Birkhead Main Alimi Ballard Quizmaster a.k.a. Albert Main David Lascher Josh Blackhart Main Jon Huertas Brad Alcerro Main China Shavers Dreama Main Soleil Moon Frye Roxie King Main Elisa Donovan Morgan Cavanaugh Main Trevor Lissauer Miles Goodman Main Diana - Maria Riva Annie Martos Main Andrew Walker Cole Harper Main John Ducey Leonard Main Bumper Robinson James Main Dylan Neal Aaron Jacobs Main Main characters ( edit ) Sabrina Spellman ( edit ) Main article : Sabrina Spellman Sabrina is depicted from the middle of high school through all the way to marriage . On her sixteenth birthday , she learned that she was a half - witch ( through her father 's side ) and had magical powers . She also learned that her two aunts were witches themselves and that their black cat Salem was a witch who had been turned into a talking household pet as a punishment for attempting worldwide domination . At Westbridge High , she befriended Jenny Kelley ( and later Valerie Birkhead in seasons 2 and 3 ) and had an on - again , off - again relationship with Harvey Kinkle . She also has to deal with her Vice Principal Kraft who dates her aunt Zelda and then in season 4 becomes principal and stops dating Zelda and then goes back on and again not due to car crashes . In the finale they finally stop dating due to Salem driving a car into him . In season 4 , Harvey believes Sabrina is cheating on him . They get back together later in Season 4 and then break up again when Harvey discovers she 's a witch . She also had to deal with the snobby and headstrong cheerleader Libby Chessler , who became Sabrina 's rival for school activities as well as Harvey 's affections . Sabrina also at some points transforms herself into Libby to gain popularity ( Libby is the queen of the school ) for her `` dorky '' activities . In later seasons , Sabrina was enrolled at the fictional Adams College in Boston . Her roommates are gloomy Roxie , fashion - glamour Morgan , and paranormal activist Miles , who , at one point almost got Sabrina exposed as a witch . After getting her degree in journalism she moved back to her aunts ' house with Morgan and Roxie . She took a job with the fictitious ScorchMagazine , a music theme magazine where she interviewed famous artists . Later on , she met a man named Aaron , who also worked in the music industry and the two began dating . Before long , Aaron proposed and in the finale , the two were set to wed when unforeseen events take place . She started to suspect that Aaron was not the one and after Sabrina had tried to connect her soul stone with his , she was sure of it . While it mostly fit , it was not a perfect fit . She tried to ignore it , but followed her heart and canceled the marriage at the altar . When she ran out of the church , she found Harvey waiting for her outside on his motorcycle , holding his soul stone that Amanda , her cousin , had left him . After both Harvey and Sabrina 's soul stones were tossed to the side and fit together perfectly , it proved that those two are destined to be together and they rode off together into the distance in true finale fashion at 12 : 36 on the dot , the same hour they first met . Sabrina 's magic takes the form of yellow sparks . Hilda Spellman ( edit ) Main article : Hilda Spellman Hildegarde Antoinette `` Hilda '' Spellman ( played by Sherry Miller in the 1996 movie , then Caroline Rhea in the series ) is one of Sabrina 's aunts , a 642 - year - old European witch who is Zelda 's younger sister both of whom moved at some point to America . She is often portrayed as the less pragmatic of the two aunts , and constantly worries about things that could be considered superficial . Hilda was also the more outgoing and fun - loving aunt . She was formerly engaged to Drell , head of the Witches Council ( played by Penn Jillette ) , and they were set to marry , but Drell jilted Hilda , and their engagement was called off . She also dated Sabrina 's vice principal , Mr. Kraft , until she begins to hate him ( with Sabrina ) and they desperately try to break him and Zelda apart when Zelda begins to date him . During the college seasons , she became the owner of the coffee shop where Sabrina and Josh worked , and where many of the show 's scenes took place . At one point , Hilda tried to help Salem Saberhagen in his quest to conquer the mortal realm , but , when he was caught , convicted and transformed into a cat , Hilda was punished with the job of keeping him worm - free ( a job Sabrina took on when Hilda left the series ) . However , she was pardoned in the final episode of season five , though she decided to keep custody of Salem anyway . It is also claimed by her sister that she caused the American Revolution . For the first three seasons , Hilda played a violin , but was clearly not very good at it as she failed at every audition : In one episode , the violin came flying through the patio doors , and the bow went right through it like an arrow through a heart . At the start of Season 4 , Hilda gave up on her violin , and blew it up with a stick of dynamite . She bought a clock shop which had a magical Lost in Time clock in the back room ; whenever famous people in the past centuries made a mistake at some point in their lives , they would become lost in time , and Hilda and Zelda had to try to figure out what went wrong . By the start of Season 5 , though , the clock shop was out of business , and Hilda bought the coffee shop much to Sabrina 's annoyance as she had just moved out of her aunt 's house , and was now living with Roxie , Morgan , and Miles . Hilda often made a great fuss over the silliest things : For example , in one episode , Hilda ran for office after a politician publicly stated that her coffee was too expensive . She lost the election without a single vote ( the one vote she did receive was disqualified because it was signed with a pawprint rather than a signature , indicating that Salem was the voter in question ) . As Sabrina 's time in college came to an end , Hilda met her soul mate , a train conductor on the Halloween Express , and impulsively married him . However , it almost did not happen after Zelda and Sabrina meddled for what they thought were the right reasons . Hilda later came back in Season 7 to attend Sabrina 's wedding . Hilda 's magic takes the form of puffs of white smoke . Zelda Spellman ( edit ) Main article : Zelda Spellman Zelda Spellman ( played in the 1996 movie by Charlene Fernetz , then Beth Broderick in the series ) is Sabrina 's brainy aunt who is always engaging in new scientific experiments . She is often referred to as a quantum physicist . Zelda is a 659 - year - old European witch who at some point moved along with her sister to America . She sometimes teaches at Westbridge High , and ( in later seasons ) Adams College . In one episode she says she has been accredited with discovering 17 moons . Zelda often plays the role of the mature , logical one , to bring Sabrina and sometimes Hilda back to earth after they attempt some zany scheme or otherwise get into trouble . Towards the end of Sabrina 's time in college , Zelda gave up her adult years to bring a broken Sabrina back to life . As a child again , Zelda left Sabrina to run her own life , upon Sabrina 's request . Young Zelda in the first episode of season 7 was played by Alexandra Hart - Gilliams ( who played Ally in season 3 ) . Zelda came back with Hilda , during Sabrina 's wedding in Season 7 , only this time as a candle . Zelda was volunteered by Hilda to become a candle for the duration of Sabrina 's wedding so that Sabrina 's mother could attend the wedding and not become a ball of wax , per her Witches ' Council curse . Zelda is more strict than Hilda . Her magic takes the form of purple sparks . Harvey Kinkle ( edit ) Harvey Kinkle ( played in the 1996 movie by Tobias Mehler , then Nate Richert in the series ) is a mortal boy whose full name is Harvey Dwight Kinkle . As revealed in episode 62 ( season 3 ) , he has some Slavic ancestry . He was close friends with Sabrina , Salem , Roxie , Morgan , Jenny , Valerie and Brad Alcerro . Harvey is portrayed as a very popular and athletic young man , though not very bright . He is second string on the football team , and the object of affection of Libby Chessler , fueling Sabrina 's rivalry with her . Harvey was Sabrina 's boyfriend until the 4th season , when he discovered that she was a witch in the season finale . The reason for this was that Sabrina had cast too many spells on him over the years and when the limit was reached his memory was no longer erased after each spell was reversed . After this , Harvey left the show . Harvey made a few brief appearances during Season Five . In `` Do You See What I See ? '' , Harvey called Sabrina and apologized for the way he acted after learning she was a witch . Harvey returned to the show full - time in Season Six . Sabrina 's Great Aunt Irma ( played by Barbara Eden ) later discovered Harvey knew Sabrina was a witch , and put him on trial to make sure he was trustworthy . Harvey was first attached to a lie detector which was not even plugged in , strapped to a spit and cooked , and even put on the torture rack , but he finally convinced Irma that Sabrina 's secret was safe with him , and she let him go . Harvey became Morgan 's boyfriend for a time , but had developed feelings for Sabrina again , even coming to her rescue a couple of times . In season 7 , it is revealed that Harvey is still in love with her . He makes Aaron jealous since he is Sabrina 's ex and they are still close . In `` Spellmanian Slip '' , Harvey still has a special place in Sabrina 's heart ( with a room of his own ) . In `` A Fish Tale '' , Harvey has also shown himself to be unselfish ; when Aunt Irma turned Aaron into a goldfish , Sabrina tried unsuccessfully to reverse the spell , so she gave up her magic ; Harvey harnessed Sabrina 's magic , and changed Aaron back . When Sabrina talked to Aunt Irma , she found out that Harvey was able to undo her spell because he wanted to make Sabrina happy ( which , in Irma 's opinion was a more powerful motivation than Sabrina 's , which was to defy Irma ) . Sabrina went to Harvey 's apartment , only to find him gone ; she found only a cardboard box with the vase that contained Sabrina 's magic , a picture of them together , and a good luck note . In the series finale , Sabrina realized that she and Harvey were soul mates , and she abandoned her wedding and rode off with him , her first and true love . Salem Saberhagen ( edit ) Main article : Salem Saberhagen Salem Saberhagen ( voiced by Nick Bakay ) is a 500 - year - old warlock who was a criminal of the Other Realm and was sentenced to spend 100 years as a cat as punishment for attempting to take over the world . He was sent to live with Hilda who was punished with keeping Salem worm - free . Despite his megalomaniacal desires for world domination ( which he attempts periodically throughout the series ) , he is generally portrayed as having a good heart and being a loyal friend to Sabrina . In the series he would generally serve two roles : one as a mentor for Sabrina , as she found it easier to go to him with her messier problems , or the trouble - maker , such as finding another illicit way to become human without being punished or convincing Sabrina to use magic to solve her problems , both of which generally ended up putting Sabrina in even more trouble . When Sabrina 's aunts left for the Other Realm , Salem stayed with Sabrina , and continued his attempts to become human . Salem became good pals with Harvey after he returned to the series , and would generally attempt to abuse this friendship to get some more power to take over the world . Salem also went on vacations with Sabrina in the made - for - television movies . Salem has a grown - up daughter named Annabelle . Salem was seen in human form a couple of times in flashbacks ( as a teenager and adult ) , but his face was always obstructed from view , although Nick Bakay did make a cameo appearance in `` A Girl And Her Cat '' as a man who tries to kiss Zelda when Sabrina and her aunts were knocking on doors , looking for Salem . 50 more years were added to Salem 's sentence at the end of the episode Salem , the Boy in Season 3 . At the end of the series 32 years of his imprisonment are over , meaning he has 68 more years until his punishment is terminated ( If he behaves , of course . ) In `` Spellmanian Slip '' , he states that he wishes that Sabrina would marry Harvey . Jenny Kelley ( edit ) Jenny is a mortal character , Sabrina 's best friend in the first season until Michelle Beaudoin left the show . Her disappearance is never mentioned or explained . Jenny had a powerful social conscience , was a vegetarian , and a very honest and loyal friend . She always dreamed of other worlds behind closets . Her dream came true when she accidentally entered the linen closet and met Drell . Drell turned her into a grasshopper , but she was saved by Sabrina and her aunts by making Jenny believe everything was a dream . Jenny was very imaginative and whimsical . Libby Chessler ( edit ) Played by Jenna Leigh Green , Libby is a snobby , rich , and spoiled cheerleader who delighted in tormenting Sabrina and her friends . She often referred to Sabrina as a `` freak '' , and , while ignorant of the fact that Sabrina was a witch , she suspected that Sabrina was different . Libby 's major conflict with Sabrina revolved around the girls ' competition for the affection of Harvey Kinkle , who clearly preferred Sabrina . Only a few personal details are known about Libby . She was once dubbed `` pure evil '' but simply took this as a compliment . She apparently comes from extreme wealth , and lives in a step - family arrangement of some sort . Her mother appeared in the episode `` Five Easy Pieces of Libby '' and is played by Cristine Rose ; the mother is much like the daughter -- snobby and mean - spirited . She has a stepbrother , Russell , who is seen in the episode `` Sabrina Claus '' , and is played by Richard Taylor Olson ; he and Libby have a combative relationship . In one episode , Sabrina accidentally turned her into a puzzle , so Sabrina had to learn more about her . She found out that Libby is bad in math , she takes after her mother in that she is rude and snobby , and that her grandma is very close to her heart . Her appearances generally involve her being mean to Sabrina and others , and getting poetic justice at the end of the episode . At the start of season 4 , Libby was sent off to boarding school and was never seen again . Valerie Birkhead ( edit ) Valerie is Sabrina Spellman and Harvey Kinkle 's mortal best friend at Westbridge High School . She is also despised by headstrong cheerleader Libby , who rivals both her and Sabrina for much of the show . Valerie remains Sabrina 's best friend until she moves to Anchorage , Alaska in 1999 . She is a shy and often awkward girl who looks up to Sabrina despite being quite bright herself . Valerie often expresses her wish to be in the `` cool crowd '' even trying her hand , and winning a spot on the second string cheerleading squad in season 3 , much to the worry of Sabrina who feared Valerie would transform into a mean , spiteful person like Libby . At the start of Season 4 , she moved to Alaska with her family . She had agreed to move in with Sabrina to attend their senior year together , but then she decided to stay in Alaska instead . She was played by American actress Lindsay Sloane . Mr. willard Kraft ( edit ) `` Mr. Kraft '' , as he is often addressed on the show , is portrayed by Martin Mull . He is an administrator at Westbridge High School and regularly issues detentions at the drop of a hat ( sometimes literally ) . He also expresses a personal dislike for Sabrina , Harvey , and Valerie ( particularly Sabrina ) , and occasionally gives them detentions simply because he does not like them . He started out as Vice Principal in the second and third seasons before becoming principal in Season 4 . He is known to have one brother and one sister . Mr. Kraft dated both Hilda and Zelda during the show , causing complications for Sabrina . Mr. Kraft is a mortal , but in one of the episodes where Sabrina and Hilda try to separate Zelda and Mr. Kraft , they find out that he was once married to a witch ( named Lucy , played by actress Julia Duffy ) who tried using her magic to trick Mr. Kraft as revenge for leaving her . At the end of season 4 , Zelda breaks up with Mr. Kraft , who is then hit by a car , thanks to joyriding Hilda , and again by a joyriding Salem , and is never seen again . Dreama ( edit ) Dreama is a young girl who has Sabrina Spellman as a quiz master . Dreama is learning how to use her magic in the episodes of season 4 . She is quite clumsy in the beginning . She gets turned into a mouse in one episode by Brad , but she is turned back when Brad 's witch hunting gene is removed . Sabrina helps her learn and control her powers . Josh blackhart ( edit ) Josh is a mortal guy that runs the coffee shop and gave Sabrina the job . Technically , Josh is her manager , although the relationship is somewhat different because Sabrina 's aunt Hilda later owns the shop . Josh is interested in photography , and manages to sell one of his photographs for $1000 ( with Sabrina 's magical help ) . He was attracted to Sabrina in the fourth season , but at that time she was dating Harvey . He often acted jealously towards Harvey , and got a mostly negative review by the fans of the show . In the fifth season he dated Morgan , and then in the sixth season he dated Sabrina . In this season Sabrina is willing to tell Josh she is a witch , so that she can tell him she loves him , but in the end she does not have to and he never figures it out . In the Season 6 finale , Sabrina gambles her love life in order to bring her Aunt Hilda back to life because of this Josh took the offer in Prague , and he was never seen again . Sabrina later discovers she is meant to be with Harvey . He was played by David Lascher , formerly of the Nickelodeon series Hey Dude . Roxie King ( edit ) Roxie , a mortal , was introduced to the show in Season 5 as Sabrina 's college roommate . At first she dislikes Sabrina , but they later became best friends . Roxie is environmentally conscious and sometimes staged protests . She is a cynical character who puts up the front that she despises the thought that her housemate Miles has romantic interests in her . However , in `` You Ca n't Twin '' , she has a dream about Miles and many episodes hint a romantic future for the two of them . In a Valentine 's Day episode , Sabrina casts a spell on Roxie to make her see the good points of Miles , bringing out an exaggeration of her possible true feelings for him . In Season 7 , Roxie became one of the leading characters in the absence of Sabrina 's aunts . She was played by Soleil Moon Frye , formerly of NBC 's Punky Brewster from 1984 until 1988 , and the cartoon spinoff It 's Punky Brewster in 1985 . Morgan cavanaugh ( edit ) Morgan , a mortal , was introduced in season five as one of Sabrina 's college housemates and resident adviser . When she was first introduced , she spoke with a normal tone ( much how Elisa Donovan , the actress who played Morgan speaks ) , but as the series progressed she developed , and spoke in , a more high - pitched tone . She is very shallow , superficial , and over-assertive , but she became one of Sabrina 's best friends . She dated both Josh and Harvey ( among many others ) . In a Christmas episode , Morgan invites Sabrina to spend the holidays with her family , since she finds dealing with them alone quite daunting . In the seventh season , Morgan 's supporting role becomes a leading one in the absence of Sabrina 's aunts . Miles Goodman ( edit ) Miles is a mortal character that was introduced in the fifth season as one of Sabrina 's college housemates . His behavior was endearingly abnormal and he was a conspiracy theorist , something his family did not exactly approve of . Miles had romantic interests in Roxie , but she did not outwardly reciprocate . However , in a Valentine 's Day storyline , Sabrina cast a spell on Roxie to soften her feelings towards an initially frightened Miles . In another episode it was revealed that he is a huge fan of Adrienne Barbeau . It is hinted in many episodes that Miles and Roxie become a couple in the future , even to the stage of getting married and having children . In the episode `` I Fall To Pieces '' , Miles finally began to notice the unusual behavior of Sabrina 's witch - turned - cat Salem . Unfortunately , Miles was never seen again and his disappearance was never explained on - screen , although in one of the season 7 episodes the reporter on the TV can be heard saying `` Goodman was shot today '' possibly implying he has died . Miles was played by Trevor Lissauer . Aaron jacobs ( edit ) Aaron is Sabrina 's last mortal boyfriend , who appears in the seventh season. She meets Aaron at the Scorch magazine office . They become engaged but Sabrina 's aunt Irma turns him into a goldfish but Aaron is turned back when Harvey ( who is in love with Sabrina ) uses Sabrina 's magic because he wants to make Sabrina happy . In the series finale , Sabrina prepares for her wedding but stops it when she realizes Aaron is not her soulmate and she runs off with Harvey , her soulmate and first true love ( they are soulmates because when their soul stones drop to the ground they fit perfectly ) at 12 : 36 , the time they first met seven years ago . and whom Sabrina chose to be her groom . He gets jealous of Harvey since he is still close with Sabrina . Aaron was played by Dylan Neal . Brad Alcerro ( edit ) Brad was Harvey 's best friend from Texas . He was not very nice to Sabrina . Sabrina later learned that Brad had a rare witch - hunting gene that made those who have it want to ferret out witches , which explained why he did not like Sabrina ; because he sensed the magic in her ( although he did n't know that ) and it made him suspicious . Should a witch reveal herself to a witch - hunter , she is condemned to spend the next century as a mouse . Unfortunately , Dreama just happened to do this , and she became a mouse . The only way to restore her without waiting 100 years was to remove Brad 's witch - hunting gene ( which was literally a tiny pair of blue jeans ) within 1 - hour before the mouse form becomes permanent . With the witch - hunting gene gone , Brad 's relationship with Sabrina became slightly friendlier , and Sabrina can use magic on him without ever risking exposure or becoming a mouse . Brad 's departure was never explained . Brad was played by Jon Huertas . Mr. eugene Pool ( edit ) Mr. Pool is mortal . He is Sabrina 's favorite teacher who teaches Biology until Paul Feig left the show after season 1 . He was sometimes bitter and sarcastic , but always interesting and usually lively . In one episode , Sabrina casts a spell that endows him with the knowledge of changing lead to gold , but is later forced to retract the knowledge due to the potential economic difficulties it would have caused . Mr. Pool , who had benefited greatly from the knowledge , was very unhappy when he lost it . In the episode `` As Westbridge Turns '' , he reveals that Sabrina is one of his best students . In that same episode , he also plans to marry the school nurse , who ends up running away with the new janitor . Mr. Pool 's response to that situation was a calm , `` Meh . I got farther than I thought I would . '' Albert the Quizmaster ( edit ) Albert is Sabrina 's quizmaster in season 2 with the job of teaching her how to use magic rightfully so that she can receive her witches ' license after a year of witch training . Though Sabrina likes to work with him , she often finds him annoying . In spite of disliking him a little , she found that she could n't have any Quizmaster but Albert teach her . The Quizmaster taught Sabrina how to turn herself into fire , water and wind , which is said to be very hard for a witch to do . Throughout the year , he was only known as Quizmaster ; however , his name is revealed on `` Quiz Show '' episode of season 2 . It turns out to be `` Albert '' , but they decide to stick with Quizmaster instead . The actor who played him ( Alimi Ballard ) left the show after the second season , as Sabrina receives her witches ' license , giving the character no further role in the series . He had a strange but colorful clothing style and was afraid of clowns . Relatives ( edit ) Throughout the series , Sabrina met members of her family who were also witches . Throughout Season Three , relatives would come to the Spellman house for a visit , and at the end of their visit , they would give Sabrina a clue to the family secret . Sabrina did not solve it until the Season Three finale : `` Every member of the Spellman family is born with a twin '' . Here are some of Sabrina 's relatives . ( 2nd ) Cousin Amanda Wiccan : Amanda ( played by Melissa Joan Hart 's real life sister Emily Hart ) appeared several times throughout the series . She appears three times in Seasons 1 - 6 , but appeared most often in Season 7 . She is mischievous and typically causes trouble with her magic . In her first appearance , she is shown to have the habit of shrinking people she does not like into jars . In another appearance , she turns Sabrina into a doll before being outsmarted and changed into a doll herself . In another appearance , she develops a crush on Harvey , before being shown that she does not want to grow up . In another appearance , she was visited by Sabrina in Witchright Hall , a school for maladjusted young witches . This episode was a pilot for a spin - off featuring Amanda , although the series was not picked up . Amanda 's character slowly grew into a slightly more caring and respectable person , often helping Sabrina when possible . Such was the case when she appeared in the series finale `` Soul Mates '' , where she gives Harvey his soul stone , which matches Sabrina 's . Amanda eventually became taller than Sabrina . Amanda is actually Sabrina 's second cousin as her mother , Marigold Wiccan Nee Spellman , is Hilda and Zelda 's first cousin . ( 2nd ) Cousin Ally Wiccan : Ally ( played by Melissa Joan Hart 's real life half - sister Alexandra Hart - Gilliams ) is Amanda 's little sister . She appeared in the season 3 episode The Matchmaker . Grandma Lydia Spellman : Lydia ( played by Shirley Jones of The Partridge Family fame ) appeared in only one episode ( `` Little Orphan Hilda '' in Season 4 ) . She is shrill and overbearing and is the mother of Vesta , Zelda , Hilda , Ted and Sophia . When Zelda and Hilda were little , the envious Vesta turned Lydia and her husband into pigs due to the attention that Hilda and Zelda had . Lydia spent 200 years of violin lessons on Hilda , and literally exploded when she learned Hilda had given up her violin to buy her clock shop . Cousin Zsa Zsa Goowhiggie : Zsa Zsa ( played by Sheryl Lee Ralph ) appeared in only one episode ( `` What Price Harvey ? '' in Season Three ) . She was a notorious prankster who sold a line of `` Ambition '' products . Salem pinched some concealer from her make - up bag to try to hide some bags under his eyes , but he used too much , and made himself invisible , and she also gave Hilda and Zelda some Walk - a-Mile moccasins which switched their personalities . Sabrina sought Zsa Zsa 's help when Harvey told her he was not going to college , so she sold her the whole line of Ambition products . Unfortunately , they turned Harvey into a ruthless businessman . Zsa Zsa was forced to import some perspective which came in the form of an eyeball which Sabrina used to make Harvey normal again . At the end of her visit , Zsa Zsa gave Sabrina her clue to the family secret : a snake . Great Aunt Dorma : Dorma ( Voiced by Rosalind Ayres ) is ( quite literally ) the black sheep of the Spellman family . She appeared in `` The Big Sleep '' . She sleeps for ten years at a time , and to wake her would be a huge mistake . When Sabrina woke her up to ask her about the family secret , Dorma took her revenge by sending Other Realm poppies to the Spellman house which put both Hilda and Zelda to sleep , but they had a different effect on Sabrina as she was half - mortal ; they only made her drowsy . Sabrina eventually dealt with the poppies by causing it to snow in her house ( just like in The Wizard of Oz ) . Aunt Dorma appeared at the end of the episode ( as an actual black sheep ) to apologize , and she thanked Sabrina for waking her up as she had left her oven on , then gave her a clue to family secret ; she conjured up several birds ( quite possibly the aviary clue ) . She is one of Lydia 's sisters . Cousin Pele : Pele ( portrayed by Kellye Nakahara ) is a Hawaiian goddess of fire who appeared in the last episode of Season Three . She gave Sabrina the final clue to the family secret : a ball of twine . When she first meets Sabrina , she also introduces herself as Sabrina 's cousin . She also gives Sabrina her official witches license at the end of the episode . Uncle Nicholas : Santa Claus is revealed to be a Spellman in Season Three ( in episode 61 , `` Christmas Amnesia '' ) . In an episode in one of the earlier seasons , however , it is said that Santa Claus 's name is Bob . It was also hint at the end of the episode , Uncle Nicholas was also the father of the holiday Bobunk ( a holiday Salem erased in his younger years ) . His clue to the family secret was a picture of Robert E. Lee . Aunt Vesta Spellman : Sabrina 's Aunt Vesta ( played by Raquel Welch ) appeared in the season one episode `` Third Aunt From the Sun '' . She lives in the Pleasure Dome in the Other Realm . She appeared disguised as a substitute teacher after she gave Mr. Pool a twenty - four - hour bug -- which turns out to be a real giant bug that terrorizes Mr. Pool . After class , she introduced herself to Sabrina , and took her on a shopping spree . In Paris , Vesta told Sabrina that while Hilda and Zelda enjoyed living on Earth , she herself could not stand mortals for too long . She is later mentioned in the second - season finale as taking her mother shopping , bringing Hilda and Zelda to the conclusion that Vesta was their mother 's favorite daughter . Cousin Susie : Susie `` She 's your no - good Uncle Floyd 's illegitimate daughter '' - Hilda Spellman . Susie 's appearance made Sabrina uncomfortable because she had green skin and warts , making looks like The Wicked Witch of the West . To teach Sabrina a lesson about caring about looks , she cast a spell on Harvey which turned him into a furry beast . However , once Sabrina had learned her lesson , the spell was lifted , and Susie gave Sabrina her clue to the family secret ; a whip . She gave Sabrina another clue , telling her `` We all have good and bad parts '' , possibly referring to the answer to the family secret . Despite her hideous appearance , she has a good heart , at times taking time to heal the sick or feed homeless witches . It is mentioned by Hilda that she is illegitimate . She was played by Sonje Fortag . Great Aunt Irma : Irma ( played by Barbara Eden ) is the matriarch of the Spellman family , and , as Zelda described her , `` Dreaded holy terror of the Other Realm '' . She first appeared in A Birthday Witch in Season Six where she tried Harvey to be sure he could keep the fact that Sabrina was a witch to himself . Harvey passed Irma 's test , and she let him go , but she turned Hilda , Zelda and Salem into three pigs after Hilda called her `` prune face '' ( it was easy to tell which pig Salem was as one of the pigs was all black ) . Sabrina bravely stood up to Aunt Irma ( which nobody else has ever done ) , and Irma removed her spell ; when Sabrina confronted her , she mentioned that she was busy frying her brother - in - law . When her daughter Phyllis told a mortal that she was a witch , Irma trapped her daughter in a snow globe . She appeared in two more episodes ( Season Six 's The Arrangement and Season Seven 's A Fish Tale ) . The casting of Barbara Eden is a reference to her role of Jeannie in I Dream of Jeannie . In the show The IT Crowd , the character Jen 's period is referred to as `` Aunt Irma visiting . '' Cousin Marigold Wiccan : Marigold is the mother of Amanda and Ally and the first cousin of Hilda and Zelda . She first appeared in Season One 's A Halloween Story in which Salem learns from M'lady , Marigold 's cat that Marigold is divorcing her husband , Harold . She later appeared in Season Three 's Sabrina the Matchmaker where a romantic dinner , with a mortal plumber named Emil was ruined by her two daughters , Amanda and Ally . Marigold ended up revealing to Emil that she was a witch . Emil ran off , but later returned and kissed Marigold . Because she had revealed she was a witch to a mortal , Marigold lost her powers , but she told Sabrina that she had never been happy in all the years that she had had magic . She also gave Sabrina another clue to the family secret ; a heart shaped card with rough edges . In her two appearances , Marigold was played by two different actresses ( first by Robin Riker and by Hallie Todd in the second ) . Cousin Mortimer : Mortimer ( played by Dom DeLuise ) was a witch and professional magician who appeared in Season Three 's The Pom Pom Incident . When Valerie decided to try to become a cheerleader , Sabrina , fearing she may end up being as mean as Libby , sought Mortimer 's help , and he gave her a coin that she had to just slip into Valerie 's ear . It put Valerie off the idea , but not for long as she still expressed her wish to be a cheerleader , but , this time , Sabrina used her magic to convince Libby to give Valerie a second chance . Meanwhile , Mortimer put on a magic show for Harvey 's little brother for his birthday , and , unfortunately , ended up sending him to Calcutta , India . Luckily , he managed to bring him back . At the end of his visit , Mortimer revealed he had hidden a clue to the family secret somewhere in the house . Sabrina found the clue under a cushion ; a picture of a man in a Superman - type outfit with ABC on his chest ( meaning `` Spellman '' ) . It was later suggested , by Aunt Hilda , that she and Mortimer were originally scheduled to sit next to each other at Sabrina 's wedding , much to Hilda 's dismay . Mortimer was never seen on - screen during this episode . Kong : Kong was the second to last relative to give Sabrina a clue to the family secret . Kong made a hand - only appearance at the end of Silent Movie . He had a blond woman ( who was supposed to be Fay Wray ) sitting on his palm . Hilda told Sabrina that Kong is a third cousin with a pituitary problem . Sabrina put the Fay Wray clue with a picture of herself and a picture of Robert E. Lee , and she then knew that the family secret was about the Spellman family . Edward `` Ted '' Spellman : Ted is Sabrina 's father . He and Sabrina 's mother divorced when Sabrina was ten years old , and he later gained a new girlfriend named Gail Kipling . Ted was played by Robby Benson when he appeared in the pilot episode and Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend ( Season 1 episodes ) , but was played by Doug Sheehan of Knots Landing fame in his later appearances ( Season Four 's No Place Like Home and the series finale where he arrives to walk Sabrina down the aisle ) . A few times in Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend , Ted speaks in a loud , booming voice , possibly a reference to Disney 's Beauty and the Beast in which Robby Benson provided the voice for Beast . Diana : Diana is Sabrina 's mother . After the divorce , she became an archaeologist in Peru . Diana is mortal , and therefore has no magic . Also , she is unable to be with her daughter because of a term set by the Witch 's Council ; if they lay eyes on each other , Diana will turn into a ball of wax . Diana appeared four times in the series ; she first appeared ( briefly ) in `` Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend '' when Sabrina used the Sneak - a-Peek magnifying glass , but the identity of the actress playing her is unknown as it was an aerial shot , although some have speculated that it is Melissa Joan Hart 's mother , Paula . In her second appearance ( in Season Two 's `` Mom vs Magic '' ) , Diana actually got to see her daughter after Sabrina was forced to choose between her mother and her magic after she sent her a letter ( she later discovered that this was a test ) , and the two had a heart - to - heart when Sabrina was not sure whom to choose between Harvey and Dashell ( she was played by Pam Blair ) . In her next appearance ( in Season Six 's `` The Whole Ball of Wax '' ) , Diana was turned into a ball of wax , and though Sabrina was able to bring her back , she was told by her aunts that if her mother turned into a ball of wax again , nothing would bring her back . Diana did manage to attend Sabrina 's wedding in the series finale , but at a price as Zelda was temporarily turned into a candle ( in her last two appearances , Diana was played by Alley Mills ) . Gail Kipling : Gail is a witch , lawyer and Ted 's girlfriend introduced in the First Season 's episode `` Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend '' , when she quarreled with Ted over Sabrina questioning whether they would get married or not . Over the course of the next two years their relationship further developed upon the point of getting married , thus Gail became Sabrina 's step - mother . Sabrina temporarily moves in with her and Ted when her life on Westbridge takes a stumble in `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , when it 's revealed that she has a son called Donald and is fluent in French . She has a strange blood type , just like Ted . Donald Kipling : Gail 's son and Ted 's step - son who is never actually seen but is mentioned by Gail in `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Donald 's magic is shown to be a cyan , circling beam of light . Great Aunt Beulah : Beulah ( played by Jo Anne Worley ) is Sabrina 's great aunt . She appeared in Season Three 's `` Good Will Haunting '' . She sent Hilda and Zelda invitations to her Halloween party over the centuries , but they always said they could not go for one reason or another ( these excuses included the two World Wars and the Chicago fires ) , but they eventually ran short of excuses , so they would have to go . Sabrina convinced Zelda to let her stay home ( because Valerie had invited Harvey and Justin round to Sabrina 's house to watch scary movies ( in the end , they ended up watching The Bridges of Madison County ) ) , and Aunt Beulah sent Sabrina a Molly Dolly . Unfortunately , the doll had a life of its own , and while it terrorized Sabrina and her friends , sealing the doors and windows , Hilda and Zelda ended up trapped in what they thought was an insane asylum , and had their brains switched with those of two chickens . When Sabrina arrived to seek help , Hilda and Zelda learned that Aunt Beulah 's parties were theme parties . Travelling to the Spellman household , Beulah stopped the Molly Dolly , who had unleashed a group of monsters , by singing in a high operatic voice . She is one of Lydia 's sisters . Cousin Doris West : ( played by Carol Ann Susi ) Appeared in the episode `` It 's a Mad Mad Mad Mad Season Opener '' as the official to issue Sabrina her witch license and took her photograph . Doris was supposed to be the first family member to reveal a clue to the family secret , but we never see what it is . However , Sabrina was too preoccupied with her romance ( Harvey versus Dashell ) dilemma . Doris , unfortunately , has a bit of a temper , and when she gets angry , she emits a green , slimy goo from her fingers . She later shows up at Sabrina 's school where a spell to help Sabrina decide between Harvey and Dashell has gotten completely out of hand , and the two of them are dressed as ninjas and are fighting each other . Sabrina accidentally manages to make Doris lose her temper again , and Doris shoots slime at Harvey and Dashell . Sabrina knocked Harvey to the floor and Dashell got slimed . Doris then left , saying she 'll be back later , yet she was never seen or heard from again . Boyd , Racine , and Maw - Maw : ( played by Gary Grubbs , Loni Anderson & Edie McClurg ) Seen only in the episode `` Witch Trash '' , husband and wife , Boyd and Racine , Hilda and Zelda 's hillbilly cousins , upset that Hilda and Zelda were in possession of the magic book , sealed the windows and doors of the Spellman house . Sabrina later brought Boyd and Racine , along with Maw - Maw over from the Other Realm to talk things over , but to no avail . Later , when the hillbillies levitated her , Sabrina was ready to give them the book when Great - Granny arrived to set the record straight . Great - Granny told the hillbillies they chose her money while Hilda and Zelda got the magic book . Eventually , Racine unsealed the house and Great - Granny send them home . Great Granny : Granny ( played by Alice Ghostley ) appeared in only one episode , `` Witch Trash '' . She is Hilda 's and Zelda 's grandmother and Sabrina 's great - grandmother . She arrived to settle the feud among Hilda , Zelda and their hillbilly cousins . Granny owned the magic book but passed it down to Hilda and Zelda in one of her many wills . She has a magic bell which she can use to summon family members at any time . Great - Granny does not like to be interrupted , and will discipline those who try to by levitating them into the corner and making them face the wall , which is what she did to Zelda for telling Boyd , Racine , and Maw - Maw to `` Let Great - Grandmother talk '' right after Great - Granny had given them a warning . Zelda was still floating in the corner as the episode ended . Cousin Monty : Monty ( played by Dana Gould ) appeared in `` A Girl And Her Cat '' , the first series ' Christmas episode in which Zelda invited him to Christmas dinner . Monty arrived at the Spellman house with his familiar , Newt ( a talking newt , voiced by Billy West ) , and a wheeled suitcase from which a circus performer named Lulu ( played by Kerry Norton ) emerged . Newt was one of Salem 's underlings in his bid for global conquest , and Salem apparently promised him Denmark , and Monty told Hilda and Zelda Lulu was poor . However , an angry Sabrina left Salem in a dumpster after he stowed away in her bag and got her kicked out of the Slicery . Later , he was kidnapped by a little boy with a lisp who refused to give him up , but Sabrina managed to rescue him . In the end , after accepting Monty 's marriage proposal , Lulu revealed she was not poor after all ; she had a rich father . Jezebelda : Jezebelda is Zelda 's evil twin . Her Dolly Parton - style hair and Southern drawl make her distinguishable from Zelda . She shares a cell in the Other Realm Prison with Sabrina 's twin , Katrina . Jezebelda appeared in two episodes ( `` You Ca n't Twin '' and `` Deliver Us From E-Mail '' ) . She apparently caused the bubonic plague . Katrina : Katrina is Sabrina 's evil twin . Unlike Zelda and Jezebelda , Katrina is physically indistinguishable from Sabrina . She and Sabrina faced a series of tests to determine which of the two was the good one and the bad one . When Sabrina was dubbed the evil twin because she had cheated in solving the family secret , she was sentenced to be pushed into a volcano . Katrina pushed her in , but the judge then said that no good twin has ever had the heart to push her evil twin in , but he points out that Hilda almost did ( Hilda 's twin was never seen on - screen ) . This last test proved Katrina was the evil twin ; Sabrina was saved from the volcano , and Katrina was sent to prison . In her next appearance ( in Season Five 's You Ca n't Twin ) , Katrina stole Sabrina 's passport , and slipped into the mortal realm , determined to destroy Sabrina 's life . Fortunately , Sabrina was able to get a message to her aunts , who rescued her , and Katrina was sent back to prison . She was last seen in Season Six 's `` Deliver Us From E-Mail '' . Sabrina sends Katrina a rude e-mail , fed up over her limericks about a witch from Helsinki who did something with her pinky . In return , Katrina , under the pseudonym `` Nasty Girl '' e-mailed Sabrina a computer virus which turned Sabrina into a bimbo . Harvey noticed a change in Sabrina 's behaviour and took her to her aunts to see if they could find what was wrong with her . Zelda confronted Katrina in the other realm prison , and had to give in to a bribe from her own twin , Jezebelda to get the information she wanted . With Harvey 's help , Hilda and Zelda were able to return Sabrina to normal . In the end , Sabrina got her own back on Katrina by e-mailing her a `` Kill Them With Kindness '' spell . Katrina was last seen giving Jezebelda a pedicure , swearing revenge on Sabrina . Sophia Spellman ( also played by Melissa Joan Hart ) was only seen in `` Sabrina Goes to Rome '' , as it was revealed that Sophia was one of Edward 's sisters , who was lost in time during an incident centuries ago . She is identical to her niece , Sabrina . Uncle Noonie ( unseen ) is a Spellman uncle who is deaf and attended a Halloween celebration in the Other Realm during `` A Halloween Story '' . Uncle George ( unseen ) is a Spellman uncle who attended the Spellman Family Reunion in Hawaii with his fat second wife , Ruby ( played by Lisa K. Wyatt ) . Uncle Danny ( played by David Alan Graf ) is a Spellman uncle who attended the Spellman Family Reunion as well , who loves to drink after a celebration . Aunt Bootsie ( unseen ) is a Spellman aunt who apparently has a moustache and loves to kiss everyone . She was mentioned in `` The Good , The Bad and the Luau '' . Uncle Clyde ( unseen ) is Sabrina 's uncle , and Cousin Susie 's father , mentioned only in `` Sabrina and the Beast '' . Cousin Stanislav ( unseen ) is Sabrina 's cousin , mentioned in Sabrina , the Sandman . He gave Sabrina a clue to the family secret ; a picture of Sabrina . Other characters ( edit ) Mrs. Quick : Mrs. Quick is mortal and is originally from Indiana and her mother still resides in Terre Haute . She was played by Mary Gross and appeared in 21 episodes . She was very timid and not confident . Sabrina seemed to be her favorite student . In the episode `` Finger Flu '' , Sabrina had finger - flu epidemic and accidentally sneezed her magic into Mrs. Quick . With the magic , Mrs. Quick turned Mr. Kraft into a chimp . Mrs. Quick has several allergies and phobias . Drell : Drell ( played by Penn Jillette of the Penn and Teller fame ) Head of the Witches Council in Season 1 . Dated Hilda Spellman on and off and was once engaged but left Hilda at the altar . Is known to send Hilda a pot roast when he 's either going to be late to a date or calling it off . Was once stood up on a date by Hilda . The Comic book and Hanna - Barbara Cartoon version is Drella , who is female . It is revealed in Season 6 that he was turned into cattle along with the rest of the old Witches Council and replaced with a group of apathetic young witches and wizards . Skippy : Skippy ( played by Teller of the Penn and Teller fame ) Much like the actor who plays him , Skippy is silent and is only in two episodes : the pilot episode and Jenny 's Non-Dream , . Skippy 's official title as Drell 's assistant is `` Skippy , the overlords underling '' on his business card , as shown to Jenny while in Limbo , in the Episode `` Jenny 's Non-Dream '' . Cassandra : Cassandra ( Portrayed by Deborah Harry ) Cassandra is the only female member shown with the head of the Witches Council , she is featured in the Pilot episode , Where in Sabrina makes a request for a time reversal , to redeem her first day at Westbridge High School . Before her request is `` denied '' by Drell , She tells Sabrina that she does not have an appointment , then asks Drell if he remembered to feed the candle they have on the table , before exclaiming `` Let 's humour her . '' thereby giving Sabrina a chance to explain why she needs to turn back time . Rule Bearer : Rules Bearer ( portrayed by Morwenna Banks Only appearance : Season 1 , Episode 13 `` Jenny 's Non-Dream '' Jill and Cee Cee : ( played by Bridget Flanery and Melissa Murray respectively ) were two mean , popular high school girls and friends of Libby 's . They often joined in Libby 's taunting of Sabrina and her friends , however in the episode ' When Teens Collide ' , it was revealed that they 'd always liked Sabrina but were simply too afraid of Libby to befriend her . Whilst under the influence of a truth spell , Libby accidentally confessed that Jill had once had a nose job . They never appear after Libby leaves Westbridge . Marnie : Marnie ( played by Essence Atkins ) was a Coffee House Co-worker , as seen in the fourth season during episode 15 `` Love in Bloom '' . Cupid : Cupid ( played by Patrick Thomas O'Brien first appearance Season 2 , Episode 17 `` The Equalizer '' . Duke : Duke ( played by Dick Van Dyke ) was one of Salem 's underlings in his bid to take over the world . While Salem got the 100 - year sentence for his crime , Duke and Salem 's other underlings got shorter sentences . Upon finishing his sentence , Duke paid the Spellman house a visit . Unfortunately , Duke 's magic was very rusty , and he ended up blowing up Hilda 's clock shop . In an attempt to help Sabrina be a better dancer , he ended up giving her two right feet ( literally ) , and he also cast a spell that made Harvey act like a little boy . Caligula : ( played by Glenn Shadix ) appeared in the episode `` Salem , The Boy '' . When Hilda and Zelda wanted to throw Salem a Birthday Party , they Perform a time travel chant into the past to see what one of Salem 's `` ideal parties '' was , they discover `` Caligula '' there as Caligula tries to serve and flirt with Hilda and Zelda , they quickly Bail and Caligula somehow stowaways or follows them back home . Meanwhile , Salem is running around Sabrina 's school as Gordy , being it was Sabrina 's Birthday Gift to Salem from 1 of Roland 's 3 wish tickets . ( Roland was a Leprechaun in this episode , This episode was also St. Patrick 's Day themed . ) Annabelle Saberhagen : Annabelle ( portrayed by Victoria Jackson ) is Salem 's daughter , whom he loves dearly . A rift developed between the two while Annabelle was growing up because Salem was always away , and Salem rarely contacted her due to his shame of being a cat . When an announcement was made that Annabelle was getting married to a man named Larid Prescott , Sabrina went to see Annabelle , and helped mend the rift between her and her father , and Salem performed all duties of father of the bride that he could in his furry state . Sabrina agreed to be Annabelle 's maid of honour , but she soon discovered that an Other Realm wedding has strange traditions ; the groom wears a suit of armour , the maid of honour wears cowboy boots and a Napoleon - style hat , has to carry a sapling down the aisle , blow up a balloon , and the father of the bride must wrestle the father of the groom for the permission of allowing his son to marry the bride . Because Salem was a cat , and in his own words `` Protected by the humane society '' , Sabrina had to take on the father of the groom Xavier `` The Avenger '' Prescott ( played by then - WWE wrestler , Billy Gunn ) . Thanks to interference by Salem , Sabrina pinned Prescott after a roll - up . Next , the bride and groom had to exchange ring fingers , and Sabrina had to kiss the bride . Annabelle was never seen again . Sabrina notes that Annabelle had inherited Salem 's `` cry . '' Candy King : Roxie 's mother ( played by Kate Jackson of Charlie 's Angels fame ) appeared in It 's a Hot , Hot , Hot , Hot Christmas in Season Seven . A rift developed between her and her daughter because of her criminal past . Roxie was anything but pleased to see her . Later , when the condo that Roxie , Morgan , and Sabrina were staying in was robbed , Candy was accused . In the end , though , her boyfriend , Zack is revealed to be the true culprit . He tries to make a run for the door , but Sabrina quickly cast a spell so that when he opened the door , he found himself facing a group of Christmas Caroller 's who were singing the line `` We Wo n't Go Until We Get Some '' from `` We Wish You A Merry Christmas '' . With her reputation cleared , Candy patched things up with her daughter . Kevin : Mid-season 5 , Sabrina meets Kevin , a student from Adams whom she constantly seems to bump into but is officially introduced through her roommate Morgan . Kevin is a guitar player and apparently got inspiration from Sabrina to write songs , even calling her his muse . They only seem to date for 1 month and ends as Sabrina and Kevin do n't seem to find time to define their romantic relationship . Louisa : Louisa is the woman in the portrait seen on the wall of the kitchen of the Spellman house . She spoke for the first time in Bundt Friday when Zelda was telling Sabrina about a secret cabinet where they kept some of their potions , and it turns out Louisa 's portrait was hung on the cabinet door . Louisa spoke again in Dream Date after Sabrina hung up the phone after Harvey called asking her about their science homework , and when she realised Louisa had been listening , Sabrina stomped up the stairs while Louisa sang Salem 's song , `` Harvey and Sabrina '' . She spoke for the last time in the episode `` In Sabrina We Trust '' , in which she informs Sabrina about the upcoming magical systems check to be performed on the house . Louisa 's voice was originally provided by Caroline Rhea , but her voice was sped up electronically so her voice would not be recognized . Annie O'Donnell was the voice of Louisa the last time she spoke . Juliette Jingleheimer : Juliette is Dreama 's cat . A former prom queen , Juliette ( voice of Bebe Neuwirth ) was turned into a cat for attempting to take over the universe , but unlike Salem , Juliette has longer hair , and is white . Salem was looking for a date for a high - school reunion , so Sabrina and Dreama fixed him up with Juliette . Later , though , Salem was confronted by Billy Luto , a man who had bullied Salem as a teenager . When Juliette stood up to Billy , he tried to give both of them a wedgie , but Sabrina , who was close by , quickly hung Billy up by his `` heenie '' ( just as he did to Salem ) . Gordie : Gordie is Sabrina 's nerdy friend in high school , played by Curtis Andersen . Gordie lacks the confidence to stand up for himself , but has the heart of a loyal friend . He often hangs out with Sabrina , Valerie , and Harvey , and sometimes Libby . He and Valerie sometimes show sparks , but never really had a relationship . Roland : ( played by Phil Fondacaro ) A troll who had a long - time crush on Sabrina and on several occasions tried to steal her heart or marry her with magic , but always ended up failing . He has three different jobs : a finder , an equalizer and a detective . He calls Harvey is `` farm boy '' . Appears in `` Troll Bride '' , `` The Equalizer '' , `` Suspicious Minds '' , `` Salem the Boy '' and `` Love in Bloom '' . It is possible he is Rumpelstiltskin as mentioned by Sabrina in `` The Equalizer '' . Gwen : A British witch , played by Tara Strong ( credited with her maiden name Charendoff ) , who only appears in the movies Sabrina Goes to Rome and Sabrina , Down Under , as Sabrina 's friend during her travels . Like Dreama , she has a hard time controlling her magic and her spells never work the way she expects them to ; while Sabrina casts spells with her index finger , Gwen casts spells by clenching her fist . She is shown to have a liking for jellybeans . In the first film , she aided Sabrina in solving the mystery of her family locket , while also facing her own dilemma after she accidentally turned her crush , Alberto , into a pigeon ; in order to reverse the spell , she went around randomly kissing pigeons ( the only way to reverse the spell ) and eventually succeeded . In the second film , she goes on holiday with Sabrina in the Australian Great Barrier Reef , where she helps Sabrina to prevent the destruction of a mermaid colony at the hands of water pollution and a greedy marine biologist . By the time of the second film , she has gained more control over her powers through practice , but has yet to completely perfect them ; upon reuniting with Sabrina , she demonstrates this by transforming Sabrina 's shell necklace into a flower lei , but unintentionally gave her a rabbit 's tail in the process ; in response to this , Gwen explains , `` In my defense , I did n't say I was good ; just said I was better . '' Stonehenge : ( voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz ) A guinea pig familiar taken care of by Gwen . Unlike other animal familiars in the series , it is left ambiguous as to whether or not Stoney was once a human who was punished for misdeeds . Though Salem initially attempts to eat him , he ultimately forms a partnership with him in order to obtain free food . Bob Gordon : Bob was a news anchor who was judging a cat show that Sabrina entered Salem in . However , Sabrina found out that the owner of one of the other cats entered in the competition was using a photo of Bob without his hairpiece to blackmail him into throwing the competition . When Sabrina showed the photo to her aunts , Zelda used a reverse angle spell to reveal the culprit , but the blackmailers face was hidden by a big camera with only the right hand visible . However , Sabrina noticed the blackmailer was missing half an index finger . Sabrina 's investigation hit a dead end when she found her three prime suspects were all missing half an index finger on the right hand , but she confronted Bob Gordon over his secret , and she found he was afraid his career would be ruined if everyone knew he was bald , because he said the public had not trusted a bald man since Eisenhower . However , Bob finally came clean and ripped off his wig in front of all the contestants before disqualifying the blackmailer . Annie Martos : ( played by Diana - Maria Riva ) Annie was Sabrina 's boss when she became a writer at Scorch Magazine . Sabrina made countless attempts to make Annie like her . In the end , she found her insults too much and quit her job . Cole Harper : ( played Andrew Walker ) Cole was Sabrina 's co-worker at Scorch Magazine . James : ( played by Bumper Robinson ) James was Sabrina 's co-worker at Scorch Magazine . He worked as a professional photographer . Interestingly enough , Bumper Robinson also appeared in the Season 1 episode , Trial By Fury portraying a completely different character . Leonard : ( played by John Ducey ) Leonard was Sabrina 's co-worker at Scorch Magazine . He was most unprofessional , and often tried to grab an opportunity with a girl . He also has an interest of collecting action figures . He invited Sabrina , Morgan , and Roxie to a condo in Miami to celebrate Christmas after James and Cole bailed . Peter : ( played by Greg Vaughan ) Sabrina 's arranged groom . Both did not have feelings for each other , in fact , Peter fell in love with Roxie and Roxie , Peter . This was a problem for Sabrina since Great Aunt Irma , the matriarch , wanted Sabrina to marry Peter , and Roxie and Peter 's relationship was unknown to Irma , which almost made chaos at the wedding , but Sabrina was in position as the bride and later stood to Great Aunt Irma about the marriage after Peter said he did not want to marry Sabrina , he wanted to marry Roxie . Lost in time people ( edit ) In Season Four , Hilda bought a clock shop which had what seemed like an ordinary grandfather clock in the back room . However it turned out to be a magical Lost in Time clock from which certain people from past centuries or decades emerged . These people included : Marie and Pierre Curie : In Ageing Not So Gracefully , the Curies became lost in time after having an argument ( circa 1899 ) . Marie was first to come from the clock . When Hilda got her to the house , she was spouting French , but Zelda turned her French to English with her magic . Pierre later turned up , and Hilda and Zelda tried to find out what attracted one Curie to the other . While Hilda danced with Pierre , Zelda worked with Marie . However , Hilda soon became too tired to dance , and Zelda soon got fed up of Marie 's bossing her about , and accidentally setting the carpet on fire . Luckily , following another argument which Hilda and Zelda could hear from the kitchen , they started waltzing around the living room where Marie accidentally knocked over Zelda 's vase . It is also revealed in season 3 that Marie dated Salem before cheating on him with Pierre . Leif Ericson and Daniel Boone : In Salem 's Daughter , Hilda and Zelda used the Lost in Time clock to get dates for Anabelle 's wedding . Zelda selected Leif Ericson , and Hilda picked Daniel Boone . Daniel appeared again in the following episode , Love in Bloom ( which aired before Salem 's Daughter , but is set afterwards ) in which Zelda learns that Hilda has been hiding him in the attic , and forces her to send him back . A running gag throughout Salem 's Daughter is that Daniel is frequently mistaken for Davy Crockett , make Daniel replies `` I _́ m Daniel Boone '' a gets a little angry ; this happens so often , when somebody ( Salem ) says he real name , he screams `` I _́ M DANIEL BOONE ! Oh , sorry ... '' Celebrity guest appearances ( edit ) Many episodes involve Sabrina getting to meet , through natural or supernatural means , popular real - life musical artists of the time , including the band of Melissa Joan Hart 's then - boyfriend ( now husband ) Mark Wilkerson , appeared in an episode in 2002 . Eddie Cibrian appeared as himself in The True Adventures of Rudy Kazootie S. 1 Ep. 3 when Sabrina said his name three times and he appeared in her room saying that he needed to save someone from a burning corvette . Milo Ventimiglia appeared as a football player in `` Terrible Tjings6 S. 1 when Jenny is running for student body president , against Libby , both are fighting for his signature . Randy Travis made a cameo appearance as himself ( credited as Ideal Man ) in The True Adventures of Rudy Kazootie . S. 1 Ep. 3 He 's seen at the parent - teacher conference in Mr. Pool 's room then towards the end doing a jigsaw puzzle with Hilda and Zelda . Sally Jessy Raphael appeared in the opening scene of `` A Halloween Story '' , S. 1 Ep. 5 . Sabrina was wearing a Halloween costume consisting only of a pair of red - rimmed glasses , similar to Sally Jessy Raphael 's . Hilda and Zelda were not sure what to make of it , so Sabrina invited her aunts to do better . Hilda pointed at Sabrina , and when the smoke cleared , Sabrina had been turned into Sally Jessy Raphael , complete with her voice . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa The Japanese American actor appeared in Sweet and Sour Victory S. 1 Ep. 10 as a karate master who fought Sabrina twice , once when she cheated with a spell and a ( magic - free ) rematch in which he won with ease . Jack Wagner Jack appeared as himself in Jenny 's Non-Dream S. 1 Ep. 13 when Jenny is in the other realm and Sabrina , Hilda and Zelda try to convince she is dreaming , Jenny mentions that Jack Wagner is in her dreams saving her from something , So Sabrina zaps in Jack and Jenny jumps in his arms and tells him about all the things he has saved her from , Later Sabrina zaps him away . Brady Anderson Brady Anderson Major League baseball player guest starred as himself in Sabrina Through the Looking Glass S. 1 Ep. 14 helping Sabrina through her bad mood when she was trapped in her mirror by her bad mood and she could not get out of the mirror . Peter Marshall appeared as himself ( credited as Game Show Host ) in First Kiss S. 1 Ep. 17 hosting a fictional game show called `` The True Love Game Show '' ( Probably a parody of The Dating Game ) when Sabrina kissed Harvey and he turned into a frog . She had to take a test of true love and the game show was her first test behind door number one . Erik Estrada Erik Estrada Actor from CHiPs has made a few cameo appearances in Sabrina Gets Her License : Part 1 S. 2 Ep. 1 and Sabrina Gets Her License : Part 2 S. 2 Ep. 2 , i.e. Being seen in a thought cloud in Hilda 's mind and driving a car when Hilda created a defective potion zapping her and Zelda into his car and another time when Sabrina Accidentally zapped herself in his car . Davy Jones The Monkees ' lead vocalist appeared in the episode Dante 's Inferno S. 2 Ep. 4 ; Jones first appeared at the start of the episode when Hilda , who was suffering from punitis ( a condition that makes puns out of things she says ) , said something about a monkey on her back . Jones made a second appearance when Sabrina was making comments about the name of Harvey 's date , Jean ; Jones told Sabrina he thought Jean was a lovely name , and he started to sing the chorus from Daydream Believer . The end of the show Jones helps Sabrina and her aunts walk together like The Monkees at the start of their show . Drew Carey Appeared in episode To Tell a Mortal S. 2 Ep. 10 when Valerie 's last wish is to dance with him . Both Drew and she magically acquire evening wear . Valerie later keeps his glasses . Mark Langston Mark Langston Major League Baseball Player appeared as himself in To Tell A Mortal S. 2 Ep. 10 when Harvey made a wish ( his last wish ) that he could meet him and Mark comes and Harvey asks him to throw a baseball to him and catch it . Steve Allen , actor , appeared as Sabrina 's fear in `` Fear Strikes Up a Conversation '' , S. 2 Ep. 21 when Sabrina is told she has to present her math essay at an assembly , When she hears that she uses a magic spell to get rid of her fear , but her fear gets loose and starts scaring the whole school , When that happens she has to go through the forest of her fears and conquer them and her last fear was reading in front of the assembly , When she did her fear disappeared and Steve Allen appeared as Fear and a small version of his body was put on Sabrina 's jacket to remind her that fear will always be a part of her . He was credited as Fear in the credits . When Sabrina sees Fear she says My fear looks like Steve Allen , and when a small version of Steve appeared on her jacket she said `` So is Steve Allen gon na be on all my clothes ? '' Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell guest - starred as themselves in `` Sabrina 's Choice '' S. 2 Ep. 24 when Sabrina had to choose which aunt she wanted to live with and there was a little crystal ball with a `` What - If '' spell and she said `` What If Kenan & Kel Won the lottery ? '' Kenan and Kel appeared in their house where Kenan was looking for the lottery ticket while Kel is making a sandwich and Kenan finds it and accidentally puts it in the sandwich that Kel was making and runs and says that he found the ticket , Kel comes back in the kitchen not realizing that the ticket is in the sandwich he made and puts the remaining ingredients he was going to put on plus the other bread and starts eating the sandwich , Kenan comes back and sees that Kel is eating the sandwich and he got sad . Gary Owens Gary Owens appeared in the episode Good Will Haunting S. 3 Ep. 6 where Hilda and Zelda were invited to Aunt Beaulah 's Halloween party , and Beaulah switched their brains with those of two chickens . In the closing credits , he was credited as `` The Guy Who Thinks He 's Gary Owens '' . Dick Clark Dick Clark made a small cameo appearance as himself in And the Sabrina Goes To ... S. 3 Ep. 8 when Sabrina says that she 's giving all of her Sabrina Awards to Gordy and the other Do - gooders and he is in a studio and says `` What 's Sabrina Doing , This never happens at the American Music Awards Cue the band , Cue the band . '' Mary Hart Mary Hart appeared as herself in And The Sabrina Goes To ... S. 3 Ep. 8 hosting the first annual Sabrina Awards when Sabrina was tired of not getting any praise for her hard work so she ate some special cake to get praise which brought up the idea for the Sabrina Awards . José Eber José appeared as himself in Sabrina and the Beast S. 3 Ep. 10 when Sabrina was having a bad hair day so she zapped Jose into her bedroom to help her with her hair , Her and Hilda kept fighting over for whose hair he should do and he said he charges 1,000 dollars an hour . Jerry Springer Springer appeared in Mrs. Kraft S. 3 Ep. 14 where Sabrina and Hilda bring back Mr. Kraft 's ex-wife , Lucy , to lure him away . The Spellman 's , Mr. Kraft , and Lucy all ended up on The Jerry Springer Show ( a production of Studios USA Television , now NBC Universal Television Distribution . ) Sabrina said she was not comfortable living with Mr. Kraft , so she and Hilda decided to bring back Lucy . When the audience gasped in shock , Sabrina said she did not know Lucy was a witch , and Hilda started yelling at the audience ( most of what she was saying was bleeped out to make it sound like she was swearing ) . Their appearance on the show ended with a fight between Zelda and Lucy . In this series , he appears to have magical powers . Steve Sax Steve Sax Major League Baseball Player guest starred as himself ( Credited as Baseball Player ) in Sabrina the Matchmaker S. 3 Ep. 16 when Sabrina 's Cousin Marigold was on a date with a plumber named Emil and He was talking about Baseball , Marigold went into the kitchen telling Sabrina she had no idea what he was talking about and Sabrina Told her and then Marigold zapped Steve into the kitchen and Sabrina said , `` Wait , You ca n't just walk in there with a professional baseball player . '' Mary Ann Mobley Mary Ann Mobley made a brief guest appearance as herself in Salem , the Boy S. 3 Ep. 17 when Salem is planning a party and she is on the list . At the end of the episode , Mary Ann Mobley comes and Zelda says Oh , Hello Mary Ann Mobley and she replies `` And What is Castro doing here ? '' Monty Hall Monty Hall guest starred as himself in The Long and Winding Short Cut S. 3 Ep. 22 hosting a fictional game show called `` Guess The Family Secret '' when Sabrina was trying to figure out the Family Secret to her Family and she used Mrs. Quick to help her and Mrs. Quick was excited to be on the show and Sabrina needed to move things along so she zapped Monty Hall to host and as the game show went on when Mrs. Quick was on the second clue Aunt Zelda comes in and stops Sabrina from Cheating to figure out the Family Secret . Britney Spears Britney appeared in No Place Like Home S. 4 Ep. 1 when Harvey gives Sabrina parking passes to the Britney Spears concert because he can not afford tickets to the show . Sabrina 's dad wants her to move to Paris with him and his wife . While there , Sabrina becomes bored so her dad magically zaps in Britney who performs in their living room . They talk a little and dance a little and then Sabrina zaps her back . She decides to move back in with her aunts and she is seen with Harvey in the parking lot of the concert . Britney comes out of the concert hall and waves at Sabrina . At the end of the show Mr. Kraft is being his usual uptight self when Sabrina puts a spell on him to start dancing in the school halls to `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' , the theme song to Melissa Joan Hart 's movie Drive Me Crazy . The music video was shown during the credits of the show , which starred Melissa . Tara Lipinski Tara Lipinski , professional figure skater , appeared as herself in Jealousy S. 4 Ep. 3 when a new student named Brad transferred to Westbridge and Sabrina was getting jealous of him because Harvey kept hanging out with him and Sabrina zapped Tara into her room and Tara says where am I and then Sabrina says to her `` You 're my new best friend '' and takes her to school with her to show everybody , All the students are all surrounding her and asking her questions , and later Tara says I liked your friends especially Brad , and when Tara says that Sabrina says , `` Go find yourself a new best friend '' and zaps her away . Billy Blanks Billy appeared as himself at the beginning of Prelude to a Kiss S. 4 Ep. 7 when Salem wanted to learn karate and Sabrina zapped him in and he did a move which Sabrina tried to do and she ended up kicking Salem into the wall . Paula Abdul The pop singer / American Idol judge appeared in Aging Not So Gracefully ' S. 4 Ep. 8 `` . Salem becomes obsessed with her after seeing her music video for Opposites Attract , and after failing to contact her , Salem started pretending to be kidnapped , sending her photos and a ransom note ( which did not work ) . Abdul also appeared during the end credits , reading a note ( obviously penned by Salem ) which asked her to `` comfort my cat '' . The episode ended with Paula stroking Salem . Danny Bonaduce Appeared in the Christmas - themed episode Sabrina , Nipping At Your Nose . S. 4 Ep. 12 As one of a series of gifts inspired by the song `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' , Sabrina zaps him in as he 's sitting in a pear tree ( `` Partridge in a Pear Tree '' ) . John Salley John appeared as himself ( credited as NBA Player ) in Welcome Back , Duke S. 4 Ep. 16 when Hilda and Zelda were having trouble coaching Sabrina 's basketball team so they got him to coach them because he was tall and the girls behaved better . Towards the end of the episode Harvey says he had a dream about him and told Sabrina that he said he was going to give him a time out . Frankie Avalon Frankie appeared as himself in Beach Blanket Bizarro S. 5 Ep. 17 when Hilda and Zelda find out Sabrina will be going to Pelican Cove , Florida with her boyfriend and they just want her to have `` Good Clean Fun '' so they zap in Frankie Avalon in their house and tell him about where Sabrina is going . Later he appears at the end of the episode doing the Swim with Hilda and Zelda . Adrienne Barbeau Adrienne appeared as herself in The Gift Of Gab S. 6 Ep. 5 when Miles sold a cut - out of her on Ebay . Miles 's is at the Coffee House telling Sabrina that he had to sell it , Adrienne comes in the Coffee House telling him that she was the high bidder and that she has been looking for a cut - out of her for a long time . Isaac Hanson Isaac along with his brothers appeared in A Birthday Witch S. 6 Ep. 9 . Isaac and Roxie used to go out before he became famous . Miles and Morgan get really excited when they find out Isaac will be coming . Isaac is late but he finds Roxie at the soup kitchen . The Hanson brothers perform a show at the soup kitchen . Andy Roddick Andy Roddick Professional Tennis Player guest starred as himself in The Competition S. 6 Ep. 17 helping Sabrina with her Tennis skills when her boyfriend Josh always said to her that he was gon na `` Polish her off '' every time they play a Tennis game . Kelly Clarkson appeared as a student in the episode The Whole Ball of Wax S. 6 Ep. 20 , prior to her appearance and subsequent fame on American Idol . Carson Daly Carson Daly and his MTV show TRL guest starred as himself in I Fall to Pieces ( 1 ) S. 6 Ep. 22 / Total Sabrina Live ! ( 2 ) S. 7 Ep. 1 hosting Total Request Live when Sabrina was looking for a job to be a writer , Roxie wanted to be on TRL to see Carson , Later Sabrina says on TRL that she 's looking for a job . Guest starred but was uncredited in the credits list . Daniel Bedingfield appeared in `` The Lyin ' , The Witch , And The Wardrobe '' , S. 7 Ep. 11 . He first appeared wearing a ghastly outfit designed by Morgan , and he ended up with green feathers in his hair . At the end of the episode , he sang `` Gotta Get Thru This '' . Other musical guests ( edit ) Coolio ( `` A Girl and Her Cat S. 1 Ep. 11 '' ) Violent Femmes ( `` Hilda and Zelda : The Teenage Years S. 1 Ep. 15 '' ) The Smashing Pumpkins ( only mentioned in `` The Great Mistake S. 1 Ep. 22 '' episode when Sabrina 's friend Jenny gets tickets to one of their concerts , which Sabrina did not get to go to . ) 10,000 Maniacs ( `` A River of Candy Corn Runs Through It S. 2 Ep. 7 '' ) Johnny Mathis ( `` Sabrina Claus S. 2 Ep. 12 '' ) Backstreet Boys ( `` The Band Episode S. 2 Ep. 18 '' ) Lisa Loeb ( Background music only in `` Sabrina 's Choice S. 2 Ep. 24 '' when Harvey and Sabrina went to a concert featuring her ; not actually seen . ) RuPaul ( `` Sabrina 's Choice S. 2 Ep. 24 '' ) S. 2 Ep. 24 Phantom Planet ( `` And the Sabrina Goes To ... S3 Ep. 8 '' ) ' N Sync ( `` Sabrina and the Pirates S. 3 Ep. 15 '' ) Aaron Carter ( `` Beach Blanket Bizarro S. 5 Ep. 17 '' ) Eden 's Crush ( `` Finally ! S. 5 Ep. 22 '' ) Hanson ( `` A Birthday Witch S. 6 Ep. 9 '' ) Vitamin C ( `` Cloud Ten S. 6 Ep. 11 '' ) Usher ( `` I Think I Love You S. 6 Ep. 13 '' ) Course of Nature ( `` Total Sabrina Live ! S. 7 Ep. 1 '' ) Ashanti ( `` Call Me Crazy S. 7 Ep. 3 '' ) Da Brat as Baby K2K ( `` Shift Happens S. 7 Ep. 4 '' ) Goo Goo Dolls ( `` Witch Way Out S. 7 Ep. 7 '' ) Avril Lavigne ( `` Bada - Ping ! S. 7 Ep. 8 '' ) Drew Lachey ( `` Ping , Ping a Song S. 7 Ep. 10 '' ) Sixpence None the Richer ( `` Getting to Nose You S. 7 Ep. 16 '' ) Mario ( `` What a Witch Wants S. 7 Ep. 21 '' ) References ( edit ) ( hide ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch Created by : Dan DeCarlo George Gladir Characters Sabrina Spellman Hilda Spellman Zelda Spellman Salem Saberhagen Publications Archie 's Mad House Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Sabrina the Teenage Witch In other media Animated television series The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show Sabrina : The Animated Series Sabrina 's Secret Life Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch Live - action television series Sabrina the Teenage Witch Episode list `` Pilot '' Home media releases Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Television films Sabrina the Teenage Witch Sabrina Goes to Rome Sabrina Down Under Sabrina : Friends Forever Related articles Archie Comics List of Archie Comics characters Shararat The sitcom character of `` Sabrina '' , from the 1996 live - action series was referenced to in the first episode of `` American Horror Story : Coven '' by the character `` Queenie '' as portrayed by Gabourey Sidibe . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_characters&oldid=832466855 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Sabrina the Teenage Witch Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played cousin amanda on sabrina the teenage witch
[ "\n(2nd) Cousin Amanda Wiccan: Amanda (played by Melissa Joan Hart's real life sister Emily Hart) appeared several times throughout the series. She appears three times in Seasons 1 - 6, but appeared most often in Season 7.\n" ]
[ "Emily Hart" ]
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Penny (The Big Bang Theory)
Penny ( the Big Bang Theory ) - wikipedia Penny ( the Big Bang Theory ) Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Penny The Big Bang Theory character Kaley Cuoco as Penny First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Portrayed by Kaley Cuoco Information Nickname ( s ) `` Bestie '' ( by Amy ) `` Slugger '' ( by Wyatt ) Gender Female Occupation Waitress Actress Student Pharmaceutical representative Family Wyatt ( father ) Susan ( mother ) Unnamed sister Randall ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Zack Johnson ( annulled ) Leonard Hofstadter ( since season 9 ) Relatives Alfred Hofstadter ( father - in - law ) Beverly Hofstadter ( mother - in - law ) Michael Hofstadter ( brother - in - law ) Unnamed sister - in - law Nationality American Penny is a fictional character on the American CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory , portrayed by actress Kaley Cuoco . She is the primary female character in the series , befriending her across - the - hall neighbors Leonard Hofstadter ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon Cooper ( Jim Parsons ) , two physicists who work at the nearby California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) . Penny 's lack of advanced education , but outgoing personality and common sense drastically contrast with the personalities of the primary male characters in the series , even though she is considered part of their group . She is the love interest of Leonard , with whom she maintains a brief romantic relationship during the third season , which is later resumed in the fifth season and culminates in an engagement at the end of the seventh season and a wedding at the start of season 9 . Penny is the only main character of the show whose last name has not been revealed , although she has been occasionally referred to or addressed with the last name Hofstadter since her wedding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 1.1 Interaction with Sheldon 1.2 Nerd traits 2 Financial issues 3 Family 4 Work 5 Relationships 6 Development 7 See also 8 References Personality ( edit ) Originally from a small town outside of Omaha , Nebraska , Penny has aspirations of becoming an actress . Until season 7 , she worked as a waitress at the local Cheesecake Factory . She is a Sagittarius , born on December 2 . She has full confidence in horoscopes and psychics , which has led to arguments with Sheldon and Leonard about their accuracy . In contrast to the rest of the group , Penny is not well educated nor savvy in a specific technical field , but she has great social skills and is more streetwise than her neighbors . She is very knowledgeable about popular culture . She is messy and disorganized but appears to like it that way . Having dropped out of community college prior to the start of the series , she is the only regular character with less education than Howard Wolowitz , who has a master 's degree . She initially feels insulted when Leonard shows her a list of community colleges to go to at the beginning of season 2 , but in season 6 , she does go back to college , taking a history class . By the middle of the season , she is also taking an acting class , and at the beginning of season 7 , she is taking a psychology class as well . Despite her weak education , she is insightful . While Sheldon routinely disparages both Penny 's and Howard 's educations , he occasionally acknowledges her intelligence and potential , though he rarely treats Howard so . He has also asked for her advice more than once regarding various social situations . Leonard has likened her to The Hulk when she gets angry , while Sheldon once said to recurring character Stuart Bloom that she would `` maul ( him ) like a rabid wolverine '' if Stuart woke her up from a sound sleep . A recurring theme is Penny 's poor driving . She fails to service her vehicle regularly , and ignores her check engine light , which has been mentioned in multiple episodes . She once left her car 's passenger side wing mirror in a parking lot . She once hit a Mercedes in a parking lot and left without leaving a note . She also inadvertently reveals that she knocked the mirror off Bernadette 's car and did not leave a note . When her car 's engine finally fails in Season 7 , Leonard buys her a new one so she can go to auditions and pursue her dream of becoming an actress . In Season 8 , after finding a job as a highly paid pharmaceutical sales representative at Bernadette 's company , she obtains a company car and sells the one Leonard bought for her , returning him the money . In the fifth - season episode `` The Speckerman Recurrence '' , it is revealed that Penny was a bully during her time at school . However , she seems to be genuinely unaware of the hurt her actions caused , and upon her realization , she attempts to make amends with a classmate she tormented , with little success . A recurring personality trait is her consumption of alcohol , specifically wine . In `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' , Penny , while spending the evening with Bernadette and Amy , observes that they have finished the bottle of wine , and when Bernadette and Amy point out that they consumed only half a glass and no wine at all , respectively , Penny snaps , `` Okay , do n't judge me ! So , what do you want to do , go to the movies , go dancing , lay down for a little bit ? '' At the end of that episode , she passes out while the three of them play Twister , and when Bernadette initially fails to revive her , she says `` Penny , we 're out of wine '' , which manages to wake Penny . In `` The Intimacy Acceleration '' , Sheldon asks her , `` If you could wake up tomorrow having gained any one quality or ability , what would it be ? '' Penny replied , `` Well , not to steal from the Bible , but turning water into wine sounds pretty good . '' . In `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' , Leonard declines Amy 's suggestion that the group spend a weekend in Napa Valley , leading to this exchange : Leonard : `` I 'm not sure it 's a great idea to take Penny to where wine comes from . ( Looks at Penny ) What ? It 's a joke . Oh , come on . We bust on each other . I wear dorky glasses , you might have a problem , it 's all for laughs . '' Penny : `` That would really piss me off if I did n't have a buzz going on . '' Interaction with Sheldon ( edit ) A staple of the series ' humor is Penny 's awkward interactions with Sheldon , which are fueled by the fact that they are almost polar opposites in terms of intellect and social aptitude . In one episode , Sheldon tries to `` improve '' Penny , rewarding her with chocolate for what he considers `` correct behavior '' , as in operant conditioning of lab rats . Leonard noticed it and accused Sheldon of modifying her like Pavlov 's dogs . Although the two characters sometimes clash , and Penny is frequently irritated by Sheldon 's obstinacy and lack of social awareness , she has developed an affection for him . She and Leonard occasionally behave as if Sheldon were their child ( once alluded to in season 11 's `` The Collaboration Contamination '' when Penny actually uses a parenting book of Bernadette 's on Sheldon ) , and Penny is very pleased whenever Sheldon acts tenderly towards her . Penny often calls Sheldon `` sweetie '' , a term of endearment she frequently uses with other characters ( a fact that Sheldon has himself pointed out ) , and Penny and Amy are the only principal characters who ever openly demonstrate their genuine fondness for Sheldon . Evidence of Penny 's affection for Sheldon is apparent in various episodes . Penny takes care of Sheldon while he is ill and lets him stay at her apartment when he is locked out of his , or if he has a bad dream or is feeling unsafe ; Sheldon lent her money when she needed it and takes care of her when she dislocates her shoulder . Despite not being as well versed as the men in geek culture , Penny has shown attention to what each of her friends likes , although she still remains dismissive of them : during a Christmas episode , Penny gives Sheldon a signed napkin autographed by Leonard Nimoy . In return , Sheldon gives Penny several baskets of bath products and then a long hug , to both her and Leonard 's surprise . When Sheldon 's World of Warcraft account is hacked and the four men all back down from the much larger hacker who also steals Sheldon 's Klingon Bat'leth , Penny kicks the hacker in the groin . Following her breakup with Leonard , Penny takes Sheldon along when she and some friends from work went to Disneyland , for which he is thankful . In the same episode , `` The Spaghetti Catalyst '' , she notes that she takes Sheldon shopping for his linens . ( This episode also shows her and Leonard acting like a divorced couple and Sheldon is their `` son '' , a dynamic that recurs in successive seasons ) . She has also helped Sheldon resolve conflicts with Amy , as in `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' . In `` The Panty Pinata Polarization '' Penny has a fight with Sheldon as he banishes her from his apartment and using their Wi - Fi as she got `` three strikes '' . She defends herself by refusing to take down his order at the restaurant and then ruins his weekly Saturday laundry night but then he puts Penny 's underwear on the telephone wire . After having a heated argument with his mother , Sheldon apologises to Penny and then they make amends with one another . Sheldon has also acknowledged that he likes Penny , although he claims this was only because he was forced to because Leonard `` made him '' , and that Sheldon liking her was a `` hard row to hoe '' , although in `` The Intimacy Acceleration '' Sheldon has admitted that he considers Penny a sisterly or motherly figure . Nerd traits ( edit ) A number of episodes depict Penny 's assimilation of nerd culture through her relationship with the men , and has developed to quote some science fiction shows ( like Star Trek ) , and movies ( Star Wars ) . After Sheldon introduces her to the online role - playing game Age of Conan , Penny becomes addicted , to the point of ignoring her friends , her hygiene , her general appearance and her job , and pesters Sheldon incessantly for gaming advice . She finally overcomes her addiction when she realizes she has agreed to go on a virtual date within the game with Howard . In episodes such as `` The Apology Insufficiency '' , `` The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition '' , `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' and `` The Love Car Displacement '' , she makes casual references to Star Trek . In `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , Penny , Amy and Bernadette read some of the men 's comics , believing there is nothing interesting in them , only to get into a huge heated argument about whether or not only Thor could wield his enchanted hammer Mjolnir . In season 7 's `` The Proton Transmogrification '' , she alarms herself when she realizes that she understands Raj and Howard 's corny Star Wars - related puns . Penny sometimes references science and technology - related ideas . In `` The Codpiece Topology '' , Penny , having previously learned of Schrödinger 's cat in `` The Tangerine Factor '' , is seen explaining that concept to her date . In `` The Beta Test Initiation '' , Penny references beta testing when Leonard uses a software development analogy , to describe their attempt to start a romantic relationship again , although he points out he was technically talking about alpha testing . In `` The Veracity Elasticity '' she demonstrates fluency in Ubbi Dubbi by having a secret conversation with Amy Farrah Fowler in front of Sheldon and Leonard , when the guys are having their own secret conversation in Klingon . Financial issues ( edit ) A recurring theme throughout the series is Penny 's ongoing financial problems . This is seen in `` The Financial Permeability '' , when she finds herself behind on her bills , and borrows money from Sheldon , only to later become paranoid that he is pestering her for repayment , even though he makes no such indications of this - he misinterprets Penny 's paranoia and even offers her more money , while Leonard points out that one of the few things about Sheldon that is n't insufferable is that he genuinely does n't care about how long it will take to repay the money . More subtle references are seen in the fact that she once attempted to pay for her electric bill using a Starbucks gift card , an apology note and pictures of her in underwear . A subset of this trait is addressed by other characters is her freeloading . In the second - season episode `` The Financial Permeability '' , when Penny is short on money , Leonard pays for her share of a group dinner , which causes Raj and Howard to joke that they would get free food too if they wore skintight jeans and a tank top . A recurring gag in the fourth season is Sheldon 's frequent change of his and Leonard 's Wi - Fi password to address Penny 's use of their signal . In `` The Thespian Catalyst '' , he changes the password to `` Penny is a freeloader '' , in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' he has changed it to `` Penny , get your own Wi - Fi '' , and in the episode `` The Speckerman Recurrence '' , he has changed it into `` Penny already eats our food , she can pay for Wi - Fi '' . In the seventh season `` The Convention Conundrum '' , when the women go out for drinks , and ponder their own maturity , and Penny questions the significance of that trait , Bernadette replies that it would mean that their check would be split three ways . Penny 's financial situation takes a turn at the start of season eight , when she lands a job in `` The Locomotion Interruption '' as a sales representative at the pharmaceutical company at which Bernadette works . By `` The Expedition Approximation '' , she is making enough money to be financially self - sufficient , able to sell the automobile Leonard previously gave her ( `` The Friendship Turbulence '' ) and gives him back the money for it -- changing their dynamic and leading to discussions on whether her future financial windfalls may prove difficult for him , given his insecurities . This situation was later exacerbated when it was revealed that Penny now actually earns significantly more than Leonard . In the season nine episode `` The Big Bear Precipitation '' , Penny reveals she hates her job as a representative but sticks with it because she still has large debts and also does not want to go back to waitressing or acting . Family ( edit ) In `` The Maternal Capacitance '' , Penny reveals that her father Wyatt ( Keith Carradine ) tried to raise her like a boy , which is a source of pain for her , leading her to have father issues . When she and Leonard begin dating , Wyatt comes to appreciate that she is dating an accomplished academic , rather than an uneducated hick , so much so that when he visits Penny in the fourth - season episode `` The Boyfriend Complexity '' following her and Leonard 's breakup , it is revealed that she has not revealed the breakup to her father . When she later informs Wyatt of the breakup , Wyatt secretly encourages Leonard to not give up on her . In contrast to all other characters , Penny and her father 's last name have not been revealed . Co-creator Bill Prady stated that Penny 's last name will be revealed eventually . Executive producer Steve Molaro , however , has since stated her last name will remain a secret . In an early episode , Penny talked to Raj about her sister having shot her brother - in - law . In another episode , Penny accompanied the men to the comic book store to shop for a gift for her 13 - year - old nephew . In `` The Boyfriend Complexity '' ( 4 -- 9 ) , Wyatt ( Penny 's father ) tells Leonard he wants grandchildren one day , `` and I want them to grow up on a house without wheels '' . In `` The Dumpling Paradox '' , Penny has an unwanted guest , Christy , staying with her who had slept with her brother while being engaged to her cousin , saying , `` she 's kind of family '' . Christy knows Penny from back in Omaha and , according to Penny , she slept with nearly every man in the city , earning her the nickname `` Whore of Omaha '' . While staying with Penny , Christy sleeps with Howard . In the Season 5 episode `` The Pulled Groin Extrapolation '' , after Penny quickly grabs and eats the last dumpling of a group dinner after a brief disagreement over who should get it , Sheldon makes the sarcastic comment , `` I 've seen pictures of your mother . Keep eating '' , a reference to Penny 's mother 's weight , that clearly unsettles her . In `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' , Penny confesses to Bernadette that her mother smoked pot while she was pregnant with her . Penny has mentioned having a sister who appears to be the mother of her 13 - year - old nephew mentioned in Season 2 . In `` The Bachelor Party Corrosion '' , Penny tells Bernadette , Amy and viewers that at her sister 's wedding she was heavily pregnant since she and their father started a father - daughter dance and then her water broke . Penny has mentioned having a brother on parole , who she says is `` kind of a chemist '' . In `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' ( 5 -- 6 ) , she is more explicit in revealing that he is in the practice of cooking crystal meth . She mentions that he is back in prison for 12 -- 18 months , depending on his behavior , in the seventh - season finale , `` The Status Quo Combustion '' . Penny 's mother Susan , who Penny has occasionally spoken with on the phone in prior episodes ( usually about other family members ) , finally appears in the Season 10 premiere episode `` The Conjugal Conjecture '' , portrayed by Katey Sagal . She is shown to be very embarrassed by her family 's shortcomings : her son 's criminal record and jailing , Wyatt 's drinking , and their overall humble existence as a farming family . Although she has previously met Leonard and likes him , she is uncomfortable about meeting his academic parents , not wanting them to think of her family as `` white trash '' . She goes to great lengths to present them in the best possible light , including buying dental implants for her son . Work ( edit ) Until the seventh season , Penny 's main job was as a waitress at her local The Cheesecake Factory , although in the first - season episode `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' she trained as a bartender . It seemed that she occasionally picked up the bartending shift in the restaurant . In 2010 , when actress Kaley Cuoco broke her leg , Penny was shown working as a bartender in several season 4 episodes to hide the cast on her leg . Her work at The Cheesecake Factory , was initially meant to be a temporary job for her desired profession as an actress , although her expectations are somewhat high and naive at the beginning . She admits in season two that her plan was to be a waitress for six months and then become a movie star , and her back - up plan was to become a TV star . She regularly goes to castings , but often ends up unsuccessful , or finding the role being auditioned to be quite different from what she expected , as was the case when she thought she was auditioning for a cat food commercial and it instead turned out to be a casting for a pornographic film . In the season one episode `` The Loobenfeld Decay '' , she is cast in a production of Rent , and in `` The Terminator Decoupling '' she refers to another of her roles as `` Anne Frank in a theater above a bowling alley '' . Frustrated with her acting career , in the season five premiere , she briefly considers returning to Nebraska until landing a part in a commercial for hemorrhoid cream . In `` The Monster Isolation '' , Penny is seen performing the role of Blanche DuBois in her acting class ' production of A Streetcar Named Desire . In this episode Sheldon , who attended the show along with Leonard and Amy , is impressed with Penny 's ability to memorize lines , but still could n't remember customers ' orders as a waitress . In the season seven premiere , she was revealed to have had a topless shower scene in a low budget horror film named `` Serial Apeist '' when she first moved to California , which she did not realise had been uploaded to the internet until Sheldon revealed it was available online and the gang saw it on the day they met her . In the season seven episode `` The Hesitation Ramification '' , Penny believes she has finally found stardom when she lands a brief role in NCIS . She is devastated when her scene is cut , but later decides it is time to focus solely on acting ; she quits her job at The Cheesecake Factory to devote herself to become an actress . Despite usually going to her neighbors for technical assistance when she has problems with her computer , Penny does have some mechanical skills of her own . When she was a child , she rebuilt a tractor engine on the farm where she grew up and competed in a junior rodeo . During season eight , Penny gives up her acting career and gets a job as a salesperson at Bernadette 's pharmaceutical company . The next season has Penny admitting that she hates her job flirting with her customers for sales . Relationships ( edit ) Kaley Cuoco and Johnny Galecki ( who portrays Leonard ) at PaleyFest Unlike the rest of the main characters , Penny is very outgoing and assertive , and has many romantic relationships over the course of the series . She often dates , and in one way or another all the men have gone to her for dating advice . In the fourth season opener , Sheldon estimates that Penny has dated 193 men , and had sex with 31 of them . Penny strenuously denies it was ever that many . Amy asks Penny in the same conversation if , in light of her sex partners , she considers herself a `` slut '' , Penny responds uncertainly , `` No . No ... No ? '' In the series premiere , Penny moves in across the hall from Leonard and Sheldon because of her recent split from her boyfriend , Kurt , after living together for four years . She says she still loves him , even though he cheated on her . Kurt makes two more appearances in the series . From the beginning , Leonard 's infatuation with Penny becomes a major force that drives the series . Howard also shows interest in her ( primarily sexual ) , but he is always rejected abruptly due to his unsettling approaches . Although Penny occasionally teases Raj for his inability to speak to her , she is sympathetic and kind towards him , and as with Sheldon , she almost always overlooks his idiosyncrasies and appreciates that his intentions are good . In the first - season episode `` The Fuzzy Boots Corollary '' , Penny describes her approach after a failed relationship : she picks up an attractive man to have rebound sex with over the course of a 36 - hour weekend , then leaves him . In the first - season finale , Penny breaks up with her boyfriend after he posts intimate details about their private life on his blog . This gives Leonard the opportunity to ask her out on a first official date . Although the date is successful , Penny becomes worried after she lies to Leonard about graduating from community college ( it is mentioned in a later episode , `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' , that she was enrolled in one , but dropped out ) . When Sheldon asks her why she lied , she indicates that she is self - conscious about her comparative level of education . Leonard eventually learns the truth , but makes matters worse when he tries to encourage Penny to enroll in Pasadena City College , as Penny interprets his suggestion as an insult to her intelligence , and rebuffs him . In `` The Maternal Capacitance '' , Penny 's introduction to Leonard 's mother , Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , causes Penny and Leonard to seek comfort in each other . They nearly have sex , but when Leonard comments in bed that she was attracted to him because of a psychological need to be closer to her father , her revulsion at this causes her to rebuff him . Afterwards , Penny dates Stuart , from the comic book store , but their dates do not lead to a relationship . The first time , Penny and Stuart are interrupted by Sheldon , who argues at length with Stuart over whether Dick Grayson or Jason Todd should be Batman 's successor , while Penny falls to sleep . Their dating ends in `` The Classified Materials Turbulence '' , when Penny and Stuart are kissing , and Penny mistakenly calls him `` Leonard '' . In the second - season finale Penny finally shows strong romantic feelings for Leonard . When she discovers that Leonard , Sheldon , Howard , and Raj will be spending three months at the magnetic North Pole for a scientific experiment , she becomes sad and gives Leonard a Snuggie and a long hug , that Leonard perceives as unusually long . Although Penny dismisses the meaning into which Leonard reads the gift and the hug , she later admits to herself that it meant that she did not want him to leave . In the third - season premiere , after the men returned from the expedition , Penny kisses Leonard immediately upon his return , having missed him immensely . Initially , Leonard and Penny feel uncomfortable with their new relationship , and they agreed to remain only friends , but are unable to maintain this resolution and began a stable relationship . Their relationship sours , however , when Leonard tells Penny he loves her for the first time , and an unsure Penny simply replied , `` Thank you . '' The resulting tension eventually led to Penny breaking up with Leonard during a bowling match . However , they remain friends and even sleep together once after breaking up after Penny gets drunk following a bad date with Zack Johnson , after she realizes Leonard ruined her ability to tolerate and date unintelligent men . In the fourth season , Penny reveals to her friends Bernadette Rostenkowski and Amy Farrah Fowler during a `` Truth or Dare ? '' game that she has still not moved on from Leonard . This is further implied in `` The Justice League Recombination '' when she indicates to Leonard that her reunion with Zack , and Zack 's decision to have the two of them join the men in dressing up as the Justice League for New Year 's Eve costume party at Stuart 's comic shop is made difficult by her history with Leonard . In `` The Love Car Displacement '' , Penny and the rest of the cast attend an academic conference in Big Sur . She and Leonard share the same hotel room for the night and they almost have sex until Raj walks in on them . The next day , bored with the conference , Penny accepts a ride back to Los Angeles from Professor Glenn , Bernadette 's tall and attractive ex-boyfriend . When Raj 's sister , Priya , returns in the episode `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' , Priya and Leonard begin a romantic relationship . Penny appears to be initially accepting of their relationship , but is later discovered by Amy to be heartbroken over it . In the Season four finale , Penny reveals to Raj that she regrets breaking up with Leonard . However , even though she and Raj both agree to be friends , they get drunk and wake up in bed together , apparently both naked , the next morning . Leonard , Sheldon , and Howard discover Penny leaving the apartment , deducing that they just had sex . In the Season 5 premiere , Raj confides to her that they had not consummated their encounter , prompting Penny to refer to Raj as `` Quickdraw '' because of that . She spends the rest of the episode with Amy , avoiding the men due to her embarrassment over her encounter with Raj In `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' Leonard and Penny go on a platonic date as friends , but after Leonard decides that he does not have to pay for everything or defer to her because they are not a couple , they end up bickering and sabotaging each other 's attempts to socialize with members of the opposite sex . Penny realizes that she finds Leonard 's more assertive demeanor attractive , but when he regresses to groveling in order to have sex with her , she rebuffs him . On the spur of the moment in `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' , Leonard asks Penny out on a date after he imagines what getting back with her might be like . In `` The Beta Test Initiation '' , their date goes well until Leonard asks about the status of their relationship . This causes conflict , due to Penny 's subsequent admission that commitment frightens her , but they agree to take their relationship slowly . On a spur of the moment while having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , however , Leonard proposes to her , causing Penny great distress . After discussing the matter , Penny declines his proposal , while affirming her feelings for him , and her desire to remain with him . In the season 6 episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , Leonard wants a reluctant Penny to define their relationship . In `` The Decoupling Fluctuation '' , she wonders if she is really in love with him , but can not bring herself to discuss it with Leonard . In `` The Date Night Variable '' , Raj shows up unannounced at a private dinner of Penny and Leonard 's , and inserts himself into their discussion of where their relationship is headed . When Leonard complains that Penny has yet to say `` I love you '' to Leonard , Raj attempts to get her to say it , causing Penny to eject him from the apartment . In `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Leonard becomes jealous of Penny 's classmate , an attractive Englishman . At the end of the episode , Penny and Leonard discuss this , during which Penny casually mentions that she loves him , which Leonard notes is the first time she has said this to him . In `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Penny learns that Sheldon 's attractive assistant Alex asked Leonard out to dinner and eventually admits to Leonard her own insecurity about their relationship . After a major argument with Sheldon , Leonard suggests moving in with Penny in `` The Spoiler Alert Segmentation '' , but she indicates that she is not ready for this . In `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' , Leonard again tries to propose to Penny on Valentine 's Day , but she expresses that she is not ready for this , and is unnerved by that level of commitment . They resolve that when she is ready to get married , she can propose to him . In `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' , Penny deals with Leonard going off to Europe for a summer science assignment , resolving that they are more secure in their relationship . In `` The Hesitation Ramification '' , Penny , inebriated and frustrated over the state of her acting career , proposes to Leonard , who is hesitant to answer , given the circumstances . Though this further frustrates Penny , she admits in the following episode , `` The Occupation Recalibration '' , that Leonard did the right thing . By season 5 , Penny has formed strong friendships with Doctors Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski , and the three are often seen spending time together . However , Amy and Bernadette occasionally prefer to meet without Penny , and often tease her incessantly . In the penultimate episode of season 7 , `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , she and Leonard become engaged , after Penny realizes that it is not fame she wants out of life , but happiness with Leonard . Throughout season 8 , a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date . In the season 8 finale , Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas . Leonard happily accepts , but during the journey , after Penny expresses happiness that they will get married while knowing everything about each other , Leonard confesses to having shared a drunken kiss with another woman while on the boat in Europe , though he adds that the woman started it and he rejected her . Penny becomes hurt by the revelation , and even though she claims to forgive Leonard , there is clearly tension between them , leaving the season ending in a cliffhanger as to whether or not they will go through with the wedding . At the beginning of season 9 , Leonard and Penny marry , although not without some initial problems . They both reveal that they were subconsciously trying to sabotage their relationship , feeling unworthy of the other . After an aborted attempt for Leonard to move into Penny 's apartment and live with his wife , Sheldon forces them to spend most of the nights a week in Leonard 's old room . Although CBS now refers to the character with the married name Penny Hofstadter , it has not been explicitly indicated in series whether she took Leonard 's surname . In season 10 , Sheldon moves into Penny 's old apartment with Amy allowing Penny and Leonard to live on their own as husband and wife . Development ( edit ) In the original , unaired pilot of the series , the conception of the female lead was very different . She was called Katie , and was envisioned as `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior '' . Sheldon and Leonard would `` approach her with honesty , to draw the real , sensitive Katie out '' . The role was played by Amanda Walsh . However , the test audiences reacted to the character negatively , seeing her as too mean . Because of this , the character was changed , and the role was recast . Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun - Sentinel praised Cuoco 's portrayal of Penny , stating : `` Her character had the potential to be a bimbo , but she ( Cucco ) has developed it into a fully fleshed - out woman , who is n't as book - smart as the other characters but is wiser in so many ways . She 's also a great straight person , who can get off zingers of her own '' . See also ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory characters List of The Big Bang Theory episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Whether Leonard And Penny Get Married On The Big Bang Theory Season 9 Premiere Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things You Did n't Know About ' Big Bang Theory ' Before the Season 8 Premiere ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` The Matrimonial Momentum '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 9 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2015 . CBS . Finally , a Mrs. Hofstadter who is n't disappointed with me . Jump up ^ `` The Separation Oscillation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 9 . Episode 2 . September 28 , 2015 . CBS . Penny Hofstadter , will you stay married to me ? Jump up ^ `` The Robotic Manipulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 23 , 2010 . 12 : 24 minutes in . CBS . I , myself , grew up in Nebraska . Small town , outside of Omaha . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2007 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Peanut Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 16 . May 12 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Bat Jar Conjecture '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 13 . April 21 , 2008 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Bran Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Killer Robot Instability '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 12 . January 12 , 2009 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Robotic Manipulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 23 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Euclid Alternative '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 5 . October 20 , 2008 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adhesive Duck Deficiency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 8 . November 16 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Vacation Solution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 16 . March 6 , 2014 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Convention Conundrum '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 14 . January 30 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Friendship Turbulence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 17 . March 6 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Speckerman Recurrence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 11 . December 8 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Gothowitz Deviation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 5 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 11 . March 31 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Vegas Renormalization '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 21 . April 27 , 2009 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Financial Permeability '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 14 . February 2 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Habitation Configuration '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 8 , 2012 . 15 : 06 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Barbarian Sublimation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 3 . October 6 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 19 . March 30 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 13 . January 10 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Friendship Contraction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 15 . February 2 , 2012 . Event occurs at 12 : 23 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Thespian Catalyst '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 3 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 24 . May 19 , 2011 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boyfriend Complexity '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 9 . November 18 , 2010 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : ' We did n't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys ' '' . Variety . May 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Penny 's ' Big Bang Theory ' Secret : You 'll Never Know Her Last Name , Steve Molaro Says '' . Huffington Post . June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumpling Paradox '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 6 . October 11 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Panty Piñata Polarization '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 10 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Middle Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Fuzzy Boots Corollary '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 3 . October 8 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Tangerine Factor '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 17 . May 19 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Fish Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Maternal Capacitance '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Classified Materials Turbulence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 22 . May 4 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Monopolar Expedition '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 23 . May 11 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 2 . September 28 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Excitation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 26 . May 24 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Penny Hofstadter , The Big Bang Theory '' . CBS . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Update : May 22 -- 26 ( Weekly Round - Up ) '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paige Albiniak , `` For Dramas , Expect New Faces '' , Broadcasting & Cable , June 13 , 2011 . ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_(The_Big_Bang_Theory)&oldid=835536143 '' Categories : Fictional actors Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional characters from Nebraska Fictional waiting staff The Big Bang Theory characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from November 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 08 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who originally played penny in the big bang theory
[ "In the original, unaired pilot of the series, the conception of the female lead was very different. She was called Katie, and was envisioned as \"a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior\". Sheldon and Leonard would \"approach her with honesty, to draw the real, sensitive Katie out\".[31] The role was played by Amanda Walsh.[48] However, the test audiences reacted to the character negatively, seeing her as too mean. Because of this, the character was changed, and the role was recast.[31]" ]
[ "Amanda Walsh" ]
4972548219776558694
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy - wikipedia Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Jump to : navigation , search For the Royal Navy equivalent , see Warrant Officer of the Naval Service . For the RAN equivalent , see Warrant Officer of the Navy . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Badge of the MCPON Incumbent MCPON Steven S. Giordano since September 2 , 2016 Formation April 28 , 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 - 04 - 28 ) First holder Delbert Black Website Official website The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy ( MCPON , / ˈmɪkpɒn / ) is a unique non-commissioned rate and position of office of the United States Navy , which has with it the paygrade of E-9 . The holder of this position is the most senior enlisted member of the U.S. Navy , equivalent to the Sergeant Major of the Army , Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force , Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps , Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard , and Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy is appointed by the Chief of Naval Operations to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Navy . As such , they are the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations as well as the Chief of Naval Personnel . Their exact duties vary , depending on the CNO , though they generally devote much of their time to traveling throughout the Navy observing training and talking to sailors and their families . Their personnel code is N00D as the senior enlisted advisor to Chief of Naval Operations and PERS - 00D in their special advisory capacity to Chief of Naval Personnel / Deputy Chief of Naval Operations ( Manpower , Personnel and Training ) . In 1988 , the MCPON 's spouse was made the Ombudsman - at - Large , authorizing them to travel around the fleet with their spouse , representing the interests of the spouses of enlisted members . While the MCPON is a non-commissioned officer , this billet is unofficially protocol equivalent to a vice admiral . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 MCPON rate insignia 3 Master Chief Petty Officers of the Navy 4 Timeline 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) In 1966 , the opportunity was given to sailors in the U.S. Navy 's two largest concentration areas , Hampton Roads , Virginia , and San Diego County , California , to voice their concerns , complaints , and recommendations to the top levels of the U.S. Navy . The response was overwhelming ; naval leaders realized that they were out of touch with the desires of enlisted sailors . To provide a permanent channel for input from the enlisted force to their senior leadership , the Navy acted on a suggestion to create a `` Leading Chief Petty Officer of the Navy '' who would have a direct dialogue channel with all enlisted sailors and represent their interests . Initially , the post was known as the Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Navy , and on 13 January 1967 GMCM Delbert Black was selected to serve a four - year term in that capacity . On April 28 of the same year , Black 's title was changed to Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy to bring the Navy in line with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army , which had created equivalent positions in 1957 and July 1966 respectively . MCPON Black 's duties were to the Chief of Naval Personnel . All subsequent MCPONs have reported to both the CNO and CNP . MCPON rate insignia ( edit ) MCPON rate insignia Sleeve Collar Shoulder During the MCPON 's tenure , a third silver star above the gold anchor is added onto the MCPON 's collar and cap devices , as well as a rating badge consisting of a perched eagle atop three inverted gold chevrons , one rocker , and three inverted gold stars above the eagle . The MCPON 's rating specialty mark is replaced by a single inverted gold star . The MCPON will also wear the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Badge on naval uniforms . Master Chief Petty Officers of the Navy ( edit ) No . MCPON Photo Tenure MCPON Delbert Black 1967 - 01 - 13 -- 1971 - 04 - 01 MCPON ( NAC / CAC ) John `` Jack '' Whittet 1971 - 04 - 01 -- 1975 - 09 - 25 MCPON Robert Walker 1975 - 09 - 25 -- 1979 - 09 - 28 MCPON ( NAC ) Thomas S. Crow 1979 - 09 - 28 -- 1982 - 10 - 01 5 MCPON ( NAC ) Billy C. Sanders 1982 - 10 - 01 -- 1985 - 10 - 04 6 MCPON ( SW ) William H. Plackett 1985 - 10 - 04 -- 1988 - 09 - 09 7 MCPON ( AW / NAC ) Duane R. Bushey 1988 - 09 - 09 -- 1992 - 08 - 28 8 MCPON ( SW / PJ ) John Hagan 1992 - 08 - 28 -- 1998 - 03 - 27 9 MCPON ( SS / SW / AW ) James L. Herdt 1998 - 03 - 27 -- 2002 - 04 - 22 10 MCPON ( SS / AW ) Terry D. Scott 2002 - 04 - 22 -- 2006 - 07 - 10 11 MCPON ( SW / FMF ) Joe R. Campa 2006 - 07 - 10 -- 2008 - 12 - 12 12 MCPON ( SS / SW ) Rick D. West 2008 - 12 - 12 -- 2012 - 09 - 28 13 MCPON ( AW / NAC ) Michael D. Stevens 2012 - 09 - 28 -- 2016 - 09 - 02 14 MCPON ( SG / SW / IW ) Steven S. Giordano 2016 - 09 - 02 -- Present Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) United States Navy portal Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Sergeant Major of the Army -- U.S. Army equivalent Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps -- U.S. Marine Corps equivalent Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force -- U.S. Air Force equivalent Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard -- U.S. Coast Guard equivalent Senior Enlisted Advisor for the National Guard Bureau References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Order of Precedence -- OPNAVINST 1710.7 J ( NOTES : 7 ) '' ( PDF ) . Senior Enlisted Service Representatives ( SMA , SGMMC , MCPON , CMSAF , etc . ) are typically afforded precedence equal to that of a three - star officer and are placed somewhere midway between the senior and junior general / flag officer present . This is not an exact rule , but one which can used to arrive at the proper placement for most situations . Template : Naval Rate systemhttps://www.thebalance.com/enlisted-promotions-made-simple-3332899 Crist , Charlotte D. Winds of Change : The History of the Office of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 1967 -- 1992 . Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1992 . A joint publication of the Office of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and the Naval Historical Center which is available through the Government Printing Office and depository libraries . External links ( edit ) Media related to Master Chief Petty Officers of the United States Navy at Wikimedia Commons United States enlisted ranks Pay grade → Branch of service ↓ E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Army PVT PV2 PFC SPC -- CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG -- 1SG SGM -- CSM -- SMA Marine Corps Pvt PFC LCpl Cpl Sgt SSgt GySgt MSgt -- 1stSgt MGySgt -- SgtMaj -- SgtMajMarCor Navy SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO -- CMDCS MCPO -- CMDCM -- FORCM , FLTCM -- MCPON Air Force AB Amn A1C SrA SSgt TSgt MSgt -- 1st Sgt SMSgt -- 1st Sgt CMSgt -- 1st Sgt -- CCM -- CMSAF Coast Guard SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO -- CMC -- Area CMC , CGRF - MC -- MCPOCG United States Navy Portal Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4 - star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operating forces Fleet Forces Command Pacific Fleet Naval Forces Europe Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Command Naval Supply Systems Command Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Navy Occupational Safety & Health Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Fleets Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A -- B D -- F G -- H I -- K N -- O Q -- R T -- V W -- Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Personnel and training People Officers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain 's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master - at - arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit Naval Academy Officer Candidate School STA - 21 NROTC BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School Naval Postgraduate School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Naval War College Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Reserve fleet Aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History `` Anchors Aweigh '' Blue Angels Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line - crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor 's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Tingey House USS Constitution Wetting - down United States battleship retirement debate Military Senior enlisted advisor posts Australia Warrant Officer of the Air Force Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army Warrant Officer of the Navy Canada Canadian Forces Chief Warrant Officer Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force Denmark Sergeant Major of the Army Chief Master Sergeant of the RDAF New Zealand Warrant officer of the Navy Singapore Sergeant Major of the Army Master Chief Navy Air Force Command Chief South Africa Master at Arms of the Navy Sergeant Major of the Army Sergeant Major of the Air Force United Kingdom Army Sergeant Major Chief of the Air Staff 's Warrant Officer Warrant Officer of the Naval Service Royal Marines Corps Regimental Sergeant Major United States Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Sergeant Major of the Army Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Senior Enlisted Advisor for the National Guard Bureau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy&oldid=833839457 '' Categories : Master Chief Petty Officers of the United States Navy Senior Enlisted Advisor Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the master chief petty officer of the navy
[ "\n\nMaster Chief Petty Officer of the Navy\n\n\n\nBadge of the MCPON\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nMCPON Steven S. Giordano\nsince September 2, 2016\n\n\n\nFormation\nApril 28, 1967; 50 years ago (1967-04-28)\n\n\nFirst holder\nDelbert Black\n\n\nWebsite\nOfficial website\n\n" ]
[ "Steven S. Giordano" ]
5021402309804511000
Give me liberty, or give me death!
Give me Liberty , or give me Death ! - Wikipedia Give me Liberty , or give me Death ! This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Zdravko mk ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 21 , 10 June 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 18 : 21 , 10 June 2017 by Zdravko mk ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23 , 1775 , at St. John 's Church in Richmond , Virginia . He is credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War . Among the delegates to the convention were future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and George Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 Reception 3 Precursors 4 `` Liberty or death '' in other contexts 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Works cited 7 External links Publication The speech was not published until the Port Folio printed a version of it in 1816 . The version of the speech that is known today first appeared in print in Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry , a biography of Henry by William Wirt , in 1817 . There is debate among historians as to whether , and to what extent , Henry or Wirt should be credited with authorship of the speech and its famous closing words . Reception Whatever the exact words of Henry were , there can be no doubt of their impact . According to Edmund Randolph , the convention sat in silence for several minutes afterwards . Thomas Marshall told his son John Marshall , who later became Chief Justice of the United States , that the speech was `` one of the most bold , vehement , and animated pieces of eloquence that had ever been delivered . '' Edward Carrington , who was listening outside a window of the church , requested that he be buried on that spot . In 1810 , he got his wish . And the drafter of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , George Mason , said , `` Every word he says not only engages but commands the attention , and your passions are no longer your own when he addresses them . '' More immediately , the resolution , declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain , passed , and Henry was named chairman of the committee assigned to build a militia . Britain 's royal governor , Lord Dunmore , reacted by seizing the gunpowder in the public magazine at Williamsburg -- Virginia 's equivalent of the battles of Lexington and Concord . Whatever the exact words of Henry were , `` scholars , understandably , are troubled by the way Wirt brought into print Henry 's classic Liberty or Death speech , '' wrote historian Bernard Mayo . `` Yet ... its expressions ... seemed to have burned themselves into men 's memories . Certainly its spirit is that of the fiery orator who in 1775 so powerfully influenced Virginians and events leading to American independence . '' Precursors There have been similar phrases used before Henry 's speech . The play , Cato , a Tragedy , was popular in the Colonies and well known by the Founding Fathers , who would quote from the play . George Washington had this play performed for the Continental Army at Valley Forge . It contains the line , `` It is not now time to talk of aught / But chains or conquest , liberty or death '' ( Act II , Scene 4 ) . The phrase `` Liberty or Death '' also appears on the Culpeper Minutemen flag of 1775 . `` Liberty or Death '' in other contexts The phrase appears in other nationalist contexts . The national anthem of Uruguay , Orientales , la Patria o la Tumba , contains the line ¡ Libertad o con gloria morir ! ( Liberty or with glory to die ! ) The motto of Greece is `` Liberty or Death '' ( Eleftheria i thanatos ) . It arose during the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s , where it was a war cry for the Greeks who rebelled against Ottoman rule . A popular ( and possibly concocted ) story in Brazil relates that in 1822 , the emperor Dom Pedro I uttered the famous Cry from ( the river ) Ipiranga , `` Independence or Death '' ( Independência ou Morte ) , when Brazil was still a colony of Portugal . In March 1941 the motto of the public demonstrations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia against signing the treaty with Nazi Germany was `` Better grave than slave '' ( Bolje grob nego rob ) . During the Indonesian National Revolution the Pemuda ( youth ) used the phrase `` Merdeka atau Mati '' which means Independence or Death . More recently , in China , Ren Jianyu , a 25 - year - old former college student `` village official '' was given a two - year re-education through labor sentence for an online anti-CPC speech . A T - shirt of Ren 's saying `` Give me liberty or give me death ! '' ( in Chinese ) has been taken as evidence of his anti-social guilt . See also American Revolutionary War portal Liberty or Death Join , or Die Live Free or Die Liberté , égalité , fraternité References Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Cohen ( 1981 ) , p. 702n2 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1981 ) , pp. 703 - 04 , 710ff . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Henry and His Famous Speech '' . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 -- via iCitizen Forum . Excerpt from Aron , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` John Adams '' . We Hold These Truths . Maryland : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers , in association with The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . pp. 86 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1997 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Culpepper Flags '' . Jump up ^ Yu Jincui ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Punishing Criticisms Outdated in Today 's China '' . Global Times . Beijing . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chongqing Village `` Liberty or Give Me Death '' T shirt Is Evidence for Detention `` . 大河 报 ( in Chinese ) . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Works cited Wikisource has original text related to this article : Give me liberty or give me death Cohen , Charles ( October 1981 ) . `` The ' Liberty or Death ' Speech : A Note on Religion and Revolutionary Rhetoric '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 38 ( 4 ) : 702 -- 717 . JSTOR 1918911 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918911 . Nelson , Craig ( 2006 ) . Thomas Paine , Enlightenment , Revolution , and the Birth of Modern Nations . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03788 - 5 . Randall , William ( 1997 ) . George Washington : A Life . New York : Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2779 - 3 . Raphael , Ray ( 2004 ) . Founding Myths : Stories that Hide Our Patriotic Past . New York : New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 921 - 3 . Wirt , William ( 1816 ) . Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry . Philadelphia : Webster . OCLC 4519869 . External links Give Me Liberty public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Virginia in the American Revolution Early Virginia Resolves ( 1765 ) Virginia Association ( 1769 ) 1774 Fairfax Resolves First Virginia Convention 1775 Fincastle Resolutions `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore 's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp 's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention 1776 Burning of Norfolk Virginia Declaration of Rights Formation of Lee 's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention 1779 Chesapeake raid 1781 Raid of Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne 's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer 's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco 's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Give_me_liberty,_or_give_me_death!&oldid=784926644 '' Categories : 1775 in Virginia American Revolution Patrick Henry Political catchphrases English phrases Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Deutsch Română Svenska Türkçe Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
who said give me liberty or give me deatg
[ "\"Give me liberty, or give me death!\" is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia." ]
[ "Patrick Henry" ]
-1189904133129960031
Council of Economic Advisers
Council of economic Advisers - wikipedia Council of economic Advisers Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( discuss ) . ( July 2017 ) This article cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the body that advises the Scottish Government , see Council of Economic Advisers ( Scotland ) . For another similarly sounding agency within the U.S. federal government , see National Economic Council ( United States ) . Council of Economic Advisers Agency overview Formed 1946 ; 72 years ago ( 1946 ) Preceding agencies Office of Price Administration ( World War II ) Council on Wage and Price Stability ( Carter era ) Headquarters Eisenhower Executive Office Building Employees About 35 Agency executive Kevin Hassett , Chairman Parent agency Executive Office of the President of the United States Website Council of Economic Advisers The Council of Economic Advisers ( CEA ) is a United States agency within the Executive Office of the President established in 1946 , which advises the President of the United States on economic policy . The CEA provides much of the objective empirical research for the White House and prepares the annual Economic Report of the President . Contents ( hide ) 1 History , 1946 - 1978 2 History 1978 - present 3 Organization 4 Chairmen and members 4.1 List of chairmen 4.2 List of members 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links History , 1946 - 1978 ( edit ) The Truman administration established the Council of Economic Advisers via the Employment Act of 1946 , to provide presidents with objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues . It was a step from an `` ad hoc style of economic policy making to a more institutionalized and focused process '' . In 1949 Chairman Edwin Nourse and member Leon Keyserling argued about whether the advice should be private or public and about the role of government in economic stabilization . Nourse believed a choice had to be made between `` guns or butter '' but Keyserling argued for deficit spending , an expanding economy could afford large defense expenditures without sacrificing an increased standard of living . In 1949 , Keyserling gained support from Truman advisors Dean Acheson and Clark Clifford . Nourse resigned as chairman , warning about the dangers of budget deficits and increased funding of `` wasteful '' defense costs . Keyserling succeeded to the chairmanship and influenced Truman 's Fair Deal proposals and the economic sections of NSC 68 that , in April 1950 , asserted that the larger armed forces America needed would not affect living standards or risk the `` transformation of the free character of our economy . '' During the 1953 -- 54 recession , the CEA , headed by Arthur Burns deployed non-traditional neo-keynesian interventions , which provided results later called the `` steady fifties '' wherein many families stayed in the economic `` middleclass '' with just one family wage - earner . The Eisenhower Administration supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a possible bipartisan economic policy for the nation . Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the recession -- accelerating public works programs , easing credit , and reducing taxes -- were Arthur F. Burns and Neil H. Jacoby . Until 1963 - during its first seven years - the CEA made five technical advances in policy making , including the replacement of a `` cyclical model '' of the economy by a `` growth model , '' the setting of quantitative targets for the economy , use of the theories of fiscal drag and full - employment budget , recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation , and replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of a low aggregate demand . The 1978 Humphrey -- Hawkins Full Employment Act required each administration to move toward full employment and reasonable price stability within a specific time period . It has made CEA 's annual economic report highly political in nature , as well as highly unreliable and inaccurate over the standard two or five year projection periods . History 1978 - present ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) Since 1980 , the CEA focused on sources of economic growth , the supply side of the economy and on international issues . Organization ( edit ) The council 's chairman is nominated by the president and approved by the United States Senate . The members are appointed by the president . As of July 2017 , the council _́ s 18 person staff consisted of a chief of staff ( Director of Macroeconomic Forecasting ) , 15 economists ( 5 senior , 4 research , 4 staff economists , 2 economic statisticians ) and 2 operations staff. Many of the staff economists are academics on leave or government economists on temporary assignment from other agencies . Chairmen and members ( edit ) List of chairmen ( edit ) Officeholder Term start Term end President Edwin G. Nourse August 9 , 1946 November 1 , 1949 Harry Truman Leon Keyserling Acting : 1949 -- 1950 November 2 , 1949 January 20 , 1953 Arthur F. Burns March 19 , 1953 December 1 , 1956 Dwight Eisenhower Raymond J. Saulnier December 3 , 1956 January 20 , 1961 Walter Heller January 29 , 1961 November 15 , 1964 John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Gardner Ackley November 16 , 1964 February 15 , 1968 Arthur M. Okun February 15 , 1968 January 20 , 1969 Paul W. McCracken February 4 , 1969 December 31 , 1971 Richard Nixon Herbert Stein January 1 , 1972 August 31 , 1974 Gerald Ford Alan Greenspan September 4 , 1974 January 20 , 1977 Charles Schultze January 22 , 1977 January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter Murray Weidenbaum February 27 , 1981 August 25 , 1982 Ronald Reagan Martin Feldstein October 14 , 1982 July 10 , 1984 Beryl W. Sprinkel April 18 , 1985 January 20 , 1989 Michael J. Boskin February 2 , 1989 January 20 , 1993 George H.W. Bush Laura Tyson February 5 , 1993 February 21 , 1995 Bill Clinton Joseph Stiglitz June 28 , 1995 February 13 , 1997 Janet Yellen February 18 , 1997 August 3 , 1999 Martin N. Baily August 12 , 1999 January 20 , 2001 Glenn Hubbard May 11 , 2001 February 28 , 2003 George W. Bush Greg Mankiw May 29 , 2003 February 18 , 2005 Harvey S. Rosen February 23 , 2005 June 10 , 2005 Ben Bernanke June 21 , 2005 January 31 , 2006 Edward Lazear February 27 , 2006 January 20 , 2009 Christina Romer January 28 , 2009 September 3 , 2010 Barack Obama Austan Goolsbee September 10 , 2010 August 5 , 2011 Alan Krueger November 7 , 2011 August 2 , 2013 Jason Furman August 2 , 2013 January 20 , 2017 Kevin Hassett September 13 , 2017 Incumbent Donald Trump List of members ( edit ) John D. Clark 1946 -- 1953 Roy Blough 1950 -- 1952 Leon Keyserling 1950 -- 1953 Robert C. Turner 1952 -- 1953 Karl A. Fox 1953 -- 1955 Neil H. Jacoby 1953 -- 1955 Walter W. Stewart 1953 -- 1955 Joseph S. Davis 1955 -- 1958 Paul W. McCracken 1956 -- 1959 Karl Brandt 1958 -- 1961 Henry C. Wallich 1959 -- 1961 James Tobin 1961 -- 1962 Kermit Gordon 1961 -- 1962 John P. Lewis 1963 -- 1964 Otto Eckstein 1964 -- 1966 James S. Duesenberry 1966 -- 1968 Merton J. Peck 1968 -- 1969 Warren L. Smith 1968 -- 1969 Hendrik S. Houthakker 1969 -- 1971 Herbert Stein 1969 -- 1971 Ezra Solomon 1971 -- 1973 Marina von Neumann Whitman 1972 -- 1973 Gary L. Seevers 1973 -- 1975 William J. Fellner 1973 -- 1975 Paul . W. MacAvoy 1975 -- 1976 Burton G. Malkiel 1975 -- 1977 William D. Nordhaus 1977 -- 1979 Lyle E. Gramley 1977 -- 1980 George C. Eads 1979 -- 1981 Stephen Goldfeld 1980 -- 1981 William A. Niskanen 1981 -- 1985 Jerry L. Jordan 1981 -- 1982 William Poole 1982 -- 1985 Thomas Gale Moore 1985 -- 1989 Michael L. Mussa 1986 -- 1988 John B. Taylor 1989 -- 1991 Richard L. Schmalensee 1989 -- 1991 David F. Bradford 1991 -- 1993 Paul Wonnacott 1991 -- 1993 Alan S. Blinder 1993 -- 1994 Joseph Stiglitz 1993 -- 1995 Martin N. Baily 1995 -- 1996 Alicia H. Munnell 1996 -- 1997 Jeffrey A. Frankel 1997 -- 1999 Rebecca M. Blank 1998 -- 1999 Robert Z. Lawrence 1999 -- 2001 Kathryn L. Shaw 2000 -- 2001 Mark B. McClellan 2001 -- 2002 Randall S. Kroszner 2001 -- 2003 Kristin J. Forbes 2003 -- 2005 Harvey S. Rosen 2003 -- 2005 Katherine Baicker 2005 -- 2007 Matthew J. Slaughter 2005 -- 2007 Donald B. Marron Jr. 2008 -- 2009 Cecilia Rouse 2009 -- 2011 Carl Shapiro 2011 -- 2012 Katharine Abraham 2011 -- 2013 James H. Stock 2013 -- 2014 Betsey Stevenson 2013 -- 2015 Maurice Obstfeld 2014 -- 2015 Jay Shambaugh 2015 -- 2017 Sandra Black 2015 -- 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wage and Price Controls Encyclopedia.com n.d. Jump up ^ Council of Economic Advisers ^ Jump up to : Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan . Receipt of the Truman Medal for Economic Policy . Before the Truman Medal Award and Economics Conference , Kansas City , Missouri October 26 , 2005 , Council of Economic Advisers website under President Bush Jump up ^ Brune 1989 Jump up ^ Engelbourg 1980 Jump up ^ Salant 1973 Jump up ^ Cimbala and Stout 1983 Jump up ^ Council of Economic Advisers . Staff Whitehouse.gov , n.d. accessed 29 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` Obama names Furman as new White House chief economist '' , Reuters , 2013 - 06 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Senate Confirms Kevin Hassett as Chairman of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers '' , The Wall Street Journal , 2017 - 09 - 12 Sources ( edit ) Brazelton , W. Robert ( 2001 ) , Designing U.S. Economic Policy : An Analytical Biography of Leon H. Keyserling , New York : Palgrave , ISBN 0 - 333 - 77575 - 9 Brazelton , W. Robert ( 1997 ) , `` The Economics of Leon Hirsch Keyserling '' , Journal of Economic Perspectives , 11 ( 4 ) : 189 -- 197 , doi : 10.1257 / jep. 11.4. 189 , ISSN 0895 - 3309 Brune , Lester H. ( 1989 ) , `` Guns and Butter : the Pre-Korean War Dispute over Budget Allocations : Nourse 's Conservative Keynesianism Loses Favor Against Keyserling 's Economic Expansion Plan '' , The American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 48 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 371 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1536 - 7150.1989. tb03189. x , ISSN 0002 - 9246 Cimbala , Stephen J. ; Stout , Robert L. ( 1983 ) , `` The Economic Report of the President : Before and after the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978 '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 13 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , ISSN 0360 - 4918 Eizenstat , Stuart E. ( 1992 ) , `` Economists and White House Decisions '' , Journal of Economic Perspectives , 6 ( 3 ) : 65 -- 71 , doi : 10.1257 / jep. 6.3. 65 , ISSN 0895 - 3309 Engelbourg , Saul ( 1980 ) , `` The Council of Economic Advisers and the Recession of 1953 -- 1954 '' , Business History Review , 54 ( 2 ) : 192 -- 214 , doi : 10.2307 / 3114480 , ISSN 0007 - 6805 , JSTOR 3114480 Leeson , Robert ( 1997 ) , `` The Political Economy of the Inflation - unemployment Trade - off '' , History of Political Economy , 29 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 156 , doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 29 - 1 - 117 , ISSN 0018 - 2702 McCaleb , Thomas S. ( 1986 ) , `` The Council of Economic Advisers after Forty Years '' , Cato Journal , 6 ( 2 ) : 685 -- 693 , ISSN 0273 - 3072 Norton , Hugh S. ( 1977 ) , The Employment Act and the Council of Economic Advisers , 1946 -- 1976 , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , ISBN 0 - 87249 - 296 - 6 Salant , Walter S. ( 1973 ) , `` Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy - making '' , History of Political Economy , 5 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 49 , doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 5 - 1 - 36 , ISSN 0018 - 2702 Sobel , Robert ( 1988 ) , Biographical Directory of the Council of Economic A dvisers , New York : Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 22554 - 0 Tobin , James ; Weidenbaum , Murray , eds. ( 1988 ) , Two Revolutions in Economic Policy : The First Economic Reports of Presidents Kennedy and Reagan , Cambridge : MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 70034 - 4 Wehrle , Edmund F. ( 2004 ) , `` Guns , Butter , Leon Keyserling , the AFL - CIO , and the Fate of Full - employment Economics '' , Historian , 66 ( 4 ) : 730 -- 748 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2004. 00094. x , ISSN 0018 - 2370 External links ( edit ) List of recent reports by the Council of Economic Advisors Records of the Office of the Council of Economic Advisors , 1953 -- 61 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Papers of Arthur F. Burns , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Papers of Raymond J. Saulnier , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library ( hide ) Executive Office of the United States President Executive Office of the President Advisory Boards ( Council for Community Solutions , Global Development Council , Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders , President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , President 's Intelligence Advisory Board , President 's Management Advisory Board ) Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Digital Service Executive Residence ( Committee for the Preservation of the White House , Office of the Curator , Office of the Chief Usher , Office of the Chief Floral Designer , Office of the Executive Chef , Graphics and Calligraphy Office ) National Security Council ( Deputies Committee , Homeland Security Council ) Office of Administration ( Office of Mail and Messenger Operations , Office of the Chief Financial Officer , Office of the Chief Administrative Officer ) Office of Management and Budget ( Office of the Chief Performance Officer , Office of E-Government and Information Technology , Office of Federal Financial Management , Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ) Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy ( Office of the Chief Technology Officer ) Office of the Trade Representative Office of the Vice President ( Office of the Chief of Staff ) Military Office ( Communications Agency , Medical Unit , Presidential Food Service , Transportation Agency ) White House Office Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of the Chief of Staff ( Office of Senior Advisors ) Office of Communications ( Office of Media Affairs , Office of Research , Office of the Press Secretary , Office of Speechwriting ) Office of the Counselor Office of Digital Strategy Domestic Policy Council ( Office of Faith - Based and Neighborhood Partnerships , Office of National AIDS Policy , Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation , Rural Council ) Office of the First Lady ( Office of the Social Secretary ) Office of the National Security Advisor ( Homeland Security Advisor ) Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Management and Administration ( White House Operations , White House Personnel , Visitors Office ) National Economic Council National Trade Council Oval Office Operations ( Personal Secretary ) Office of Political Affairs Presidential Innovation Fellows Office of Presidential Personnel Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs ( Council on Women and Girls , Jewish Liaison , Office of Urban Affairs ) Office of Scheduling and Advance Office of the Staff Secretary ( Office of the Executive Clerk , Office of Presidential Correspondence , Office of Records Management ) Office of the White House Counsel White House Fellows BNF : cb11880616c ( data ) GND : 7729 - X ISNI : 0000 0001 2108 423X LCCN : n81036048 SUDOC : 120193051 VIAF : 126268913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Economic_Advisers&oldid=843583714 '' Categories : Executive Office of the President of the United States United States Council of Economic Advisers United States economic policy United States national commissions 1946 establishments in the United States Government agencies established in 1946 Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking page references from July 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 07 . 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who is the head of the council of economic advisors
[ "\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\n\n\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\n1946; 72 years ago (1946)\n\n\nPreceding agencies\n\n\n\nOffice of Price Administration (World War II)[1]\nCouncil on Wage and Price Stability (Carter era)[1][better source needed]\n\n\n\n\n\nHeadquarters\nEisenhower Executive Office Building\n\n\nEmployees\nAbout 35\n\n\nAgency executive\n\n\n\nKevin Hassett, Chairman\n\n\n\n\n\nParent agency\nExecutive Office of the President of the United States\n\n\nWebsite\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\n\n" ]
[ "Kevin Hassett, Chairman" ]
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The Quarterback (Glee)
The Quarterback ( Glee ) - Wikipedia The Quarterback ( Glee ) `` The Quarterback '' Glee episode Past and current New Directions members commemorate the late Finn Hudson Episode no . Season 5 Episode 3 Directed by Brad Falchuk Written by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Featured music `` Seasons of Love '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` If I Die Young '' `` No Surrender '' `` Make You Feel My Love '' Production code 5ARC03 Original air date October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Amber Riley as Mercedes Jones Mark Salling as Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman Jayma Mays as Emma Pillsbury Harry Shum , Jr. as Mike Chang Mike O'Malley as Burt Hummel Dot - Marie Jones as Shannon Beiste Romy Rosemont as Carole Hudson - Hummel Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins Erinn Westbrook as Bree Episode chronology ← Previous `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Next → `` A Katy or a Gaga '' Glee ( season 5 ) List of Glee episodes `` The Quarterback '' is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee , and the ninety - first episode overall . Written by all three of the show 's creators -- Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk , it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10 , 2013 . The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson , and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith , who played Finn starting with the show 's pilot , and who died on July 13 , 2013 . The episode 's plot centers on the impact Finn 's death has on the characters , specifically Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , Noah Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) , and Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) . The episode has been received positively by critics , though some commented negatively on the show 's not revealing a cause of death for Finn . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7.40 million American viewers and garnered a 2.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 age group . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were up significantly from the previous episode . It was the show 's highest rating since the fourth season episode `` Britney 2.0 . '' Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical response 4 Music 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Old and new members of New Directions perform `` Seasons of Love '' in the auditorium at Finn Hudson 's funeral . Three weeks later , they reunite at McKinley High , where glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) invites them to honor Finn through song , as their personal memorials for him . Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) performs `` I 'll Stand By You '' , a song Finn previously sang when he believed he was going to become a father . Principal Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) allows the students to turn Finn 's old locker into a memorial , and plants a tree in his honor , which is later stolen . Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) helps his parents to sort Finn 's belongings , keeping Finn 's letterman jacket and giving Burt Hummel ( Mike O'Malley ) Finn 's lamp and football . Carole Hudson - Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) soon breaks down in grief and the family comes together to comfort one another . The next day , the glee club meets in the auditorium , where Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) and Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) lead them in a performance of `` Fire and Rain '' . Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , unable to cope with her grief , leaves early and visits Finn 's memorial , only to find Bree ( Erinn Westbrook ) leading a group of Cheerios in taking it apart on Sue 's orders . Santana confronts Sue in her office and accuses Sue of hating Finn , shoving her into a bookcase in anger before leaving . Later , guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , Will 's wife , tells him she is worried that Will is slighting his own feelings in order to provide emotional support for the others . Will claims he is fine and returns to glee club , where Santana sings `` If I Die Young '' , only to break down and leave halfway through the song . Kurt finds her in the auditorium . Santana regrets not being nicer to Finn , but Kurt reassures her that Finn cared for her deeply and knew she was a good person . Before leaving , Kurt gives Santana the jacket . Football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) notices that Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) is continuously drunk following Finn 's funeral and leads him to the locker room , where Puck breaks down and confesses to Beiste that he is scared that if he starts crying he may never be able to stop and that he feels lost without Finn 's guidance . Beiste tells Puck that he 'll have to trust that Finn 's memory and his own instincts will be enough to guide him going forward . Beiste also reveals that she knows Puck stole Finn 's tree , which he promises to return . Puck later performs `` No Surrender '' at the choir room , where Santana accuses him of stealing Finn 's jacket , which Puck denies . New Directions places drumsticks in Finn 's memorial , where they meet Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) , who has gathered enough strength to return . She performs `` Make You Feel My Love '' . Santana later apologizes to Sue , who reveals she is heartbroken Finn died believing she hated him , while she actually respected him and looked forward to having him as a colleague . Santana also speaks to Will and tells him that she doubts she will return to Lima , as it is filled with painful memories for her . Will says he 's proud of her and respects her decision . Puck replants the tree and tells Beiste he 's joining the Air Force to keep himself on the right path and honor Finn 's memory . Beiste wishes him luck and tells him to be safe as he drives off , smiling as she discovers Puck had carved the word `` Quarterback '' into the tree . Rachel later speaks with Will in the choir room and confesses that she still talks to Finn and is scared that her memories of him will eventually fade . She is uncertain of what the future will hold now , as she always planned to have a successful career on Broadway before returning home and reuniting with Finn so they 'd be together for the rest of their lives . Will asks her if she ever told Finn her plan and Rachel explains that she did n't have to as he already knew . Will reassures her that , although her life might have a different outcome than the one she planned , it might be even better than she expects , though Rachel disagrees , as Finn was her soulmate . Rachel then gives Will a plaque she had made with a picture of Finn and a quote from him that reads : `` The show must go ... all over the place ... or something '' . Will hangs it in the choir room . Later , at home , Will pulls Finn 's jacket out of his bag , having taken it himself , and finally allows himself to cry . Emma comes home to find Will weeping while holding the jacket , and comforts her husband as he grieves . As the screen fades , a memorial for Cory is displayed . Production ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) Shooting for the episode , which is set in Lima , Ohio , began on August 23 , 2013 , in parallel with the previous episode -- the second of two Beatles tribute episodes -- which had started shooting earlier in the month and continued into the following week with scenes featuring new recurring cast member Demi Lovato . Cory Monteith at the 2010 GLAAD Media Awards The episode is written by all three of the show 's creators -- Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk . Murphy said that `` almost everything in that episode is from the first take of every performance because the actors and the crew had a really hard time shooting it . '' He added , `` I 've never seen a crew that you ca n't continue shooting because they 've left the room sobbing . '' Many cast members called to request that they be included in the episode although they were n't under contract to do so , including Iqbal Theba , who plays Figgins on the show , and appears in the episode . The episode was finalized for broadcast -- `` locked '' -- on October 3 , 2013 . The broadcast episode was followed by a dedication : `` Cory Monteith 1982 -- 2013 '' . Cory Monteith , who played Finn , was set to return to Glee for the fifth season after having missed the last few episodes of the fourth season while undergoing drug rehabilitation treatment from late March through late April in 2013 . However , Monteith died of a drug overdose on July 13 , 2013 . At Monteith 's request , Finn was to have been featured prominently during the fifth season , so a number of the planned story arcs had to be revised or replaced . Fox President Kevin Reilly told the Television Critics Association on August 1 , 2013 , that Finn would be written off the show in the fifth season 's third episode , and also that the contents might include previously unused footage and outtakes involving the character . The death of Finn is to be established as the episode begins , though Murphy has said that the cause of death is deliberately not mentioned . The filming of the episode has been `` incredibly hard '' according to Matthew Morrison , who plays glee club director Will Schuester -- `` We 've mourned Cory , but now we 're mourning Finn . So it 's kind of like two people in that one person . '' Kevin McHale , who plays Artie Abrams , noted that some in the cast are finding it `` weird '' when they `` are having to play reactions that they obviously would not feel in real life '' -- for example , a number of the characters `` are n't dealing with the loss of Finn '' and are in denial , unlike the actors who `` were all very much dealing with it . '' Reilly said that a series of public service announcements dealing with the topic of drug addiction would be filmed by the Glee cast and creators for airing during this episode . In addition , a fund in Monteith 's name would be started using the proceeds from the music contained in the episode . Recurring characters in this episode include former glee club members Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) , Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) and Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Finn 's mother Carole Hudson - Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) and stepfather Burt Hummel ( Mike O'Malley ) , McKinley guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) , McKinley janitor and former principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , cheerleader Bree ( Erinn Westbrook ) and McKinley freshman Dottie Kazatori ( Pamela Chan ) . Six songs from the episode have been released under the title The Quarterback , and the cover of the release features Monteith 's face . The six songs are `` Seasons of Love '' from Rent performed by members of New Directions past and present , The Pretenders ' `` I 'll Stand by You '' sung by Riley , James Taylor 's `` Fire and Rain '' performed by Chord Overstreet and Kevin McHale , The Band Perry 's `` If I Die Young '' sung by Naya Rivera , Bruce Springsteen 's `` No Surrender '' performed by Salling and Adele 's cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Make You Feel My Love '' sung by Lea Michele . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Quarterback '' drew in 7.4 million viewers and a 2.9 rating among adults 18 - 49 , Glee 's best rating in about a year ( the show 's highest rating since September 20 , 2012 ) . It was soaring up 40 percent from season five premiere episode `` Love , Love , Love '' which drew in 5.06 million viewers . And it was up 75 percent from the previous week episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds , '' which drew in 4.42 million viewers . Including DVR viewing , the episode was watched by 10.54 million viewers , and received a 4.3 18 - 49 rating . In Canada , the episode was watched by 1.38 million viewers , placing fourth for the night and twenty - first for the week . Critical response ( edit ) The episode was received positively by most critics . Miranda Wicker of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 5 out of 5 , saying `` There 's really only so much to be said about this episode . It was , in a word , heartbreaking . But it was also sort of perfect in the way that Glee can be when faced with tough moments . '' She also praised the writers , who in her opinion `` met that challenge in the best possible ways . '' Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review to the episode saying `` Ultimately , `` The Quarterback '' was respectful , and was successful as the cathartic memorial -- for both the cast and viewers -- that it was intended to be . But beyond anything else that happened in the episode , the real sadness that stays with us about Monteith was said the best , as so many things usually are , by Sue : `` It 's just so pointless ... all that potential . '' While noting that ( Lea Michele ) 's performance was the best , she said that `` the most heartbreaking scene was without singing . Kurt , his father Burt ( Mike O'Malley ) , and Finn 's mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) all talked about the sadness and tragedy of losing a family member , and the moment when the three of them huddled together on the floor to cry and comfort one another was truly the episode 's show - stopper . '' She also commented positively on Santana 's performance of `` If I Die Young , '' calling it `` genuinely moving . '' Lauren Hoffman of Vulture gave the episode a 4 out of 5 saying that `` If you want to distill last night 's Glee down into two sentences , those ( spoken to Puck by Coach Bieste ) might be the best ... It 's tragic . There 's no other word for it . '' She praised the episode 's opening number stating `` `` Seasons of Love '' is the perfect choice to open the episode ... It 's the most lovingly mixed track Glee 's produced in quite some time ... It 's an offering . And a beautiful one at that . '' Katy Kroll of Rolling Stone acknowledged the emotional strength of this episode and that `` even if you were just a casual viewer or tuned in for the very first time to rubberneck , you probably shed a tear during the emotionally charged special episode '' . However , she criticized the way the writers left the cause of Finn 's death . Rae Votta of Billboard praised the way Glee was able to deal with grief right upfront in a way other TV shows are not able to do . Also stating `` There 's no perfect way to do this sort of an episode , but Glee gave Cory and Finn a heartfelt send - off the way they knew best . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post was more critical of the episode , noting the show 's `` erasing Finn , '' and that the lack of previous footage of him during the episode `` undermined the episode 's strongest scenes , including one in which Finn 's mother , Carole ( ... ) broke down in tears while packing her son 's bedroom . It also left a little hollow spot in the final minute when Will Schuester ( ... ) sobbed in Finn 's varsity letter jacket . '' He did , however , comment positively on the episode 's transition from comedic to serious ; its song choices ; and its overall effect , which `` was indeed a sense of finality , particularly as it relates to the fleetingness of fame . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also criticized the episode , specifically the show creators ' choice not to address how Finn died , calling it `` the most conspicuous and debatable choice made by the Glee creators . '' He then commented positively on Santana 's role and song ; and Mike O'Malley and Romy Rosemont 's scene ; but he was critical of Will Schuester 's role in the episode , saying I had trouble connecting with Will throughout this episode , and I wondered if Morrison did , too -- which , by the way , would be understandable , given the circumstances . ( How difficult this thing must have been to make for everyone ! ) Or maybe disconnection was exactly the emotional point : The irony of Will was that he had been denying his agony even as he was trying to create room for everyone else to enter into theirs . And so he , too , summed up an episode of good intentions and mixed success , that was less a story and more of a loosely structured narrative space to contend with the theme of grief , messy and hard . Robert Bianco of USA Today gave the episode mixed reviews , saying `` perhaps it is best to think of Thursday 's broadcast as a labor of love , and to presume it worked best for those who are most devoted to the show and its often heady blend of musical flash , after - school - special preachiness and high - and - low humor . It could not have surprised anyone that the episode whipsawed between clashing tones : A scene with Sue spewing out no - one - would - ever - say - that insults crashing up against a that 's - how - it - must - feel monologue from Finn 's mother about the loss of her child . And if people behaved even more irrationally than usual ( would an adult really steal a dead teenager 's letter jacket ) , you can chalk it up to their not being in their right minds . '' He then concluded `` It 's almost impossible to do a story about the death of a teenager that does n't induce tears , particularly when the plot is tied into the real - life loss of a well - liked young actor . One just wishes the writers had put a bit more trust into that natural response , and not tugged at our heartstrings quite so strenuously . '' Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times also commented on the absence of an explanation for Finn 's death , saying `` teens and young adults often die for highly preventable reasons much like Monteith did , and while a drug overdose would have been too on the nose , any of numerous other explanations -- from drunk driving to other risky behaviors -- would have made this not just a somber sendoff , but a teachable moment to the younger quadrant of the program 's audience . '' Music ( edit ) An extended play , The Quarterback ( Music From the TV Series ) , was released on October 7 , 2013 , featuring the six songs performed on the episode . On October 16 , 2013 , it debuted at number 7 on the Billboard 200 , selling 47,000 copies . This was the franchise 's first album to chart in the top 10 in the US in nearly two years ; the last Glee album to chart in the top 10 was Glee : The Music , Volume 7 , which charted at number 9 . This album was also the fourteenth to chart in the top 10 . All the grosses from the downloads on iTunes in the US and Canada were destined to Project Limelight , a charity that Monteith supported . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Monteith Tribute : Ryan Murphy Reveals What 's Next for Glee , and Why Finn Wo n't Be Forgotten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Cast Begins Production on Cory Monteith Tribute Episode : ' You Will Cry From Beginning to End ' '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovato , Demetria ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter / @ ddlovato : Gllllleeeeeeeeeeee # 1stDay # LOVEthiscast ! ! ! '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glee First Look : Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato Cozy Up on Set ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Ryan Murphy Talks Cory Monteith Tribute , Plus Watch the Emotional Trailer ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Poised to Finish Season 4 Without Finn , as Cory Monteith Enters Rehab '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Cory Monteith Out of Rehab , Tweets ' Big Love ' to Fans ; Lea Michele Calls It a ' Great Day ' '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee to Write Cory Monteith 's Finn Out , Sets PSAs , Charity Fund for Late Actor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Cory Monteith Tribute Brings Back Some Original Cast Members -- Find Out Who '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Kevin McHale Talks ' Powerful , Emotional ' Finn Tribute , Previews That ' One Scene ' '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee : Finn 's Death Will ' Deal Directly ' With Cory Monteith 's Troubled Past , Fox Boss Says '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listings -- Glee on Fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Quarterback : Glee Cast -- MP3 Downloads '' . amazon.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Listen To Naya Rivera 's Cory Monteith Tribute In Exclusive ' Glee ' Track Here '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Glee ' Tribute Episode Soars , ' Welcome to the Family ' Goes Anemic + ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Has Weak Start '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Glee ' ratings rise for Cory Monteith tribute '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Grows Most in Total Viewers in Week 3 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wicker , Miranda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Review : The Hardest Word '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' Cory Monteith Tribute : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Lauren ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Recap : His Voice in Our Head '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Kate ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Farewell to Finn Hudson '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' ' Glee ' Recap : Cory Monteith ' Quarterback ' Tribute Leaps Into the Grief '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' awkward but moving farewell to Cory Monteith , the sensitive , singing quarterback '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Review : An earnest , flawed tribute to the life ( not the death ) of Cory Monteith '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' tribute to Monteith was a ' labor of love ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Not a Teachable Moment , but a Respectful One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Bangerz ' Debuts At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Glee portal Television portal `` The Quarterback '' at Fox.com `` The Quarterback '' on IMDb `` The Quarterback '' at TV.com Glee episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Showmance '' `` Acafellas '' `` Preggers '' `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' `` Vitamin D '' `` Throwdown '' `` Mash - Up '' `` Wheels '' `` Ballad '' `` Hairography '' `` Mattress '' `` Sectionals '' `` Hell - O '' `` The Power of Madonna '' `` Home '' `` Bad Reputation '' `` Laryngitis '' `` Dream On '' `` Theatricality '' `` Funk '' `` Journey to Regionals '' Season 2 `` Audition '' `` Britney / Brittany '' `` Grilled Cheesus '' `` Duets '' `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' `` Never Been Kissed '' `` The Substitute '' `` Furt '' `` Special Education '' `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' `` Silly Love Songs '' `` Comeback '' `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' `` Sexy '' `` Original Song '' `` A Night of Neglect '' `` Born This Way '' `` Rumours '' `` Prom Queen '' `` Funeral '' `` New York '' Season 3 `` The Purple Piano Project '' `` I Am Unicorn '' `` Asian F '' `` Pot O ' Gold '' `` The First Time '' `` Mash Off '' `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Hold On to Sixteen '' `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' `` Yes / No '' `` Michael '' `` The Spanish Teacher '' `` Heart '' `` On My Way '' `` Big Brother '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' `` Dance with Somebody '' `` Choke '' `` Prom - asaurus '' `` Props '' `` Nationals '' `` Goodbye '' Season 4 `` The New Rachel '' `` Britney 2.0 '' `` Makeover '' `` The Break Up '' `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' `` Glease '' `` Dynamic Duets '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Swan Song '' `` Glee , Actually '' `` Sadie Hawkins '' `` Naked '' `` Diva '' `` I Do '' `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' `` Feud '' `` Guilty Pleasures '' `` Shooting Star '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Lights Out '' `` Wonder - ful '' `` All or Nothing '' Season 5 `` Love , Love , Love '' `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` The Quarterback '' `` A Katy or a Gaga '' `` The End of Twerk '' `` Movin ' Out '' `` Puppet Master '' `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' `` Frenemies '' `` Trio '' `` City of Angels '' `` 100 '' `` New Directions '' `` New New York '' `` Bash '' `` Tested '' `` Opening Night '' `` The Back - up Plan '' `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Season 6 `` Loser Like Me '' `` Homecoming '' `` Jagged Little Tapestry '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part One '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' `` What the World Needs Now '' `` Transitioning '' `` A Wedding '' `` Child Star '' `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' `` We Built This Glee Club '' `` 2009 '' `` Dreams Come True '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Quarterback_(Glee)&oldid=847336829 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes Glee ( season 5 ) episodes Television shows about death Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Latviešu Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 16 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what season and episode of glee does finn die
[ "\"The Quarterback\" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the ninety-first episode overall. Written by all three of the show's creators—Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan—and directed by Falchuk, it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10, 2013. The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson, and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith, who played Finn starting with the show's pilot, and who died on July 13, 2013. The episode's plot centers on the impact Finn's death has on the characters, specifically Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Noah Puckerman (Mark Salling), and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele).\n" ]
[ "third episode of the fifth season" ]
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Bharat Ane Nenu
Bharat Ane Nenu - wikipedia Bharat Ane Nenu Bharat Ane Nenu Theatrical release poster Directed by Koratala Siva Produced by DVV Danayya Written by Koratala Siva Starring Mahesh Babu Kiara Advani Prakash Raj R. Sarathkumar Devaraj Posani Krishna Murali Brahmaji Music by Devi Sri Prasad Cinematography Ravi K. Chandran Tirru Edited by A. Sreekar Prasad Production company DVV Entertainments Release date 20 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) Running time 173 minutes Country India Language Telugu Budget ₹ 65 crore ( US $ 10 million ) Box office 149 crore Bharat Ane Nenu ( English : I , Bharat ) is a 2018 Indian Telugu - language political thriller film written and directed by Koratala Siva , featuring Mahesh Babu , Kiara Advani and Prakash Raj in the lead roles . The film is about Bharat , a student who unexpectedly becomes the leader of Andhra Pradesh and his attempts to reform politics . The film was released on 20 April 2018 to positive reviews and became the 3rd highest - grossing Telugu movie of all time . The film 's dubbed versions were later released in Tamil as Bharat Ennum Naan and in Malayalam as Bharat Ennum Njan on 31 May 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Crew 3.4 Filming 3.5 Pre-release event ( Bharat Bahiranga Sabha ) 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot Bharat Ram ( Mahesh Babu ) , a brilliant but uncertain student with an unquenchable thrist for knowledge , graduates with his fifth degree from Oxford . At his uncle 's house , Bharat comes to learn that his father , Chief Minister of ( an at the time undivided ) Andhra Pradesh Raghava Raju ( R. Sarathkumar ) , was hospitalised and died from a stroke . On a flight to his familial home in Hyderabad , Bharat reminises about his past . As a child , Bharat is scolded by his mother for eating ice cream against medical advice , and he promises her he wo n't eat it again . Raghava Raju , busy with a new political party ( the Navodayam Party ) that he and his friend Varadarajulu ( Prakash Raj ) formed , is shown to be too busy to spend time with his family . After Bharat is found to have eaten ice cream again , hs mother reminds him on the importance of promises . The very next day , Bharat finds that she has died in her sleep , causing his father to stay at home to take care of Bharat . Soon after her death , Varadarajulu points out to Raghava Raju that he has to get back outside to prepare for the coming elections and suggests that he remarry to find a new mother for Bharat . However , Bharat is not close to his stepmother , and instead spends time at his friend Subash 's house . After Subash 's parents get jobs in London , Bharat wants to come with them . At first his father hesitates , but soon agrees to let them study together . Back in the present , Bharat is greeted by an onslaught of camera flashes as he comes back to his familial home . Soon after arriving , he meets with Varadarajulu , where he learns that his father , an asthmathic , had to go to the hospital due to the cold weather taking a toll on him , and that the final rituals were conducted early by his younger brother Siddharth ( seen earlier as a baby in his childhood ) as the news of his death caused chaos in the party and the people . Speculation abounds over who the next CM will be ; meanwhile , Bharat talks to Siddharth , who he later learns has been mute for many days . The next day , Bharat drives the car for a casual ride , and experiences the rampant lawlessness and noise on the streets as people drive recklessly and honk horns . Meanwhile , the Party meets to decide the next CM . He becomes the Chief Minister of undivided Andhra Pradesh under the insistence of Varadarajulu . New to India and with no political knowledge , he learns the ropes quickly and governs efficiently whilst trying to abolish corruption . However , while he endears himself to the crowd , he makes enemies out of the political class , including his own party members who create trouble for him and try to stop him from bringing changes to the society . How he tackles them , and removes corruption from the system forms the rest of the story . Intertwined is a love story of Bharat and Vasumathi , ( Kiara Advani ) , an MBA graduate who sets out to help Bharat in his purpose . Cast Mahesh Babu as Bharat Ram ( Chief Minister of Undivided Andhra Pradesh ) Kiara Advani as Vasumathi Prakash Raj as Varadarajulu `` Nanaji '' R. Sarathkumar as Raghava Rao , Bharath 's Father Devaraj as Opposition Leader Sripathi Rao Aamani as Bharath 's Mother Sithara as Bharath 's Step - Mother Posani Krishna Murali as a Minister Devadas Kanakala as Senior Politician Jayalalita as Assembly Speaker P. Ravi Shankar as MLA Damu Banerjee as a Minister Anish Kuruvilla as Shrivatsava , Chief Secretary Rahul Ramakrishna as Ramana Jeeva as Para Bramham PB , Education Minister Yashpal Sharma as Manohar , Sripathi Rao 's son Shatru as MLA Damu 's Son Mukthar Khan as Mukthar , CM Security Officer Surya Kumar Bhagvandas as Investigation Journalist Saakshi Sivaa as Bharath 's uncle Rao Ramesh as Head Constable and Vasumathi 's Father Ajay as Arvind Krishna , Additional D.G. ( CB CID officer ) Brahmaji as Bhaskar , Bharath 's Personal Secretary Ramajogayya Sastry in Vachaadayyo Saami song ( cameo appearance ) Kaumudi Nemani as Bharat 's stepsister Andrew Suraj as Bharat 's friend Production Development DVV Danayya announced that they would produce a film with Mahesh Babu directed by Koratala Siva in mid-2016 . Devi Sri Prasad ( DSP ) was said to do the music for this film . Casting M.S. Dhoni - famed Kiara Advani played the role of the Chief Minister 's girlfriend . Sarath Kumar was roped in to play the role of Mahesh Babu 's father and Prakash Raj signed in to play the antagonist . Actor Devaraj , who played prominent antagonistic roles in Telugu cinemas in the first decade of the 21st century , was noted to appear in a Telugu film after a gap of 11 years through Bharat Ane Nenu , where he played the role of leader of the opposition party . Crew Stunt duo Ram - Laxman performed the stunt choreography for this film . Dance choreography was performed by Raju Sundaram , Dinesh Kumar and Raghu . Filming `` I Do n't Know '' , the first south - Indian song sung by Farhan Akhtar , was shot in Spain with Mahesh Babu , and choreographed by Raju Sundaram . Pre-release event ( Bharat bahiranga sabha ) The audio launch / pre-release event took place in the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium on April 7 , 2018 . N.T. Rama Rao Jr. , a well - known actor in the Telugu film industry and a close friend of the superstar , attended the event as its chief guest . Star Maa has taken television rights and Amazon Video is set to premiere the film on 9 June 2018 digitally . Soundtrack Bharat Ane Nenu Soundtrack album by DSP Released 2018 Recorded 2017 Genre Feature film soundtrack Label Lahari Music and T - Series DSP chronology Rangasthalam ( 2018 ) Bharat Ane Nenu ( 2018 ) The soundtrack of the film is composed by Devi Sri Prasad . Three songs `` Bharat Ane Nenu '' , `` Vachaadayyo Swami '' & `` I Do n't Know '' were released as singles. The audio launch / pre-release event took place in the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium on April 7 , 2018 . Farhan Akhtar has lent his voice for the song `` I Do n't Know '' , which is first time for a South Indian movie . All five songs are penned by Ramajogayya Sastry . Track list No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Bharat Ane Nenu ( The Song Of Bharat ) '' David Simon 05 : 15 2 . `` I Do n't Know '' Farhan Akhtar 04 : 28 3 . `` Vachaadayyo Saami '' Kailash Kher , Divya Kumar 05 : 23 4 . `` Ide Kalala Vunnadhe '' Andrea Jeremiah 04 : 32 5 . `` O Vasumathi '' Yazin Nizar , Rita 05 : 11 Total length : 24 : 34 References Jump up ^ `` ' Bharat Ane Nenu ' : Mahesh Babu wishes fans on Ugadi with a new poster '' . The Times of India . 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chowdhary , Y Sunita ( 20 April 2018 ) . `` Kiara Advani is confident about ' Bharat Ane Nenu ' '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jayakrishnan ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Mahesh Babu and Kiara Advani shooting a romantic number for ' Bharat Ane Nenu ' '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ane Nenu Budget '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2018-06-08/Bharat-Ane-Nenu-Final-Collections-Report/387506 Jump up ^ `` Mahesh Babu to romance Kiara Advani in ' Bharat Ane Nenu ' '' . Jump up ^ Dundoo , Sangeetha Devi ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) . `` ' Bharat Ane Nenu ' review : This promise ticks the right boxes '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bharat Ane Nenu Review ( 4.5 / 5 ) : The movie gives you a lot to root for and provides a bang for your buck , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ Nathan , Archana . `` ' Bharat Ane Nenu ' review : Mahesh Babu stars as a superhero who happens to be chief minister '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mahesh Babu 's Bharat Ane Nenu Movie Review ( 4.5 / 5 ) '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Enum Naan Movie Release on May 31st Posters '' . Jump up ^ R , Shajini S ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Mahesh Babu starrer ' Bharat Ane Nenu 's ' interval bang to be a major highlight '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ T - Series Telugu ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) , Bharat Ane Nenu Jukebox Bharat Ane Nenu Songs Mahesh Babu Devi Sri Prasad , Ramajogayya Shastry , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 Jump up ^ R , Shajini S ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Farhan Akhtar makes Telugu singing debut with Mahesh Babu 's film '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . External links Bharat Ane Nenu on IMDb Films directed by Koratala Siva Mirchi ( 2013 ) Srimanthudu ( 2015 ) Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) Bharat Ane Nenu ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Ane_Nenu&oldid=854510372 '' Categories : 2018 films Telugu - language films Indian films Indian political films Indian political thriller films Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad Films about corruption in India Telugu - language films dubbed in Tamil Telugu - language films dubbed in Malayalam Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with input errors Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
mahesh babu full name in bharat ane nenu
[ "Bharat Ram (Mahesh Babu), a brilliant but uncertain student with an unquenchable thrist for knowledge, graduates with his fifth degree from Oxford. At his uncle's house, Bharat comes to learn that his father, Chief Minister of (an at the time undivided) Andhra Pradesh Raghava Raju (R. Sarathkumar), was hospitalised and died from a stroke. On a flight to his familial home in Hyderabad, Bharat reminises about his past.\n" ]
[ "Bharat Ram" ]
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Persians in the Mughal Empire
Persians in the Mughal Empire - wikipedia Persians in the Mughal Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Persian people were among one of the major ethnic groups , who accompanied the ethnic Turco - Mongol ruling elite of the Mughal Empire after its invasion of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan . Throughout the Mughal Empire , a number of ethnic Persian technocrats , bureaucrats , traders , scientists , architects , teachers , poets , artists , theologians and Sufis migrated and settled in different parts of the Indian Subcontinent . The name Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids , the Central Asian ( Turkestan ) steppes once conquered by Genghis Khan and hence known as Moghulistan , `` Land of Mongols '' . Although early Mughals spoke the Chagatai language and maintained some Turko - Mongol practices , they became essentially Persianized and transferred the Persian literary and high culture to South Asia , thus forming the base for the Indo - Persian culture and the Spread of Islam in South Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Humayun refuge in Persia 2 Ma'âṣer al - Omarâ 3 Reasons for Immigration 4 Awadh State 5 Qizilbash 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Humayun refuge in Persia ( edit ) Shah Tahmasp greets the exiled Humayun . Shah Tahmasp I and the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Isfahan . Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Suri in 1540 and fled to the refuge of the powerful Safavid Empire in Iran , marching with 40 men and his wife . Shah Tahmasp welcomed the Mughal , and treated him as a royal visitor . Here Humayun went sightseeing and was amazed at the Persian artwork , military might and architecture he saw : much of this was the work of the Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqarah and his ancestor , princess Gauhar Shad , thus he was able to admire the work of his relatives and ancestors at first hand . He was introduced to the work of the Persian miniaturists , and Kamaleddin Behzad had two of his pupils join Humayun in his court . Humayun was amazed at their work and asked if they would work for him if he were to regain the sovereignty of Hindustan and they agreed . Shah Tahmasp provided financial aid and a large choice of cavalry to regain his Empire . Persians nobles and soldiers joined Humayun in reconquest of South Asia . The Turkic Turani nobility tended to fade away from the political scene and the Persian nobles improved their position . During 1545 -- 1555 A.D. a number of Persians who came in Humayun 's service were appointed to important central offices , such as diwan , wazir , and mir - saman ( In charge of Imperial Palace ) . Ma'âṣer al - Omarâ ( edit ) Ma'âṣer al - Omarâ was written by Shah Nawaz Khan and his son , ' Abd al - Hayy in 1780 . This book contains the biographies of 738 Mughal nobles of which at least 198 or 26.8 per cent were Persians Reasons for immigration ( edit ) Most of the Persians migrated to South Asia to prosper and obtain high positions in Mughal Empire . Many were Sunni Persians who felt discriminated in Shia Safavid Empire and migrated to mostly Sunni Mughal Empire . There were also rebels and nobles who lost royal favour and migrated to Mughal Empire . The Mughals also preferred to employ foreign Muslim officials that had little or no local interests and thus were loyal to the Mughal emperor . Awadh state ( edit ) Sultanate of Mysore , Nizam of Hyderabad , Nawab of the Carnatic , Nawab of Awadh , Nawab of Bengal , Nawab of Bhopal , Sind and Bhawalpur were Muslim Millets within the Mughal Empire . The most important Shia state in South Asia was established by Persian originally from Khurasan in Persia around 1722 AD with Faizabad as its capital and Sadat Ali Khan as its first Nawab . Awadh or Avadh is also known in various British historical texts as Oudh . Qizilbash ( edit ) The Qizilbash soldiers and officials settled in modern Pakistan during Mughal Emperor Humayun 's return from exile in Safavid Persia and restoration of Mughal Empire . Emperor Humayun lost his South Asian territories to the Pashtun noble , Sher Shah Suri , and , with Persian aid , regained them 15 years later in 1555 AD . See also ( edit ) Mughal Empire Indo - Persian culture Persian language in South Asia Iranian invasion of Indus Valley References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robert L. Canfield , Turko - Persia in historical perspective , Cambridge University Press , 1991 . pg 20 : `` The Mughals -- Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis -- strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India '' Jump up ^ Frances Pritchett . `` part2_10 '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16 -- 18th centuries External links ( edit ) Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16 -- 18th centuries Role of Persians at the Mughal Court : A Historical study , during 1526 to 1707 AD ( 1 ) ( hide ) Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire&oldid=799843652 '' Categories : Mughal Empire Persians in South Asia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 05 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who were known as turanis at mughal court
[ "The Turkic Turani nobility tended to fade away from the political scene and the Persian nobles improved their position. During 1545–1555 A.D. a number of Persians who came in Humayun's service were appointed to important central offices, such as diwan, wazir, and mir-saman (In charge of Imperial Palace)." ]
[ "The Turkic Turani nobility" ]
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Why Don't We
Why Do n't We - wikipedia Why Do n't We Why Do n't We Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Pop Occupation ( s ) Singers Years active 2016 -- present Labels Atlantic Website whydontwemusic.com Members Jonah Marais Corbyn Besson Daniel Seavey Jack Avery Zach Herron Why Do n't We ( commonly abbreviated as WDW ) is an American pop boy band , that was assembled on September 27 , 2016 , consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater , Minnesota , Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax , Virginia , Daniel James Seavey from Portland , Oregon , Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna , Pennsylvania , and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas , Texas , each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists . Contents 1 Career 1.1 2016 -- present 2 Discography 2.1 Albums 2.2 Extended plays 2.3 Singles 2.3. 1 As lead artist 2.4 As a featured artist 2.5 Promotional singles 2.6 Music videos 3 References Career 2016 -- present The band originally formed on September 27 , 2016 , and announced it the next day via their YouTube account . Since then , the band has released three EPs and five singles . On October 7 , 2016 , the group released their debut single `` Taking You '' , a track from their debut EP , Only the Beginning , which was released on November 25 of the same year . Their second EP , Something Different , was released on April 21 , 2017 . Its title track was released as the lead single the same day . They released their third EP , Why Do n't We Just , on June 2 , 2017 . They finished their `` Something Different '' tour around the United States . Another single , `` These Girls '' was released on August 29 , 2017 . They have appeared in vlogs from YouTuber and friend , Logan Paul . The band has currently been working with YouTube vlogger and friend , Logan Paul . Logan has currently directed three music videos for Why Do n't We , one involving their collaboration `` Help Me Help You . '' The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul 's daily vlogs . They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track about Jake Paul called `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' . On November 23 , 2017 , they released a holiday EP called A Why Do n't We Christmas . Discography Albums 8 Letters ( 2018 ) Extended plays List of extended plays , with selected details , chart positions and sales Title Extended play details Peaks US US Heat NZ Heat Only the Beginning Released : November 25 , 2016 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- -- Something Different Released : April 21 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- 6 -- Why Do n't We Just Released : June 2 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- Invitation Released : September 26 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download 113 7 A Why Do n't We Christmas Released : November 23 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . Singles As lead artist List of singles as lead artist , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Bub . US Pop CAN NZ Heat . `` Taking You '' 2016 -- -- -- -- Only the Beginning `` Nobody Gotta Know '' -- -- -- -- `` Just to See You Smile '' -- -- -- -- `` Free '' -- -- -- -- `` You and Me at Christmas '' -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` Something Different '' 2017 22 33 -- -- Something Different `` Why Do n't We Just '' -- -- -- -- Why Do n't We Just `` These Girls '' -- 82 -- Non-album single `` Trust Fund Baby '' 2018 20 30 -- -- 8 Letters `` Hooked '' 22 -- -- 8 `` Talk '' 18 -- -- -- As a featured artist Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Bub . AUS `` Help Me Help You '' ( Logan Paul featuring Why Do n't We ) 2017 90 Non-album single Promotional singles Title Year Album `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' ( Logan Paul featuring Why Do n't We ) 2017 Non-album single Music videos Song Year Other artist ( s ) Director Ref `` Taking You '' 2016 None Steven Taylor `` Nobody Gotta Know '' 2017 Logan Paul `` Something Different '' `` Help Me Help You '' Logan Paul `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' Sebastian A. Guerra `` These Girls '' None Eli Sokhn & Logan Paul `` Trust Fund Baby '' 2018 Jason Koenig `` Hooked '' 2018 Eli Sokhn References Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We Our First Day As A Band '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Why Do n't We Announce Debut Album ' 8 Letters ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We Chart History : Heatseekers '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Invitation -- EP by Why Do n't We on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Why Do n't We Christmas -- EP by Why Do n't We on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do n't We -- Chart search on Billboard.biz '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We -- Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We -- Chart History : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trust Fund Baby -- Single by Why Do n't We on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Talk -- Single by Why Do n't We on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 424 '' . auspOp . June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taking You ' Official Music Video Why Do n't We '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Gotta Know -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Something Different -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul -- Help Me Help You ft . Why Do n't We ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall Of Jake Paul Feat . Why Do n't We ( Official Video ) # TheSecondVerse '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` These Girls -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trust Fund Baby - Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Atlantic Records . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hooked -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Don%27t_We&oldid=854567078 '' Categories : American boy bands Musical groups established in 2016 Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 08 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who are the members of why dont we
[ "Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band, that was assembled on September 27, 2016, consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota, Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia, Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon, Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas, each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists.\n", "Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band, that was assembled on September 27, 2016, consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota, Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia, Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon, Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas, each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists.\n", "Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band, that was assembled on September 27, 2016, consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota, Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia, Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon, Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas, each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists.\n", "Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band, that was assembled on September 27, 2016, consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota, Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia, Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon, Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas, each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists.\n", "Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band, that was assembled on September 27, 2016, consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota, Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia, Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon, Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas, each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists.\n" ]
[ "Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota", "Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia", "Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon", "Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania", "Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas" ]
-7749748206328858474
Freedom Caucus
Freedom Caucus - Wikipedia Freedom Caucus This article is about the U.S. Congressional organization . For the Democratic political action organization , see Democratic Freedom Caucus . Freedom Caucus Chairman Mark Meadows ( NC - 11 ) Founded January 26 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) Split from Republican Study Committee Ideology Conservatism Libertarian conservatism Fiscal conservatism Social conservatism Political position Right - wing National affiliation Republican Party Seats in House Republican Conference 34 / 237 Seats in the House 34 / 435 Politics of the United States Political parties Elections The Freedom Caucus , also known as the House Freedom Caucus , is a congressional caucus consisting of conservative and libertarian Republican members of the United States House of Representatives . It was formed in 2015 by what member Jim Jordan called a `` smaller , more cohesive , more agile and more active '' group of conservative Congressmen , and is currently chaired by Rep. Mark Meadows . Many members are also part of the much larger Republican Study Committee . The caucus is sympathetic to the Tea Party movement . The Freedom Caucus is considered the farthest - right grouping within the House Republican Conference . Contents 1 History 1.1 Speaker of the House John Boehner resignation in 2015 1.2 Backlash in 2016 1.3 Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017 2 Membership 2.1 Chairs 2.2 Former members 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The origins of the caucus lie at the mid-January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Nine conservative active Republican members of the House began planning a new Congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference . The group ultimately became the nine founding members and the first board of directors for the new caucus consisting of Republican Representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Jim Jordan of Ohio , John Fleming of Louisiana , Matt Salmon of Arizona , Justin Amash of Michigan , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina , Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina . The group debated a name for their new caucus eventually settling on `` House Freedom Caucus '' ( HFC ) because , according to founding member Mick Mulvaney , `` it was so generic and universally awful that we had no reason to be against it . '' The group of nine founding members in Hershey set as a criterion for new members that they had to be willing to vote against Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner on legislation that the group opposed . During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015 , the Caucus offered four plans for resolution , but all were rejected by the Republican leadership . One of the caucus leaders , Labrador of Idaho , said the Caucus will offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support . Speaker of the House John Boehner resignation in 2015 ( edit ) The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25 , 2015 and the ensuing leadership battle for the new Speaker . Members of the Caucus who had voted against Boehner for Speaker felt unfairly punished , accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments . Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of the Freedom Caucus , and he sparred with House Republican members in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of unattainable goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act . These members later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus when it was created in 2015 . After Boehner resigned as speaker , Kevin McCarthy , the House Majority Leader , was initially the lead contender to succeed him , but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support . However , McCarthy withdrew from the race on September 28 , 2015 , after appearing to suggest that the Benghazi investigation 's purpose had been to lower the approval ratings of Hillary Clinton . On the same day as McCarthy 's withdrawal , Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race . On October 20 , 2015 , Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus . While the group could not reach the 80 % approval that was needed to give an official endorsement , on October 21 , 2015 , it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan . On October 29 , 2015 , Ryan succeeded John Boehner as the Speaker of the House . On October 30 , 2017 , Vanity Fair published an interview with former Speaker Boehner , who said of the Freedom Caucus : `` They ca n't tell you what they 're for . They can tell you everything they 're against . They 're anarchists . They want total chaos . Tear it all down and start over . That 's where their mindset is . '' Backlash in 2016 ( edit ) The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle . One of its members , Congressman Tim Huelskamp , a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas ' First District , was defeated during a primary election on August 2 , 2016 , by Roger Marshall . Rejection of American health care Act in 2017 ( edit ) On March 24 , 2017 , the American Health Care Act ( AHCA ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act , was withdrawn by Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass , due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans . Two days later , President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right - wing groups , such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action , that opposed the bill . Trump tweeted : `` Democrats are smiling in D.C. that the Freedom Caucus , with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage , have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare ! '' On the same day , Congressman Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus . On March 30 , 2017 , Trump `` declared war '' on the Freedom Caucus , sending a tweet urging Republicans to `` fight them '' in the 2018 midterm elections `` if they do n't get on the team '' ( i.e. , support Trump 's proposals ) . Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of `` succumb ( ing ) to the D.C. Establishment . '' Trump has since developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair , Mark Meadows . In April 2018 , Trump described four caucus members -- Meadows , Jim Jordan , Ron DeSantis and Matt Gaetz -- as `` absolute warriors '' for their defense of him during the course of the Special Counsel investigation . Membership ( edit ) Congressional districts of Freedom Caucus members of the 114th Congress . Former members in light color . The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members . In the current ( 115th ) Congress , the group has about three dozen members . A number of members have identified themselves , or have been identified by others , as members of the Freedom Caucus , as of July 2018 including : Justin Amash of Michigan Joe Barton of Texas Andy Biggs of Arizona Rod Blum of Iowa Dave Brat of Virginia Mo Brooks of Alabama Ken Buck of Colorado Ted Budd of North Carolina Warren Davidson of Ohio Ron DeSantis of Florida Scott DesJarlais of Tennessee Jeff Duncan of South Carolina Matt Gaetz of Florida Tom Garrett Jr. of Virginia Louie Gohmert of Texas Paul Gosar of Arizona Morgan Griffith of Virginia Andy Harris of Maryland Jody Hice of Georgia Jim Jordan of Ohio Raúl Labrador of Idaho Debbie Lesko of Arizona Mark Meadows of North Carolina Alex Mooney of West Virginia Ralph Norman of South Carolina Gary Palmer of Alabama Steve Pearce of New Mexico Scott Perry of Pennsylvania Bill Posey of Florida Dana Rohrabacher of California Mark Sanford of South Carolina David Schweikert of Arizona Randy Weber of Texas Ted Yoho of Florida Chairs ( edit ) Rep. Jim Jordan ( OH - 4 ) , 2015 -- 2017 Rep. Mark Meadows ( NC - 11 ) , 2017 -- present Former members ( edit ) Brian Babin of Texas ( resigned from the caucus in 2017 ) Jim Bridenstine of Oklahoma ( appointed as Administrator of NASA ) Curt Clawson of Florida ( retired in 2016 ) John Fleming of Louisiana ( ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate in 2016 ) Trent Franks of Arizona ( resigned from Congress in 2017 ) Scott Garrett of New Jersey ( defeated in 2016 general election ) Tim Huelskamp of Kansas ( defeated in 2016 primary election ) Barry Loudermilk of Georgia ( declined to renew membership for the 115th Congress ) Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming ( retired in 2016 ; the only identified female member at the time ) Tom McClintock of California ( resigned from the caucus on September 16 , 2015 ) Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina ( appointed as Director of the Office of Management and Budget ) Ted Poe of Texas ( resigned from caucus March 26 , 2017 after AHCA was withdrawn ) Reid Ribble of Wisconsin ( resigned from the caucus on October 9 , 2015 ) Keith Rothfus of Pennsylvania ( resigned from the caucus in 2016 ) Matt Salmon of Arizona ( retired in 2016 ) Marlin Stutzman of Indiana ( ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate in 2016 ) See also ( edit ) Blue Dog Coalition Factions in the Republican Party ( United States ) Liberty Caucus Republican Liberty Caucus Republican Main Street Partnership Tea Party Caucus The Tuesday Group Second Amendment Caucus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Tyler ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` House Freedom Caucus Delays Immigration Bill '' . Headlines and Global News . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loiaconi , Stephen ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` For Freedom Caucus , defying Trump could have consequences '' . WJLA - TV . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . The House Freedom Caucus , a cadre of conservatives , libertarians and others who have shown no hesitation to buck the party leadership , has been heavily critical of the AHCA ^ Jump up to : Carl , Jeremy ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP 's Future '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Dan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` For These House Republicans , the NRA 's Seal of Approval Is n't Enough '' . The Trace . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` House Conservatives Support Paul Ryan For Speaker , But Wo n't Formally Endorse Him '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan vs. House Freedom Caucus : Who will blink first in speaker 's race ? '' . Los Angeles Times . October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Right - Wing ' Freedom Caucus ' Says It 's Going to Kill Trumpcare '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . `` GOP Centrists , Not Freedom Caucus , Are Blocking Deal To Replace Obamacare '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . The conventional wisdom -- repeated by President Trump -- is that the right - wing House Freedom Caucus is singlehandedly blocking Republican attempts to repeal and replace Obamacare . `` Meet the Right - Wing Rebels Who Overthrew John Boehner '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . `` Republican quits House Freedom Caucus '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Rep. Ted Poe ( R - Texas ) resigned Sunday from the House Freedom Caucus , indicating he did so because he wanted to vote for the Republican healthcare proposal the right - wing caucus so adamantly opposed . `` WHY LIBERALS HAVE LEARNED TO LOVE THE GOP FREEDOM CAUCUS '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Because every Republican in Congress is well aware that the Tea Party and the Freedom Caucus are the culmination of American right - wing ideology , and have no interest in compromising on their ideological principles . `` A HOUSE DIVIDED '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Meadows is one of the more active members of the House Freedom Caucus , an invitation - only group of about forty right - wing conservatives that formed at the beginning of this year . Jump up ^ French , Lauren ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` House Freedom Caucus to break with leadership on budget '' . Politico . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Budget Committee Chairman Tom Price of Georgia and Speaker Paul Ryan ( R - Wis . ) have labored to gain the support of the far - right caucus Thrush , Glenn ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Becomes Ensnared in Fiery G.O.P. Civil War '' . New York Times . Fabian , Jordan ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump on the warpath against Freedom Caucus '' . The Hill . Woolf , Nicky ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Republicans in Freedom Caucus support Florida conservative as speaker '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Newhauser , Daniel ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Boehner - vs. - Freedom - Caucus Battle Escalates '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Insurgent bloc of House conservatives proving to be a thorn in Boehner 's side '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bush , Daniel ( Jan 22 , 2018 ) . `` Who 's to blame for the government shutdown ? A look at the political fallout '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Sabrina ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` It 's official : Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus '' . Cleveland . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graf , Scott ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Idaho 's Rep. Labrador Joins Other Tea Party Conservatives To Form ' Freedom Caucus ' '' . Boise State Public Radio . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferrechio , Susan ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Conservative lawmakers form House Freedom Caucus '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lauren Fox , Why ( almost ) everyone hates the House Freedom Caucus , CNN ( March 24 , 2017 ) : `` At first , there were just nine of them , but the group , which is considered the most far - right flank of the Republican conference , grew . '' Jump up ^ Mark Barrett , Meadows in line to lead House 's most conservative wing , Asheville Citizen - Times ( December 3 , 2016 ) : `` the House Freedom Caucus , which occupies the furthest - right position on the ideological spectrum in the U.S. House ... '' Jump up ^ French , Lauren ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus '' . Politico . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lizza , Ryan . `` A House Divided '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ French , Lauren ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Conservatives offer John Boehner another DHS deal '' . Politico . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` John Boehner , House Speaker , Will Resign From Congress '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina . `` Boehner rebels replaced on committee '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the 2013 Government Shutdown '' . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ryan ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` 32 Republicans Who Caused the Government Shutdown '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lizza , Ryan ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` A HOUSE DIVIDED '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McCarthy Announces Run for Speaker of the House '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Costa , Mike DeBonis , Robert ; Helderman , Rosalind S. ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy drops out of race for House speaker '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Context : What Kevin McCarthy said about Hillary Clinton and Benghazi '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rep. Ribble leaves Freedom Caucus over moves in leadership race '' . Politico . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David M. Herszenhorn ( October 21 , 2015 ) , `` Freedom Caucus Is Key to Paul Ryan House Speaker Decision '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Costa , Robert ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Supermajority ' of House Freedom Caucus to back Paul Ryan 's speaker bid '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Ryan Is Elected House Speaker , Hoping to Manage Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` '' Idiots , '' `` Anarchists , '' and `` Assholes '' : Boehner Unloads on Republicans `` . The Hive . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Elena ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` The GOP establishment strikes back '' . Politico . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Joe ; Tate , Curtis ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tea party 's Tim Huelskamp ousted by challenger Roger Marshall in Kansas congressional race '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : House Republicans withdraw health care bill '' . KFOR - TV . CNN Wire . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Freedom Caucus members stood by their ideological objections to a bill they say does not go far enough in repealing Obamacare . Jump up ^ Shannon Pettypiece Jennifer Jacobs & Billy House , Trump Meets Freedom Caucus and Result Is Legislative Disaster , Bloomberg ( March 25 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Eliza Collins , Collapse of Obamacare repeal plan puts Freedom Caucus in complicated spot , USA Today ( March 24 , 2017 ) : `` While the bill faced critics from all factions of the party , no group played more of a role in sinking the legislation than the Freedom Caucus . '' Jump up ^ `` Trump tweets about Democrats , Freedom Caucus after health care bill fails '' . CBS News . March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weber , Joseph ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Trump hits Freedom Caucus , Washington conservatives for nixing ObamaCare overhaul '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Abby Livingston , U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus , Texas Tribune ( March 26 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Glenn Thrush , ' We Must Fight Them ' : Trump Goes After Conservatives of Freedom Caucus , New York Times ( March 30 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Jordan Fabian , Trump threatens to ' fight ' Freedom Caucus in midterms , The Hill ( March 30 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Golshan , Tara ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the most powerful man in the House '' . Vox . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Trump 's GOP ' warriors ' lead charge against Mueller '' . Politico . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huetteman , Emmarie ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` On Health Law , G.O.P. Faces a Formidable Policy Foe : House Republicans '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . So secretive that it will not disclose the names of its members , ( ... ) the roughly three dozen ^ Jump up to : French , Lauren ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus '' . Politico . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Livingston , Abby ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Ronald J. ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Two Arizona Republican House members helped sink ' Obamacare ' repeal '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` House Freedom Caucus Forms ' Fight Club ' in House '' . 218 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ DaveBratVA7th ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Proud to be part of House Freedom Caucus '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ May , Caroline ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` House GOP To Regroup On Border Bill '' . Breitbart . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ; Shabad , Rebecca ; Marcos , Cristina ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` House will vote Friday to prevent Homeland Security shutdown '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Scott ; Marcos , Cristina ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dexheimer , Elizabeth ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taking Wall Street 's Side , Young Congressman Infuriates Allies '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Budd affiliated himself with the Freedom Caucus Jump up ^ `` Boehner 's successor joins Freedom Caucus '' . Politico . June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Broden , Scott ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` DesJarlais raises $144,677 for 2016 campaign '' . The Daily News Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Anna ; French , Lauren ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ron DeSantis , Jeff Duncan quit House whip team '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lanktree , Graham ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Trump Says Democrats Hate His Budget -- But Some Republicans Do n't Like It Much Either '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Three Virginia GOP congressmen , including Rep. Tom Garrett in 5th District , line up against GOP health care plan '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strong , Jonathon ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Secretive ' Freedom Caucus ' Claims Scalp On Border Bill Delay '' . Breitbart . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darnell , Tim ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Can the House Freedom Caucus save the GOP ? '' . Peach Pundit . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Yvonne Wingett ; Hansen , Ronald J. ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` McCain and Flake ripped Trump 's Putin performance , but other Ariz. reps mostly silent '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovegrove , Jamie ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Freedom Caucus chairman Mark Meadows to headline South Carolina GOP fundraiser '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Matt ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` House Freedom Caucus Loses Member Over Planned Parenthood '' . CNN . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher endorses Dr. Kelli Ward for United States Senate '' . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schelzig , Erik ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` GOP Rep. Rohrabacher campaigns for Matheny '' . The Tennessee Journal . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Drew DeSilver ( October 20 , 2015 ) , What is the House Freedom Caucus , and who 's in it ? , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Eaton , Sabrina ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` It 's official : Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Christina ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Texas Republican departs Freedom Caucus '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhauser , Daniel ; Mimms , Sarah ; Roubein , Rachel ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Boehner Has a Plan to Avoid a DHS Shutdown -- But It Might Not Pass '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pathé , Simone ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Louisiana Runoffs Increase Republican Majorities in Senate and House '' . Roll Call . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Huelskamp , Anti-Establishment House Republican , Loses Primary in Kansas '' . New York Times . August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallerman , Tamar ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Barry Loudermilk quietly leaves the House Freedom Caucus '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Lauren ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Poe resigns from House Freedom Caucus '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mauriello , Tracie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Freedom Caucus may play role in alternate Obamacare repeal timeline '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Cristina Marcos ( January 26 , 2015 ) , `` House conservatives form ' Freedom Caucus ' '' , The Hill Jeremy Carl ( October 13 , 2015 ) , `` The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP 's Future '' , Time Linda Killian ( October 10 , 2015 ) , `` How House Freedom Caucus Has Alienated Members -- and Risks Its Agenda '' , The Wall Street Journal Ideological caucuses in the United States Congress Senate Republican Main Street Partnership ( 4 ) Tea Party Caucus ( 4 ) Congressional Progressive Caucus ( 1 ) House Republican Caucus ( 238 ) Republican Study Committee ( 154 ) Republican Main Street Partnership ( 73 ) Tuesday Group ( 50 ) Freedom Caucus ( 31 ) Liberty Caucus ( 8 ) Democratic Caucus ( 193 ) Congressional Progressive Caucus ( 71 ) New Democrat Coalition ( 61 ) Blue Collar Caucus ( 32 ) Blue Dog Coalition ( 18 ) Justice Democrats ( 3 ) Caucuses with no known membership as of the 115th Congress do not have memberships listed . 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right politics in the United States Ideological caucuses of the United States Congress Political organizations in the United States Republican Party ( United States ) Republican Party ( United States ) organizations Political party factions in the United States Tea Party movement Right - wing populism in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Français 한국어 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 21 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many members in the house freedom caucus
[ "The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members.[46] In the current (115th) Congress, the group has about three dozen members.[46] A number of members have identified themselves, or have been identified by others, as members of the Freedom Caucus, as of July 2018[update] including:\n" ]
[ "about three dozen" ]
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Matt Keough
Matt Keough - wikipedia Matt Keough Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Matthew Keogh . Matt Keough Pitcher Born : ( 1955 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Pomona , California Batted : Right Threw : Right MLB debut September 3 , 1977 , for the Oakland Athletics Last MLB appearance October 2 , 1986 , for the Houston Astros MLB statistics Win -- loss record 58 -- 84 Earned run average 4.17 Strikeouts 590 Teams Oakland Athletics ( 1977 -- 1983 ) New York Yankees ( 1983 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1985 ) Chicago Cubs ( 1986 ) Houston Astros ( 1986 ) Hanshin Tigers ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Career highlights and awards All - Star ( 1978 ) Matthew Lon Keough / ˈkiːoʊ / ( born July 3 , 1955 ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher who played from 1977 through 1986 for the Oakland Athletics ( 1977 -- 1983 ) , New York Yankees ( 1983 -- 1984 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 1985 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1986 ) and Houston Astros ( 1986 ) . Keough batted and threw right - handed . He was drafted by the Oakland A 's out of Corona del Mar High School in 1973 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 In pop culture 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Career ( edit ) In a nine - season career , Keough posted a 58 - 84 record with 590 strikeouts and a 4.17 ERA in 1190 innings pitched , including seven shutouts and 57 complete games . Keough was signed by Oakland as an infielder . He was supposed to replace departed Sal Bando at third base , but after hitting a disappointing . 210 in Double - A in 1976 , he was converted to a pitcher . Keough joined Oakland a year later . He was selected to the All - Star Game in his rookie season for the 1978 Athletics , recording a 3.24 ERA despite his 8 - 15 mark . In 1979 , he tied a major league record by losing his first 14 decisions and finished with a 2 - 17 record . His winning percentage of . 105 was the worst recorded by a major league pitcher with 15 or more decisions since 1916 , when Philadelphia A 's teammates Jack Nabors and Tom Sheehan finished the season with winning percentages of . 048 and . 059 , respectively . From 1978 -- 79 , Keough made 28 consecutive starts without a victory , tying Cliff Curtis ( 1910 -- 11 ) for the longest streak in MLB history according to the Elias Sports Bureau . The streak was later tied by Jo - Jo Reyes ( 2008 -- 11 ) . But Keough resurged in 1980 with a 16 - 13 mark , earning AL Comeback Player of the Year honors . In the 1981 strike - shortened season he finished 10 - 6 , helping Oakland to clinch the AL Division Series . He pitched well in a losing effort in Game Three of the AL Championship Series , giving up one earned run in 8 - 1 / 3 innings in a game won by the New York Yankees 4 -- 0 . Keough slumped again in 1982 , tying for the AL lead with 18 losses against 11 wins in 34 starts . He also walked more batters than he struck out ( 101 - to - 75 ) and led the league in home runs ( 38 ) and earned runs ( 133 ) allowed . In the 1983 mid-season Keough was traded to the New York Yankees . Nursing a sore arm , he spent parts of two seasons in the minors and returned to the majors with the St. Louis Cardinals late in 1985 . The next year , he divided his playing time between Triple - A , the Houston Astros and Chicago Cubs . In 1987 he joined the Hanshin Tigers in Japan and pitched for them until 1990 . He attempted a comeback to the major leagues with the Anaheim Angels in 1991 spring training but did not make the roster . In March 1992 , he tried again with the Angels , but while sitting in the dugout during an exhibition game he was hit in the right temple by a foul ball off the bat of San Francisco Giants ' John Patterson , seriously injuring him and ending his playing career . Following his playing career , Keough worked for the Angels both as a minor league coach and executive from 1992 to 1999 . After that , he scouted for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and is currently an executive for the Oakland Athletics . Keough would occasionally throw a spitball . One time , however , his spitball backfired on him . Keough threw a spitball that Boston Red Sox second baseman Jerry Remy missed completely and had seemingly struck out . The umpire , seeing the tremendous break on the pitch , assumed Remy had fouled off the pitch and so he remained at bat with two strikes . On the next pitch , Remy hit a home run , the last of his career . Personal life ( edit ) Keough is the son of Marty Keough and the nephew of Joe Keough , who also played in the majors . His son , Shane Keough , was a minor league prospect for the Oakland Athletics organization from 2005 through 2010 . Keough appeared , along with his family of his wife , his three children , and his longtime friend who was his batboy while playing in the MLB , in the reality TV - show The Real Housewives of Orange County , with his wife , former Playboy Playmate Jeana Tomasino being one of the `` housewives '' . As of Season three of the show , Tomasino announced that she and her husband had separated . In pop culture ( edit ) Besides appearing on The Real Housewives of Orange County , Keough , in his position as a scout for the Athletics was also featured in the Michael Lewis book Moneyball . He is portrayed by actor Nick Searcy in the 2011 film of the same name . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of second - generation Major League Baseball players Further reading ( edit ) The Real Housewives of Orange County on IMDb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Hapless but Not Hopeless , Blue Jays ' Reyes Carries On '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jo - Jo Reyes equals winless start record '' . ESPN.com . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KEOUGH HIT BY BALL , CRITICAL FOLLOWING BRAIN SURGERY '' . The Washington Post . 17 March 1992 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball Reference ( Minor and Japanese Leagues ) , or Baseball Library , or Baseball Reference Bullpen , or Retrosheet Sporting News American League Comeback Player of the Year Award 1965 : Cash 1966 : Powell 1967 : Chance 1968 : Harrelson 1969 : Conigliaro 1970 : Wright 1971 : Cash 1972 : Tiant 1973 : Hiller 1974 : Jenkins 1975 : Powell 1976 : Ellis 1977 : Soderholm 1978 : Caldwell 1979 : Horton 1980 : Keough 1981 : Zisk 1982 : Thornton 1983 : Trammell 1984 : Kingman 1985 : G. Thomas 1986 : Candelaria 1987 : Saberhagen 1988 : Davis 1989 : Blyleven 1990 : Winfield 1991 : Guzmán 1992 : Sutcliffe 1993 : Jackson 1994 : Canseco 1995 : Wakefield 1996 : Elster 1997 : Justice 1998 : Saberhagen 1999 : Jaha 2000 : F. Thomas 2001 : Sierra 2002 : Salmon 2003 : Meche 2004 : Konerko 2005 : Giambi 2006 : Thome 2007 : Peña 2008 : Lee 2009 : Hill 2010 : Guerrero 2011 : Ellsbury 2012 : Dunn 2013 : Rivera 2014 : Young 2015 : Fielder 2016 : Trumbo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Keough&oldid=832555121 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people American expatriate baseball players in Japan American League All - Stars American people of Irish descent Anaheim Angels scouts Baseball players from California Burlington Bees players California Angels scouts Chattanooga Lookouts players Chicago Cubs players Hanshin Tigers players Houston Astros players Keough family ( baseball ) Louisville Redbirds players Major League Baseball pitchers Minor league baseball managers Modesto A 's players Nashville Sounds players New York Yankees players Oakland Athletics players Oakland Athletics executives Sportspeople from Pomona , California St. Louis Cardinals players Tampa Bay Devil Rays scouts Tucson Toros players Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 18 : 11 . 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what does matt keough do for a living
[ "Following his playing career, Keough worked for the Angels both as a minor league coach and executive from 1992 to 1999. After that, he scouted for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and is currently an executive for the Oakland Athletics." ]
[ "executive for the Oakland Athletics" ]
-5617982307900634482
Marawi
Marawi - wikipedia Marawi Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Malawi , Mallavi , Mallawi , and Malavi . Marawi City Inged san Marawi Lungsod ng Marawi مدينة مراوي Component City Islamic City of Marawi Skyline of Marawi Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Heart of Mindanao Map of Lanao del Sur with Marawi highlighted Marawi Location within the Philippines Coordinates : 8 ° 00 ′ N 124 ° 18 ′ E  /  8 ° N 124.3 ° E  / 8 ; 124.3 Coordinates : 8 ° 00 ′ N 124 ° 18 ′ E  /  8 ° N 124.3 ° E  / 8 ; 124.3 Country Philippines Region Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( ARMM ) Province Lanao del Sur Legislative district 1st District of Lanao del Sur Settled 1639 Incorporated May 24 , 1907 Cityhood 1940 Chartered June 16 , 1956 Barangays 96 Government Type City government Mayor Majul Usman Gandamra Vice Mayor Arafat Salic Area Total 87.55 km ( 33.80 sq mi ) Elevation 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) Population ( 2015 census ) Total 201,785 Density 2,300 / km ( 6,000 / sq mi ) Time zone PST ( UTC + 8 ) ZIP code 9700 IDD : area code + 63 ( 0 ) 63 Income class 4th city income class PSGC 153617000 Electorate 49,114 voters ( 2016 ) Languages Maranao , Cebuano , Filipino , Arabic , English Marawi City , officially known as the Islamic City of Marawi ( Maranao : Inged san Marawi ; Arabic : مدينة مراوي ‎ ‎ ; Filipino : Lungsod Islamiko ng Marawi ) , is the capital and the largest city of the province of Lanao del Sur on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 201,785 . The people of Marawi are called the Maranaos and speak the Maranao language . They are named after Lake Lanao , which is called Meranau in the language , upon whose shores Marawi lies . The city is also called the `` Summer Capital of the South '' because of its higher elevation and cooler climate , a nickname it shares with Malaybalay , which legally holds the title . An armed conflict against the ISIL - affiliated Maute group is in progress within the city since May 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2017 Battle of Marawi 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Barangays 3 Government 4 Climate 5 Demographics 5.1 Language 5.2 Religion 6 Economy 6.1 Architecture 7 Education 8 Sister Cities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Marawi was founded as Dansalan in 1639 by the Spaniards led by Francisco Atienza who came from Iligan and were attempting to conquer the entire Lake Lanao area . However , it was abandoned later the same year when thousands of Maranao warriors invested the then - fortifying settlement , pressing the Spaniards hard and thus they returned to Iligan , having failed in their quest . The Spaniards only returned to the area when they began the conquest of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in the late 19th century , only to be abandoned once again when the Americans came there in 1900 . It served as the capital of the undivided Lanao province from 1907 to 1940 . Dansalan in Meranaw is a place where ships berth -- a port of entry . A Tribal leader of Marawi before Spanish colonization was `` Datu Buadi Sa Kayo '' . He collected taxes in his era . According to the late well - known Meranaw scholar Dr. Mamitua Saber , Marawi got its charter in 1940 . The granting of a charter to the old Dansalan municipality was jointly conceived by the Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon and Assemblyman , later Senator , Tomas L. Cabili . The changing of the official name from Dansalan to Marawi was through Congressional amendment of the Charter in 1956 sponsored by Sen. Domocao Alonto ( nl ) . This is embodied by Republic Act No. 1552 dated June 16 , 1956 . The renaming of the city as `` Islamic City of Marawi '' was proposed by Parliamentary Bill No. 261 in the defunct Batasang Pambansa , the former parliament of the Philippines during the Marcos regime , reportedly to attract funds from the Middle East . 2017 battle of Marawi ( edit ) Main article : Marawi crisis On May 23 , 2017 , a pro-Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group called the Maute group attacked the city . The battle is ongoing since May 23 . CNN Philippines reports that the militants have about 500 men . Philippine President Duterte has declared Martial Law on the island of Mindanao , where the fighting is taking place . Geography ( edit ) Lake Lanao from Marawi Marawi has a total land area of 8,755 hectares ( 21,630 acres ) . It is located on the northernmost shores of Lake Lanao and straddles the area where the Agus River starts . It is bounded to the north by the municipalities of Kapai and Saguiaran ; to the south by Lake Lanao ; to the east by the municipalities of Bubong and Ditsaan - Ramain ; and to the west by the municipalities of Marantao and Saguiaran . The Bagang beach is situated 2 kilometers ( 1.2 mi ) from the city 's commercial center . The Islamic city also hosts a national park , the Sacred Mountain National Park which spans the barangays of Guimba and Papandayan covering an area of 94 - hectare ( 230 - acre ) . The protected area was established on August 5 , 1965 by Republic Act no . 4190 . The park is dominated by Mount Mupo , a 900 - foot ( 270 m ) tall extinct volcanic cone . The park is ideal for birdwatching and mountain climbing to the summit that features a small pond . Topography ( edit ) Mountains , rolling hills , valleys and a large placid lake dominate the city 's landscape . Angoyao Hills ( Brgy . Sogod ) served as natural viewpoint over the water of the Lake Lanao . Signal Hill ( Brgy . Matampay ) , Arumpac Hill ( Brgy . Saduc ) and Mt . Mupo ( Brgy . Guimba ) are considered beautiful but mysterious . Mt . Mupo , located within the Sacred Mountain National Park , is known for its untouched trees and beautiful , perfect cone . Barangays ( edit ) Marawi is politically subdivided into 96 barangays . Ambolong Bacolod Chico Proper Banga Bangco Banggolo Poblacion Bangon Beyaba - Damag Bito Buadi Itowa Bito Buadi Parba Bubonga Pagalamatan Bubonga Lilod Madaya Boganga Boto Ambolong Bubonga Cadayonan Bubong Lumbac Bubonga Marawi Bubonga Punod Cabasaran Cabingan Cadayonan Cadayonan II Calocan East Calocan West Kormatan Matampay Daguduban Dansalan Datu Saber ( Navarro ) Datu Sa Dansalan Dayawan Dimaluna Dulay Dulay West East Basak Emie Punud Fort Gadongan Buadi Sacayo ( Green ) Guimba ( Lilod Proper ) Kapantaran Kilala Lilod Madaya ( Pob . ) Lilod Saduc Lomidong Lumbaca Madaya ( Pob . ) Lumbac Marinaut Lumbaca Toros Malimono Basak Malutlut Gadongan Mapantao Amito Marantao Marinaut East Marinaut West Matampay Pantaon ( Langcaf ) Mipaga Proper Moncado Colony Moncado Kadingilan Moriatao Loksadato Datu Naga Olawa Ambolong Pagalamatan Gambai Pagayawan Panggao Saduc Papandayan Papandayan Caniogan Paridi Patani Pindolonan Poona Marantao Puga - an Rapasun MSU Raya Madaya I Raya Madaya II Raya Saduc Rorogagus Proper Rorogagus East Sabala Manao Sabala Manao Proper Saduc Proper Sagonsongan Sangcay Dansalan Somiorang South Madaya Proper Sugod Proper Tampilong Timbangalan Tuca Ambolong Tolali Toros Tuca Tuca Marinaut Tongantongan - Tuca Timbangalan Wawalayan Calocan Wawalayan Marinaut Marawi Poblacion Norhaya Village Government ( edit ) List of Mayors 1986 , OIC Mayor 1986 -- 1989 , Mahid Mutilan 1989 -- 1998 , Abbas Basman 1998 -- 2001 , Omiel Basman 2001 -- 2007 , Omar Solitario Ali 2007 -- 2016 , Fahad Salic 2016 -- present , Mujul Gandamra Only mayors since the 1986 People Power Revolution are listed . List of Vice Mayors 1986 , OIC Mayor 1986 -- 1989 , 1989 -- 1992 , 1992 -- 1995 , 1998 -- 2001 , 2001 -- 2004 , Popoy Pangadapen 2004 -- 2007 , Popoy Pangadapen 2007 -- 2010 , Popoy Pangadapen 2010 -- 2013 , Chaknories Salic 2013 -- 2016 , Arafat Salic 2016 -- present , Arafat Salic Only vice mayors since the 1986 People Power Revolution are listed . Climate ( edit ) Due to its high elevation , with the elevation along Lake Lanao at around 2,300 feet ( 700 m ) , Marawi 's weather is cool ( in tropical terms ) and pleasant , distinguished by an even distribution of rainfall throughout the year . ( hide ) Climate data for Marawi , Philippines Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 28.12 ( 82.63 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 18.43 ( 65.18 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 158 ( 6.22 ) 133 ( 5.24 ) 135 ( 5.31 ) 176 ( 6.93 ) 299 ( 11.77 ) 357 ( 14.06 ) 270 ( 10.63 ) 238 ( 9.37 ) 327 ( 12.87 ) 272 ( 10.71 ) 226 ( 8.9 ) 200 ( 7.87 ) 2,791 ( 109.88 ) Source : Climate-data.org Demographics ( edit ) Population census of Marawi Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1918 6,005 -- 1939 11,319 + 3.06 % 1948 19,657 + 6.32 % 1960 27,049 + 2.70 % 1970 55,708 + 7.48 % 63,332 + 2.61 % 1980 53,812 − 3.20 % 91,901 + 5.50 % 1995 114,389 + 4.19 % 2000 131,090 + 2.96 % 2007 177,391 + 4.26 % 187,106 + 1.96 % 2015 201,785 + 1.45 % Source : Philippine Statistics Authority Language ( edit ) Maranao or Meranaw is widely spoken in Marawi ; however , local inhabitants can also speak Cebuano , Tagalog , English , and Arabic . Religion ( edit ) Islamic Center in Brgy . Pangarungan , Marawi Marawi City is predominantly Muslim city which accounts for 99.6 % of the population . Sharia criminal law exists but without stoning , amputations , flagellations or other Islamic punishments as they are against the law of the Philippines . The distribution of alcoholic products and gambling is forbidden and women must cover their heads , though non-Muslims are exempted from this rule . Other than sharia law in personal matters , these laws are not applicable elsewhere in Lanao del Sur . Economy ( edit ) The economy of Marawi is largely based on agriculture , trading and exporting . Most industries in the city are agriculture - oriented . They include rice and corn farming , hollow blocks manufacturing , goldsmithing , and saw milling . Small and cottage - size enterprises are engaged in garment making , mat and malong weaving , wood carving , brassware making , web development , and blacksmithing . Apart from that , Marawi is home to NPC - Agus 1 Hydro Electric Power Plant and the first of the six cascading Agus Hydro Power Plants . Architecture ( edit ) The feeling of the unique natural setting of the Maranaos in Marawi is manifested by the presence of many large Torogans , an antique royal high - roofed houses with carvings designed by the Meranau , and Amai Sambitory old Buildings in Barrio Naga in front of Tuaka Laput , Marawi . Education ( edit ) The Mindanao State University Marawi is home to the main campus of Mindanao State University , the biggest state university in Mindanao and next to University of the Philippines . Other institutions and colleges are well established in the city and are as follows : Mindanao State University -- Lanao National College of Arts and Trade Jamiatu Muslim Mindanao Jamiatu Philippine Al - Islamia Mapandi Memorial College Jamiatu Marawi Al - Islamia Foundation Pacasum College Marawi Capitol College Lake Lanao College Philippine Muslim Teachers College Marawi Islamic College Senator Ninoy Aquino College Foundation Lanao Islamic Paramedical College Foundation Al - Khwarizmi International College Mindanao Islamic Computer College Datu Mala Memorial College Philippines Engineering and Agro-Industrial College Lanao Central College Khadijah Mohammad Islamic Academy Masiricampo Abantas Memorial Educational Center , Inc . Other notable secondary schools are : Mindanao State University -- Science High School Mindanao State University -- Integrated Laboratory School Mindanao State University -- University Training Center Hadiyyah International School Dansalan College Foundation Inc . Dhayfullah Islamic Institute , Inc . Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation Philippine Integrated School Al - Khwarizmi International College -- Science Laboratory High School Marawi City National High School Dansalan National High School Masiricampo Abantas Memorial Islamic and Science Academy TESDA is also stationed in Marawi which caters to technical training of students for the province . Within the Mindanao State University is the Aga Khan Museum of Islamic Arts which is named in honor of Sultan Aga Khan who contributed to the realization of the museum . Historical development of the country is bank on the large space upon the conservation of cultural materials . It has huge , collection of indigenous art , displayed ethnic music tape recorded , the native folk dances from different regions of Mindanao , Sulu and Palawan , the native tools and weapons used by the Muslims and different artistic designs of houses are the main attractions of museum . Indigenous art and cultural material are being displayed . Sister Cities ( edit ) Local Malaybalay Iligan Zamboanga City Cotabato City Lamitan Butuan Cagayan de Oro See also ( edit ) List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Province : Lanao del Sur '' . PSGC Interactive . Quezon City , Philippines : Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marawi City terrain '' . Google Maps . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Census of Population ( 2015 ) . `` ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao '' . Total Population by Province , City , Municipality and Barangay . PSA . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Administrator ( 2010 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Islamic City of Marawi '' . Government of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao Website . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ History of Iligan - During Spanish times Jump up ^ `` Gov 't forces , Maute group clash in Marawi City '' . CNN Philippines . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte declares martial law in Philippines amid terror clashes . The battle is soon to end said Duterte . '' . UPI . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Protected Areas in Region 12 '' . Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sacred Mountain National Park '' . Google Maps . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Marawi , Islamic City of '' . Biyahero , Philippine Travel Portal . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Marawi City ( Capital ) '' . PSGC Interactive - NSCB . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Climate data : Marawi City - Climate-data.org Jump up ^ Census of Population and Housing ( 2010 ) . `` ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao '' . Total Population by Province , City , Municipality and Barangay . NSO . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Census of Population ( 1995 , 2000 and 2007 ) . `` ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao '' . Total Population by Province , City and Municipality . NSO . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Province of Lanao del Sur '' . Municipality Population Data . Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Marawi . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marawi . Marawi City Profile at the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao Official Website Mindanao State University Official Website Places adjacent to Marawi Saguiaran Kapai Marawi Marantao Lake Lanao Ditsaan - Ramain Articles Related to Marawi Province of Lanao del Sur Marawi ( capital ) Municipalities Amai Manabilang Bacolod - Kalawi Balabagan Balindong Bayang Binidayan Buadiposo - Buntong Bubong Butig Calanogas Ditsaan - Ramain Ganassi Kapai Kapatagan Lumba - Bayabao Lumbaca - Unayan Lumbatan Lumbayanague Madalum Madamba Maguing Malabang Marantao Marogong Masiu Mulondo Pagayawan Piagapo Picong Poona Bayabao Pualas Saguiaran Sultan Dumalondong Tagoloan II Tamparan Taraka Tubaran Tugaya Wao Component city Marawi Marawi Geography Agus River Lake Lanao Sacred Mountain National Park Buildings Aga Khan Museum of Islamic Arts Amai Pakpak Medical Center St. Mary 's Cathedral Education Dansalan College Al Khwarizmi International College Jamiatu Muslim Mindanao Mindanao State University Culture Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Marawi Agama Islam Society Others Battle of Marawi Lanao del Sur , Philippines Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( ARMM ) Regional Center Cotabato City ( provisional and de facto seat of regional government ; part of Region XII ) Provinces Basilan Lanao del Sur Maguindanao Sulu Tawi - Tawi Component Cities Lamitan Marawi Provincial Capitals Bongao Buluan ( executive ) Jolo Lamitan Marawi Sultan Kudarat ( legislative ) Municipalities Akbar Al - Barka Ampatuan Bacolod - Kalawi Balabagan Balindong Banguingui Barira Bayang Binidayan Bongao Buadiposo - Buntong Bubong Buldon Buluan Bumbaran Butig Calanogas Datu Abdullah Sangki Datu Anggal Midtimbang Datu Blah T. Sinsuat Datu Hoffer Ampatuan Datu Montawal Datu Odin Sinsuat Datu Paglas Datu Piang Datu Salibo Datu Saudi - Ampatuan Datu Unsay Ditsaan - Ramain Ganassi General Salipada K. Pendatun Guindulungan Hadji Mohammad Ajul Hadji Muhtamad Hadji Panglima Tahil Indanan Jolo Kabuntalan Kalingalan Caluang Kapai Kapatagan Languyan Lantawan Lugus Lumba - Bayabao Lumbaca - Unayan Lumbatan Lumbayanague Luuk Madalum Madamba Maguing Maimbung Malabang Maluso Mamasapano Mangudadatu Mapun Marantao Marogong Masiu Matanog Mulondo Northern Kabuntalan Old Panamao Omar Pagalungan Pagayawan Paglat Pandag Pandami Panglima Estino Panglima Sugala Pangutaran Parang ( Maguindanao ) Parang ( Sulu ) Pata Patikul Piagapo Picong Poona Bayabao Pualas Rajah Buayan Saguiaran Sapa - Sapa Shariff Aguak Shariff Saydona Mustapha Siasi Sibutu Simunul Sitangkai South Ubian South Upi Sultan Dumalondong Sultan Kudarat Sultan Mastura Sultan sa Barongis Sumisip Tabuan - Lasa Tagoloan II Talayan Talipao Talitay Tamparan Tandubas Tapul Taraka Tipo - Tipo Tubaran Tuburan Tugaya Turtle Islands Ungkaya Pukan Upi Wao Mindanao , Republic of the Philippines Cities of the Philippines Highly Urbanized Cities Angeles Bacolod Baguio Butuan Cagayan de Oro Caloocan Cebu City Davao City General Santos Iligan Iloilo City Lapu - Lapu Las Piñas Lucena Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Mandaue Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Olongapo Parañaque Pasay Pasig Puerto Princesa Quezon City San Juan Tacloban Taguig Valenzuela Zamboanga City Independent Component Cities Cotabato City Dagupan Naga Ormoc Santiago Component Cities Alaminos Antipolo Bacoor Bago Bais Balanga Batac Batangas City Bayawan Baybay Bayugan Biñan Bislig Bogo Borongan Cabadbaran Cabanatuan Cabuyao Cadiz Calamba Calapan Calbayog Candon Canlaon Carcar Catbalogan Cauayan Cavite City Danao Dapitan Dasmariñas Digos Dipolog Dumaguete El Salvador Escalante Gapan General Trias Gingoog Guihulngan Himamaylan Ilagan Imus Iriga Isabela Kabankalan Kidapawan Koronadal La Carlota Lamitan Laoag Legazpi Ligao Lipa Maasin Mabalacat Malaybalay Malolos Marawi Masbate City Mati Meycauayan Muñoz Naga , Cebu Oroquieta Ozamiz Pagadian Palayan Panabo Passi Roxas Sagay Samal San Carlos , Negros Occidental San Carlos , Pangasinan San Fernando , La Union San Fernando , Pampanga San Jose San Jose del Monte San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Silay Sipalay Sorsogon City Surigao City Tabaco Tabuk Tacurong Tagaytay Tagbilaran Tagum Talisay , Cebu Talisay , Negros Occidental Tanauan Tandag Tangub Tanjay Tarlac City Tayabas Toledo Trece Martires Tuguegarao Urdaneta Valencia Victorias Vigan Provincial capital cities and municipalities of the Philippines ( hide ) Luzon Abra : Bangued Albay : Legazpi Apayao : Kabugao / Luna Aurora : Baler Bataan : Balanga Batanes : Basco Batangas : Batangas City Benguet : La Trinidad Bulacan : Malolos Cagayan : Tuguegarao Camarines Norte : Daet Camarines Sur : Pili Catanduanes : Virac Cavite : Imus / Trece Martires Ifugao : Lagawe Ilocos Norte : Laoag Ilocos Sur : Vigan Isabela : Ilagan Kalinga : Tabuk La Union : San Fernando Laguna : Santa Cruz Marinduque : Boac Masbate : Masbate City Mountain Province : Bontoc Nueva Ecija : Palayan Nueva Vizcaya : Bayombong Occidental Mindoro : Mamburao Oriental Mindoro : Calapan Palawan : Puerto Princesa Pampanga : San Fernando Pangasinan : Lingayen Quezon : Lucena Quirino : Cabarroguis Rizal : Antipolo Romblon : Romblon Sorsogon : Sorsogon City Tarlac : Tarlac City Zambales : Iba ( hide ) Visayas Aklan : Kalibo Antique : San Jose de Buenavista Biliran : Naval Bohol : Tagbilaran Capiz : Roxas Cebu : Cebu City Eastern Samar : Borongan Guimaras : Jordan Iloilo : Iloilo City Leyte : Tacloban Negros Occidental : Bacolod Negros Oriental : Dumaguete Northern Samar : Catarman Samar : Catbalogan Siquijor : Siquijor Southern Leyte : Maasin ( hide ) Mindanao Agusan del Norte : Cabadbaran / Butuan Agusan del Sur : Prosperidad Basilan : Lamitan Bukidnon : Malaybalay Camiguin : Mambajao Compostela Valley : Nabunturan Cotabato : Kidapawan Davao del Norte : Tagum Davao del Sur : Digos Davao Occidental : Malita Davao Oriental : Mati Dinagat Islands : San Jose Lanao del Norte : Tubod Lanao del Sur : Marawi Maguindanao : Buluan / Sultan Kudarat Misamis Occidental : Oroquieta Misamis Oriental : Cagayan de Oro Sarangani : Alabel South Cotabato : Koronadal Sultan Kudarat : Isulan Sulu : Jolo Surigao del Norte : Surigao City Surigao del Sur : Tandag Tawi - Tawi : Bongao Zamboanga del Norte : Dipolog Zamboanga del Sur : Pagadian Zamboanga Sibugay : Ipil de facto seat of provincial government seat of legislative branch of provincial government Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marawi&oldid=796634392 '' Categories : Marawi Cities in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 1907 establishments in the Philippines Mountain resorts in the Philippines Populated places established in 1907 Populated places in Lanao del Sur Populated places on Lake Lanao Provincial capitals of the Philippines University towns in the Philippines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kapampangan Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Pangasinan Polski Português Русский Shqip Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 04 : 52 . 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what part of the philippines is marawi city
[ "Marawi City, officially known as the Islamic City of Marawi (Maranao: Inged san Marawi; Arabic: مدينة مراوي‎‎; Filipino: Lungsod Islamiko ng Marawi), is the capital and the largest city of the province of Lanao del Sur on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 201,785.[3]" ]
[ "Mindanao" ]
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Occlusion (dentistry)
Occlusion ( Dentistry ) - wikipedia Occlusion ( Dentistry ) Jump to : navigation , search Occlusion , in a dental context , means simply the contact between teeth . More technically , it is the relationship between the maxillary ( upper ) and mandibular ( lower ) teeth when they approach each other , as occurs during chewing or at rest . Malocclusion is the misalignment of teeth and jaws , or more simply , a `` bad bite '' . Malocclusion can cause a number of health and dental problems . Static occlusion refers to contact between teeth when the jaw is closed and stationary , while dynamic occlusion refers to occlusal contacts made when the jaw is moving . Dynamic occlusion is also termed as articulation . During chewing , there is no tooth contact between the teeth on the chewing side of the mouth . Centric occlusion is the occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation . Centric occlusion is the first tooth contact and may or may not coincide with maximum intercuspation . It is also referred to as a person 's habitual bite , bite of convenience , or intercuspation position ( ICP ) . Centric relation , not to be confused with centric occlusion , is a relationship between the maxilla and mandible . Occlusal problems ( edit ) Malocclusion is the result of the body trying to optimize its function in a dysfunctional environment . It can be associated with a number of problems , including crooked teeth , gum problems , the temporomandibular joint ( TMJ ) , and jaw muscles . Teeth , fillings , and crowns may wear , break , or loosen , and teeth may be tender or ache . Receding gums can be exacerbated by a faulty bite . If the jaw is mispositioned , jaw muscles may have to work harder , which can lead to fatigue and or muscle spasms . This in turn can lead to headaches or migraines , eye or sinus pain , and pain in the neck , shoulder , or even back . Malocclusion can be a contributing factor to sleep disordered breathing which may include snoring , upper airway resistance syndrome , and / or sleep apnea ( apnea means without breath ) . Untreated damaging malocclusion can lead to occlusal trauma . Some of the treatments for different occlusal problems include protecting the teeth with dental splints ( orthotics ) , tooth adjustments , replacement of teeth , medication ( usually temporary ) , a diet of softer foods , TENS to relax tensed muscles , and relaxation therapy for stress - related clenching . Removable dental appliances may be used to alter the development of the jaws . Fixed appliances such as braces may be used to move the teeth in the jaws . Jaw surgery is also used to correct malocclusion . See also ( edit ) Andrew 's six keys to occlusion Dahl effect Malocclusion -- `` bad bite '' Maximum intercuspation , formerly known as centric occlusion -- the bite in which all the teeth are closed together in their natural and physiologic position Mutually protected occlusion -- the way front and back teeth protect each other Occlusal splint -- used to treat malocclusions and bruxism Occlusal trauma -- problems that arise from untreated damaging occlusions Overeruption Vertical dimension of occlusion -- a type of jaw measurement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Sleep Dentistry '' . Sunday , 15 January 2017 `` Tooth surface loss ; Part 3 : Occlusion and splint therapy '' British Dental Journal , Vol. 186 , No. 5 , 1999 - 03 - 13 , via nature.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 18 . Davies , S. , and R.M.J. Gray , `` Practice : What is occlusion ? '' British Dental Journal , Vol. 191 , No. 5 , pp. 235 -- 245 , 2001 - 09 - 08 , via nature.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 18 . `` What is Malocclusion ? '' ( Website ) . American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry , 2007 . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 18 . `` Frequently Asked Questions : Jaw problems and headaches '' . ( Website ) . British Dental Health Foundation , 2014 . Retrieved on 2014 - 07 - 17 . Prosthodontology ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 23.2 -- 23.6 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0C ? W -- X ) Procedures Dental restoration Bridge Resin - retained bridge Rochette bridge Crown Post and core Inlays and onlays Veneer Diagnostic wax - up Removable Dentures Removable partial dentures Maxillofacial Ocular prosthesis Craniofacial prosthesis Physiology Biologic width Centric relation Crown - to - root ratio Maximum intercuspation Occlusion vertical dimension mutually protected Dahl concept Masticatory force Neutral zone See also Dental implant Cosmetic dentistry Dental laboratory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occlusion_(dentistry)&oldid=764442915 '' Categories : Dentistry Teeth Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2017 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does it mean when the dentist says occlusal
[ "Occlusion, in a dental context, means simply the contact between teeth. More technically, it is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or at rest." ]
[ "contact between teeth" ]
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Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)
Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 130 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Shawn Levy Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Kevin Abbott Michael Shipley Matt Berry Tim Doyle Jack Burditt ( season 1 ) Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions Double Wide Productions / NestEgg Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) External links Website Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters . The series includes his interactions with family , neighbors , and coworkers . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Television , the series originally ran on ABC from 2011 to 2017 for six seasons , and entered syndication in 2015 . Despite being ABC 's second - highest rated sitcom for the 2016 -- 17 season , it was revealed in May 2017 that the network had declined to renew Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Media publications reported that ABC was unwilling to cover the production costs for a seventh season on behalf of 20th Century Fox Television . One year later , the studio 's sibling network Fox announced it had picked up the show for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on September 28 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 4.4 Revival on Fox 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Syndication 8 Broadcast 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado , whose world is filled with his wife , three daughters , grandson , and the young men married to or dating his daughters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Mike Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports `` traditional '' American values , is a Protestant and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle ( who later becomes his son - in - law ) , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law married to his oldest daughter , and the father of Mike 's grandson , Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher . After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts , Vanessa begins her own tutoring business . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is shown drinking wine frequently , and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology . Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct , but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor includes bad puns , which irritate Mike and the girls no end . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- present ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan Vogelson , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season ( despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim , playing Kristin 's younger sister ) ; Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) and Molly McCook ( recurring , season 7 ) as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is not as academic as her sisters ( and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework ) , but she excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . She can be lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , shoplifts from Outdoor Man , there are many implications that she smokes weed , and she has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in season 2 . As of season three , she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in season six , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , ( series regular , seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring , season 7 ) the youngest daughter : Eve is intelligent and athletic , and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She also has conservative views like Mike . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve also shares her father 's sense of humor , and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is an excellent student , whose only weak subject is art , though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decides to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs ( without telling either parent ) , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime business partner : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . He also has 5 daughters . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Jet Jurgensmeyer ( recurring , season 7 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , son of Kristin and Ryan : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- present ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , he returned to be involved in Boyd 's upbringing , and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged ( at the end of season 3 ) . Ryan holds liberal views , both politically and philosophically , and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion , hunting culture and nationalism , however , neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach . His vegan diet , views on discipline , and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs , but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike 's side . On rare occasions , Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd , but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa . Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son - in - law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- present ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes , and they regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Chuck 's typical response to something or someone that exasperates him is , `` not cool '' . Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son , Brandon , who is the same age as Eve . Recurring ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store ( `` Bud 's Buds '' ) after it becomes legal in Colorado . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor , who becomes Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . In season 6 , Carol accepts a year - long job in California , leaving Chuck behind in Denver . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also had a cameo as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing products like ATVs , snowmobiles and boat engines . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . ( Episode numbers in parentheses ) Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister Cassandra Peterson as Elvira Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance Tony Hawk as himself Jamie - Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters ( not including the war baby ) Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem Kim Kardashian as herself Tony Stewart as himself Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Frankie Muniz as Richard , who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan Melanie Paxson as Liz Richard Karn as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Si Robertson as Uncle Ray Willie Robertson as Brody Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts , the Baxters ' widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark played Harry Turner , Tim 's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Robin Roberts as Teresa , a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's mountain - climbing former girlfriend Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul , the new pastor of the Baxter family 's church . Nancy Travis played Bill 's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show . Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) ABC 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second-most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox Television , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes '' . His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . A year later , the petition 's signatures had grown to 438,000 . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 , 2017 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home was not quickly found , however . In August 2017 , Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show 's fans to bring it back , and said the talent behind the show had much more to add . Revival on Fox ( edit ) On May 3 , 2018 , Allen tweeted that a return `` just might be a reality '' and prompted the show 's supporters to `` keep it up '' . The same day , TVLine reported that Fox was `` poised to '' resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018 -- 19 TV season , adding that Tim Allen is `` officially on board '' . Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season , but it was `` by no means a sure thing '' , suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed `` at reasonable salaries '' . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox TV 's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Dana Walden , chairman of Fox Television Group , later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018 : `` Obviously , I think everyone took a good , hard look at the performance of Roseanne . It did so well , and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge , iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen . '' On July 2 , Fox announced that , in addition to Allen , series regulars Nancy Travis , Amanda Fuller , Hector Elizondo , Christoph Sanders , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot . Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season , with Fox announcing their roles ( `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively ) would be recast ahead of season 7 . On August 6 , 2018 , it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of Mandy and Boyd , respectively . The article also stated that Kaitlyn Dever , who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable , will return as `` Eve '' in a recurring role only . The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season ; if it is renewed for an eighth season , it will be forced to move to a new time slot , as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) ( L to R ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , season one holds an approval rating of 15 % based on 33 reviews , and an average rating of 4.14 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile . The first season received an 80 % from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79 % . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Hollywood Reporter called the series `` a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting '' . Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series is particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Network No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ABC 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA 7 Fox TBA September 28 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 2018 -- 19 TBA TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Last Man Standing : The Complete First Season 24 May 13 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Second Season 18 Last Man Standing : The Complete Third Season 22 October 28 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 5 , 2015 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fifth Season 22 June 26 , 2018 Last Man Standing : The Complete Sixth Season 22 Syndication ( edit ) On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . As of 2018 , Freeform no longer airs the series . On May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom , and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31 , 2017 . On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . The series also joined WGN America on April 30 , 2018 . Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix . Currently , all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. ; on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia ; City in Canada ; and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 on Sky One , which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings ; the show was bought by E4 , where it premiered on March 13 , 2017 ; Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017 ; in 2018 , 5STAR acquired the show for reruns . In Israel , it airs on yes Comedy . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's Mandy Recast : Molly McCook Replaces Molly Ephraim '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing EP Laments That ' Unfortunate ' Cast Departure '' . TV Line . TV Line . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Commits To ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Nabs ABC Sitcom Pilot '' . AolTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands lead in Tim Allen 's ABC pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis Gets Female Lead In ABC 's Tim Allen Pilot , Jere Burns Joins NBC Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hector Elizondo joins Tim Allen project '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Resurrected At Fox For Season 7 With Original Cast Led By Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' ratings put pressure on networks to revive conservative show ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen teases ' Last Man Standing ' return '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Revival Eyed at Fox , Tim Allen Officially on Board '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Eyes Resurrection At Fox With Star Tim Allen Set to Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen 's Last Man Standing Is Returning to TV 1 Year After Cancellation '' . People . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' resurfaces at Fox , a year after ABC canceled it '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` Tim Allen 's ' Last Man Standing ' returns -- this time on Fox 's fall schedule '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is n't Returning for ' Last Man Standing ' Season 7 ? Two Roles Are Being Recast '' . cheatsheet.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tim ' Last Man Standing ' Regulars Molly Ephraim , Flynn Morrison Exit Ahead of Season 7 , Roles to Be Recast '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Fox and WWE Close Five - Year Deal to Bring ' SmackDown ' to Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cord cutting , millennials ca n't stop Vince McMahon and WWE '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Fall 2015 Schedule with Last Man Standing ; Girl Meets World Tackles Asperger 's Syndrome in Upcoming Episode -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Acquires Last Man Standing for 2016 ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of May 18 , 2015 ) -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Schedule 2011 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` FOX8 premieres : Sept / Oct '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing -- Shows -- TV3 '' . MediaWorks . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E4 buys Last Man Standing '' . Chortle . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . 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[ "Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store (\"Bud's Buds\") after it becomes legal in Colorado." ]
[ "Robert Forster" ]
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Islam in South Asia
Islam in South Asia - wikipedia Islam in South Asia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Desi Muslims Total population ~ 600 million ( 31.4 % ) Regions with significant populations Pakistan 200,294,136 ( 2017 ) India 179,897,471 ( 2016 ) Bangladesh 148,607,000 ( 2010 ) Afghanistan 33,232,029 ( 2016 ) Sri Lanka 2,156,795 ( 2016 ) Nepal 1,277,492 ( 2016 ) Maldives 393,253 ( 2016 ) Bhutan ≤ 2,000 ( 2010 ) Languages Urdu , Classical Arabic ( Sacred language ) , Bengali , Punjabi , Pashto , Sindhi , Tamil , Malayalam , Kashmiri , Saraiki , Balochi , Dari , Gujarati , Memoni , Bihari , Rohingya and more Religion Islam ( Majority Sunni and minority Shia ) Part of a series on Islam in South Asia History Malik bin Deenar Cheraman Perumal Kunhali Marakkar I Cheraman Juma Masjid Ahnaf ibn Qais Muhammad bin Qasim Shah Jalal Mahmud of Ghazni Qutb al - Din Aibak Timur Babur Ahmad Shah Durrani Schools of law Hanafi Shia Shafi ` i Maliki Hanbali Culture Architecture Mughal Indo - Islamic Indo - Saracenic Sharqi Literature Urdu Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Dari ( Persian ) Music Qawwali Hamd Nasheed Naat Ghazal Islam portal South Asia portal Muslims Percentage per Country Country Percent Maldives 100 % Afghanistan 99 % Pakistan 96.28 % Bangladesh 90.4 % India 14.5 % Sri Lanka 9.71 % Nepal 4.4 % Bhutan 0.2 % Islam in South Asia has existed since the beginning of Islamic history . There are approximately 600 million South Asian Muslims , informally known as Desi Muslims , forming 31.4 % of South Asia 's population . In addition , about 30.6 % of all Muslims live in South Asia , which is the largest regional population of Muslims in the world . Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century AD came to coastal Malabar and Konkan - Gujarat . Cheraman Juma Masjid in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India , built in 629 AD by Malik ibn Dinar . Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century AD , immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat . After the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed , the Muslim Arabs then began to move towards the lands east of Persia and in 652 captured Herat . In 712 CE , a young Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Umayyad empire , to be made the `` As - Sindh '' province with its capital at Al - Mansurah , 72 km ( 45 mi ) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh . Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate . But due to the instability of the empire and the defeat in various wars with north Indian and south Indian rulers including the Caliphate campaigns in India , where the Hindu rulers like the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty defeated the Umayyad Arabs , they were contained to Sindh and southern Punjab . There was gradual conversion to Islam in the south , especially amongst the native Hindu and Buddhist majority , but in areas north of Multan , Hindus and Buddhists remained numerous . By the end of the 10th century CE , the region was ruled by several Hindu Shahi kings who would be subdued by the Ghaznavids . Dawoodi Bohra Ismailli Shia was established in Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century , when Fatimid Imam Mustansir sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH / 1073 AD . Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India 's religious and cultural heritage . Muslims have played a prominent role in India 's economic rise and cultural influence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early Muslim traders 1.2 Caliphate 1.3 Later Muslim conquest 1.4 Last Muslim conquest 2 Current status 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Early Muslim traders ( edit ) Main article : Islam in India See also : Islam in Sri Lanka Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid on the Malabar Coast , probably the first Mosque in India Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent since ancient times . Even in the pre-Islamic era , Arab traders used to visit the Konkan - Gujarat coast and Malabar region , which linked them with the ports of South East Asia . Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam 's first contact with India . Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book , The History of India as told by its own Historians , that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 AD . H.G. Rawlinson in his book Ancient and Medieval History of India claims that the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century AD . ( Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum 's `` Tuhfat al - Mujahidin '' is also a reliable work . ) This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals and by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV . It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world . Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went . The first Indian mosque , Cheraman Juma Masjid , is thought to have been built in 629 AD by Malik Bin Deenar . In Malabar , the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam . Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam . These new converts were now added to the Mappila community . Thus , among the Mappilas we find both the descendants of the Arabs through local women and converts from among the local people . Caliphate ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in Afghanistan and Islam in Pakistan During the 7th century , the Rashidun Caliphate Arabs entered modern - day Afghanistan after decisively defeating the Sassanian Persians in Nihawand . Following this colossal defeat , the last Sassanid Emperor , Yazdegerd III , who became a hunted fugitive , fled eastward deep into Central Asia . In pursuing Yazdegerd , the route the Arabs selected to enter the area was from north - eastern Iran and thereafter into Herat , where they stationed a large portion of their army before advancing toward northern Afghanistan . A large number of the inhabitants of northern Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts , particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik and Umar ibn AbdulAziz . In south , Abdur Rahman bin Samara introduced Islam to the natives of Zabulistan which was ruled by the Zunbils . During the reign of Al - Mu'tasim Islam was generally practiced amongst most inhabitants of the region and finally under Ya'qub - i Laith Saffari , Islam was by far , the predominant religion of Kabul along with other major cities of Afghanistan . The father of Abu Hanifa , Thabit bin Zuta , was a native from modern - day Afghanistan . He immigrated to Kufa ( in Iraq ) , where Hanifa was born . Later , the Samanids propagated Sunni Islam deep into the heart of Central Asia , as the first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred in the 9th century . Since then , Islam has dominated the country 's religious landscape . Islamic leaders have entered the political sphere at various times of crisis , but rarely exercised secular authority for long . Although soon after conquering the Middle East from the Byzantine empire and the Sassanid Empire , Arab forces had reached the present western regions of Pakistan , during the period of Rashidun caliphacy , it was in 712 CE that a young Arab general called Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Umayyad empire , to be made the `` As - Sindh '' province with its capital at Al - Mansurah , 72 km ( 45 mi ) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh . Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate . But the instability of the empire and the defeat in various wars with north Indian and south Indian rulers including the Caliphate campaigns in India , where the Hindu rulers like the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty defeated the Umayyad Arabs , they were contained till only Sindh and southern Punjab . There was gradual conversion to Islam in the south , especially amongst the native Hindu and Buddhist majority , but in areas north of Multan , Hindus and Buddhists remained numerous . By the end of the 10th century CE , the region was ruled by several Hindu Shahi kings who would be subdued by the Ghaznavids . Later Muslim conquest ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in Bangladesh , Islam in Nepal , and Islam in Bhutan Muslim incursions resumed under later Turkic and Central Asian Mongol dynasties with more local capitals , who supplanted the Caliphate and expanded their domains both northwards and eastwards and led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate . Under Sabuktigin , Ghazni found itself in conflict with the Shahi Raja Jayapala . When Sabuktigin died and his son Mahmud ascended the throne in 998 , Ghazni was engaged in the North with the Qarakhanids when the Shahi Raja renewed hostilities . In the first half of the 10th century , Mahmud of Ghazni added the Punjab to the Ghaznavid Empire and conducted 17 raids on modern - day India . In the 11th century , Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud played a significant role in the conversion of locals ( Hindus ) to Islam . Tughril was the grandson of Seljuq and brother of Chaghri , under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the Ghaznavids . Initially the Seljuqs were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm , but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture Merv and Nishapur ( 1037 ) . Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037 . In 1040 at the Battle of Dandanaqan , they decisively defeated Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavids , forcing him to abandon most of his western territories to the Seljuqs . A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century from Muhammad of Ghor . This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate . Tīmūr bin Taraghay Barlas , known in the West as Tamerlane or `` Timur the lame '' , was a 14th - century warlord of Turco - Mongol descent , conqueror of much of western and central Asia , and founder of the Timurid Empire ( 1370 -- 1507 ) in Central Asia ; the Timurid dynasty survived until 1857 as the Mughal dynasty of India . Last Muslim conquest ( edit ) Islam by country Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia Central Asia China Hong Kong Macau Tibet East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Maldives Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Asia Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Macedonia Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales USSR Americas ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Oceania ( show ) Australia Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Islam portal Main article : Durrani Empire See also : Ahmad Shah Durrani , Third Battle of Panipat , and Pashtun empires and dynasties Ahmad Shah Durrani and his coalition decisively defeat the Maratha Confederacy , during the Third Battle of Panipat and restored the Mughal Empire to Shah Alam II . Ahmed Shah Abdali -- a Pashtun -- embarked on a conquest in South Asia starting in 1747 . In the short space of just over a quarter of a century , he forged one of the largest Muslim empires of the 18th century . The high point of his conquests was his victory over the powerful Marathas in the third Battle of Panipat 1761 . In South Asia his empire stretched from the Indus at Attock all the way to the outskirts of Delhi . Uninterested in long term of conquest or in replacing the Mughal Empire , he became increasingly pre occupied with revolts by the Sikhs . His empire started to unravel not long after his death . Current status ( edit ) See also : Islam in the Maldives South Asian Muslims are the majority in Afghanistan ( 99 % ) , Bangladesh ( 90 % ) , Pakistan ( 96 % ) and Maldives ( 100 % ) , but are concentrated in India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . See also ( edit ) Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent Muslim nationalism in South Asia Islam in Europe References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sense and sensibility in South Asia '' . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Muslim question '' . Times of India Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of the Global Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 2011 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives '' . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center - Global Religious Landscape 2010 - religious composition by country . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Afghanistan '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Census '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives '' . Law.emory.edu. 1920 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maldives -- Religion , countrystudies.us Jump up ^ Population by religions Archived 17 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan Jump up ^ `` Table 1 '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` '' Region : South Asia `` '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Editor , Daniel Burke , CNN Religion . `` The moment American Muslims were waiting for '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . ISBN 9780415448512 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` How South Asia Will Save Global Islam '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Trade , not invasion brought Islam to India '' . The Times of India . 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wink , André ( 1990 ) . Al - Hind , the making of the Indo - Islamic world ( 2 . ed. , amended . ed . ) . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 68 . ISBN 9004092498 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Up to about the tenth century the largest settlement of Arabs and Persian Muslim traders are not found in Malabar however but rather more to the north in coastal towns of the Konkan and Gujarat , where in pre-Islamic times the Persians dominated the trade with the west . Here the main impetus to Muslim settlement came from the merchants of the Persian Gulf and Oman , with a minority from Hadramaut . Jump up ^ `` Cheraman Juma Masjid : A 1,000 - year - old lamp burns in this mosque '' . Jump up ^ `` PM Narendra Modi likely to visit India 's oldest mosque during Kerala trip '' . Jump up ^ `` Solomon To Cheraman '' . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi gifts gold - plated replica of ancient Kerala mosque to Saudi King '' . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Indian mosque sets new precedent '' . Jump up ^ `` 1400 - year - old mosque to be restored to its original form '' . Jump up ^ Gokhale . Surat In The Seventeenth Century . Popular Prakashan . p. 28 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Islam was introduced into Gujarat in the 7th century A.D. The first Arab raid came in 635 when the Governor of Bahrain sent an expedition against Broach . Then through the centuries colonies of Arab and Persian merchants began sprouting in the port cities of Gujarat , such as Cambay , Broach and Surat . Jump up ^ Afghanistan , The 7th - 18th centuries , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Sindh. ( 2007 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 15 , from : Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ; p. 33 ; ' act of al Mustansir was sending missionaries to Gujarat ' Jump up ^ Survival Amidst Fatimid Collapse ; The Ismaili da'wa Outside the Fatimid dawla , by Daftary , F. `` The Ismaili da'wa Outside the Fatimid dawla , '' in L'Egypte Fatimide : Son Art et Son Histoire , Marianne Barrucand ( ed . ) pp. 29 - 43 . Paris : Presses de l'Universite de Paris - Sorbonne ; ' around 460AH / 1067AD , Yamani da ` is were dispatched to Gujarat under the close supervision of the Sulayhids ' Jump up ^ Sharma , Usha . Cultural and Religious Heritage of India : Islam . Mittal Publications , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 960 - 7 . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 960 - X . Jump up ^ Madani , Mohsen ( 1993 ) . Impact of Hindu Culture on Muslims . MDPPL . p. 1 . Jump up ^ ISBN 81 - 86050 - 79 - 5 Ancient and Medieval History of India Jump up ^ ISBN 983 - 9154 - 80 - X Jump up ^ Sturrock , J. , South Canara and Madras District Manual ( 2 vols. , Madras , 1894 -- 1895 ) Jump up ^ ISBN 81 - 85843 - 05 - 8 Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV Jump up ^ - Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community Archived 2006 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William Logan , Malabar Manual , Asian Educational Services , 1996 ISBN 81 - 206 - 0446 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0446 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Islamic Voice - DHU'L QADAH / DHU'L HAJJ '' . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahrain tribune World 's second oldest mosque is in India Archived 2006 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A mosque from a Hindu king ; Travelogue ; News from India , News for Tourists and Travellers , India Travel Times , India News , India News Times , Indian News , Travel News , Travel , Tourism , '' . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Arabic As a Minority Language By Jonathan Owens , pg. 181 Jump up ^ The preaching of Islam : a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith , By Thomas Walker Arnold , pg. 183 Jump up ^ André Wink , `` Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World '' , Brill 1990 . p 120 Jump up ^ Andre Wink , Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World , Vol. 2 , ( Brill , 2002 ) , 9 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Iran , The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism , ed . Antoine Sfeir and John King , transl . John King , ( Columbia University Press , 2007 ) , 141 . Jump up ^ B.F. Manz , `` Tīmūr Lang '' , in Encyclopaedia of Islam , Online Edition , 2006 Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , `` Timur '' , 6th ed. , Columbia University Press : `` ... Timur ( timoor ' ) or Tamerlane ( tăm'urlān ) , c. 1336 -- 1405 , Mongol conqueror , b . Kesh , near Samarkand ... `` , ( LINK ) Jump up ^ `` Timur '' , in Encyclopædia Britannica : `` ... ( Timur ) was a member of the Turkic Barlas clan of Mongols ... '' Jump up ^ `` Baber '' , in Encyclopædia Britannica : `` ... Baber first tried to recover Samarkand , the former capital of the empire founded by his Mongol ancestor Timur Lenk ... '' Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram ( 1964 ) . `` XIX . A Century of Political Decline : 1707 -- 1803 '' . In Ainslie T. Embree . Muslim Civilization in India . New York : Columbia University Press . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Asger Christensen . `` Aiding Afghanistan : The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society '' pp 12 . NIAS Press , 1995 . ISBN 8787062445 Jump up ^ Hamid Wahed Alikuzai . `` A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes , volume 14 . '' pp. 202 . Trafford Publishing , 2013 . ISBN 1490714413 Jump up ^ pewforum.org Further reading ( edit ) Jamal Malik . Islam in South Asia : A Short History . Leiden and Boston : Brill , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Islam in Asia at the Open Directory Project ( hide ) Muslims in South Asia Middle Ages Malik Deenar Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Arabs in Pakistan Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent Umayyad campaigns in India Mahmud of Ghazni Seljuk Empire Ghurid dynasty Delhi Sultanate Timurid Empire Timurid family tree Early Modern Timeline of Hindu clan conversions to Islam First Battle of Panipat Third Battle of Panipat Modern Two - nation theory Pakistan Movement Partition of India Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Indus Waters Treaty India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry 2001 Bangladesh -- India border clashes Patriotic hacking Contemporary issues Hindi -- Urdu controversy Muslim nationalism in South Asia Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Ayodhya dispute Sharing the water of the Ganges Islamophobia By Country Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Asia&oldid=800773899 '' Categories : Islam by continent Islam in Asia Religion in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2017 All articles needing copy edit All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did islam begin its spread overland into south asia quizlet
[ "Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century AD came to coastal Malabar[23] and Konkan-Gujarat.[24] Cheraman Juma Masjid in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 AD by Malik ibn Dinar.[25][26][27][28][29][30] Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century AD, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat.[31] After the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed, the Muslim Arabs then began to move towards the lands east of Persia and in 652 captured Herat.[32]" ]
[ "the 7th century AD" ]
7399854203742597333
DREAM Act
DREAM Act - wikipedia DREAM Act Jump to : navigation , search DREAM Act Colloquial name ( s ) DREAM Act Introduced on August 1 , 2001 Sponsored by Dick Durbin , Orrin Hatch Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 1291 by Dick Durbin , and Orrin Hatch on August 1 , 2001 The DREAM Act ( acronym for Development , Relief , and Education for Alien Minors Act ) is an American legislative proposal for a multi-phase process for qualifying alien minors in the United States that would first grant conditional residency and , upon meeting further qualifications , permanent residency . The bill was first introduced in the Senate on August 1 , 2001 , S. 1291 by United States Senators Dick Durbin ( D - Illinois ) and Orrin Hatch ( R - Utah ) , and has since been reintroduced several times but has failed to pass . Contents ( hide ) 1 Requirements 1.1 For conditional resident status 1.2 For permanent residency 2 Background 3 Legislative history 3.1 2009 3.2 2010 3.3 2011 3.4 2012 4 Projections of economic impact 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Requirements ( edit ) Beneficiaries of the DREAM Act must meet the following requirements : They were younger than 18 years old on the date of their initial entry to the United States Have proof of having arrived in the United States before age 16 ( Dream Act of 2017 , S. 1615 , Sec. 3 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( B ) , and HR3440 , Sec. 3 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( B ) ) . Have proof of residence in the United States for at least four consecutive years since their date of arrival If male , have registered with the Selective Service Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time of bill enactment Have graduated from an American high school , obtained a GED , or been admitted to an institution of higher education Be of good moral character During the first six years , qualifying people would be granted `` conditional '' status and would be required to ( a ) graduate from a two - year community college or ( b ) complete at least two years towards a four - year degree or ( c ) serve two years in the US military . After this six - year period , those who meet at least one of these three conditions would be eligible to apply for permanent resident status . During this six - year conditional period , they would not be eligible for federal higher education grants such as Pell grants but they would be able to apply for student loans and work study . If they have met all of the conditions at the end of the 6 - year conditional period , they would be granted permanent residency , which would eventually allow them to become U.S. citizens . It is not known how many of those eligible would go on to complete the further requirements . One organization estimated that only 7,000 -- 13,000 college students nationally can fulfill the further obligations . A different analysis found that over 2 million individuals could benefit under the Act . For conditional resident status ( edit ) The individual must : have proof that they entered the United States before the age of 16 and must have continuously lived in the country for at least 5 years have graduated from a United States high school or obtained a GED in the US . demonstrate good moral character pass criminal background checks and reviews After having obtained and held conditional resident status , permanent residency may be granted if the following requirements have been met in a period of six years . For permanent residency ( edit ) The individual must : Have attended an institution of higher learning or served in the United States military for at least two years and if discharged , have received an honorable discharge Pass another series of background checks Continue to demonstrate good moral character If these requirements are not fulfilled the conditional resident will lose their legal status and be subject to deportation . Background ( edit ) Members of Congress have introduced several forms of this bill in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . Members in the House passed one such bill on December 8 , 2010 by a vote of 216 -- 198 ; Senators debated a version of the DREAM Act on September 21 , 2010 . A previous version of the bill , S. 2205 , which required 60 votes to gain cloture , failed on a 52 -- 44 vote in 2007 , eight votes short of overcoming a filibuster by senators opposed to the bill . The United States military faced challenges in enlistment , which in 2005 were described as a `` crisis '' , though the economic downturn of 2007 -- 2010 did away with many of the enlistment challenges . Immigrants without a United States Permanent Resident Card ( also known as a green card ) are not allowed to enlist . In 2007 , several senior officials at the Department of Defense have spoken in favor of promising resident status to members of the military as a means of boosting recruitment . The bill also restores the option for states to determine residency for purposes of higher education benefits by repealing Section 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) of 1996 ( 8 U.S.C. § 1623 . The majority of states interpret this provision as disqualifying illegal immigrant students from certain higher education benefits such as in - state tuition rates . Some states have enacted laws aimed at making illegal state residents eligible for in - state tuition rates without violating this IIRIRA provision . However , some students paying out - of - state tuition have filed lawsuits in these states , claiming state education officials violated this federal law . Legislative history ( edit ) The original version of the DREAM Act was introduced on April 25 , 2001 by Representative Luis Gutiérrez , Democrat from Illinois , as the `` Immigrant Children 's Educational Advancement and Dropout Prevention Act of 2001 '' ( H.R. 1582 ) during the 107th Congress . This bill received 34 cosponsors , and would have allowed illegal immigrant students to first apply to be protected from deportation and then apply for and receive lawful permanent residency if they met the criteria . One month later , on May 21 , 2001 , Gutiérrez 's version of the bill was scrapped in favor of a more limited version entitled `` Student Adjustment Act of 2001 '' ( H.R. 1918 ) , introduced by Representative Chris Cannon , Republican from Utah . This version of the bill lowered age eligibility to 21 years of age and garnered 62 cosponsors . On August 1 , 2001 a mirror bill to the `` Student Adjustment Act of 2001 '' was introduced in the Senate by Senator Orrin Hatch , also a Republican from Utah . This legislation , S. 1291 , was the first bill given the short title of `` Development , Relief , and Education for Alien Minors Act '' or `` DREAM Act . '' Since that time the DREAM Act has been introduced in both the Senate and the House at various times . The text of the bill was placed in various other immigration - related bills , including the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 ( S. 2611 ) and the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 ( S. 1348 ) . With the failure of these comprehensive reform bills , Senator Richard Durbin , Democrat from Illinois , made its passage a top priority for 2007 . In September 2007 , Durbin filed to place the DREAM Act as an amendment to the 2008 Department of Defense Authorization Bill ( S. 2919 ) . In light of the criticism , Durbin tabled the amendment in favor of a rewritten DREAM Act amendment to the Defense Bill . In consideration of their opponents , all language regarding in - state tuition was removed from the amendment and an age cap of 30 was put in place for potential beneficiaries . Military leaders embraced the bill , which included the promise of resident status to members of the military , as a means of boosting recruitment . On October 18 , 2007 , Durbin , along with Republican co-sponsors Charles Hagel of Nebraska and Richard Lugar of Indiana , introduced the DREAM Act as S. 2205 . Though nearly identical to the revised amendment to the Defense Bill , opponents continued to cite previous arguments . To bring the DREAM Act up for debate , a vote was scheduled on October 24 that would require a filibuster - proof count of 60 yes votes , but that failed . Senate opponents cited a variety of reasons for their opposition . Some labeled the DREAM Act as amnesty that would encourage chain migration and further illegal immigration in anticipation of new versions of the DREAM Act . Others stated that the DREAM Act , though worthy legislation , should be enacted only as part of a comprehensive immigration reform . Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison , who had previously stated that she would oppose consideration of the DREAM Act , announced on the Senate floor that she had expressed reservations to Durbin and he had made a verbal commitment to work with her to make changes that she saw necessary to garner greater Republican support . In response , Durbin announced that the first amendment that would be considered , should debate of the DREAM Act begin , would completely re-write the bill in favor of the language that Hutchison suggested . According to her suggestions , illegal immigrant students should be allowed to hold a temporary student visa with a renewable work permit instead of conditional permanent residency . Although 52 Senators voted in favor of considering the DREAM Act , this fell eight votes short of breaking filibuster and the legislation was not considered . 2009 ( edit ) The act was re-introduced in both chambers of Congress on Thursday , March 26 , 2009 , during the 111th Congress by Senators Dick Durbin ( D - IL ) , Richard Lugar ( R - IN ) , Harry Reid ( D - NV ) , Mel Martinez ( R - FL ) , Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) , Joseph Lieberman ( I - CT ) , Ted Kennedy ( D - MA ) , and Russ Feingold ( D - WI ) and U.S. Representative Howard Berman ( D - CA ) . To date , 128 representatives and 39 senators ( not including former Senator Edward Kennedy ) co-sponsored the bill . Under this version of the DREAM Act , immigrants could qualify in part , by meeting the following requirements : Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time the Law is enacted Arrived in the United States before the age of 16 Resided continuously in the United States for at least 5 consecutive years since the date of their arrival Graduated from a US high school or obtained a General Education Diploma Good moral character In addition to the temporary Residency , illegal immigrant students who qualified would also be entitled to apply for student loans and work study but would not be eligible for Pell grants . In certain circumstances , the person could lose temporary immigration residency if he or she did not meet the educational or military service requirement within the six - year time period or if they committed any crimes ( other than those considered non-drug related misdemeanors ) regardless of whether or not they had already been approved for permanent status at the end of their six years . If an individual were convicted of a major crime or drug - related infraction , ( except for a single offense of possession of 30 g or less of marijuana ) they would automatically lose the six - year temporary residence status and be immediately subject to deportation . The 111th Congress continued to consider the DREAM Act bill throughout 2010 . S. 3827 , a new version of the DREAM Act , includes numerous changes to address concerns raised about the bill . The DREAM Act , along with a repeal of `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' , was incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 2011 . On September 21 , 2010 , the Senate filibuster of the bill was maintained in a 56 -- 43 vote ; it would have taken 60 votes to stop the filibuster and continue the progress of the bill . The following day , Durbin introduced the bill once again along with Richard Lugar . Only two senators co-sponsored the bill and it was defeated again . Less than a month later , on November 16 , President Barack Obama and top Democrats pledged to introduce the Dream Act into the House by November 29 . The House of Representatives passed the DREAM Act on December 8 , 2010 , but the bill failed to reach the 60 - vote threshold necessary to end debate on the Senate floor ( 55 - 41 -- Motion to invoke cloture on the motion to concur in the House amendment to the Senate amendment No. 3 to H.R. 5281 ) . 2011 ( edit ) On May 11 , 2011 , then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid reintroduced the DREAM Act in the Senate . Some Republicans who had supported the bill in the past , including Sen. John Cornyn of Texas , Jon Kyl of Arizona , John McCain of Arizona , and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina , withheld their votes , objecting that such a bill should not be granted without increasing immigration enforcement . Reid indicated that he would consider adding a workplace enforcement measure in the DREAM Act that would require every employer to use E-Verify , the government 's Internet - based work eligibility verification system . President Obama supported the bill as one of his efforts to reform the US immigration system . In July 2011 , the state of California enacted the California DREAM Act , giving undocumented immigrant students access to private college scholarships for state schools . In August , the state of Illinois authorized a privately funded scholarship plan for children of immigrants both documented and undocumented . 2012 ( edit ) On June 15 , 2012 , President Barack Obama announced that his administration would stop deporting undocumented immigrants who match certain criteria included in the proposed DREAM Act . On August 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) began accepting applications under the Obama administration 's new Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ( DACA ) program . Thousands applied for the new program . Because DACA was designed in large measure to address the immigration status of the same people as the DREAM Act , the two programs are often debated together , with some making little distinction between them and others focusing on the difference between the DREAM Act 's legislative approach in contrast to the implementation of DACA through executive action . As of January 2017 , 740,000 people have registered through DACA . Projections of economic impact ( edit ) In a December 2010 report , the federal Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the November 30 , 2010 version of the DREAM Act would reduce ( federal ) direct deficits by about $1.4 billion over the 2011 -- 2020 period and increase federal government revenues by $2.3 billion over the next 10 years . Indirect federal costs ( about 80 % of the federal budget ) and state and local tax impacts were not considered . However , the same report also notes that the Act `` would increase projected deficits by more than $5 billion in at least one of the four consecutive 10 - year periods starting in 2021 '' ( emphasis added ) . A study conducted by the Center for American Progress estimates that if passed , the DREAM Act would create 1.4 million jobs by 2030 , primarily through the expected increase in educational attainment , earnings , and buying power for `` DREAMers '' . Luis Miranda , White House Director of Hispanic Media , has spoken in support of the 2010 version of the DREAM Act . He argues that passage of the Act would make the U.S. more competitive in the global economy by allowing illegal immigrants `` to live up to their fullest potential and contribute to the economic growth of our country . '' Miranda argues that the DREAM Act would not create an `` amnesty program '' because it requires a `` lengthy and rigorous process '' to be eligible for benefits , requiring , for example , a criminal background check and proof that the applicant has not committed any crimes that would make him ineligible for residency . Miranda also argues the Act would not encourage more students to immigrate because it only applies to illegal immigrants who are already in the country . Furthermore , the Act would create a waiting period before DREAM Act applicants could sponsor green card applications for their relatives . Miranda also notes that Defense Secretary Robert Gates has stated that the DREAM Act would provide an expanded pool of military recruits . A 2010 study by UCLA 's North American Integration and Development Center , an advocacy and research group that focuses on `` transnationalism and globalization through action research '' , conducting `` interdisciplinary research concerning the economic integration process between the United States , Mexico and Canada '' , produced two estimates of the income that would be earned by illegal immigrants who would be potentially eligible for the proposed DREAM Act benefits . The first estimate is based on analysis from a study by the Migration Policy Institute 's National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy , an organization seeking to `` advance the economic mobility and social inclusion of immigrants in the United States '' , which estimated that 38 % of those eligible for the DREAM Act 's benefits would actually obtain legal permanent resident status . In that scenario , the NAIDC estimates that DREAM Act beneficiaries would earn $1.4 trillion over a 40 - year period . On the other hand , NAIDC estimates that if all those eligible for DREAM Act benefits successfully met the education or military service requirements and obtained legal resident status , they would earn $3.6 trillion over the same 40 - year period . How many dollars they would use of available federal , state and local resources over the 40 - year period was not estimated . See also ( edit ) Illegal immigration to the United States Immigration policy Plyler v. Doe Trail of Dreams 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No Dreamers Left Behind '' ( PDF ) . ucla.edu . Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill S. 1291 '' . Congress.gov . ^ Jump up to : S. 729 Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress '' . thomas.loc.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s1615/text/is Jump up ^ https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3440/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22hr+3440%22%5D%7D&r=1 Jump up ^ `` '' What is Good Moral Character ? `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DREAM opportunities '' . Bangor Daily News . October 9 , 2007 . p. 6 . ISSN 0892 - 8738 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress '' . thomas.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Further Demographic Information Relating to theDREAM Act , The Urban Institute , October 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` DREAM Act Offers Amnesty to 2.1 Million '' . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/DREAM-Act-WhiteHouse-FactSheet.pdf Jump up ^ `` House OKs bill aimed at illegal youth immigrants '' . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Roll Call Vote '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jamie ( June 3 , 2005 ) . `` US lowers standards in army numbers crisis '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jordan , Miriam . `` Bill Offers U.S. Citizenship for Military Service '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Y ( 2006 ) . To dream or not to dream : a cost - benefit analysis of the development , relief , and education for undocumented minors ( DREAM ) act . 16 . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . pp. 231 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Feder , J. ( 2010 ) . Unauthorized undocumented students , higher education , and in - state tuition rates : a legal analysis . RS22500 . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Morse , A ; Bimbach , K ( 2010 ) . `` In - State Tuition and Unauthorized Immigrant Students '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Jump up ^ Barnett , Pamela ( April 25 , 2001 ) . `` Gutierrez Ties Immigration Proposal to Education Status '' . CongressDaily . Jump up ^ Spuriell , Stephen ( July 10 , 2007 ) . `` Death Knell for Immigration ? '' . The Corner . National Review Online . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` Bill would grant citizenship for service '' . Army Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Web Site unavailable ( Library of Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Dave ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Senate to vote on whether to take up limited immigration bill '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service : 1 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DREAM Act : NILC statement on October 24 Senate vote '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Web Site unavailable ( Library of Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ `` Dream Act 2013 '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate halts ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . CNN . September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ Am ; Reporter , a Terkel Senior Political ; Post , The Huffington ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Obama And Top Congressional Democrats Call For DREAM Act 's Passage Before Year 's End '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes DREAM Act Immigration Measures '' . Fox News . December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ S. 3992 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress -- 2nd Session '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Reid reintroduces the DREAM Act '' . May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DREAM Act Immigration Legislation receives support from US President '' . Migration Expert . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/california-dream-act-approved-illegal-immigrants-013617230.html Jump up ^ Sabella , Jen ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Illinois DREAM Act Signed By Governor Quinn ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Cohen , Tom ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Obama administration to stop deporting some young undocumented immigrants '' . CNN . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of ' Dreamers ' line up to apply for deferral program '' . NBC News . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Tom ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Immigration lawsuit revives DREAM Act debate '' . CNN . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fortunately , Trump gives young , undocumented DREAMers a reprieve -- for now '' . Miami Herald . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S. 3992 , Development , Relief , and Education for Alien Minors Act of 2010 '' . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guzmán , Juan Carlos ; Jara , Raul C. `` The Economic Benefits of Passing the DREAM Act '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get The Facts On The DREAM Act '' . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Center '' . National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy . Jump up ^ No DREAMers Left Behind , North American Integration and Development Center , University of California , Los Angeles . External links ( edit ) H.R. 1751 : Full text of the 2009 House bill , via THOMAS S. 3992 : Full text of the 2009 Senate bill , via THOMAS After GOP Blocks DREAM Act , Where is Immigration Activism Headed ? -- video report by Democracy Now ! Born and Raised -- video by Borderstories.org Dream Act Laws ( hide ) Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&oldid=821722070 '' Categories : United States proposed federal immigration and nationality legislation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 06 : 26 . About Wikipedia
when was the last time the dream act was introduced
[ "On May 11, 2011, then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid reintroduced the DREAM Act in the Senate. Some Republicans who had supported the bill in the past, including Sen. John Cornyn of Texas, Jon Kyl of Arizona, John McCain of Arizona, and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, withheld their votes, objecting that such a bill should not be granted without increasing immigration enforcement. Reid indicated that he would consider adding a workplace enforcement measure in the DREAM Act that would require every employer to use E-Verify, the government's Internet-based work eligibility verification system.[35] President Obama supported the bill as one of his efforts to reform the US immigration system.[36]" ]
[ "May 11, 2011" ]
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Major League Baseball schedule
Major League Baseball schedule - wikipedia Major League Baseball schedule The Major League Baseball ( MLB ) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , played over approximately six months -- a total of 2,430 games , plus the postseason . The regular season runs from late March / early April to late September / early October , followed by the postseason which can run to early November . The season begins with the official Opening Day , and , as of 2018 , runs 261⁄2 weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October . One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day . It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year , provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series , Championship Series , and World Series with each series going the distance ( 5 games in the Division Series , 7 games each in the League Championship Series / World Series ) . The regular season is constructed from series . Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games , pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other ( except in the instance of making up a postponed game ) ; instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark . Most often the series are of three or four games , but two - game series are also scheduled . Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week . Depending on the length of the series , mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday , while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday . Beginning in 2018 , teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 261⁄2 weeks . Due to the mid-week all - star break in July , teams are scheduled to play 27 weekend series and 25 mid-week series for a total of 52 series ( 24 divisional series , 20 inter-divisional series , 8 inter-league series ) . A team 's road games are usually grouped into a multi-series road trip ; home series are grouped into homestands . Note that rainouts and other cancellations are often rescheduled ad hoc during the season , sometimes as doubleheaders . However , if two teams are scheduled to meet for the final time in the last two weeks of the season , and the game is cancelled , it may not be rescheduled if there is no impact on the divisional or wild card races . For example , in 2016 , the September 29 game between the Cleveland Indians and Detroit Tigers was cancelled due to rain because the teams were unable to reschedule a make - up date before the end of the season on October 2 , and it did not affect the divisional race . In contrast , a 2008 AL Central division game between Detroit and the Chicago White Sox needed to be made up following the last day of the regular season because it affected a division race involving the White Sox and the Minnesota Twins . Contents 1 Historical season schedules 1.1 National League 1.2 American League 1.3 American Association 1.4 Union Association 1.5 Players ' League 1.6 Federal League 1.7 National Association of Professional Base Ball Players 2 Recent season schedules 2.1 1998 to 2012 2.1. 1 Interleague play 2.1. 2 9 / 11 rescheduling 2.2 2013 -- 2017 2.3 2018 ​ -- present 3 Time of first pitch 4 References 5 Further reading Historical season schedules ( edit ) This account gives the length of the major league `` championship season '' schedule by league and year . It does not cover the curtailment of play by war ( 1918 ) or by strikes and lockouts ( 1972 , 1981 , 1994 ) . The schedules for 1995 were revised and shortened from 162 to 144 games , after late resolution of the strike that had begun in 1994 required a delay in the season to accommodate limited spring training . The listed years are those in which the league revised its schedule . For example , the National League ( NL ) scheduled 84 games during 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , and 1882 -- that is , four seasons from 1879 , ending before 1883 , the next listing . 1876 is listed here for convenience although the NL did not schedule games ( see 1871 to 1876 , below ) . National League ( edit ) Start year Total Games Schedule 1876 70 10 games × 7 opponents -- matches scheduled by the two clubs ( as previously , below ) 1877 60 12 games × 5 opponents -- the first league schedule 1879 84 12 games × 7 opponents 1883 98 14 games × 7 opponents 1884 112 16 games × 7 opponents 1886 126 18 games × 7 opponents 1888 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1892 154 14 games × 11 opponents 1893 132 12 games × 11 opponents 1898 154 14 games × 11 opponents 1900 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1904 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1919 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1920 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1962 162 18 games × 9 opponents 1969 162 18 games × 5 opponents in - division , 12 × 6 interdivision games ( yielding 90 intra - and 72 inter-division games ) 1993 162 expansion -- 13 games × 6 opponents in - division , 12 × 7 interdivision games ( 78 intra - and 84 inter-division ) 1994 162 leagues split into 3 divisions -- schedules based on 1993 alignments 1997 162 inter-league play introduced -- opponent schedules vary 1998 162 expansion -- opponent schedules vary 2013 162 19 games × 4 opponents within same division ( 76 games ) , 6 or 7 games x 10 opponents interdivision within same league ( 66 games ) , 20 interleague games American League ( edit ) Start year Total Games Schedule 1901 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1904 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1919 140 20 games × 7 opponents 1920 154 22 games × 7 opponents 1961 162 18 games × 9 opponents 1969 162 18 games × 5 opponents in - division , 12 × 6 interdivision games ( yielding 90 intra - and 72 inter-division games ) 1977 162 expansion -- 15 games × 6 opponents in - division , 10 or 11 × 7 interdivision games ( 90 intra - and 72 inter-division , as previously ) 1979 162 13 games × 6 opponents in - division , 12 × 7 interdivision games ( 78 intra - and 84 inter-division ) 1994 162 leagues split into 3 divisions -- schedules based on 1993 alignments 1997 162 inter-league play introduced -- opponent schedules vary 1998 162 expansion -- opponent schedules vary 2013 162 19 games × 4 opponents within same division ( 76 games ) , 6 or 7 games x 10 opponents interdivision within same league ( 66 games ) , 20 interleague games American Association ( edit ) 1882 -- 1891 1882 : 80 games -- 16 games × 5 opponents 1883 : 98 games -- 14 games × 7 opponents 1884 : 112 games -- 16 games × 7 opponents 1886 : 140 games -- 20 games × 7 opponents Thus the AA expanded its schedule to 140 games two years before the National League did so . After 1891 four AA clubs joined the NL and four were bought out , nominally creating one big league , the `` National League and American Association '' of 12 clubs . Union Association ( edit ) 1884 1884 : 112 games -- 16 games × 7 opponents Players ' League ( edit ) 1890 1890 : 140 games -- 20 games × 7 opponents Federal League ( edit ) 1914 : 1915 1914 -- 154 games -- 22 games x 7 opponents National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( edit ) The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) did not schedule games , nor did it control the number of teams , a major reason for its demise after the 1875 season . Clubs paid a $10 entry fee , later $20 , to enter the Association for one season , and thereby declare for that year 's national championship . Without continuing membership or heavy investment , there was little to deter a team from breaking a commitment , and though it happened , it was mainly due to clubs going out of business . The National League organized for 1876 on a different basis , granting exclusive memberships to eight clubs that would continue from year to year -- it was generally expected , if only because membership would be profitable . But the new league followed its predecessor in merely agreeing that each club would play a certain number of matches to a decision ( excluding ties ) by a certain date . Boston played 70 games with its quota of ten decisions against every rival . The others achieved 56 to 68 decisions , 64 to 66 for the four western teams as the teams from New York and Philadelphia ( eastern ) abandoned their schedule - concluding road trips . For all six early seasons , prior to the first league schedule in 1877 , member clubs scheduled their own matches by mutual arrangement , including championship games necessarily with member clubs , other games with members , and games with non-member clubs . Some may have practically dictated their arrangements with some others , but there was no central control or coordination . This listing gives the greatest number of games played by any club for each season . Naturally , the leader by games played was always a strong club fielding one of the better gate attractions . 1871 : 33 games ( Mutual , New York ) 1872 : 58 games ( Lord Baltimore ) 1873 : 60 games ( Boston ) 1874 : 71 games ( Boston ) 1875 : 86 games ( Hartford ) 1876 : 70 games ( Boston ) -- the first National League season ( see text ) The leading numbers of games played to a decision were 33 , 54 , 59 , 71 , 82 , and 70 decisions ; by the listed teams except the Mutuals in 1872 . Recent season schedules ( edit ) 1998 to 2012 ( edit ) Since 1998 , there have been 30 major league teams with a single advance schedule for every season that comprises 2430 games . Each team plays 162 games , 81 as the `` home '' team , 81 as the `` visitor '' . ( This is true even on the rare occasion when a game is played at a ballpark not home to either team . ) Occasionally , the advance schedule is subsequently altered due to a game postponement or a one - game tie - breaker to determine which team will play in the postseason . Before 2013 the schedule included 252 `` interleague games '' that matched one team from the American League and one from the National League ; the other 2178 games matched a pair from within one league . About half of the latter matched teams from within one division and about half matched teams from different divisions in one league . In the Central Division of the National League , which alone had six teams , every pair of division rivals played 15 or 16 games . Within the other , smaller divisions every pair of teams played 18 or 19 games . Division games ( 1091 ) . There are 61 pairs of teams from within one division . 25 pairings will play 19 games each ( 475 games ) 21 pairings will play 18 games each ( 378 games ) 13 pairings will play 16 games each ( 208 games ) -- most NL Central pairings 2 pairings will play 15 games each ( 30 games ) -- two NL Central pairings Total : 1091 games . Other intraleague games ( 1087 ) . There are 150 pairs of teams from two different divisions within one league . 23 pairings will play 10 games each ( 230 games ) 15 pairings will play 9 games each ( 135 games ) 8 pairings will play 8 games each ( 64 games ) 34 pairings will play 7 games each ( 238 games ) 70 pairings will play 6 games each ( 420 games ) Total : 1087 games . Interleague play ( edit ) Main article : Interleague play The schedule for interleague play comprised 84 three - game series in each season from 1998 to 2012 , divided as six series ( 18 games ) for each of fourteen AL teams and as many as six for each of sixteen NL teams . Among the 224 interleague pairs of teams , 11 played six games every year , which were scheduled in two three - game series `` home and home '' , or one at each home ballpark . Five of these 11 special arrangements matched two teams in the same city or in neighboring cities , where they wholly or partly share territorial rights . Six were regional matches at greater distance , four of which were in the same state . Baltimore vs. Washington Chicago Cubs ( North Side ) vs. Chicago White Sox ( South Side ) Cincinnati vs. Cleveland Miami vs. Tampa Bay ( Tampa / St. Petersburg ) Houston vs. Texas ( Arlington ) Kansas City vs. St. Louis Los Angeles Angels vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Milwaukee vs. Minnesota ( Minneapolis / St. Paul ) New York Mets ( Queens ) vs. New York Yankees ( Bronx ) Oakland vs. San Francisco San Diego and Seattle These special local and regional series accounted for 66 interleague games annually from 1998 - 2012 , and the other 186 games were determined by rotation . 9 / 11 rescheduling ( edit ) The 2001 season was suspended for one week due to the September 11 terrorist attacks and resulting disruptions in travel , resulting in games scheduled for September 11 -- 16 being rescheduled to the first week of October and the playoffs and World Series being rescheduled one week later than their originally planned dates , which resulted in the World Series continuing into early November . 2013 -- 2017 ( edit ) Schedule changes for 2013 , precipitated by realignment that created two equal - sized leagues of 15 teams each , gave every team 20 interleague games . Sixteen of which were determined by a match of divisions , one from each league ; all teams in a given division play all teams in a given division from the other league . ( Each plays a three - game series against four teams from the designated division and two two - game series against the remaining team . ) The matched divisions rotate annually : AL East vs. NL West ( 2013 ) , vs. NL Central ( 2014 ) AL Central vs. NL East ( 2013 ) , vs. NL West ( 2014 ) AL West vs. NL Central ( 2013 ) , vs. NL East ( 2014 ) Each team played its four other interleague games against a designated `` natural rival '' , with two games in each club 's city . Thus all 30 teams , rather than 22 of 30 as previously , were deemed to have a natural rival in the other league . In 2013 the natural rivalry games were all scheduled for May 27 to May 30 ( Memorial Day weekend ) but in 2014 their scheduled dates range from May to August . Ten of the natural rivalries from 2012 and earlier continued , while the Houston -- Texas `` Lone Star '' rivalry had been transformed into an intra-division one with 19 games played . Five of the special arrangements were new in 2013 , including one each for Houston and Texas . Baltimore vs. Washington Boston vs. Philadelphia New York Mets ( Queens ) vs. New York Yankees ( Bronx ) Miami vs. Tampa Bay ( Tampa / St. Petersburg ) Toronto vs. Atlanta Chicago Cubs ( North Side ) vs. Chicago White Sox ( South Side ) Cincinnati vs. Cleveland Detroit vs. Pittsburgh Kansas City vs. St. Louis Milwaukee vs. Minnesota ( Minneapolis / St. Paul ) Houston vs. Colorado Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland vs. San Francisco San Diego vs. Seattle Texas vs. Arizona For 2014 , four ( 4 ) of the five ( 5 ) new rivalries have been revised ( ‡ ) , all except Detroit and Pittsburgh . Baltimore and Washington Boston vs. Atlanta ( until 1952 , both teams were based in Fenway -- Kenmore ) New York Mets ( Queens ) vs. New York Yankees ( Bronx ) Miami vs. Tampa Bay ( Tampa / St. Petersburg ) Toronto vs. Philadelphia Chicago Cubs ( North Side ) vs. Chicago White Sox ( South Side ) Cincinnati vs. Cleveland Detroit vs. Pittsburgh Kansas City vs. St. Louis Milwaukee vs. Minnesota ( Minneapolis / St. Paul ) Houston vs. Arizona Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland vs. San Francisco San Diego vs. Seattle Texas vs. Colorado Every team now plays 19 games against each of 4 opponents within its division ( 76 games ) , and 6 or 7 games against each of 10 opponents from other divisions within its own league ( 66 games ) . When corresponding divisions ( i.e. NL East vs. AL East ) play each other , a slight adjustment was made to the interleague games . Teams now play 6 games against their rival and 4 games ( home and home ) against two opponents plus one home and one away 3 game series ( 14 total ) against the other four teams in the opposing division . This was done in 2015 , and will next occur in 2018 . 2018 ​ -- present ( edit ) Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016 , several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season . The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off - days for all teams . All teams will play on Opening Day , which for 2018 will be held on March 29 . Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All - Star Game , in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby . A single , nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday , with all other teams returning to play on Friday . Time of first pitch ( edit ) Start of Major League Baseball games depends on days of the week , game number in series , holidays , and other factors . Most games start at 7pm in the local time zone , so there are more night games than day games even though baseball is traditionally played during the day . The reason why there are more night baseball games is to attract more fans to ballparks as well as viewers from home because most fans would be at work or school during the day . On Mondays ( excluding Opening Day and holidays ) , Tuesdays , and Fridays , games are almost exclusively played at night except for Cubs home games . Getaway days , days on which teams play their last game of the series before departing for another series in another city the next day , are usually day games , mainly Sundays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays . On Sundays , usually all but one are day games , with the final game reserved for ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball . About half of Saturday games are day games ( 1 , 2 or 4pm ET ) . In some markets , Saturday night start an hour earlier than usual night start times , but other cities start Saturday night games at the same time as weeknight games . In conclusion , weekday games are only played at night except for getaway days while many weekend games are played during the day . The initial pitch typically occurs 5 or 10 minutes after the hour , in order to allow time for pre-game ceremonies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- 2016 Basic Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Mark ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` MLB releases 2013 schedule with new wrinkles '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MLB minimum salary , 10 - day DL , the 187 - day season , and other CBA minutiae '' . True Blue LA ( SB Nation ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Further reading ( edit ) The Sporting News Baseball Guide The MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia Retrosheet . `` The Directory of Major League Years '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 05 . O'Grady , Jim ( April 4 , 1999 ) . `` Major League Scheduling : The High , Hard One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . 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when did baseball go to 162 game schedule
[ "\n\nStart year\n\nTotal Games\n\nSchedule\n\n\n1901\n\n140\n\n20 games × 7 opponents\n\n\n1904\n\n154\n\n22 games × 7 opponents\n\n\n1919\n\n140\n\n20 games × 7 opponents\n\n\n1920\n\n154\n\n22 games × 7 opponents\n\n\n1961\n\n162\n\n18 games × 9 opponents\n\n\n1969\n\n162\n\n18 games × 5 opponents in-division, 12 × 6 interdivision games (yielding 90 intra- and 72 inter-division games)\n\n\n1977\n\n162\n\nexpansion – 15 games × 6 opponents in-division, 10 or 11 × 7 interdivision games (90 intra- and 72 inter-division, as previously)\n\n\n1979\n\n162\n\n13 games × 6 opponents in-division, 12 × 7 interdivision games (78 intra- and 84 inter-division)\n\n\n1994\n\n162\n\nleagues split into 3 divisions – schedules based on 1993 alignments\n\n\n1997\n\n162\n\ninter-league play introduced – opponent schedules vary\n\n\n1998\n\n162\n\nexpansion – opponent schedules vary\n\n\n2013\n\n162\n\n19 games × 4 opponents within same division (76 games), 6 or 7 games x 10 opponents interdivision within same league (66 games), 20 interleague games[2]\n" ]
[ "1961" ]
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Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 3.1 Modern form 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Secondary sources 11 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , finding Romeo dead , stabs herself with his dagger . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Modern form Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising `` queer theory '' in Queering the Renaissance , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equal to about $1,080,000 today ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened in December 1934 with Ralph Richardson as Mercutio and Maurice Evans as Romeo . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 27 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues . with Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . The 1994 film The Punk uses both the rough plot outline of Romeo and Juliet and names many of the characters in ways that reflect the characters in the play . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in rival high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . The film was released internationally in April 2014 . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin References Notes All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 93 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 ) . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1930 : 264 -- 77 ) . Jump up ^ Higgins ( 1998 : 223 ) . ^ Jump up to : Higgins ( 1998 : 585 ) ^ Jump up to : Hosley ( 1965 : 168 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 -- 34 ) ; Levenson ( 2000 : 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Luigi da Porto di Vicenza , Giulietta e Romeo , original novella with introduction and footnotes ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Prunster , Nicole ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moore ( 1937 : 38 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 86 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5849 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci , Manuela ( 2015 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale . '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 34 -- 35 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 35 -- 36 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 37 ) . Jump up ^ Keeble ( 1980 : 18 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 1902 : 41 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 32 , 36 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 8 -- 14 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet : I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 -- 31 ) . As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spencer ( 1967 : 284 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 21 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 8 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bowling ( 1949 : 208 -- 220 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 65 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger ( 2006 : 73 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 68 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Siegel ( 1961 : 371 -- 392 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie ( 2007 : 22 -- 42 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans ( 1950 : 841 -- 865 ) . ^ Jump up to : Draper ( 1939 : 16 -- 34 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nevo ( 1969 : 241 -- 258 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker ( 1968 : 663 -- 674 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 56 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle ( 1964 : 349 -- 361 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Levenson ( 2000 : 142 ) defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 34 -- 41 ) . Jump up ^ Lucking ( 2001 : 115 -- 126 ) . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 58 ) ; Driver ( 1964 : 363 -- 370 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 1987 : 415 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 410 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 411 -- 412 ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro ( 1964 : 498 -- 501 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnard ( 1951 : 319 -- 327 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 20 -- 30 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 51 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 47 -- 48 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 48 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Levin ( 1960 : 3 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 51 -- 52 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 52 -- 55 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 92 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2004 : 11 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 82 ) quoting Karl A. Meninger 's 1938 Man Against Himself . Jump up ^ Appelbaum ( 1997 : 251 -- 272 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 83 , 81 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 84 -- 85 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1977 : 5 -- 22 ) ; Halio ( 1998 : 87 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 89 -- 90 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 25 -- 26 ) Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 -- 86 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Rubinstein ( 1989 : 54 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg ( 1994 : 221 -- 227 ) . Jump up ^ `` Avenne una notte , come Amor volse , la luna più del solito rilucendo , che mentre Romeo era per salire sopra il detto balcone , la giovane ... '' Pace - Sanfelice , G ( 1868 ) . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . ^ Jump up to : Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Balcony '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 97 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2002 : 18 ) . The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 62 ) . Jump up ^ Dawson ( 2002 : 176 ) Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 21 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 100 -- 102 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 71 ) . Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Branam ( 1984 : 170 -- 179 ) ; Stone ( 1964 : 191 -- 206 ) . Jump up ^ Pedicord ( 1954 : 14 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 231 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 232 ) . Jump up ^ Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Halliday ( 1964 : 125 , 365 , 420 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 30 December 1845 , cited by Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2001 : 194 -- 195 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 84 ) Jump up ^ Schoch ( 2002 : 62 -- 63 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 104 -- 105 ) . Jump up ^ Winter ( 1893 : 46 -- 47 , 57 ) . Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2002 : 202 -- 203 ) Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 69 -- 70 ) . Jump up ^ Tad Mosel , Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell , Little , Brown & Co. , Boston ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 102 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 105 -- 107 ) . Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 107 -- 109 ) . ^ Jump up to : Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2001 : 207 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 19 September 1960 , cited by Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 -- 112 ) . Jump up ^ Pape ( 1997 : 69 ) . Jump up ^ Quince ( 2000 : 121 -- 125 ) . Jump up ^ Lujan ( 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Howard ( 2000 : 297 ) . Jump up ^ Edgar ( 1982 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Marks ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Houlihan Mary , `` Wherefore Art Thou , Romeo ? To Make Us Laugh at Navy Pier '' , Chicago Sun - Times ( 16 May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Barranger ( 2004 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ New York Times ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam & Andrew Gans ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nestyev ( 1960 : 261 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 66 -- 67 ) Jump up ^ Winn , Steven ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Michael Smuin : 1938 - 2007 / Prolific dance director had showy career '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 156 ) ; Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1962 : 34 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Sadie ( 1996 : 31 ) ; Holden ( 1993 : 393 ) . Jump up ^ Collins ( 1982 : 532 -- 538 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 43 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Stites ( 1995 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 -- 43 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 20 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 - 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Taylor Swift '' . Time . Time Warner . 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 157 ) Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 75 -- 76 ) . Jump up ^ Ehren ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Arafay ( 2005 : 186 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 89 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 91 ) , crediting this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ `` Romeo '' , Merriam - Webster Online . Jump up ^ Bly ( 2001 : 52 ) Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 352 -- 362 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 111 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 112 -- 113 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 120 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 126 -- 127 ) Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster author page , retrieved 4 / 19 / 2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445 Jump up ^ Rozina Sabur ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Marsh ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . Guardian newspapers . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hannah Richardson ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Raquel Pells ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode ( 2001 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 225 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 43 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 138 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 -- 9 ) Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 ) quoting Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 52 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 ) . Jump up ^ For example , by Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker , cited by Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 53 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 53 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 140 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 142 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 215 -- 16 ) . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's teenage musical ' phenomenon ' premières in London '' . Daily Mail . 11 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 August 2007 . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 141 -- 56 ) list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . Jump up ^ Lanier ( 2007 : 96 ) ; McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 146 ) . Jump up ^ Howard ( 2000 : 310 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 228 ) . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Priyanka ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` Weekend Entertainment : From Ram - leela to Haider , Bollywood 's attraction to Shakespeare continues '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` ' Ram Leela ' box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ram - leela ' Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of ' Romeo and Juliet ' '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet bloom becomes V day film '' , Big story , Associated press . Jump up ^ `` Cinemas & tickets '' , Romeo & Juliet cinema . Jump up ^ `` Modern take for Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet '' . BBC News . 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : vii ) . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bauch , Marc A. ( 2007 ) . Friar Lawrence 's Plan in William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet And His Function as A Counsellor . Munich : Grin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 77449 - 9 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . JSTOR 459678 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . JSTOR 2869925 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buchanan , Judith ( 2009 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : An Excellent Dumb Discourse . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87199 - 0 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's ' I Capuleti ed i Montecchi ' '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . JSTOR 2868094 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . JSTOR 459577 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Stanley Wells , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare Second Series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . translated by C.H. Sisson . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lanzara , Joseph ( 2010 ) . William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Uncensored . New Arts Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9639621 - 2 - 6 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Oxford World 's Classics ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . JSTOR 2867423 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . Lujan , James ( 2005 ) . `` A Museum of the Indian , Not for the Indian '' . The American Indian Quarterly . 29 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 510 -- 516 . ISSN 0095 - 182X . doi : 10.1353 / aiq. 2005.0098 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and `` Clizia '' `` . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Shakespeare on the Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . `` Romeo -- Definition from the Merriam -- Webster Online Dictionary '' . Merriam -- Webster . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sadie , Stanley ( 1992 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 228 - 9 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. ; Schoenbaum , S. , eds. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 6129 - 9 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . JSTOR 373235 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 12 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 92 . JSTOR 2867455 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867455 . Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : the Stratford and London companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Spencer , T.J.B , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Stites , Richard , ed. ( 1995 ) . Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20949 - 8 . Stone , George Winchester Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . JSTOR 2867891 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867891 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . JSTOR 2868092 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Wells , Stanley ( 2004 ) . Looking for Sex in Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54039 - 9 . Wells , Stanley ( 2013 ) . An A-Z Guide to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 191 - 74076 - 3 . Winter , William ( 1893 ) . The Life and Art of Edwin Booth . London : MacMillan and Co . External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover 's Complaint Apocrypha Arden of Faversham * Cardenio * Double Falsehood * Love 's Labour 's Won Sejanus His Fall * Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy * The Passionate Pilgrim * Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! VIAF : 313670221 LCCN : n82116107 GND : 4099369 - 3 SUDOC : 02814385X BNF : cb12003684p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=801551433 '' Categories : Romeo and Juliet 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Literary duos Love stories British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Suicide in fiction Plays set in Italy Plays set in the 16th century Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from August 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 10 : 56 . 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who is the author of romeo and juliet
[ "Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers." ]
[ "William Shakespeare" ]
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Paul the Apostle
Paul the Apostle - wikipedia Paul the Apostle Jump to : navigation , search `` Saint Paul '' redirects here . For other uses , see Saint Paul ( disambiguation ) . Saint Paul Apostle of the Gentiles Saint Paul by Bartolomeo Montagna Native name שאול התרסי ( Sha'ul ha - Tarsi , Saul of Tarsus ) Personal details c . AD 5 Tarsus , Cilicia , Roman Empire → c . AD 67 ( aged 61 -- 62 ) probably in Rome , Roman Empire Sainthood Feast day January 25 ( Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul ) February 10 ( Feast of Saint Paul 's Shipwreck in Malta ) June 29 ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) June 30 ( former solo feast day , still celebrated by some religious orders ) November 18 ( Feast of the dedication of the basilicas of Saints Peter and Paul ) Canonized by Pre-Congregation Attributes Sword Patronage Missions ; Theologians ; Gentile Christians Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal Paul the Apostle ( Latin : Paulus ; Greek : Παῦλος , translit . Paulos , Coptic : ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ; c. 5 -- c. 67 ) , commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Jewish name Saul of Tarsus ( Hebrew : שאול התרסי ‎ , translit . Sha'ul ha - Tarsi ; Greek : Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς , translit . Saulos Tarseus ) , was an apostle ( though not one of the Twelve Apostles ) who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world . Paul is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age and in the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe . He took advantage of his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to minister to both Jewish and Roman audiences . According to writings in the New Testament and prior to his conversion , Paul was dedicated to persecuting the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem . In the narrative of the Acts of the Apostles ( often referred to simply as Acts ) , Paul was traveling on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to `` arrest them and bring them back to Jerusalem '' when the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light . He was struck blind , but after three days his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah and the Son of God . Approximately half of the book of Acts deals with Paul 's life and works . Fourteen of the twenty - seven books in the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to Paul . Seven of the epistles are undisputed by scholars as being authentic , with varying degrees of argument about the remainder . Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews is not asserted in the Epistle itself and was already doubted in the 2nd and 3rd centuries . It was almost unquestioningly accepted from the 5th to the 16th centuries that Paul was the author of Hebrews , but that view is now almost universally rejected by scholars . The other six are believed by some scholars to have come from followers writing in his name , using material from Paul 's surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive . Other scholars argue that the idea of a pseudonymous author for the disputed epistles raises many problems . Today , Paul 's epistles continue to be vital roots of the theology , worship and pastoral life in the Catholic and Protestant traditions of the West , as well as the Orthodox traditions of the East . Paul 's influence on Christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as `` profound as it is pervasive '' , among that of many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the Christian faith . Augustine of Hippo developed Paul 's idea that salvation is based on faith and not `` works of the law '' . Martin Luther 's interpretation of Paul 's writings influenced Luther 's doctrine of sola fide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Available sources 2 Names 3 Biblical narrative 3.1 Early life 3.2 Conversion 3.3 Post-conversion 3.4 Early ministry 3.5 First missionary journey 3.6 Interval at Antioch 3.7 Council of Jerusalem 3.8 Incident at Antioch 3.9 Second missionary journey 3.10 Interval in Corinth 3.11 Third missionary journey 3.12 Journey from Rome to Spain 3.13 Visits to Jerusalem in Acts and the epistles 3.14 Last visit to Jerusalem and arrest 3.15 Two years in Rome 4 Death 4.1 Remains 5 Writings 5.1 Basic message 5.2 Authorship 5.3 Atonement 5.4 Relationship with Judaism 5.5 World to come 5.6 Role of women 5.7 Views on homosexuality 6 Influence on Christianity 6.1 Modern theology 7 Church tradition 8 Muslim views 9 Jewish views 10 Literary analysis 10.1 Writing styles 10.2 Other views 11 Physical appearance 12 See also 13 Further reading 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links Available sources Further information : Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles The Conversion of Saul , fresco by Michelangelo , 1542 -- 45 The main source for information about Paul 's life is the material found in his epistles and in Acts . However , the epistles contain little information about Paul 's past . The book of Acts recounts more information but leaves several parts of Paul 's life out of its narrative , such as his probable but undocumented execution in Rome . Some scholars believe Acts also contradicts Paul 's epistles on multiple accounts , in particular concerning the frequency of Paul 's visits to the church in Jerusalem . Sources outside the New Testament that mention Paul include : Clement of Rome 's epistle to the Corinthians ( late 1st / early 2nd century ) ; Ignatius of Antioch 's letter To the Romans ( early 2nd century ) ; Polycarp 's letter to the Philippians ( early 2nd century ) ; Names It has been popularly assumed that Saul 's name was changed when he became a follower of Jesus Christ , but that is not the case . His Jewish name was `` Saul '' ( Hebrew : שָׁאוּל ‬ , Modern Sha'ul , Tiberian Šāʼûl , `` asked for , prayed for , borrowed '' ) , perhaps after the biblical King Saul , a fellow Benjamite and the first king of Israel . According to the Book of Acts , he inherited Roman citizenship from his father . As a Roman citizen , he also bore the Latin name of `` Paul '' -- in biblical Greek : Παῦλος ( Paulos ) , and in Latin : Paulus . It was quite usual for the Jews of that time to have two names , one Hebrew , the other Latin or Greek . Jesus called him `` Saul , Saul '' in `` the Hebrew tongue '' in the book of Acts , when he had the vision which led to his conversion on the Road to Damascus . Later , in a vision to Ananias of Damascus , `` the Lord '' referred to him as `` Saul , of Tarsus '' . When Ananias came to restore his sight , he called him `` Brother Saul '' . In Acts 13 : 9 , Saul is called `` Paul '' for the first time on the island of Cyprus -- much later than the time of his conversion . The author ( Luke ) indicates that the names were interchangeable : `` Saul , who also is called Paul . '' He thereafter refers to him as Paul , apparently Paul 's preference since he is called Paul in all other Bible books where he is mentioned , including those that he authored . Adopting his Roman name was typical of Paul 's missionary style . His method was to put people at their ease and to approach them with his message in a language and style to which they could relate , as in 1 Cor 9 : 19 -- 23 . Biblical narrative Early life Geography relevant to Paul 's life , stretching from Jerusalem to Rome The two main sources of information by which we have access to the earliest segments of Paul 's career are the Bible 's Book of Acts and the autobiographical elements of Paul 's letters to the early church communities . Paul was likely born between the years of 5 BC and 5 AD . The Book of Acts indicates that Paul was a Roman citizen by birth , more affirmatively describing his father as such , but Helmut Koester takes issue with the evidence presented by the text . He was from a devout Jewish family in the city of Tarsus -- one of the largest trade centers on the Mediterranean coast . It had been in existence several hundred years prior to his birth . It was renowned for its university . During the time of Alexander the Great , who died in 323 BC , Tarsus was the most influential city in Asia Minor . Paul referred to himself as being `` of the stock of Israel , of the tribe of Benjamin , a Hebrew of the Hebrews ; as touching the law , a Pharisee '' . The Bible reveals very little about Paul 's family . Paul 's nephew , his sister 's son , is mentioned in Acts 23 : 16 . Acts also quotes Paul referring to his father by saying he , Paul , was `` a Pharisee , the son of a Pharisee '' ( Acts 23 : 6 ) . In Romans 16 : 7 he states that his relatives , Andronicus and Junia , were Christians before he was and were prominent among the apostles . The family had a history of religious piety ( 2 Timothy 1 : 3 ) Apparently the family lineage had been very attached to Pharisaic traditions and observances for generations . Acts says that he was in the tent - making profession . This was to become an initial connection with Priscilla and Aquila with whom he would partner in tentmaking and later become very important teammates as fellow missionaries . While he was still fairly young , he was sent to Jerusalem to receive his education at the school of Gamaliel , one of the most noted rabbis in history . The Hillel school was noted for giving its students a balanced education , likely giving Paul broad exposure to classical literature , philosophy , and ethics . Some of his family may have resided in Jerusalem since later the son of one of his sisters saved his life there . Nothing more is known of his background until he takes an active part in the martyrdom of Stephen . Paul confesses that `` beyond measure '' he persecuted the church of God prior to his conversion . Although we know from his biography and from Acts that Paul could speak Hebrew , modern scholarship suggests that Koine Greek was his first language . In his letters , Paul drew heavily on his knowledge of Stoic philosophy , using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of the revealed word of God . He also owed much to his training in the law and the prophets , utilizing this knowledge to convince his Jewish countrymen of the unity of past Old Testament prophecy and covenants with the fulfilling of these in Jesus Christ . His wide spectrum of experiences and education gave the `` Apostle to the Gentiles '' the tools which he later would use to effectively spread the Gospel and to establish the church in the Roman Empire . Conversion Main article : Conversion of Paul the Apostle Conversion on the Way to Damascus ( 1601 ) , by Caravaggio Paul 's conversion can be dated to 31 -- 36 by his reference to it in one of his letters . In Galatians 1 : 16 Paul writes that God `` was pleased to reveal his son to me . '' In 1 Corinthians 15 : 8 , as he lists the order in which Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection , Paul writes , `` last of all , as to one untimely born , He appeared to me also . '' According to the account in Acts , it took place on the road to Damascus , where he reported having experienced a vision of the resurrected Jesus . The account says that `` he fell to the earth , and heard a voice saying unto him , Saul , Saul , why persecutest thou me ? '' Saul replied , `` Who art thou , Lord ? And the Lord said , I am Jesus whom thou persecutest : ( it is ) hard for thee to kick against the pricks ( goads ) . '' According to the account in Acts 9 : 1 -- 22 , he was blinded for three days and had to be led into Damascus by the hand . During these three days , Saul took no food or water and spent his time in prayer to God . When Ananias of Damascus arrived , he laid his hands on him and said : `` Brother Saul , the Lord , ( even ) Jesus , that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest , hath sent me , that thou mightest receive thy sight , and be filled with the Holy Ghost . '' His sight was restored , he got up and was baptized . This story occurs only in Acts , not in the Pauline epistles . The author of Acts of the Apostles may have learned of Paul 's conversion from the church in Jerusalem , or from the church in Antioch , or possibly from Paul himself . Post-conversion Caravaggio ( 1571 -- 1610 ) , The Conversion of Saint Paul , 1600 Paul the Apostle , by Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn c. 1657 And immediately he proclaimed Jesus in the synagogues , saying , `` He is the Son of God . '' And all who heard him were amazed and said , `` Is not this the man who made havoc in Jerusalem of those who called upon this name ? And has he not come here for this purpose , to bring them bound before the chief priests ? '' But Saul increased all the more in strength , and confounded the Jews who lived in Damascus by proving that Jesus was the Christ . -- Acts 9 : 20 -- 22 In the opening verses of Romans 1 , Paul provides a litany of his own apostolic appointment to preach among the Gentiles and his post-conversion convictions about the risen Christ . Paul described himself as a servant of Jesus Christ ; having experienced an unforeseen , sudden , startling change , due to all - powerful grace -- not the fruit of his reasoning or thoughts ; having seen Christ as did the other apostles when Christ appeared to him as he appeared to Peter , to James , to the Twelve , after his Resurrection ; called to be an apostle ; set apart for the gospel of God . Paul described Jesus as having been promised by God beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures ; being the true messiah and the Son of God ; having biological lineage from David ( `` according to the flesh '' ) ; having been declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead ; being Jesus Christ our Lord ; the One through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations , `` including you who are called to belong to Jesus Christ '' . Jesus lives in heaven ; is God 's Son ; would soon return . The Cross he now believed Jesus ' death was a voluntary sacrifice that reconciled sinners with God . The Law he now believed the law only reveals the extent of people 's enslavement to the power of sin -- a power that must be broken by Christ . Gentiles he had believed Gentiles were outside the covenant that God made with Israel ; he now believed Gentiles and Jews were united as the people of God in Christ Jesus . Circumcision had believed circumcision was the rite through which males became part of Israel , an exclusive community of God 's chosen people ; he now believed that neither circumcision nor uncircumcision means anything , but that the new creation is what counts in the sight of God , and that this new creation is a work of Christ in the life of believers , making them part of the church , an inclusive community of Jews and Gentiles reconciled with God through faith . Persecution had believed his violent persecution of the church to be an indication of his zeal for his religion ; he now believed Jewish hostility toward the church was sinful opposition that would incur God 's wrath ; he believed he was halted by Christ when his fury was at its height ; It was `` through zeal '' that he persecuted the Church , and he obtained mercy because he had `` acted ignorantly in unbelief '' . The Last Days had believed God 's messiah would put an end to the old age of evil and initiate a new age of righteousness ; he now believed this would happen in stages that had begun with the resurrection of Jesus , but the old age would continue until Jesus returns . Paul is critical both theologically and empirically of claims of moral or lineal superiority of Jews while conversely strongly sustaining the notion of a special place for the Children of Israel . There are debates as to whether Paul understood himself as commissioned to take the gospel to the Gentiles at the moment of his conversion . Early ministry The house believed to be of Ananias of Damascus in Damascus Bab Kisan , believed to be where Paul escaped from persecution in Damascus After his conversion , Paul went to Damascus , where Acts 9 states he was healed of his blindness and baptized by Ananias of Damascus . Paul says that it was in Damascus that he barely escaped death . Paul also says that he then went first to Arabia , and then came back to Damascus . Paul 's trip to Arabia is not mentioned anywhere else in the Bible , and some suppose he actually traveled to Mount Sinai for meditations in the desert . He describes in Galatians how three years after his conversion he went to Jerusalem . There he met James and stayed with Simon Peter for 15 days . Paul located Mount Sinai in Arabia in Galatians 4 : 24 -- 25 . Paul asserted that he received the Gospel not from man , but directly by `` the revelation of Jesus Christ '' . He claimed almost total independence from the Jerusalem community ( possibly in the Cenacle ) , but agreed with it on the nature and content of the gospel . He appeared eager to bring material support to Jerusalem from the various growing Gentile churches that he started . In his writings , Paul used the persecutions he endured to avow proximity and union with Jesus and as a validation of his teaching . Paul 's narrative in Galatians states that 14 years after his conversion he went again to Jerusalem . It is not known what happened during this time , but both Acts and Galatians provide some details . At the end of this time , Barnabas went to find Paul and brought him back to Antioch . When a famine occurred in Judea , around 45 -- 46 , Paul and Barnabas journeyed to Jerusalem to deliver financial support from the Antioch community . According to Acts , Antioch had become an alternative center for Christians following the dispersion of the believers after the death of Stephen . It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called `` Christians '' . First missionary journey The author of Acts arranges Paul 's travels into three separate journeys . The first journey , led initially by Barnabas , took Paul from Antioch to Cyprus then into southern Asia Minor ( Anatolia ) , and finally returning to Antioch . In Cyprus , Paul rebukes and blinds Elymas the magician who was criticizing their teachings . From this point on , Paul is described as the leader of the group . They sail to Perga in Pamphylia . John Mark leaves them and returns to Jerusalem . Paul and Barnabas go on to Pisidian Antioch . On Sabbath they go to the synagogue . The leaders invite them to speak . Paul reviews Israelite history from life in Egypt to King David . He introduces Jesus as a descendant of David brought to Israel by God . He said that his team came to town to bring the message of salvation . He recounts the story of Jesus ' death and resurrection . He quotes from the Septuagint to assert that Jesus was the promised Christos who brought them forgiveness for their sins . Both the Jews and the `` God - fearing '' Gentiles invited them to talk more next Sabbath . At that time almost the whole city gathered . This upset some influential Jews who spoke against them . Paul used the occasion to announce a change in his mission which from then on would be to the Gentiles . Interval at Antioch Antioch served as a major Christian center for Paul 's evangelism , and he remained there for `` a long time with the disciples '' at the conclusion of his first journey . The exact duration of Paul 's stay in Antioch is unknown , with estimates ranging from nine months to as long as eight years . Council of Jerusalem Main article : Council of Jerusalem See also : Circumcision controversy in early Christianity A vital meeting between Paul and the Jerusalem church took place some time in the years 50 -- 51 , described in Acts 15 : 2 and usually seen as the same event mentioned by Paul in Galatians 2 : 1 . The key question raised was whether Gentile converts needed to be circumcised . At this meeting , Paul states in his letter to the Galatians that Peter , James , and John accepted Paul 's mission to the Gentiles . The Jerusalem meetings are mentioned in Acts , and also in Paul 's letters . For example , the Jerusalem visit for famine relief apparently corresponds to the `` first visit '' ( to Peter and James only ) . F.F. Bruce suggested that the `` fourteen years '' could be from Paul 's conversion rather than from his first visit to Jerusalem . Incident at Antioch Main article : Incident at Antioch Despite the agreement achieved at the Council of Jerusalem , Paul recounts how he later publicly confronted Peter in a dispute sometimes called the `` Incident at Antioch '' , over Peter 's reluctance to share a meal with Gentile Christians in Antioch because they did not strictly adhere to Jewish customs . Writing later of the incident , Paul recounts , `` I opposed ( Peter ) to his face , because he was clearly in the wrong '' , and says he told Peter , `` You are a Jew , yet you live like a Gentile and not like a Jew . How is it , then , that you force Gentiles to follow Jewish customs ? '' Paul also mentions that even Barnabas , his traveling companion and fellow apostle until that time , sided with Peter . The final outcome of the incident remains uncertain . The Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that Paul won the argument , because `` Paul 's account of the incident leaves no doubt that Peter saw the justice of the rebuke '' . However Paul himself never mentions a victory and L. Michael White 's From Jesus to Christianity draws the opposite conclusion : `` The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado , and Paul soon left Antioch as persona non grata , never again to return '' . The primary source account of the Incident at Antioch is Paul 's letter to the Galatians . Second missionary journey Saint Paul delivering the Areopagus sermon in Athens , by Raphael , 1515 . This sermon addressed early issues in Christology . Paul left for his second missionary journey from Jerusalem , in late Autumn 49 , after the meeting of the Council of Jerusalem where the circumcision question was debated . On their trip around the Mediterranean sea , Paul and his companion Barnabas stopped in Antioch where they had a sharp argument about taking John Mark with them on their trips . The book of Acts said that John Mark had left them in a previous trip and gone home . Unable to resolve the dispute , Paul and Barnabas decided to separate ; Barnabas took John Mark with him , while Silas joined Paul . Paul and Silas initially visited Tarsus ( Paul 's birthplace ) , Derbe and Lystra . In Lystra , they met Timothy , a disciple who was spoken well of , and decided to take him with them . The Church kept growing , adding believers , and strengthening in faith daily . In Philippi , Paul cast a spirit of divination out of a servant girl , whose masters were then unhappy about the loss of income her soothsaying provided ( Acts 16 : 16 -- 24 ) . They turned the city against the missionaries , and Paul and Silas were put in jail . After a miraculous earthquake , the gates of the prison fell apart and Paul and Silas could have escaped but remained ; this event led to the conversion of the jailor ( Acts 16 : 25 -- 40 ) . They continued traveling , going by Berea and then to Athens , where Paul preached to the Jews and God - fearing Greeks in the synagogue and to the Greek intellectuals in the Areopagus . Paul continued from Athens to Corinth . Interval in Corinth Around 50 -- 52 , Paul spent 18 months in Corinth . The reference in Acts to Proconsul Gallio helps ascertain this date ( cf . Gallio Inscription ) . In Corinth , Paul met Priscilla and Aquila ( Acts 18 : 2 ) , who became faithful believers and helped Paul through his other missionary journeys . The couple followed Paul and his companions to Ephesus , and stayed there to start one of the strongest and most faithful churches at that time ( Acts 18 : 18 -- 21 ) . In 52 , departing from Corinth , Paul stopped at the nearby village of Cenchreae to have his hair cut off , because of a vow he had earlier taken . It is possible this was to be a final haircut prior to fulfilling his vow to become a Nazirite for a defined period of time . With Priscilla and Aquila , the missionaries then sailed to Ephesus and then Paul alone went on to Caesarea to greet the Church there . He then traveled north to Antioch , where he stayed for some time ( Greek : ποιησας χρονον , perhaps about a year ) , before leaving again on a third missionary journey . Some New Testament texts suggest that he also visited Jerusalem during this period for one of the Jewish feasts , possibly Pentecost . Textual critic Henry Alford and others consider the reference to a Jerusalem visit to be genuine and it accords with Acts 21 : 29 , according to which Paul and Trophimus the Ephesian had previously been seen in Jerusalem . Third missionary journey The Preaching of Saint Paul at Ephesus by Eustache Le Sueur ( 1649 ) According to Acts , Paul began his third missionary journey by travelling all around the region of Galatia and Phrygia to strengthen , teach and rebuke the believers . Paul then traveled to Ephesus , an important center of early Christianity , and stayed there for almost three years , probably working there as a tentmaker , as he had done when he stayed in Corinth . He is claimed to have performed numerous miracles , healing people and casting out demons , and he apparently organized missionary activity in other regions . Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a local silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of the city . During his stay in Ephesus , Paul wrote four letters to the church in Corinth . Paul went through Macedonia into Achaea ( Acts 20 : 1 -- 2 ) and stayed in Greece , probably Corinth , for three months ( Acts 20 : 1 -- 2 ) during 56 -- 57 AD . Commentators generally agree that Paul dictated his Epistle to the Romans during this period . He then made ready to continue on to Syria , but he changed his plans and traveled back through Macedonia because of some Jews who had made a plot against him . In Romans 15 : 19 Paul wrote that he visited Illyricum , but he may have meant what would now be called Illyria Graeca , which was at that time a division of the Roman province of Macedonia . On their way back to Jerusalem , Paul and his companions visited other cities such as Philippi , Troas , Miletus , Rhodes , and Tyre . Paul finished his trip with a stop in Caesarea , where he and his companions stayed with Philip the Evangelist before finally arriving at Jerusalem . Journey from Rome to Spain Among the writings of the early Christians , Pope Clement I said that Paul was `` Herald ( of the Gospel of Christ ) in the West '' , and that `` he had gone to the extremity of the west '' . John Chrysostom indicated that Paul preached in Spain : `` For after he had been in Rome , he returned to Spain , but whether he came thence again into these parts , we know not '' . Cyril of Jerusalem said that Paul , `` fully preached the Gospel , and instructed even imperial Rome , and carried the earnestness of his preaching as far as Spain , undergoing conflicts innumerable , and performing Signs and wonders '' . The Muratorian fragment mentions `` the departure of Paul from the city ( of Rome ) ( 5a ) ( 39 ) when he journeyed to Spain '' . Visits to Jerusalem in Acts and the epistles This table is adapted from White , From Jesus to Christianity . Note that the matching of Paul 's travels in the Acts and the travels in his Epistles is done for the reader 's convenience and is not approved of by all scholars . Acts Epistles First visit to Jerusalem `` after many days '' of Damascus conversion preaches openly in Jerusalem with Barnabas meets apostles First visit to Jerusalem three years after Damascus conversion sees only Cephas ( Peter ) and James Second visit to Jerusalem for famine relief There is debate over whether Paul 's visit in Galatians 2 refers to the visit for famine relief or the Jerusalem Council . If it refers to the former , then this was the trip made `` after an interval of fourteen years '' . Third visit to Jerusalem with Barnabas `` Council of Jerusalem '' followed by confrontation with Barnabas in Antioch Another visit to Jerusalem 14 years later ( after Damascus conversion ? ) with Barnabas and Titus possibly the `` Council of Jerusalem '' Paul agrees to `` remember the poor '' followed by confrontation with Peter and Barnabas in Antioch Fourth visit to Jerusalem to `` greet the church '' Apparently unmentioned . Fifth visit to Jerusalem after an absence of several years to bring gifts for the poor and to present offerings Paul arrested Another visit to Jerusalem to deliver the collection for the poor Last visit to Jerusalem and arrest Saint Paul arrested , early 1900s Bible illustration In 57 , upon completion of his third missionary journey , Paul arrived in Jerusalem for his fifth and final visit with a collection of money for the local community . Acts reports that he initially was warmly received . However , Acts goes on to recount how Paul was warned by James and the elders that he was gaining a reputation for being against the Law , saying `` they have been told about you that you teach all the Jews who are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses , telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs '' . Paul underwent a purification ritual in order to give the Jews no grounds to bring accusations against him for not following their law . After seven days in Jerusalem , some `` Jews from Asia '' ( most likely from Roman Asia ) accused Paul of defiling the temple by bringing gentiles into it . He was seized and dragged out of the temple by an angry mob . He narrowly escaped being killed by surrendering to a group of Roman centurions , who arrested him , put him in chains and took him to the tribune . When a plot to kill Paul on his way to an appearance before the Jews was discovered , he was transported by night to Caesarea Maritima . He was held as a prisoner there for two years , until a new governor reopened his case in 59 . When the governor suggested that he be sent back to Jerusalem for further trial , Paul exercised his right as a Roman citizen to `` appeal unto Caesar '' . Finally , Paul and his companions sailed for Rome where Paul was to stand trial for his alleged crimes . Acts recounts that on the way to Rome for his appeal as a Roman citizen to Caesar , Paul was shipwrecked on `` Melita '' ( Malta ) , where the islanders showed him `` unusual kindness '' and where he was met by Publius . From Malta , he travelled to Rome via Syracuse , Rhegium and Puteoli . Two years in Rome He finally arrived in Rome around 60 , where he spent another two years under house arrest . The narrative of Acts ends with Paul preaching in Rome for two years from his rented home while awaiting trial . Irenaeus wrote in the 2nd century that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the church in Rome and had appointed Linus as succeeding bishop . Paul was not a bishop of Rome , nor did he bring Christianity to Rome since there were already Christians in Rome when he arrived there . Also , Paul wrote his letter to the church at Rome before he had visited Rome . Paul only played a supporting part in the life of the church in Rome . The Beheading of Saint Paul by Enrique Simonet , 1887 Death The New Testament does not say when or how Paul died . The date of Paul 's death is believed to have occurred after the Great Fire of Rome in July 64 , but before the last year of Nero 's reign , in 68 . Paul 's death is described in a number of sources : I Clement ( 95 -- 96 AD ) suggests that both Paul and Peter were martyred . There is an early tradition found in the writing of Ignatius , probably around 110 AD , that Paul was martyred . Dionysius of Corinth , in a letter to the Romans ( 166 -- 174 AD ) , stated that Paul and Peter were martyred in Italy . Eusebius also cites the Dionysius passage . The Acts of Paul , an apocryphal work written around 160 , describes the martyrdom of Paul . According to the Acts of Paul , Nero condemned Paul to death by decapitation . Tertullian in his Prescription Against Heretics ( 200 AD ) writes that Paul had a similar death to that of John the Baptist , who was beheaded . Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History ( 320 AD ) testifies that Paul was beheaded in Rome and Peter crucified . He wrote that the tombs of these two apostles , with their inscriptions , were extant in his time ; and quotes as his authority a holy man of the name of Caius . Lactantius wrote that Nero `` crucified Peter , and slew Paul '' ( 318 AD ) . Jerome in his De Viris Illustribus ( On Illustrious Men ) ( 392 AD ) states that Paul was beheaded at Rome . John Chrysostom ( c. 349 -- 407 ) wrote that Nero knew Paul personally and had him killed . Sulpicius Severus says Nero killed Peter and Paul . ( 403 AD ) A legend later developed that his martyrdom occurred at the Aquae Salviae , on the Via Laurentina . According to this legend , after Paul was decapitated , his severed head rebounded three times , giving rise to a source of water each time that it touched the ground , which is how the place earned the name `` San Paolo alle Tre Fontane '' ( `` St Paul at the Three Fountains '' ) . Also according to legend , Paul 's body was buried outside the walls of Rome , at the second mile on the Via Ostiensis , on the estate owned by a Christian woman named Lucina . It was here , in the fourth century , that the Emperor Constantine the Great built a first church . Then , between the fourth and fifth centuries it was considerably enlarged by the Emperors Valentinian I , Valentinian II , Theodosius I , and Arcadius . The present - day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls was built there in 1800 . Remains Caius in his Disputation Against Proclus ( 198 AD ) mentions this of the places in which the remains of the apostles Peter and Paul were deposited : `` I can point out the trophies of the apostles . For if you are willing to go to the Vatican or to the Ostian Way , you will find the trophies of those who founded this Church '' . Jerome in his De Viris Illustribus ( 392 AD ) writing on Paul 's biography , mentions that `` Paul was buried in the Ostian Way at Rome '' . In 2002 , an 8 foot long marble sarcophagus , inscribed with the words `` PAULO APOSTOLO MART '' ( `` Paul apostle martyr '' ) was discovered during excavations around the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls on the Via Ostiensis . Vatican archaeologists declared this to be the tomb of Paul the Apostle in 2005 . In June 2009 , Pope Benedict XVI announced excavation results concerning the tomb . The sarcophagus was not opened but was examined by means of a probe , which revealed pieces of incense , purple and blue linen , and small bone fragments . The bone was radiocarbon - dated to the 1st or 2nd century . According to the Vatican , these findings support the conclusion that the tomb is Paul 's . Writings Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Main article : Pauline Epistles Statue of St. Paul in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by Pierre - Étienne Monnot Part of a series on Catholic philosophy Aquinas , Scotus , and Ockham Schools Augustinianism Molinism Occamism Salamanca Scholasticism Neo-scholasticism Scotism Thomism Ethics Natural law Personalism Social teaching Virtue ethics Ancient philosophers Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome Paul the Apostle Medieval philosophers Peter Abelard Alexander of Hales Thomas Aquinas Benedict of Nursia Francis of Mayrone Giles of Rome Pope Gregory I Henry of Ghent Peter Lombard Albertus Magnus Duns Scotus William of Ockham Renaissance philosophers Erasmus Luis de Molina Thomas More Francisco de Vitoria Modern philosophers G.E.M. Anscombe Pope John Paul II Bernard Lonergan Alasdair MacIntyre Jacques Maritain Blaise Pascal Edith Stein Charles Taylor Catholicism portal Philosophy portal Of the 27 books in the New Testament , 14 have been attributed to Paul ; 7 of these are widely considered authentic and Paul 's own , while the authorship of the other 7 is disputed . The undisputed letters are considered the most important sources since they contain what everyone agrees to be Paul 's own statements about his life and thoughts . Theologian Mark Powell writes that Paul directed these 7 letters to specific occasions at particular churches . As an example , if the Corinthian church had not experienced problems concerning its celebration of the Lord 's Supper , today we would not know that Paul even believed in that observance or had any opinions about it one way or the other . He asks if we might be ignorant of other matters simply because no crises arose that prompted Paul to comment on them . Although approximately half of Acts deals with Paul 's life and works , the Book of Acts does not refer to Paul writing letters . Historians believe that the author of Acts did not have access to any of Paul 's letters . One piece of evidence suggesting this is that Acts never directly quotes from the Pauline epistles . Discrepancies between the Pauline epistles and Acts would further support the conclusion that the author of Acts did not have access to those epistles when composing Acts . In Paul 's writings , he provides the first written account of what it is to be a Christian and thus a description of Christian spirituality . His letters have been characterized as being the most influential books of the New Testament after the Gospels of Matthew and John . Paul ... only occasionally had the opportunity to revisit his churches . He tried to keep up his converts ' spirit , answer their questions , and resolve their problems by letter and by sending one or more of his assistants ( especially Timothy and Titus ) . Paul 's letters reveal a remarkable human being : dedicated , compassionate , emotional , sometimes harsh and angry , clever and quick - witted , supple in argumentation , and above all possessing a soaring , passionate commitment to God , Jesus Christ , and his own mission . Fortunately , after his death one of his followers collected some of the letters , edited them very slightly , and published them . They constitute one of history 's most remarkable personal contributions to religious thought and practice . Basic message Paul 's writings emphasized the crucifixion , Christ 's resurrection and the Parousia or second coming of Christ . E.P. Sanders finds three major emphases in Paul 's writings : His strongest emphasis was on the death , resurrection , and lordship of Jesus Christ . He preached that one 's faith in Jesus assures that person a share in Jesus ' life ( salvation ) . He saw Jesus ' death as being for the believers ' benefit , not a defeat . Jesus died so that believers ' sins would be forgiven . The resurrection of Jesus was of primary importance to Paul , as may be seen in his first letter to the Thessalonians , which is the earliest surviving account of conversion to Christianity . The resurrection brought the promise of salvation to believers . Paul taught that , when Christ returned , those who had died believing in Christ as the saviour of mankind would be brought back to life , while those still alive would be `` caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air '' . Sanders concludes that Paul 's writings reveal what he calls the essence of the Christian message : God sent his Son . The Son was crucified for the sins of humanity . After being dead three days , the Son was raised from the dead , defeating death . The Son would soon return . Those in Christ will live with him forever . Followers are urged to live by a set apart ( sanctified ) standard -- `` And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly ; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . Authorship Paul Writing His Epistles , painting attributed to Valentin de Boulogne , 17th century Main article : Authorship of the Pauline epistles Seven of the 13 letters that bear Paul 's name -- Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Philippians , 1 Thessalonians and Philemon -- were until recently almost universally accepted as being entirely authentic ( dictated by Paul himself ) . They are considered the best source of information on Paul 's life and especially his thought . Four of the letters ( Ephesians , 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus ) are widely considered pseudepigraphical , while the authorship of the other two is subject to debate . Colossians and 2 Thessalonians are thought by some to be `` Deutero - Pauline '' meaning they may have been written by Paul 's followers after his death . Similarly , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , and Titus may be `` Trito - Pauline '' meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death . According to their theories , these disputed letters may have come from followers writing in Paul 's name , often using material from his surviving letters . These scribes also may have had access to letters written by Paul that no longer survive . The authenticity of Colossians has been questioned on the grounds that it contains an otherwise unparalleled description ( among his writings ) of Jesus as `` the image of the invisible God '' , a Christology found elsewhere only in John 's gospel . However , the personal notes in the letter connect it to Philemon , unquestionably the work of Paul . Internal evidence shows close connection with Philippians . Ephesians is a letter that is very similar to Colossians , but is almost entirely lacking in personal reminiscences . Its style is unique . It lacks the emphasis on the cross to be found in other Pauline writings , reference to the Second Coming is missing , and Christian marriage is exalted in a way which contrasts with the reference in 1 Cor. 7 : 8 -- 9 . Finally , according to R.E. Brown , it exalts the Church in a way suggestive of a second generation of Christians , `` built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets '' now past . The defenders of its Pauline authorship argue that it was intended to be read by a number of different churches and that it marks the final stage of the development of Paul 's thinking . It has been said , too , that the moral portion of the Epistle , consisting of the last two chapters , has the closest affinity with similar portions of other Epistles , while the whole admirably fits in with the known details of Paul 's life , and throws considerable light upon them . Russian Orthodox icon of the Apostle Paul , 18th century ( Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church , Kizhi Monastery , Karelia , Russia ) Three main reasons have been advanced by those who question Paul 's authorship of 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , and Titus -- also known as the Pastoral Epistles . First , they have found a difference in these letters ' vocabulary , style , and theology from Paul 's acknowledged writings . Defenders of the authenticity say that they were probably written in the name and with the authority of the Apostle by one of his companions , to whom he distinctly explained what had to be written , or to whom he gave a written summary of the points to be developed , and that when the letters were finished , Paul read them through , approved them , and signed them . Second , some believe there is a difficulty in fitting them into Paul 's biography as we have it . They , like Colossians and Ephesians , were written from prison but suppose Paul 's release and travel thereafter . Third , 2 Thessalonians , like Colossians , is questioned by some on stylistic grounds , with some noting , among other peculiarities , a dependence on 1 Thessalonians -- yet a distinctiveness in language from the Pauline corpus . This , again , is explainable by the possibility that Paul requested one of his companions to write the letter for him under his dictation . Atonement Main article : Atonement in Christianity Paul wrote down much of the theology of atonement . Paul taught that Christians are redeemed from sin by Jesus ' death and resurrection . His death was an expiation as well as a propitiation , and by Christ 's blood peace is made between God and man . By grace , through faith , a Christian shares in Jesus ' death and in his victory over death , gaining as a free gift a new , justified status of sonship . Relationship with Judaism Main article : Paul the Apostle and Judaism Some scholars see Paul ( or Saul ) as completely in line with 1st - century Judaism ( a Pharisee and student of Gamaliel as presented by Acts ) , others see him as opposed to 1st - century Judaism ( see Marcionism ) , while the majority see him as somewhere in between these two extremes , opposed to `` Ritual Laws '' ( for example the circumcision controversy in early Christianity ) but in full agreement on `` Divine Law '' . These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of Biblical law in Christianity . ' ' Paul redefined the people of Israel , those he calls the `` true Israel '' and the `` true circumcision '' as those who had faith in the heavenly Christ , thus excluding those he called `` Israel after the flesh '' from his new covenant ( Galatians 6 : 16 ; Philippians 3 : 3 ) . He also held the view that the Torah given to Moses was valid `` until Christ came , '' so that even Jews are no longer `` under the Torah , '' nor obligated to follow the commandments or mitzvot as given to Moses ( Galatians 3 - 4 ) . ' ' -- Professor James D. Tabor for the Huffington Post Paul 's theology of the gospel accelerated the separation of the messianic sect of Christians from Judaism , a development contrary to Paul 's own intent . He wrote that faith in Christ was alone decisive in salvation for Jews and Gentiles alike , making the schism between the followers of Christ and mainstream Jews inevitable and permanent . He argued that Gentile converts did not need to become Jews , get circumcised , follow Jewish dietary restrictions , or otherwise observe Mosaic laws to be saved . Nevertheless , in Romans he insisted on the positive value of the Law , as a moral guide . E.P. Sanders ' publications have since been taken up by Professor James Dunn who coined the phrase `` The New Perspective on Paul '' . N.T. Wright , the Anglican Bishop of Durham , notes a difference in emphasis between Galatians and Romans , the latter being much more positive about the continuing covenant between God and his ancient people than the former . Wright also contends that performing Christian works is not insignificant but rather proof of having attained the redemption of Jesus Christ by grace ( free gift received by faith ) . He concludes that Paul distinguishes between performing Christian works which are signs of ethnic identity and others which are a sign of obedience to Christ . World to come See also : Christian eschatology , Second Coming , End times , and World to Come Paul believed that Jesus would return within his lifetime . Paul expected that Christians who had died in the mean time would be resurrected to share in God 's kingdom , and he believed that the saved would be transformed , assuming supernatural bodies . Paul 's teaching about the end of the world is expressed most clearly in his letters to the Christians at Thessalonica . He assures them that the dead will rise first and be followed by those left alive . This suggests an imminent end but he is unspecific about times and seasons , and encourages his hearers to expect a delay . The form of the end will be a battle between Jesus and the man of lawlessness whose conclusion is the triumph of Christ . Role of women Paul the Apostle , ( 16th - century ) attributed to Lucas van Leyden Main article : Paul the Apostle and women See also : 1 Timothy 2 : 12 ( `` I suffer not a woman '' ) The second chapter of the first letter to Timothy -- one of the six disputed letters -- is used by many churches to deny women a vote in church affairs , reject women from serving as teachers of adult Bible classes , prevent them from serving as missionaries , and generally disenfranchise women from the duties and privileges of church leadership . 9 In like manner also , that women adorn themselves in modest apparel , with shamefacedness and sobriety ; not with broided hair , or gold , or pearls , or costly array ; 10 But ( which becometh women professing godliness ) with good works . 11 Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection . 12 But I suffer not a woman to teach , nor to usurp authority over the man , but to be in silence . 13 For Adam was first formed , then Eve . 14 And Adam was not deceived , but the woman being deceived was in the transgression . 15 Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing , if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety . -- 1 Timothy 2 : 9 -- 15 The KJV translation of this passage taken literally says that women in the churches are to have no leadership roles vis - à - vis men . Fuller Seminary theologian J.R. Daniel Kirk finds evidence in Paul 's letters of a much more inclusive view of women . He writes that Romans 16 is a tremendously important witness to the important role of women in the early church . Paul praises Phoebe for her work as a deaconess and Junia who is described by Paul in Scripture as being respected among the Apostles . It is Kirk 's observation that recent studies have led many scholars to conclude that the passage in 1 Corinthians 14 ordering women to `` be silent '' during worship was a later addition , apparently by a different author , and not part of Paul 's original letter to the Corinthians . Other scholars , such as Giancarlo Biguzzi , believe that Paul 's restriction on women speaking in 1 Corinthians 14 is genuine to Paul but applies to a particular case where there were local problems of women -- who were not allowed in that culture to become educated -- asking questions or chatting during worship services . He does not believe it to be a general prohibition on any woman speaking in worship settings since in 1 Corinthians Paul affirms the right ( responsibility ) of women to prophesy . Biblical prophecy is more than `` fore - telling '' : two - thirds of its inscripturated form involves `` forth - telling '' , that is , setting the truth , justice , mercy , and righteousness of God against the backdrop of every form of denial of the same . Thus , to speak prophetically was to speak boldly against every form of moral , ethical , political , economic , and religious disenfranchisement observed in a culture that was intent on building its own pyramid of values vis - a-vis God 's established system of truth and ethics . There were women prophets in the highly patriarchal times throughout the Old Testament . The most common term for prophet in the Old Testament is nabi in the masculine form , and nebiah in the Hebrew feminine form , is used six times of women who performed the same task of receiving and proclaiming the message given by God . These women include Miriam , Aaron and Moses ' sister , Deborah , the prophet Isaiah 's wife , and Huldah , the one who interpreted the Book of the Law discovered in the temple during the days of Josiah . There were false prophetesses just as there were false prophets . The prophetess Noadiah was among those who tried to intimidate Nehemiah . Apparently they held equal rank in prophesying right along with Abraham , Isaac , Jacob , Moses , Elisha , Aaron , and Samuel . Kirk 's third example of a more inclusive view is Galatians 3 : 28 : There is neither Jew nor Gentile , neither slave nor free , nor is there male and female , for you are all one in Christ Jesus . -- Galatians 3 : 28 In pronouncing an end within the church to the divisions which are common in the world around it , he concludes by highlighting the fact that `` there were New Testament women who taught and had authority in the early churches , that this teaching and authority was sanctioned by Paul , and that Paul himself offers a theological paradigm within which overcoming the subjugation of women is an anticipated outcome '' . Classicist Evelyn Stagg and theologian Frank Stagg believe that Paul was attempting to `` Christianize '' the societal household or domestic codes that significantly oppressed women and empowered men as the head of the household . The Staggs present a serious study of what has been termed the New Testament domestic code , also known as the Haustafel . The two main passages that explain these `` household duties '' are Paul 's letters to the Ephesians 5 : 22 -- 6 : 5 and to the Colossians 3 : 18 -- 4 : 1 . An underlying Household Code is also reflected in four additional Pauline letters and 1 Peter : 1 Timothy 2 : 1ff. , 8ff. ; 3 : 1ff. , 8ff. ; 5 : 17ff. ; 6 : 1f. ; Titus 2 : 1 -- 10 and 1 Peter 2 : 13 -- 3 : 9 . Biblical scholars have typically treated the Haustafel in Ephesians as a resource in the debate over the role of women in ministry and in the home . Margaret MacDonald argues that the Haustafel , particularly as it appears in Ephesians , was aimed at `` reducing the tension between community members and outsiders '' . E.P. Sanders has labeled the Apostle 's remark in 1 Cor. 14 : 34 -- 36 about women not making any sound during worship as `` Paul 's intemperate outburst that women should be silent in the churches '' . Women , in fact , played a very significant part in Paul 's missionary endeavors : He became a partner in ministry with the couple Priscilla and Aquila who are specifically named seven times in the New Testament -- always by their couple name and never individually . Of the seven times they are named in the New Testament , Priscilla 's name appears first in five of those instances , suggesting to some scholars that she was the head of the family unit . They lived , worked , and traveled with the Apostle Paul , becoming his honored , much - loved friends and coworkers in Christ Jesus . In Romans 16 : 3 -- 4 , thought to have been written in 56 or 57 , Paul sends his greetings to Priscilla and Aquila and proclaims that both of them `` risked their necks '' to save Paul 's life . Chloe was an important member of the church in Corinth Phoebe was a `` deacon '' and a `` benefactor '' of Paul and others Romans 16 names eight other women active in the Christian movement , including Junia ( `` prominent among the apostles '' ) , Mary ( `` who has worked very hard among you '' ) , and Julia Women were frequently among the major supporters of the new Christian movement Views on homosexuality See also : Homosexuality in the New Testament Most Christian traditions say Paul clearly portrays homosexuality as sinful in two specific locations : Romans 1 : 26 -- 27 , and 1 Corinthians 6 : 9 -- 10 . Another passage addresses the topic more obliquely : 1 Timothy 1 : 8 -- 11 . Since the nineteenth century , however , most scholars have concluded that 1 Timothy , along with 2 Timothy and Titus , are not original to Paul , but rather an unknown Christian writing in Paul 's name some time in the late - first - to - mid-2nd century . Influence on Christianity Statue of St. Paul ( 1606 ) by Gregorio Fernández Main article : Pauline Christianity Paul 's influence on Christian thinking arguably has been more significant than any other New Testament author . Paul declared that `` Christ is the end of the law '' , exalted the Christian church as the body of Christ , and depicted the world outside the Church as under judgment . Paul 's writings include the earliest reference to the `` Lord 's Supper '' , a rite traditionally identified as the Christian communion or Eucharist . In the East , church fathers attributed the element of election in Romans 9 to divine foreknowledge . The themes of predestination found in Western Christianity do not appear in Eastern theology . Augustine 's foundational work on the gospel as a gift ( grace ) , on morality as life in the Spirit , on predestination , and on original sin all derives from Paul , especially Romans . Modern theology See also : Pauline Christianity and Jesuism In his commentary The Epistle to the Romans ( Ger . Der Römerbrief ; particularly in the thoroughly re-written second edition of 1922 ) Karl Barth argued that the God who is revealed in the cross of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures , achievements , or possessions . Some theologians believe this work to be the most important theological treatise since Friedrich Schleiermacher 's On Religion : Speeches to its Cultured Despisers . In addition to the many questions about the true origins of some of Paul 's teachings posed by historical figures as noted above , some modern theologians also hold that the teachings of Paul differ markedly from those of Jesus as found in the Gospels . Barrie Wilson states that Paul differs from Jesus in terms of the origin of his message , his teachings and his practices . Some have even gone so far as to claim that , due to these apparent differences in teachings , that Paul was actually no less than the `` second founder '' of Christianity ( Jesus being its first ) . ' ' Visit any church service , Roman Catholic , Protestant or Greek Orthodox , and it is the apostle Paul and his ideas that are central -- in the hymns , the creeds , the sermons , the invocation and benediction , and of course , the rituals of baptism and the Holy Communion or Mass . Whether birth , baptism , confirmation , marriage or death , it is predominantly Paul who is evoked to express meaning and significance . ' ' -- Professor James D. Tabor for the Huffington post Robert M. Price , in his book The Amazing Colossal Apostle : The Search for the Historical Paul , says `` the Pauline epistles reveal themselves to the discerning reader to have exactly the same sort of limitation as the Gospels do : both are collections of fragments and pericopae contributed and fabricated by authors and communities of very different theological leanings '' . As in the Eastern tradition in general , Western humanists interpret the reference to election in Romans 9 as reflecting divine foreknowledge . Church tradition Various Christian writers have suggested more details about Paul 's life . 1 Clement , a letter written by the Roman bishop Clement of Rome around the year 90 , reports this about Paul : By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance . After that he had been seven times in bonds , had been driven into exile , had been stoned , had preached in the East and in the West , he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith , having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West ; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers , so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place , having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance . Commenting on this passage , Raymond Brown writes that while it `` does not explicitly say '' that Paul was martyred in Rome , `` such a martyrdom is the most reasonable interpretation '' . Eusebius of Caesarea , who wrote in the 4th century , states that Paul was beheaded in the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero . This event has been dated either to the year 64 , when Rome was devastated by a fire , or a few years later , to 67 . According to one tradition , the church of San Paolo alle Tre Fontane marks the place of Paul 's execution . A Roman Catholic liturgical solemnity of Peter and Paul , celebrated on June 29 , commemorates his martyrdom , and reflects a tradition ( preserved by Eusebius ) that Peter and Paul were martyred at the same time . The Roman liturgical calendar for the following day now remembers all Christians martyred in these early persecutions ; formerly , June 30 was the feast day for St. Paul . Persons or religious orders with special affinity for St. Paul can still celebrate their patron on June 30 . The apocryphal Acts of Paul and the apocryphal Acts of Peter suggest that Paul survived Rome and traveled further west . Some think that Paul could have revisited Greece and Asia Minor after his trip to Spain , and might then have been arrested in Troas , and taken to Rome and executed . A tradition holds that Paul was interred with Saint Peter ad Catacumbas by the via Appia until moved to what is now the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome . Bede , in his Ecclesiastical History , writes that Pope Vitalian in 665 gave Paul 's relics ( including a cross made from his prison chains ) from the crypts of Lucina to King Oswy of Northumbria , northern Britain . Paul is considered the patron saint of London . The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul is celebrated on January 25 . Muslim views Muslims have long believed that Paul purposefully corrupted the original revealed teachings of Jesus , through the introduction of such elements as paganism , the making of Christianity into a theology of the cross , and introducing original sin and the need for redemption . Sayf ibn Umar claimed that certain rabbis persuaded Paul to deliberately misguide early Christians by introducing what Ibn Hazm viewed as objectionable doctrines into Christianity . Ibn Hazm repeated Sayf 's claims . Rabbi Jacob Qirqisani also believed that Paul created Christianity by introducing the doctrine of Trinity . Paul has been criticized by some modern Muslim thinkers . Syed Muhammad Naquib al - Attas wrote that Paul misrepresented the message of Jesus , and Rashid Rida accused Paul of introducing shirk ( polytheism ) into Christianity . Mohammad Ali Jouhar quoted Adolf von Harnack 's critical writings of Paul . In Sunni Muslim polemics , Paul plays the same role ( of deliberately corrupting the early teachings of Jesus ) as a later Jew , Abdullah ibn Saba ' , would play in seeking to destroy the message of Islam from within ( by introducing proto - Shi'ite beliefs ) . Among those who supported this view were scholars Ibn Taymiyyah ( who believed while Paul ultimately succeeded , Ibn Saba failed ) and Ibn Hazm ( who claimed that the Jews even admitted to Paul 's sinister purpose ) . Jewish views Main article : Paul the Apostle and Judaism See also : Messianic Judaism Jewish interest in Paul is a recent phenomenon . Before the positive historical reevaluations of Jesus by some Jewish thinkers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , he had hardly featured in the popular Jewish imagination and little had been written about him by the religious leaders and scholars . Arguably , he is absent from the Talmud and rabbinical literature , although he makes an appearance in some variants of the medieval polemic Toledot Yeshu ( as a spy for the rabbis ) . However , with Jesus no longer regarded as the paradigm of gentile Christianity , Paul 's position became more important in Jewish historical reconstructions of their religion 's relationship with Christianity . He has featured as the key to building barriers ( e.g. Heinrich Graetz and Martin Buber ) or bridges ( e.g. Isaac Mayer Wise and Claude G. Montefiore ) in interfaith relations , as part of an intra-Jewish debate about what constitutes Jewish authenticity ( e.g. Joseph Klausner and Hans Joachim Schoeps ) , and on occasion as a dialogical partner ( e.g. Richard L. Rubenstein and Daniel Boyarin ) . He features in an oratorio ( by Felix Mendelssohn ) , a painting ( by Ludwig Meidner ) and a play ( by Franz Werfel ) , and there have been several novels about Paul ( by Shalom Asch and Samuel Sandmel ) . Jewish philosophers ( including Baruch Spinoza , Leo Shestov , and Jacob Taubes ) and Jewish psychoanalysts ( including Sigmund Freud and Hanns Sachs ) have engaged with the apostle as one of the most influential figures in Western thought . Scholarly surveys of Jewish interest in Paul include those by Hagner ( 1980 ) , Meissner ( 1996 ) , and Langton ( 2010 , 2011 ) . Literary analysis A statue of Paul holding a scroll ( symbolising the Scriptures ) and the sword ( symbolising his martyrdom ) Writing styles British Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby contended that the Paul as described in the book of Acts and the view of Paul gleaned from his own writings are very different people . Some difficulties have been noted in the account of his life . Paul as described in the Book of Acts is much more interested in factual history , less in theology ; ideas such as justification by faith are absent as are references to the Spirit , according to Maccoby . He also pointed out that there are no references to John the Baptist in the Pauline Epistles , although Paul mentions him several times in the book of Acts . Others have objected that the language of the speeches is too Lukan in style to reflect anyone else 's words . Moreover , George Shillington writes that the author of Acts most likely created the speeches accordingly and they bear his literary and theological marks . Conversely , Howard Marshall writes that the speeches were not entirely the inventions of the author and while they may not be accurate word - for - word , the author nevertheless records the general idea of them . F.C. Baur ( 1792 -- 1860 ) , professor of theology at Tübingen in Germany , the first scholar to critique Acts and the Pauline Epistles , and founder of the Tübingen School of theology , argued that Paul , as the `` Apostle to the Gentiles '' , was in violent opposition to the original 12 Apostles . Baur considers the Acts of the Apostles were late and unreliable . This debate has continued ever since , with Adolf Deissmann ( 1866 -- 1937 ) and Richard Reitzenstein ( 1861 -- 1931 ) emphasising Paul 's Greek inheritance and Albert Schweitzer stressing his dependence on Judaism . Other views Saint Paul , Byzantine ivory relief , 6th -- early 7th century ( Musée de Cluny ) In the second ( and possibly ) late first century , Gnosticism was a competing religious tradition to Christianity which shared some elements of theology . Elaine Pagels , professor of religion at Princeton University and an authority on Gnosticism , declined to judge ( in her book The Gnostic Paul ) whether Paul was actually a Gnostic . Instead , she concentrated on how the Gnostics interpreted Paul 's letters and how evidence from gnostic sources may challenge the assumption that Paul wrote his letters to combat `` gnostic opponents '' and to repudiate their statement that they possess secret wisdom . Professor Robert Eisenman of California State University , Long Beach argues that Paul was a member of the family of Herod the Great . Eisenman makes a connection between Paul and an individual identified by Josephus as `` Saulus '' , a `` kinsman of Agrippa '' . Another oft - cited element of the case for Paul as a member of Herod 's family is found in Romans 16 : 11 where Paul writes , `` Greet Herodion , my kinsman '' . According to Timo Eskola , early Christian theology and discourse was influenced by the Jewish Merkabah tradition . Similarly , Alan Segal and Daniel Boyarin regard Paul 's accounts of his conversion experience and his ascent to the heavens as the earliest first person accounts we have of a Merkabah mystic in Jewish or Christian literature . Conversely , Timothy Churchill has argued that Paul 's Damascus road encounter does not fit the pattern of Merkabah . Among the critics of Paul the Apostle was Thomas Jefferson , a Deist , who wrote that Paul was the `` first corrupter of the doctrines of Jesus . '' Christian anarchists , such as Leo Tolstoy and Ammon Hennacy , take a similar view . F.F. Powell argues that Paul , in his epistles , made use of many of the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato , sometimes even using the same metaphors and language . For example , in Phaedrus , Plato has Socrates saying that the heavenly ideals are perceived as though `` through a glass dimly '' , Paul 's language closely mirrors this phrase 1 Corinthians 13 . The latest research into the life of Paul disputes his claim of conversion . In 2015 , independent researchers P.J. Gott and Logan Licht reported evidence they discovered that suggests the books of the New Testament were written in `` enigmatical modes of expression , '' the method Philo the Alexandrian Jew attributes to the Essene sect of Judaism . Josephus the Jewish historian writes , `` The Essenes also , as we call a sect of ours ... live the same kind of life as do those whom the Greeks call Pythagoreans ... '' The Greek historian Plutarch ties `` Pythagoreans '' and `` enigmatical modes of expression '' together : `` Pythagoras greatly admired the Egyptian priests , and , copying their symbolism and secret teachings , incorporated his doctrines in enigmas . '' After testing Philo 's `` Essene '' method as reconstructed by heresy - hunters in the 17th century , they conclude that Acts ' `` Paulus also known as Saulus '' was the same `` Saulus '' Josephus blames for the events that led to the destruction of the Temple in 70 . Physical appearance The New Testament offers little if any information about the physical appearance of Paul , but several descriptions can be found in apocryphal texts . In the Acts of Paul he is described as `` A man of small stature , with a bald head and crooked legs , in a good state of body , with eyebrows meeting and nose somewhat hooked '' . In the Latin version of the Acts of Paul and Thecla it is added that he had a red , florid face . In The History of the Contending of Saint Paul his countenance is actually described as `` ruddy with the ruddiness of the skin of the pomegranate '' . The Acts of Saint Peter confirms that Paul had a bald and shining head , with red hair . As summarised by Barnes , Chrysostom records that Paul 's stature was low , his body crooked and his head bald . Lucian , in his Philopatris , describes Paul as `` corpore erat parvo ( he was small ) , contracto ( contracted ) , incurvo ( crooked ) , tricubitali ( of three cubits , or four feet six ) '' . Nicephorus claims that Paul was a little man , crooked , and almost bent like a bow , with a pale countenance , long and wrinkled , and a bald head . Pseudo-Chrysostom echoes Lucian 's height of Paul , referring to him as `` the man of three cubits '' . Paul at one point compares himself as one who is like `` a miscarried / aborted child '' . This however probably does not suggest some kind of deformity such as being crooked or hunch - backed , that tormented him , but rather his view of his worthiness to become an apostle . See also Book : Apostle ( Christian ) Saints portal Achaichus Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul 's Shipwreck Old Testament : Christian views of the Law Persecution of Christians in the New Testament Persecution of religion in ancient Rome Peter and Paul Psychagogy St. Paul 's Cathedral Further reading Bart D. Ehrman . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend ; 304 pages , Oxford University Press ( March , 2008 ) Bart D. Ehrman . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings ; 608 pages , Oxford University Press ( July , 2011 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975753 - 4 Efrain Agosto . Servant Leadership : Jesus and Paul ; Chalice Press ( November , 2012 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8272 - 3506 - 9 Hyam MacCoby . The Mythmaker : Paul and the Invention of Christianity ; 238 pages , Barnes & Noble Books ( 1998 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 0787 - 6 Hans Joachim Schoeps . Paul : The Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History ( Library of Theological Translations ) ; 34 pages , Lutterworth Press ( July , 2002 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17013 - 7 Pinchas Lapide , Peter Stuhlmacher . Paul : Rabbi and Apostle ; 77 pages , Augsburg Publishing House ; ( December 1984 ) Pinchas Lapide , Leonard Swidler , Jurgen Moltmann . Jewish Monotheism and Christian Trinitarian Doctrine ; 94 pages , Wipf & Stock Publishers ( May , 2002 ) References Citations Jump up ^ In the Footsteps of Paul . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Acts 22 : 3 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55934 - 655 - 9 Jump up ^ `` '' Saint Paul , the Apostle . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition `` . global.britannica.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did God change Saul 's name to Paul ? '' . Catholic Answers . Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acts 9 : 11 This is the place where the expression `` Saul of Tarsus '' comes from . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Mark A. Introducing the New Testament . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2868 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Sanders , E.P. `` Saint Paul , the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 2013 . Web . 08 Jan. 2013 . Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , McDonald & Sanders editors , 2002 , chapter 32 , p. 577 , by James D.G. Dunn : `` James , the brother of Jesus , and Paul , the two other most prominent leading figures ( besides Peter ) in first - century Christianity '' Jump up ^ Acts 8 : 1 `` at Jerusalem '' ; Acts 9 : 13 `` at Jerusalem '' ; Acts 9 : 21 `` in Jerusalem '' ; Acts 26 : 10 `` in Jerusalem '' . Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 20 And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues , that he is the Son of God . Acts 9 : 21 But all that heard him were amazed , and said ; Is not this he that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem , and came hither for that intent , that he might bring them bound unto the chief priests ? Jump up ^ Tertullian knew the Letter to the Hebrews as being `` under the name of Barnabas '' ( De Pudicitia , chapter 20 where T. quotes Heb. 6 : 4 -- 8 ) ; Origen , in his now lost Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews , is reported by Eusebius ( Hist . Eccl. 6 , 25 , 13f . ) as having written `` ... if any Church holds that this epistle is by Paul , let it be commended for this . For not without reason have the ancients handed it down as Paul 's . But who wrote the epistle , in truth , God knows . The statement of some who have gone before us is that Clement , bishop of the Romans , wrote the epistle , and of others , that Luke , the author of the Gospel and the Acts , wrote it Jump up ^ The New Jerome Biblical Commentary , publ . Geoffrey Chapman , 1989 , chapter 60 : 2 ( at p. 920 , col. 2 ) Jump up ^ Chapman , Geoffrey ( 1989 ) . The New Jerome Biblical Commentary . p. 920 column 2 ( Chapter 60 ) . That Paul is neither directly nor indirectly the author is now the view of scholars almost without exception . For details , see Kümmel , I ( ntroduction to the ) N ( ew ) T ( estament , Nashville , 1975 ) 392 -- 94 , 401 -- 03 Jump up ^ Paul 's undisputed epistles are 1st Thessalonians , Galatians , 1st and 2nd Corinthians , Romans , Philippians , and Philemon . The six letters believed by some but not all to have been written by Paul are Ephesians , Colossians , 2 Thessalonians , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , and Titus . Paul and His Influence in Early Christianity ( United Methodist Church ) Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ; Moo , D.G. An Introduction to the New Testament . Nottingham : Apollos / Inter-Varsity Press . 2005 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84474 - 089 - 5 Jump up ^ Aageson , James W. Paul , the Pastoral Epistles , and the Early Church . Hendrickson Publishers , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 041 - 1 p. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Paul , St '' , Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ Martin , Dale B. ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction to the New Testament History and Literature -- 5 . The New Testament as History '' . Open Yale Courses . Yale University . Jump up ^ Marrow , Stanley B. ( 1 Jan 1986 ) . Paul : His Letters and His Theology : An Introduction to Paul 's Epistles . Paulist Press . pp. 5 , 7 . ISBN 978 - 0809127443 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Greek lexicon G4569 Σαύλος ( Saul ) Greek lexicon G3972 Παύλος ( Paul ) Hebrew lexicon H7586 שׁאוּל ( Shaul / Saul ) Jump up ^ Paulus autem et Barnabas demorabantur Antiochiae docentes et evangelizantes cum aliis pluribus verbum Domini Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` St. Paul '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Oxford University Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary , ISBN 0198642016 , entry for Paulus : `` a Roman surname ( not a praenomen ; '' Jump up ^ `` The Letter of Paul to the Galatians : An Introduction '' . books.google.se . Retrieved 14 Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 4 ; 22 : 7 ; 26 : 14 Jump up ^ Acts 26 : 14 Note : This is the only place in the Bible where the reader is told what language Jesus was speaking . Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 17 ; 22 : 13 Jump up ^ White ( 2007 ) , pp. 145 -- 47 Jump up ^ Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) . Introduction to the New Testament ( 2 ed . ) . New York : de Gruyter . p. 107 . ISBN 3110149702 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , G. Ernest , Great People of the Bible and How They Lived , ( Pleasantville , New York : The Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. , 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Montague , George T . The Living Thought Of St. Paul Milwaukee : Bruce Publishing Co. 1966 . ^ Jump up to : 1st Timothy , 2nd Timothy , and Titus may be `` Trito - Pauline '' , meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Quency E. `` The Early Life and Background of Paul the Apostle '' . The American Journal of Biblical Theology . Jump up ^ Frederick Fyvie Bruce ( 1977 ) , Paul , Apostle of the Heart Set Free , p. 43 Jump up ^ Dale Martin 2009 . Introduction to New Testament History and Literature , lecture 14 `` Paul as Missionary '' . Yale University . Jump up ^ Kee , Howard and Franklin W. Young , Understanding The New Testament , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , Prentice Hall , Inc. 1958 , p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0139365911 Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 1979 ) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : A -- D ( International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( Wbeerdmans ) ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 689 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3781 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Paul ( 2002 ) . Jesus , the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament Times . InterVarsity Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2699 - 8 . Jump up ^ L. Niswonger , Richard ( 1993 ) . New Testament History . Zondervan Publishing Company . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 31201 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aslan , Reza ( 2013 ) . Zealot ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Random House . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 8148 - 3 . Jump up ^ McRay ( 2007 ) , p. 66 Jump up ^ Horrell , David G ( 2006 ) . An Introduction to the Study of Paul . New York : T&T Clark . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 04083 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hengel , Martin and Anna Maria Schwemer , trans . John Bowden . Paul Between Damascus and Antioch : The Unknown Years Westminster John Knox Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25736 - 4 Jump up ^ Kirsopp Lake , The earlier Epistles of St. Paul , their motive and origin ( London 1911 ) , pp. 320 -- 23 . Jump up ^ N.T. Wright , `` Paul , Arabia and Elijah '' ( PDF ) Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Martin Hengel , `` Paul in Arabia '' ( PDF ) Bulletin for Biblical Research 12.1 ( 2002 ) pp. 47 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Paul The Birth Of Christianity : The First Twenty Years ( Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2781 - 0 p. 200 Jump up ^ Ogg , George , Chronology of the New Testament in Peake 's Commentary on the Bible ( Nelson , 1963 ) Jump up ^ Barnett p. 83 Jump up ^ The only indication as to who is leading is in the order of names . At first , the two are referred to as Barnabas and Paul , in that order . Later in the same chapter the team is referred to as Paul and his companions . Jump up ^ `` His quotations from Scripture , which are all taken , directly or from memory , from the Greek version , betray no familiarity with the original Hebrew text ( ... ) Nor is there any indication in Paul 's writings or arguments that he had received the rabbinical training ascribed to him by Christian writers ( ... ) '' `` Paul , the Apostle of the Heathen '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Acts 14 : 28 Jump up ^ Spence Jones , Donald ; Exell , Joseph S. , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Acts '' . The Complete Pulpit Commentary . Volume 8 : Act to Philippians . Harrington , Delaware : Delmarva Publications . ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1910 ) . `` Judaizers '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia : An International Work of Reference on the Constitution , Doctrine , Discipline , and History of the Catholic Church . 8 : Infamy -- Lapparent . New York : Robert Appleton Company . pp. 537 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Acts 15 : 2ff ; Galatians 2 : 1ff ^ Jump up to : White ( 2007 ) , pp. 148 -- 49 Jump up ^ Paul : Apostle of the Free Spirit , F.F. Bruce , Paternoster 1980 , p. 151 Jump up ^ White ( 2007 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Christianity : an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0901 - 7 , pp. 137 -- 41 Jump up ^ Mercer Commentary on the New Testament by Watson E. Mills 2003 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 864 - 1 pp. 1109 -- 10 Jump up ^ Andreas J. Köstenberger , L. Scott Kellum and Charles Quarles ( 2009 ) . The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville , Tennessee , B&H Publishing Group . p. 400 Jump up ^ Acts 18 : 18 Jump up ^ Caldwell , Kenneth M. Catholic Encyclopedia : Nazarite . newadvent.org . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Acts 18 : 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ This clause is not found in some major sources : Codex Sinaiticus , Codex Alexandrinus , Codex Vaticanus or Codex Laudianus Jump up ^ Acts 18 : 21 Jump up ^ Pulpit Commentary on Acts 18 http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/acts/18.htm accessed 4 October 2015 Jump up ^ Acts 20 : 34 Jump up ^ McRay ( 2007 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Ellicott 's Commentary for Modern Readers on Romans 1 , accessed 7 October 2016 Jump up ^ Burton , Ernest De Witt ( 1977 ) . A critical and exegetical commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 05029 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Durazzo ( Albania ) . Newadvent.org ( 1909 -- 05 -- 01 ) . Retrieved 2010 -- 11 -- 19 . Jump up ^ 1st Clement -- Lightfoot translation 1 Clem 5 : 5 `` By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance . After that he had been seven times in bonds , had been driven into exile , had been stoned , had preached in the East and in the West , he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith , ( 5 : 6 ) having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West ; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers , so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place , having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance '' . Where Lightfoot has `` had preached '' above , the Hoole translation has `` having become a herald '' . See also the endnote ( # 3 ) by Arthur Cleveland Coxe on the last page of wikisource 1st Clement regarding Paul 's preaching in Britain . Jump up ^ Chrysostom on 2 Tim. 4 : 20 ( Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Series I Volume XIII ) Jump up ^ Cyril on Paul and gifts of the Holy Ghost ( Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Series II Volume VII , Lecture 17 , para. 26 ) Jump up ^ The Muratorian Fragment lines 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Paul does not exactly say that this was his second visit . In Galatians , he lists three important meetings with Peter , and this was the second on his list . The third meeting took place in Antioch . He does not explicitly state that he did not visit Jerusalem in between this and his first visit . Jump up ^ Note that Paul only writes that he is on his way to Jerusalem , or just planning the visit . There might or might not have been additional visits before or after this visit , if he ever got to Jerusalem . Jump up ^ Romans 15 : 25 , 2 Corinthians 8 -- 9 , 1 Corinthians 16 : 1 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Capes , David B. ; Reeves , Rodney ; Richards , E. Randolph ( 2007 ) . `` The imprisoned Paul : letters to churches '' . Rediscovering Paul : An Introduction to His World , Letters and Theology . Downers Grove , Illinois : IVP Academic . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3941 - 4 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3. 2 : the `` ... Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles , Peter and Paul ; as also ( by pointing out ) the faith preached to men , which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops ... The blessed apostles , then , having founded and built up the Church , committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate '' . Jump up ^ MaGee Greg . `` The Origins of the Church at Rome '' . bible.org Accessed 18 Mar 2013 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Sean ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) . The Fate of the Apostles . pp. 67 -- 70 . ISBN 9781317031901 . Jump up ^ Ignatius of Antioch , Letter to the Ephesians , Chapter XII Jump up ^ of Corinth , Dionysius . `` Fragments from a Letter to the Roman Church Chapter III '' . earlychristianwritings.com . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . `` Therefore you also have by such admonition joined in close union the churches that were planted by Peter and Paul , that of the Romans and that of the Corinthians : for both of them went to our Corinth , and taught us in the same way as they taught you when they went to Italy ; and having taught you , they suffered martyrdom at the same time . '' Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea . `` Church History Book II Chapter 25 : 8 '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Montague Rhodes ( 1924 ) . `` The Acts of Paul '' . The Apocryphal New Testament . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Quintus Septimius Florens , Tertullian . `` Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI '' . ccel.org . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . `` Since , moreover , you are close upon Italy , you have Rome , from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority ( of apostles themselves ) . How happy is its church , on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood ; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord 's ; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John 's ( the Baptist ) ; where the Apostle John was first plunged , unhurt , into boiling oil , and thence remitted to his island - exile . '' Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . `` Church History Book II Chapter 25 : 5 -- 6 '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died , addressed to Donatus Chapter II ^ Jump up to : saint , Jerome . `` On Illustrious Men Chapter 5 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ John Chrysostom . Concerning Lowliness of Mind 4 Jump up ^ Sulpicius Severus , Chronica II. 28 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Ratzinger , Joseph Aloisius ( 2009 ) . General Audience of 4 February 2009 : St Paul 's martyrdom and heritage . Paul VI Audience Hall , Rome : Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Serena De Leonardis and Stefano Masi ( 1999 ) . Art and history : Rome and the Vatican . Casa Editrice Bonechi . p. 21 Jump up ^ presbyter , Caius ( Gaius ) . `` Dialogue or Disputation Against Proclus ( 198 AD ) in Eusebius , Church History Book II Chapter 25 : 6 -- 7 '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Sandra Sweeny ( 2013 ) . `` Catacombs '' . Footprints in parchment : Rome versus Christianity 30 -- 313 AD . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4817 - 3373 - 1 . Jump up ^ St Paul 's tomb unearthed in Rome from BBC News ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) ; Vatican to open Apostle Paul 's tomb Jump up ^ `` Remains of St. Paul confirmed '' . Washington Times . June 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament by David E. Aune ISBN 1405108258 p. 9 `` While seven of the letters attributed to Paul are almost universally accepted as authentic ( Romans , 1 and 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Philippians , 1 Thessalonians , Philemon ) , four are just as widely judged to be pseudepigraphical , i.e. , written by unknown authors under Paul 's name : Ephesians and the Pastorals ( 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus ) . ^ Jump up to : Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible by James D.G. Dunn ( Nov 19 , 2003 ) ISBN 0802837115 p. 1274 `` There is general scholarly agreement that seven of the thirteen letters bearing Paul 's name are authentic , but his authorship of the other six can not be taken for granted ... Romans , 1 and 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Philippians , 1 Thessalonians and Philemon are certainly Paul 's own '' . ^ Jump up to : Pheme Perkins , Reading the New Testament : An Introduction ( Paulist Press , 1988 ) , ISBN 0809129396 pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Peter , Paul , and Mary Magdelene : the followers of Jesus in history and legend By Bart Ehrman , pp. 98 -- 100 Jump up ^ A commentary on the Acts of the Apostles by Charles Stephan Conway Williams , pp. 22 , 240 Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 2009 ) . `` Paul the Apostle '' . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837844 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Margaret Y . Sacra Pagina : Colossians and Ephesians . Liturgical Press , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5819 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Epistle to the Colossians -- Catholic Encyclopedia '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brown , R.E. , The Churches the Apostles Left Behind p. 48 . Jump up ^ Barrett , C.K. the Pastoral Epistles pp. 4ff . ^ Jump up to : `` Atonement '' . Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ Ephesiahs 2 : 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Galatians 4 : 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia ( 1915 ) , Volume 4 , p. 2276 edited by James Orr Jump up ^ `` Paul the Jew as Founder of Christianity ? '' . Huffington post . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paul and Palestinian Judaism in 1977 ; Paul , the Law , and the Jewish People in 1983 Jump up ^ J.D.G. Dunn 's Manson Memorial Lecture ( 4.11. 1982 ) : ' The New Perspective on Paul ' BJRL 65 ( 1983 ) , 95 -- 122 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Perspectives on Paul '' . Ntwrightpage.com. 2003 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart . Peter , Paul , and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press , USA . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530013 - 0 Jump up ^ Rowlands , Christopher . Christian Origins ( SPCK 1985 ) p. 113 Jump up ^ Kroeger , Richard C. and Catherine C. I Suffer Not a Woman . Baker Book House , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 5250 - 5 Jump up ^ Wright , N.T. `` The Biblical Basis for Women 's Service in the Church '' . Web : Dec. 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Kirk , J.R. Daniel . `` Faculty -- Fuller '' . fuller.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Giguzzi , Giancarlo `` Paolo , un apostolo contro le donne ? '' in Credere Oggi : in dialogo con San Paolo e le sue lettere no . 124 , Edizioni Messaggero Padova , 2004 , pp. 95 -- 107 . at credereoggi.it ^ Jump up to : `` Prophet , Prophetess , Prophecy '' . Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology . Jump up ^ Kirk , J.R. Daniel . Jesus I Have Loved . But Paul ? Baker , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 3625 - 8 Jump up ^ Stagg , Evelyn and Frank Stagg . Woman in the World of Jesus . Westminster Press , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 24195 - 6 Jump up ^ Gombis , Timothy . `` ( PDF ) A Radically Different New Humanity : The Function of the Haustafel in Ephesians '' . Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society . 48 / 2 ( June 2005 ) 317 -- 30 . Accessed 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Margaret . The Pauline Churches : A Socio - historical Study of Institutionalization in the Pauline and Deutero - Pauline Writings . SNTSMS 60 ; Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1988 . p109 Jump up ^ Achtenmeier , P.J. HarperCollins Bible Dictionary ( revised ed . ) . HarperCollins . pp. 882 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 060037 - 3 . Jump up ^ Keller , Marie Noël . Priscilla and Aquila : Paul 's Coworkers in Christ Jesus . Liturgical Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5284 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church -- Article 6 : The sixth commandment '' . vatican.va . January 10 , 1951 . Jump up ^ http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=1728 Jump up ^ http://www.coptic.net/articles/OnHomosexuality.txt Jump up ^ `` Christianity and Homosexuality '' . CARM -- The Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . Oxford University Press . 2003 . p. 393 ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . `` ... when we come to the Pastoral epistles , there is greater scholarly unanimity . These three letters are widely regarded by scholars as non-Pauline . '' Jump up ^ Collins , Raymond F. 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . 2004 . p. 4 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22247 - 1 . `` By the end of the twentieth century New Testament scholarship was virtually unanimous in affirming that the Pastoral Epistles were written some time after Paul 's death ... As always some scholars dissent from the consensus view . '' Jump up ^ Romans 10 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 10 : 14 -- 17 , 11 : 17 -- 34 Jump up ^ Maccoby , Hyam , The Mythmaker : Paul and the Invention of Christianity ( Harpercollins , October 1987 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Barrie A. ( 2008 ) . How Jesus Became Christian . New York , Toronto : St. Martin 's Press . pp. chapters 9 , 10 , 12 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , John C. , Church History : Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity ( Paulist Press , July 1985 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wrede , William , Paul ( trans . Edward Lummis ; London : Philip Green , 1907 ) , p. 179 . Jump up ^ `` Christianity Before Paul '' . Huffington post . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Price , The Amazing Colossal Apostle , ( Signature books , 2012 ) , p. viii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56085 - 216 - 2 Jump up ^ The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians , 5 : 5 -- 6 , translated by J.B. Lightfoot in Lightfoot , Joseph Barber ( 1890 ) . The Apostolic Fathers : A Revised Text with Introductions , Notes , Dissertations , and Translations . Macmillan . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 5612 - 8 . OCLC 54248207 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond Edward ; John Paul Meier ( 1983 ) . Antioch and Rome : New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity . Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2532 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hist . Eccl. , II. 25 - Jump up ^ Eusebius , Hist . Eccl. , II. 25 , where he quotes Dionysius of Corinth to this effect Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul , the Apostle . June 30 . Rev. Alban Butler . 1866 . Volume VI : June . The Lives of the Saints '' . bartleby.com . Jump up ^ `` June 30 -- St. Paul The Apostle '' . paulines.ph . Jump up ^ `` Chambers ' The Book of Days '' . 1869 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Peter G. Riddell ( 2001 ) . Islam and the Malay - Indonesian World : Transmission and Responses ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . p. 235 . ISBN 9780824824730 . Jump up ^ Ed Hindson ; Ergun Caner ( 1 May 2008 ) . The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics : Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity . Harvest House Publishers . p. 280 . ISBN 9780736936354 . Jump up ^ James De Young ( 9 Dec 2004 ) . Terrorism , Islam , and Christian Hope : Reflections on 9 - 11 and Resurging Islam . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 60 . ISBN 9781597520058 . Jump up ^ Waardenburg , Jacques , ed. ( 19 Aug 1999 ) . Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions : A Historical Survey . Oxford University Press . p. 276 . ISBN 9780195355765 . Jump up ^ Waardenburg , Jacques , ed. ( 19 Aug 1999 ) . Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions : A Historical Survey . Oxford University Press . p. 255 . ISBN 9780195355765 . Jump up ^ James De Young ( 9 Dec 2004 ) . Terrorism , Islam , and Christian Hope : Reflections on 9 - 11 and Resurging Islam . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 64 . ISBN 9781597520058 . How did the original truth regarding God ( Allah ) come to be distorted ? The culprit is the apostle Paul . Paul 's concepts of original sin and the need for redemption are wrong because they contradict the teaching of the Old Testament ( which denies that a son should suffer for the sins of his father ; Deut. 24 : 16 ; Jer. 31 : 29 - 30 ; Ezek. 18 : 19 - 20 ) ; and they contradict the teaching of Jesus ( John 9 : 1 - 3 ) . Indeed , Paul 's `` revealed '' version of Christianity was `` fundamentally different from what the chosen disciples of Jesus knew to be the teaching of the Master , so that there was a serious conflict between Paul and the original followers of Christ '' who never deviated from strict monotheism . ( under ' Islam 's Rejection of Christian Doctrine ' ) ^ Jump up to : Camilla Adang ( 1 Jan 1996 ) . Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible : From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm . BRILL . pp. 105 -- 06 . ISBN 9789004100343 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Anthony ( 25 Nov 2011 ) . The Caliph and the Heretic : Ibn Saba and the Origins of Shi'ism ( illustrated ed . ) . BRILL . p. 68 . ISBN 9789004209305 . Jump up ^ Ross Brann ( 21 Dec 2009 ) . Power in the Portrayal : Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh - and Twelfth - Century Islamic Spain . Princeton University Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 9781400825240 . Jump up ^ Waardenburg ( 1999 ) , p. 276 Jump up ^ Waardenburg ( 1999 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ Ross Brann ( 21 Dec 2009 ) . Power in the Portrayal : Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh - and Twelfth - Century Islamic Spain . Princeton University Press . pp. 65 -- 6 . ISBN 9781400825240 . Jump up ^ Zoltan Pall ( 31 Jan 2013 ) . Lebanese Salafis Between the Gulf and Europe : Development , Fractionalization and Transnational Networks of Salafism in Lebanon . Amsterdam University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 9789089644510 . Jump up ^ Camilla Adang ( 1 Jan 1996 ) . Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible : From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm . BRILL . pp. 105 -- 6 . ISBN 9789004100343 . Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 23 -- 56 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 57 -- 96 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 97 -- 153 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 154 -- 76 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 178 -- 209 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 210 -- 30 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 234 -- 62 Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) , pp. 263 -- 78 Jump up ^ Hagner , Donald ( 1980 ) . Hagner , Donald , ed . Paul in Modern Jewish Thought in Pauline Studies . Exeter : Paternoster Press . pp. 143 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Meissner , Stefan ( 1996 ) . Die Heimholung des Ketzers . Tübingen : Mohr . Jump up ^ Langton ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Langton , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Westerholm , Stephen , ed . Jewish Readings of Paul in Blackwell Companion to Paul . Blackwell . pp. 55 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Langton , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Levine , Amy - Jill , ed . Paul in Jewish Thought in The Jewish Annotated New Testament . Oxford University Press . pp. 585 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Shillington , George ( 2007 ) . Introduction to Luke - Acts . London : T & T Clark . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 03053 - 9 . Jump up ^ Marshall , I. Howard ( 1980 ) . The Acts of the Apostles . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 1423 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pagels , Elaine . The Gnostic Paul : Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters . Continuum International Publishing , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 1563380396 Jump up ^ See `` Paul as Herodian '' , JHC 3 / 1 ( Spring , 1996 ) , 110 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Antiquities , Book XX , Chapter 9 : 4 . at ccel.org Jump up ^ Timo Eskola . Messiah and the Throne : Jewish Merkabah Mysticism and Early Exaltation Discourse Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck , 2001 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Timothy W.R. Divine Initiative and the Christology of the Damascus Road Encounter , Eugene : Pickwick , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Writings of Thomas Jefferson : Being his Autobiography , Correspondence , Reports , Messages , Addresses , and Other Writings , Official and Private . Published by the Order of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library , from the Original Manuscripts , Deposited in the Department of State , With Explanatory Notes , Tables of Contents , and a Copious Index to Each Volume , as well as a General Index to the Whole , by the Editor H.A. Washington . Vol . VII . Published by Taylor Maury , Washington , D.C. , 1854 . Jump up ^ Tolsoy , Leo ( 1882 ) . Church and State . This deviation begins from the time of the Apostle and especially after that hankerer after mastership Paul Jump up ^ Hennacy , Ammon ( 1970 ) . The Book of Ammon . Jump up ^ Powell , F.F. `` Saint Paul 's Homage to Plato '' . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Plato . Phaedrus 250b . Benjamin Jowett ( trans . ) . For there is no light of justice or temperance or any of the higher ideas which are precious to souls in the earthly copies of them : they are seen through a glass dimly ; Jump up ^ P.J. Gott and Logan Licht , Following Philo : In Search of The Magdalene , The Virgin , The Men Called Jesus ( Bolivar : Leonard Press , 2015 ) , 27 . Jump up ^ William Whiston , trans . The New Complete Works of Josephus ( Grand Rapids : Kregel Publications , 1999 ) , Antiquities 15.10. 4 ( 371 ) , 521 . Jump up ^ Plutarch . Isis and Osiris , `` Introduction , '' ( Loeb Classical Library , 1914 , Babbit trans . ) ; Gott and Licht ( 2015 ) , 28 . Jump up ^ Josephus , 1999 , Antiquities 20.9. 4 ( 214 ) , 657 Jump up ^ Barnstone , Willis . ' The Acts of Paul ' in The Other Bible . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers , 1984 , p. 447 . ^ Jump up to : Eisler , Robert . The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist . London : Methuen & Co. Ltd. , 1931 , p. 448 . Jump up ^ Budge , E.A. Wallis . ' The History of the Contending of Saint Paul ' in The Contendings of the Twelve Apostles : Being the Histories and the Lives and Martyrdomes and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists . Vol. 2 . The English Translation . London : Henry Frowde , 1901 , p. 531 . Jump up ^ ' The Acts of Saint Peter , ' p. 501 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Albert . Notes , Explanatory and Practical , on The New Testament . Vol. 6. II . Corinthians and Galatians . Glasgow , Edinburgh and London : Blackie & Son , 1844 , p. 212 . ^ Jump up to : The Catholic Encyclopedia , http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ , s.v. Paul , Saint . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 8 . Jump up ^ 2 Corinthians 12 : 7 . Bibliography Aulén , Gustaf . Christus Victor ( SPCK 1931 ) Brown , Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament . Anchor Bible Series , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 Brown , Raymond E. The Church the Apostles left behind ( Chapman 1984 ) Bruce , F.F. `` Is the Paul of Acts the Real Paul ? '' Bulletin John Rylands Library 58 ( 1976 ) 283 -- 305 Bruce , F.F. , Paul : Apostle of the Heart Set Free ( ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4778 - 1 ) Carson , D.A. ; Moo , D.J. An Introduction to the New Testament ISBN 978 - 1 - 84474 - 089 - 5 Conzelmann , Hans , The Acts of the Apostles -- A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles ( Augsburg Fortress 1987 ) Davies , W.D. Paul and Rabbinic Judaism : Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology . S.P.C.K. , 3rd ed. , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 281 - 02449 - 9 Davies , W.D. `` The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul '' in Matthew Black , ed . Peake 's Commentary on the Bible . London : T. Nelson , 1962 . ISBN 0 - 8407 - 5019 - 6 Dunn , James D.G. , Jesus , Paul , and the Gospels ( Grand Rapids ( MI ) , Wm . B. Eerdmans , 2011 ) Dunn , James D.G. , Jesus , Paul and the Law Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25095 - 5 Hanson , Anthony T. Studies in Paul 's Technique and Theology . Eerdmans , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3452 - 3 Holzbach , Mathis Christian , Die textpragmat . Bedeutung d . Kündereinsetzungen d . Simon Petrus u.d. Saulus Paulus im lukan . Doppelwerk , in : Jesus als Bote d . Heils . Stuttgart 2008 , 166 -- 72 . Horrell , David G. `` An Introduction to the Study of Paul '' . T&T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies . 2nd edition . London : T&T Clark , 2006 Irenaeus , Against Heresies Kim , Yung Suk . A Theological Introduction to Paul 's Letters . Eugene , Oregon : Cascade Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60899 - 793 - 0 Langton , Daniel R. ( 2010 ) . The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51740 - 9 . Maccoby , Hyam . The Mythmaker : Paul and the Invention of Christianity . New York : Harper & Row , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015582 - 5 MacDonald , Dennis Ronald , 1983 . The Legend and the Apostle : The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Philadelphia : Westminster Press , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0664244644 McRay , John ( 2007 ) . Paul : His Life and Teaching . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1441205742 . Murphy - O'Connor , Jerome , Jesus and Paul : Parallel lives ( Collegeville , Minn. : Liturgical Press , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 8146 - 5173 - 9 Murphy - O'Connor , Jerome , Paul the Letter - Writer : His World , His Options , His Skills ( Collegeville , Minn. : Liturgical Press , 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 8146 - 5845 - 8 Murphy - O'Connor , Jerome , Paul : A Critical Life ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 826749 - 5 Ogg , George . `` Chronology of the New Testament '' . Matthew Black , ed . Peake 's Commentary on the Bible . Nelson , 1962 . ISBN 0 - 8407 - 5019 - 6 Rashdall , Hastings , The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology ( 1919 ) Ruef , John , Paul 's First letter to Corinth ( Penguin 1971 ) Sanders , E.P. , Paul and Palestinian Judaism ( 1977 ) Segal , Alan F. Paul , the Convert , ( New Haven / London , Yale University Press , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 04527 - 1 Segal , Alan F. , `` Paul , the Convert and Apostle '' in Rebecca 's Children : Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World ( Harvard University Press 1986 ) ISBN 978 - 0674750760 Spong , John Shelby , `` The Man From Tarsus '' , in Rescuing the Bible From Fundamentalism , reprint ed . ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) . Waardenburg , Jacques , ed. ( 1999 ) . Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions : A Historical Survey . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 535576 - 5 . White , L. Michael ( 2007 ) . From Jesus to Christianity . San Francisco , CA : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 081610 - 4 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Paul of Tarsus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul of Tarsus . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Paul Look up Pauline conversion in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . St Paul on In Our Time at the BBC . Lecture on Paul of Tarsus s by Dr. Henry Abramson Jewish Encyclopedia : Saul of Tarsus ( known as Paul , the Apostle of the Heathen ) Catholic Encyclopedia : Paul of Tarsus Documentary film on Apostle Paul Bartlet , James Vernon ( 1911 ) . `` Paul , the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 11th ed . ) . Novena to Saint Paul Apostle Paul 's mission and letters From PBS Frontline series on the earliest Christians . Representations of Saint Paul `` Saint Paul , the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . The Apostle and the Poet : Paul and Aratus Dr. Riemer Faber The Apostle Paul 's Shipwreck : An Historical Examination of Acts 27 and 28 Works by or about Paul the Apostle in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Why Paul Went West : The Differences Between the Jewish Diaspora Biblical Archaeology Review Santiebeati : Saint Paul Catholic Online : Saint Paul Acts of the Apostles Bible Acts 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Places Achaea Alexandria Amphipolis Antioch of Pisidia Antioch of Syria Asia Assos Atalia Athens Berea Bithynia Caesarea Cenchrea Chios Cilicia Corinth Cos Creta Cyprus Derbe Ephesus Forum Appii Galatia Iconium Italy Jerusalem Lycaonia Lystra Macedonia Malta Mytilene Miletus Mysia Neapolis Paphos Pamphilia Patara Perga Philippi Phrygia Pisidia Pontus Ptolemais Puteoli Regium Rodos Rome Salamis Samos Samothrace Seleucia Syracuse Syria Thessalonica Thyatira Tyre Three Taverns Troas People Aeneas Agabus Agrippa Agrippa II Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ben Nebedeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Bar - jesus Barnabas Berenice Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Drusilla Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Felix Festus Gallio Gamaliel James the Just Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Lysias Manaen ( John ) Mark Mary mother of John Mark Matthias Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Paullus Peter Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon the Sorcerer Sopater Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Other Events Ascension Pentecost Conversion of Paul Peter 's vision Peter 's liberation Council of Jerusalem Areopagus sermon Book burning at Ephesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of John ( chapter 21 ) Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 1 ) → First Journey of Paul the Apostle 1 . Antioch 2 . Seleucia 3 . Cyprus 3a . Salamis 3b . Paphos 4 . Perga 5 . Antioch of Pisidia 6 . Konya ( Iconium ) 7 . Derbe 8 . Lystra 9 . Antalya 10 . Antioch ( returns to beginning of journey ) Second Journey of Paul the Apostle 1 . Cilicia 2 . Derbe 3 . Lystra 4 . Phrygia 5 . Galatia 6 . Mysia ( Alexandria Troas ) 7 . Samothrace 8 . Neapolis 9 . Philippi 9 . Amphipolis 10 . Apollonia 11 . Thessalonica 12 . Beroea 13 . Athens 14 . Corinth 15 . Cenchreae 16 . Ephesus 17 . Syria 18 . Caesarea 19 . Jerusalem 20 . Antioch Third Journey of Paul the Apostle 1 . Galatia 2 . Phrygia 3 . Ephesus 4 . Macedonia 5 . Corinth 6 . Cenchreae 7 . Macedonia ( again ) 8 . Troas 9 . Assos 10 . Mytilene 11 . Chios 12 . Samos 13 . Miletus 14 . Cos 15 . Rhodes 16 . Patara 17 . Tyre 18 . Ptolemais 19 . Caesarea 20 . Jerusalem New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - 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- 4305 - ac2b - 1d6b0dc9ad70 NLA : 35412391 NDL : 00621703 NKC : jn99240000845 RLS : 000008054 BNE : XX1074272 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_the_Apostle&oldid=824540579 '' Categories : Paul the Apostle AD 5 births 67 deaths 1st - century Christian martyrs 1st - century executions 1st - century Romans 1st - century Christian theologians 1st - century writers Angelic visionaries Biblical people in Islam Christian martyrs executed by decapitation Christian mystics Christian saints from the New Testament Christian writers Converts to Christianity from Judaism Early Jewish Christians Hellenistic Jewish writers Judaism - related controversies Letter writers National symbols of Malta People executed by the Roman Empire Prophets of the New Testament Roman - era Jews Saints from Roman Anatolia Shipwreck survivors Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback 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where did paul in the bible come from
[ "He was from a devout Jewish family[31] in the city of Tarsus–one of the largest trade centers on the Mediterranean coast.[32] It had been in existence several hundred years prior to his birth. It was renowned for its university. During the time of Alexander the Great, who died in 323 BC, Tarsus was the most influential city in Asia Minor.[31]" ]
[ "the city of Tarsus" ]
1831783017099516983
List of Super Bowl champions
List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . 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who won the super bowl 2 years in a row
[ "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl." ]
[ "the Green Bay Packers", "the Miami Dolphins", "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "the San Francisco 49ers", "the Dallas Cowboys", "the Denver Broncos", "the New England Patriots" ]
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Aguirre, the Wrath of God
Aguirre , the Wrath of God - wikipedia Aguirre , the Wrath of God Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Aguirre ( disambiguation ) . Aguirre , the Wrath of God German film poster Directed by Werner Herzog Produced by Werner Herzog Written by Werner Herzog Starring Klaus Kinski Helena Rojo Ruy Guerra Del Negro Music by Popol Vuh Cinematography Thomas Mauch Edited by Beate Mainka - Jellinghaus Production company Werner Herzog Filmproduktion Hessischer Rundfunk Distributed by Filmverlag der Autoren Release date 29 December 1972 ( 1972 - 12 - 29 ) Running time 94 minutes Country West Germany Language English German Budget US $ 370,000 Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( German : Aguirre , der Zorn Gottes ) , known in the UK as Aguirre , Wrath of God , is a 1972 West German epic film written and directed by Werner Herzog . Klaus Kinski stars in the title role . The soundtrack was composed and performed by West German progressive / Krautrock band Popol Vuh . The story follows the travels of Spanish soldier Lope de Aguirre , who leads a group of conquistadores down the Orinoco and Amazon River in South America in search of the legendary city of gold , El Dorado . Using a minimalist approach to the story and dialogue , the film creates a vision of madness and folly , counterpointed by the lush but unforgiving Amazonian jungle . Although based loosely on what is known of the historical figure of Aguirre , the film 's storyline is , as Herzog acknowledged years after the film 's release , a work of imagination . Some of the people and situations may have been inspired by Gaspar de Carvajal 's account of an earlier Amazonian expedition , although Carvajal was not on the historical voyage represented in the film . Other accounts state that the expedition went into the jungles but never returned to civilization . Aguirre was the first of five collaborations between Herzog and the volatile Kinski . The director and the actor had differing views as to how the role should be played , and they clashed throughout filming ; Kinski 's tantrums terrorized both the crew and the local natives who were assisting the production . Shooting was entirely on location , and was fraught with difficulties . Filming took place in the Peruvian rainforest on the Amazon River during an arduous five - week period , shooting on tributaries of the Ucayali region . The cast and crew climbed mountains , cut through heavy vines to open routes to the various jungle locations , and rode treacherous river rapids on rafts built by natives . Aguirre opened to widespread critical acclaim , and quickly developed a large international cult film following . It was given an extensive arthouse theatrical release in the United States in 1977 , and remains one of the director 's best - known films . Several critics have declared the film a masterpiece , and it has appeared on Time magazine 's list of `` All Time 100 Best Films '' . Aguirre 's visual style and narrative elements had a strong influence on Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 film Apocalypse Now . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Herzog and Kinski 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Legacy 4.3 Influence 5 Historical accuracy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1560 , several score of Spanish conquistadors , and a hundred Indian slaves , march down from the newly conquered Inca Empire in the Andes mountains into the jungles to the east , in search of the fabled country of El Dorado . Under the command of Gonzalo Pizarro ( Alejandro Repullés ) , the men , clad in half armor , pull cannons down narrow mountainous paths and through dense , muddy jungle . On New Year 's Eve , reaching the end of his supplies and unable to go on without more information , Pizarro orders a group of forty men to scout ahead by raft down river . If they do not return to the main party within one week with news of what lies beyond , they will be considered lost . Pizarro chooses Don Pedro de Ursúa ( Ruy Guerra ) as the commander of the expedition , Don Lope de Aguirre ( Klaus Kinski ) as his second - in - command , fat nobleman Don Fernando de Guzmán ( Peter Berling ) representing The Royal House of Spain and Brother Gaspar de Carvajal ( Del Negro ) to bring the word of God . Also accompanying the expedition , against Pizarro 's better judgment , are Ursúa 's mistress , Doña Inés ( Helena Rojo ) and Aguirre 's teenage daughter , Florés ( Cecilia Rivera , in her only film role ) . Traveling through rapids , one of the four rafts gets caught in an eddy , and the others are unable to help free it . That night , gunfire erupts on the trapped raft ; in the morning the men on board are found dead , with two missing . Ursúa wants the bodies to be brought back to camp for proper burial . Knowing this would slow down the expedition , Aguirre hints to Perucho ( Daniel Ades ) to `` keep the rust off of the cannon '' . Perucho proceeds to fire the cannon at the raft , destroying it and throwing the bodies into the river . During the night , the remaining rafts are swept away by the rising river . Time has run out for the scouting mission , and Ursúa decides to return to Pizarro 's group . Aguirre leads a mutiny against Ursúa , telling the men that untold riches await them ahead , and reminding them that Hernan Cortez won an empire in Mexico by disobeying orders . Ursúa attempts to put Aguirre in chains , but he and a soldier loyal to him are shot . Inés cares for Ursúa . Aguirre coerces the soldiers to elect the fat , lazy Don de Guzmán as the new leader of the expedition . Aguirre proclaims de Guzmán Emperor of the new country , and declares Philip II dethroned . A farcical trial of Ursúa results in his being sentenced to death , but de Guzmán surprises Aguirre by granting Ursúa clemency . Aguirre proves to be an oppressive leader , so terrifying that few protest his leadership . Only Inés has the courage to speak out against him . Knowing that some of the soldiers are still loyal to Ursúa , Aguirre simply ignores her . The expedition continues on a single , newly built , large raft . An Indian couple approaching peacefully by canoe is captured by the explorers , and when the man expresses confusion when presented with a Bible , Brother Carvajal kills them for blasphemy . De Guzmán dines on the low food supplies while the men starve , and has the expedition 's only remaining horse pushed off the raft because it annoys him . Soon afterwards he is found strangled near the raft 's outhouse . After de Guzmán 's death , Aguirre proclaims himself leader . Ursúa is then taken ashore and hanged in the jungle . The group attacks an Indian village , where several soldiers are killed by spears and arrows . The distraught Inés walks into the jungle and disappears . On the raft again , the group of slowly starving , feverish men begin disbelieving everything they see , even when shot with arrows . The group stares in disbelief at a wooden ship perched in the highest branches of a tall tree , which Aguirre orders be brought down and refurbished , but Brother Carvajal refuses . In a series of final attacks by unseen assailants , the remaining survivors including Aguirre 's daughter are killed by arrows . Aguirre alone remains alive on the slowly drifting raft . The raft becomes overrun by monkeys . The crazed Aguirre tells them : `` I , the Wrath of God , will marry my own daughter , and with her I will found the purest dynasty the world has ever seen . Together , we shall rule this entire continent . We shall endure . I am the Wrath of God ... who else is with me ? '' Cast ( edit ) Klaus Kinski as Lope de Aguirre Helena Rojo as Inés de Atienza Ruy Guerra as Don Pedro de Ursúa Del Negro as Brother Gaspar de Carvajal Peter Berling as Don Fernando de Guzmán Cecilia Rivera as Florés de Aguirre Daniel Ades as Perucho Edward Roland as Okello Armando Polanah as Armando Alejandro Repullés as Gonzalo Pizarro Justo González as González Production ( edit ) The idea for the film began when Herzog borrowed a book on historical adventurers from a friend . After reading a half - page devoted to Lope de Aguirre , the filmmaker became inspired and immediately devised the story . He fabricated most of the plot details and characters , although he did use some historical figures in purely fictitious ways . Screenplay ( edit ) Herzog wrote the screenplay `` in a frenzy '' , and completed it in two - and - a-half days . Much of the script was written during a 200 - mile ( 320 km ) bus trip with Herzog 's football team . His teammates got drunk after winning a game and one of them vomited on several pages of Herzog 's manuscript , which he immediately threw out the window . Herzog claims he can not remember all of the things that he wrote on these pages . The screenplay was shot as written , with some minor differences . In an early scene in which Pizarro instructs Ursúa to lead the scouting team down the river , in the script Pizarro mentions that in the course of the expedition Ursúa could possibly discover what happened to Francisco de Orellana 's expedition , which had vanished without a trace years before ( see `` Historical Accuracy '' section ) . Later in the screenplay , Aguirre and his men find a boat and the long - dead remains of Orellana 's soldiers . Further down the river , they discover another ship lodged in some tree tops . In the screenplay , Aguirre and others explore the boat but find no sign of Orellana or his men . Herzog ultimately eliminated any such references to Orellana 's expedition from the film . The sequence with the boat caught in the upper branches of a tree remains , but as filmed it seems to be simply a hallucinatory vision . The finale is significantly different from Herzog 's original script . The director recalled , `` I only remember that the end of the film was totally different . The end was actually the raft going out into the open ocean and being swept back inland , because for many miles you have a counter-current , the Amazon actually goes backwards . And it was tossed to and fro . And a parrot would scream : `` El Dorado , El Dorado '' ... '' Herzog and Kinski ( edit ) Herzog 's first choice for the role of Aguirre was actor Klaus Kinski . The two had met many years earlier when the then - struggling young actor rented a room in Herzog 's family apartment , and Kinski 's often terrifying and deranged antics during the three months he lived there left a lasting impression on the director . Years later , Herzog remembered the volatile actor and knew that he was the only possible man who could play the mad Aguirre , and he sent Kinski a copy of the screenplay . `` Between three and four in the morning , the phone rang , '' Herzog recalled . `` It took me at least a couple of minutes before I realized that it was Kinski who was the source of this inarticulate screaming . And after an hour of this , it dawned on me that he found it the most fascinating screenplay and wanted to be Aguirre . '' From the beginning of the production , Herzog and Kinski argued about the proper manner to portray Aguirre . Kinski wanted to play a `` wild , ranting madman '' , but Herzog wanted something `` quieter , more menacing '' . In order to get the performance he desired , before each shot Herzog would deliberately infuriate Kinski . After waiting for the hot - tempered actor 's inevitable tantrum to `` burn itself out '' , Herzog would then roll the camera . On one occasion , irritated by the noise from a hut where cast and crew were playing cards , the explosive Kinski fired three gunshots at it , blowing the tip off one extra 's finger . Subsequently , Kinski started leaving the jungle location ( over Herzog 's refusal to fire a sound assistant ) , only changing his mind after Herzog threatened to shoot first Kinski and then himself . The latter incident has given rise to the legend that Herzog made Kinski act for him at gunpoint . However Herzog has repeatedly denied the claim during interviews , explaining he only verbally threatened Kinski in the heat of the moment , in a desperate attempt to keep him from leaving the set . The famous incident is parodied in Incident at Loch Ness , which Herzog co-wrote . Filming ( edit ) The film was made for US $ 370,000 , with one - third of the budget paying for Kinski 's salary . It was filmed on location in the Peruvian rainforest , Machu Picchu ( the stone steps of Huayna Picchu ) , and on the Amazon River tributaries of the Ucayali region . Aguirre was shot in five weeks , following nine months ' worth of pre-production planning . The film was shot in chronological order , because Herzog believed the film crew 's progress on the river directly mirrored that of the explorers ' journey in the story . The director and his cast and crew floated in rafts down the Huallaga and Nanay rivers through the Urubamba Valley in Peru . All of the actors spoke their dialogue in English . The members of the cast and crew came from sixteen different countries , and English was the only common language among them . In addition , Herzog felt that shooting Aguirre in English would improve the film 's chances for international distribution . However , the small amount of money that had been set aside for post-synchronization `` left Peru with the man in charge of the process ; both absconded en route . '' The English - language track was ultimately replaced by a higher - quality German language version , which was post-synched after production was completed . Herzog claims that Kinski requested too much money for the dubbing session , and so his lines were performed by another actor . The low budget precluded the use of stunt men or elaborate special effects . The cast and crew climbed up mountains , hacked through thick jungle , and rode ferocious Amazonian river rapids on rafts built by natives . At one point , a storm caused a river to flood , covering the film sets in several feet of water and destroying all the rafts built for the film . This flooding was immediately incorporated into the story , as a sequence including a flood and subsequent rebuilding of rafts was shot . The camera used to shoot the film was stolen by Herzog from the Munich Film School . Years later , Herzog recalled : `` It was a very simple 35mm camera , one I used on many other films , so I do not consider it a theft . For me , it was truly a necessity . I wanted to make films and needed a camera . I had some sort of natural right to this tool . If you need air to breathe , and you are locked in a room , you have to take a chisel and hammer and break down a wall . It is your absolute right . '' To obtain the monkeys used in the climactic sequence , Herzog paid several locals to trap 400 monkeys ; he paid them half in advance and was to pay the other half upon receipt . The trappers sold the monkeys to someone in Los Angeles or Miami , and Herzog came to the airport just as the monkeys were being loaded to be shipped out of the country . He pretended to be a veterinarian and claimed that the monkeys needed vaccinations before leaving the country . Abashed , the handlers unloaded the monkeys , and Herzog loaded them into his jeep and drove away , used them in the shot they were required for , and released them afterwards into the jungle . Music ( edit ) Main article : Aguirre ( soundtrack ) Aguirre 's musical score was performed by Popol Vuh , a West German progressive / Krautrock band . The band was formed in 1970 by keyboardist Florian Fricke , who had known Herzog for several years prior to the formation of the band . He had appeared as an actor in the director 's first full - length film , Signs of Life ( 1968 ) , playing a pianist . Aguirre was only the first of many collaborations between the band and the director . Popol Vuh 's `` hypnotic music '' for Aguirre met with considerable acclaim . Roger Ebert wrote , `` The music sets the tone . It is haunting , ecclesiastical , human and yet something else ... ( T ) he music is crucial to Aguirre , the Wrath of God ... '' AllMusic noted , `` The film 's central motif blends pulsing Moog and spectral voices conjured from Florian Fricke 's Mellotron - related `` choir organ '' to achieve something sublime , in the truest sense of the word : it 's hard not to find the music 's awe - inspiring , overwhelming beauty simultaneously unsettling . The power of the legendary opening sequence of Herzog 's film ... owes as much to Popol Vuh 's music as it does to the director 's mise - en - scène . '' Herzog explained how the choir - like sound was created , `` We used a strange instrument , which we called a ' choir - organ . ' It has inside it three dozen different tapes running parallel to each other in loops ... All these tapes are running at the same time , and there is a keyboard on which you can play them like an organ so that ( it will ) sound just like a human choir but yet , at the same time , very artificial and really quite eerie . '' In 1975 Popol Vuh released an album entitled Aguirre . Although ostensibly a soundtrack album to Herzog 's film , the six - track LP included only two songs ( `` Aguirre I ( L'Acrime Di Rei ) '' and `` Aguirre II '' ) taken from Aguirre , the Wrath of God . The four remaining tracks were derived from various recordings made by the group between about 1972 and 1974 . At the time of Aguirre the band members were Fricke ( piano , Mellotron ) , Fichelscher ( electric guitar , acoustic guitar , drums ) , Djong Yun ( vocals ) , and Robert Eliscu ( oboe , pan pipe ) . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film was produced in part by West German television station Hessischer Rundfunk , which televised the film on the same day it opened in theatres . Herzog has blamed this for the relatively poor commercial reception of the film in Germany . However , outside Germany the film became an `` enormous cult favorite '' in `` such places as Mexico , Venezuela , and Algiers . '' The film had a theatrical run of fifteen months in Paris . Aguirre received a theatrical release in the United States in 1977 by New Yorker Films . It immediately became a cult film , and New Yorker Films reported four years after its initial release that it was the only film in its catalog that never went out of circulation . In Germany , the Süddeutsche Zeitung described the film as `` a colour - drenched , violently physical moving painting '' . The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung described Kinski 's acting as `` too theatrical '' to embody God 's wrath . In the US and the UK the film received mostly positive critical notices upon release . Vincent Canby , writing in The New York Times , called it `` ( A ) bsolutely stunning ... Mr. Herzog views all the proceedings with fixed detachment . He remains cool . He takes no sides . He may even be slightly amused . Mainly he is a poet who constantly surprises us with unexpected juxtapositions ... This is a splendid and haunting work . '' In Time , Richard Schickel opined that `` ( Herzog ) does the audience the honor of allowing it to discover the blindnesses and obsessions , the sober lunacies he quietly lays out on the screen . Well acted , most notably by Klaus Kinski in the title role , gloriously photographed by Thomas Mauch , Aguirre is , not to put too fine a point on it , a movie that makes a convincing claim to greatness . '' Time Out 's Tony Rayns noted , `` ... each scene and each detail is honed down to its salient features . On this level , the film effectively pre-empts analysis by analysing itself as it proceeds , admitting no ambiguity . Yet at the same time , Herzog 's flair for charged explosive imagery has never had freer rein , and the film is rich in oneiric moments . '' Legacy ( edit ) The film 's reputation through the years has continued to grow . J. Hoberman has written that Aguirre `` is not just a great movie but an essential one ... Herzog 's third feature ... is both a landmark film and a magnificent social metaphor . '' Danny Peary wrote , `` To see Aguirre for the first time is to discover a genuine masterpiece . It is overwhelming , spellbinding ; at first dreamlike , and then hallucinatory . '' Roger Ebert has added it to his list of The Great Movies , and in a 2002 Sight & Sound poll of critics and filmmakers on the best films ever made , Ebert listed it in his top ten . In the same poll , critic Nigel Andrews and director Santosh Sivan also placed it in their top ten list . In 1999 , Rolling Stone included the film on the magazine 's `` 100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years '' list . Aguirre was included in Time Magazine 's `` All Time 100 Best Films '' , compiled by Richard Schickel and Richard Corliss . Entertainment Weekly named it the 46th greatest cult film ever made . The film was ranked # 19 in Empire magazine 's `` The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema '' in 2010 . Aguirre has won several prestigious film awards . In 1973 it won the Deutscher Filmpreis ( German Film Award ) for `` Outstanding Individual Achievement : Cinematography '' . In 1976 it was voted the `` Best Foreign Film '' by the French Syndicate of Film Critics . In 1977 the National Society of Film Critics US gave it their `` Best Cinematography '' Award . It won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association in 1976 and was nominated for a `` Best Film '' César Award . Influence ( edit ) Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 film Apocalypse Now , a film based on Joseph Conrad 's 1902 novella Heart of Darkness , was influenced also by Aguirre , as it contains seemingly deliberate visual `` quotations '' of Herzog 's film . Coppola himself has noted , `` Aguirre , with its incredible imagery , was a very strong influence . I 'd be remiss if I did n't mention it . '' Several critics have noted that Aguirre appears to have had a direct influence on several other films . Martin Rubin has written that `` ( a ) mong the films strongly influenced by Aguirre are Coppola 's Apocalypse Now and Terrence Malick 's The New World ( 2005 ) '' . J. Hoberman agreed , noting that Herzog 's `` sui generis Amazon fever dream '' was `` the influence Malick 's over-inflated New World ca n't shake . '' Channel 4 opined `` This is an astonishing , deceptively simple , pocket - sized epic whose influence , in terms of both style and narrative , is seen in films as diverse as Apocalypse Now , The Mission , Predator , and The Blair Witch Project ( 1999 ) . '' Historical Accuracy ( edit ) Although plot details and many of the characters in Aguirre come directly from Herzog 's own imagination , historians have pointed out that the film fairly accurately incorporates some 16th - century events and historical personages into a fictional narrative . The film 's major characters , Aguirre , Ursúa , Don Fernando , Inez and Florés , were indeed involved in a 1560 expedition that left Peru to find the city of El Dorado . Commissioned by Peru 's governor , Ursúa organized an expeditionary group of 300 men to travel by way of the Amazon River . He was accompanied by his mixed - race mistress , Doña Inez . At one point during the journey , Aguirre , a professional soldier , decided that he could use the 300 men to overthrow the Spanish rule of Peru . Aguirre had Ursúa murdered and proclaimed Fernando as `` The Prince of Peru '' . Fernando himself was eventually murdered when he questioned Aguirre 's scheme of sailing to the Atlantic , conquering Panama , crossing the isthmus and invading Peru . Many others who attempted to rebel against Aguirre were also killed . The surviving soldiers conquered Isla Margarita off the coast of Venezuela and made preparations to attack the mainland . However , by that time Spanish authorities had learned of Aguirre 's plans , and when the rebels arrived in Venezuela , government agents offered full pardons to Aguirre 's men . All of them accepted the deal . Immediately prior to his arrest , Aguirre murdered his daughter Florés , who had remained by his side during the entire journey . He was then captured and dismembered . Herzog 's screenplay merged the 1560 expedition with the events of an earlier Amazonian journey in 1541 and 1542 . Like Ursúa , Gonzalo Pizarro and his men entered the Amazon basin in search of El Dorado . Various troubles afflicted the expedition and , sure that El Dorado was very close , Pizarro set up a smaller group led by Francisco de Orellana to break off from the main force and forge ahead , then return with news of what they had found . This group utilized a brigantine to journey down the river . Accompanying Orellana was Gaspar de Carvajal , who kept a journal of the group 's experiences . The historic Gaspar de Carvajal ( 1500 -- 1584 ) was a Spanish Dominican friar who had settled in Peru and dedicated himself to the conversion of the Indians . His general attitude towards the Indians was consistent with the benevolence of his better - known brother Dominican friar , Bartolomé de las Casas . This personality is at odds with the description in the film where Carvajal is portrayed as a cowardly priest who claimed that `` the church was always on the side of the strong . '' After failing to find the legendary city , Orellana was unable to return because of the current , and he and his men continued to follow the river until he reached the estuary of the Amazon in 1542 . Other Spanish expeditions outside the Amazon influenced the story ; the conversation in which the Indians refuse a Bible comes from events before the Battle of Cajamarca , in which Inca emperor Atahualpa allegedly rejected the Requerimiento . The chronicle of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , La Relación ( `` The Account '' ) , mentions the appearance of a boat in a treetop after a fierce tropical storm in Hispaniola : Monday morning we went down to the port and did not find the ships . We saw their buoys in the water , from which we realized that they had been lost , and we went along the coast to see if we could find signs of them . Since we found nothing , we went into the woods , and a quarter of a league into them we found one of the ship 's boats in some trees . -- Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca . Kinski 's crazed performance bore similarities to the real Aguirre , a `` true homicidal megalomaniac '' . Many of his fellow soldiers considered his actions to be that of a madman . Kinski 's use of a limp reflected one that Aguirre had , the result of a battle injury . Aguirre 's frequent short but impassioned speeches to his men in the film were accurately based on the man 's noted `` simple but effective rhetorical ability . '' See also ( edit ) John Okello References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aguirre , der Zorn Gottes '' . Filmverlag der Autoren . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Overbey , David . Movies of the Seventies , pg. 162 . Edited by Ann Lloyd , Orbis Books , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 640 - 9 : The film was shot in English , but was primarily released in a dubbed German version . Jump up ^ `` Business Data for Aguirre , der Zorn Gottes '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 19 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Peary , Gerald . `` Francis Ford Coppola , Interview with Gerald Peary '' . Gerald Peary . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog , Werner . Aguirre , the Wrath of God DVD , Anchor Bay Entertainment , 2001 , audio commentary . OCLC 228418112 ^ Jump up to : Fritze , Ronald . `` Werner Herzog 's Adaptation of History in Aguirre , The Wrath of God '' , from Film and History , Issue 15 : 4 , pgs. 74 - 86 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Werner . `` The Trail of Werner Herzog : An Interview '' . Off Screen . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ O'Mahony , John ( 20 March 2002 ) . `` The Enigma of Werner H '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Knipfel , Jim . Aguirre , the Wrath of God DVD , Anchor Bay Entertainment , 2001 , liner notes . Jump up ^ Dickson , Mary ( April 27 , 1998 ) . `` Hauntingly Herzog '' . City Weekly . Salt Lake City . Jump up ^ Scheib , Richard ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` Incident at Loch Ness '' . Moria , The Science Fiction , Horror and Fantasy Film Review . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog , Werner . Herzog on Herzog , edited by Paul Cronin , Faber & Faber , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20708 - 1 Jump up ^ Herzog , Werner . `` A conversation with Werner Herzog '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 19 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Bissell , Tom ( December 2006 ) . `` The Secret Mainstream : Contemplating the mirages of Werner Herzog '' . Harper 's Magazine . Jump up ^ Augustin , Gerhard . `` Florian Fricke Interview '' . Eurock . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick . `` Aguirre : The Wrath of God '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger . `` Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Neate . `` Aguirre Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Peary , Danny . Cult Movies , Delta Books , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 20185 - 2 Jump up ^ Young , Vernon . `` Much Madness : Werner Herzog and Contemporary German Cinema '' , in The Hudson Review , Vol. 30 , No. 3 ( August 1977 ) , pp. 409 - 414 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgardt , Carsten . `` Aguirre - Der Zorn Gottes ( German language ) '' . FilmStarts . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( April 4 , 1977 ) . `` ' Aguirre , the Wrath of God ' Haunting Film by Herzog , '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( May 16 , 1977 ) . `` Meditation on Madness '' . Time . New York . Jump up ^ Rayns , Tony . `` Aguirre , Wrath of God '' . Time Out Film guide . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hoberman , J. ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Jungle Fevers '' . Village Voice . New York . Archived from the original on 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 21 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` How the Directors and Critics Voted : Roger Ebert '' . Sight&Sound / BFI . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sivan , Santosh . `` How the Directors and Critics Voted : Santosh Sivan '' . Sight&Sound / BFI . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone 100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years '' . Filmsite.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard , and Schickel , Richard ( 2005 - 02 - 12 ) . `` All Time 100 Best Films '' . Time Magazine . Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Cult Movies '' , Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema - Aguirre , the Wrath of God '' . Empire . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Filmpreise von 1951 -- 2004 '' ( in German ) . / www.deutsche-filmakademie.de . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Film Archive : Aguirre , The Wrath of God '' . German Films . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Aguirre , der Zorn Gottes '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Database : 1977 12th National Society of Film Critics Awards '' . theenvelope.latimes.com . Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Anciennes Éditions '' ( in French ) . www.lescesarducinema.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Martin . `` Werner Herzog : Visionary at Large '' . Gene Siskel Film Center . Archived from the original on 24 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Aguirre , the Wrath of God '' . Channel 4 Film . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sterritt , David . `` Coppola , ' Apocalypse Now , ' and the Ambivalent 70 's '' . DavidSterritt.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Peary , Gerald . `` Francis Ford Coppola , Interview with Gerald Peary '' . GeraldPeary.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Aguirre The Wrath of God '' . www.channel4.com . Archived from the original on 6 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Waller , Gregory . `` Aguirre , The Wrath of God : History , Theater , and the Camera '' , from South Atlantic Review 46.2 ( 1981 ) , pgs. 55 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca ' The Account and Commentaries of Governor Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , Chapter One External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Aguirre , the Wrath of God Aguirre , the Wrath of God at AllMovie Aguirre , the Wrath of God on IMDb Aguirre , the Wrath of God at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Werner Herzog Feature films Signs of Life ( 1968 ) Even Dwarfs Started Small ( 1970 ) Fata Morgana ( 1971 ) Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser ( 1974 ) Heart of Glass ( 1976 ) Stroszek ( 1977 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Woyzeck ( 1979 ) Fitzcarraldo ( 1982 ) Where the Green Ants Dream ( 1984 ) Cobra Verde ( 1987 ) Scream of Stone ( 1991 ) Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) Invincible ( 2001 ) The Wild Blue Yonder ( 2005 ) Rescue Dawn ( 2006 ) Bad Lieutenant : Port of Call New Orleans ( 2009 ) My Son , My Son , What Have Ye Done ? ( 2009 ) Queen of the Desert ( 2015 ) Salt and Fire ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Flying Doctors of East Africa ( 1969 ) Handicapped Future ( 1971 ) Land of Silence and Darkness ( 1971 ) The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner ( 1974 ) How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck ( 1976 ) La Soufrière ( 1977 ) Huie 's Sermon ( 1981 ) God 's Angry Man ( 1981 ) Ballad of the Little Soldier ( 1984 ) The Dark Glow of the Mountains ( 1984 ) Herdsmen of the Sun ( 1989 ) Echoes from a Sombre Empire ( 1990 ) Jag Mandir ( 1991 ) Bells from the Deep ( 1993 ) The Transformation of the World into Music ( 1994 ) Gesualdo : Death for Five Voices ( 1995 ) Little Dieter Needs to Fly ( 1997 ) My Best Fiend ( 1999 ) Wings of Hope ( 2000 ) Pilgrimage ( 2001 ) Ten Thousand Years Older ( 2002 ) Wheel of Time ( 2003 ) The White Diamond ( 2004 ) Grizzly Man ( 2005 ) Encounters at the End of the World ( 2007 ) Happy People : A Year in the Taiga ( 2010 ) Cave of Forgotten Dreams ( 2010 ) Into the Abyss ( 2011 ) On Death Row ( 2012 ) From One Second to the Next ( 2013 ) Lo and Behold , Reveries of the Connected World ( 2016 ) Into the Inferno ( 2016 ) Shorts Herakles ( 1962 ) Game in the Sand ( 1964 ) The Unprecedented Defence of the Fortress Deutschkreuz ( 1967 ) Last Words ( 1967 ) Precautions Against Fanatics ( 1969 ) No One Will Play with Me ( 1976 ) Portrait Werner Herzog ( 1986 ) Les Gaulois ( 1988 ) La bohème ( 2009 ) Other Incident at Loch Ness ( 2004 ) Books Of Walking in Ice ( 1978 ) Bibliography Related Lena Herzog ( wife ) Lucki Stipetić ( brother ) Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe ( 1980 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aguirre,_the_Wrath_of_God&oldid=800206832 '' Categories : 1972 films 1970s adventure films 1970s historical films West German films German adventure films German historical films German - language films Adventure drama films German epic films Films about conquistadors Films based on actual events Films directed by Werner Herzog Films set in the 16th century Films set in jungles Films set in Peru Films set in the Inca Empire Indigenous cinema in Latin America Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Bosanski Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 02 : 34 . 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aguirre the wrath of god german or english
[ "Aguirre, the Wrath of God (German: Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes), known in the UK as Aguirre, Wrath of God, is a 1972 West German epic film written and directed by Werner Herzog. Klaus Kinski stars in the title role. The soundtrack was composed and performed by West German progressive/Krautrock band Popol Vuh. The story follows the travels of Spanish soldier Lope de Aguirre, who leads a group of conquistadores down the Orinoco and Amazon River in South America in search of the legendary city of gold, El Dorado." ]
[ "Aguirre, the Wrath of God (German: Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes), known in the UK as Aguirre, Wrath of God" ]
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All the Money in the World
All the Money in the World - wikipedia All the Money in the World All the Money in the World Theatrical release poster Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Dan Friedkin Bradley Thomas Quentin Curtis Chris Clark Ridley Scott Mark Huffam Kevin J. Walsh Screenplay by David Scarpa Based on Painfully Rich : The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty by John Pearson Starring Michelle Williams Christopher Plummer Mark Wahlberg Romain Duris Music by Daniel Pemberton Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Claire Simpson Production company Imperative Entertainment Scott Free Productions Distributed by TriStar Pictures ( United States , Canada and United Kingdom ) STXinternational ( International ) Release date December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) ( Samuel Goldwyn Theater ) December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $50 million Box office $57 million All the Money in the World is a 2017 crime thriller film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Scarpa , based on John Pearson 's 1995 book Painfully Rich : The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty . The film stars Michelle Williams , Christopher Plummer , Mark Wahlberg , and Romain Duris . The film depicts J. Paul Getty 's refusal to cooperate with the extortion demands of a group of kidnappers from the organized crime Mafia group ' Ndrangheta , who abducted his grandson John Paul Getty III in 1973 . Kevin Spacey originally portrayed J. Paul Getty , appearing in the film 's initial marketing campaign . However , after multiple sexual misconduct allegations were leveled against Spacey , the role was recast with Plummer . Scenes were reshot just a month later prior to the film 's release . All the Money in the World premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills on December 18 , 2017 , followed by a United States theatrical release via TriStar Pictures on December 25 , 2017 ; it grossed $57 million against its $50 million budget . For his performance as Getty , Christopher Plummer received acclaim from critics and earned nominations from the Academy Awards , Golden Globes and BAFTAs , among others . The film itself received positive reviews with critics praising the performances , and received three nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , including Best Director and Best Actress -- Drama for Williams . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Initial filming 3.4 Recasting of J. Paul Getty 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1973 , 16 - year - old John Paul Getty III ( Charlie Plummer ) ( AKA Paul ) , grandson of oil tycoon J. Paul Getty ( Christopher Plummer ) who was at that time the world 's richest private citizen , is kidnapped in Rome by an organized crime ring . The kidnappers demand a ransom of $17 million . Flashbacks show that Paul 's parents , Gail Harris ( Michelle Williams ) and John Paul Getty Jr . ( Andrew Buchan ) , were divorced in 1971 due to Getty Jr. 's drug addiction and that Gail rejected any alimony in exchange for full custody of her children in the divorce settlement ; therefore she does not have the means to pay the ransom . She travels to Getty 's estate to beseech him to pay the ransom but he refuses , stating that it would encourage further kidnappings on his family members . The media picks up on the story , with many believing Gail to be rich herself and blaming her for the refusal to pay the ransom . Meanwhile , Getty asks Fletcher Chace ( Mark Wahlberg ) , a Getty Oil negotiator and former CIA operative , to investigate the case and secure Paul 's release . Paul is kept hostage in a remote location in Italy . Initially his captors , particularly Cinquanta ( Romain Duris ) , are tolerant with him because his quiet and submissive demeanor causes them few problems . However , things grow increasingly tense as weeks go by without the ransom being paid , far longer than the captors anticipated . Arguments arise over whether to move Paul to a new location as winter is approaching and their hideout is not suitable for cold conditions . Things get worse when one of the kidnappers accidentally shows his face to Paul , prompting one of the others to kill the man for his foolish mistake . His burned and disfigured body is recovered in the river ; investigators erroneously identify the body as Paul 's , but Gail examines the body and refutes this . Using the new lead of the body , Chace is able to pinpoint the hideout where Paul is being held . A raid is conducted with several kidnappers being killed , but Paul is no longer there ; he had been sold on to a new crime organization . The new captors are much less patient with Paul and negotiate more aggressively with the Getty family to receive their payment . The kidnappers cut off one of Paul 's ears and mail it to a major newspaper , claiming that they will continue mutilating him until the ransom is paid . After repeated negotiations with Gail and Chace , and frustration from the captors at how long the process was taking , they lower the asking price to $4 million . Getty finally decides to contribute to the ransom , but only $1 million -- this being the maximum amount that he can claim as tax deductible . Moreover , he also will only do so if Gail signs a legal document waiving her parental access rights to Paul and her other children , giving them to Getty 's son , her ex-husband . She reluctantly signs them . Berated by an exasperated Chace , Getty finally relents and agrees to pay the full ransom , also voiding the parental agreement with Gail . Gail and Chace take the money to Italy and follow specific instructions from the captors , leaving the money in a remote location and receiving orders to pick up Paul from a construction site . However , a frightened Paul runs away from the site towards the nearest town , miles away . Meanwhile the captors realize that Chace has broken his word and led the police to them ; angry , they decide to find and kill Paul . Chace , Gail , and the captors arrive at the town to look for Paul . One of the kidnappers finds Paul first , but Cinquanta attacks the man in order to allow Paul to escape . Chace and Gail find Paul and smuggle him out of the country to safety . Getty dies of unrelated causes , and Gail is tasked with managing her children 's inherited wealth until they are of age . The company was set up as a charitable trust , which meant that Getty 's income was tax - free but also not spendable . He had invested much of it in paintings , sculptures and other artifacts , most of them now reside in the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles . Cast ( edit ) Michelle Williams as Gail Harris , Getty III 's mother . Christopher Plummer as J. Paul Getty , Getty III 's grandfather . Mark Wahlberg as Fletcher Chace , Gail and Getty 's adviser and former CIA operative . Romain Duris as Cinquanta , one of Getty lll 's abductors . Timothy Hutton as Oswald Hinge , Getty 's attorney . Charlie Plummer as John Paul Getty III , John Paul 's grandson . Charlie Shotwell as Young John Paul Getty III Andrew Buchan as John Paul Getty Jr. , Getty 's son . Marco Leonardi as Mammoliti , one of Getty III 's abductors and Cinquanta 's boss . Giuseppe Bonifati as Giovanni Iacovoni , Gail 's attorney . Nicolas Vaporidis as Il Tamia `` Chipmunk '' , Getty III 's abductor . Ghassan Massoud as an Arab Sheikh . Stacy Martin as J. Paul Getty 's secretary . Kit Cranston as Young Mark Getty - Age 4 Maya Kelly as Young Aileen Getty - Age 6 Clive Wood as Bullimore Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On March 13 , 2017 , it was reported that Ridley Scott was finalizing plans to direct the David Scarpa - scripted All the Money in the World , a film about the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III . Scott stated that he was attracted to the project because of Scarpa 's script , adding `` I just consumed it ( ... ) I knew about the kidnapping , but this story was very , very provocative ... Gail Getty was an exceptional character , and there are many facets of the man Getty that make him a really great study . There 's this great dynamic . It was like a play , and not a movie . '' Casting ( edit ) Natalie Portman was initially pursued for the role of Gail Harris . On March 31 , 2017 , it was reported that Michelle Williams and Kevin Spacey were circling the roles of Harris and J. Paul Getty , respectively , while Mark Wahlberg was in talks for an unspecified role . On casting Spacey , Scott stated , `` When I read the script , I started thinking , ' Who was Paul Getty ? ' In my mind , I saw Kevin Spacey . Kevin 's a brilliant actor , but I 've never worked with him , and I always knew I would have to have him portray Getty in this film ( ... ) He was so obsessed with what he was doing ( ... ) He was n't giving people a second thought . '' In regards to Williams , Scott stated that while she was not his first choice , `` Michelle is very special as an actress , and I 've never done anything with her before ( ... ) The family was very private and there was very little footage of ( Gail ) , but around the kidnapping , there was one particular interview she did that Michelle jumped at , and it shows Gail Getty being very assertive , very smart , '' both qualities Williams possessed . On May 2 , Charlie Plummer joined the cast as John Paul Getty III . Timothy Hutton was added to the cast on June 16 . Initial filming ( edit ) On May 31 , 2017 , it was reported that All the Money in the World had begun principal photography . Filming continued at Elveden Hall in west Suffolk for a week at the end of July . The aristocratic Grade II - listed stately home was used to represent a Moroccan palace in the filming of a series of flashback scenes . Kevin Spacey worked for just ten days on the film . The original production reportedly concluded in August . Recasting of J. Paul Getty ( edit ) Kevin Spacey ( top ) as J. Paul Getty in a screenshot released from the film , before his scenes in the role were re-shot with Christopher Plummer . In late October , numerous sexual harassment and sexual assault allegations were made against Spacey , who played J. Paul Getty in the film . The film 's premiere at the AFI Fest on November 16 was cancelled , and its Academy Awards campaign -- which focused on Spacey 's supporting role -- was reworked . On November 8 , it was announced that although the film was otherwise ready for release , reshoots had been commissioned to replace Spacey with Christopher Plummer in the role of Getty . Despite his earlier statements to the contrary , Scott claimed that Plummer had been his original choice for the role , and that studio executives had persuaded him to cast the `` bigger name '' Spacey . Spacey still appears in one wide shot that would have been too expensive or complex to reshoot within the release deadline ; the scene features Getty disembarking from a train in the desert , and Spacey 's face is not visible . Reshoots with Plummer began on November 20 and ended on the 29th , with the first footage of him in the role released in a new trailer the same day . The decision cost millions of dollars in rush fees , among other costs , to meet the film 's late - December release . The reshoots ended up costing $10 million , making the final production cost of the film $50 million . While it was initially reported that the actors filmed the reshoots for free , it was later revealed that Wahlberg was paid $1.5 million while Williams only received $80 in per diems , as she was contractually obligated to appear in reshoots , while Wahlberg was not . Wahlberg 's fee for the original shooting is alleged by The Hollywood Reporter to have been $5 million , while Michelle Williams is reported to have been paid $625,000 . The New York Times has reported that Wahlberg was paid 80 % less than his usual fee . The $1.5 million Wahlberg received for reshoots was in addition to this . Wahlberg 's contract allowed him to approve co-stars , and he reportedly refused to approve Plummer as Spacey 's replacement unless he was paid extra . In response to the backlash brought on by the difference in the actors ' pay , Wahlberg announced he would donate the $1.5 million to the Time 's Up movement in Williams ' name . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills , California on December 18 , 2017 . In the United States , the film was originally slated for a release on December 22 , 2017 , but two weeks before its debut , it was pushed to December 25 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) All the Money in the World grossed $25.1 million in the United States and Canada and $31.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $56.9 million , against a production budget of $50 million . On Christmas Day , the film 's opening day , it grossed $2.6 million from 2,068 theaters . In its first full weekend the film made $5.4 million from 2,074 theaters , finishing 7th at the box office . In its second weekend the film made $3.6 million , dropping 36 % and finishing 10th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 77 % based on 207 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` All the Money in the World offers an absorbing portrayal of a true story , brought compellingly to life by a powerful performance from Christopher Plummer . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy said , `` ( Scott and Plummer ) show what they 're made of in All the Money in the World , a terrifically dexterous and detailed thriller about the Italian mob 's 1973 kidnapping for ransom of the grandson of the world 's richest man , John Paul Getty ( sic ) . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , commending it as a whole despite criticizing the middle section as repetitive , and the character of J. Paul Getty being `` repugnant '' without proper context . He stated that `` The film is also a testament to the awesome work ethic of its 80 - year old but still apparently tireless director , who fired Kevin Spacey ... they 're worth noting because the end product is much better than anyone could have expected , considering the challenges faced and met by all involved . '' Writing for New York magazine , David Edelstein gave a strong review for the performance of Michelle Williams in the film , stating : `` My guess is that there was one overriding factor in Scott 's decision to rebuild sets and summon back his actors ( after the Spacey controversy ) : The fear that Spacey 's presence would distract the world ( which includes Oscar voters ) from the marvelous performance of Michelle Williams as Gail . It 's a real transformation . I 've never heard this diction from her before -- sharp , with a hint of North Shore ( i.e. , old money ) Long Island and perhaps a Kennedy or two . ( The real Gail grew up in San Francisco but was well acquainted with the cadences of the East Coast rich . ) Through the tension in her body and intensity of her voice , Williams conveys not just the terror of losing a son but the tragic absurdity of bearing the illustrious name Getty when family ties confer zero power . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Supporting Actor Christopher Plummer Nominated Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Supporting Actor Christopher Plummer Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christopher Plummer Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Michelle Williams Nominated Best Director -- Motion Picture Ridley Scott Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Christopher Plummer Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards April 7 , 2018 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Steve Mortimore , Enrico Latella Nominated See also ( edit ) Trust ( directed by Danny Boyle ) , a 2018 FX television series starring Donald Sutherland as J. Paul Getty , Hilary Swank as Gail Getty , and Brendan Fraser as James Fletcher Chace . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ALL THE MONEY IN THE WORLD ( 15 ) '' . Columbia Pictures Corporation . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott Reveals How Kevin Spacey Was Erased From ' All the Money in the World ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie . `` First poster and trailer for Ridley Scott 's All the Money in the World '' . FlickeringMyth.com . Flickering Myth . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shocker : Kevin Spacey Dropped From ' All The Money In The World ; ' J Paul Getty Role Recast With Christopher Plummer '' . Deadline Hollywood . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` See Christopher Plummer Replace Kevin Spacey in New ' All the Money in the World ' Spot '' . RollingStone.com . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE 90TH ACADEMY AWARDS - 2018 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2018 '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' All the Money in the World 's ' Stacy Martin Joins Natalie Portman in ' Vox Lux ' '' . Variety . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott talks casting Kevin Spacey , Michelle Williams in Getty kidnapping thriller '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott To Next Helm Getty Kidnap Drama ; Natalie Portman Courted '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Williams , Kevin Spacey , Mark Wahlberg Circling Ridley Scott 's Getty Kidnap Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's Getty Drama Casts Charlie Plummer as Kidnapped Grandson ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Timothy Hutton Joins Ridley Scott 's Getty Kidnap Thriller ' All The Money In The World ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Williams Joins Amy Schumer In ' I Feel Pretty ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jason ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott brings latest blockbuster All the Money in the World to film in Suffolk - What 's on and things to do in Suffolk '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` More Kevin Spacey Shrapnel : Ridley Scott 's ' All The Money In The World ' Exits AFI Fest Closing Slot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : Clint Eastwood , Steven Spielberg , Ridley Scott Race to the Finish '' . Variety . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's ' All The Money In The World ' To Premiere At AFI Fest In Closing - Night Slot '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Spacey 's ' All the Money in the World ' Oscar Push Axed ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey : Completed film to be reshot without accused actor '' . BBC . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Christopher Plummer on Replacing Kevin Spacey in ' All the Money in the World ' : ' It 's a Shame ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer to Replace Kevin Spacey in ' All the Money in the World ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey edited out of Ridley Scott 's Getty film just weeks before release '' . The Telegraph . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer replaced Kevin Spacey in ' All the Money in the World ' -- but there 's one shot where you can still see Spacey '' . Business Insider . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott Explains How He Pulled Off Those ' All the Money in the World ' Reshoots '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` New ' All the Money in the World ' TV Spot Features First Look at Christopher Plummer '' . Collider . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the Money in the World ' New Trailer Shows Christopher Plummer in Kevin Spacey 's Previous Role '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Kroll , Justin ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Replacing Kevin Spacey on ' All the Money in the World ' Will Cost Millions '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg Kilday ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' All The Money in The World ' Triggers Wage Gap Debate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams , Mark Wahlberg reshot Kevin Spacey 's ' All the Money ' scenes for free '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Paid Millions More Than Michelle Williams For ' All The Money In The World ' Reshoots '' . The Playlist . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sharing Salaries : How Actresses Are Fighting Hollywood 's Gender Pay Disparity With Transparency '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Exclusive : Mark Wahlberg refused to approve Christopher Plummer unless he was paid '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg and Agency Give $2 M to Time 's Up Fund After Pay Discrepancy Outcry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's ' All The Money In The World ' Moves To Christmas Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All the Money in the World Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' All the Money in the World ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` All the Money in the World review -- raucous crime thriller banishes ghost of Kevin Spacey '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 23 December 2017 ) . `` All the Money in the World Movie Review ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer Is Getting Headlines for All the Money in the World , But It 's Michelle Williams Who Deserves Them '' , New York magazine , David Edelstein , Dec. 25 , 2017 , pp79 - 80 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France , . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) All the Money in the World on IMDb All the Money in the World at AllMovie All the Money in the World at Box Office Mojo All the Money in the World at Metacritic All the Money in the World at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Ridley Scott Feature films The Duellists ( 1977 ) Alien ( 1979 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Legend ( 1985 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) Black Rain ( 1989 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) White Squall ( 1996 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Body of Lies ( 2008 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) The Counselor ( 2013 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) Other work Boy and Bicycle ( short film , 1965 ) 1984 ( advertisement , 1984 ) Unrealized projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_Money_in_the_World&oldid=853806948 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s crime drama films American films American biographical films American crime drama films Crime drama films Crime films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Films about abduction Films about dysfunctional families Films based on actual events Films directed by Ridley Scott Films set in 1948 Films set in 1958 Films set in 1964 Films set in 1971 Films set in 1973 Films set in England Films set in France Films set in Italy Films set in Rome Films set in Morocco Films set in San Francisco Films set in Saudi Arabia Films set in Surrey Films shot in Italy Films shot in Jordan Films shot in Suffolk Getty family Scott Free Productions films TriStar Pictures films STX Entertainment films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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who played john paul getty in all the money in the world
[ "Christopher Plummer as J. Paul Getty, Getty III's grandfather." ]
[ "Christopher Plummer" ]
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Committee of Public Safety
Committee of Public Safety - wikipedia Committee of Public Safety Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Committee of Public Safety ( disambiguation ) . The Committee of Public Safety ( French : Comité de salut public ) -- created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793 -- formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror ( 1793 -- 94 ) , a stage of the French Revolution . The Committee of Public Safety succeeded the previous Committee of General Defence ( established in January 1793 ) and assumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion . As a wartime measure , the Committee -- composed at first of nine , and later of twelve , members -- was given broad supervisory powers over military , judicial , and legislative efforts . It was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the Convention and of the government ministers appointed by the Convention . As the Committee tried to meet the dangers of a coalition of European nations and counter-revolutionary forces within the country , it became more and more powerful . In July 1793 , following the defeat at the Convention of the Girondins , the prominent leader of the radical Jacobin , Maximilien Robespierre , was added to the Committee . The power of the Committee peaked between August 1793 and July 1794 . In December 1793 , the Convention formally conferred executive power upon the Committee . The execution of Robespierre in July 1794 represented a reactionary period against the Committee of Public Safety . This is known as the Thermidorian Reaction , as Robespierre 's fall from power occurred during the Revolutionary month of Thermidor . The Committee 's influence diminished , and it was disestablished in 1795 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and evolution 1.1 Committee of discussion 1.1. 1 Execution of the Hébertists and Dantonists 1.2 Committee of rule 1.3 Fall of the Committee , and aftermath 2 Composition 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Origins and evolution ( edit ) Committee of discussion ( edit ) Lettre anglaise ( English Letter ) dated 29 June 1793 as published by the French National convention during the Revolution ( 1793 ) . This document was used to prove English spying and conspiracy . On 5 April 1793 , the French military commander and former minister of war General Charles François Dumouriez defected to Austria , following the publication of an incendiary letter in which he threatened to march his army on the city of Paris if the National Convention did not accede to his leadership . News of his defection caused alarm in Paris , where imminent defeat by the Austrians and their allies was feared . A widespread belief held that revolutionary France was in immediate peril , threatened not only by foreign armies and by recent anti-revolutionary revolts in the Vendée , but also by foreign agents who plotted the destruction of the nation from within . The betrayal of the revolutionary government by Dumouriez lent greater credence to this belief . In light of this threat , the Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposed the creation of a nine - member Committee of Public Safety . Isnard was supported in this effort by Georges Danton , who declared , `` This Committee is precisely what we want , a hand to grasp the weapon of the Revolutionary Tribunal . '' The Committee was formally created on 6 April 1793 . Closely associated with the leadership of Danton , it was initially known as `` the Danton Committee '' . Danton steered the Committee through the 31 May and 2 June 1793 journées that resulted in the fall of the Girondins , and through the intensifying war in the Vendée . However , when the Committee was recomposed on 10 July , Danton was not included . Nevertheless , he continued to support the centralization of power by the Committee . On 27 July 1793 , Maximilien Robespierre was elected to the Committee . At this time , the Committee was entering a more powerful and active phase , which would see it become a de facto dictatorship alongside its powerful partner , the Committee of General Security . The role of the Committee of Public Safety included the governance of the war ( including the appointment of generals ) , the appointing of judges and juries for the Revolutionary Tribunal , the provisioning of the armies and the public , the maintenance of public order , and oversight of the state bureaucracy . The Committee was also responsible for interpreting and applying the decrees of the National Convention , and thus for implementing some of the most stringent policies of the Terror -- for instance , the levée en masse , passed on 23 August 1793 , the Law of Suspects , passed on 17 September 1793 , and the Law of the Maximum , passed on 29 September 1793 . The broad and centralized powers of the Committee were codified by the Law of 14 Frimaire ( also known as the Law of Revolutionary Government ) on 4 December 1793 . Execution of the Hébertists and Dantonists ( edit ) On 5 December 1793 , journalist Camille Desmoulins began publishing Le Vieux Cordelier , a newspaper initially aimed -- with the approval of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety -- at the ultra-revolutionary Hébertist faction , whose extremist demands , anti-religious fervor , and propensity for sudden insurrections were problematic for the Committee . However , Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security , comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus , and expounding the `` indulgent '' views of the Dantonist faction . Consequently , though the Hébertists were arrested and executed in March 1794 , the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensured that Desmoulins and Danton were also arrested . Hérault de Séchelles -- a friend and ally of Danton -- was expelled from the Committee of Public Safety , arrested , and tried alongside them . On 5 April 1794 , the Dantonists went to the guillotine . Committee of rule ( edit ) Maximilien Robespierre , member of the Committee of Public Safety The elimination of the Hébertists and the Dantonists made evident the strength of the committees , as had their ability to control and silence opposition . The creation , in March 1794 , of a `` General Police Bureau '' -- reporting nominally to the Committee of Public Safety , but more often directly to Robespierre and his closest ally , Louis Antoine de Saint - Just -- served to increase the power of the Committee of Public Safety , and of Robespierre himself . The Law of 22 Prairial , proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on 10 June 1794 , went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and , above it , the Committees of Public Safety and General Security . The law enumerated various forms of public enemies , made mandatory their denunciation , and severely limited the legal recourse available to those accused . The punishment for all crimes under the Law of 22 Prairal was death . From the initiation of this law to the fall of Robespierre on 27 July , more people were condemned to death than in the entire previous history of the Revolutionary Tribunal . However , even as the Terror reached its height , and with it the Committee 's political power , discord was growing within the revolutionary government . Members of the Committee of General Security resented the autocratic behavior of the Committee of Public Safety , and particularly the encroachment of the General Police Bureau upon their own brief . Arguments within the Committee of Public Safety itself had grown so violent that it relocated its meetings to a more private room to preserve the illusion of agreement . Robespierre , a fervent supporter of the theistic Cult of the Supreme Being , found himself frequently in conflict with anti-religious Committee members Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne . Moreover , Robespierre 's increasingly extensive absences from the Committee due to illness ( he all but ceased to attend meetings in June 1794 ) created the impression that he was isolated and out of touch . Fall of the Committee , and aftermath ( edit ) When it became evident , in mid-July 1794 , that Robespierre and Saint - Just were planning to strike against their political opponents Joseph Fouché , Jean - Lambert Tallien , and Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier ( the latter two of whom were members of the Committee of General Security ) , the fragile truce within the government was dissolved . Saint - Just and his fellow Committee of Public Safety member Barère attempted to keep the peace between the Committees of Public Safety and General Security ; however , on 26 July , Robespierre delivered a speech to the National Convention in which he emphasized the need to `` purify '' the Committees and `` crush all factions . '' In a speech to the Jacobin Club that night , he attacked Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne , who had refused to allow the printing and distribution of his speech to the Convention . On the following day , 27 July 1794 ( or 9 Thermidor according to the Revolutionary calendar ) , Saint - Just began to deliver a speech to the Convention in which he had planned to denounce Collot d'Herbois , Billaud - Varenne , and other members of the Committee of Public Safety . However , he was almost immediately interrupted by Tallien and by Billaud - Varenne , who accused Saint - Just of intending to `` murder the Convention . '' Barère , Vadier , and Stanislas Fréron joined the accusations against Saint - Just and Robespierre . The arrest of Robespierre , his brother Augustin , and Saint - Just was ordered , along with that of their supporters , Philippe Le Bas and Georges Couthon . A period of intense civil unrest ensued , during which the members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security were forced to seek refuge in the Convention . The Robespierre brothers , Saint - Just , Le Bas , and Couthon ensconced themselves in the Hôtel de Ville , attempting to incite an insurrection . Ultimately , faced with defeat and arrest , Le Bas committed suicide . Saint - Just , Couthon , and Maximilien and Augustin Robespierre were arrested and guillotined on 28 July . The ensuing period of upheaval , dubbed the Thermidorian Reaction , saw the repeal of many of the Terror 's most unpopular laws and the reduction in power of the Committees of General Security and Public Safety . The Committees ceased to exist under the Constitution of the Year III ( 1795 ) , which marked the beginning of the Directory . Composition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Committee was initially composed of nine members , all selected by the National Convention for one month at a time , without term limits . Its first members , instated on 6 April 1793 , were as follows , in order of election . After Robespierre 's election to the Committee on 27 July 1793 , the Committee increased its membership to twelve . The list below represents the Committee 's membership . April 1793 -- July 1793 : Name ( Birth - Death ) Department Party Bertrand Barère ( 1755 -- 1841 ) Hautes - Pyrénées Maraisard Jean - François Delmas ( 1751 -- 1798 ) Haute - Garonne Montagnard Jean - Jacques Bréard ( 1751 -- 1840 ) Charente - Inférieure Montagnard Pierre - Joseph Cambon ( 1756 -- 1820 ) Hérault Montagnard Georges Danton ( 1759 -- 1794 ) Seine Montagnard Jean Debry ( 1760 -- 1834 ) Aisne Montagnard Jean - François Delacroix ( 1753 -- 1794 ) Eure - et - Loir Maraisard Louis - Bernard Guyton - Morveau ( 1737 -- 1816 ) Côte - d'Or Girondin Jean Baptiste Treilhard ( 1742 -- 1810 ) Seine - et - Oise Girondin July 1793 -- July 1794 : Name ( Birth - Death ) Department Party Bertrand Barère ( 1755 -- 1841 ) Hautes - Pyrénées Maraisard Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne ( 1756 -- 1819 ) Seine Montagnard Lazare Carnot ( 1753 -- 1823 ) Pas - de-Calais Maraisard Georges Couthon ( 1755 -- 1794 ) Puy - de-Dôme Montagnard Claude - Antoine Prieur - Duvernois ( 1763 -- 1832 ) Côte - d'Or Montagnard Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois ( 1749 -- 1796 ) Seine Montagnard Robert Lindet ( 1746 -- 1825 ) Eure Montagnard Pierre Louis Prieur ( 1756 -- 1827 ) Marne Montagnard Maximilien Robespierre ( 1758 -- 1794 ) Seine Montagnard Jeanbon Saint - André ( 1749 -- 1813 ) Lot Montagnard Louis Antoine de Saint - Just ( 1767 -- 1794 ) Aisne Montagnard Marie - Jean Hérault de Séchelles ( 1759 -- 1794 ) Seine - et - Oise Montagnard See also ( edit ) Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security National Convention Historiography of the French Revolution Revolutionary Tribunal Reflections on the Revolution in France Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Belloc ( 1899 ) , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Mantel ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Belloc ( 1899 ) , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Scurr ( 2006 ) , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Furet ( 1992 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Furet ( 1992 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Scurr ( 2006 ) , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Scurr ( 2006 ) , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Scurr ( 2006 ) , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Madelin ( 1916 ) , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Madelin ( 1916 ) , p. 422 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Committee of Public Safety . Belloc , Hillaire ( 1899 ) . Danton : A Study . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Furet , François ( 1992 ) . Revolutionary France , 1770 -- 1880 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Madelin , Louis ( 1916 ) . The French Revolution . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Mantel , Hilary ( 6 August 2009 ) . `` He Roared '' . London Review of Books . 3 ( 15 ) : 3 -- 6 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Palmer , R.R. ( September 1941 ) . `` Fifty Years of the Committee of Public Safety '' . Journal of Modern History . 13 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 397 . JSTOR 1871581 . -- -- -- ( 1970 ) . Twelve Who Ruled : The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05119 - 4 . Schama , Simon ( 1989 ) . Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . Scurr , Ruth ( 2006 ) . Fatal Purity : Robespierre and the French Revolution . New York : Owl Books . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco ( 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution VIAF : 159160040 LCCN : n50070518 ISNI : 0000 0001 0611 5325 GND : 502193 - 5 SUDOC : 027316947 BNF : cb121555158 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Public_Safety&oldid=799476436 '' Categories : Organizations established in 1793 1795 disestablishments 1793 events of the French Revolution 1794 events of the French Revolution Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 23 : 29 . 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who led the committee of public safety apex
[ "On 27 July 1793, Maximilien Robespierre was elected to the Committee. At this time, the Committee was entering a more powerful and active phase, which would see it become a de facto dictatorship alongside its powerful partner, the Committee of General Security. The role of the Committee of Public Safety included the governance of the war (including the appointment of generals), the appointing of judges and juries for the Revolutionary Tribunal,[4] the provisioning of the armies and the public, the maintenance of public order, and oversight of the state bureaucracy.[5]" ]
[ "Maximilien Robespierre" ]
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Flag of Ireland
Flag of Ireland - wikipedia Flag of Ireland This article is about the flag of the state called Ireland . For flags associated with the island of Ireland , see List of flags of Ireland . For flags used in Northern Ireland , see List of flags used in Northern Ireland . Republic of Ireland Name Bratach na hÉireann Irish tricolour Use National flag and ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 1922 ( constitutional status ; 1937 ) Design A vertical tricolour of green , white and orange The national flag of Ireland ( Irish : bratach na hÉireann ) -- frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour ( trídhathach na hÉireann ) -- is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland . The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green ( at the hoist ) , white and orange . The proportions of the flag are 1 : 2 ( that is to say , flown horizontally , the flag is half as high as it is wide ) . Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause , it was intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped - for union between Roman Catholics and Protestants , the significance of the colours outlined by Meagher was , `` The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood . '' It was not until the Easter Rising of 1916 , when it was raised above Dublin 's General Post Office by Gearóid O'Sullivan , that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag . The flag was adopted by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1921 ) . The flag 's use was continued by the Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland . The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916 . Thus it is flown by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association . Contents 1 Design and symbolism 1.1 Symbolism 2 History 2.1 Marine 2.2 Use in Northern Ireland 3 Protocol 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design and symbolism ( edit ) In relation to the national flag of Ireland , the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7 : The national flag is the tricolour of green , white and orange . As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag , the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility for matters relating to the flag . In its advisory role , the department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag . The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width , translating into an aspect ratio of 1 : 2 . The three coloured pales -- green , white and orange -- should be of equal size , and vertically disposed . The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are : Scheme Green White Orange Sources Pantone 347 U Safe 151 U Hex triplet # 169B62 # FFFFFF # FF883E RGB 22 -- 155 -- 98 255 -- 255 -- 255 255 -- 136 -- 62 CMYK 71 -- 0 -- 72 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 0 -- 43 -- 91 -- 0 The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff , with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff , at the hoist ; the white pale positioned in the centre ; and the orange pale positioned at the fly , farthest from the flagstaff . Provided that the correct proportions are observed , the flag may be made to any convenient size . Symbolism ( edit ) The green pale of the flag symbolises Roman Catholics , the orange represents the minority Protestants who were supporters of William of Orange , who had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 . His title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century . It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement . The white in the centre signifies a lasting peace and hope for union between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland . The flag , as a whole , is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped - for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland , which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation , regardless of ethnic origin , religion or political conviction . There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory . Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly - Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick , established in 1751 . Occasionally , differing shades of yellow , instead of orange , are seen at civilian functions . However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which `` should be actively discouraged '' , and that worn - out flags should be replaced . In songs and poems , the colours are sometimes enumerated as `` green , white and gold '' , using poetic licence . Variants of different guises are utilised to include , for example , various emblems of Ireland , such as the presidential harp , the four provinces or county arms . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Green harp flag , first used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 . A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 . In the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of revolution . The United Irishmen , founded in the 1790s , were inspired by the French revolution , and used a green flag , to which they had a harp emblazoned . A rival organisation , the Orange Order , whose main strength was in Ulster , and which was exclusively for Protestants , especially members of the Anglican Church of Ireland , was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , which pitted the `` green '' tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the `` orange '' tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown , the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-19th century was to make peace between the two traditions and , if possible , to found a self - governing Ireland on such peace and union . Blessing of the Colours by John Lavery The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green , white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year -- a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour . The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges , and on the banners of trade guilds . However , widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848 . At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848 , Thomas Francis Meagher , the Young Ireland leader , first publicly unveiled the flag from a second - floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France . It was inspired by the tricolour of France . Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag . From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side - by - side with French ones at meetings held all over the country . John Mitchel , referring to the tricolour of green , white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848 , said : `` I hope to see that flag one day waving , as our national banner '' . Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution , it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916 . Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916 , the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway . Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised . All of the 1848 tricolours showed green , white and orange , but orange was sometimes put next to the staff , and in at least one flag the order was orange , green and white . In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics , orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed . In 1883 , a Parnellite tricolour of yellow , white and green , arranged horizontally , was recorded . Down to modern times , yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange , but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed . The Irish flag is always flown with the green at the hoist Associated with separatism in the past , flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland , the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag . To many Irish people , though , it was considered to be a `` Sinn Féin flag '' . In the Irish Free State which existed between 1922 and 1937 , the flag was adopted by the Executive Council . The Free State constitution did not specify national symbols ; the decision to use the flag was made without recourse to statute . When the Free State joined the League of Nations in September 1923 , the new flag `` created a good deal of interest amongst the general public '' in Geneva . The defeated republicans who had fought the Free State 's forces in the 1922 -- 23 Civil War regarded the tricolour as the flag of the self - proclaimed Irish Republic , and condemned its appropriation by the new state , as expressed in the song `` Take It Down From The Mast '' . The Executive Council 's decision was a provisional one . A 1928 British document said : The government in Ireland have taken over the so called Free State Flag in order to forestall its use by republican element and avoid legislative regulation , to leave them free to adopt a more suitable emblem later . In 1937 , the tricolour 's position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland . Marine ( edit ) The Red Ensign used by some Irish merchant vessels until 1939 The pre-independence Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was not repealed , and so the Free State 's mercantile marine was technically required to fly the Red Ensign . The collier Glenageary may have been the first to arrive in a British port flying the tricolour on 8 December 1921 ( two days after the treaty ) . This flag along with a model of the Glenageary is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland . While some ships , such as the cross-channel ferries flew the red ensign , others sailed under the tricolour . Some masters of Irish ships were charged by the British Customs and fined by courts for flying an `` improper ensign '' . The tricolour was flown by the fisheries patrol vessel Muirchú , precursor to the Irish Naval Service ; Frank Carney alleged in the Dáil in 1930 that a trespassing French trawler had refused to surrender to because it did not recognise Muirchú 's flag . See also : Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II Irish - register ships could fly the Red Ensign until September 1939 , after the outbreak of World War II , when a decree under the state of emergency was made , to ensure neutral Irish ships were not mistaken for British ships . Some ships flying the tricolour were nevertheless sunk by Germans . When the tricolour was hoisted over the passenger ferries in Holyhead their British crews went on strike . Five days later their owners transferred the ferries to the British register and the Red Ensign was restored . On the other hand , the Belfast to Liverpool ferry , British owned and British crewed , used the tricolour as a flag of convenience ; so did the whalers of Christian Salvesen Shipping , to take advantage of the Irish whale quota . The tricolour 's marine status was formalised by the Merchant Shipping Act , 1947 . Use in Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : Northern Ireland flags issue A large tricolour flying from Cuchulainn House in the New Lodge , Belfast In 1921 , Ireland was partitioned , with the unionist - dominated north - east becoming Northern Ireland , while later , in 1922 , the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State . Northern Ireland continued to use the UK 's Union Flag and created its Ulster Banner derivation of the flag of Ulster with a crown on top of a six - pointed star . Furthermore , for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems ( Display ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified , rather controversially , that a Union Flag could never have such an effect . In 1964 , the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley , involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast , led to two days of rioting . The tricolour was immediately replaced , highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law . The tricolour is regularly burnt on Loyalist bonfires during twelfth of July celebrations Despite its original symbolism , in Northern Ireland the tricolour , along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity , has come to be a symbol of division . The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner ( based on the flag of Ulster ) in 1953 . Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists , while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans . In Northern Ireland , each community uses its own flags , murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory , often in a manner that is deliberately provocative . Kerb - stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red , white and blue , while in nationalist and republican areas kerb - stones may be painted green , white and orange , although this is a much less frequent occurrence . Elements of both communities fly `` their '' flag from chimneys , tall buildings and lamp - posts on roads . Under the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement , it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland . The Agreement stated that : All participants acknowledge the sensitivity of the use of symbols and emblems for public purposes , and the need in particular in creating the new institutions to ensure that such symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division . Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement -- that Northern Ireland 's constitutional status can not change without a majority favouring it -- by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland . Nationalists maintain that the Agreement means that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted , or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the UK 's flag on government buildings . However the tricolour is never flown from official buildings , alone or alongside the UK 's flag . A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast , Alex Maskey , displayed both flags in his own offices causing some controversy . Protocol ( edit ) The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag . Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements . It is expected , however , that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it . The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag . The Department 's role , therefore , is an advisory one . Irish Flag outside Department Store in Dublin showing EU flag to its left , or right as seen by an approaching observer With respect to the display , placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags , the Department has made a number of suggestions . No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag . When the flag is carried with another flag , or flags , it should be carried in the place of honour -- that is on the marching right , or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag , or , as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching , on the immediate right of the national flag . In the event of a display of crossed staffs , the national flag should be to the right and to the fore -- that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag . Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags . When the group of flags of the European Union are flown , the sequence is alphabetical , based on the first letter of the country 's name . The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group . An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group , as seen by an observer . With regard to international flags ; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height , the national flag should be first on the right of the line -- that is on the observer 's left as he or she faces the flags . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag , or as seen by an observer , on the immediate right of the national flag . Where , however , an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others , the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right , or as seen by an observer , on the first flagstaff on the left . Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location . In all cases , the national flag should be in the place of honour . When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background , the green should be on the right ( an observer 's left ) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position . When displayed on a platform , the national flag should be above and behind the speaker 's desk . While being carried , the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies . In raising or lowering , the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground . When being hoisted to half - mast , the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half - mast position . It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered . On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered , or when it is passing by in a parade , all present should face it , stand to attention and salute . Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute . Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention . The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by . Where more than one national flag is carried , the salute should be given only to the leading flag . When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag , all present should face the national flag , stand to attention and salute it , remaining at the salute until the last note of the music . When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display , and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect . The national flag , when used as a decoration , should always be treated with due respect . It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table . When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations , the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff . Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions . Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions . Michael Collins lying in state by John Lavery showing the green of the flag towards the head The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset , except on the occasion of public meetings , processions , or funerals , when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions . When displayed on a platform , the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker 's desk , nor should it be draped over the platform . The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans , logos , lettering or pictures of any kind on it , for example at sporting events . The flag should not be draped on cars , trains , boats or other modes of transport ; it should not be carried flat , but should always be carried aloft and free , except when used to drape a coffin ; on such an occasion , the green should be at the head of the coffin . The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland ( including former presidents ) , soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty , and other notables accorded state funerals , such as Roger Casement in 1965 , or Kevin Barry in 2001 . Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground , trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles . Irish flag flying from the General Post Office in Dublin It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings . The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings , and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings . The national flag is flown over buildings including : the residence of the President of Ireland , Áras an Uachtaráin ; Leinster House , the seat of the Irish parliament , when parliament is in session ; Irish courts and state buildings ; Irish military installations , at home and abroad ; and Garda Síochána ( police ) stations . The national flag is also flown on Saint Patrick 's Day ( the national holiday ) , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday ( in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916 ) , and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July . On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles , and many private individuals and concerns also fly it . The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations . The national flag is frequently flown at half - mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole . The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half - mast . Where the national flag is flown at half - mast no other flag should be half - masted . See also ( edit ) Ireland portal Coat of arms of Ireland Cross-border flag for Ireland List of flags of Ireland Flag of Northern Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library . `` National Flag '' . Taoiseach.gov.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Ireland - Article 7 '' . Irish Statute Book . Government of Ireland . 1937 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . The national flag is the tricolour of green , white and orange Jump up ^ Sean Duffy , The Concise History of Ireland , 2005 Jump up ^ Rick Steve 's Ireland 2008 Jump up ^ `` West Cork man raised Tricolour on historic day '' . Irish Examiner. 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Design , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ Symbols in Northern Ireland -- Flags Used in the Region CAIN Web Service . Retrieved on 8 November 2011 Jump up ^ Sugden , John & Harvie , Scott ( 1995 ) . Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland , Centre for the Study of Conflict , School of History , Philosophy and Politics , Faculty of Humanities , University of Ulster . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Article 7 of the Constitution of Ireland ( 1st July 1937 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Flag '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Taoiseach. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colour of the Flag -- Ireland '' . flagspot.net . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : PANTONE . `` PANTONE 347 U - Find a Pantone Color Quick Online Color Tool '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : PANTONE . `` PANTONE 151 U - Find a Pantone Color Quick Online Color Tool '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) King James II leader at Battle of Boyne Jump up ^ https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/The_National_Flag.pdf Jump up ^ National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach ^ Jump up to : The National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ Subject to the Twenty - seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , 2004 . Jump up ^ The national Flag Department of the Taoiseach Jump up ^ See , for example : Long Journey Home by Elvis Costello and Paddy Moloney . Jump up ^ See , for example , the lyrics and commentary on the following Irish rebel songs : Green White and Gold ; The Dying Rebel . Archived 14 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ others , The Zen Cart TM Team and . `` County Coat of Arms Irish Flag buy discounted Irish flags with family crest for Irish family reunion ( ) - $24.00 : A Bit O Blarney.com Celtic Jewelry Shop , serving online since 1999 '' . Abitoblarney.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image '' ( PNG ) . S1.thejournal.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andries Burgers Ireland : Green Flag , Flags of the World ( 21 May 2006 ) , citing G.A. Hayes - McCoy , A History of Irish Flags from earliest times ( 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ireland , Flags of the World , 2001 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Tricolour Flag of Ireland , Your Irish Culture , 2007 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007. Archived 2008 Jump up ^ Contrary to popular belief , the tricolour was not the actual flag of the Easter Rising , although it had been flown from the General Post Office ; that flag was a green flag featuring in gold a harp and the words `` Irish Republic '' . Jump up ^ Hayes - McCoy , Gerard Anthony ( 1979 ) . A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times . Academy Press , Dublin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 906187 - 01 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NAI DFA 26 / 102 : Extracts from the report of the Irish delegation to the Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations ( September 1923 ) '' . Documents on Irish Foreign Policy . 2 ( 1923 -- 1926 ) . Royal Irish Academy . September 2000 . No. 134 . ISBN 1 - 874045 - 83 - 6 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Record Office document DO 117 / 100 , written in 1928 . ^ Jump up to : Merchant Shipping Bill , 1947 -- Second Stage. ( 20 November 1947 ) Dáil debates Vol. 108 No. 15 p. 23 Jump up ^ Forde , Frank ( 2000 ) . The Long Watch . Island Books . p. 108 . ISBN 1 - 902602 - 42 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Dáil debates Vol. 33 No. 17 p. 7 cc. 2290 -- 95 20 March 1930 Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 53 No. 7 p. 4 21 June 1934 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Pat ( 2010 ) . Liffey Ships . Mercier Press . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85635 - 685 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 81 No. 14 p. 23 20 February 1941 Jump up ^ Forde , Frank ( 2000 ) . The Long Watch . Island Books . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 902602 - 42 - 0 . Jump up ^ McRonald , Malcolm ( 2007 ) . The Irish Boats. 3 , Liverpool to Belfast . Tempus . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4235 - 8 . Jump up ^ Share , Bernard ( 1978 ) . The Emergency . Dublin : Gill and Macmillan . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 71710 - 916 - X . Jump up ^ Sections 2 and 14 , Merchant Shipping Act , 1947 Irish Statute Book Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Garret . Ireland , Partition of , Encarta , 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 31 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Flags Used in Northern Ireland , Conflict Archive on the Internet , 1 April 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Flags and Emblems ( Display ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 , Conflict Archive on the Internet , 1 April 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Andrew ( 1969 ) . Holy War in Belfast -- `` 1964 : The Tricolour Riots '' . Anvil Press . ISBN 0 - 900068 - 10 - 8 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) , Flags of the World , 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Ewart , Shirley & Schubotz , Dirk ( 2004 ) . Voices behind the Statistics : Young People 's Views of Sectarianism in Northern Ireland , National Children 's Bureau , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Loyalist paramilitary flags explosion '' , BBC News Online , 21 June 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kris . & MacGinty , Roger ( 2003 ) . `` Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland '' , Identities : Global Studies in Power and Culture . Vol. 10 , No. 1 , pp. 83 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dr. Dominic & Stevenson , Dr. Clifford ( 2006 ) . Flags Monitoring Project 2006 : Preliminary Findings , Institute of Irish Studies , Queen 's University , Belfast . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The Belfast Agreement 1998 , Conflict Archive on the Internet . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Robin ( July 2000 ) . Flagging concern : The Controversy over Flags and Emblems , Democratic Dialogue , Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Official Report of Tuesday 6 June 2000 , Northern Ireland Assembly , 6 June 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Report on Draft Regulations proposed under Article 3 of the Flags ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2000 , Northern Ireland Assembly , 17 October 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Maskey Motion 39 -- flags and emblems , SinnFein.ie , 17 February 2006 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tricolour raised in City Hall '' , BBC News Online , 4 September 2002 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Should Belfast have its own flag ? , BBC News Talking Point , 5 September 2002 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Guidelines for use of the National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Display , placing and precedence , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ A flag is at half - mast in any position below the top of the staff but never below the middle point of the staff . As a general guide , the half - mast position may be taken as that where the top of the flag is the depth of the flag below the top of the staff . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Hoisting and lowering the Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Saluting the Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Worn - out Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Respect for the National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ For military purposes , sunrise occurs at 8 : 00 a.m. between March and October , and at 8 : 30 a.m. between November and February . Sunset is deemed to occur at : 3 : 30 p.m. in January and December ; 4 : 30 p.m. in February and November ; 5 : 30 p.m. in March and October ; 6 : 00 p.m. in April ; 7 : 00 p.m. in May and September ; and 8 : 00 p.m. between June and August . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Practices to avoid , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Occasions on which the National Flag is flown , Department of the Taoiseach . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ireland . Ireland at Flags of the World Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Young Ireland General Repeal Association The Nation Irish nationalism Irish republicanism Irish Confederation Great Hunger Revolutions of 1848 A Nation Once Again Irish tricolour Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 Penal transportation Van Diemen 's Land Irish Republican Brotherhood Personalities Joseph Blake Joseph Brenan Robert Cane Thomas Davis John Blake Dillon Michael Doheny Charles Gavan Duffy Philip Gray John Kenyon James Fintan Lalor Maurice Leyne Thomas D'Arcy McGee Terence MacManus John Martin Thomas Francis Meagher John Mitchel William Smith O'Brien Kevin Izod O'Doherty Patrick O'Donoghue Richard O'Gorman John O'Leary John O'Mahony Thomas Devin Reilly John Savage Patrick James Smyth James Stephens Jane Wilde British laws Crime and Outrage Bill ( Ireland ) 1847 Treason Felony Act 1848 Ireland portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ireland&oldid=856395157 '' Categories : National symbols of the Republic of Ireland National flags Flags of the Republic of Ireland Flags introduced in 1922 1922 establishments in Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 21 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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who has a green white and orange flag
[ "The national flag of Ireland (Irish: bratach na hÉireann) – frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour (trídhathach na hÉireann) – is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland. The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green (at the hoist), white and orange.[1][2] The proportions of the flag are 1:2 (that is to say, flown horizontally, the flag is half as high as it is wide).\n" ]
[ "The national flag of Ireland" ]
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Juvenile fish
Juvenile fish - wikipedia Juvenile fish `` fish ( fry ) '' redirects here . For the food product consisting of fried fish , see fish fry . Juvenile fish Fry no longer depend on a yolk - sac and can feed themselves A fingerling has developed scales and working fins Juvenile fish go through various stages between birth and adulthood . They start as eggs which hatch into larvae . The larvae are not able to feed themselves , and carry a yolk - sac which provides their nutrition . Before the yolk - sac completely disappears , the tiny fish must become capable of feeding themselves . When they have developed to the point where they are capable of feeding themselves , the fish are called fry . When , in addition , they have developed scales and working fins , the transition to a juvenile fish is complete and it is called a fingerling . Fingerlings are typically about the size of fingers . The juvenile stage lasts until the fish is fully grown , sexually mature and interacting with other adult fish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Growth stages 2 Juvenile salmon 3 Protection from predators 4 As human food 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Growth stages ( edit ) Juvenile fish bypass for a hydroelectric dam Ichthyoplankton ( planktonic or drifting fish ) are the eggs and larvae of fish . They are usually found in the sunlit zone of the water column , less than 200 metres deep , sometimes called the epipelagic or photic zone . Ichthyoplankton are planktonic , meaning they can not swim effectively under their own power , but must drift with ocean currents . Fish eggs can not swim at all , and are unambiguously planktonic . Early stage larvae swim poorly , but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into juveniles . Fish larvae are part of the zooplankton that eat smaller plankton , while fish eggs carry their own food supply . Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals . According to Kendall et al. 1984 there are three main developmental stages of fish : Egg stage : Spawning to hatching . This stage is used instead of using an embryonic stage because there are aspects , such as those to do with the egg envelope , that are not just embryonic aspects . Larval stage : From hatching till all fin rays are present and the growth of fish scales has started ( squamation ) . A key event is when the notochord associated with the tail fin on the ventral side of the spinal cord develops and becomes flexible . A transitional stage , the yolk - sac larval stage , lasts from hatching to the absorption of the yolk - sac . Juvenile stage : Starts when the transformation or metamorphosis from larva to juvenile is complete , that is , when the larva develops the features of a juvenile fish . These features are that all the fin rays are present and that scale growth is under way . The stage completes when the juvenile becomes adult , that is , when it becomes sexually mature or starts interacting with other adults . This article is about the juvenile stage . Fry -- refers to a recently hatched fish that has reached the stage where its yolk - sac has almost disappeared and its swim bladder is operational to the point where the fish can actively feed for itself . Fingerling -- refers to a fish that has reached the stage where the fins can be extended and where scales have started developing throughout the body . In this stage , the fish is typically about the size of a finger . Juvenile salmon ( edit ) See also : Salmon run Fry and fingerling are terms that can be applied to juvenile fish of most species . But some groups of fishes have juvenile development stages particular to the group . This section details the stages and the particular names used for juvenile salmon . Sac fry or alevin -- The life cycle of salmon begins and usually ends in the backwaters of streams and rivers . These are the salmon spawning grounds , where salmon eggs are deposited for safety in the gravel . The salmon spawning grounds are also the salmon nurseries , providing a more protected environment than the ocean usually offers . After 2 to 6 months the eggs hatch into tiny larvae called sac fry or alevin . The alevin have a sac containing the remainder of the yolk , and they stay hidden in the gravel for a few days while they feed on the yolk . Fry -- When the sac or yolk has almost gone the baby fish must find food for themselves , so they leave the protection of the gravel and start feeding on plankton . At this point the baby salmon are called fry . Parr -- At the end of the summer the fry develop into juvenile fish called parr . Parr feed on small invertebrates and are camouflaged with a pattern of spots and vertical bars . They remain in this stage for up to three years . Smolt -- As they approach the time when they are ready to migrate out to the sea , the parr lose their camouflage bars and undergo a process of physiological changes that allows them to survive a shift from freshwater to saltwater . At this point the salmon are called smolt . Smolt spend time in the brackish waters of the river estuary while their body chemistry adjusts ( osmoregulation ) to the higher salt levels they will encounter in the ocean . Smolt also grow the silvery scales which visually confuse ocean predators . Post-smolt -- When they have matured sufficiently in late spring and are about 15 to 20 centimetres long , the smolt swim out of the rivers and into the sea . There they spend their first year as post-smolt . Post-smolt form schools with other post-smolt and set off to find deep - sea feeding grounds . They then spend up to four more years as adult ocean salmon while their full swimming and reproductive capacity develops . Salmon eggs . The growing larvae can be seen through the transparent egg envelope . The black spots are the eyes . Salmon egg hatching into a sac fry . In a few days , the sac fry will absorb the yolk sac and become a salmon fry Sac fry remain in the gravel habitat of their redd ( nest ) while their yolk sac , or `` lunch box '' is depleted ( click to enlarge ) The juvenile salmon , parr , grow up in the relatively protected natal river The parr lose their camouflage bars and become smolt as they become ready for the transition to the ocean Salmon enter the ocean as post-smolt and mature into adult salmon . They gain most of their weight in the ocean Protection from predators ( edit ) Juvenile fish need protection from predators . Juvenile species , as with small species in general , can achieve some safety in numbers by schooling together . Juvenile coastal fish are drawn to turbid shallow waters and to mangrove structures , where they have better protection from predators . As the fish grow , their foraging ability increases and their vulnerability to predators decreases , and they tend to shift from mangroves to mudflats . In the open sea juvenile species often aggregate around floating objects such as jellyfish and Sargassum seaweed . This can significantly increase their survival rates . As human food ( edit ) Whitebait Elvers Juvenile fish are marketed as food . Whitebait is a marketing term for the fry of fish , typically between 25 and 50 millimetres long . Such juvenile fish often travel together in schools along the coast , and move into estuaries and sometimes up rivers where they can be easily caught with fine meshed fishing nets . Whitebaiting is the activity of catching whitebait . Whitebait are tender and edible , and can be regarded as a delicacy . The entire fish is eaten including head , fins and gut . Some species make better eating than others , and the particular species that are marketed as `` whitebait '' varies in different parts of the world . As whitebait consists of fry of many important food species ( such as herring , sprat , sardines , mackerel , bass and many others ) it is not an ecologicially viable foodstuff and in several countries strict controls on harvesting exist . Elvers are young eels . Traditionally , fishermen consumed elvers as a cheap dish , but environmental changes have reduced eel populations . Similar to whitebait , they are now considered a delicacy and are priced at up to 1000 euro per kilogram . Spain has eel dishes , called `` angulas '' , which are baby eels usually served sauteed in olive oil , garlic and a chili pepper . Elvers are now very expensive . A small serving of angulas can cost equivalent of US $100 , and there are imitation angulas which can be purchased cheaply . See also ( edit ) Fish development LarvalBase -- global online database on fish eggs and juvenile fish Spawning Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ What are Ichthyoplankton ? Southwest Fisheries Science Center , NOAA . Modified 3 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moser HG and Watson W ( 2006 ) `` Ichthyoplankton '' Pages 269 -- 319 . In : Allen LG , Pondella DJ and Horn MH , Ecology of marine fishes : California and adjacent waters University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24653 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kendall Jr AW , Ahlstrom EH and Moser HG ( 1984 ) `` Early life history stages of fishes and their characters '' American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists , Special publication 1 : 11 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Guo Z , Xie Y , Zhang X , Wang Y , Zhang D and Sugiyama S ( 2008 ) Review of fishery information and data collection systems in China Page 38 . FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture , Circular 1029 . FAO , Rome . ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 105979 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bley 1988 ^ Jump up to : Lindberg 2011 ^ Jump up to : Atlantic Salmon Trust 2011 Jump up ^ Bone Q and Moore RH ( 2008 ) Biology of Fishes pp. 418 -- 422 , Taylor & Francis Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37562 - 7 Jump up ^ Blaber SJM and Blaber TG ( 2006 ) `` Factors affecting the distribution of juvenile estuarine and inshore fish '' Journal of Fish Biology , 17 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 162 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1980. tb02749. x Jump up ^ Boehlert GW and Mundy BC ( 1988 ) `` Roles of behavioral and physical factors in larval and juvenile fish recruitment to estuarine nursery areas '' American Fisheries Society Symposium , 3 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Laegdsgaard P and Johnson C ( 2000 ) `` Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove habitats ? '' Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 257 : 229 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Hunter , JR and Mitchell CT ( 1966 ) `` Association of fishes with flotsam in the offshore waters of Central America '' . US Fishery Bulletin , 66 : 13 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kingsford MJ ( 1993 ) `` Biotic and abiotic structure in the pelagic environment : Importance to small fishes '' Bulletin of Marine Science , 53 ( 2 ) : 393 - 415 . Jump up ^ Basque food : Angulas Retrieved 14 February 2012 . References ( edit ) Atlantic Salmon Trust Salmon Facts Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Bley , Patrick W and Moring , John R ( 1988 ) Freshwater and Ocean Survival of Atlantic Salmon and Steelhead : A Synopsis '' US Fish and Wildlife Service . Lindberg , Dan - Erik ( 2011 ) Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) migration behavior and preferences in smolts , spawners and kelts Introductory Research Essay , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences . hide Fish About fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing Fish as food Fear of fish FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in fish Ichthyology Anatomy and physiology Fish anatomy Fish physiology Age determination Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig 's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal teeth shark teeth Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems Sensory systems in fish Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Fish reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Fish development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry in fish Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious fish Walking fish Flying fish Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migrating fish Paedophagy Predatory fish Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep in fish Venomous fish Fish intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commercial Fish farming Carp Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory fish billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage fish anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal fish cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless fish hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous fish chimaeras sharks rays Bony fish spiny - finned fleshy - finned Lists Aquarium life Blind fish Fish common names Fish families Fish on stamps Glossary of ichthyology Large fish Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric fish more lists ... Portal WikiProject NDL : 01162114 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juvenile_fish&oldid=820795818 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Fish reproduction Ichthyology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Gaeilge Italiano Lumbaart 日本 語 Polski Português Română Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 17 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the young one of fish called
[ "Juvenile fish go through various stages between birth and adulthood. They start as eggs which hatch into larvae. The larvae are not able to feed themselves, and carry a yolk-sac which provides their nutrition. Before the yolk-sac completely disappears, the tiny fish must become capable of feeding themselves. When they have developed to the point where they are capable of feeding themselves, the fish are called fry. When, in addition, they have developed scales and working fins, the transition to a juvenile fish is complete and it is called a fingerling. Fingerlings are typically about the size of fingers. The juvenile stage lasts until the fish is fully grown, sexually mature and interacting with other adult fish.", "Juvenile fish go through various stages between birth and adulthood. They start as eggs which hatch into larvae. The larvae are not able to feed themselves, and carry a yolk-sac which provides their nutrition. Before the yolk-sac completely disappears, the tiny fish must become capable of feeding themselves. When they have developed to the point where they are capable of feeding themselves, the fish are called fry. When, in addition, they have developed scales and working fins, the transition to a juvenile fish is complete and it is called a fingerling. Fingerlings are typically about the size of fingers. The juvenile stage lasts until the fish is fully grown, sexually mature and interacting with other adult fish." ]
[ "fry", "fingerling" ]