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9174646170831578919 | Webbed toes | Webbed toes - wikipedia Webbed toes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Webbed toes Human foot with partial simple syndactyly . Classification and external resources Specialty medical genetics ICD - 10 Q70. 3 ICD - 9 - CM 755.13 MedlinePlus 003289 ( edit on Wikidata ) The feet of a gull showing webbed toes . Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet . It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet . This is normal in many birds , such as ducks ; amphibians , such as frogs ; and mammals , such as kangaroos . In humans it is considered unusual , occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births . There are various levels of webbing , from partial to complete . For example , the rare Hose 's civet , a viverrid endemic to northern Borneo , has partially webbed feet . Most commonly the second and third toes are webbed or joined by skin and flexible tissue . This can reach either part way up or nearly all the way up the toe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diagnosis 2 Cause 3 Consequences 4 Surgery 5 Famous webbed feet 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Diagnosis ( edit ) This condition is normally discovered at birth . If other symptoms are present , a specific syndrome may be indicated . Diagnosis of a specific syndrome is based on family history , medical history , and a physical exam . Webbed toes are also known as `` twin toes , '' `` duck toes , '' `` turkey toes '' and `` tiger toes . '' Cause ( edit ) The exact cause of the condition is unknown . In some cases , close family members may share this condition . In other cases , no other related persons have this condition . The scientific name for the condition is syndactyly , although this term covers both webbed fingers and webbed toes . Syndactyly occurs when apoptosis or programmed cell death during gestation is absent or incomplete . Webbed toes occur most commonly in the following circumstances : Syndactyly or Familial Syndactyly Down syndrome It is also associated with a number of rare conditions , notably : Aarskog -- Scott syndrome Acrocallosal syndrome Apert 's syndrome Bardet - Biedl syndrome Carpenter syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Edwards syndrome Jackson -- Weiss syndrome Fetal hydantoin syndrome Miller syndrome Pfeiffer syndrome Smith - Lemli - Opitz syndrome Timothy syndrome Ectodermal Dysplasia Klippel - Feil Syndrome Consequences ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Webbed toes in humans are a purely cosmetic condition . This condition does not impair the ability to perform any activity , including walking , running , or swimming . People with webbed toes may have a slight disadvantage for activities that benefit from prehensile toes . Although not scientifically proven , some believe that this condition can possibly allow for a slight advantage , specifically , in athletics . Considering your big toe is a main source for balance , having your second and third toe webbed could virtually be seen as having two big toes . Thus , allowing for better balance in athletics such as running or dance . Psychological stress may arise from the fear of negative reactions to this condition from people who do not have webbed toes . However a disadvantage would be a difficulty in wearing flip - flops or other such footwear in warm countries . People with webbed toes may be unable to wear Toe socks or Vibram FiveFingers shoes . Surgery ( edit ) Partial simple syndactyly before surgery Partial simple syndactyly , 4 months post-op Webbed toes can be separated through surgery . Surgical separation of webbed toes is an example of body modification . As with any form of surgery , there are risks of complications . The end results depend on the extent of the webbing and underlying bone structure . There is usually some degree of scarring , and skin grafts may be required . In rare instances , nerve damage may lead to loss of feeling in the toes and a tingling sensation . There are also reports of partial web grow - back . The skin grafts needed to fill in the space between the toes can lead to additional scars in the places where the skin is removed . Famous webbed feet ( edit ) Dan Aykroyd -- Canada , actor Tricia Helfer -- Canada , actress Jacqui Hurley -- Ireland , sports broadcaster Ashton Kutcher -- United States , actor Joseph Stalin -- Soviet Union , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Danielle Panabaker -- United States , actress See also ( edit ) Bird feet and legs - webbing and lobation Further reading ( edit ) Man LX , Chang B ( January 2006 ) . `` Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of having a child with a congenital digital anomaly '' . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 117 ( 1 ) : 301 -- 8 . PMID 16404282 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. prs. 0000194904.81981. 71 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saner , Emine ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Soul survivor '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tricia Trivia '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tubridy , Ryan ( 31 August 2011 ) . `` Here 's what happened on today 's show ... '' . Tubridy . RTÉ 2fm . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . RTÉ 's sports presenter Jacqui Hurley called in to tell Ryan that she also as webbed toes ! Jacqui has two webbed toes on each foot . When Jacqui was younger she tried to cut them to make ' normal toes ' ! Now Jacqui has come to love her toes ! Her Brother and Dad also have webbed feet . Jump up ^ `` Star Tracks ( People magazine ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' Among the Dead `` , MississippiReview.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` famous people webbed toes '' . ( hide ) Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormality ( Q65 -- Q76 , 754 -- 756.3 ) Appendicular limb / dysmelia Arms clavicle / shoulder : Cleidocranial dysostosis Sprengel 's deformity Wallis -- Zieff -- Goldblatt syndrome hand deformity : Madelung 's deformity Clinodactyly Oligodactyly Polydactyly Leg hip : Dislocation of hip / Hip dysplasia Upington disease Coxa valga Coxa vara knee : Genu valgum Genu varum Genu recurvatum Discoid meniscus Congenital patellar dislocation Congenital knee dislocation foot deformity : varus Club foot Pigeon toe valgus Flat feet Pes cavus Rocker bottom foot Hammer toe Either / both fingers and toes Polydactyly / Syndactyly webbed toes Arachnodactyly Cenani -- Lenz syndactylism Ectrodactyly Brachydactyly Clubbed thumb reduction deficits / limb : Acheiropodia ectromelia Phocomelia Amelia Hemimelia multiple joints : Arthrogryposis Larsen syndrome Rapadilino syndrome Axial Skull and face Craniosynostosis : Scaphocephaly Oxycephaly Trigonocephaly Craniofacial dysostosis : Crouzon syndrome Hypertelorism Hallermann -- Streiff syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome other : Macrocephaly Platybasia Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia Dolichocephaly Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome Plagiocephaly Saddle nose Vertebral column spinal curvature Scoliosis Klippel -- Feil syndrome Spondylolisthesis Spina bifida occulta Sacralization Thoracic skeleton ribs : Cervical Bifid sternum : Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webbed_toes&oldid=801229780 '' Categories : Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system Toes Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Magyar Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the medical term for webbed toes | [
"Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet. It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet. This is normal in many birds, such as ducks; amphibians, such as frogs; and mammals, such as kangaroos. In humans it is considered unusual, occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births."
] | [
"syndactyly"
] |
8422410387474895990 | Hurricane Katrina | Hurricane Katrina - wikipedia Hurricane Katrina Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hurricane Catarina . For other storms of the same name , see Tropical Storm Katrina . Hurricane Katrina Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Katrina at peak intensity in the Gulf of Mexico on August 28 , 2005 Formed August 23 , 2005 Dissipated August 31 , 2005 ( Extratropical after August 30 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) Lowest pressure 902 mbar ( hPa ) ; 26.64 inHg Fatalities 1,245 -- 1,836 total Damage $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) ( Second - costliest tropical cyclone on record ) Areas affected Bahamas , South Florida , Central Florida , Cuba , Louisiana ( especially Greater New Orleans ) , Mississippi , Alabama , Florida Panhandle , most of eastern North America Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Katrina 2005 Atlantic hurricane season General Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparedness Impact Economic effects Political effects Criticism of government response Social effects Effects by region Effects on Florida Effects on Mississippi Effects on New Orleans Levee failures New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Superdome Tulane University Infrastructure repairs Reconstruction Relief Disaster relief International response Analysis Global warming Media coverage External links Media related to Hurricane Katrina at Wikimedia Commons News related to Katrina stories at Wikinews Works related to Katrina sources at Wikisource Hurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly tropical cyclone that was one of the costliest natural disasters and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States . As Katrina made landfall , its front right quadrant , which held the strongest winds , slammed into Gulfport , Mississippi , devastating it . This hurricane was the costliest US disaster until 2017 , when Hurricane Harvey hit the United States Gulf Coast . It was the eleventh named storm , the fifth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . The storm originated over the Bahamas on August 23 from the interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina . The cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25 . After very briefly weakening to a tropical storm , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly deepen . The storm strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico , but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on August 29 , in southeast Louisiana . The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas , much of it due to the storm surge and levee failure . Severe property damage occurred in coastal areas , such as Mississippi beachfront towns where boats and casino barges rammed buildings , pushing cars and houses inland ; water reached 6 -- 12 miles ( 10 -- 19 km ) from the beach . The storm was the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone , behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Overall , at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods , making it the deadliest United States hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Total property damage was estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) , roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States . Over fifty breaches in New Orleans 's hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29 , 2005 . Eventually 80 % of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded , and the floodwaters lingered for weeks . According to a modeling exercise conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) , two - thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure . All of the major studies concluded that the USACE , the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965 , was responsible . This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money . In January 2008 , Judge Stanwood Duval , U.S. District Court , ruled that despite the Corps ' role in the flooding , the agency could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . Exactly ten years after Katrina , J. David Rogers , lead author of a new report in the official journal of the World Water Council concluded that the flooding during Katrina `` could have been prevented had the corps retained an external review board to double - check its flood - wall designs . '' There was also an investigation of the responses from federal , state and local governments , resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown , and of New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass . Many other government officials were criticized for their responses , especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin , Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco , and President George W. Bush . Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) , and National Weather Service ( NWS ) were commended for their actions . The NHC provided accurate hurricane forecasts with sufficient lead time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 2.1 Federal government 2.1. 1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) 2.2 Florida and Gulf Coast 2.2. 1 Louisiana 3 Impact 3.1 Florida , Bahamas , and Cuba 3.2 Louisiana 3.2. 1 New Orleans 3.3 Mississippi 3.4 Southeast United States 3.5 Other U.S. states and Canada 4 Aftermath 4.1 Economic effects 4.2 Environmental effects 4.3 Reestablishing governance 4.4 Government response 4.5 Criticism of government response 4.6 International response 4.7 Non-governmental organization response 4.8 Analysis of New Orleans levee failures 4.9 Media involvement 4.10 Retirement 4.11 Studies concerning post-Katrina victims 5 Reconstruction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Meteorological history Main article : Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23 , 2005 , as the result of an interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . The storm strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24 . The tropical storm moved towards Florida , and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25 . The storm weakened over land , but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico , and it continued strengthening over open waters . On August 27 , the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale , becoming the third major hurricane of the season . An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification , but caused the storm to nearly double in size . The storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf , growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours . This rapid growth was due to the storm 's movement over the `` unusually warm '' waters of the Loop Current . Katrina on August 28 , nearing the Gulf Coast . Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day , with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar ( 26.6 inHg ) . The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time , only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season ; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time . However , this record was later broken by Hurricane Rita . The hurricane subsequently weakened , and Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana . At landfall , hurricane - force winds extended outward 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the center and the storm 's central pressure was 920 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound , it made its third landfall near the Louisiana -- Mississippi border with 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) sustained winds , still at Category 3 intensity . Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi , finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland near Meridian , Mississippi . It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville , Tennessee , but its remnants were last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 , when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary . The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada . Preparations Main article : Preparations for Hurricane Katrina Federal government Flanked by Michael Chertoff , Secretary of Homeland Security , left , and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , President George W. Bush meets with members of the White House Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on August 31 , 2005 , in the Cabinet Room of the White House . The United States Coast Guard began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists . On August 27 , it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation . Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center , in Mobile , staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida . All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29 . Air crews , many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane , began a round - the - clock rescue effort in New Orleans , and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines . President of the United States George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana , Alabama and Mississippi on August 27 . `` On Sunday , August 28 , President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans . '' However , during the testimony by former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) chief Michael Brown before a U.S. House subcommittee on September 26 , Representative Stephen Buyer ( R - IN ) inquired as to why President Bush 's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included the coastal parishes of Orleans , Jefferson , and Plaquemines . The declaration actually did not include any of Louisiana 's coastal parishes , whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi and Alabama . Brown testified that this was because Louisiana Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid , a decision that he found `` shocking . '' After the hearing , Blanco released a copy of her letter , which showed she had requested assistance for `` all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans '' as well specifically naming 14 parishes , including Jefferson , Orleans , St. Bernard and Plaquemines . Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama . About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) On the afternoon of August 26 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast . The National Weather Service 's New Orleans / Baton Rouge office issued a vividly worded bulletin on August 28 predicting that the area would be `` uninhabitable for weeks '' after `` devastating damage '' caused by Katrina , which at that time rivaled the intensity of Hurricane Camille . During video conferences involving the president later that day and on August 29 , NHC director Max Mayfield expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city 's levees and flood walls . In one conference , he stated , `` I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not , but that 's obviously a very , very great concern . '' Additionally , the National Hurricane Center issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches throughout the duration of Katrina : Summary of tropical cyclone warnings and watches associated with Hurricane Katrina ( hide ) Date Time Warning type Areas August 23 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Central and northwest Bahamas August 24 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Vero Beach , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Florida City , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Lake Okeechobee August 25 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Florida City to Englewood , Florida , including Florida Bay 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas 21 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Jupiter Inlet , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Jupiter Inlet to Florida Keys and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida Tropical Storm Watch Longboat Key to Anclote Key , Florida 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas August 26 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Jupiter Inlet to Vero Beach , Florida 05 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Deerfield Beach to Florida City , Florida Hurricane Warning discontinued Deerfield Beach to Jupiter , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee Tropical Storm Warning Florida Keys including Florida Bay and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Florida City to Longboat Key and all the Florida Keys and Florida Bay 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida August 27 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Key West , Florida Hurricane Watch Morgan City to Pearl River , Louisiana 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warnings discontinued All Hurricane Watch Intracoastal City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border August 28 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Morgan City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border , including Lake Pontchartrain Tropical Storm Warning Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Intracoastal City to Morgan City , Louisiana Hurricane Watch Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Destin to Indian Pass , Florida , and Intracoastal City to Cameron , Louisiana August 29 15 : 00 UTC Hurricane Watches discontinued All 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Pearl River , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border Tropical Storm and Hurricane Warning discontinued Cameron to Pearl River , Louisiana , and Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida August 30 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All Florida and Gulf Coast In Florida , Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina 's landfall . By the following day , Florida 's Emergency Operations Center was activated in Tallahassee to monitor the progress of the hurricane . Before Katrina moved ashore , schools and businesses were closed in the Miami area . Cruise ships altered their paths due to seaports in southeastern Florida closing . Officials in Miami - Dade County advised residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate . To the north in Broward County , residents east of the Intracoastal Waterway or in mobile homes were advised to leave their homes . Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in Palm Beach County , and for residents in mobile homes south of Lantana Road . Additionally , a mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in Martin County . Shelters were opened across the region . Officials closed the Miami International Airport , Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport , Key West International Airport , and Florida Keys Marathon Airport due to the storm . In Monroe and Collier counties , schools were closed , and a shelter was opened in Immokalee . Radar loop of Hurricane Katrina making landfall in Louisiana On August 28 , Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared a state of emergency for the approaching Hurricane Katrina . On the same day , he requested President Bush to declare `` expedited major disaster declaration '' for six counties of south Alabama , which was quickly approved . Three - hundred and fifty national guardsmen were called on duty by August 30 . The state of Mississippi activated its National Guard on August 26 in preparation for the storm 's landfall . Additionally , the state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day , and local governments began issuing evacuation orders . By 6 : 00 pm CDT on August 28 , 11 counties and cities issued evacuation orders , a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning . Moreover , 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities , with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed . By Sunday , August 28 , most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down , including all freight and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station . Louisiana See also : Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans Vertical cross-section of New Orleans , showing maximum levee height of 23 feet ( 7 m ) . Vertical scale exaggerated . In Louisiana , the state 's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases , starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds . Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas ( including New Orleans ) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds . Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long . Louisiana 's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C ( Part II , Section II , Paragraph D ) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations . Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent upon public transportation , not enough bus drivers were available to drive them as Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses . By August 26 , the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered . Many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles ( 240 km ) westward from the Florida Panhandle , putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities ; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17 % , with strike probability rising to 29 % by August 28 . This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level . Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane 's right - front quadrant ( containing the strongest winds ) was forecast to be 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) , while the levees offered protection to 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) , emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city , causing major flooding . At a news conference at 10 am on August 28 , shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm , New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first - ever mandatory evacuation of the city , calling Katrina `` a storm that most of us have long feared . '' The city government also established several `` refuges of last resort '' for citizens who could not leave the city , including the massive Louisiana Superdome , which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore . Some estimates claimed that 80 % of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated , leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation . Impact Main article : Hurricane Katrina effects by region Play media In Katrina 's Wake -- short film by NASA Deaths by state Alabama Florida 14 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana 986 -- 1,577 * Mississippi 238 Ohio Total 1,245 -- 1,836 Missing 10 -- 66 * Includes out - of - state evacuees counted by Louisiana On August 29 , Katrina 's storm surge caused 53 breaches to various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area , submerging 80 % of the city . A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two - thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city 's floodwalls . The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama , making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes , the second costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States , and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane . The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 U.S. dollars ) . The death toll from Katrina is uncertain , with reports differing by hundreds . According to the National Hurricane Center , 1,836 fatalities can be attributed to the storm : 1 in Kentucky , 2 each in Alabama , Georgia , and Ohio , 14 in Florida , 238 in Mississippi , and 1,577 in Louisiana . However , 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana , and many of the deaths are indirect , but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities . A 2008 report by the Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal indicates that 966 deaths can be directly attributed to the storm in Louisiana , including out of state evacuees , and another 20 indirectly ( such as firearm related deaths and gas poisoning ) . Due to uncertain causes of death with 454 evacuees , an upper - bound of 1,440 is noted in the paper . A follow - up study by the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana . Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles ( 230,000 km ) of the United States , an area almost as large as the United Kingdom . The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity . On September 3 , 2005 , Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as `` probably the worst catastrophe , or set of catastrophes , '' in the country 's history , referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans . Even in 2010 , debris remained in some coastal communities . Florida , Bahamas , and Cuba Damage to a mobile home in Davie , Florida following Hurricane Katrina Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida Hurricane Katrina first made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura , Florida on August 25 . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of the Miami metropolitan area , with a peak total of 16.43 in ( 417 mm ) in Perrine . As a result , local flooding occurred in Miami - Dade County , damaging approximately 100 homes . Farther south in the Florida Keys , a tornado was spawned in Marathon on August 26 . The tornado damaged a hangar at the airport there and caused an estimated $5 million in damage . The rains caused flooding , and the combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines , leaving 1.45 million people without power . Damage in South Florida was estimated at $523 million , mostly as a result of crop damage . Twelve deaths occurred in South Florida , of which three were caused by downed trees in Broward County , three from drowning in Miami - Dade County , three were from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generators , one was due to a vehicle accident , one occurred during debris cleanup , and one was associated with a lack of electricity . Significant impact was also reported in the Florida Panhandle . Although Katrina moved ashore in Louisiana and Mississippi , its outer periphery produced a 5.37 ft ( 1.64 m ) storm surge in Pensacola . High waves caused beach erosion and closed nearby roadways . There were five tornadoes in the northwestern portion of the state , though none of them caused significant damage . Throughout the Florida Panhandle , the storm resulted in an estimated $100 million in damage . There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident . In the Florida Panhandle , 77,000 customers lost power . Overall , the hurricane killed 14 people and caused at least $623 million in damage . Before striking South Florida , Katrina traversed the Bahamas as a tropical storm . However , minimal impact was reported , with only `` fresh breezes '' on various islands . Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to the north of Cuba , on August 29 it brought tropical - storm force winds and rainfall of over 8 in ( 200 mm ) to western regions of the island . Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the Pinar del Río Province . According to Cuban television reports the coastal town of Surgidero de Batabanó was 90 % underwater . Louisiana Flooding in Venice , Louisiana On August 29 , Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana , with 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) winds , a strong Category 3 storm . However , as it had only just weakened from Category 4 strength and the radius of maximum winds was large , it is possible that sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted extreme southeastern Louisiana . Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher , a very significant surge affected the Louisiana coast . The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data , although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) and a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle . Hurricane Katrina made final landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River , with the eye straddling St. Tammany Parish , Louisiana , and Hancock County , Mississippi , on the morning of August 29 at about 9 : 45M CST . Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana , with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state . In the area around Slidell , the rainfall was even higher , and the highest rainfall recorded in the state was approximately 15 inches ( 380 mm ) . As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of Lake Pontchartrain rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore , affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville . Several bridges were destroyed , including the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans . Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as a result of Hurricane Katrina . Katrina 's storm surge inundated all parishes surrounding Lake Pontchartrain , including St. Tammany , Tangipahoa , St. John the Baptist , and St. Charles Parishes . St. Tammany Parish received a two - part storm surge . The first surge came as Lake Pontchartrain rose and the storm blew water from the Gulf of Mexico into the lake . The second came as the eye of Katrina passed , westerly winds pushed water into a bottleneck at the Rigolets Pass , forcing it farther inland . The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13 -- 16 feet ( 4.0 -- 4.9 m ) , not including wave action . Hard - hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board . The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department because of the assets of the United States Coast Guard being diverted to New Orleans . In the months after the storm , many of the missing were tracked down by searching flooded homes , tracking credit card records , and visiting homes of family and relatives . Hurricane Katrina making landfall in New Orleans , Louisiana . According to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development , in St. Bernard Parish , 81 % ( 20,229 ) of the housing units were damaged . In St. Tammany Parish , 70 % ( 48,792 ) were damaged and in Placquemines Parish 80 % ( 7,212 ) were damaged . In addition , the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres ( 217 sq mi ) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana . New Orleans Main articles : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans Flooded I - 10 / I - 610 / West End Blvd interchange and surrounding area of northwest New Orleans and Metairie , Louisiana As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast , it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours . Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans , there were a few measurements of hurricane - force winds . From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength . Katrina 's storm surge led to 53 levee breaches in the federally built levee system protecting metro New Orleans and the failure of the 40 Arpent Canal levee . Nearly every levee in metro New Orleans was breached as Hurricane Katrina passed just east of the city limits . Failures occurred in New Orleans and surrounding communities , especially St. Bernard Parish . The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) breached its levees in approximately 20 places , flooding much of east New Orleans , most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish . The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee , the London Avenue Canal , and the wide , navigable Industrial Canal , which left approximately 80 % of the city flooded . Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged . The only routes out of the city were the westbound Crescent City Connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge , as large portions of the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge traveling eastbound towards Slidell , Louisiana had collapsed . Both the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and the Crescent City Connection only carried emergency traffic . On August 29 , at 7 : 40 am CDT , it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out , and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage . The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city , with beds reported to be flying out of the windows . Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel 's glass exterior was completely sheared off . The Superdome , which was sheltering many people who had not evacuated , sustained significant damage . Two sections of the Superdome 's roof were compromised and the dome 's waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off . Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but did not flood . On August 30 , it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations . Limited commercial passenger service resumed at the airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October . Levee breaches in New Orleans also caused a significant number of deaths , with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by October 23 , 2005 . Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still - flooded sections , especially in the east of the city . The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses , some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected , hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead . A U.S. Coast Guardsman searches for survivors in New Orleans in the Katrina aftermath . The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28 , as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge , most likely from dehydration . An estimated 215 bodies were found in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans , the largest number being at the Memorial Medical Center where 45 corpses were recovered . Some 200 patients at the Charity Hospital were n't evacuated until Friday September 2 , having been without power or fresh water for five days . While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome , only six deaths were confirmed there , with four of these originating from natural causes , one from a drug overdose , and one a suicide . At the Convention Center , four bodies were recovered . One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide . There is evidence that many prisoners were abandoned in their cells during the storm , while the guards sought shelter . Hundreds of prisoners were later registered as `` unaccounted for '' . Mississippi Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi U.S. Route 90 's Bay St. Louis Bridge on Pass Christian was destroyed as a result of Katrina . The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered massive damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , leaving 238 people dead , 67 missing , and billions of dollars in damage : bridges , barges , boats , piers , houses and cars were washed inland . Katrina traveled up the entire state , and afterwards , all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance , 47 for full assistance . After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana , Katrina had made its final landfall near the state line , and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . Katrina 's powerful right - front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast , causing a powerful 27 - foot ( 8.2 m ) storm surge , which penetrated 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles ( 19 km ) inland along bays and rivers ; in some areas , the surge crossed Interstate 10 for several miles . Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi , which caused significant tree damage throughout the state . The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) in Poplarville , in Pearl River County . Damage to Long Beach , Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina The storm also brought heavy rains with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches ( 100 mm ) falling throughout the majority of the state . Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29 , some of which damaged trees and power lines . Battered by wind , rain and storm surge , some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled . Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90 % of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed , and that storm surges traveled as much as 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in portions of the state 's coast . One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed . More than half of the 13 casinos in the state , which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land - based gambling laws , were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves . A number of streets and bridges were washed away . On U.S. Highway 90 along the Mississippi Gulf Coast , two major bridges were completely destroyed : the Bay St. Louis -- Pass Christian bridge , and the Biloxi -- Ocean Springs bridge . In addition , the eastbound span of the I - 10 bridge over the Pascagoula River estuary was damaged . In the weeks after the storm , with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered , traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced first to State Road 11 ( parallel to I - 10 ) then to two lanes on the remaining I - 10 span when it was opened . Surge damage in Pascagoula , Mississippi All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm . Katrina 's surge was the most extensive , as well as the highest , in the documented history of the United States ; large portions of Hancock , Harrison and Jackson counties were inundated by the storm surge , in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas . Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County , destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland , much of Bay St. Louis , and flowed up the Jourdan River , flooding Diamondhead and Kiln . In Harrison County , Pass Christian was completely inundated , along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast , which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport ; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville , which borders Back Bay . Biloxi , on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast , was particularly hard hit , especially the low - lying Point Cadet area . In Jackson County , storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary , with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half . Remarkably , over 90 % of Pascagoula , the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi , and about 75 miles ( 120 km ) east of Katrina 's landfall near the Louisiana - Mississippi border , was flooded from surge at the height of the storm . Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed , and St. Martin was hard hit ; Ocean Springs , Moss Point , Gautier and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage . Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in Forrest , Hinds , Warren and Leake counties . Over 900,000 people throughout the state experienced power outages . Southeast United States Flood waters come up the steps of Mobile 's federal courthouse . Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west , Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical - storm force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 feet ( 3.7 -- 4.9 m ) around Mobile Bay , with higher waves on top . Sustained winds of 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) were recorded in Mobile , Alabama , and the storm surge there was approximately 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) . The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay . Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama . Ships , oil rigs , boats and fishing piers were washed ashore along Mobile Bay : the cargo ship M / V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at Bayou La Batre . An oil rig under construction along the Mobile River broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) northwards before striking the Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile . No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened . The damage on Dauphin Island was severe , with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island . An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island . As in Mississippi , the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline . More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as a result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state . Residents in some areas , such as Selma , were without power for several days . Bayou La Batre : cargo ship and fishing boats were grounded Northern and central Georgia were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland , with more than 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of rain falling in several areas . At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29 , the most on record in that state for one day in August . The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected Heard County and Carroll County . This tornado caused three injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses . The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities . In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado , there was another fatality in a traffic accident . Eastern Arkansas received light rain from the passage of Katrina . Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines , though damage was minimal . Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas , with over 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee , primarily in the Memphis and Nashville areas . Other U.S. States and Canada This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Total rainfall from Katrina in the United States . Data for the New Orleans area is not available . In Kentucky , a storm that had moved through the weekend before had already produced flooding and the rainfall from Katrina added to this . A 10 - year - old girl drowned in Hopkinsville . Dozens of business were closed and several families evacuated due to rising flood waters . As a result of the flooding , Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency . Additionally , wind gusts up to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) resulted in some damage . Downed trees and power lines were reported in several counties in western Kentucky , especially Calloway and Christian counties . Overall , more than 10,000 utility customers in western Kentucky experienced power outages . The remnants of Katrina spawned a tornado in Virginia , damaging at least 13 homes in Marshall . In addition , approximately 4,000 people lost electricity . Over 3 in ( 76 mm ) of rain fell in portions of West Virginia , causing localized flooding in several counties . At least 103 homes and 7 buildings suffered some degree of water damage . A number of roads and bridges were inundated or washed out . The remnants of Katrina produced locally heavy precipitation in northeast Ohio , ranging from about 2 to 4 in ( 51 to 102 mm ) . Numerous streams and rivers overflowed their banks , forcing the closure of several roads , including Interstate 90 in Cleveland . Two deaths occurred due to a flood - related automobile accident in Huron County . Additionally , hundreds of homes and businesses suffered flood damage . Katrina spawned five tornadoes in Pennsylvania , though none resulted in significant damage . Up to 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain fell in western New York . Gusty winds also left approximately 4,500 people in Buffalo without electricity . The remnants of Katrina brought 3 to 6 in ( 76 to 152 mm ) of rain to portions of Massachusetts , causing flash flooding in Bristol and Plymouth counties . Several roads were closed due to floodwater inundation in Acushnet , Dartmouth , New Bedford , and Wareham , including Route 18 in New Bedford . Very minimal impact was reported in Rhode Island , with winds downing a tree and two electrical poles in the city of Warwick . In Vermont , 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) of rain in Chittenden County caused cars to hydroplane on Interstate 89 , resulting in many automobile accidents . The storm brought 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of precipitation to isolated areas of Maine and up to 9 in ( 230 mm ) near Patten . Several roads were inundated or washed out by overflowing brooks and streams , including sections of U.S. Route 1 and Maine routes 11 and 159 . Several structures and one parked vehicle were also affected by the waters . Wind gusts up to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) also impacted parts of Maine , felling trees and causing power outages in Bar Harbor , Blue Hill , Dover - Foxcroft , Sedgwick Ridge , and Sorrento . In Canada , the remnants of Katrina brought rainfall amounts in excess of 3.94 in ( 100 mm ) to many locations between the Niagara Peninsula and the Saint Lawrence River valley . Severe local flooding occurred in Quebec , forcing the evacuations of dozens of homes in some communities as rivers began overflowing their banks and sewage systems were becoming overwhelmed by the influx of precipitation . Inundated and washed out roads , including Route 138 along the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River , Route 172 north of Tadoussac , and Route 385 near Forestville left several communities isolated for at least a week . Aftermath See also : Social effects of Hurricane Katrina , Political effects of Hurricane Katrina , Hurricane Katrina disaster relief , and IDPs in the United States Economic effects Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage Rank Hurricane Season Damage Harvey 2017 7011198000000000000 ♠ $198 billion Katrina 2005 7011108000000000000 ♠ $108 billion Sandy 2012 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion Ike 2008 7010295200000000000 ♠ $29.5 billion 5 Andrew 7010265000000000000 ♠ $26.5 billion 6 Wilma 2005 7010210070000000000 ♠ $21 billion 7 Ivan 7010188200000000000 ♠ $18.8 billion 8 Irene 2011 7010156000000000000 ♠ $15.6 billion 9 Charley 7010151130000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion 10 Rita 2005 7010120370000000000 ♠ $12 billion Source : National Hurricane Center Main article : Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina The economic effects of the storm reached high levels . The Bush Administration sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region , which did not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply , destruction of the Gulf Coast 's highway infrastructure , and exports of commodities such as grain . Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries ; the total shut - in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six - month period following Katrina was approximately 24 % of the annual production and the shut - in gas production for the same period was about 18 % . The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected , as 1.3 million acres ( 5,300 km ) of forest lands were destroyed . The total loss to the forestry industry from Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion . Furthermore , hundreds of thousands of local residents were left unemployed . Before the hurricane , the region supported approximately one million non-farm jobs , with 600,000 of them in New Orleans . It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may eventually exceed $150 billion . Forensic accountants were involved in the assessment of economic damages resulting from this catastrophe . Katrina displaced over one million people from the central Gulf coast to elsewhere across the United States , becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States . Houston , Texas , had an increase of 35,000 people ; Mobile , Alabama , gained over 24,000 ; Baton Rouge , Louisiana , over 15,000 ; and Hammond , Louisiana , received over 10,000 , nearly doubling its size . Chicago , Illinois received over 6,000 people , the most of any non-southern city . By late January 2006 , about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans , less than half of the pre-storm population . By July 1 , 2006 , when new population estimates were calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau , the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563 , or 4.87 % . Additionally , some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita , or have raised homeowners ' insurance premiums to cover their risk . Environmental effects See also : Murphy Oil USA refinery spill Large oil spills caused by Hurricane Katrina Spills exceeding 10,000 US gallons ( 38,000 L ) Spill Location Quantity ( US gal ) ( L ) Bass Enterprises ( Cox Bay ) 3,780,000 14,300,000 Shell ( Pilot Town ) 1,050,000 4,000,000 Chevron ( Empire ) 991,000 3,750,000 Murphy Oil ( Meraux and Chalmette ) 819,000 3,100,000 Bass Enterprises ( Pointe à la Hache ) 461,000 1,750,000 Chevron ( Port Fourchon ) 53,000 200,000 Venice Energy Services ( Venice ) 25,000 95,000 Shell Pipeline Oil ( Nairn ) 13,440 50,900 Sundown Energy ( West Potash ) 13,000 49,000 Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment . The storm surge caused substantial beach erosion , in some cases completely devastating coastal areas . In Dauphin Island ( a barrier island ) , approximately 90 mi ( 140 km ) to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall , the sand that comprised the island was transported across the island into the Mississippi Sound , pushing the island towards land . The storm surge and waves from Katrina also severely damaged the Chandeleur Islands , which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year . The US Geological Survey has estimated 217 sq mi ( 560 km ) of land was transformed to water by the hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Before the storm , subsidence and erosion caused loss of land in the Louisiana wetlands and bayous . This , along with the canals built in the area , let Katrina keep more of its intensity when it struck . The lands that were lost were breeding grounds for marine mammals , brown pelicans , turtles , and fish , and migratory species such as redhead ducks . Overall , about 20 % of the local marshes were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm . The damage from Katrina forced the closure of 16 National Wildlife Refuges . Breton National Wildlife Refuge lost half its area in the storm . As a result , the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles , Mississippi sandhill cranes , Red - cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice . Katrina also produced massive tree loss along the Gulf Coast , particularly in Louisiana'a Pearl River Basin and among bottomland hardwood forests . Before the storm the standard mortality rate for the area 's trees was 1.9 % , but this interval increased to 20.5 % by the end of 2006 . Delayed mortality as an effect of the storm continued with rates up to 5 % until 2011 . This significant loss in biomass caused greater decay and an increase in carbon emissions . For example , by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140 % of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees . The Chandeleur Islands , before Katrina ( left ) and after ( right ) , showing the impact of the storm along coastal areas . The storm caused oil spills from 44 facilities throughout southeastern Louisiana , which resulted in over 7 million US gallons ( 26,000 m ) of oil being leaked . Some spills were only a few hundred gallons and most were contained on - site , though some oil entered the ecosystem and residential areas . After a spill at the Murphy Oil refinery , for example , 1,800 homes were oiled in the towns of Chalmette and Meraux . Unlike Hurricane Ivan no offshore oil spills were officially reported after Hurricane Katrina . However , Skytruth reported some signs of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico . Finally , as part of the cleanup effort , the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain , a process that took 43 days to complete . These residual waters contained a mix of raw sewage , bacteria , heavy metals , pesticides , toxic chemicals , and oil , which sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying . Reestablishing governance Further information : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans § Civil disturbances U.S. Army Infantry on patrol in New Orleans in an area previously underwater , September 2005 . A Border Patrol Special Response Team searches a hotel room - by - room in New Orleans in response to Hurricane Katrina . Shortly after the hurricane moved away on August 30 , 2005 , some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began looting stores . Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means , as well as non-essential items . Additionally , there were reports of carjacking , murders , thefts and rapes in New Orleans . Some sources later determined that many of the reports were inaccurate , greatly exaggerated or completely false , leading news agencies to print retractions . Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana , with 7,841 in the area on August 29 , to a maximum of 46,838 on September 10 . A number of local law enforcement agents from across the country were temporarily deputized by the state . `` They have M16s and are locked and loaded . These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will , '' Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said . Congressman Bill Jefferson told ABC News : `` There was shooting going on . There was sniping going on . Over the first week of September , law and order were gradually restored to the city . '' Several shootings occurred between police and New Orleans residents , some involving police misconduct ; including an incident that killed two unarmed civilians and seriously injured other others at Danziger Bridge . Five former police officers pleaded guilty to charges connected to the Danziger Bridge shootings in the aftermath of the hurricane . Six other former or current officers appeared in court in June 2011 . Overall , a number of arrests were made throughout the affected area , including some near the New Orleans Convention Center . A temporary jail was constructed of chain link cages in the New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal , the city 's main train station . In West Virginia , where roughly 350 refugees were located , local officials took fingerprints to run criminal background checks on the refugees . The background checks found that 45 % of the refugees had a criminal record of some nature , and that 22 % had a violent criminal record . Media speculation fueled a popular perception that the displaced New Orleans residents brought a wave of crime into the communities where they relocated , however , detailed studies of crime statistics in these communities did not reveal a significant increase in violent crime . Government response Chart showing some common uses of the FEMA marking system in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina President Bush stands with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao and Secretary of Health and Human Services Mike Leavitt during a press conference from the Rose Garden , regarding the devastation along the Gulf Coast caused by Katrina . Within the United States and as delineated in the National Response Plan , disaster response and planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility . When local government exhausts its resources , it then requests specific additional resources from the county level . The request process proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified . Many of the problems that arose developed from inadequate planning and back - up communication systems at various levels . Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm , with Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks . A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall ( even though many were directed to not enter the area ) , and continued for more than six months after the storm Of the 60,000 people stranded in New Orleans , the Coast Guard rescued more than 33,500 . Congress recognized the Coast Guard 's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record , and the Armed Service was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . The United States Northern Command established Joint Task Force ( JTF ) Katrina based out of Camp Shelby , Mississippi , to act as the military 's on - scene response on Sunday , August 28 , with US Army Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré as commander . Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm 's aftermath , with troops coming from all 50 states . The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol . Michael Chertoff , Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security , decided to take over the federal , state , and local operations officially on August 30 , 2005 , citing the National Response Plan . This was refused by Governor Blanco who indicated that her National Guard could manage . Early in September , Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims . Additionally , President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions , much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . American flags were also ordered to be half - staff from September 2 , 2005 , to September 20 , 2005 , in honor of the victims . FEMA provided housing assistance ( rental assistance , trailers , etc . ) to more than 700,000 applicants -- families and individuals . However , only one - fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish were supplied , resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans . Many local areas voted to not allow the trailers , and many areas had no utilities , a requirement prior to placing the trailers . To provide for additional housing , FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through February 7 , 2006 , when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage . After this deadline , evacuees were still eligible to receive federal assistance , which could be used towards either apartment rent , additional hotel stays , or fixing their ruined homes , although FEMA no longer paid for hotels directly . As of March 30 , 2010 , there were still 260 families living in FEMA - provided trailers in Louisiana and Mississippi . Law enforcement and public safety agencies , from across the United States , provided a `` mutual aid '' response to Louisiana and New Orleans in the weeks following the disaster . Many agencies responded with manpower and equipment from as far away as California , Michigan , Nevada , New York , and Texas . This response was welcomed by local Louisiana authorities as their staff were either becoming fatigued , stretched too thin , or even quitting from the job . Two weeks after the storm , more than half of the states were involved in providing shelter for evacuees . By four weeks after the storm , evacuees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes -- half of the nation 's residential postal zones . Most evacuees had stayed within 250 miles ( 400 km ) , but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles ( 400 km ) away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles ( 1,200 km ) away . Criticism of government response Main article : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina USNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport , Florida , en route to the Gulf Coast . The criticisms of the government 's response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of criticism of mismanagement and lack of leadership in the relief efforts in response to the storm and its aftermath . More specifically , the criticism focused on the delayed response to the flooding of New Orleans , and the subsequent state of chaos in the city . The neologism Katrina gate was coined to refer to this controversy , and was a runner - up for `` 2005 word of the year . '' Within days of Katrina 's August 29 landfall , public debate arose about the local , state and federal governments ' role in the preparations for and response to the hurricane . Criticism was initially prompted by televised images of visibly shaken and frustrated political leaders , and of residents who remained stranded by flood waters without water , food , or shelter . Deaths from thirst , exhaustion and violence days after the storm had passed fueled the criticism , as did the dilemma of the evacuees at facilities such as the Louisiana Superdome and the New Orleans Civic Center . Some alleged that race , class , and other factors could have contributed to delays in government response . For example , during A Concert for Hurricane Relief , a benefit concert for victims of the hurricane , rapper Kanye West veered off script and harshly criticized the government 's response to the crisis , stating that `` George Bush does n't care about black people . '' In accordance with federal law , President George W. Bush directed the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security , Michael Chertoff , to coordinate the Federal response . Chertoff designated Michael D. Brown , head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency , as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region . However , the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination . Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful . Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this . Eight days later , Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations . Three days after the recall , Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush . Politicians , activists , pundits , and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state governments headed by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Blanco . Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans ' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food , water , security , or sanitary conditions . Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall , which led to hundreds of deaths of people who could not find any way out of the city . The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other , more general public policy issues about emergency management , environmental policy , poverty , and unemployment . The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may have affected elections and legislation enacted at various levels of government . The storm 's devastation also prompted a Congressional investigation , which found that FEMA and the Red Cross `` did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims . '' Additionally , it placed responsibility for the disaster on all three levels of government . An ABC News poll conducted on September 2 , 2005 , showed more blame was being directed at state and local governments ( 75 % ) than at the Federal government ( 67 % ) , with 44 % blaming Bush 's leadership directly . A later CNN / USAToday / Gallup poll showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane -- 13 % said Bush , 18 % said federal agencies , 25 % blamed state or local officials and 38 % said no one was to blame . A 2013 pool of Louisiana Republicans found more ( 29 % ) blamed Barack Obama for the poor federal response to the hurricane than George W. Bush ( 28 % ) , despite the fact that Bush was actually president during the storm and Obama merely a junior senator . International response Main article : International response to Hurricane Katrina United States Navy personnel unload Canadian relief supplies from a Royal Canadian Air Force transport aircraft in Pensacola , Florida . Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance . Cuba and Venezuela ( both considered as hostile to US government interest ) were the first countries to offer assistance , pledging over $1 million , several mobile hospitals , water treatment plants , canned food , bottled water , heating oil , 1,100 doctors and 26.4 metric tons of medicine , though this aid was rejected by the U.S. government . Kuwait made the largest single pledge , $500 million ; other large donations were made by Qatar and United Arab Emirates ( each $100 million ) , South Korea ( $30 million ) , Australia ( $10 million ) , India , China ( both $5 million ) , New Zealand ( $2 million ) , Pakistan ( $1.5 million ) , Norway ( $1.8 million ) , and Bangladesh ( $1 million ) . India sent tarps , blankets and hygiene kits . An Indian Air Force IL - 76 aircraft delivered 25 tonnes of relief supplies for the Hurricane Katrina victims at the Little Rock Air Force Base , Arkansas , on September 13 , 2005 . Israel sent an IDF delegation to New Orleans to transport aid equipment including 80 tons of food , disposable diapers , beds , blankets , generators and additional equipment which were donated from different governmental institutions , civilian institutions and the IDF . The Bush Administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions , but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already under way . The team administered first aid to survivors , rescued abandoned pets and discovered hurricane victims . Countries like Sri Lanka , which was still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami , also offered to help . Countries including Canada , Mexico , Singapore and Germany sent supplies , relief personnel ( like Technisches Hilfswerk ) , troops , ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery . Belgium sent in a team of relief personnel . Britain 's donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims because of laws regarding mad cow disease . Russia 's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later . The French offer was also declined and requested later . Non-governmental organization response Residents of Louisiana , who had to flee their homes because of Hurricane Katrina , are inside the Houston Astrodome and being helped by the Red Cross and other agencies and associations . The American Red Cross , America 's Second Harvest ( now known as Feeding America ) , Southern Baptist Convention , Salvation Army , Oxfam , Common Ground Collective , Burners Without Borders , Emergency Communities , Habitat for Humanity , Catholic Charities , Service International , `` A River of Hope '' , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm . They were not allowed into New Orleans proper by the National Guard for several days after the storm because of safety concerns . These organizations raised US $4.25 billion in donations by the public , with the Red Cross receiving over half of the donations . Some smaller organizations and individuals ignored the access restrictions and provided early relief . For example , two privately chartered planes from FasterCures evacuated 200 patents from Charity Hospital in New Orleans . Volunteers from amateur radio 's emergency service wing , the Amateur Radio Emergency Service , provided communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed , relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home . In Hancock County , Mississippi , ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area , and even served as 911 dispatchers . Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts . On September 13 , 2005 , it was reported that corporate donations to the relief effort were $409 million , and were expected to exceed $1 billion . During and after the Hurricanes Katrina , Wilma and Rita , the American Red Cross had opened 1,470 shelters and registered 3.8 million overnight stays . None were allowed in New Orleans however . A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers ( 95 % of which were non-paid volunteers ) were utilized throughout these three hurricanes . In addition , 346,980 comfort kits ( such as toothpaste , soap , washcloths and toys for children ) and 205,360 cleanup kits ( containing brooms , mops and bleach ) were distributed . For mass care , the organization served 68 million snacks and meals to victims of the disasters and to rescue workers . The Red Cross also had its Disaster Health services meet 596,810 contacts , and Disaster Mental Health services met 826,590 contacts . Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families . Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States in which the American Red Cross utilized its `` Safe and Well '' family location website . In the year following Katrina 's strike on the Gulf Coast , The Salvation Army allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state . The organization 's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included more than 5.7 million hot meals and about 8.3 million sandwiches , snacks , and drinks served in and around New Orleans . Its SATERN network of amateur radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors . Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals . As part of the overall effort , Salvation Army officers , employees , and volunteers contributed more than 900,000 hours of service . Analysis of New Orleans levee failures Main article : 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans View of the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina taken on August 28 , 2005 , as seen from a NOAA WP - 3D hurricane hunter aircraft before the storm made landfall on the United States Gulf Coast . On April 5 , 2006 , months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not caused by natural forces beyond intended design strength , Lieutenant General Carl Strock , Chief of Engineers and Commander of the Corps of Engineers , testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that `` We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure . '' A June 2007 report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers determined that the failures of the levees and floodwalls in New Orleans were found to be primarily the result of system design and construction flaws . The US Army Corps of Engineers is federally mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965 with responsibility for the conception , design and construction of the region 's flood - control system . According to report published in August 2015 in the official journal of the World Water Council , the corps misinterpreted the results of a 1985 study and wrongly concluded that sheet piles in the flood walls needed to be driven to depths of only 17 feet ( 5 m ) instead of between 31 and 46 feet ( 9 and 14 m ) . That decision saved approximately US $100 million , but significantly reduced overall engineering reliability . Other factors may have contributed to the flooding . According to the authors of Catastrophe in the Making ( Island Press , 2009 ) , the straight design and lack of outward flow into the Gulf allowed the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal to become `` the perfect shortcut for salt - water intrusion '' which damaged buffering cypress forests and wetlands which historically had protected New Orleans from storm surge . The Army Corps of Engineers built and maintained the canal . Furthermore , according to storm surge researcher Hassan Mashriqui : `` Storm surge pushing across shallow Lake Borgne from the east is constrained by these MRGO levees to the south and , to the north , by the long - standing levees of the Intracoastal Waterway ( GIWW ) . Initially ten or more miles apart , these two channels meet , and when they do , the water building between their levees is squeezed into a single channel -- the Funnel -- only 260 yards wide , constrained by levees 14 feet to 16 feet high .... In concert with the denuded marshes , it could increase the local storm surge hitting the Intracoastal Waterway by 20 percent to 40 percent -- a critical and fundamental flaw . '' The Corps of Engineers disputes these causalities . Nonetheless , in June 2008 , the Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District submitted a Deep - Draft De-authorization Study of the MRGO which stated that `` an economic evaluation of channel navigation use does not demonstrate a Federal interest in continued operation and maintenance of the channel . '' Congress ordered the MRGO closed as a direct result . Many of the levees have been reconstructed since the time of Katrina . In reconstructing them , precautions were taken to bring the levees up to modern building code standards and to ensure their safety . For example , in every situation possible , the Corps of Engineers replaced I - walls with T - walls . T - walls have a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion underneath the floodwalls . However , there are funding battles over the remaining levee improvements . In February 2008 , the Bush administration requested that the state of Louisiana pay about $1.5 billion of an estimated $7.2 billion for Corps of Engineers levee work ( in accordance with the principles of local cost sharing required by Congress as early as the Flood Control Act of 1928 ) , a proposal which angered many Louisiana leaders . On May 2 , 2008 , Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal used a speech to The National Press Club to request that President Bush free up money to complete work on Louisiana 's levees . Bush promised to include the levee funding in his 2009 budget , but rejected the idea of including the funding in a war bill , which would pass sooner . Media involvement Main article : Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events , instead of simply reporting . Because of the loss of most means of communication , such as land - based and cellular telephone systems , field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities . The authorities , who monitored local and network news broadcasts , as well as internet sites , would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports . One illustration was when Geraldo Rivera of Fox News tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of evacuees stranded at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center . The role of AM radio was also of importance to the hundreds of thousands of persons with no other ties to news , providing emergency information regarding access to assistance for hurricane victims . Immediately after Katrina , WWL - AM was one of the few area radio stations in the area remaining on the air . This emergency service , simulcasted on shortwave outlet WHRI , was named `` The United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans . '' Their ongoing nighttime broadcasts continued to be available up to 500 mi ( 800 km ) away . Announcers continued to broadcast from improvised studio facilities after the storm damaged their main studios . The cellular phone antenna network was severely damaged and completely inoperable for several months . The storm also brought a dramatic rise in the role of Internet sites -- especially blogging and community journalism . One example was the effort of NOLA.com , the web affiliate of New Orleans ' Times - Picayune . A group of reporters were awarded the Breaking News Pulitzer Prize , and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi - based Sun Herald . The newspaper 's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA 's blogs , as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30 . The site became an international focal point for news by local media , and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents , as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums . NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams -- from individuals to the Coast Guard -- which used information in rescue efforts . Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones , to friends and relatives outside the area , who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com . The aggregation of community journalism , user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention , and was called a watershed moment in journalism . In the wake of these online - only efforts , the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries . As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city , there were restrictions on the activity of the media . On September 9 , the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have `` zero access '' to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans . Immediately following this announcement , CNN filed a lawsuit and obtained a temporary restraining order against the ban . The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban . Retirement See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Because of the large death toll and destruction of property along the Gulf Coast , the name Katrina was officially retired on April 6 , 2006 , by the World Meteorological Organization at the request of the U.S. government . The name will never again be used for another North Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced by Katia on List III of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists , which was used in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season . Studies concerning post-Katrina victims An article published in the Community Mental Health Journal from January 2016 revealed information about a recent study on the psychosocial needs of Hurricane Katrina evacuees that temporarily resided in Dallas , Texas . More than one - fourth of the sample met the criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) . About one - third of the individuals received a referral to mental health services for meeting symptom criteria for incident MDD and PTSD . In a study published in Maternal and Child Health Journal , five - to seven years after the disaster , 308 New Orleans pregnant women were interviewed about their exposure to Katrina . Researchers found that there were associations between experiencing damage during Katrina and birthweight , thus researchers concluded that natural disasters may have long - term effects on pregnancy outcomes . Furthermore , it was concluded that women who are most vulnerable to disaster may be more vulnerable to poor pregnancy outcome . From a September 2015 journal of Current Psychology , a study examined the attitudes of older , long - term residents of Baton Rouge , Louisiana toward displaced newcomers to their community . After using multiple tests , analyses , and descriptive statistics , the study suggested residents grew to become more patient , tolerant , and friendly towards newcomers . The study also suggests , however , that residents felt more fearful and suspicious of the evacuees , as well as the fact that they were being taken advantage of more . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction of New Orleans Volunteers from AmeriCorps in New Orleans , January 2006 Reconstruction of each section of the southern portion of Louisiana has been addressed in the Army Corps LACPR ( Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration ) Final Technical Report , which identifies areas to not be rebuilt and areas where buildings need to be elevated . The Technical Report includes : locations of possible new levees to be built suggested existing levee modifications `` Inundation Zones '' , `` Water depths less than 14 feet , Raise - In - Place of Structures '' , `` Water depths greater than 14 feet , Buyout of Structures '' , `` Velocity Zones '' and `` Buyout of Structures '' areas for five different scenarios . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers submitted the report to the U.S. Congress for consideration , planning , and response in mid-2009 . See also New Orleans portal Louisiana portal Mississippi portal Tropical cyclones portal 2000s portal Hurricanes and climate change Hurricane Katrina in fiction Hurricane on the Bayou Katrina Aid Today List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Reconstruction of New Orleans Timeline of Hurricane Katrina Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies ( New Orleans ) Wetlands of Louisiana Notes Jump up ^ All damage figures in this table are in the USD amounts of their respective year . References ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; Rhome , Jamie R ; Brown , Daniel P ; National Hurricane Center ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina : August 23 -- 30 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Hurricane Center ( August 2011 ) . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Kim Ann ( 2015 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina : Facts , Damage and Aftermath '' . Hurricane Katrina : Facts , Damage and Aftermath . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Heat in the Gulf '' . www.nasa.gov . September 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Edward N ; National Hurricane Center ( December 10 , 1993 ) . Hurricane Andrew : August 16 -- 28 ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plyer , Allison ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Facts for Features : Katrina Impact '' . The Data Center . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Anderson , Jurjen A. Battjes ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why '' ( PDF ) ) . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved 2016 - 7 - 25 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` Decade after Katrina pointing finger more firmly at Army Corps '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nossiter , Adam ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` In Court Ruling on Floods , More Pain for New Orleans '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stoltz , Mary Helen ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Flood damage after Katrina could have been prevented , S&T expert says '' . Missouri S&T . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Flood damage after Katrina could have been prevented , S&T expert says '' . August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : United States Congress ( February 19 , 2006 ) . A Failure of Initiative : Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leben , Robert ; Born , George ; Scott , Jim ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` CU - Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina 's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters of the Atlantic : The Basin 's Category 5 Hurricanes '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Amanda Ripley ( October 23 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina : How the Coast Guard Got it Right '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce Jones ; David Callahan . Leadership Talent Emerges During Hurricane Katrina Aviation Rescue Operations ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Mobile , Alabama : United States Coast Guard . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Water Damage Jump up ^ Stephen Barr ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Coast Guard 's Response to Katrina a Silver Lining in the Storm '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 27 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Reports : S. Rpt. 109 - 322 -- Hurricane Katrina : A Nation Still Unprepared ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Washington , D.C. : Federal Digital System . 2006 . p. 235 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former FEMA Director Testifies Before Congress '' . The New York Times . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Blanco ( August 28 , 2005 ) . Governor Blanco asks President to Declare an Emergency for the State of Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Government of the State of Louisiana . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stacy R. Stewart ( August 26 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina Discussion Number 14 . National Hurricane Center ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urgent -- Weather Message . National Weather Service New Orleans / Baton Rouge , Louisiana ( Report ) . New Orleans , Louisiana : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Transcripts , tape show Bush , Brown warned on Katrina '' . CNN . Washington , D.C. March 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer . `` Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3 . '' Florida State Emergency Response Team . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Officials Urge Preparedness As Katrina Intensifies ( Report ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . August 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina drenches Florida '' . Television New Zealand . Reuters. 2005 - 08 - 26 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shadi Rahimi ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Tropical Storm Becomes a Hurricane as it Nears Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Reeling from hurricane , Florida braces for 2nd hit '' . New York Times . Agence France - Presse. 2005 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Joseph B. Treaster ; Shadi Rahimi ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hurricane Moves Over Gulf After Soaking Southern Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Riley declares state of emergency due to Katrina threat '' . KATC , WorldNow. 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Service Alert : Hurricane Katrina Update -- City of New Orleans , Crescent , Sunset Limited -- Revised Service Information '' . Amtrak . September 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Homeland Security ; Emergency Preparedness . `` Louisiana Citizen Awareness and Disaster Evacuation Guide '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Connole , Patrick ( February 2011 ) . `` Long Term Care Providers Tackle Disaster Preparedness In A Post-Katrina World '' . Provider Magazine . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` State Of Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C '' ( PDF ) . July 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Todd Litman ( April 13 , 2006 ) . `` Lessons From Katrina and Rita : What Major Disasters Can Teach Transportation Planners '' ( PDF ) . Victoria Transport Policy Institute . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15 , '' and `` Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21 . '' National Hurricane Center . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Drye , Willie . `` Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans . '' National Geographic . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Katrina Heads for New Orleans . '' Fox News / Associated Press . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer. `` 26,000 shelter at Superdome Archived November 12 , 2005 , at Archive - It . '' Times - Picayune . August 28 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Diary From the Dome is a 2008 memoir written by a tourist who was stuck inside the Superdome during Katrina and the levee failures . It offers an overview of the conditions inside the stadium as well as a critique of the media 's coverage of the disaster . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : John L. Beven II ; Lixion A Avila ; Eric S. Blake ; Daniel P. Brown ; James L. Franklin ; Richard D. Knabb ; Richard J. Pasch ; Jamie R. Rhome ; Stacy R. Stewart ( March 2008 ) . `` Annual Summary : Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . 136 ( 3 ) : 1131 -- 1141 . Bibcode : 2008MWRv ... 136.1109 B . doi : 10.1175 / 2007MWR2074. 1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joan Brunkard ; Gonza Namulanda ; Raoult Ratard ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina deaths , Louisiana , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2 ( 4 ) : 215 -- 223 . doi : 10.1097 / DMP. 0b013e31818aaf55 . PMID 18756175 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Poppy Markwell ; Raoult Ratard . `` Deaths Directly Caused by Hurricane Katrina '' ( PDF ) . Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Christine F. Andersen ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Reston , Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers Hurricane Katrina External Review Panel . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report ( PDF ) . National Weather Service ( Report ) . Silver Spring , Maryland : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . June 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reports of Missing and Deceased ( Report ) . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Aftermath of Katrina '' . CNN . September 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Clark ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Spill colors fabric of Gulf coastal life '' . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devenas , Andy `` Marathon Tornado Survey Report . '' National Weather Service Forecast Office Key West , Florida Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Katrina at a Glance '' ( August 31 , 2005 ) , page 4A , Mobile Register , web : MobileRegister - 083105 - PDF Archived October 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee Twent - Eight Session ( PDF ) ( Report ) . San Juan , Puerto Rico : World Meteorological Organization . 2006 . p. 58 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Flooding and power outages as ' Katrina ' batters western Cuba . '' ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Hurricane Katrina Situation Report # 11 . '' Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability ( OE ) United States Department of Energy . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA : Louisiana Katrina Surge Inundation Map , January 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cannizaro , Steve . `` List of Missing Residents Down to 47 , and More ... '' St. Bernard Parish Government ( press release ) . December 17 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Current Housing Unit Damage Estimates , Hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . February 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , C. , G. Casassa , D.J. Karoly , A. Imeson , C. Liu , A. Menzel , S. Rawlins , T.L. Root , B. Seguin , P. Tryjanowski. ( 2007 ) . `` Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability '' . Chapter 1 in Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , ( M.L. Parry , O.F. Canziani , J.P. Palutikof , P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson , Eds . ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . ( url : http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter1.pdf ) . Pp 92 . Accessed 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Verity . `` Fixing New Orleans ' thin grey line . '' BBC News . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Meghan . `` Causeway closed but hardly damaged . '' Times Picayune . August 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Transcript from , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer . `` Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast . '' PBS . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Rebecca . `` Evacuations to hotels come with own set of hazards Archived July 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times - Picayune . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Christine ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters '' . American Heritage . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina from the Airport 's Point of View '' . Web Archive of Fly MSY website . September 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Warner , Coleman ; Travis , Robert . `` Where They Died . '' Times - Picayune . October 23 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ann . `` Identifying victims a grueling task . '' CNN . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ; Johnson , Kevin ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` La . looks into 215 Katrina deaths -- Inquiry includes euthanasia report '' . USA Today . Arlington , VA . Jump up ^ Canfield , Sabrina ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Hospital Settles Katrina Deaths Class Action '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patients finally rescued from Charity Hospital '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thevenot , Brian ; Russell , Gordon . `` Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated Archived October 23 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Seattle Times . September 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Left to Die in a New Orleans Prison , Democracy Now / AlterNet , 27 Sept 2005 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ The Fate of Prisoners during Hurricane Katrina , The Society Pages , 27 Aug 2011 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ New Orleans prisoners left to drown after Katrina struck , World Socialist Web Site , 1 Oct 2005 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Abandoned & Abused : Report on the effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans Prisons ( PDF ) ( ( 1 ) ) , American Civil Liberties Union , 9 Aug 2006 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Haley Babour ( January 6 , 2006 ) . `` Information Relating to the Federal Appropriations for Katrina Recovery '' . Office of the Governor , Mississippi . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Mississippi Coast Areas Wiped Out . '' CBS News . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( November 2005 ) . `` Mississippi Hurricane Katrina Surge Inundation and Advisory Base Flood Elevation Map Panel Overview '' ( PDF ) . FEMA . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Robby ; WFO Peachtree City Staff . `` Katrina Spawns Tornadoes in Georgia -- August 29 , 2005 . '' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Summary '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Hopkinsville Swamped By Floodwaters ; 10 - Year - Old Drowns . '' WAVE ( TV ) . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Gov. Fletcher Declares Three Kentucky Counties Disaster Areas . '' WKYT . Accessed on April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blanton , Carla ; Goins , Michael ; Whitaker , Jodi . `` Governor Fletcher declares state of emergency in Kentucky . '' Commonwealth of Kentucky ( Press Release ) . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 2005 ( Report ) . Gatineau , Quebec : Environment Canada . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rain from Katrina washes out Quebec north shore roads '' . CBC News . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Climatic Data Center ; National Hurricane Center ( August 10 , 2011 ) . The deadliest , costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p. 47 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Berg , Robert J ; Cangialosi , John P ; Beven II , John L ; National Hurricane Center ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Hurricane Sandy : October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurricane / Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy , October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Service Assessment ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . May 2013 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ St. Onge , Jeff ; Epstein , Victor . `` Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse . '' Boston.com. April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fagot , Caryl ; Winbush , Debra . `` Hurricane Katrina / Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut - in Statistics Report as of Wednesday , February 22 , 2006 Archived May 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' U.S. Government Minerals Management Service Archived November 26 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sheikh , Pervaze A. ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Biological Resources '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burton , Mark L. ; Hicks , Michael J. `` Hurricane Katrina : Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages Archived October 17 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Marshall University : Center for Business and Economic Research . September 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Insurance Institute . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved on May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony E. Ladd , John Marszalek , and Duane A. Gill . The Other Diaspora : New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mema Ayi ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` Katrina evacuees at home in Chicago '' . Chicago Defender . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Greg Stone ; Tim Grant ; Nathaniel Weaver ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid Population Estimate Project : January 28 -- 29 , 2006 Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Emergency Operations Center , City of New Orleans . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les . `` Growth states : Arizona overtakes Nevada : Texas adds most people overall ; Louisiana population declines nearly 5 % . '' CNN . December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` More Bad News Blows In From Katrina . '' CBS News . May 28 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Miguel Llanos ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` 44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana '' . MSNBC . MSNBC . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Daupin Island -- Pre - and Post-Storm 3D Topography '' . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Before and After Photo Comparisons : Chandeleur Islands '' . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Reports Latest Land Change Estimates for Louisiana Coast '' , USGS National Wetlands Research Center , Oct 3 , 2006 , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mike Tidwell ( 2006 ) . The Ravaging Tide : Strange Weather , Future Katrinas , and the Coming Death of America 's Coastal Cities . Free Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9470 - X . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges '' . USFWS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Elise ( 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina Impacts on Forest Trees of Louisiana 's Pearl River Basin '' . Forest Ecology and Management . 256 : 883 -- 889 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2008.05. 057 . Jump up ^ Henkel , Theryn ( 2016 ) . `` Delayed Tree Mortality and Chinese Tallow Explosion in Louisiana Bottomland Hardwood Forest Following Hurricane Katrina '' . Forest and Ecology Management . 378 : 222 -- 232 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2016.07. 036 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jeffrey Q. ; Fisher , Jeremy I. ; Zeng , Hongcheng ; Chapman , Elise L. ; Baker , David B. ; Hurtt , George C. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina 's Carbon Footprint on U.S. Gulf Coast Forests '' . Science . 318 ( 5853 ) : 1107 -- 1107 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1148913 . JSTOR 20051600 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31 : Looting in Mississippi '' . KLRT. Little Rock , Arkansas . August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sarah Rosenblatt ; James Rainey ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Rita 's Aftermath ; Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth , News Accuracy '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A16 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans rocked by huge blasts '' . BBC . 2005 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jake Tapper ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Amid Katrina Chaos , Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans '' . MSNBC . September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-cop gets 8 years for role in post-Katrina shootings '' . CNN . December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` At the Train Station , New Orleans ' Newest Jail is Open For Business '' . KOMO - TV . New Orleans , Louisiana . September 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Schubert ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records '' . WBOY - TV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Verano , Paul ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Three Cities : Crime and Displacement after Hurricane Katrina '' . Journal of Criminal Justice . Jump up ^ Settles , Tanya ; Lindsay , Bruce ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Crime in post-Katrina Houston : the effects of moral panic on emergency planning '' . Disasters. 35 : 200 -- 219 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7717.2010. 01200. x . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans gang wars spill into Houston area '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina : Lessons Learned '' . The White House . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Government Accountability Office ( July 2006 ) . Coast Guard : Observations on the Preparation , Response , and Recovery Missions Related to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ United States Congress ( September 21 , 2005 ) . Senate Resolution 246 : To express the sense of the Senate regarding the missions and performance of the United States Coast Guard in responding to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` USCG Message Traffic : Award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the Coast Guard '' . United States Coast Guard . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina '' . United States Department of Defense , News Transcript . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kyra . `` Bush Discusses Displaced Students ; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response ( CNN Live Transcript ) . '' CNN . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ California Political Desk . `` Pelosi : Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business Archived October 27 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' California Chronicle . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Goldstein , Amy . `` Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims . '' Washington Post . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. `` President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief . '' White House , Press Release . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation by the President : Honoring the Memory of the Victims of Hurricane Katrina '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Times - Picayune , September 26 , 2005 , page A-12 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Foster , Mary . `` Judge : FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs . '' CBC News . February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Al Showers ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Hancock Co. woman struggles to get out of FEMA trailer '' . WLOX Channel 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Treaster , Joseph B. ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` Law Officers , Overwhelmed , Are Quitting the Force '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Quigley , Bill ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Six Months After Katrina : Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now ? '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Heather . `` Linguists Vote ' Truthiness ' Word of 2005 . '' ABC News . January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2005 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Kanye West 's Torrent of Criticism , Live on NBC '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Kirkpatrick ; Scott Shane ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` Ex-FEMA Chief Tells of Frustration and Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Meserve , Jeanne ; Barrett , Ted . `` Admiral takes over Katrina relief . '' CNN . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` President Arrives in Alabama , Briefed on Hurricane Katrina '' . The White House . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Langer , Gary . `` Poll : Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism . '' ABC News . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Poll : Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover . '' CNN . September 8 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kludt , Tom ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Poll : Louisiana GOPers Unsure If Katrina Response Was Obama 's Fault '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Was Barack Obama President During Hurricane Katrina ? '' . Snopes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela and Cuba offer US aid . '' Al Jazeera , September 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims . '' The Free Press , Volume 1 , Issue 4 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` From abroad , offers of aid for Katrina victims . '' People 's Weekly World , September 10 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` France , Cuba , Venezuela among those offering aid . '' USA Today , Sept 2 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tuesday , September 6 , 2005 , 3 : 47 pm Press Release : New Zealand Government . `` Scoop : Further NZ assistance in wake of Hurricane Katrina '' . Scoop.co.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. Grateful for Pakistan 's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' Embassy of the United States . September 8 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Katastroferammede i USA får hjelp fra Norge på 10 millioner kroner '' . October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Asian nations offer U.S. assistance . '' BBC News . September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs . `` Israel Aids Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' MFA . September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jewish Virtual Library . `` Israel 's Aid to Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. rejects British Katrina beef . '' BBC News . October 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. receives aid offers from around the world . '' CNN . September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steven T. ( 2006 - 02 - 22 ) . `` From here to Katrina '' . San Francisco Bay Guardian . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Church Providing Relief to Hurricane Katrina Victims '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Latter - day Saints to Mobilize Another 4,000 Volunteers in Chainsaw Brigade 's Second Wave '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. 2005 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jared Johnson ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Mormon Helping Hands Make a Difference '' . Meridian Magazine . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2006 ) . `` Where Did The Money Go ? '' . Hurricane Katrina : One Year Later . Charity Navigator . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Al Gore Airlifts Evacuees -- Politics Republican Party Democratic Party Political Spectrum -- FOXNews.com '' . FOXnews.com . September 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 2005 - 09 - 16 ) . `` ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams ' Katrina Response '' . 24 ( 36 ) . American Radio Relay League . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rick Palm . `` ARES E-Letter for September 22 , 2005 . '' The American Radio Relay League . September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1 B . '' CNN . September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A Year of Healing '' ( PDF ) . American Red Cross . September 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Season 2005 : Facts and Figures '' . American Red Cross . 2006 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Salvation Army Reflects on Largest Disaster Response Ever at One - Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina '' . The Salvation Army . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Staff Writers `` Problems with the design of levees . '' Unregistered News . September 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ J. David Rogers ; G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ) . `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' . Water Policy . p. 707 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Freudenburg , William R. , Robert Gramling et al. ( 2009 ) . Catastrophe in the Making . Island Press . p. 120 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Heerden , Ivor van ; Bryan , Mike ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` The Storm : What Went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina -- the Inside Story from One Louisiana Scientist '' . Penguin -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Warrick , Joby ; Grunwald , Michael . `` Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws . '' Washington Post . October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crenson , Matt ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Levee Repairs to Be Finished By First Day of Hurricane Season '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Burdeau , Cain ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . `` White House Budget for Levee Work Riles Many Louisiana Elected Officials '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Shields , Gerard ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Jindal asks Bush for levee cash '' . 2theadvocate.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed '' . Spike.com. 2005 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Katy Bachman ; Tony Sanders ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Local Media Outlets Struggle to Carry On Post Katrina '' . Billboard Radio Monitor . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 2006 ) . `` 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners -- Breaking News Reporting '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 2006 ) . `` 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners -- Public Service '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mark Glaser ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina '' . Online Journalism Review . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Paul Steiger ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon '' . The Pulitzer Board . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. wo n't ban media from New Orleans searches . '' CNN . September 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis , Katrina , Rita , Stan , and Wilma `` Retired '' from List of Storm Names `` . NOAA. April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ King , Richard V. ; Polatin , Peter B. ; Hogan , David ; Downs , Dana L. ; North , Carol S. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Needs Assessment of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees Residing Temporarily in Dallas '' . Community Mental Health Journal . 52 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 24 . doi : 10.1007 / s10597 - 015 - 9938 - 5 . ISSN 1573 - 2789 . PMID 26507550 . Jump up ^ Harville , Emily W. ; Giarratano , Gloria ; Savage , Jane ; Barcelona de Mendoza , Veronica ; Zotkiewicz , TrezMarie ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Birth Outcomes in a Disaster Recovery Environment : New Orleans Women After Katrina '' . Maternal and Child Health Journal . 19 ( 11 ) : 2512 -- 2522 . doi : 10.1007 / s10995 - 015 - 1772 - 4 . ISSN 1573 - 6628 . PMC 4596760 . PMID 26122255 . Jump up ^ Kamo , Yoshinori ; Henderson , Tammy L. ; Roberto , Karen A. ; Peabody , Kimberly L. ; White , Jamikka K. ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Perceptions of Older Adults in a Community Accepting Displaced Survivors of Hurricane Katrina '' . Current Psychology . 34 ( 3 ) : 551 -- 563 . doi : 10.1007 / s12144 - 015 - 9356 - 4 . ISSN 1046 - 1310 . Jump up ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers ( 2009 ) . `` The LACPR Home Page '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Further reading Augustson , Alan ( 2008 - 08 - 31 ) . Bernstein , Jonathan , ed . `` Katrina : Three Years Later , The Lessons We Have n't Learned '' . Crisis Manager . Bernstein Crisis Management . ISSN 1528 - 3836 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Brennan , Virginia ( 2009 ) . Natural Disasters and Public Health : Hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9199 - 1 . Center for Public Integrity , ed. ( 2007 ) . City Adrift : New Orleans Before and After Katrina . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3284 - 5 . Dyson , Michael Eric ( 2006 ) . Come Hell or High Water : Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster . New York : Perseus Books Group . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01761 - 4 . Eggers , Dave ( 2009 ) . Zeitoun . San Francisco : McSweeney 's Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934781 - 63 - 0 . Eyerman , Ron ( 2015 ) . Is This America ? Katrina as Cultural Trauma . The Katrina Bookshelf . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 9781477303689 . OCLC 900609113 . Harris , Paul ( 2008 ) . Diary From the Dome . New York : Vantage Press . ASIN B003M69KSC . Hartman , Chester ; Squires , Gregory D. , eds. ( 2006 ) . There Is No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster : Race , Class , and Hurricane Katrina . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95487 - 8 . Saint - Saens , Alain ( 2010 ) . Ordeal at the Superdome . Escaping Katrina 's Wrath . New Orleans : University Press of the South . ISBN 1 - 889431 - 87 - 7 . Scott , Cathy ( 2008 ) . Pawprints of Katrina : Pets Saved and Lessons Learned . Hoboken : Howell Book House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 22851 - 7 . Spielman , David G. ( 2007 ) . Katrinaville Chronicles : Images and Observations from a New Orleans Photographer . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3252 - 4 . Taylor , William M. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The `` Katrina Effect '' : On the Nature of Catastrophe . London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 9781472595164 . OCLC 893894307 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was president of the united states when katrina hit louisiana | [
"There was also an investigation of the responses from federal, state and local governments, resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown, and of New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) Superintendent Eddie Compass. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, and President George W. Bush. Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Hurricane Center (NHC), and National Weather Service (NWS) were commended for their actions. The NHC provided accurate hurricane forecasts with sufficient lead time.[12]"
] | [
"President George W. Bush"
] |
-4409546565232690318 | Kathy Najimy | Kathy Najimy - wikipedia Kathy Najimy Kathy Najimy Najimy in August 2007 Kathy Ann Najimy ( 1957 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1957 ( age 61 ) San Diego , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1985 -- present Known for Veronica 's Closet King of the Hill Spouse ( s ) Dan Finnerty ( m . 1998 ) Children Website www.kathynajimy.com Kathy Ann Najimy ( / nəˈdʒɪmi / nə - JIM - ee ; born February 6 , 1957 ) is an American actress . She is best known for voicing Peggy Hill on the animated television series King of the Hill , and her roles as Sister Mary Patrick in the comedy film Sister Act , Mary Sanderson in the comedy - fantasy film Hocus Pocus , and Olive Massery on the comedy series Veronica 's Closet . Prior to her film work , Najimy was best known for two Off - Broadway shows with Mo Gaffney working as the duo Kathy and Mo . One of the shows became an HBO comedy special and garnered Najimy her first nationwide fan base . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other work 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Najimy was born on February 6 , 1957 in San Diego , California , the daughter of Lebanese American parents Samia ( née Massery ) and Fred Najimy , a postal worker . She was raised Maronite Catholic and attended Crawford High School . Career ( edit ) Najimy 's film career began in the early 1990s , with a number of off - beat minor roles , but her first major role was in the 1992 comedy Sister Act , in the role of Sister Mary Patrick . She reprised this role in 1993 in Sister Act 2 . She also starred in Hocus Pocus with Bette Midler and Sarah Jessica Parker as the Sanderson sisters . She appeared with Ellen Degeneres in three episodes of her sitcom Ellen , playing a different character each time ( including a non-speaking cameo in the iconic `` Puppy Episode '' ) and in the TV movie If These Walls Could Talk 2 . In 1997 , she lent her voice to Warner Bros. Family Entertainment as Tilly the Hippo in the film Cats Do n't Dance , alongside actors Scott Bakula , Jasmine Guy , John Rhys - Davies and Don Knotts , and has also played a role on the Nightmare Ned video game . In 1998 , she made a cameo in Bride of Chucky as the maid who discovers Diane 's and Russ 's bodies . In 1999 , she played the Stepmother in CinderElmo , a primetime special for Sesame Street . In 2001 , she co-starred in the hit comedy film Rat Race alongside John Cleese , Rowan Atkinson , Cuba Gooding , Jr. , Whoopi Goldberg , Jon Lovitz and Seth Green . She guest starred in That 's So Raven . She has made four movies with Goldberg ( Soapdish , Sister Act 1 and 2 , and Rat Race ) . From film , Najimy expanded into television roles , including a dramatic recurring role on Chicago Hope . Najimy was part of the cast of Veronica 's Closet from 1997 to 2000 . She co-created and starred in the hit Off - Broadway show and HBO specials `` Kathy & Mo '' , with friend and actress Mo Gaffney . She appeared as Mae West in the Broadway hit Dirty Blonde . She also portrayed Dr. Mildred Finch on Numbers . Najimy also provided the voice of the drama teacher , Miss Thespius , in the 1998 Disney show Hercules : The Animated Series . In 2003 , Najimy provided the voice of Margalo in Stuart Little : The Animated Series , taking over from Melanie Griffith . She is the co-creator and director of the musical revue Back to Bacharach and David , which ran in New York City in 1992 and 1993 , and which she directed again in Los Angeles in April 2009 . She also appeared in Drop Dead Diva . In October 2009 , Najimy played a police officer investigating an attack on Wisteria Lane on an episode of Desperate Housewives . In March 2010 , she appeared in the Ugly Betty episode `` Million Dollar Smile '' , portraying Betty 's new orthodontist , Dr. Frankel . In July 2011 , Najimy appeared in TNT 's Franklin and Bash episode `` Bangover '' , playing a judge . Premiering in August 2015 , Najimy appeared in Disney 's Descendants as the Evil Queen . In the movie , she makes references to her previous role as Mary Sanderson in Hocus Pocus . Other work ( edit ) Najimy , an outspoken feminist , is also noted as an activist for human rights and gay rights . She uses her celebrity status to donate money to charities by appearing on game shows . She appeared as a contestant on a celebrity version of The Weakest Link where she won $50,000 ( beating Anthony Anderson ) for The Feminist Majority Foundation 's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan . She has appeared three times on Celebrity Poker Showdown and won the season six tournament , donating the $100,000 to V - Day , an organization that helps stop violence against women and girls . She was also crowned Grand Champion on CBS 's Gameshow Marathon in 2006 , donating the $100,000 winnings to Girls Best Friend , a charity that helps empower girls . She 's also worked with PETA on a number of animal welfare issues and posed with Todd Oldham for the `` I 'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur '' campaign . In 2013 , she was a contestant on Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off on Team Rachael where she was playing for PETA , cooking only vegetarian food . She was eliminated on the Feb. 3 episode , reaching third place . PETA awarded her their Compassionate Action Award in 2014 . In 1981 , she was a contestant on Family Feud , which was used as the finale in Gameshow Marathon . Najimy and her family were winners on both shows . In the 1981 Feud episode they won by 230 points , and in the Marathon version they scored 202 points to give Najimy the win . Najimy also appeared on the $25,000 Pyramid as a civilian contestant , on the episode dated July 31 , 1985 . Her celebrity partners were Constance McCashin and LeVar Burton . She failed to reach the bonus round , although she did win a Commodore 64 computer . She claimed , on the Pyramid show , that she also had been on American Bandstand . She returned to the `` Pyramid '' ( The $100,000 Pyramid ) on the June 26 , 2016 , episode as a celebrity guest opposite Rosie O'Donnell . She appeared once again in Season 2 , Episode 7 on July 23 , 2017 to play against Alexandra Wentworth , helping her contestant partner win the $150,000 grand prize . Najimy is also very vocal about issues regarding weight and body imaging among females . In August 2006 Najimy voiced her opinions over a remark made by Heidi Klum on the television series Project Runway after Klum said one model 's outfit made her look plus sized . Personal life ( edit ) In August 1998 , Najimy married actor / singer Dan Finnerty . Gloria Steinem officiated the ceremony . Najimy and Finnerty have one daughter , named Samia , born in 1996 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 The Hard Way Lang 's `` Girl Friday '' 1991 Soapdish Tawny Miller 1991 The Fisher King Crazed Video Customer 1992 Topsy and Bunker : The Cat Killers Marge 1992 This Is My Life Angela Credited as Kathy Ann Najimy 1992 Sister Act Sister Mary Patrick 1993 Hocus Pocus Mary Sanderson 1993 Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Sister Mary Patrick 1994 It 's Pat Tippy 1995 Jeffrey Acolyte 1997 Cats Do n't Dance Tillie Hippo ( voice ) 1997 Nevada Ruth 1998 Hope Floats Toni Post 1998 Zack and Reba Mrs. Simpson 1998 Bride of Chucky Tabby , Motel Maid 1998 The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story Chil ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2000 Attention Shoppers Penelope 2001 The Wedding Planner Geri 2001 Rat Race Beverly ' Bev ' Pear 2006 Say Uncle Maggie Butler 2006 Brother Bear 2 Aunt Taqqiq ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2008 WALL - E Mary ( voice ) Step Up 3D Moose 's Mom 2012 BearCity 2 : The Proposal Rose 2012 The Guilt Trip Gayle 2013 A Madea Christmas Kim 2015 Descendants The Evil Queen Grimhilde 2016 No Letting Go Dr. Nancy Harris 2017 A Change of Heart Ruthie 2017 Dating My Mother Lisa Television ( edit ) Year Work Role Notes 1985 The $25,000 Pyramid Herself ( contestant ) Celebrity Guests : Constance McCashin & LeVar Burton 1985 Walls of Glass 1994 In Search of Dr. Seuss Kathy Lane Television movie 1994 Ellen Theresa / Lorna Irons / Woman in Gay Bar 3 Episodes : `` So Funny '' ( Season 2 ) / `` Go Girlz '' ( Season 3 ) / `` The Puppy Episode , Part 2 '' ( Season 4 ) 1994 ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter Dr. Femus Short Adventures from the Book of Virtues The Old Woman ( voice ) 1 episode 1997 -- 1999 Hey Arnold Madame Blanche ( voice ) 2 episodes 1997 -- 2000 Veronica 's Closet Olive Massery 67 episodes 1997 -- 2010 King of the Hill Peggy Hill ( voice ) 258 episodes 1997 Early Edition Psychic Episode : `` Psychic '' 1997 Shantay Toyota Carter Short 1998 -- 1999 Hercules Thespis the Muse ( voice ) 2 episodes 1998 -- 2000 Pepper Ann Coach Doogan / Margot LaSandre ( voice ) / Additional Voices 5 episodes 1999 The Wild Thornberrys Ostrich # 1 / Sand Grouse ( voices ) Episode : `` Have Yourself a Thornberry Little Christmas '' 1999 The Sissy Duckling Mother Duck # 1 ( voice ) Television film 1999 CinderElmo Elmo 's Stepmother Television movie 2000 If These Walls Could Talk 2 The doctor in the made - for - TV movie 's `` 2000 '' segment Television movie 2000 Leaving Peoria Dr. Albright Short 2000 -- 2001 Little Bill Mrs. Shapiro ( voice ) 2 episodes ; succeeded Madeline Kahn , the original voice of Mrs. Shapiro , shortly after her death in 1999 . 2001 -- 2003 Oswald Bingette Bunny ( voice ) 4 episodes 2001 The Legend of Tarzan Dania ( voice ) 1 episode 2002 The Scream Team Mariah Television movie 2003 The Mummy Calliope / Aglaophone # 2 ( voices ) 1 episode 2003 Stuart Little : The Animated Series Margalo ( voice ) Episode : `` The Meatloaf Bandit '' 2003 Ozzy & Drix Loretta Epstein ( voice ) 1 episode Higglytown Heroes Photographer Hero ( voice ) 1 episode Rocket Power Patsy ( voice ) 1 episode 2005 Wayside Mrs. Jewls ( voice ) Television movie 2005 Getting Played Dr. Heidi Z . Klemmer Television movie 2005 Balto III : Wings of Change Dipsy ( voice ) Video 2006 Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! Sunny St. Cloud ( voice ) Video 2006 Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers Blue Parrot Betty ( voice ) Video 2006 Rugrats Goosey ( voice ) 1 episode 2006 That 's So Raven Lora Stelladora Episode : `` The Dress Is Always Greener '' 2006 -- 2007 Numbers Dr. Mildred Finch 9 episodes 2007 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Principal Episode : `` First Day of High School '' 2008 Tinker Bell Minister of Summer ( voice ) Video 2009 Drop Dead Diva Claire Porter Episode : `` The Magic Bullet '' 2009 Desperate Housewives Detective Denise Lapera Episode : `` Careful the Things You Say '' Ugly Betty Dr. Frankel Episode : `` Million Dollar Smile '' 2010 -- present American Dad ! Barbara `` Barb '' Hanson ( voice ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Herself ( Guest Judge ) Episode : `` Country Queens '' 2011 Mr. Sunshine Myrna Episode : `` Employee of the Year '' 2011 Five Rocky Television movie 2011 -- 2012 Make It or Break It Sheila / Sheila Baboyon / Kelly 's Mom 5 episodes 2012 Men at Work Sasha Ryan Episode : `` Heterotextual Male '' 2012 How to Fall in Love Kim Television movie 2012 Stars in Shorts Sid 's Mother 2013 Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Herself Season 2 participant ( Team Rachael ) 2013 The Big C Therapist 4 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Inside Amy Schumer Herself 2 episodes 2014 -- present Veep Wendy Keegan 10 episodes 2015 -- present Younger Denise Heller 5 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Unforgettable Sandra Russo Series regular , 10 episodes 2015 A Christmas Melody Sarah Hallmark television movie 2015 Difficult People Carol Donato Episode : `` The Children 's Menu '' 2016 Harvey Beaks Hanzi / Angry Bride 4 episodes 2016 -- present Graves Sylvia Miller 4 episodes 2016 -- 2017 The $100,000 Pyramid Herself ( celebrity guest ) Season 1 , 2 episodes : Kathy Najimy vs. Rosie O'Donnell ; Season 2 , Episode 7 vs. Alexandra Wentworth 2017 Elementary Rayna Carno Episode : `` Rekt in Real Life '' 2017 BoJack Horseman Marcie ( voice ) Episode : `` Commence Fracking '' 2017 The President Show Ivana Trump Episode : `` I Came Up with Christmas : A President Show Christmas '' 2018 Rapunzel 's Tangled Adventure Mother ( voice ) Episode : `` Freebird '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anonymous . `` Celebrity Birthdays - February 6 '' Entertainment '' MuskogeePhoenix.com , Muskogee , OK `` . Muskogeephoenix.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy Biography ( 1957 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ LEBWA - Lebanese Women 's Awakening Archived September 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bonavoglia , Angela ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fearless on Abortion '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Crawford High Yearbook '' . classmates.com . Jump up ^ Adam Bryant ( 30 June 2009 ) . `` Kathy Najimy to Guest on Desperate Housewives '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` in May 2014 , she posed in an ad in the San Diego airport bashing the locally favorite Sea World . The ad featured an outdated photograph depicting the actor as much younger than her current age . Naked for a Cause , '' 101.9 Fox , accessed 20 September 2012 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Erdos , Joseph ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` Interview With the Latest Rachael vs. Guy Celebrity Castoff -- A Double Elimination '' . Food Network . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Marr , `` Rock the Night Away at Jingle Ball , '' The Miami Herald , 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S1 E01 Sherri Shepherd vs Anthony Anderson and Rosie O'Donnell vs Kathy Najimy '' . ABC . June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S2 E07 Ali Wentworth vs. Kathy Najimy and Cobie Smulders vs. Ryan Eggold '' . ABC . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The $100,000 Pyramid : Kathy Najimy and Alex Gershman Win It All '' . YouTube.com . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Najimy Says Auf Wiedersehen to `` Project Runway '' `` . TMZ . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Miryam ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` SWC guest Kathy Najimy funny , fierce , and warm '' . Seattle Gay News . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( August 13 , 1988 ) . `` Newsmakers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy Official Website '' . Kathynajimy.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy on Pyramid '' . Gameshowforum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kathy Najimy Kathy Najimy on IMDb Kathy Najimy at the Internet Broadway Database Kathy Najimy at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Kathy Najimy at the TCM Movie Database Kathy Najimy at AllMovie Kathy Najimy at Rotten Tomatoes Official website California portal San Diego portal LGBT portal BIBSYS : 14061817 BNF : cb14210185r ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 6659 1959 LCCN : n93048015 MusicBrainz : 323da9bb - ce68 - 4a27 - 84bb - 460757159c1b VIAF : 88080810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Najimy&oldid=854025847 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people Activists from California Actresses from San Diego American feminists American film actresses American women comedians American television actresses American voice actresses Contestants on American game shows LGBT rights activists from the United States California Democrats Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | voice of peggy on king of the hill | [
"Kathy Ann Najimy (/nəˈdʒɪmi/ nə-JIM-ee; born February 6, 1957)[1] is an American actress. She is best known for voicing Peggy Hill on the animated television series King of the Hill, and her roles as Sister Mary Patrick in the comedy film Sister Act, Mary Sanderson in the comedy-fantasy film Hocus Pocus, and Olive Massery on the comedy series Veronica's Closet.\nPrior to her film work, Najimy was best known for two Off-Broadway shows with Mo Gaffney working as the duo Kathy and Mo. One of the shows became an HBO comedy special and garnered Najimy her first nationwide fan base.\n"
] | [
"Kathy Ann Najimy"
] |
7464104065627623856 | Chinese New Year | Chinese New Year - wikipedia Chinese New Year Jump to : navigation , search Chinese New Year Fireworks are a classic element of Chinese New Year celebrations Also called Spring Festival Observed by China , East Asia , and Chinese global diaspora Type Cultural , religious ( Chinese folk religion , Buddhist , Confucian , Daoism ) Celebrations Lion dances , dragon dances , fireworks , family gathering , family meal , visiting friends and relatives , giving red envelopes , decorating with chunlian couplets Date Chinese lunar new year 2019 date Tuesday , 5 February , Pig 2020 date Saturday , 25 January , Rat Frequency Annual Related to Lantern Festival , which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year . Mongol New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) , Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) , Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) , Korean New Year ( Seollal ) , Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Chinese New Year `` Spring Festival ( Chinese New Year ) '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 春節 Simplified Chinese 春节 Literal meaning `` Spring Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chūn jié Wade -- Giles Ch'un chieh IPA ( ʈʂhwə́n tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tshen tsìh Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chēun jit IPA ( tshɵ́n tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Ceon1 zit3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chhun cheh Tâi - lô Tshun tseh Chinese New Year , , usually known as the Spring Festival in modern China , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . It is one of several Lunar New Years in Asia . Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between January 21 and February 20 In 2018 , the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday , 16 February , initiating the year of the Dog . It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , and involves the largest annual mass human migration in the world . It is a major holiday in Greater China and has strongly influenced the lunar new year celebrations of China 's neighbouring cultures , including the Korean New Year ( seol ) , the Tết of Vietnam , and the Losar of Tibet . It is also celebrated worldwide in countries with significant Overseas Chinese populations , including Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Cambodia , Australia , the Philippines and Mauritius , as well as many countries in North America and Europe . The New Year festival is centuries old and associated with several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honour deities as well as ancestors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Lunar New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Lunar New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red colour paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . Offerings to the gods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar 2 Mythology 3 Public holiday 4 Festivities 4.1 Preceding days 4.2 New Year 's Eve 4.3 First day 4.4 Second day 4.5 Third day 4.6 Fourth day 4.7 Fifth day 4.8 Seventh day 4.9 Eighth day 4.10 Ninth day 4.11 Tenth day 4.12 Fifteenth day 5 Traditional food 6 Practices 6.1 History 6.2 Red envelopes 6.3 Gift exchange 6.4 Markets 6.5 Fireworks 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban 6.6 Music 6.7 Clothing 6.8 Family portrait 6.9 Symbolism 6.10 Nianhua 6.11 Flowers 6.12 Icons and ornaments 6.13 Spring travel 7 Festivities outside Greater China 7.1 Southeast Asia 7.1. 1 Indonesia 7.2 Australia and New Zealand 7.3 North America 7.3. 1 New York 7.3. 2 California 7.4 Europe 7.5 India and Pakistan 8 Greetings 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar ( edit ) Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si near George Town in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year . The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . In more than 96 % of the years , the Chinese New Year 's Day is the closest new moon to lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , and the first new moon after Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; `` major cold '' ) . In the Gregorian calendar , the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year . As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 24 Jan Snake Wednesday 2026 17 Feb Horse Tuesday 2002 12 Feb Horse Tuesday 2027 6 Feb Goat Saturday 2003 1 Feb Goat Saturday 2028 26 Jan Monkey Wednesday 22 Jan Monkey Thursday 2029 13 Feb Rooster Tuesday 2005 9 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2030 3 Feb Dog Sunday 2006 29 Jan Dog Sunday 2031 23 Jan Pig Thursday 2007 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2032 11 Feb Rat Wednesday 2008 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2033 31 Jan Ox Monday 2009 26 Jan Ox Monday 2034 19 Feb Tiger Sunday 14 Feb Tiger Sunday 2035 8 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2011 3 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2036 28 Jan Dragon Monday 2012 23 Jan Dragon Monday 2037 15 Feb Snake Sunday 2013 10 Feb Snake Sunday 2038 4 Feb Horse Thursday 2014 31 Jan Horse Friday 2039 24 Jan Goat Monday 2015 19 Feb Goat Thursday 2040 12 Feb Monkey Sunday 2016 8 Feb Monkey Monday 2041 1 Feb Rooster Friday 2017 28 Jan Rooster Saturday 2042 22 Jan Dog Wednesday 2018 16 Feb Dog Friday 2043 10 Feb Pig Tuesday 2019 5 Feb Pig Tuesday 2044 30 Jan Rat Saturday 2020 25 Jan Rat Saturday 2045 17 Feb Ox Friday 2021 12 Feb Ox Friday 2046 6 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2022 1 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2047 26 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2023 22 Jan Rabbit Sunday 2048 14 Feb Dragon Friday 2024 10 Feb Dragon Saturday 2049 2 Feb Snake Tuesday 2025 29 Jan Snake Wednesday 2050 23 Jan Horse Sunday Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 2051 11 Feb Goat Saturday 2076 5 Feb Monkey Wednesday 2052 1 Feb Monkey Thursday 2077 24 Jan Rooster Sunday 2053 19 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2078 12 Feb Dog Saturday 2054 8 Feb Dog Sunday 2079 2 Feb Pig Thursday 2055 28 Jan Pig Thursday 2080 22 Jan Rat Monday 2056 15 Feb Rat Tuesday 2081 9 Feb Ox Sunday 2057 4 Feb Ox Sunday 2082 29 Jan Tiger Thursday 2058 24 Jan Tiger Thursday 2083 17 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2059 12 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2084 6 Feb Dragon Sunday 2060 2 Feb Dragon Monday 2085 26 Jan Snake Friday 2061 21 Jan Snake Friday 2086 14 Feb Horse Thursday 2062 9 Feb Horse Thursday 2087 3 Feb Goat Monday 2063 29 Jan Goat Monday 2088 24 Jan Monkey Saturday 2064 17 Feb Monkey Sunday 2089 10 Feb Rooster Thursday 2065 5 Feb Rooster Thursday 2090 30 Jan Dog Monday 2066 26 Jan Dog Tuesday 2091 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2067 14 Feb Pig Monday 2092 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2068 3 Feb Rat Friday 2093 27 Jan Ox Tuesday 2069 23 Jan Ox Wednesday 2094 15 Feb Tiger Monday 2070 11 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2095 5 Feb Rabbit Saturday 2071 31 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2096 25 Jan Dragon Wednesday 2072 19 Feb Dragon Friday 2097 12 Feb Snake Tuesday 2073 7 Feb Snake Tuesday 2098 1 Feb Horse Saturday 2074 27 Jan Horse Saturday 2099 21 Jan Goat Wednesday 2075 15 Feb Goat Friday 2100 9 Feb Monkey Tuesday The date of Chinese New Year 's Day ( 1912 -- 2101 ) Year Date 1 - 19AM 20 - 38AM 39 - 57AM 58 - 76AM 77 - 95AM 96 - 114AM 115 - 133AM 134 - 152AM 153 - 171AM 172 - 190AM 1912 -- 1930 1931 -- 1949 1950 -- 1968 1969 -- 1987 1988 -- 2006 2007 -- 2025 2026 -- 2044 2045 -- 2063 2064 -- 2082 2083 -- 2101 17 Feb Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu Dragon Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì + Horse Bíngwǔ Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo 6 Feb Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu − Dragon Jiǎchén 26 Jan Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén + Pig Xīnhaì + Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì 14 Feb Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì Rat Rènzǐ + Goat Xīnwèi + Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − Dragon ' Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ 3 Feb Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì + Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì − Rat Wùzǐ Goat Dīngwèi 23 Jan Snake Dīngsì Rat Bíngzǐ + Goat Yǐwèi + Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì Horse Gēngwǔ Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + 11 Feb Horse Wùwǔ Ox Dīngchǒu Monkey Bíngshēn + Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū − Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − 31 Jan Goat Jǐwèi + Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū − 19 Feb Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū − Snake Dīngsì − Rat Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì − 8 Feb Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ − 28 Jan Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ − Ox Guìchǒu − 15 Feb Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo + Dog Wùxū + Snake Dīngsì Rat ' Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín 5 Feb Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo 24 Jan Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn + Rabbit Guìmǎo + Dog Rènxū + Snake Xīnsì Rat Gēngzǐ + Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén + 12 Feb Tiger Bíngyín + Rooster Yǐyǒu + Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū Snake Dīngsì 2 Feb Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi − Tiger Rènyín − Rooster Xīnyǒu − Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − 22 Jan Dragon Wùchén + Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ − Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi − 9 Feb Snake Jǐsì + Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn 29 Jan Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ + Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu − Note : a day later ; Note : a day earlier . Note : The New Year 's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb , a month later . Note : AM = anno Mínguó Mythology ( edit ) Hand - written Chinese New Year 's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people 's homes , Lijiang , Yunnan According to tales and legends , the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian . Nian would eat villagers , especially children . One year , all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast . An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he 's going to stay the night , and decided to get revenge on the Nian . All the villagers thought he was insane . The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers . The day after , the villagers came back to their town to see that nothing was destroyed . They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them . The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises . When the New Year was about to come , the villagers would wear red clothes , hang red lanterns , and red spring scrolls on windows and doors . People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian . From then on , Nian never came to the village again . The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu , an ancient Taoist monk . After that , Nian retreated to a nearby mountain . The name of the mountain has long been lost over the years . Public holiday ( edit ) Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in a number of countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese population . Since Chinese New Year falls on different dates on the Gregorian calendar every year on different days of the week , some of these governments opt to shift working days in order to accommodate a longer public holiday . In some countries , a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend , as in the case of 2013 , where the New Year 's Eve ( 9 February ) falls on Saturday and the New Year 's Day ( 10 February ) on Sunday . Depending on the country , the holiday may be termed differently ; common names are `` Chinese New Year '' , `` Lunar New Year '' , `` New Year Festival '' , and `` Spring Festival '' . For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year ( such as Korea 's Seollal and Vietnam 's Tết ) , see the article on Lunar New Year . For other countries where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday , see the section below on Festivities outside China . Country and region Official name Description Number of days Brunei Tahun Baru Cina New Year 's Eve ( half - day ) and New Year 's Day . Hong Kong Lunar New Year The first three days . Indonesia Tahun Baru Imlek ( Sin Cia ) New Year 's Day . Macau Chinese New Year The first three days . Mainland China Spring Festival ( Chūn Jié ) The first 3 days . Usually , the Saturday before and the Sunday after Chinese New Year are declared working days , and the 2 additionally gained holidays are added to the official 3 days of holiday , so that people have 7 consecutive days , including weekends . 7 ( de jure ) 3 ( de facto ) Malaysia Tahun Baru Cina The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Philippines Bagong Taón ng mga Tsino New Year 's Day . Taiwan Spring Festival New Year 's Eve and the first 3 working days . Singapore Chinese New Year The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Vietnam Lunar New Year The first 3 days . Suriname Lunar New Year New Year 's Day . Festivities ( edit ) `` Red couplets and red lanterns are displayed on the door frames and light up the atmosphere . The air is filled with strong Chinese emotions . In stores in Beijing , Shanghai , Wuhan , and other cities , products of traditional Chinese style have started to lead fashion trend ( s ) . Buy yourself a Chinese - style coat , get your kids tiger - head hats and shoes , and decorate your home with some beautiful red Chinese knots , then you will have an authentic Chinese - style Spring Festival . '' -- Xinwen Lianbo , January 2001 , quoted by Li Ren , Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness During the festival , people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests . Influenced by the flourished cultures , foods from different places look and taste totally different . Among them , the most well - known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan from southern China . Preceding days ( edit ) On the eighth day of the lunar month prior to Chinese New Year , the Laba holiday ( simplified Chinese : 腊八 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八 ; pinyin : làbā ) , a traditional porridge , Laba porridge ( simplified Chinese : 腊八粥 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八粥 ; pinyin : làbā zhōu ) , is served in remembrance of an ancient festival , called La , that occurred shortly after the winter solstice . Pickles such as Laba garlic , which turns green from vinegar , are also made on this day . For those that believe in Buddhism , the Laba holiday is also considered Bodhi Day . Layue ( simplified Chinese : 腊月 ; traditional Chinese : 臘月 ; pinyin : Làyuè ) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honor of the gods in the twelfth lunar month , hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known as larou ( simplified Chinese : 腊肉 ; traditional Chinese : 臘肉 ; pinyin : làròu ) . The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light , with the first bowl offered to the family 's ancestors and the household deities . Every member of the family was then served a bowl , with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends . It 's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes . The concept of the `` La month '' is similar to Advent in Christianity . Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve , the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day . Receive the Gods in Chinese New Year , ( 1900s ) On the days immediately before the New Year celebration , Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning . There is a Cantonese saying `` Wash away the dirt on nin ya baat '' ( Chinese : 年 廿 八 , 洗 邋遢 ; pinyin : nián niàn bā , xǐ lātà ; Jyutping : nin4 jaa6 baat3 , sai2 laap6 taap3 ( laat6 taat3 ) ) , but the practice is not restricted to nin ya baat ( the 28th day of month 12 ) . It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck . Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck can not be swept away . Some people give their homes , doors and window - frames a new coat of red paint ; decorators and paper - hangers do a year - end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year . Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets . Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start . Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year , as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word `` hair '' ( fa ) and the word for `` prosperity '' . Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve , extending to debts of gratitude . Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates , and extended family members . In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent , home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly , and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts , to be replaced with new decorations . Taoists ( and Buddhists to a lesser extent ) will also `` send gods back to heaven '' ( Chinese : 送 神 ; pinyin : sòngshén ) , an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God , the recorder of family functions . This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household 's transgressions and good deeds . Families often offer sweet foods ( such as candy ) in order to `` bribe '' the deities into reporting good things about the family . Prior to the Reunion Dinner , a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year . Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors , and those who had lived before them are revered . Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity , with a Christian prayer offered instead . New Year 's Eve ( edit ) The biggest event of any Chinese New Year 's Eve is the annual reunion dinner . Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables , as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year . This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. and remotely similar to Christmas dinner in other countries with a high percentage of Christians . In northern China , it is customary to make dumplings ( jiaozi ) after dinner to eat around midnight . Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee . In contrast , in the South , it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake ( niangao ) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days . Niángāo ( Pinyin ) literally means `` new year cake '' with a homophonous meaning of `` increasingly prosperous year in year out '' . After dinner , some families go to local temples hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year ; however in modern practice , many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new year . Traditionally , firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed , not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called `` opening the door of fortune '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 财 门 ; traditional Chinese : 開 財 門 ; pinyin : kāicáimén ) . Beginning in 1982 , the CCTV New Year 's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning . A tradition of going to bed late on New Year 's Eve , or even keeping awake the whole night and morning , known as shousui ( 守岁 ) , is still practised as it is thought to add on to one 's parents ' longevity . First day ( edit ) The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth , officially beginning at midnight . It is a traditional practice to light fireworks , burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much of a din as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by nian of which the term Guo Nian was derived . Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them . Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year 's Day , so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before . On this day , it is considered bad luck to use the broom , as good fortune is not to be `` swept away '' symbolically . Most importantly , the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one 's elders and families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended families , usually their parents , grandparents and great - grandparents . For Buddhists , the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva ( better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan ) , the Buddha - to - be . People also abstain from killing animals . Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises . Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash known as lai see ( Cantonese dialect ) or angpow ( Hokkien dialect / Fujian ) , or hongbao ( Mandarin ) , a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year , to junior members of the family , mostly children and teenagers . Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck , smooth - sailing , good health and wealth . While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular , some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards . For this reason , various city governments ( e.g. , Kowloon , Beijing , Shanghai for a number of years ) issued bans over fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city . As a substitute , large - scale fireworks display have been launched by governments in such city - states as Hong Kong and Singapore . However , it is a tradition that the indigenous peoples of the walled villages of New Territories , Hong Kong are permitted to light firecrackers and launch fireworks in a limited scale . Second day ( edit ) Incense is burned at the graves of ancestors as part of the offering and prayer rituals . The second day of the Chinese New Year , known as `` beginning of the year '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 年 ; traditional Chinese : 開 年 ; pinyin : kāinián ) , was when married daughters visited their birth parents , relatives and close friends . ( Traditionally , married daughters did n't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently . ) During the days of imperial China , `` beggars and other unemployed people circulate ( d ) from family to family , carrying a picture ( of the God of Wealth ) shouting , `` Cai Shen dao ! '' ( The God of Wealth has come ! ) . '' Householders would respond with `` lucky money '' to reward the messengers . Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a ' Hoi Nin ' prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year . As this day is believed to be The Birthday of Che Kung , a deity worshipped in Hong Kong , worshippers go to Che Kung Temples to pray for his blessing . A representative from the government asks Che Kung about the city 's fortune through kau cim . Third day ( edit ) The third day is known as `` red mouth '' ( Chinese : 赤口 ; pinyin : Chìkǒu ) . Chikou is also called `` Chigou 's Day '' ( Chinese : 赤 狗 日 ; pinyin : Chìgǒurì ) . Chigou , literally `` red dog '' , is an epithet of `` the God of Blazing Wrath '' ( Chinese : 熛 怒 之 神 ; pinyin : Biāo nù zhī shén ) . Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires . It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting . Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home . This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one 's future told . Fourth day ( edit ) In those communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days , the fourth day is when corporate `` spring dinners '' kick off and business returns to normal . Other areas that have a longer Chinese New Year holiday will celebrate and welcome the gods that were previously sent on this day . Fifth day ( edit ) This day is the god of Wealth 's birthday . In northern China , people eat jiaozi , or dumplings , on the morning of powu ( Chinese : 破五 ; pinyin : pòwǔ ) . In Taiwan , businesses traditionally re-open on the next day ( the sixth day ) , accompanied by firecrackers . It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to get Guan Yu 's attention , thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year . Seventh day ( edit ) Main article : Renri The seventh day , traditionally known as Renri ( the common person 's birthday ) , is the day when everyone grows one year older . In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia , such as Malaysia and Singapore , it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad , yusheng , is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity . For many Chinese Buddhists , this is another day to avoid meat , the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra , lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor . Chinese New Year 's celebrations , on the eighth day , in the Metro Vancouver suburb of Richmond , British Columbia , Canada . Eighth day ( edit ) Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor , the ruler of heaven . People normally return to work by the eighth day , therefore the Store owners will host a lunch / dinner with their employees , thanking their employees for the work they have done for the whole year . Approaching 12 midnight on this day , Hokkien people prepare for the `` Jade Emperor ritual '' ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) during which incense is burnt and food offerings made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun , the Kitchen god who reports on each family to the Jade Emperor . Some people will hold a ritual prayer after midnight on the eighth day . In Malaysia , especially , people light fireworks , often more than on the first day . This practice of Bai Ti Gong can also be seen in Singapore and Indonesia , especially in Hokkien - speaking Chinese areas like Sumatra . Ninth day ( edit ) The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven in the Daoist Pantheon . The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor . This day , called Ti Kong Dan ( Hokkien : 天公 诞 Thin - kong Tan ) , Ti Kong Si ( Hokkien : 天公 生 Thin - kong Sin ) or Pai Ti Kong ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) , is especially important to Hokkiens , even more important than the first day of the Chinese New Year . Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year , Hokkiens will offer thanks to the Emperor of Heaven . A prominent requisite offering is sugarcane . Legend holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation during the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year , coinciding with the Jade Emperor 's birthday . Since `` sugarcane '' ( Hokkien : 甘蔗 kam - chià ) is a near homonym to `` thank you '' ( Hokkien : 感謝 kám - siā ) in the Hokkien dialect , Hokkiens offer sugarcane on the eve of his birthday , symbolic of their gratitude . In the morning of this birthday ( traditionally anytime from midnight to 7 am ) , Taiwanese households set up an altar table with 3 layers : one top ( containing offertories of six vegetables ( Chinese : 六 齋 ; pinyin : liù zhāi ) , noodles , fruits , cakes , tangyuan , vegetable bowls , and unripe betel , all decorated with paper lanterns ) and two lower levels ( containing the five sacrifices and wines ) to honor the deities below the Jade Emperor . The household then kneels three times and kowtows nine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life . Incense , tea , fruit , vegetarian food or roast pig , and gold paper is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person . Tenth day ( edit ) The Jade Emperor 's party is celebrated on this day . Fifteenth day ( edit ) The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as `` Yuanxiao Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 元宵 节 ; traditional Chinese : 元宵 節 ; pinyin : Yuán xiāo jié ) , also known as `` Shangyuan Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 上 元 节 ; traditional Chinese : 上 元 節 ; pinyin : Shàng yuán jié ) or the Lantern Festival ( otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei Chinese : 十 五 暝 ; pinyin : Shíwǔmíng ; literally : `` the fifteen night '' in Fujian dialect ) . Rice dumplings tangyuan ( simplified Chinese : 汤圆 ; traditional Chinese : 湯圓 ; pinyin : tang yuán ) , a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup , are eaten this day . Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home . This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival , and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns . In China , Malaysia , and Singapore , this day is celebrated by individuals seeking a romantic partner , akin to Valentine 's Day . Nowadays , single women write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw them in a river or a lake after which single men collect the oranges and eat them . The taste is an indication of their possible love : sweet represents a good fate while sour represents a bad fate . This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities . Traditional food ( edit ) One version of niangao , Chinese New Year cake A reunion dinner , named as `` Nian Ye Fan '' , is held on New Year 's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration . The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family . The New Year 's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat ( namely , pork and chicken ) and fish . Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal . Most reunion dinners ( particularly in the Southern regions ) also prominently feature specialty meats ( e.g. wax - cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage ) and seafood ( e.g. lobster and abalone ) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year . In most areas , fish ( traditional Chinese : 魚 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 ; pinyin : yú ) is included , but not eaten completely ( and the remainder is stored overnight ) , as the Chinese phrase `` may there be surpluses every year '' ( traditional Chinese : 年 年 有餘 ; simplified Chinese : 年 年 有余 ; pinyin : niánnián yǒu yú ) sounds the same as `` let there be fish every year . '' Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number . If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family , seven dishes are served . Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner . These packets often contain money in certain numbers that reflect good luck and honorability . Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth , happiness , and good fortune . Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things . Like many other New Year dishes , certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also have similar - sounding names with prosperity , good luck , or even counting money . Food item Description Buddha 's delight An elaborate vegetarian dish served by Chinese families on the eve and the first day of the New Year . A type of black hair - like algae , pronounced `` fat choy '' in Cantonese , is also featured in the dish for its name , which sounds like `` prosperity '' . Hakkas usually serve kiu nyuk ( Chinese : 扣 肉 ; pinyin : kòuròu ) and ngiong teu fu . Chicken Boiled chicken is served because it is figured that any family , no matter how humble their circumstances , can afford a chicken for Chinese New Year . Fish Is usually eaten or merely displayed on the eve of Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of fish ( 魚 yú ) makes it a homophone for `` surpluses '' ( 餘 yú ) . Leek Is usually served in a dish with rondelles of Chinese sausage or Chinese cured meat during Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of leek ( 蒜苗 / 大蒜 Suàn miáo / Dà suàn ) makes it a homophone for `` calculating ( money ) '' ( 算 Suàn ) . The Chinese cured meat is so chosen because it is traditionally the primary method for storing meat over the winter and the meat rondelles resemble coins . Jau gok The main Chinese new year dumpling for Cantonese families . It is believed to resemble a sycee or yuánbǎo , the old Chinese gold and silver ingots , and to represent prosperity for the coming year . Jiaozi The common dumpling eaten in northern China , also believed to resemble sycee . Mandarin oranges Oranges , particularly mandarin oranges , are a common fruit during Chinese New Year . They are particularly associated with the festival in southern China , where its name is a homophone of the word for `` luck '' in dialects such as Teochew ( in which 橘 , jú , and 吉 , jí , are both pronounced gik ) . Melon seed / Guazi ( Chinese : 瓜子 ; pinyin : guāzi ) Other variations include sunflower , pumpkin and other seeds . It symbolizes fertility and having many children . Niangao Most popular in eastern China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Shanghai ) because its pronunciation is a homophone for `` a more prosperous year ( 年 高 lit . year high ) '' . Niangao is also popular in the Philippines because of its large Chinese population and is known as tikoy ( Chinese : 甜 粿 , from Min Nan ) there . Known as Chinese New Year pudding , niangao is made up of glutinous rice flour , wheat starch , salt , water , and sugar . The color of the sugar used determines the color of the pudding ( white or brown ) . Noodles Families may serve uncut noodles ( making them as long as they can ) , which represent longevity and long life , though this practice is not limited to the new year . Sweets Sweets and similar dried fruit goods are stored in a red or black Chinese candy box . Rougan ( Yok Gon ) Chinese salty - sweet dried meat , akin to jerky , which is trimmed of the fat , sliced , marinated and then smoked for later consumption or as a gift . Taro cakes ( Chinese : 芋頭 糕 , yùtougāo ) Made from the vegetable taro , the cakes are cut into squares and often fried . Turnip cakes ( Chinese : 蘿蔔 糕 , luóbogāo ) A dish made of shredded radish and rice flour , usually fried and cut into small squares . Yusheng or Yee sang ( traditional Chinese : 魚 生 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 生 ; pinyin : yúshēng ) Raw fish salad . Eating this salad is said to bring good luck . This dish is usually eaten on the seventh day of the New Year , but may also be eaten throughout the period . Practices ( edit ) History ( edit ) In 1928 , the ruling Kuomintang party in China decreed that Chinese New Year will fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar , but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition from the populace . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China . The State Council of the People 's Republic of China announced that the public should `` Change Customs '' , have a `` revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival '' , and since people needed to work on Chinese New Year Eve , they did n't have holidays during Spring Festival day . The public celebrations were reinstated by the time of the Chinese economic reform . Red envelopes ( edit ) Red packets for sale in a market in Taipei , Taiwan , before the Year of the Rat Shoppers at a New Year market in Chinatown , Singapore Traditionally , red envelopes or red packets ( Cantonese : lai sze or lai see ; 利 是 , 利 市 or 利 事 ; Pinyin : lìshì ; Mandarin : hóngbāo 红包 ; Hokkien : ang pow ; POJ : âng - pau ; Hakka : fung bao ) are passed out during the Chinese New Year 's celebrations , from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors . It is also common for adults or young couples to give red packets to children . During this period , red packets are also known as 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 ( yàsuìqián , which was evolved from 壓 祟 錢 / 压 祟 钱 , literally , `` the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit '' ) . Red packets almost always contain money , usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred . Per custom , the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers , as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals ( 帛 金 : báijīn ) . The number 8 is considered lucky ( for its homophone for `` wealth '' ) , and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US . The number six ( 六 , liù ) is also very lucky as it sounds like `` smooth '' ( 流 , liú ) , in the sense of having a smooth year . The number four ( 四 ) is the worst because its homophone is `` death '' ( 死 ) . Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packets . Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit , rather than the last . Thirty and fifty , for example , are odd numbers and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts . However , it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note -- with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently . It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money . Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune . The act of asking for red packets is normally called ( Mandarin ) : 讨 紅包 tǎo - hóngbāo , 要 利 是 or ( Cantonese ) : 逗 利 是 . A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be `` out of luck '' in the new year . Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family . It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness , health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope . Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune . In Taiwan in the 2000s , some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids , nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries , although whether this is appropriate is controversial . The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year , called Otoshidama . Gift exchange ( edit ) Chinese candy box In addition to red envelopes , which are usually given from older people to younger people , small gifts ( usually food or sweets ) are also exchanged between friends or relatives ( of different households ) during Chinese New Year . Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes . Common gifts include fruits ( typically oranges , but never trade pears ) , cakes , biscuits , chocolates , and candies . Certain items should not be given , as they are considered taboo . Taboo gifts include : items associated with funerals ( i.e. handkerchiefs , towels , chrysanthemums , items colored white and black ) items that show that time is running out ( i.e. clocks and watches ) sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie ( i.e. scissors and knives ) items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship ( examples : shoes and sandals ) mirrors homonyms for unpleasant topics ( examples : `` clock '' sounds like `` the funeral ritual '' , green hats because `` wear a green hat '' sounds like `` cuckold '' , `` handkerchief '' sounds like `` goodbye '' , `` pear '' sounds like `` separate '' , and `` umbrella '' sounds like `` disperse '' ) . Markets ( edit ) Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching . These usually open - air markets feature new year related products such as flowers , toys , clothing , and even fireworks and firecrackers . It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations . In some places , the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree . Hong Kong filmmakers also release `` New Year celebration films '' ( 賀歲 片 ) , mostly comedies , at this time of year . Fireworks ( edit ) A Chinese man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai . Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that was burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits . In modern times , this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season . Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down . Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers , as red is auspicious , with gunpowder in its core . Once ignited , the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and , as they are usually strung together by the hundreds , the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits . The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations . Firecracker ban ( edit ) The use of firecrackers , although a traditional part of the celebration , has over the years led to many unfortunate outcomes . There have been reported incidents every year of users of fireworks being blinded , losing body parts , or suffering other grievous injuries , especially during the Chinese New Year season . But , many governments and authorities eventually enacted laws completely banning the use of firecrackers privately , primarily because of safety issues . Taiwan -- Beginning 2008 , firecrackers are banned in urban areas , but still allowed in rural areas . Mainland China -- As of 2008 , most urban areas in mainland China permit firecrackers . In the first three days of the traditional New Year , it is a tradition that people compete with each other by playing with firecrackers . However , many urban areas banned them in the 1990s . For example , they were banned in Beijing 's urban districts from 1993 to 2005 . In 2004 , 37 people were killed in a stampede when four million people gathered for a rumoured Lantern Festival firework display in nearby Miyun . Since the ban was lifted , the firecracker barrage has been tremendous . In Beijing , firecrackers are typically not allowed inside the 5th ring road . But this is overlooked by authorities for the holiday , provided there are no government buildings nearby ; some residents in major cities look down on street - level fireworks from their tower blocks . Bans are rare in rural areas . Vietnam -- 1996 , fireworks were banned across the country because of its dangers . Hong Kong -- Fireworks are banned for security reasons -- some speculate a connection between firework use and the 1967 Leftist Riot . However , the government would put on a fireworks display in Victoria Harbour on the second day of the Chinese New Year for the public . Similar displays are also held in many other cities in and outside China . Singapore -- a partial ban on firecrackers was imposed in March 1970 after a fire killed six people and injured 68 . This was extended to a total ban in August 1972 , after an explosion that killed two people and an attack on two police officers attempting to stop a group from letting off firecrackers in February 1972 . As a result of this ban , the Chingay Parade was set up to preserve the spirit and culture . However , in 2003 , the government allowed firecrackers to be set off during the festive season . At the Chinese New Year light - up in Chinatown , at the stroke of midnight on the first day of the Chinese New Year , firecrackers are set off under controlled conditions by the Singapore Tourism Board with assistance from demolition experts from the Singapore Armed Forces . Other occasions where firecrackers are allowed to be set off are determined by the tourism board or other government organizations . However , they are not allowed to be commercially sold . Malaysia -- firecrackers are banned for the similar reasons as in Singapore . However , many Malaysians manage to smuggle them from Thailand and the Philippines to meet their private needs . Indonesia -- Firecrackers and fireworks are forbidden in public during the Chinese New Year , especially in areas with a significant non-Chinese population in order to avoid any conflict between the two . However , there were some exceptions . The usage of firecrackers is legal in some metropolitan areas such as Jakarta and Medan , where the degree of racial and cultural tolerance is higher . United States -- In 2007 , New York City lifted its decades - old ban on firecrackers , allowing a display of 300,000 firecrackers to be set off in Chinatown 's Chatham Square . Under the supervision of the fire and police departments , Chinatown , Los Angeles regularly lights firecrackers every New Year 's Eve , mostly at temples and the shrines of benevolent associations . The San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade , the largest outside China , is accompanied by numerous firecrackers , both officially sanctioned and illicit . Australia -- Australia , except the Northern Territory , does not allow use of fireworks at all , except when used by a licensed pyrotechnician . These rules also need a permit from local government , and from any relevant local bodies such as maritime or aviation authorities ( as relevant to the types of fireworks being used ) and hospitals , schools , etc. , within a certain range . Philippines -- Despite the rise in firecracker - related injuries in 2009 , the Department of Health has acknowledged that a total ban on firecrackers in the country will be hard to implement . Davao City , the first city in the country to impose a firecracker ban , has enjoyed injury - free celebrations for at least the last 15 years . Their ban has been in effect since 2002 . Music ( edit ) `` Happy New Year ! '' ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ; pinyin : Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya ; literally : `` New Year 's Good , Ya '' ) is a popular children 's song for the New Year holiday . The melody is similar to the American folk song , Oh My Darling , Clementine . Chorus : Happy New Year ! Happy New Year ! ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ! 新年 好 呀 ! ; pinyin : Xīnnián hǎo ya ! Xīnnián hǎo ya ! ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) We are singing ; we are dancing . ( Chinese : 我们 唱歌 , 我们 跳舞. ; pinyin : Wǒmen chànggē , wǒmen tiàowǔ . ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) Clothing ( edit ) Girls dressed in red ( Hong Kong ) . Clothing mainly featuring the color red or bright colors is commonly worn throughout the Chinese New Year because it was once believed that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune . In addition , people typically wear new clothes from head to toe to symbolize a new beginning in the new year . Wearing new clothes also symbolizes having more than enough things to use and wear in the new year . Red is a color of good luck . Family portrait ( edit ) In some places , the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered . The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house . The most senior male head of the family sits in the center . Symbolism ( edit ) See also : Fu character An inverted character fu is a sign of arriving blessings . As with all cultures , Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning . One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond - shaped fu characters ( Chinese : 福 ; pinyin : fú ; Cantonese Yale : fuk1 ; literally : `` blessings , happiness '' ) , which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes . This sign is usually seen hanging upside down , since the Chinese word dao ( Chinese : 倒 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` upside down '' ) , is homophonous or nearly homophonous with ( Chinese : 到 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` arrive '' ) in all varieties of Chinese . Therefore , it symbolizes the arrival of luck , happiness , and prosperity . For the Cantonese - speaking people , if the fu sign is hung upside down , the implied dao ( upside down ) sounds like the Cantonese word for `` pour '' , producing `` pour the luck ( away ) '' , which would usually symbolize bad luck ; this is why the fu character is not usually hung upside - down in Cantonese communities . Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations . Red is the emblem of joy , and this color also symbolizes virtue , truth and sincerity . On the Chinese opera stage , a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor . Candies , cakes , decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red . The sound of the Chinese word for `` red '' ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ; Cantonese Yale : hung4 ) is in Mandarin homophonous with the word for `` prosperous '' . Therefore , red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound . Nianhua ( edit ) Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown , Boston Nianhua can be a form of Chinese colored woodblock printing , for decoration during Chinese New Year . Flowers ( edit ) The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets . Floral Decor Meaning Plum Blossom symbolizes luckiness Kumquat symbolizes prosperity Narcissus symbolizes prosperity Bamboo a plant used for any time of year Sunflower means to have a good year Eggplant a plant to heal all of your sicknesses Chom Mon Plant a plant which gives you tranquility Icons and ornaments ( edit ) Icons Meaning Illustrations Lanterns These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general . They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape . These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns . Those lanterns , used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival , are bright , colorful , and in many different sizes and shapes . Decorations Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting . They are not advertisements . Fai Chun -- Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters -- are hung on doorways and walls . Other decorations include a New year picture , Chinese knots , and papercutting and couplets . Dragon dance and Lion dance Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year . It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits . Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau . Fortune gods Cai Shen Ye , Che Kung , etc . Spring travel ( edit ) Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station Main article : Chunyun Traditionally , families gather together during the Chinese New Year . In modern China , migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year 's Eve . Owing to a large number of interprovincial travelers , special arrangements were made by railways , buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year 's Day . This 40 - day period is called chunyun , and is known as the world 's largest annual migration . More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China . In Taiwan , spring travel is also a major event . The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north - south direction : long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in the rural south . Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient . Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links , mostly for `` Taiwanese businessmen '' to return to Taiwan for the new year . Festivities outside Greater China ( edit ) Decorations on the occasion of Chinese New Year - River Hongbao 2016 , Singapore Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations . These include countries throughout Asia , Oceania , and North America . Sydney , London , and San Francisco claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America . Southeast Asia ( edit ) In some countries of Southeast Asia , Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year . Chinese New Year 's Eve is typically a half - day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore . The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia ( notably in Kuala Lumpur , George Town and Klang ) and Singapore . Gaya Street in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia filled with Chinese lanterns during the New Year celebration . In Singapore , Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities . One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations . In 2010 , this included a Festive Street Bazaar , nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition . The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations . It is an annual street parade in Singapore , well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances . The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party , multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition . Lanterns hanged around Senapelan street , the Pekanbaru Chinatown In Philippines , Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino - Chinese , and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos . In 2012 , Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines , which is only the New Year 's Day itself . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , the Chinese New Year is officially named as Hari Tahun Baru Imlek , or Sin Cia in Hokkien . It was celebrated as one of the official national religious holiday by Chinese - Indonesians since 18 June 1946 to 1 January 1953 through government regulation signed by President Sukarno on 18 June 1946 . It was unofficially celebrated by ethnic Chinese from 1953 to 1967 based on government regulation signed by Vice President Muhammad Hatta in 5 February 1953 which annul the previous regulation , among others , the Chinese New Year as a national religious holiday , . Effectively from 6 December 1967 , until 1998 , the spiritual practice to celebrate the Chinese New Year by Chinese families was restricted specifically only inside of the Chinese house . This restriction is made by Indonesian government through a Presidential Instruction , Instruksi Presiden No. 14 Tahun 1967 , signed by President Suharto . This restriction is ended when the regime has changed and the President Suharto was overthrown . The celebration is conducted unofficially by Chinese community from 1999 to 2000 . On 17 January 2000 , the President Abdurrahman Wahid issued a Presidential Decree through Keputusan Presiden RI No 6 Tahun 2000 to annul Instruksi Presiden No. 14 Tahun 1967 . On 19 January 2001 , the Ministry of Religious Affairs ( Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia ) issued a Decree through Keputusan Menteri Agama RI No 13 Tahun 2001 tentang Imlek sebagai Hari Libur Nasional to set of Hari Tahun Baru Imlek as a Facultative Holiday for Chinese Community . Through the Presidential Decree it was officially declared as a 1 ( one ) day public religious holiday as of 9 April 2002 by President Megawati . The Indonesian government authorize only the first day of the Chinese New Year as a public religious holiday and it is specifically designated only for Chinese people . In Indonesia , the first day of the Chinese New Year is recognized as a part of the celebration of the Chinese religion and tradition of Chinese community . There are no other official or unofficial of the Chinese New Year as a public holiday . The remaining 14 days are celebrated only by ethnic Chinese families . In Indonesia , the Chinese Year is named as a year of Kǒngzǐ ( 孔子 ) or Kongzili in Bahasa Indonesia . Every year , the Ministry of Religious Affairs ( Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia ) set the specific date of religious holiday based on input from religious leaders . The Chinese New Year is the only national religious holiday in Indonesia that was enacted specifically with the Presidential Decree , in this case with the Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia ( Keppres RI ) No 19 Tahun 2002 dated on 9 April 2002 . The celebration of the Chinese New Year as a religious holiday is specifically intended only for Chinese People in Indonesia ( tradisi masyarakat Cina yang dirayakan secara turun temurun di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia , dan umat Agama Tionghoa ) and it is not intended to be celebrated by Indonesian Indigenous Peoples or Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia . Oddly and funny , most Chinese - Indonesian who are not adhere to Chinese religion thinks and believes that the Chinese New Year is only for one day , in this case is on the first day , and the remaining day especially on the fifteenth day is not considered as a part of Chinese New Year . The same things is happening to Indonesian Indigenous peoples who insists that the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year is a kind of jamboree or carnival and thinks it has not related with Chinese New Year at all . It is believed that this behaviour occurs because of the religion dilemma where mostly a majority of Indigenous peoples in Indonesia are religious thus by denying that the Chinese New Year activities are not related with any of religion then they can make a justification to participate and celebrate the Chinese New Year especially on the fifteenth day of the celebration . Their primary motives to participate the Chinese New Year festival and Chinese religion activities are money from carrying the Chinese gods statues , playing the lion and dragon dance and free foods , and the opportunity to meet and seeking a Chinese partner for marriages . Some are even trying to find a mate to have a sexual intercourse during the festival . A large number of Non-Chinese men are even continue to come to the Chinese temple on a regular basis to pray to the Chinese deities and wishing to get for an ethnic Chinese woman as a wife . Some have succeed in marrying with ethnic Chinese . Sadly , all of the descendant of this mix - marriages claim that they have a pure blood of Chinese descendant . By marrying a Chinese , and actively participate as a follower of Chinese religion and thus to get into the deep of the inside environment of ethnic Chinese family inner - circle , the Non-Chinese people believed that they can upgrade their social and financial status instantly . To disguise their identity many changed their Indonesian name into Chinese look - alike name and falsified their ancestral history family tree . A lot of Non-Chinese people who have married also put in their children to Chinese temple and Chinese school with the hope that as they grow - up they have the first opportunity to marry with the Chinese . After marrying with Chinese people , most of the Non-Chinese people , if not all , including their children are always claiming and insists that they have a pure blood of a Chinese descendant , consequently , mostly , if not all , the Chinese people itself in Indonesia , because of lack of comparisons , can not differentiate who is a Chinese and who is not . Furthermore , because of this ignorance , more and more of Chinese people in Indonesia thinks they are already marrying with a Chinese because they have met at the Chinese temple . They assume that only Chinese people goes to the Chinese temple , but the truth is not . No wonder that at least 90 % , if not all , of Chinese - Indonesian who claimed that they have a pure blood of Chinese have a very different skin complexion , and a different physical characteristics with an odd facial features compares with the other Chinese people in the world . Everyone even want to claim that they are a Chinese descendant even though their DNA is not a Chinese at all . This phenomenon explains why there are crowds on every Chinese New Year events and roughly 90 % of Chinese temple visitors in some places are Indonesian Indigenous peoples and a descendant of a mix - marriages even though the Chinese community only accounted for 1 , 2 % , of Indonesian population . Some of Non-Chinese and Chinese people are also celebrated Chinese New Year inside a Church with dragon dance , incense for praying and food offerings to Mary , Mother of Jesus and Jesus Christ . Because of the majority of Chinese temple congregation are Non-Chinese people , consequently they are also bringing their own culture , customs , beliefs and ritual of worship of their gods to be practiced inside the Chinese temple , thus in some parts of Indonesia the practice of Chinese religion and Chinese New Year would be totally different with the other Chinese community in the other parts of the world . Some of Non-Chinese people who have a deep knowledge of Chinese religion is becoming the Chinese religious leaders and routinely gives preaching to Chinese community . Some are even becoming the chairman and the leaders of the Chinese religious association . There are tons of evidence supporting the above statements , anyone who want to pursue further about this matter is encouraged to go to Facebook.com and do research using the keywords , such as : kelenteng indonesia , klenteng indonesia , bio indonesia , vihara indonesia and to study carefully in detail about the social changes of the Chinese community in Indonesia especially in relation with the identity as a Chinese , the practice of Chinese religion and the practice of Chinese New Year celebration . Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta , Medan , Singkawang , Pangkal Pinang , Binjai , Bagansiapiapi , Tanjungbalai , Pematangsiantar , Selat Panjang , Tanjung Pinang , Batam , Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year 's celebration every years with parade and fireworks . A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern , Chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color . Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses , temples and its shophouses . Usually , the Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist Chinese will burn a big incense made by aloeswood with dragon - decorated at front of their house. The temple is open 24 hours at the first day , their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice , fruits or sugar to the poor around . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Melbourne : Chinese New Year in Chinatown With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia , Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually . The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration , outdoor markets , evening street food stalls , Chinese top opera performances , dragon boat races , a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese , Japanese , Korean people and Vietnamese performers . More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers . The festival also attracts international media coverage , reaching millions of viewers in Asia . The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year . Apart from Sydney , other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents . The cities include : Brisbane , Adelaide , Melbourne Box Hill and Perth . The common activities are lion dance , dragon dance , New Year market , and food festival . In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray , Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais , Cambodians , Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January / February or April . The city of Wellington hosts a two - day weekend festival for Chinese New Year , and a one - day festival is held in Dunedin , centred on the city 's Chinese gardens . North America ( edit ) Play media Chinese lunar new year in Washington DC Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year . Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York City , Boston , Chicago , Mexico City , Toronto , and Vancouver . However , even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration , such as Butte , Montana , have recently hosted parades . New York ( edit ) Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week - long Lunar New Year celebration . The festivities include cultural festival , music concert , fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate , and special exhibits . In June 2015 , New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday . California ( edit ) Lion costume for New Year parade , Los Angeles , 1953 The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia , and the largest Asian cultural event in North America . The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route , respectively . The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco . In 1849 , with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush , over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life . Among those were many Chinese , who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad . By the 1860s , the residents of San Francisco 's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with ( or hostile towards ) it . The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition -- the parade . They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate , and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags , banners , lanterns , drums , and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits . In San Francisco , over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958 . The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers . Europe ( edit ) London : Chinatown with Chinese New Year decoration In London , the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown , Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square . Festivities include a parade , cultural feast , fireworks , concerts and performances . The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers . In Paris , the celebrations have been held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement . India and Pakistan ( edit ) Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown , Kolkata , India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists . In Kolkata , Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance . In Pakistan , the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country . During the festival , the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate . Greetings ( edit ) The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud , enthusiastic greetings , often referred to as 吉祥 話 ( jíxiánghuà ) in Mandarin or 吉利 說話 ( Kat Lei Seut Wa ) in Cantonese , loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases . New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper , referred to as chunlian ( 春聯 ) or fai chun ( 揮 春 ) , is another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes . They probably predate the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , but did not become widespread until then . Today , they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year . Some of the most common greetings include : simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ; pinyin : Xīnniánkuàilè ; Jyutping : san1 nin4 faai3 lok6 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Sin - nî khòai - lo̍k ; Hakka : Sin Ngen Kai Lok ; Taishanese : Slin Nen Fai Lok . A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences , it literally translates from the greeting `` Happy new year '' more common in the west . But in northern parts of China , traditionally people say simplified Chinese : 过年 好 ; traditional Chinese : 過年 好 ; pinyin : Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ( Xīnniánkuàile ) , to differentiate it from the international new year . And 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year . However , 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous . Gong Hei Fat Choi at Lee Theatre Plaza , Hong Kong simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 ; traditional Chinese : 恭喜 發財 ; pinyin : Gōngxǐfācái ; Hokkien : Kiong hee huat chai ( POJ : Kiong - hí hoat - châi ) ; Cantonese : Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 ; Hakka : Gung hee fatt choi , which loosely translates to `` Congratulations and be prosperous '' . Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with `` Happy New Year '' , its usage dates back several centuries . While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance ( legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian , in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions ) , the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world . The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese - speaking community , including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations , relatively recent immigrants from Greater China , and those who are transit migrants ( particularly students ) . Numerous other greetings exist , some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations . For example , as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious , one may then say 歲 歲 平安 ( Suìsuì - píng'ān ) immediately , which means `` everlasting peace year after year '' . Suì ( 歲 ) , meaning `` age '' is homophonous with 碎 ( suì ) ( meaning `` shatter '' ) , in the demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases . Similarly , 年 年 有餘 ( niánnián yǒu yú ) , a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year , plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 ( yú meaning fish ) , making it a catch phrase for fish - based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts . The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters , such as the following : 金玉 滿堂 Jīnyùmǎntáng -- `` May your wealth ( gold and jade ) come to fill a hall '' 大 展 鴻圖 Dàzhǎnhóngtú -- `` May you realize your ambitions '' 迎春 接 福 Yíngchúnjiēfú -- `` Greet the New Year and encounter happiness '' 萬事 如意 Wànshìrúyì -- `` May all your wishes be fulfilled '' 吉慶 有餘 Jíqìngyǒuyú -- `` May your happiness be without limit '' 竹 報 平安 Zhúbàopíng'ān -- `` May you hear ( in a letter ) that all is well '' 一本萬利 Yīběnwànlì -- `` May a small investment bring ten - thousandfold profits '' 福 壽 雙全 Fúshòushuāngquán -- `` May your happiness and longevity be complete '' 招財 進 寶 Zhāocáijìnbǎo -- `` When wealth is acquired , precious objects follow '' These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets , when gifts are exchanged , when visiting temples , or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore . Children and their parents can also pray in the temple , in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come . Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 拿 來 ( in Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 , 红包 拿 来 ; Pinyin : gōngxǐfācái , hóngbāo nálái ; Cantonese : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 ; Jyutping : gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 , lei6 si6 dau6 loi4 ) , roughly translated as `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope ! '' . In Hakka the saying is more commonly said as ' Gung hee fatt choi , hung bao diu loi ' which would be written as 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 逗 來 -- a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying . Back in the 1960s , children in Hong Kong used to say 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 斗 零 唔 愛 ( Cantonese , Gung Hei Fat Choy , Lai Si Tau Loi , Tau Ling M Ngoi ) , which was recorded in the pop song Kowloon Hong Kong by Reynettes in 1966 . Later in the 1970s , children in Hong Kong used the saying : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 伍 毫 嫌 少 , 壹 蚊 唔 愛 ( Cantonese ) , roughly translated as , `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope , fifty cents is too little , do n't want a dollar either . '' It basically meant that they disliked small change -- coins which were called `` hard substance '' ( Cantonese : 硬 嘢 ) . Instead , they wanted `` soft substance '' ( Cantonese : 軟 嘢 ) , which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note . See also ( edit ) Overseas Chinese Lunar New Year fireworks display in Hong Kong The Birthday of Che Kung Celebrations of Lunar New Year in other parts of Asia : Korean New Year ( Seollal ) Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) Mongolian New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Similar Asian Lunisolar New Year celebrations that occur in April : Burmese New Year ( Thingyan ) Cambodian New Year ( Chaul Chnam Thmey ) Lao New Year ( Pii Mai ) Sri Lankan New Year ( Aluth Avuruddu ) Thai New Year ( Songkran ) Chinese New Year Gregorian Holiday in Malaysia Malaysia Chinese New Year Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 农历 新年 ; traditional Chinese : 農曆 新年 ; pinyin : nóng lì xīn nián Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 春节 ; traditional Chinese : 春節 ; pinyin : Chūn Jié References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asia welcomes lunar New Year '' . BBC . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . 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Lee , I - chia ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Despite rain , millions hit the road '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Early start beats tolls and congestion as the holiday ends '' . Taipei Times ... total traffic volume on Friday was 2.7 million vehicles , about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million . `` We estimate the total traffic volume ( yesterday ) was between 2.1 million and 2.3 million vehicles , '' Chen said . `` Northbound traffic volume was much higher than southbound and peak hours were between 3 pm and 6 pm . '' Jump up ^ Chinese New Year parade doomed as Baird government 's new route ' too narrow ' for floats Jump up ^ `` London -- Chinese New Year -- `` The largest celebrations outside of Asia '' `` . BBC . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ryan ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Year of the Tiger off to roaring start at parade '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . 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External links ( edit ) Media related to Chinese New Year at Wikimedia Commons Public holidays in China Golden weeks Spring Festival National Day Other holidays New Year 's Day Lantern Festival Qingming Festival Workers ' Day Duanwu Festival Mid-Autumn Festival Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year 's Day Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha 's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen 's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day Chinese New Year Culture of China Topics Nian Lion dance Dragon dance New Year picture Red envelope Reunion dinner Fireworks Firecracker Chinese dragon Fu Food Nian gao Spring pancake Jiaozi Bakkwa Buddha 's delight Fa gao Fat choy Yau gok Kralan Kuih Lotus seed Pineapple tart Squab Taro cake Turnip cake Yusheng Melon seed Mandarin orange Fish Other CCTV New Year 's Gala Chinese calendar Chunyun Color in Chinese culture San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade Golden Week China portal Holidays portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&oldid=843594565 '' Categories : Buddhist holidays Chinese New Year Chinese - Australian culture Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian February observances New Year celebrations Public holidays in China Public holidays in Malaysia Observances set by the Chinese calendar Winter events in China Winter holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Summer holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Chinese - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the chinese new year start 2018 | [
"\nThe date of Chinese New Year's Day (1912–2101)\n\n\nYear\nDate\n\n1-19AM#\n20-38AM\n39-57AM\n58-76AM\n77-95AM\n96-114AM\n115-133AM\n134-152AM\n153-171AM\n172-190AM\n\n\n1912–1930\n1931–1949\n1950–1968\n1969–1987\n1988–2006\n2007–2025\n2026–2044\n2045–2063\n2064–2082\n2083–2101\n\n\n17 Feb\nRat\nRènzǐ\nGoat\nXīnwèi\nTiger\nGēngyín\nRooster\nJǐyǒu\nDragon\nWùchén\nPig\nDīnghaì +\nHorse\nBíngwǔ\nOx\nYǐchǒu\nMonkey\nJiǎshēn\nRabbit\nGuìmǎo\n\n\n6 Feb\nOx\nGuìchǒu\nMonkey\nRènshēn\nRabbit\nXīnmǎo\nDog\nGēngxū\nSnake\nJǐsì\nRat\nWùzǐ +\nGoat\nDīngwèi\nTiger\nBíngyín\nRooster\nYǐyǒu −\nDragon\nJiǎchén\n\n\n26 Jan\nTiger\nJiǎyín\nRooster\nGuìyǒu\nDragon\nRènchén +\nPig\nXīnhaì +\nHorse\nGēngwǔ +\nOx\nJǐchǒu\nMonkey\nWùshēn\nRabbit\nDīngmǎo\nDog\nBíngxū\nSnake\nYǐsì\n\n\n14 Feb\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\nDog\nJiǎxū\nSnake\nGuìsì\nRat\nRènzǐ +\nGoat\nXīnwèi +\nTiger\nGēngyín\nRooster\nJǐyǒu −\nDragon\n'Wùchén\nPig\nDīnghaì\nHorse\nBíngwǔ\n\n\n3 Feb\nDragon\nBíngchén\nPig\nYǐhaì +\nHorse\nJiǎwǔ\nOx\nGuìchǒu\nMonkey\nRènshēn +\nRabbit\nXīnmǎo\nDog\nGēngxū\nSnake\nJǐsì −\nRat\nWùzǐ\nGoat\nDīngwèi\n\n\n23 Jan\nSnake\nDīngsì\nRat\nBíngzǐ +\nGoat\nYǐwèi +\nTiger\nJiǎyín\nRooster\nGuìyǒu\nDragon\nRènchén\nPig\nXīnhaì\nHorse\nGēngwǔ\nOx\nJǐchǒu\nMonkey\nWùshēn +\n\n\n11 Feb\nHorse\nWùwǔ\nOx\nDīngchǒu\nMonkey\nBíngshēn +\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\nDog\nJiǎxū −\nSnake\nGuìsì −\nRat\nRènzǐ\nGoat\nXīnwèi\nTiger\nGēngyín\nRooster\nJǐyǒu −\n\n\n31 Jan\nGoat\nJǐwèi +\nTiger\nWùyín\nRooster\nDīngyǒu\nDragon\nBíngchén\nPig\nYǐhaì\nHorse\nJiǎwǔ\nOx\nGuìchǒu\nMonkey\nRènshēn +\nRabbit\nXīnmǎo\nDog\nGēngxū −\n\n\n19 Feb\nMonkey\nGēngshēn +\nRabbit\nJǐmǎo\nDog\nWùxū −\nSnake\nDīngsì −\nRat\nBíngzǐ\nGoat\nYǐwèi\nTiger\nJiǎyín\nRooster\nGuìyǒu\nDragon\nRènchén\nPig\nXīnhaì −\n\n\n8 Feb\nRooster\nXīnyǒu\nDragon\nGēngchén\nPig\nJǐhaì\nHorse\nWùwǔ −\nOx\nDīngchǒu −\nMonkey\nBíngshēn\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\nDog\nJiǎxū\nSnake\nGuìsì −\nRat\nRènzǐ −\n\n\n28 Jan\nDog\nRènxū\nSnake\nXīnsì −\nRat\nGēngzǐ\nGoat\nJǐwèi\nTiger\nWùyín\nRooster\nDīngyǒu\nDragon\nBíngchén\nPig\nYǐhaì\nHorse\nJiǎwǔ −\nOx\nGuìchǒu −\n\n\n15 Feb\nPig\nGuìhaì +\nHorse\nRènwǔ\nOx\nXīnchǒu\nMonkey\nGēngshēn +\nRabbit\nJǐmǎo +\nDog\nWùxū +\nSnake\nDīngsì\nRat\n'Bíngzǐ\nGoat\nYǐwèi\nTiger\nJiǎyín\n\n\n5 Feb\nRat\nJiǎzǐ\nGoat\nGuìwèi\nTiger\nRènyín\nRooster\nXīnyǒu\nDragon\nGēngchén\nPig\nJǐhaì\nHorse\nWùwǔ −\nOx\nDīngchǒu −\nMonkey\nBíngshēn\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\n\n\n24 Jan\nOx\nYǐchǒu\nMonkey\nJiǎshēn +\nRabbit\nGuìmǎo +\nDog\nRènxū +\nSnake\nXīnsì\nRat\nGēngzǐ +\nGoat\nJǐwèi\nTiger\nWùyín\nRooster\nDīngyǒu\nDragon\nBíngchén +\n\n\n12 Feb\nTiger\nBíngyín +\nRooster\nYǐyǒu +\nDragon\nJiǎchén +\nPig\nGuìhaì +\nHorse\nRènwǔ\nOx\nXīnchǒu\nMonkey\nGēngshēn\nRabbit\nJǐmǎo\nDog\nWùxū\nSnake\nDīngsì\n\n\n2 Feb\nRabbit\nDīngmǎo\nDog\nBíngxū\nSnake\nYǐsì\nRat\nJiǎzǐ\nGoat\nGuìwèi −\nTiger\nRènyín −\nRooster\nXīnyǒu −\nDragon\nGēngchén\nPig\nJǐhaì\nHorse\nWùwǔ −\n\n\n22 Jan\nDragon\nWùchén +\nPig\nDīnghaì\nHorse\nBíngwǔ −\nOx\nYǐchǒu1\nMonkey\nJiǎshēn\nRabbit\nGuìmǎo\nDog\nRènxū\nSnake\nXīnsì −\nRat\nGēngzǐ\nGoat\nJǐwèi −\n\n\n9 Feb\nSnake\nJǐsì +\nRat\nWùzǐ +\nGoat\nDīngwèi\nTiger\nBíngyín\nRooster\nYǐyǒu\nDragon\nJiǎchén +\nPig\nGuìhaì +\nHorse\nRènwǔ\nOx\nXīnchǒu\nMonkey\nGēngshēn\n\n\n29 Jan\nHorse\nGēngwǔ +\nOx\nJǐchǒu\nMonkey\nWùshēn +\nRabbit\nDīngmǎo\nDog\nBíngxū\nSnake\nYǐsì\nRat\nJiǎzǐ +\nGoat\nGuìwèi\nTiger\nRènyín\nRooster\nXīnyǒu −\n\n\nNote+: a day later; Note−: a day earlier. Note1: The New Year's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb, a month later. Note#: AM=anno Mínguó\n\n"
] | [
"15 Feb"
] |
3371221561610693519 | Postal Clause | Postal Clause - wikipedia Postal Clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2015 ) Article I , Section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution , known as the Postal Clause or the Postal Power , empowers Congress `` To establish Post Offices and post Roads '' . Contents 1 History 2 Interpretation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Postal Clause was added to the Constitution to facilitate interstate communication as well as to create a source of revenue for the early United States . There were some early disagreements as to the boundaries of the Postal Power . John Jay , in a letter to George Washington , opined that the postal service should not be burdened with the responsibility for handling newspaper delivery , and also suggested that the Post Office be placed under the supervision of the executive branch ( a suggestion which later led to the creation of the Post Office Department ) . Thomas Jefferson feared that the postal service would become a source of patronage and a waste of money . Jefferson also expressed doubt at granting Congress the power to designate post roads , as he considered road building to be a state responsibility . Interpretation ( edit ) The Clause has been construed to give Congress the enumerated power to designate mail routes and construct or designate post offices , with the implied authority to carry , deliver , and regulate the mails of the United States as a whole . An early controversy was whether Congress had the power to actually build post roads and post offices , or merely designate which lands and roads were to be used for this purpose , and to what extent that power could be delegated to the Postmaster General . The U.S. Supreme Court construed the power narrowly during the early part of the 19th century , holding that the power consisted mostly of designation of roads and sites , but gradually gave way later on , allowing appropriation of land for postal purposes . The Postal Power also includes the power to designate certain materials as non-mailable , and to pass statutes criminalizing abuses of the postal system ( such as mail fraud and armed robbery of post offices ) . This power has been used by Congress and the Postmaster General to exclude obscene materials from the mails , beginning with an act in 1872 to ban lottery circulars from the mails , as well as the Comstock laws in 1873 . These attempts at limiting the content of the mails were upheld by the Supreme Court , but in the 20th century , the Court took a more assertive approach in striking down postal laws which limited free expression , particularly as it related to political materials . The First Amendment thus provided a check on the Postal Power . See also ( edit ) United States Postal Service United States Postmaster General References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention Jump up ^ Commentaries on Blackstone by St. George Tucker Jump up ^ Letter from John Jay to George Washington , 21 September 1788 Jump up ^ Letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Madison , 6 March 1796 Jump up ^ Minutes of House of Representatives debate on the Post Office Bill , 6 December 1791 ^ Jump up to : Analysis and Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution , from the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress ( hosted by Justia.com ) ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ed . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Second Edition . Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511883 - 9 pp. 765 - 766 . External links ( edit ) Resources on the Postal Clause , from The Founder 's Constitution project at the University of Chicago United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. Westcott II List of United States Post Offices National Postal Museum Network Distribution Center Railway mail service library Red Brick Roads Sectional center facility Streetcar Railway Post Office Terminal Railway Post Office Legal Comstock laws Post Office Act Postal Reorganization Act Postal Service Act Private Express Statutes Rural Post `` Good '' Roads Act of 1916 Title 39 of the United States Code Related Airmails of the United States CAR - RT SORT Catcher pouch Cimarron Redoubt Domestic Mail Manual Facing Identification Mark Flats Grumman LLV Information - Based Indicia The Inspectors Intelligent Mail barcode Label 228 List of postal killings List of U.S. state abbreviations List of United States airmail stamps Mail bag Mail cover Mail hook Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Mail jumping Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel The Mail Story Nixie ORM - D Owney ( dog ) Pony Express mochila Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique Postal Clause Postal worker Postmaster General Prohibitory Order Remote Bar Coding System Rural Free Delivery Rural letter carrier STD - 4C United States post office murals List of murals USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program United States Postal Service creed United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal_Clause&oldid=862020551 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution United States Postal Service Legislative branch of the United States government Legal history of the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the power to create post offices | [
"Article I, Section 8, Clause 7 of the United States Constitution, known as the Postal Clause or the Postal Power, empowers Congress \"To establish Post Offices and post Roads\".[1]\n"
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"Congress"
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3787260675980992288 | List of Major Crimes episodes | List of Major Crimes episodes - wikipedia List of Major Crimes episodes Jump to : navigation , search Major Crimes is an American police procedural starring Mary McDonnell on the TNT network . A spin - off of The Closer , Major Crimes follows the activities of the LAPD Major Crimes squad , charged with solving high - profile crimes in the city of Los Angeles , along with the members of the squad . The show features an ensemble cast including G.W. Bailey as Lt. Provenza , Anthony Denison as Lt. Flynn , Michael Paul Chan as Lt. Tao and Raymond Cruz as Det . Sanchez . Major Crimes , created by James Duff and produced by Greer Sheppard and Michael M. Robin , was the highest rated scripted cable drama of 2012 . As of April 12 , 2017 , 92 episodes of Major Crimes have aired , concluding the fifth season . A 13 - episode sixth and final season was announced on January 18 , 2017 and scheduled to premiere on October 31 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 19 June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 19 June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 23 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 5 21 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 6 13 October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The theme for the first season is fairness . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Reloaded '' Michael M. Robin James Duff August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 3X7251 7.18 The Major Crimes Division ( MCD ) is still in shock over Chief Johnson 's departure ; Captain Sharon Raydor , their new leader , now has to gain the trust of the team . With little time to adjust , MCD must reach a plea bargain after a death during a rash of grocery store robberies . Detective Amy Sykes joins Major Crimes after helping with the case . Raydor decides to look after Rusty Beck , a teenaged witness in the Phillip Stroh case ( see The Closer episode , `` The Last Word '' ) who has run away from his foster family . `` Before and After '' Steve Robin Steven Kane August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 3X7252 5.40 Raydor mentions to Taylor that part of the internal problems at MCD is her rank , noting that she barely outranks Provenza . Taylor tells her that there is a freeze on all positions . The unit works to solve a brutal complicated homicide case . `` Medical Causes '' Paul McCrane Michael Alaimo August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 3X7253 5.74 The facts become blurry in a case involving a fatal car crash at a nightclub . Meanwhile , Rusty is forced to face a harsh reality when Raydor fulfills her promise to track down his mother . `` The Ecstasy and the Agony '' Arvin Brown Adam Belanoff September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 3X7254 5.87 A life strategist is enlisted to help MCD along with the FBI to solve a case having to do with the Israeli mob that could lead to trouble for major crimes . Provenza displays rare emotion with a suspect who is in a vulnerable state . Rusty has a bad day at school . 5 5 `` Citizen 's Arrest '' David McWhirter Duppy Demetrius September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 3X7255 4.96 MCD 's latest case gets help from ADA Hobbs . A DNA test reveals something about Rusty that surprises everybody . 6 6 `` Out of Bounds '' Rick Wallace Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 3X7256 4.67 After a gang shooting turns fatal , Sharon Raydor makes an unexpected move that could end her career and harm a team member . Rusty expresses a lack of interest in meeting his biological father . 7 7 `` The Shame Game '' Leo Geter Leo Geter September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 3X7257 4.30 MCD tries to close a case with political ties , but confidential information keeps getting leaked . Captain Raydor 's decision to be temporary guardian of Rusty gets more complicated as children and family services finds out some information that may cause Rusty to be removed from her home . 8 8 `` Dismissed with Prejudice '' Jon Tenney Jim Leonard October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 3X7258 4.17 Det . Tao has to question his actions due to a murder conviction being overturned eight years later . Rusty meets his father and must learn to control his emotions as he spends some time with him . 9 9 `` Cheaters Never Prosper '' Stacey K. Black Mike Berchem October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 3X7259 4.33 The team investigates the murder of a Las Vegas police officer , found dead in a men 's room stall . Captain Raydor 's fears about the irresponsibility of Rusty 's father are realized . 10 10 `` Long Shot '' Sheelin Choksey Michael Alaimo October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 3X7260 5.13 When an important figure is shot , similarities to other cases lead MCD to cede the case to the FBI , but the team has to race against the killer to save a witness . Dealings with Rusty 's father are resolved in an unusual manner . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Jonathan Del Arco ( Deputy Medical Examiner Dr. Morales ) and Robert Gossett ( Assistant Chief Russell Taylor ) , previously recurring cast members , are now series regulars . Nadine Velazquez joins the cast as DDA Emma Rios , the prosecutor in charge of the Phillip Stroh case . Originally scheduled for 15 episodes , the season order was increased to 19 . According to creator James Duff , the theme for season two is identity . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Final Cut '' Roxann Dawson Leo Geter June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 3X7901 5.02 After a director 's wife is found murdered in her home 's swimming pool , the team investigates the director 's pattern of adultery . DA Rios puts Rusty on edge as she grills him in preparation for the Stroh trial . 12 `` False Pretenses '' Arvin Brown Michael Alaimo June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 3X7902 3.90 Major Crimes investigates a puzzling murder - suicide . Meanwhile , Rusty receives a threatening letter , triggering DA Rios 's demand that he be relocated . 13 `` Under the Influence '' David McWhirter Duppy Demetrius June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 3X7903 4.55 A TV writer , consulting with Tao , follows the team as they investigate a man ( Luis Jose Lopez ) , caught in a high - speed pursuit , with dried blood all over his clothes . After Rusty 's told to redo an essay , Sharon makes sure he writes what 's true to himself . 14 `` I , Witness '' Steve Robin Adam Belanoff July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 3X7904 4.73 Flynn and Provenza drop off a witness at his hotel room , only to return and find him charged with murder ; the team must scramble to prove his innocence . Rusty 's friend proves to be a little different from what Sharon and others expected . 15 5 `` D.O.A. '' Paul McCrane Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 3X7905 4.62 The team investigates a shooting homicide on Mulholland Drive . Sharon 's husband Jack surprises her and Rusty in the apartment . 16 6 `` Boys Will Be Boys '' Anthony Hemingway Jim Leonard July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 3X7906 5.05 The team looks for a transgender girl , gone missing soon after a humiliating video of her was posted online by bullies . 17 7 `` Rules of Engagement '' David McWhirter Mike Berchem & James Duff July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 3X7907 5.38 A drive - by shooting at a gas station turns out not to be gang - related ; Sharon suggests to Jack that he act as a witness 's attorney . 18 8 `` The Deep End '' Rick Wallace Michael Alaimo July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 3X7908 4.99 A media frenzy begins after an Olympic swimming coach kills a young Latino whom he claims broke into his home . Flynn wo n't attend his daughter 's wedding . 19 9 `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Leo Geter Duppy Demetrius August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 3X7909 5.12 The squad investigates the death of a landlord hated by all his tenants , former workers on a ' 70s TV medical examiner show . As in their show , Deputy Medical Examiner Morales comes up with the extra ( beyond autopsy ) evidence that solves the crime . Provenza faces desk duty if he ca n't improve his target practice results ; Rusty tries to tell Kris he ca n't date her . Note : the retired television co-workers were played by an actual quintet of predominantly octogenarian actors from various popular television shows from the 1960s onwards -- Tim Conway , Paul Dooley , Ron Glass , Doris Roberts , and Marion Ross . 20 10 `` Backfire '' Sheelin Choksey Adam Belanoff August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) 3X7910 5.31 When the team must reopen its investigation into a young woman 's murder , it turns out that she was a FBI informant . Rusty , still waiting to give his witness testimony , is shaken up by her fate . 21 11 `` Poster Boy '' Michael M. Robin Leo Geter August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 3X7911 5.29 The team goes on the trail of a serial killer who lives in the homes of his victims after he murders them . Rusty is still receiving threatening letters . 22 12 `` Pick Your Poison '' Steve Robin Jim Leonard November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 3X7912 3.65 The team investigates the murder of two immigrant high - school students by cyanide - laced drugs . Rusty bitterly agrees to his new around - the - clock protection . Meanwhile , Provenza tries to convince Sharon there 's a better way to protect Rusty . 23 13 `` Jailbait '' Michael M. Robin Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 3X7913 4.21 When the team gets called in to track down a parolee , they find him dead under a bridge . Sharon brings in a therapist for Rusty , Dr. Joe ( Bill Brochtrup ) . 24 14 `` All In '' Anthony Hemingway James Duff & Mike Berchem December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 3X7914 3.72 After a man 's found at the bottom of a pond on a golf course , bludgeoned to death , the team has six suspects to consider . Rusty 's upset that his therapy sessions will likely be brought up in court . 25 15 `` Curve Ball '' Jon Tenney Michael Alaimo December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 3X7915 4.36 Flynn and Provenza , off - duty , happen upon a RV break - in and discover a murder victim inside . Dr. Joe pushes Rusty to talk about life with his mom . 26 16 `` Risk Assessment '' Stacey K. Black Duppy Demetrius December 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) 3X7916 4.47 Just before Christmas , the team catches the case of a murder victim wrapped up in a rug ; the victim turns out to be both a congressman 's son and a FBI witness . 27 17 `` Year - End Blowout '' David McWhirter Leo Geter & Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore December 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) 3X7917 5.21 The team investigates the bombing of an SUV at a car dealership that killed the owner 's son . Rusty struggles in his training for the undercover operation meant to draw out the writer of the letters threatening him . 28 18 `` Return to Sender '' Rick Wallace Michael Alaimo January 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 3X7918 4.95 A body turns up that the team connects to the letter - writer ( Augustus Prew ) but they do n't realize he 's infiltrated the undercover protection around Rusty and is moving in for the kill . 29 19 `` Return to Sender Part 2 '' James Duff Adam Belanoff January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 3X7919 5.43 Rusty takes the stand in the case against Philip Stroh and matches wits with Stroh 's lawyer ( Jeri Ryan ) . Meanwhile the team closes in on the letter - writer , still at large . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Recurring guest stars will include Jon Tenney as Special Agent Fritz Howard , Tom Berenger as Sharon 's husband Jack , Bill Brochtrup as Rusty 's therapist Dr. Joe Bowman , Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Lt. Chuck Cooper , Ransford Doherty as Coroner Investigator Kendall , Kathe Mazur as Deputy DA Andrea Hobbs and Laurie Holden as SWAT Commander Ann McGinnis . The theme for the season is expectations . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Flight Risk '' David McWhirter Michael Alaimo June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) 4X5751 5.16 The team uncovers a family 's secrets when a father and his two young children go missing . Meanwhile , Raydor must trust Rusty when he starts to venture out on his own . 31 `` Personal Day '' Rick Wallace Duppy Demetrius June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 4X5752 4.64 A self - proclaimed innocent man is found murdered after his release from prison . The seventeen - year - old murder case is reopened . Rusty admits to Raydor his reason for the suspicious visits . 32 `` Frozen Assets '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 4X5753 4.91 The murder of a dog that was left a 20 - million - dollar estate by his deceased owner , an heiress , forces the team to suspect foul play in the owner 's death . Wannabe detective Jonathan `` Dick Tracy '' Baird ( Andrew Daly ) , returns ( The Closer episode `` Tapped Out '' ) to assist the Major Crimes unit with the case . 33 `` Letting It Go '' Steve Robin Jim Leonard & Damani Johnson June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 4X5754 5.06 An alleged rapist 's murder prompts an emotional investigation of suspects . Meanwhile , Rusty questions his mother 's motives when he catches her in a lie . 34 5 `` Do Not Disturb '' Sheelin Choksey Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 4X5755 4.86 A foreigner is found murdered in his hotel room , and the squad must quickly find the killer before an Indian diplomat 's involvement in the case causes international repercussions . Meanwhile , Rusty must decide on how to share a secret with the squad . 35 6 `` Jane Doe # 38 '' Steve Robin Michael Alaimo & Kendall Sherwood July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 4X5756 5.25 When a young runaway is found murdered in a trash can , the team is doubly tasked with learning her identity and finding her killer . Meanwhile , Raydor and her husband Jack discuss Rusty 's future . 36 7 `` Two Options '' Michael M. Robin James Duff & Mike Berchem July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 4X5757 5.56 SWAT officers discover an elderly couple shot dead in their own home . Major Crimes teams up with the Special Operations Bureau ( SOB ) and FBI Agent Howard to find the killer , who also took hostages from the home . Howard is suggested for consideration as the new Deputy Chief for SOB . note : The LAPD Special Operations Bureau includes SWAT , SIS and Air Support Division -- all featured in this episode . Actual LAPD helicopter pilot Steve Roussell makes his first of six appearances as an unnamed LAPD pilot in this Major Crimes episode , following his six episodes `` in flight '' on The Closer . 37 8 `` Cutting Loose '' Roxann Dawson Duppy Demetrius July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 4X5758 5.85 Lt. Tao has double duty when the star ( Luke Perry ) of the failing cop show on which he consults becomes the prime suspect in the murder of a stalker - fan . 38 9 `` Sweet Revenge '' David McWhirter Adam Belanoff August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 4X5759 5.24 The team investigates the murder of an entrepreneur with questionable morals and possible mob connections . Meanwhile , Rusty tries to win over Raydor 's son Ricky who comes home to visit , and Fritz Howard prepares to assume command of the Special Operations Bureau . 39 10 `` Zoo Story '' Michael M. Rouibin Leo Geter & Jim Leonard August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 4X5760 5.73 A female police officer , with a physical resemblance to a series of kidnapped girls , is abducted from an under - 21 night club . Rusty 's biological mother is arrested for shoplifting and asks Rusty to help bail her out , even if it means returning to his old ways . Newly appointed Deputy Chief Howard suffers a cardiac event and must secretly wear a pacemaker , if he wishes to continue working . 40 11 `` Down the Drain '' Steve Robin Duppy Demetrius November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 4X5761 2.94 The body of a young , recently pregnant woman is found in a storm drain and it 's discovered that she had been working a surrogacy scam on three families ; the team must figure out who murdered her and find the baby . Rusty tries to find a way to tell his mother about his upcoming adoption . 41 12 `` Party Foul '' Rick Wallace Michael Alaimo December 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) 4X5762 4.02 The bloody bodies of a first - year college student and her murdered boyfriend , stabbed with the same pair of scissors , are found in the garage during a raucous , crowded birthday party ; Provenza tries to get answers from the girl , in critical condition at the hospital , and her grandmother . Rusty becomes interested in a colleague . 42 13 `` Acting Out '' Sheelin Choksey Adam Belanoff December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 4X5763 3.59 A former child star , trying to make his comeback in an indie film , is found dead on the streets , where he was researching his role as an addict . Flynn 's daughter has the wrong idea about her father and Sharon 's relationship . 43 14 `` Trial by Fire '' Stacy K. Black Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 4X5764 3.53 Soon after a gang member who killed an innocent boy in a drive - by is found not guilty because a witness was too scared to testify , the accused 's body is found burned in the trunk of his car . The team investigates but must deal with Jack , the lawyer for one suspect , and Deputy Chief Howard 's concerns about a gang war . 44 15 `` Chain Reaction '' David McWhirter Kendall Sherwood December 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) 4X5765 3.82 One bad Santa takes advantage of a Kris Kringle flashmob right outside to rob a bank ; alerted too late , the security guard shoots and kills the wrong Father Christmas in the Claus - chaotic getaway . Rusty 's uneasy about Sharon 's son and daughter , home for the holidays , keeping a secret from her . 45 16 `` Leap of Faith '' Jon Tenney Damani Johnson December 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 29 ) 4X5766 4.43 After Flynn stops a man from jumping off an overpass , he discovers the body of a girl with autism under a tarp in the back of the man 's truck and the team learns that he 's a registered sex offender . Rusty is asked to write a victim impact statement . 46 17 `` Internal Affairs '' Anthony Hemingway Michael Alaimo January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 4X5767 4.31 The caregiver of Sanchez 's mother is found dead , just hours after Sanchez attacks him , believing he stole from her . As Sharon does her best to help Sanchez with Internal Affairs , Rusty finds Jack drunk at her condo . 47 18 `` Special Master Part One '' Steve Robin Story by : Mike Berchem Teleplay by : Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 4X5768 3.74 Via his special master , Philip Stroh , in return for a new deal , tells DA Rios that three women will soon die . After the first is found dead in a burned - down house , the team tries to uncover who the next will be and how Stroh knows about these murders even as Rusty , per a term in the new deal , must endure an interview with Stroh . 48 19 `` Special Master Part Two '' Leo Geter Story by : Mike Berchem Teleplay by : Leo Geter & Jim Leonard January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 4X5769 3.49 After the team barely escapes a house rigged to go up in flames , their search for the serial rapist and murderer they dub `` Burning Man '' narrows when Sharon realizes that Philip Stroh has n't been communicating with the culprit but has detected the pattern of his killings . But Stroh has one more trick left . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) The theme for the season is courage . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` A Rose Is a Rose '' David McWhirter Duppy Demetrius June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 4X6101 3.99 As Sanchez returns from leave , the team investigates a murder that seems to be linked to a recent series of home invasions . Rusty gives up covering the investigation for his journalism class and instead reconsiders the murdered runaway whom the team was n't able to identify ( `` Jane Doe # 38 '' ) . 50 `` Sorry I Missed You '' Sheelin Choksey Kendall Sherwood June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 4X6102 3.81 The team has to look into a carjacking after the speeding driver , pursued by police , makes it to LA , fatally crashing only for the trunk to pop open and the car 's owner , shot to death , falling out onto the road . Rusty visits the accused in jail in his effort to discover Alice 's real name . 51 `` Open Line '' Rick Wallace Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 4X6103 4.24 The team looks into the brutal beating and murder of a supermodel who was cyber stalked ; the LAPD 's servers are soon infected with spyware . Meanwhile , Rusty and Sharon are subpoenaed because of Rusty 's prison visit . 52 `` Turn Down '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 4X6104 4.39 On Buzz 's first night as a reserve officer , on a ridealong with Flynn and Provenza , he insists on treating the death of a wedding guest in a hotel bathtub as suspicious . The team soon finds itself investigating a pre-nuptial homicide . Rusty continues his search for Alice 's true identity , trying to crack her voicemail password . 53 5 `` Snitch '' Steve Robin Damani Johnson July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 4X6105 4.02 As the team investigates the latest in a series of gang killings , Sykes tries to protect a young eyewitness by not revealing her existence . Flynn tries to get up the courage to take the next step in his relationship with Sharon . Rusty turns to Dr. Joe for advice on his journalistic pursuit of Alice 's identity . 54 6 `` Personal Effects '' Sylvain White Michael Alaimo July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 4X6106 4.19 A bullet - holed skeleton is found off a trail in Mulholland and quickly determined to be the remains of a rapist . Provenza pays Rusty to secretly move his stuff into storage while Provenza 's girlfriend Patrice cleans house . 55 7 `` Targets of Opportunity '' Michael M. Robin Jim Leonard July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 4X6107 4.31 The team investigates a case involving two murdered cops and a young man on the run . Rusty takes advantage of the situation to continue his pursuit of Alice 's identity . 56 8 `` Hostage to Fortune '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 4X6108 4.39 The team investigates a kidnapping with the help of an obnoxious , possibly corrupt FBI agent ( Alan Ruck ) . Rusty sets up a meeting with Alice 's brother , Gustavo , but at the expense of his relationship with newfound friend T.J. Gus tells Rusty that Alice 's real name was Marianna . 57 9 `` Wish You Were Here '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 4X6109 4.57 The team investigates when the death of a man goes viral on YouTube . Hobbs tries to make a deal with Marianna 's brother Gus , with the help of Rusty and Flynn . 58 10 `` Fifth Dynasty '' Michael M. Robin Kendall Sherwood August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 4X6110 4.47 The team investigates the death of the son of a Superior Court Judge and a possible link to the Aryan Brotherhood . Flynn 's search for Marianna 's sister Paloma turns up something , leaving her brother Gus with a hard decision . 59 11 `` Four of a Kind '' Rick Wallace Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X6111 2.22 The team investigates the shooting of four rich people , dumped in the back of an SUV and then dropped off at a hospital . Rusty wants his next journalism story to be about Marianna 's accused killer . Flynn is injured while trying to arrest a suspect . 60 12 `` Blackout '' David McWhirter Damani Johnson November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X6112 2.60 When a man on trial for killing his wife tries to withdraw his confession , the team hurries to re-investigate the case and outwit the defense attorney , Sharon 's ex-husband Jack ( Tom Berenger ) . During a jailhouse interview with Slider , Marianna 's accused killer , Rusty begins to suspect that his lawyer has been withholding information from him . 61 13 `` Reality Check '' Sheelin Choksey Michael Alaimo November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X6113 2.55 The team investigates the suspicious death of a wife participating in a dysfunctional - couple reality - TV show ; Flynn convalesces at Sharon 's apartment . 62 14 `` Taking the Fall '' Stacey K. Black Jim Leonard & Nick Zayas November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X6114 2.49 The team investigates the murder of a stockbroker soon after he was confronted by a driver seemingly consumed with road - rage . Flynn suffers a setback in his convalescence and requires surgery to remove a migrating blood clot . 63 15 `` The Jumping Off Point '' Nzingha Stewart Leo Geter & Michael Zara November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 4X6115 3.69 A young man is pushed off a parking structure and the investigation reveals he should not have been able to afford a high - end apartment without any visible means of support . Meanwhile , Flynn must endure an overly cheerful physical therapist . 64 16 `` Thick as Thieves '' Jon Tenney Kendall Sherwood December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 4X6116 3.29 Flynn returns to work but is limited to desk duty , while the team investigates a fugitive diamond thief 's body found by his bail bondsmen . Marianna 's brother Gus learns of Rusty 's relationship with Slider who goes on trial for her murder . 65 17 `` # FindKaylaWeber '' David Harp Duppy Demetrius December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 4X6117 3.00 The daughter of a pro baseball player goes missing , leading to a surprising conclusion . Slider faces sentencing in Marianna 's murder while Rusty has to deal with the fallout of Gus ' discovery of his friendship with Slider . 66 18 `` Penalty Phase '' Michael M. Robin Adam Belanoff December 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) 4X6118 3.69 The squad pursues a man who includes people in a film he is making before he murders them . Rusty must deal with the possibility of his relationship with Marianna 's brother Gus becoming romantic . 67 19 `` Hindsight , Part 1 '' Michael Robin James Duff & Mike Berchem February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 4X6119 3.08 The squad investigates the fatal shooting of a woman and her young son in gang territory , with the gun linked to high - profile murders years earlier . Sykes begins an uneasy alliance with a disgraced former LAPD detective . They find the gun during a search of the church of reformed cop killer , linked to one of the early murders . Rusty and Gus deal with the return of Rusty 's mom 's ex-boyfriend , who is a suspect in an armed robbery . 68 20 `` Hindsight , Part 2 '' Stacey K. Black Damani Johnson February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X6120 3.19 A recently released prisoner linked to the high profile murders ends up dead after being questioned by the police . Meanwhile Rusty 's mom goes missing . 69 21 `` Hindsight , Part 3 '' Patrick G. Duffy Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6121 2.94 The husband of the dead mother and son is released on bail to attend the funeral . It appears he lashed out at a rival Latino gang killing a number of them . So the squad has to pull out all stops to prevent a gang war from starting at the funeral . Meanwhile Rusty 's mom is arrested across town for driving in a car flagged as a getaway car . 70 22 `` Hindsight , Part 4 '' Leo Geter Michael Alaimo March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6122 3.49 The brother of the Reverend cop killer is arrested after a shootout at a motel killing the husband that was released on bail . It turns out he is the kingpin in the drug trade out of the church without his brother knowing . But this brother does n't believe the cops and is convinced he should talk to his brother with a button camera . The ex-boyfriend of Rusty 's mom is arrested on the information she provides . 71 23 `` Hindsight , Part 5 '' Michael Robin Duppy Demetrius & Mike Berchem March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6123 3.41 The squad closes in on the killer leading to a surprising ending . Provenza prepares for his wedding , while Rusty works to prove his biological mother 's innocence . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The theme for the season is balance . The final eight episodes focus on connections . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 72 `` Present Tense '' Sheelin Choksey Damani Johnson June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) 4X7751 3.62 The squad investigates the disappearance of a fifteen year old girl leading to a surprising family connection . Meanwhile , Andy considers selling his home , Buzz looks into the murders of his father and uncle . Rusty experiences relationship troubles with Gus . 73 `` N.S.F.W. '' Sylvain White Kendall Sherwood June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 4X7752 3.66 A police detective , who is privately conducting an investigation of a porn studio , is found murdered in one of the studio 's properties . Buzz continues working on his father and uncle 's murders . Rusty 's biological mother is pregnant , and Sharon urges the two of them to talk . 74 `` Foreign Affairs '' Nzingha Stewart Carson Moore June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 4X7753 3.99 A beheaded body is found along with a video of the ISIS - style execution . The team clashes with federal investigators over jurisdiction . Sharon , Rusty and Gus discuss family issues . Buzz views the video of his father and uncle 's murder . 75 `` Skin Deep '' Steve Robin Adam Belanoff July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 4X7754 3.92 While looking at a potential home to buy , Flynn ( with Provenza and Buzz ) discover a murdered woman , a real estate agent , floating in the pool . Suspects include her plastic surgeon and dentist . Provenza gives Buzz some case files of crimes similar to his father and uncle 's murder at an ATM . Flynn , Sharon and Rusty review the house together and decide against it . 76 5 `` Cashed Out '' Paul McCrane Ralph Gifford July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 4X7755 3.72 As Julio works to become a foster father , he comes under investigation by a social worker for his surprising method of taking down the killer in a brutal murder . 77 6 `` Tourist Trap '' Rick Wallace Duppy Demetrius July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 4X7756 3.65 The team investigates a seemingly random mugging and murder of the husband of a vacationing British couple . Provenza gives advice to Buzz on how to investigate his father and uncle 's murders . Rusty and his mother reconcile . 78 7 `` Moral Hazard '' David McWhirter Nick Zayas August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 4X7757 3.65 A down - on - his - luck man ( Jere Burns ) begins a killing spree against people from his past who he believes have wronged him . Rusty works on fingerprint evidence for Buzz 's investigation . 79 8 `` Off the Wagon '' Stacey K. Black Michael Zara August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 4X7758 3.18 A former child star restarting his career dies and Flynn investigates as a favor to his daughter ; Buzz contemplates how to proceed in his investigation into his father and uncle 's killers while Rusty makes a decision regarding his mother 's pregnancy and reaches a new milestone in his relationship with Gus . Stephanie Courtney has a cameo appearance as an unethical doctor . 80 9 `` Family Law '' David Harp Mike Berchem August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 4X7759 3.94 The team investigates the murder of a divorce attorney with suspects ranging from his wife to a prostitute who possessed a surprising connection to the victim ; Buzz 's efforts to find his father 's killer finally hit a breakthrough ; Julio is assigned to foster Mark Jarvis , a troublesome child . 81 10 `` Dead Zone '' Patrick G. Duffy Kendall Sherwood August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 4X7760 3.98 The team 's investigation of the murder of Mark 's mother leads to a crime organization ( the Zyklon Brotherhood ) planning to start a race war . Buzz and Provenza interview one of the two men suspected of murdering Buzz 's father and uncle . 82 11 `` White Lies Part 1 '' Michael M. Robin James Duff September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 4X7761 4.14 The murder trial of a white supremacist takes a horrifying turn when he grabs a ( supposedly unloaded ) gun entered into evidence and kills several people , including Deputy Chief Taylor , before Sharon kills him in return . The team races to determine who might have conspired to make the shootings possible and bring down the Zyklon Brotherhood . Buzz continues to investigate the murders of his father and uncle by interviewing an alibi witness . 83 12 `` White Lies Part 2 '' Sheelin Choksey Damani Johnson September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 4X7762 3.29 The squad continues its investigation into the conspiracy surrounding the courtroom shooting and a possible family connection to Dwight Darnell ; Buzz 's investigation turns up the name of his father and uncle 's killer . 84 13 `` White Lies Part 3 '' Michael M. Robin Carson Moore September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 4X7763 3.10 The team is able to shut down the Zyklon Brotherhood but must still track down the true mastermind behind the courtroom shooting ; Julio 's new foster son Mark is taken to his grandparents , leading to a tearful goodbye ; with the help of Rusty , Buzz is able to identify and arrest his father and uncle 's killer who confesses ; however , the man has a family , leaving Buzz disturbed ; Fritz Howard contemplates taking Taylor 's job ; at the end of the episode , Andy collapses from an apparent heart attack . 85 14 `` Heart Failure '' Nzingha Stewart Ralph Gifford February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 4X7764 1.93 Andy has survived his heart incident and has returned to light duty . The squad investigates a brutal murder with a new Deputy Chief ( Camryn Manheim ) breathing down their necks ; meanwhile Buzz receives a distressing letter , Sharon receives distressing news about an old enemy and Rusty worries about his future with Gus . 86 15 `` Cleared History '' Jennifer Phang Adam Belanoff March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 4X7765 2.28 The squad investigates a murder that leads them to a child pornography ring . Rusty has to deal with the fallout of his decision regarding Gus and the implications of why he made that decision . 87 16 `` Quid Pro Quo '' Sylvain White Michael Zara March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 4X7766 2.48 A murder case goes sideways at trial when defense attorney Linda Rothman is able to destroy Det . Amy Sykes 's credibility on the stand . Helping Rothman as a defense investigator is Amy 's old nemesis , Mark Hickman . 88 17 `` Dead Drop '' Stacey K. Black Nick Zayas March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 4X7767 2.26 The squad finds a very heavy body forty feet up a tree surrounded by loose marijuana when Dr. Morales shows up to the crime scene with his father , a retired detective from Uruguay . Meanwhile , Julio Sanchez works to become the legal guardian of Mark Jarvis while Andy Flynn prepares a special surprise for Sharon . 89 18 `` Bad Blood '' Steve Robin Kendall Sherwood March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 4X7768 2.37 Sharon 's son , Ricky , comes home for a surprise visit while Major Crimes investigates what looks like the `` follow home '' murder of a retired LAPD fraud detective , who may have been murdered for an arrest she made decades ago . 90 19 `` Intersection '' Rick Wallace Damani Johnson March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 4X7769 2.44 As the war between bikes and cars escalates in the streets of L.A. , Acting Assistant Chief Fritz Howard deploys Major Crimes to solve a tragic hit - and - run . Lt. Provenza , frustrated by the never - ending contest to succeed Russell Taylor , contemplates retirement . 91 20 `` Shockwave , Part 1 '' Patrick G. Duffy Ralph Gifford April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 4X7770 2.43 An explosion with C - 4 at a crime scene brings the division between new deputy chief of operations Winnie Davis and Major Crimes to a head . Rusty faces a major decision in his relationship with Gus . 92 21 `` Shockwave , Part 2 '' Michael M. Robin Duppy Demetrius April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 4X7771 2.89 The squad works to capture the bomber who turns out to be the key witness in another murder . As Rusty makes a decision about his future with Gus , the competition for the rank of Assistant Chief ends . Season 6 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Sanctuary City : Part 1 '' Michael M. Robin James Duff October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA TBD 94 `` Sanctuary City : Part 2 '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` Reloaded '' August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 7.18 # 2 `` Before and After '' August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 5.40 0.9 # 1 `` Medical Causes '' August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 5.74 0.9 # 8 `` The Ecstasy and the Agony '' September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 5.87 1.0 # 2 5 `` Citizen 's Arrest '' September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 4.96 0.9 # 6 6 `` Out of Bounds '' September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 4.67 0.8 # 3 7 `` The Shame Game '' September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 4.30 0.8 # 4 8 `` Dismissed with Prejudice '' October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 4.17 0.7 # 21 9 `` Cheaters Never Prosper '' October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 4.33 0.7 # 21 10 `` Long Shot '' October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 5.13 0.9 # 11 Season 2 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` Final Cut '' June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 5.02 0.9 # 1 `` False Pretenses '' June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 3.90 0.7 # 12 `` Under the Influence '' June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 4.55 0.8 # 5 `` I , Witness '' July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 4.73 0.8 # 3 5 `` D.O.A. '' July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 4.62 0.8 # 4 6 `` Boys Will Be Boys '' July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 5.05 0.8 # 5 7 `` Rules of Engagement '' July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 5.38 0.9 # 3 8 `` The Deep End '' July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 4.99 0.9 # 3 9 `` There 's No Place Like Home '' August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 5.12 0.7 # 3 10 `` Backfire '' August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) 5.31 0.9 # 3 11 `` Poster Boy '' August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 5.31 0.8 # 5 12 `` Pick Your Poison '' November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 3.65 0.7 # 22 13 `` Jailbait '' December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 4.21 0.7 # 5 14 `` All In '' December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 3.72 0.7 # 18 15 `` Curve Ball '' December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 4.36 0.7 # 6 16 `` Risk Assessment '' December 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) 4.47 0.7 # 8 17 `` Year - End Blowout '' December 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) 5.21 0.7 # 11 18 `` Return to Sender '' January 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 4.95 0.8 # 5 19 `` Return to Sender Part 2 '' January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 5.43 0.8 # 4 Season 3 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` Flight Risk '' June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) 5.16 0.9 # 2 `` Personal Day '' June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 4.64 0.7 # 7 `` Frozen Assets '' June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 4.91 0.8 # 8 `` Letting It Go '' June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 5.06 0.8 # 6 5 `` Do Not Disturb '' July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 4.86 0.8 # 4 6 `` Jane Doe # 38 '' July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 5.25 0.9 # 2 7 `` Two Options '' July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 5.56 0.9 # 1 8 `` Cutting Loose '' July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 5.85 1.0 # 1 9 `` Sweet Revenge '' August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 5.24 0.8 # 1 10 `` Zoo Story '' August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 5.73 0.8 # 1 11 `` Down the Drain '' November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 2.94 0.5 TBA 12 `` Party Foul '' December 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) 4.02 0.6 # 10 13 `` Acting Out '' December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 3.59 0.6 # 7 14 `` Trial by Fire '' December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 3.53 0.6 # 10 15 `` Chain Reaction '' December 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) 3.82 0.6 # 11 16 `` Leap of Faith '' December 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 29 ) 4.43 0.7 # 17 17 `` Internal Affairs '' January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 4.31 0.7 # 1 18 `` Special Master Part One '' January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 3.74 0.6 # 9 19 `` Special Master Part Two '' January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 3.49 0.5 # 12 Season 4 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` A Rose Is a Rose '' June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 3.99 0.5 # 2 `` Sorry I Missed You '' June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 3.81 0.5 # 6 `` Open Line '' June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 4.24 0.6 # 4 `` Turn Down '' June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 4.39 0.7 # 1 5 `` Snitch '' July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 4.02 0.5 # 2 6 `` Personal Effects '' July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 4.19 0.6 # 2 7 `` Targets of Opportunity '' July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 4.31 0.7 # 2 8 `` Hostage to Fortune '' July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 4.39 0.6 # 3 9 `` Wish You Were Here '' August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 4.57 0.7 # 6 10 `` Fifth Dynasty '' August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 4.47 0.6 # 1 11 `` Four of a Kind '' November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 2.22 0.4 TBA 12 `` Blackout '' November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 2.60 0.5 TBA 13 `` Reality Check '' November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 2.55 0.3 TBA 14 `` Taking the Fall '' November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 2.49 0.4 TBA 15 `` The Jumping Off Point '' November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 3.69 0.5 # 13 16 `` Thick as Thieves '' December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 3.29 0.4 # 12 17 `` # FindKaylaWeber '' December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 3.00 0.4 # 23 18 `` Penalty Phase '' December 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) 3.69 0.5 # 7 19 `` Hindsight Part 1 '' February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 3.08 0.4 # 13 20 `` Hindsight Part 2 '' February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 3.19 0.5 # 14 21 `` Hindsight Part 3 '' February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 2.94 0.4 # 25 22 `` Hindsight Part 4 '' March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 3.49 0.5 TBA 23 `` Hindsight Part 5 '' March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 3.41 0.5 TBA Season 5 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) `` Present Tense '' June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) 3.62 0.4 `` N.S.F.W. '' June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 3.66 0.5 `` Foreign Affairs '' June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 3.99 0.5 `` Skin Deep '' July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 3.92 0.5 5 `` Cashed Out '' July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 3.72 0.5 6 `` Tourist Trap '' July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 3.65 0.5 7 `` Moral Hazard '' August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 3.65 0.5 8 `` Off the Wagon '' August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 3.18 0.4 9 `` Family Law '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 3.94 0.5 10 `` Dead Zone '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 3.98 0.5 11 `` White Lies Part 1 '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 4.14 0.5 12 `` White Lies Part 2 '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 3.29 0.4 13 `` White Lies Part 3 '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 3.10 0.4 14 `` Heart Failure '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.93 0.2 15 `` Cleared History '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 2.28 0.3 16 `` Quid Pro Quo '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 2.48 0.3 17 `` Dead Drop '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 2.26 0.3 18 `` Bad Blood '' March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 2.37 0.3 19 `` Intersection '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 2.44 0.3 20 `` Shockwave , Part 1 '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 2.43 0.3 21 `` Shockwave , Part 2 '' April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 2.89 0.3 See also ( edit ) Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Major Crimes Renewed for Sixth Season at TNT '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Major Crimes Gets Season 6 Premiere Date at TNT : Watch New Trailer '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reloaded '' . Major Crimes Blog . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Pre-Season Football Rules Night , + ' Love And Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Pre-Season Football Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' , ' Bunheads ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Rules Night , + ' Monday Night Raw ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Rules Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Chrissy & Mr. Jones ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Alphas ' , ' WWE Raw ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , MLB , ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Alphas ' , ' T.I. and Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major Crimes Creator James Duff Previews `` Rules of Engagement '' `` . TVGuide.com. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + NHL Stanley Cup , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Hit The Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Preseason Wins Night + ' RAW ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Marrying the Game ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Fast N ' Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Chrissy & Mr. Jones ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' BCS Championship ' Dominates Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jon Tenney , Tom Berenger , Bill Brochtrup and Malcolm - Jamal Warner Returning to Guest - Star in Season Three of TNT 's Major Crimes '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2014/06/08/major-crimes-season-3-preview-sharon-rusty-flynn-big-fritz-episode/ ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . Airborne Law Enforcement Association . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' K. Michelle : My Life ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop Hollywood ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Love and Hip - Hop ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 11 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' College Football Playoff Championship ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 18 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Major Crimes Season 4 : Who Will Need Courage ? Plus : An ' Amazing ' Showcase ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Stanley Cup Final Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Women 's World Cup Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Street Outlaws ' , ' WWE Raw ' ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , Shark Week , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 7 - 27 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' leads , plus ' Black Ink Crew , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Fargo ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' down but still on top , plus ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' WWE Raw ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' even with last week , plus ' Street Outlaws , ' ' Love & Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' rises , plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Love & Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Season low for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' rebounds , plus ' Vanderpump Rules , ' ' WWE Raw ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' The Expanse ' premiere not that expansive , ' Monday Night Football ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads the night , `` Street Outlaws '' falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Major Crimes Season 5 : Sharon 's Big Problem , a Beheading and More Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/04/11/major-crimes-season-5-finale-preview/ ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 601 ) Sanctuary City : Part 1 '' . The Futon Critic . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Major Crimes on TNT '' . The Futon Critic . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' The Closer ' Series Finale Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 19 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 26 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : FOX News Channel 's Republican National Convention Coverage Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 2 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' The 2012 Video Music Awards ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 9 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 16 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 23 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 30 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 7 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 14 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 21 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 16 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Skywire Live ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 23 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BET Awards ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 30 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 7 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 14 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Teen Beach Movie ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 21 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 28 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 4 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Breaking Bad ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 11 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 18 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 25 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 1 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 8 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 15 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 22 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 29 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rose Bowl ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 5 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BCS Championship ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 12 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 19 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 15 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 22 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 7 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Home Run Derby Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 20 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 27 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 3 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 10 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 17 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 7 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 14 , 2014 '' . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 21 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 28 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : College Football Playoff Semifinals Top Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 4 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 11 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baron , Steve ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' College Football Playoff Championship ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 18 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 8 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 14 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 15 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 21 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 22 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : BET Awards Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 28 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 29 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 5 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' True Detective ' & ' Teen Mom II ' Lead Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' Masters of Sex ' Tops Percentage Increases + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Rises Most in Viewers in Live + 7 Cable Ratings for Week Ending July 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 12 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 7 - 13 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : Home Run Derby Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 19 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 7 - 21 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : NASCAR Sprint Cup Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 26 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Descendants ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 2 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Republican Presidential Debate Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 9 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 16 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' slips but still on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' scores a big win for the week of Dec. 7 - 13 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : Republican debate and ' Monday Night Football ' tie for No. 1 for Dec. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : Down ' Monday Night Football ' still tops the week of Dec. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' The Walking Dead ' stays on top for Feb. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' Walking Dead ' and Republican debate top the week of Feb. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : Zombies and politics rise to the top again for Feb. 29 - March 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Major Crimes episode guide at TNT.com List of Major Crimes episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_Crimes_episodes&oldid=804786479 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 04 : 04 . About Wikipedia | when does the new season of major crimes start 2015 | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n49\n1\n\"A Rose Is a Rose\"\nDavid McWhirter\nDuppy Demetrius\nJune 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)\n4X6101\n3.99[56]\n\n\nAs Sanchez returns from leave, the team investigates a murder that seems to be linked to a recent series of home invasions. Rusty gives up covering the investigation for his journalism class and instead reconsiders the murdered runaway whom the team wasn't able to identify (\"Jane Doe #38\").\n\n\n50\n2\n\"Sorry I Missed You\"\nSheelin Choksey\nKendall Sherwood\nJune 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)\n4X6102\n3.81[57]\n\n\nThe team has to look into a carjacking after the speeding driver, pursued by police, makes it to LA, fatally crashing only for the trunk to pop open and the car's owner, shot to death, falling out onto the road. Rusty visits the accused in jail in his effort to discover Alice's real name.\n\n\n51\n3\n\"Open Line\"\nRick Wallace\nRalph Gifford & Carson Moore\nJune 22, 2015 (2015-06-22)\n4X6103\n4.24[58]\n\n\nThe team looks into the brutal beating and murder of a supermodel who was cyber stalked; the LAPD's servers are soon infected with spyware. Meanwhile, Rusty and Sharon are subpoenaed because of Rusty's prison visit.\n\n\n52\n4\n\"Turn Down\"\nPaul McCrane\nAdam Belanoff\nJune 29, 2015 (2015-06-29)\n4X6104\n4.39[59]\n\n\nOn Buzz's first night as a reserve officer, on a ridealong with Flynn and Provenza, he insists on treating the death of a wedding guest in a hotel bathtub as suspicious. The team soon finds itself investigating a pre-nuptial homicide. Rusty continues his search for Alice's true identity, trying to crack her voicemail password.\n\n\n53\n5\n\"Snitch\"\nSteve Robin\nDamani Johnson\nJuly 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)\n4X6105\n4.02[60]\n\n\nAs the team investigates the latest in a series of gang killings, Sykes tries to protect a young eyewitness by not revealing her existence. Flynn tries to get up the courage to take the next step in his relationship with Sharon. Rusty turns to Dr. Joe for advice on his journalistic pursuit of Alice's identity.\n\n\n54\n6\n\"Personal Effects\"\nSylvain White\nMichael Alaimo\nJuly 13, 2015 (2015-07-13)\n4X6106\n4.19[61]\n\n\nA bullet-holed skeleton is found off a trail in Mulholland and quickly determined to be the remains of a rapist. Provenza pays Rusty to secretly move his stuff into storage while Provenza's girlfriend Patrice cleans house.\n\n\n55\n7\n\"Targets of Opportunity\"\nMichael M. Robin\nJim Leonard\nJuly 20, 2015 (2015-07-20)\n4X6107\n4.31[62]\n\n\nThe team investigates a case involving two murdered cops and a young man on the run. Rusty takes advantage of the situation to continue his pursuit of Alice's identity.\n\n\n56\n8\n\"Hostage to Fortune\"\nPaul McCrane\nAdam Belanoff\nJuly 27, 2015 (2015-07-27)\n4X6108\n4.39[63]\n\n\nThe team investigates a kidnapping with the help of an obnoxious, possibly corrupt FBI agent (Alan Ruck). Rusty sets up a meeting with Alice's brother, Gustavo, but at the expense of his relationship with newfound friend T. J. Gus tells Rusty that Alice's real name was Marianna.\n\n\n57\n9\n\"Wish You Were Here\"\nPaul McCrane\nAdam Belanoff\nAugust 3, 2015 (2015-08-03)\n4X6109\n4.57[64]\n\n\nThe team investigates when the death of a man goes viral on YouTube. Hobbs tries to make a deal with Marianna's brother Gus, with the help of Rusty and Flynn.\n\n\n58\n10\n\"Fifth Dynasty\"\nMichael M. Robin\nKendall Sherwood\nAugust 10, 2015 (2015-08-10)\n4X6110\n4.47[65]\n\n\nThe team investigates the death of the son of a Superior Court Judge and a possible link to the Aryan Brotherhood. Flynn's search for Marianna's sister Paloma turns up something, leaving her brother Gus with a hard decision.\n\n\n59\n11\n\"Four of a Kind\"\nRick Wallace\nRalph Gifford & Carson Moore\nNovember 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)\n4X6111\n2.22[66]\n\n\nThe team investigates the shooting of four rich people, dumped in the back of an SUV and then dropped off at a hospital. Rusty wants his next journalism story to be about Marianna's accused killer. Flynn is injured while trying to arrest a suspect.\n\n\n60\n12\n\"Blackout\"\nDavid McWhirter\nDamani Johnson\nNovember 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)\n4X6112\n2.60[67]\n\n\nWhen a man on trial for killing his wife tries to withdraw his confession, the team hurries to re-investigate the case and outwit the defense attorney, Sharon's ex-husband Jack (Tom Berenger). During a jailhouse interview with Slider, Marianna's accused killer, Rusty begins to suspect that his lawyer has been withholding information from him.\n\n\n61\n13\n\"Reality Check\"\nSheelin Choksey\nMichael Alaimo\nNovember 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)\n4X6113\n2.55[68]\n\n\nThe team investigates the suspicious death of a wife participating in a dysfunctional-couple reality-TV show; Flynn convalesces at Sharon's apartment.\n\n\n62\n14\n\"Taking the Fall\"\nStacey K. Black\nJim Leonard & Nick Zayas\nNovember 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)\n4X6114\n2.49[69]\n\n\nThe team investigates the murder of a stockbroker soon after he was confronted by a driver seemingly consumed with road-rage. Flynn suffers a setback in his convalescence and requires surgery to remove a migrating blood clot.\n\n\n63\n15\n\"The Jumping Off Point\"\nNzingha Stewart\nLeo Geter & Michael Zara\nNovember 30, 2015 (2015-11-30)\n4X6115\n3.69[70]\n\n\nA young man is pushed off a parking structure and the investigation reveals he should not have been able to afford a high-end apartment without any visible means of support. Meanwhile, Flynn must endure an overly cheerful physical therapist.\n\n\n64\n16\n\"Thick as Thieves\"\nJon Tenney\nKendall Sherwood\nDecember 7, 2015 (2015-12-07)\n4X6116\n3.29[71]\n\n\nFlynn returns to work but is limited to desk duty, while the team investigates a fugitive diamond thief's body found by his bail bondsmen. Marianna's brother Gus learns of Rusty's relationship with Slider who goes on trial for her murder.\n\n\n65\n17\n\"#FindKaylaWeber\"\nDavid Harp\nDuppy Demetrius\nDecember 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)\n4X6117\n3.00[72]\n\n\nThe daughter of a pro baseball player goes missing, leading to a surprising conclusion. Slider faces sentencing in Marianna's murder while Rusty has to deal with the fallout of Gus' discovery of his friendship with Slider.\n\n\n66\n18\n\"Penalty Phase\"\nMichael M. Robin\nAdam Belanoff\nDecember 21, 2015 (2015-12-21)\n4X6118\n3.69[73]\n\n\nThe squad pursues a man who includes people in a film he is making before he murders them. Rusty must deal with the possibility of his relationship with Marianna's brother Gus becoming romantic.\n\n\n67\n19\n\"Hindsight, Part 1\"\nMichael Robin\nJames Duff & Mike Berchem\nFebruary 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)\n4X6119\n3.08[74]\n\n\nThe squad investigates the fatal shooting of a woman and her young son in gang territory, with the gun linked to high-profile murders years earlier. Sykes begins an uneasy alliance with a disgraced former LAPD detective. They find the gun during a search of the church of reformed cop killer, linked to one of the early murders. Rusty and Gus deal with the return of Rusty's mom's ex-boyfriend, who is a suspect in an armed robbery.\n\n\n68\n20\n\"Hindsight, Part 2\"\nStacey K. Black\nDamani Johnson\nFebruary 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)\n4X6120\n3.19[75]\n\n\nA recently released prisoner linked to the high profile murders ends up dead after being questioned by the police. Meanwhile Rusty's mom goes missing.\n\n\n69\n21\n\"Hindsight, Part 3\"\nPatrick G. Duffy\nRalph Gifford & Carson Moore\nFebruary 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)\n4X6121\n2.94[76]\n\n\nThe husband of the dead mother and son is released on bail to attend the funeral. It appears he lashed out at a rival Latino gang killing a number of them. So the squad has to pull out all stops to prevent a gang war from starting at the funeral. Meanwhile Rusty's mom is arrested across town for driving in a car flagged as a getaway car.\n\n\n70\n22\n\"Hindsight, Part 4\"\nLeo Geter\nMichael Alaimo\nMarch 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)\n4X6122\n3.49[77]\n\n\nThe brother of the Reverend cop killer is arrested after a shootout at a motel killing the husband that was released on bail. It turns out he is the kingpin in the drug trade out of the church without his brother knowing. But this brother doesn't believe the cops and is convinced he should talk to his brother with a button camera. The ex-boyfriend of Rusty's mom is arrested on the information she provides.\n\n\n71\n23\n\"Hindsight, Part 5\"\nMichael Robin\nDuppy Demetrius & Mike Berchem\nMarch 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)\n4X6123\n3.41[78]\n\n\nThe squad closes in on the killer leading to a surprising ending. Provenza prepares for his wedding, while Rusty works to prove his biological mother's innocence.\n\n"
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"June 8, 2015"
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6743152552782851843 | United States Senate elections, 2016 | United States Senate Elections , 2016 - wikipedia United States Senate Elections , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate elections , 2016 ← 2014 November 8 , 2016 2018 → Class 3 ( 34 of the 100 ) seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Mitch McConnell Harry Reid ( Retiring ) Party Republican Democratic Leader 's seat Kentucky Nevada Seats before 54 44 Seats after 52 46 Seat change Popular vote 40,402,790 51,496,682 Percentage 42.4 % 53.8 % Swing 9.3 % 10.0 % Seats up 24 10 Races won 22 12 Third party Party Independent Seats before Seats after Seat change Popular vote 562,935 Percentage 0.5 % Seats up 0 Races won 0 Results of the 2016 general elections : Democratic gain Republican gain Democratic hold Republican hold Majority Leader before election Mitch McConnell Republican Elected Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Elections to the United States Senate were held November 8 , 2016 . The presidential election , House elections , 14 gubernatorial elections , and many state and local elections were held on the same date . In the 2016 Senate elections , 34 of the 100 seats -- all class 3 Senate seats -- were contested in regular elections ; the winners will serve six - year terms until January 3 , 2023 . Class 3 was last up for election in 2010 , when Republicans won a net gain of six seats . In 2016 , Democrats defended 10 seats , while Republicans defended 24 seats . Republicans , having won a majority of seats in the Senate in 2014 , held the Senate majority with 54 seats before this election . Democrats won a net gain of two seats . Republicans retained control of the Senate for the 115th United States Congress . Only two incumbents lost their seats , Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire and Mark Kirk of Illinois , to Democrats Maggie Hassan and Tammy Duckworth , respectively . Despite Republicans retaining control of the Senate , 2016 marks the first time since 1986 that Democrats made a net gain of seats in class 3 . This is the first and only election since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 where the winning party in every Senate election mirrored the winning party for their state in the presidential election . This election marks the first time since 2000 in which the party in opposition to the elected or reelected presidential candidate made net gains in the Senate , with both cases being a Republican president and Democratic gains in the Senate . Also in both cases , the president won in the electoral college but lost the popular vote . With the retirement of Harry Reid , Chuck Schumer became the Democratic leader after the elections , while Mitch McConnell retained his position as Senate Majority Leader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results summary 2 Change in composition 2.1 Before the elections 2.2 After the general elections 3 Final predictions of competitive seats in the general elections 4 Close races 5 Primary dates 6 Race summary 6.1 Elections leading to the next Congress 7 Alabama 8 Alaska 9 Arizona 10 Arkansas 11 California 12 Colorado 13 Connecticut 14 Florida 15 Georgia 16 Hawaii 17 Idaho 18 Illinois 19 Indiana 20 Iowa 21 Kansas 22 Kentucky 23 Louisiana 24 Maryland 25 Missouri 26 Nevada 27 New Hampshire 28 New York 29 North Carolina 30 North Dakota 31 Ohio 32 Oklahoma 33 Oregon 34 Pennsylvania 35 South Carolina 36 South Dakota 37 Utah 38 Vermont 39 Washington 40 Wisconsin 41 See also 42 References Results Summary ( edit ) All 34 Class 3 Senators were up for election in 2016 ; Class 3 consisted of 10 Democrats and 24 Republicans . Of the Senators not up for election , 34 Senators were Democrats , 30 Senators were Republicans and two Senators are independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Libertarian Other Before these elections 44 54 -- -- 100 Not up 34 30 -- -- 66 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 -- -- 33 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 22 0 -- -- 33 Up 10 24 0 -- -- 34 Class 3 ( 2010 → 2016 ) 10 24 0 -- -- 34 Special : All classes 0 0 0 -- -- 0 General election Incumbent retired -- -- -- 5 Held by same party -- -- -- 5 Replaced by other party 0 0 -- -- -- 0 Result -- -- -- 5 Incumbent ran 7 22 -- -- -- 29 Won re-election 7 20 -- -- -- 27 Lost re-election 2 Republicans replaced by 2 Democrats -- -- -- Lost renomination but held by same party 0 0 -- -- -- 0 Result 9 20 -- -- -- 29 Total elected 12 22 -- -- -- 34 Net gain / loss Nationwide vote 51,269,434 40,761,406 562,935 1,950,641 1,918,756 96,103,172 Share 53.54 % 42.41 % 0.58 % 1.65 % 2.00 % 100 % Result 46 52 -- -- 100 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Retired Retired Retired Retired Retired Ran Ran Majority → Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran After the general elections ( edit ) Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Hold Hold Hold Gain Gain Hold Hold Majority → Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Final predictions of competitive seats in the General Elections ( edit ) Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive seats . These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the incumbent ( if the incumbent is running for re-election ) , the strength of the candidates , and the partisan leanings of the state ( reflected in part by the state 's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating ) . The predictions assign ratings to each seat , with the rating indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that seat . Most election predictors use `` tossup '' to indicate that neither party has an advantage , `` lean '' to indicate that one party has a slight advantage , `` likely '' or `` favored '' to indicate that one party has a significant but not insurmountable advantage , and `` safe '' or `` solid '' to indicate that one party has a near - certain chance of victory . Some predictions also include a `` tilt '' rating that indicates that one party has an advantage that is not quite as strong as the `` lean '' rating would indicate . Where a site gives a percentage probability as its primary indicator of expected outcome , the chart below classifies a race as follows : Tossup : 50 - 55 % Tilt : 56 - 60 % Lean : 61 - 75 % Likely : 76 - 93 % Safe : 94 - 100 % The New York Times ' Upshot gave the Democrats a 60 % chance of winning the Senate on August 24 , 2016 ; on September 23 , their model gave Republicans a 58 % chance to maintain control . All seats classified with at least one rating of anything other than `` safe '' or `` solid '' are listed below . State PVI Incumbent result Cook Nov. 2 2016 Sabato Nov. 7 2016 Roth . Nov. 3 2016 Kos Nov. 7 2016 RCP Nov. 2 2016 538 Nov. 7 2016 NYT Nov. 7 2016 TPM Nov. 5 2016 Winner Alaska 112 ! R + 12 Lisa Murkowski ( R ) 39.5 % 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! 98 % R 104 ! 99 + % R 104 ! Safe R Murkowski Arizona 107 ! R + 7 John McCain ( R ) 59.2 % 102 ! Lean R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! Likely R 102 ! Lean R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! 99 % R 104 ! Safe R McCain Colorado 099 ! D + 1 Michael Bennet ( D ) 3 ! 47.7 % 097 ! Likely D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 098 ! Lean D 096 ! 95 % D 096 ! 96 % D 097 ! Likely D Bennet Florida 102 ! R + 2 Marco Rubio ( R ) 48.9 % 102 ! Lean R 102 ! Lean R 102 ! Lean R 103 ! Likely R 100 ! Tossup 103 ! 87 % R 103 ! 85 % R 102 ! Lean R Rubio Georgia 106 ! R + 6 Johnny Isakson ( R ) 58.1 % 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! 99 % R 104 ! Safe R Isakson Illinois 092 ! D + 8 Mark Kirk ( R ) 48.2 % 098 ! Lean D 097 ! Likely D 098 ! Lean D 096 ! Safe D 097 ! Likely D 096 ! 97 % D 096 ! 98 % D 096 ! Safe D Duckworth Indiana 105 ! R + 5 Dan Coats ( R ) ( Retiring ) 56.4 % 100 ! Tossup 102 ! Lean R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 102 ! 61 % R 100 ! 53 % D 102 ! Lean R Young Iowa 099 ! D + 1 Chuck Grassley ( R ) 64.5 % 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! 99 + % R 104 ! 99 + % R 104 ! Safe R Grassley Kentucky 113 ! R + 13 Rand Paul ( R ) 55.7 % 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! 93 % R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! Safe R Paul Louisiana 112 ! R + 12 David Vitter ( R ) ( Retiring ) 56.6 % 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! 86 % R 104 ! 96 % R 103 ! Likely R Kennedy Missouri 105 ! R + 5 Roy Blunt ( R ) 54.3 % 100 ! Tossup 102 ! Lean R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 102 ! 55 % R 102 ! 65 % R 100 ! Tossup Blunt Nevada 098 ! D + 2 Harry Reid ( D ) ( Retiring ) 2 ! 50.2 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 099 ! 57 % D 099 ! 60 % D 100 ! Tossup Cortez Masto New Hampshire 099 ! D + 1 Kelly Ayotte ( R ) 60.2 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! 53 % D 100 ! 55 % R 100 ! Tossup Hassan North Carolina 103 ! R + 3 Richard Burr ( R ) 55.0 % 100 ! Tossup 102 ! Lean R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 102 ! 69 % R 102 ! 67 % R 100 ! Tossup Burr Ohio 101 ! R + 1 Rob Portman ( R ) 57.3 % 102 ! Lean R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! 98 % R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! Safe R Portman Pennsylvania 099 ! D + 1 Pat Toomey ( R ) 51.0 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 098 ! 68 % D 098 ! 66 % D 098 ! Lean D Toomey Wisconsin 098 ! D + 2 Ron Johnson ( R ) 51.9 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 097 ! Tilt D 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 097 ! 87 % D 098 ! 72 % D 098 ! Lean D Johnson Cook , Sabato , Rothenberg , Daily Kos Elections , FiveThirtyEight , Real Clear Politics , Talking Points Memo , and the New York Times consider the states listed below to be safe seats for the party currently holding the seat . Safe Republican Safe Democratic Alabama California Arkansas Connecticut Idaho Hawaii Kansas Maryland North Dakota New York Oklahoma Oregon South Carolina Vermont South Dakota Washington Utah indicates an open seat Close Races ( edit ) Red denotes Senate races won by Republicans ; Blue denotes those won by Democrats . States where the margin of victory was under 1 % : New Hampshire , 0.14 % States where the margin of victory was between 1 % and 5 % : Pennsylvania , 1.43 % Nevada , 2.43 % Missouri , 2.79 % Wisconsin , 3.36 % States where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % : Colorado , 5.66 % North Carolina , 5.70 % Florida , 7.67 % Indiana , 9.70 % Primary dates ( edit ) This table shows the primary dates for regularly - scheduled elections . It also shows the type of primary . `` Open '' primary : any registered voter can vote in any party 's primary `` Closed '' primary , only voters registered with a specific party can vote in that party 's primary . `` Top - two '' primary , all candidates run against each other regardless of party affiliation , and the top two candidates advance to the second round of voting . ( In Louisiana , a candidate can win the election by winning a majority of the vote in the first round . ) All of the various other primary types are classified as `` hybrid . '' Alaska in 2008 provides one example of a hybrid primary : The Democratic Party allowed unaffiliated voters to vote in its primary , while the Republican Party only allowed party members to vote in its primary . State Date Type Alabama Mar. 1 Open Arkansas Mar. 1 Open Illinois Mar 15 Hybrid North Carolina Mar 15 Hybrid Ohio Mar 15 Hybrid Maryland April 26 Hybrid Pennsylvania April 26 Closed Indiana May 3 Open Idaho May 17 Hybrid Kentucky May 17 Closed Oregon May 17 Hybrid Georgia May 24 Open California June 7 Top - two Iowa June 7 Hybrid South Dakota June 7 Hybrid Nevada June 14 Closed North Dakota June 14 Open South Carolina June 14 Hybrid Colorado June 28 Hybrid New York June 28 Closed Oklahoma June 28 Hybrid Utah June 28 Hybrid Kansas Aug 2 Closed Missouri Aug 2 Open Washington Aug 2 Top - two Connecticut Aug 9 Hybrid Vermont Aug 9 Open Wisconsin Aug 9 Open Hawaii Aug 13 Open Alaska Aug 16 Hybrid Arizona Aug 30 Hybrid Florida Aug 30 Closed New Hampshire Sep 13 Hybrid Louisiana Nov 8 Top - two Indicates a state that requires primary run - off elections under certain conditions . Race Summary ( edit ) Elections leading to the next Congress ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3 , 2017 ; ordered by state . All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby Republican 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Richard Shelby ( Republican ) 64.0 % Ron Crumpton ( Democratic ) 35.8 % Others ( write - in ) 0.2 % Alaska Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski Republican 2002 ! 2002 ( Appointed ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Lisa Murkowski ( Republican ) 44 % Joe Miller ( Libertarian ) 29 % Margaret Stock ( Independent ) 13 % Ray Metcalfe ( Democratic ) 12 % Arizona McCain , John John McCain Republican 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ John McCain ( Republican ) 53 % Ann Kirkpatrick ( Democratic ) 41 % Pat Quinn ( independent / Write - in ) Gary Swing ( Green / Write - in ) 5 % Arkansas Boozman , John John Boozman Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ John Boozman ( Republican ) 59.7 % Conner Eldridge ( Democratic ) 36.3 % Frank Gilbert ( Libertarian ) 4.0 % California Boxer , Barbara Barbara Boxer Democratic 1992 1998 Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Democratic hold . √ Kamala Harris ( Democratic ) 61.8 % Loretta Sanchez ( Democratic ) 38.2 % Colorado Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet Democratic 2009 ! 2009 ( Appointed ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Michael Bennet ( Democratic ) 50.0 % Darryl Glenn ( Republican ) 44.3 % Lily Tang Williams ( Libertarian ) 3.6 Arn Menconi ( Green ) 1.3 Connecticut Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal Democratic Incumbent re-elected . √ Richard Blumenthal ( Democratic ) 63.2 % Dan Carter ( Republican ) 34.6 % Richard Lion ( Libertarian ) 1.1 Jeff Russell ( Green ) 1.0 Florida Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Marco Rubio ( Republican ) 52.0 % Patrick Murphy ( Democratic ) 44.3 % Paul Stanton ( Libertarian ) 2.1 Georgia Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Johnny Isakson ( Republican ) 54.8 % Jim Barksdale ( Democratic ) 41 % Allen Buckley ( Libertarian ) 4.16 % Hawaii Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz Democratic 2012 ! 2012 ( Appointed ) 2014 ( Special ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Brian Schatz ( Democratic ) 73.6 % John Carroll ( Republican ) 22.2 % Idaho Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo Republican 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Mike Crapo ( Republican ) 66.1 % Jerry Sturgill ( Democratic ) 27.8 % Ray Writz ( Constitution ) 6.0 % Illinois Kirk , Mark Mark Kirk Republican Incumbent lost re-election . New senator elected . Democratic gain . √ Tammy Duckworth ( Democratic ) 54.9 % Mark Kirk ( Republican ) 39.8 % Kent McMillen ( Libertarian ) 3.2 % Scott Summers ( Green ) 2.1 Indiana Coats , Dan Dan Coats Republican 1989 ( Appointed ) 1990 ( Special ) 1992 1998 ( Retired ) Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Republican hold . √ Todd Young ( Republican ) 52.1 % Evan Bayh ( Democratic ) 42.4 % Lucy Brenton ( Libertarian ) 5.5 % Iowa Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley Republican 1980 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Chuck Grassley ( Republican ) 60.1 % Patty Judge ( Democratic ) 35.7 % John Heiderscheit ( Libertarian ) 2.7 Kansas Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Jerry Moran ( Republican ) 62.1 % Patrick Wiesner ( Democratic ) 32.2 % Robert Garrard ( Libertarian ) 5.5 % Kentucky Paul , Rand Rand Paul Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Rand Paul ( Republican ) 57.27 % Jim Gray ( Democratic ) 42.73 % Louisiana Vitter , David David Vitter Republican Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Republican hold . √ John N. Kennedy ( Republican ) 60.65 % Foster Campbell ( Democratic ) 39.35 % Maryland Mikulski , Barbara Barbara Mikulski Democratic 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Democratic hold . √ Chris Van Hollen ( Democratic ) 60.9 % Kathy Szeliga ( Republican ) 35.7 % Margaret Flowers ( Green ) Missouri Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Roy Blunt ( Republican ) 49.3 % Jason Kander ( Democratic ) 46.2 % Jonathan Dine ( Libertarian ) Nevada Reid , Harry Harry Reid Democratic 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Democratic hold . √ Catherine Cortez Masto ( Democratic ) 47.1 % Joe Heck ( Republican ) 44.7 % Tom Jones ( Independent American ) Tony Gumina ( unaffiliated ) Tom Sawyer ( unaffiliated ) Jarrod Michael Williams ( unaffiliated ) ( None of these candidates ) New Hampshire Ayotte , Kelly Kelly Ayotte Republican Incumbent lost re-election . New senator elected . Democratic gain . √ Maggie Hassan ( Democratic ) 47.97 % Kelly Ayotte ( Republican ) 47.87 % Brian Chabot ( Libertarian ) New York Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer Democratic 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Chuck Schumer ( Democratic ) 70.4 % Wendy Long ( Republican ) 27.4 % Alex Merced ( Libertarian ) Robin Wilson ( Green ) North Carolina Burr , Richard Richard Burr Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Richard Burr ( Republican ) 51.1 % Deborah Ross ( Democratic ) 45.3 % Sean Haugh ( Libertarian ) North Dakota Hoeven , John John Hoeven Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ John Hoeven ( Republican ) 78.4 % Eliot Glassheim ( Democratic ) 17.0 % Robert Marquette ( Libertarian ) Ohio Portman , Rob Rob Portman Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Rob Portman ( Republican ) 58.0 % Ted Strickland ( Democratic ) 37.1 % Joseph DeMare ( Green ) Oklahoma Lankford , James James Lankford Republican 2014 ( Special ) Incumbent re-elected . √ James Lankford ( Republican ) 67.7 % Mike Workman ( Democratic ) 24.5 % Robert Murphy ( Libertarian ) Oregon Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden Democratic 1996 ( Special ) 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Ron Wyden ( Democratic ) 56.1 % Mark Callahan ( Republican ) 33.35 % Jim Lindsay ( Libertarian ) Eric Navickas ( Green ) Pennsylvania Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Pat Toomey ( Republican ) 48.9 % Katie McGinty ( Democratic ) 47.2 % Edward Clifford ( Libertarian ) South Carolina Scott , Tim Tim Scott Republican 2013 ! 2013 ( Appointed ) 2014 ( Special ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Tim Scott ( Republican ) 60.5 % Thomas Dixon ( Democratic ) 37.0 % Bill Bledsoe ( Libertarian ) South Dakota Thune , John John Thune Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ John Thune ( Republican ) 71.8 % Jay Williams ( Democratic ) 28.2 % Utah Lee , Mike Mike Lee Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Mike Lee ( Republican ) 68.1 % Misty K. Snow ( Democratic ) 27.1 % Stoney Fonua ( Independent American ) Bill Barron ( unaffiliated ) Vermont Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy Democratic 1980 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Patrick Leahy ( Democratic ) 59.9 % Scott Milne ( Republican ) 32.3 % Pete Diamondstone ( Liberty Union ) Cris Ericson ( Marijuana ) Jerry Trudell ( unaffiliated ) Washington Murray , Patty Patty Murray Democratic 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Patty Murray ( Democratic ) 59.04 % Chris Vance ( Republican ) 40.96 % Wisconsin Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Ron Johnson ( Republican ) 50.19 % Russ Feingold ( Democratic ) 46.84 % Phil Anderson ( Libertarian ) 2.7 % Alabama ( edit ) Alabama election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Richard Shelby Ron Crumpton Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,335,104 748,709 Percentage 63.9 % 35.8 % County results U.S. Senator before election Richard Shelby Republican Elected U.S. Senator Richard Shelby Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Alabama , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Alabama Incumbent Republican Richard Shelby won re-election to a sixth term in office . The primaries were held on March 1 . Ron Crumpton , a marijuana legalization activist , was the Democratic nominee . Shelby won re-election with 63.9 % of the vote . Shelby was first elected to the Senate in 1986 as a Democrat and was easily re-elected in 1992 as such . He switched his party affiliation to Republican on November 9 , 1994 , one day after the Republicans won control of both houses in the midterm elections . He won his first full term as a Republican in 1998 by a large margin and faced no significant opposition in 2004 or 2010 . Following the divisive Republican primary in Mississippi ahead of the 2014 election in which Senator Thad Cochran was almost defeated , it had been speculated that Shelby could also face a Tea Party primary challenger , due to his lengthy tenure and support for federal largesse . However , that did n't happen , in part due to his large campaign war chest , which stood at $19.4 million as of September 2015 . If Shelby had decided to retire , numerous high - profile Alabama Republicans were speculated to run , including U.S. Representatives Robert Aderholt , Mo Brooks , Bradley Byrne , Gary Palmer , Martha Roby , and Mike Rogers , State Treasurer Young Boozer , State Speaker Mike Hubbard , Lieutenant Governor Kay Ivey , State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh , Secretary of State John Merrill , U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor , Jr. , former Governor Bob Riley , and Attorney General Luther Strange . Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election . Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Richard Shelby 505,586 64.91 % Republican Jonathan McConnell 214,770 27.58 % Republican John Martin 23,558 3.02 % Republican Marcus Bowman 19,707 2.53 % Republican Shadrack McGill 15,230 1.96 % Total votes 778,851 100.00 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ron Crumpton 145,681 55.97 % Democratic Charles Nana 114,617 44.03 % Total votes 260,298 100.00 % United States Senate election in Alabama , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Richard Shelby ( incumbent ) 1,335,104 63.96 % Democratic Ron Crumpton 748,709 35.87 % Write - in Others 3,631 0.17 % Total votes 2,087,444 100.00 % Republican hold Alaska ( edit ) Alaska election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Lisa Murkowski Joe Miller Party Republican Libertarian Popular vote 138,149 90,825 Percentage 44.3 % 29.1 % Nominee Margaret Stock Ray Metcalfe Party Independent Democratic Popular vote 41,194 36,200 Percentage 13.2 % 11.6 % Results by state house district : Murkowski : 30 - 40 % 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % Miller : 40 - 50 % U.S. Senator before election Lisa Murkowski Republican Elected U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Alaska , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Alaska Two - term Senator Lisa Murkowski ( Republican ) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004 . She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller . She later ran as a write - in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40 % of the vote , making her one of two senators in US history to win election via write - in votes . She was 59 years old in 2016 . She ran for re-election . Thomas Lamb , a candidate for the State House in 2006 , and Bob Lochner filed to run against Murkowski . Other potential Republican primary challengers included 2010 nominee and 2014 candidate Joe Miller , State Senator Mike J. Dunleavy , former Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell , and former Mayor of Anchorage Dan Sullivan . The only person to file for the Democratic primary as of May 20 was writer and satirist Richard Grayson , who previously sought election to Wyoming 's House seat in 2014 . Potential Democratic candidates included State Senator Dennis Egan , State Representative Andy Josephson , State Senator Bill Wielechowski , State Senator Hollis French and State Senate Minority Leader Johnny Ellis . Former Senator Mark Begich was mentioned as a possible candidate , but he declined to run . Murkowski won her primary on August 16 , 2016 with 72 percent of the vote . Joe Miller received the Libertarian nomination and will run against Murkowski in the general election . Anchorage attorney and veteran Margaret Stock ran as an Independent candidate . Murkowski won re-election with 44 % of the vote compared to Miller with 30 % and Metcalfe with 11 % . 15 % went to other candidates . Murkowski has been re-elected three times now with 48 % in 2004 , 39.5 % in 2010 and 44 % in 2016 , never having won a majority . Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lisa Murkowski ( Incumbent ) 39,545 71.52 % Republican Bob Lochner 8,480 15.34 % Republican Paul Kendall 4,272 7.73 % Republican Thomas Lamb 2,996 5.42 % Total votes 55,293 100.00 % Other primary elections Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ray Metcalfe 15,228 50.06 % Democratic Edgar Blatchford 10,090 33.17 % Libertarian Cean Stevens 5,102 16.77 % Total votes 30,420 100.00 % General election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lisa Murkowski ( Incumbent ) 138,149 44.36 % Libertarian Joe Miller 90,825 29.16 % Independent Margaret Stock 41,194 13.23 % Democratic Ray Metcalfe 36,200 11.62 % Independent Breck A. Craig 2,609 0.84 % Independent Ted Gianoutsos 1,758 0.56 % Write - in Other write - in votes 706 0.23 % Total votes 311,441 100.00 % Republican hold Arizona ( edit ) Arizona election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John McCain Ann Kirkpatrick Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,359,267 1,031,245 Percentage 53.7 % 40.8 % Nominee Gary Swing Party Green Popular vote 138,634 Percentage 5.5 % County results U.S. Senator before election John McCain Republican Elected U.S. Senator John McCain Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Arizona Five - term Senator and Republican presidential candidate in 2008 John McCain was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 80 years old in 2016 . Despite speculation that he might retire , McCain ran for re-election . McCain faced primary challenges from Fair Tax activist Alex Meluskey , businessman David Pizer , talk radio host Clair Van Steenwyk , and State Senator Kelli Ward . David Pizer later dropped out of the race . Representatives Matt Salmon and David Schweikert were both mentioned as possible candidates , but both chose not to run . Other potential Republican candidates included former Governor Jan Brewer , businesswoman and 2014 gubernatorial candidate Christine Jones , former Governor of Alaska and 2008 vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin , former U.S. Representative John Shadegg , and former Arizona Attorney General Grant Woods . Congresswoman Ann Kirkpatrick and teacher Lennie Clark ran for the Democratic nomination . Lennie Clark dropped out and Ann Kirkpatrick became the Democratic nominee . Other potential Democratic candidates included U.S. Representative Ruben Gallego , former Surgeon General and 2012 nominee Richard Carmona , 2014 gubernatorial nominee Fred DuVal , Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton , and retired astronaut Mark Kelly , who is the husband of ex-Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords . Arizona Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John McCain 302,532 51.7 % Republican Kelli Ward 235,988 39.2 % Republican Alex Meluskey 31,159 5.5 % Republican Clair Van Steenwyk 21,476 3.6 % Republican Sean Webster ( Write - In ) 175 0.0 % Total votes 591,330 100.00 % Arizona Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ann Kirkpatrick 333,586 99.85 % Democratic Alex Bello ( Write - In ) 508 0.15 % Total votes 334,094 100.00 % Arizona Green primary election Party Candidate Votes % Green Gary Swing ( Write - In ) 238 100.00 % Total votes 238 100.00 % Arizona Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Merissa Hamilton ( Write - In ) 1,286 100.00 % Total votes 1,286 100.00 % Sen. McCain won re-election with 53 % to Kirkpatrick 's 41 % . Arizona general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican John McCain ( Incumbent ) 1,359,267 53.74 % - 5.33 % Democratic Ann Kirkpatrick 1,031,245 40.77 % + 5.99 % Green Gary Swing 138,634 5.48 % + 4.03 % Plurality 328,022 12.97 % Total votes 2,529,146 100.00 % Turnout 3,588,466 74.17 % ? Republican hold Swing Arkansas ( edit ) Arkansas election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John Boozman Conner Eldridge Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 661,984 400,602 Percentage 59.8 % 36.2 % County results U.S. Senator before election John Boozman Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Boozman Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Arkansas , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Arkansas One - term Senator John Boozman ( Republican ) defeated two - term Senator Blanche Lincoln with 58 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 65 years old in 2016 . Despite speculation that he might retire following health problems , Boozman ran for re-election . Fellow Republican Curtis Coleman , who ran against Boozman in 2010 but came in fifth place , ran again . Conner Eldridge , the former U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas , is the only Democrat who met the filing deadline . Frank Gilbert was the candidate for the Libertarian Party , and Jason Tate was running a write - in campaign . Arkansas Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Boozman 298,039 76.45 % Republican Curtis Coleman 91,795 23.55 % Total votes 389,834 100.00 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Conner Eldridge 214,228 100.00 % Total votes 214,228 100.00 % Sen. Boozman won re-election with 60 % to Eldridge 's 36 % . Arkansas general election < Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Boozman ( Incumbent ) 661,984 59.77 % Democratic Conner Eldridge 400,602 36.17 % Libertarian Frank Gilbert 43,866 3.96 % Write - ins Others 1,070 0.10 % Total votes 1,107,522 100.00 % Republican hold California ( edit ) California election ← 2010 2022 → Candidate Kamala Harris Loretta Sanchez Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 7,542,753 4,701,417 Percentage 61.6 % 38.4 % County Results Harris 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % Sanchez 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % U.S. Senator before election Barbara Boxer Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Kamala Harris Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from California Four - term Senator Barbara Boxer ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 52 % of the vote in 2010 . Boxer declined to run for re-election . California Attorney General Kamala Harris and U.S. Representative Loretta Sanchez , both Democrats , finished first and second , respectively , in California 's nonpartisan blanket primary , and will contest the general election . As such , Boxer 's successor is guaranteed to be a Democrat . This marks a historic first such occasion in California , ever since the Senate elections began in 1914 . Other Democrats on the primary ballot included `` President '' Cristina Grappo , Massie Munroe , Herbert Peters , Emory Rogers , and Steve Stokes . Among the potential candidates who declined to run were Governor Jerry Brown , Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom , U.S. Representatives Xavier Becerra and Adam Schiff , and Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti . Former state Republican Party chairs Tom Del Beccaro and Duf Sundheim , and former State Senator Phil Wyman ran , along with Don Krampe , Tom Palzer , Karen Roseberry , Greg Conlon , Von Huogo , Jerry Laws , Ron Unz , Jarrell Williamson , and George Yang . State Assemblymen Rocky Chavez was running as well , but withdrew from the race . Republicans who were once considered potential candidates but ruled out runs included San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer , former Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability and 2014 gubernatorial nominee Neel Kashkari , U.S. Representative Darrell Issa , and businesswoman and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2010 Carly Fiorina . Independent Mike Beitiks ran on a single - issue climate change platform . Polling conducted by the SurveyUSA from March 30 , 2016 to April 3 , 2016 indicated that Harris was ahead with 26 % , compared to Rep. Sánchez with 22 % , Del Beccaro with 8 % , Wyman with 8 % , and Sundheim with 3 % ; 7 % of those polled were supporting other candidates , and 24 % were undecided . Harris won the election with 62 % of the vote to Sanchez 's 38 % . California Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kamala Harris 3,000,689 39.9 % Democratic Loretta Sanchez 1,416,203 18.9 % Republican Duf Sundheim 584,251 7.8 % Republican Phil Wyman 352,821 4.7 % Republican Tom Del Beccaro 323,614 4.3 % Republican Greg Conlon 230,944 3.1 % Democratic Steve Stokes 168,805 2.2 % Republican George C. Yang 112,055 1.5 % Republican Karen Roseberry 110,557 1.5 % Libertarian Gail K. Lightfoot 99,761 1.3 % Democratic Massie Munroe 98,150 1.3 % Green Pamela Elizondo 95,677 1.3 % Republican Tom Palzer 93,263 1.2 % Republican Ron Unz 92,325 1.2 % Republican Don Krampe 69,635 0.9 % No party preference Eleanor García 65,084 0.9 % Republican Jarrell Williamson 64,120 0.9 % Republican Von Hougo 63,609 0.8 % Democratic President Cristina Grappo 63,330 0.8 % Republican Jerry J. Laws 53,023 0.7 % Libertarian Mark Matthew Herd 41,344 0.6 % Peace and Freedom John Thompson Parker 35,998 0.5 % No party preference Ling Ling Shi 35,196 0.5 % Democratic Herbert G. Peters 32,638 0.4 % Democratic Emory Peretz Rodgers 31,485 0.4 % No party preference Mike Beitiks 31,450 0.4 % No party preference Clive Grey 29,418 0.4 % No party preference Jason Hanania 27,715 0.4 % No party preference Paul Merritt 24,031 0.3 % No party preference Jason Kraus 19,318 0.3 % No party preference Don J. Grundmann 15,317 0.2 % No party preference Scott A. Vineberg 11,843 0.2 % No party preference Tim Gildersleeve 9,798 0.1 % No party preference Gar Myers 8,726 0.1 % Write - in Billy Falling 87 0.0 % Write - in Ric M. Llewellyn 32 0.0 % Write - in Alexis Stuart 10 0.0 % Total votes 7,512,322 100.0 % California general election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kamala Harris 7,542,753 61.6 % Democratic Loretta Sanchez 4,701,417 38.4 % Total votes 12,244,170 100.0 % Democratic hold Colorado ( edit ) Colorado election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Michael Bennet Darryl Glenn Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,370,710 1,215,318 Percentage 50.0 % 44.3 % County results U.S. Senator before election Michael Bennet Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Michael Bennet Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Colorado , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Colorado One - term Senator Michael Bennet ( Democrat ) was appointed in 2009 and elected to a full term with 48 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 51 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Businessman Robert Blaha , former Aurora councilman Ryan Frazier , El Paso County Commissioners Darryl Glenn , and Peggy Littleton , former Colorado State University Athletic Director Jack Graham , State Representative Jon Keyser , former SBA director Greg Lopez , State Senator Tim Neville , and Jefferson County Commissioner Donald Rosier ran for the Republican nomination . Glenn , Graham , Blaha , Keyser , and Frazier actually competed in the primary . Darryl Glenn won the Republican nomination with 37 % of the vote against four other opponents . Bennet won re-election with 50 % of the vote to Glenn 's 44 % . Colorado Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Michael Bennet ( Incumbent ) 262,344 100.00 % Total votes 262,344 100.00 % Colorado Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Darryl Glenn 131,125 37.74 % Republican Jack Graham 85,400 24.58 % Republican Robert Blaha 57,196 16.46 % Republican Jon Keyser 43,509 12.52 % Republican Ryan Frazier 30,241 8.70 % Total votes 347,471 100.00 % Colorado general election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Michael Bennet ( Incumbent ) 1,370,710 49.97 % Republican Darryl Glenn 1,215,318 44.31 % Libertarian Lily Tang Williams 99,277 3.62 % Green Arn Menconi 36,805 1.34 % Unity Bill Hammons 9,336 0.34 % Independent Dan Chapin 8,361 0.30 % Independent Paul Fiorino 3,216 0.12 % Total votes 2,743,023 100.00 % Democratic hold Connecticut ( edit ) Connecticut election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Richard Blumenthal Dan Carter Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,008,714 552,621 Percentage 63.2 % 34.6 % County results U.S. Senator before election Richard Blumenthal Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Connecticut One - term Senator Richard Blumenthal ( Democrat ) was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 70 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . State Representative Dan Carter , apparel company CEO and 2004 Senate nominee Jack Orchulli , and former Olympic athlete August Wolf ran for the Republican nomination . Another potential candidate was former West Hartford Town Councilor Joe Visconti , who ran for CT - 01 in 2008 and ran as an Independent for Governor in 2014 . Former U.S. Comptroller General and 2014 candidate for Lieutenant Governor David M. Walker , former U.S. Representative and 2010 candidate Rob Simmons , and economist and former CNBC television host Lawrence Kudlow declined to run . Blumenthal won re-election with 63 % of the vote to Carter 's 35 % . Connecticut general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Richard Blumenthal 920,766 57.68 % Working Families Richard Blumenthal 87,948 5.51 % Total Richard Blumenthal ( Incumbent ) 1,008,714 63.19 % + 7.95 % Republican Dan Carter 552,621 34.62 % - 8.53 % Libertarian Richard Lion 18,190 1.14 % Green Jeffery Russell 16,713 1.05 % Write - In Andrew Rule 26 0.00 % Write - In John M. Traceski 12 0.00 % Majority 449,973 28.42 % Total votes 1,596,276 100.00 % Democratic hold Florida ( edit ) Florida election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Marco Rubio Patrick Murphy Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 4,835,191 4,122,088 Percentage 52.0 % 44.3 % County results U.S. Senator before election Marco Rubio Republican Elected U.S. Senator Marco Rubio Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Florida One - term Senator Marco Rubio ( Republican ) was elected in a three - way race with 49 % of the vote in 2010 . In April 2014 , Rubio stated that he would not run for both the Senate and President in 2016 , as Florida law prohibits a candidate from appearing twice on a ballot . In April 2015 , he announced that he would run for President and would not seek re-election . After suspending his campaign on March 15 , 2016 , Rubio announced on June 22 , 2016 that he changed his mind and will run for re-election . U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis , combat veteran Todd Wilcox , real estate developer Carlos Beruff , retired college lecturer Ilya Katz , and Donald J. DeRenzo ran for the Republican nomination . Ben Carson , retired neurosurgeon and candidate for President in 2016 is also mentioned as a potential candidate . On June 17 , 2016 , U.S. Representative David Jolly withdrew from the race to run for re-election to his House seat , four days after Rubio began openly considering reversing his decision to not run for re-election . U.S. Representative Patrick Murphy defeated fellow representative Alan Grayson , as well as Pam Keith , Lateresa Jones , Richard Coleman , Sam Brian Gibbons , and Josh Larose , for the Democratic nomination . Murphy lost to incumbent Marco Rubio in the November general election on November 8 . Sen. Rubio won re-election with 52 % of the vote compared to Murphy 's 44 % . Florida Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Marco Rubio ( Incumbent ) 1,029,830 71.99 % Republican Carlos Beruff 264,427 18.49 % Republican Dwight Young 91,082 6.37 % Republican Ernie Rivera 45,153 3.16 % Total votes 1,430,492 100.00 % Florida Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patrick Murphy 665,985 58.92 % Democratic Alan Grayson 199,929 17.72 % Democratic Pam Keith 173,919 15.40 % Democratic Rocky De La Fuente 60,810 5.38 % Democratic Reginald Luster 29,138 2.58 % Total votes 1,129,781 100.00 % Georgia ( edit ) Georgia election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Johnny Isakson Jim Barksdale Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,135,806 1,599,726 Percentage 54.8 % 41.0 % County results U.S. Senator before election Johnny Isakson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Georgia , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Georgia Two - term Senator Johnny Isakson ( Republican ) was re-elected with 58 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 71 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . In 2015 , Isakson announced he was being treated for Parkinson 's disease , but stated that his treatment would not interfere with his re-election campaign or his ability to serve another term . Mary Kay Bacallao , college professor , former Fayette County Board of Education member , and candidate for State Superintendent of Schools in 2014 and Derrick Grayson , candidate for the state 's other Senate seat in 2014 , challenged Isakson for the Republican nomination . Isakson won the Republican nomination with more than three quarters of the vote . Investment firm executive Jim Barksdale , project manager Cheryl Copeland , and businessman John Coyne ran for the Democratic nomination . USAF veteran Jim Knox was running but dropped out of the race . Barksdale defeated Copeland in a close race to win the Democratic nomination . Sen. Isakson won re-election with 55 % to Barksdale 's 41 % . Georgia Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Johnny Isakson ( Incumbent ) 447,661 77.50 % Republican Derrick Grayson 69,101 11.96 % Republican Mary Kay Bacallao 60,898 10.54 % Total votes 577,660 100.00 % Georgia Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jim Barksdale 166,627 53.74 % Democratic Cheryl Copeland 130,822 42.19 % Democratic John Coyne 12,604 4.07 % Total votes 310,053 100.00 % Georgia general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Johnny Isakson ( Incumbent ) 2,135,806 54.80 % Democratic Jim Barksdale 1,599,726 41.04 % Libertarian Allen Buckley 162,260 4.16 % Total votes 3,897,792 100.00 % Republican hold Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii election ← 2014 2022 → Nominee Brian Schatz John Carroll Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 306,604 92,653 Percentage 70.1 % 21.2 % County results U.S. Senator before election Brian Schatz Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Brian Schatz Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Hawaii In 2012 , Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie appointed Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz ( Democrat ) to take the place of deceased nine - term Senator Daniel Inouye . Schatz won a 2014 special election to serve the remainder of Inouye 's term . Schatz ran for re-election . Former U.S. Representative and 2014 Senate candidate Colleen Hanabusa may challenge Schatz in the primary again , while U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard declined to seek the Democratic nomination for the seat . Charles Collins , a Republican who ran for the Senate in 2012 and for Governor in 2014 , was seeking the nomination again , but withdrew from the race . Sen. Schatz won re-election with 74 % of the vote compared to Carroll 's 22 % . Hawaii Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Brian Schatz ( Incumbent ) 162,891 86.17 % Democratic Makani Christensen 11,898 6.29 % Democratic Miles Shiratori 8,620 4.56 % Democratic Arturo Reyes 3,819 2.02 % Democratic Tutz Honeychurch 1,815 0.96 % Total votes 189,043 100.00 % Hawaii Constitution primary election Party Candidate Votes % Constitution Joy Allison 217 100.00 % Total votes 217 100.00 % Hawaii American Shopping primary election Party Candidate Votes % Independent John Giuffre 111 100.00 % Total votes 111 100.00 % Hawaii general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Brian Schatz ( Incumbent ) 306,604 70.1 % N / A Republican John Carroll 92,653 21.2 % N / A Constitution Joy Allison 9,103 2.1 % N / A Libertarian Michael Kokowski 6,809 1.6 % N / A Independent John Giuffre 1,393 0.3 % Blank votes 20,763 4.7 % Over votes 339 0.0 % Majority 213,951 48.88 % Total votes 437,664 100.0 % Democratic hold Swing Idaho ( edit ) Idaho election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Mike Crapo Jerry Sturgill Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 449,017 188,249 Percentage 66.1 % 27.7 % Nominee Ray Writz Party Constitution Popular vote 41,677 Percentage 6.1 % County results U.S. Senator before election Mike Crapo Republican Elected U.S. Senator Mike Crapo Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Idaho , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Idaho Three - term Senator Mike Crapo ( Republican ) was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2010 . Crapo was 65 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . U.S Representative Raul Labrador declined to challenge Crapo in the Republican primary . Jerry Sturgill ran for the Democratic nomination . Perennial candidate Pro-Life ran as an independent . He was defeated in the Constitution Party primary on May 17 , 2016 to Ray J. Writz . Sen. Crapo was re-elected . Idaho Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mike Crapo 119,633 100.00 % Total votes 119,633 100.00 % Idaho Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jerry Sturgill 26,471 100.00 % Total votes 26,471 100.00 % Idaho Constitution primary election Party Candidate Votes % Constitution Ray J. Writz 131 59.5 % Constitution Pro-Life 89 40.5 % Total votes 220 100.0 % Idaho general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Mike Crapo ( Incumbent ) 449,017 66.13 % - 5.06 % Democratic Jerry Sturgill 188,249 27.73 % N / A Constitution Ray J. Writz 41,677 6.14 % N / A Majority 260,768 38.40 % Total votes 678,943 100.0 % + 51.06 % Republican hold Swing Illinois ( edit ) Illinois election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Tammy Duckworth Mark Kirk Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 3,012,940 2,184,693 Percentage 54.9 % 39.8 % Duckworth : 40 - 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % Kirk : 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % U.S. Senator before election Mark Kirk Republican Elected U.S. Senator Tammy Duckworth Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Illinois , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Illinois One - term Senator Mark Kirk ( Republican ) was elected with 48 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 57 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Kirk suffered a stroke in January 2012 that kept him away from the Senate until January 2013 . In June 2013 , he confirmed that he was planning to run for re-election , but speculation he might retire persisted . In November 2014 , Kirk reiterated that he was going to run for re-election , saying : `` No frickin ' way am I retiring . '' Joe Walsh , a former U.S. Representative and conservative talk radio host , declined to challenge Kirk in the Republican primary . Two others filed for the right to challenge Senator Kirk in the primary : businessman James Marter , and Elizabeth Pahlke , but Pahlke was disqualified , so only Marter was on the ballot running against Kirk . On March 15 , Kirk won the primary with 71 % of the vote . U.S. Representative Tammy Duckworth , President and CEO of the Chicago Urban League Andrea Zopp , and State Senator Napoleon Harris ran for the Democratic nomination . On March 15 , Duckworth won the primary with 64 % of the vote . In December 2015 , Jim Brown , a teacher and former businessman , announced he was running as an independent . Chris Aguayo , an Iraq / Afghan war Veteran and Veterans Party State Chair , announced he was running representing the Veterans Party . Rep. Duckworth unseated Sen. Kirk with 55 % compared to his 40 % . United States Senate election in Illinois Republican Primary , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Mark Kirk ( Incumbent ) 931,619 70.6 + 14.0 Republican James T. Marter 388,571 29.4 N / A Majority 543,048 41.2 + 3.9 Turnout 1,320,191 + 77.9 Illinois Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Tammy Duckworth 1,220,128 64.38 % Democratic Andrea Zopp 455,729 24.05 % Democratic Napoleon Harris 219,286 11.57 % Total votes 1,859,257 100.00 % Illinois general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Tammy Duckworth 3,012,940 54.9 + 8.5 Republican Mark Kirk ( Incumbent ) 2,184,692 39.8 - 8.2 Libertarian Kenton McMillen 175,988 3.2 + 0.8 Green Scott Summers 117,619 2.1 - 1.1 Write - in Chad Koppie 408 . 007 N / A Write - in Jim Brown 106 . 002 N / A Write - in Christopher Aguayo 77 . 001 N / A Write - in Susana Sandoval 42 . 0008 N / A Write - in Eric Kufi James Stewart 5 . 00009 N / A Write - in Patricia Beard . 00002 N / A Majority 828,248 15.1 + 13.5 Turnout 5,491,878 + 48.2 Democratic gain from Republican Swing Indiana ( edit ) Indiana election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Todd Young Evan Bayh Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,423,991 1,158,974 Percentage 52.1 % 42.4 % Nominee Lucy Brenton Party Libertarian Popular vote 149,481 Percentage 5.5 % County results U.S. Senator before election Dan Coats Republican Elected U.S. Senator Todd Young Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Indiana Three - term Senator Dan Coats ( Republican ) was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2010 ; Coats served in the Senate from 1989 to 1999 and then returned to serve another term from 2011 to 2017 . Coats did not run for re-election . Republican candidates include U.S. Representatives Marlin Stutzman and Todd Young . Coats 's chief of Staff Eric Holcomb was a candidate , but withdrew from the race . Former U.S. Representative Baron Hill won the Democratic nomination on May 3 , but withdrew in July 2016 in favor of Evan Bayh . Bayh held the seat from 1999 until his retirement in 2011 , and also served as Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997 . Former non-profit director John Dickerson also announced he was going to run , but suspended his campaign in early 2016 . Former Sen. Bayh lost his bid to regain his seat to Rep. Young . Rep Young garnered 52 % to Bayh 's 42 % Indiana Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Todd Young 661,136 67.0 % Republican Marlin Stutzman 324,429 33.0 % Total votes 985,565 100.0 % Indiana Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Baron Hill 516,183 100.00 % Total votes 516,183 100.00 % Indiana general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Todd Young 1,423,991 52.11 % Democratic Evan Bayh 1,158,947 42.41 % Libertarian Lucy Brenton 149,481 5.47 % Write - in James L. Johnson , Jr . 127 0.01 % Majority 265,044 9.70 % Total votes 2,732,573 100.00 % Republican hold Iowa ( edit ) Iowa election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Chuck Grassley Patty Judge Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 926,007 549,460 Percentage 60.1 % 35.7 % County Results Grassley 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Judge 50 - 60 % U.S. Senator before election Chuck Grassley Republican Elected U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Iowa , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Iowa Six - term Senator Chuck Grassley was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 83 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Talk radio host Robert Rees announced he was going to challenge Grassley for the nomination , but later withdrew . Former Lt Governor Patty Judge earned the Democratic nomination by defeating State Senator Rob Hogg , former state Senator Tom Fiegen , and former state representative Bob Krause . Former state representative Ray Zirkelbach briefly ran but ended his campaign soon after . Sen. Grassley won re-election with 60 % to Judge 's 36 % . Iowa Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Chuck Grassley ( Incumbent ) 90,089 98.36 % Republican Write - ins 1,500 1.64 % Total votes 91,589 100.00 % Iowa Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patty Judge 46,322 47.62 % Democratic Rob Hogg 37,801 38.86 % Democratic Tom Fiegen 6,573 6.76 % Democratic Bob Krause 6,425 6.60 % Democratic Write - ins 154 0.16 % Total votes 97,275 100.00 % Iowa general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Chuck Grassley ( Incumbent ) 926,007 60.09 % - 4.26 % Democratic Patty Judge 549,460 35.66 % + 2.36 % Libertarian John Heiderscheit 41,794 2.71 % + 0.44 % Independent Jim Hennager 17,649 1.15 % N / A Independent Michael Luick - Thrams 4,441 0.29 % N / A Write - ins 1,685 0.11 % + 0.03 % Majority 376,547 24.43 % - 6.62 % Turnout 1,541,036 Republican hold Swing Kansas ( edit ) Kansas election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Jerry Moran Patrick Wiesner Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 732,376 379,740 Percentage 62.2 % 32.2 % Nominee Robert Garrard Party Libertarian Popular vote 65,760 Percentage 5.6 % County results U.S. Senator before election Jerry Moran Republican Elected U.S. Senator Jerry Moran Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Kansas , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Kansas One - term Senator Jerry Moran ( Republican ) was elected with 70 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 62 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Radiologist and 2014 Senate candidate Milton R. Wolf and U.S. Representative Tim Huelskamp declined to run . Patrick Wiesner , an attorney and a candidate for the Senate in 2010 and 2014 , defeated Monique Singh - Bey for the Democratic nomination . Potential candidates who declined to run included Wichita Mayor Carl Brewer , 2014 Governor nominee Paul Davis , former Kansas City Mayor Joe Reardon , former U.S. Representative and 2008 nominee Jim Slattery , and 2014 KS - 02 nominee Margie Wakefield . Sen. Moran won re-election with 62 % to Wiesner 's 32 % . Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jerry Moran 230,907 79.09 % Republican D.J. Smith 61,056 20.91 % Total votes 291,963 100.00 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patrick Wiesner 59,522 62.94 % Democratic Monique Singh - Bey 35,042 37.06 % Total votes 94,564 100.00 % Libertarian primary results Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robert Garrard 100.00 % Total votes 100.00 % Kansas general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Jerry Moran 732,376 62.18 % - 8.16 % Democratic Patrick Wiesner 379,740 32.24 % + 6.08 % Libertarian Robert D. Garrard 65,760 5.58 % + 3.46 % Independent ( United States ) DJ Smith 46 0.00 % N / A Majority 352,636 29.94 % Total votes 1,177,922 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Rand Paul Jim Gray Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,090,177 813,246 Percentage 57.3 % 42.7 % County results U.S. Senator before election Rand Paul Republican Elected U.S. Senator Rand Paul Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Kentucky , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Kentucky One - term Senator Rand Paul ( Republican ) was elected with 56 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 53 years old in 2016 . Paul filed for re-election , although he was also running for President of the United States in 2016 . Although Kentucky law did not allow for a candidate to appear twice on the same ballot , Paul successfully convinced the Kentucky GOP to adopt a caucus system for 2016 , allowing Paul to run for president and for the Senate simultaneously . Kentucky law still bars Paul from appearing twice on the ballot in the general election . However , on February 3 , 2016 , Paul ended his campaign for the presidency and ran for reelection . James Gould and Stephen Slaughter filed to run against Paul . Paul won the Republican primary , receiving 169,180 votes ( about 85 % ) ; James R. Gould received 16,611 ( about 8 % ) and Stephen Howard Slaughter received 13,728 ( about 7 % ) . Lexington Mayor Jim Gray , Rory Houlihan , Ron Leach , Sellus Wilder Jeff Kender , Tom Recktenwald ( who was a candidate in 2014 ) , and Grant Short ran for the Democratic nomination . Gray won the nomination . Paul won re-election with 57 % of the vote to Gray 's 43 % . Kentucky Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rand Paul 169,180 84.79 % Republican James Gould 16,611 8.33 % Republican Stephen Slaughter 13,728 6.88 % Total votes 199,519 100.00 % Kentucky Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jim Gray 240,613 58.73 % Democratic Sellus Wilder 52,728 12.87 % Democratic Ron Leach 39,026 9.53 % Democratic Tom Recktenwald 21,910 5.35 % Democratic Grant Short 21,558 5.26 % Democratic Jeff Kender 20,239 4.94 % Democratic Rory Houlihan 13,585 3.32 % Total votes 409,659 100.00 % Kentucky general electionref name = KYGeneralresults > `` Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Secretary of State . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . < / ref > Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Rand Paul ( Incumbent ) 1,090,177 57.27 % + 1.58 % Democratic Jim Gray 813,246 42.73 % - 1.53 % Write - ins 42 0.00 % N / A Majority 276,931 14.55 % Total votes 1,903,465 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana election ← 2010 November 8 and December 10 , 2016 2022 → Nominee John Kennedy Foster Campbell Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 536,191 347,816 Percentage 60.7 % 39.3 % Parish Results Kennedy 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Campbell 50 - 60 % 80 - 90 % U.S. Senator before election David Vitter Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Kennedy Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Louisiana , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Louisiana Two - term Senator David Vitter ( Republican ) was re-elected with 57 % of the vote in 2010 . After losing the 2015 gubernatorial race , Vitter chose to retire from the Senate at the end of his term . Republicans who ran for the seat included U.S. Representatives Charles Boustany and John Fleming , former U.S. Representative Joseph Cao , State Treasurer John Kennedy , retired U.S. Air Force Colonel Rob Maness , and former Louisiana State Representative David Duke . Other potential Republican candidates included Public Service Commissioner Erik Skrmetta , 2014 candidate for LA - 05 Zach Dasher , state representative Paul Hollis , and former President of Jefferson Parish John Young . Democratic candidates included Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell , attorney Derrick Edwards , Caroline Fayard , an attorney and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2010 , and businessman Josh Pellerin . Other potential Democratic candidates included state legislators Robert Johnson , Eric LaFleur , and Gary Smith , Jr. , and Mayor of Alexandria Jacques Roy . Former U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu and her brother , New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu , declined to run . As no candidate won a majority of the vote in the `` jungle primary '' , a runoff election was held on December 10 to choose between Kennedy and Campbell ( the 2 candidates with the most votes in the primary ) . John Kennedy was declared the winner of the runoff election with 61 % of the vote to Campbell 's 39 % . Louisiana general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican John Kennedy 536,191 60.65 % + 4.09 % Democratic Foster Campbell 347,816 39.35 % + 1.68 % Majority 188,375 21.30 % Total votes 884,007 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Maryland ( edit ) Maryland election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Chris Van Hollen Kathy Szeliga Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,659,907 972,557 Percentage 60.9 % 35.7 % County results U.S. Senator before election Barbara Mikulski Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Maryland Five - term U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski of the Democratic Party was re-elected with 62 % of the vote in 2010 . She is the longest - serving female Senator and the longest - serving woman in the history of the U.S. Congress . She is not seeking re-election . The candidates who filed for the Democratic nomination were : U.S. Representatives Donna Edwards and Chris Van Hollen , Freddie Donald Dickson , Jr. , Ralph Jaffe , Theresa Scaldaferri , Charles Smith , Violate Staley , Blaine Taylor , Ed Tinus , and Lih Young . Van Hollen won the April 26 primary . The Republican candidates who filed were former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense and Senate candidate in 2012 Richard Douglas , Chrys Kefalas , State Delegate Kathy Szeliga , Chris Chaffee , Sean Connor , John Graziani , Greg Holmes , Joseph David Hooe , Mark McNicholas , Lynn Richardson , Anthony Seda , Richard Shawver , Dave Walle , and Garry T. Yarrington . Szeliga won the primary and will face Van Hollen in the general election . Rep. Van Hollen won election to the Senate with 61 % of the vote to Szeliga 's 36 % . Maryland Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chris Van Hollen 470,320 53.2 % Democratic Donna Edwards 343,620 38.9 % Democratic Freddie Dickson 14,856 1.7 % Democratic Theresa Scaldaferri 13,178 1.5 % Democratic Violet Staley 10,244 1.2 % Democratic Lih Young 8,561 1.0 % Democratic Charles Smith 7,912 0.9 % Democratic Ralph Jaffe 7,161 0.8 % Democratic Blaine Taylor 5,932 0.7 % Democratic Ed Tinus 2,560 0.3 % Total votes 884,344 100.00 % Maryland Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kathy Szeliga 135,337 35.6 % Republican Chris Chaffee 52,066 13.7 % Republican Chrys Kefalas 36,340 9.6 % Republican Richard Douglas 29,007 7.6 % Republican Dave Wallace 23,226 6.1 % Republican Sean Connor 21,727 5.7 % Republican Lynn Richardson 20,792 5.5 % Republican John Graziani 16,722 4.4 % Republican Greg Holmes 16,148 4.3 % Republican Mark McNicholas 9,988 2.6 % Republican Joe Hooe 8,282 2.2 % Republican Anthony Seda 3,873 1.0 % Republican Richard Shawver 3,155 0.8 % Republican Garry Yarrington 2,988 0.8 % Total votes 379,651 100.00 % Maryland Green primary election Party Candidate Votes % Green Margaret Flowers 125 98.0 % Green None of the above 2.0 % Total votes 128 100.00 % Maryland general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chris Van Hollen 1,659,907 60.89 % - 1.30 % Republican Kathy Szeliga 972,557 35.67 % - 0.08 % Green Margaret Flowers 89,970 3.30 % + 2.06 % Write - ins 3,736 0.14 % + 0.03 % Majority 687,350 25.21 % Total votes 2,726,170 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing Missouri ( edit ) Missouri election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Roy Blunt Jason Kander Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,378,458 1,300,200 Percentage 49.18 % 46.39 % County results U.S. Senator before election Roy Blunt Republican Elected U.S. Senator Roy Blunt Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Missouri One - term Senator Roy Blunt ( Republican ) was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 66 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Former U.S. Representative and 2012 Senate nominee Todd Akin was rumored to be a possible candidate , but declined to run . Three candidates ran against Blunt for the Republican nomination , the best - known being sales manager , tea party activist , and 2010 candidate Kristin Nichols , but Blunt won decisively with 72 % of the vote . For the Democrats , Secretary of State Jason Kander easily won the nomination , defeating Robert Mack , Pastor Cori Bush and activist Chief Wana Dubie . Governor Jay Nixon and State Treasurer Clint Zweifel chose not to seek election to the Senate . Sen. Blunt won re-election with 49 % of the vote to Kander 's 46 % . Missouri Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Roy Blunt 481,444 72.55 % Republican Kristi Nichols 134,025 20.20 % Republican Ryan Luethy 29,328 4.42 % Republican Bernie Mowinski 18,789 2.83 % Total votes 663,586 100.00 % Missouri Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jason Kander 223,492 69.87 % Democratic Cori Bush 42,453 13.27 % Democratic Chief Wana Dubie 30,432 9.51 % Democratic Robert Mack 23,509 7.35 % Total votes 319,886 100.00 % Missouri Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Jonathan Dine 2,002 54.90 % Libertarian Herschel Young 1,642 45.06 % Total votes 3,644 100.00 % Missouri Constitution primary election Party Candidate Votes % Constitution Fred Ryman 545 100.00 % Total votes 545 100.00 % Missouri general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Roy Blunt 1,378,458 49.18 % - 5.05 % Democratic Jason Kander 1,300,200 46.39 % + 5.76 % Libertarian Jonathan Dine 67,738 2.42 % - 0.60 % Green Johnathan McFarland 30,743 1.10 % N / A Constitution Fred Ryman 25,407 0.91 % - 1.22 % Write - ins 95 0.03 % N / A Plurality 78,258 2.79 % Total votes 2,802,641 100.00 % Republican hold Nevada ( edit ) Nevada election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Catherine Cortez Masto Joe Heck Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 521,994 495,079 Percentage 47.1 % 44.7 % County results U.S. Senator before election Harry Reid Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Catherine Cortez Masto Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Nevada Five - term Senator and Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 50 % of the vote in 2010 . Reid is not seeking re-election . Former Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto earned the Democratic nomination , defeating Bobby Mahendra , Liddo Susan O'Briant , and Allen Rheinhart in the primary on June 14 , 2016 . Congressman Joe Heck defeated eight candidates , including 2010 nominee Sharron Angle , who ran against Reid in 2010 , for the Republican nomination . Jarrod M. Williams , an independent candidate ran for the seat . He describes himself as a Democratic Socialist , a supporter of Bernie Sanders , and is a member of the Socialist Party USA , although the party does n't have a chapter in the State of Nevada . Cortez Masto was elected with 47.1 % of the vote to Heck 's 44.7 % . Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Catherine Cortez Masto 81,944 81.0 % Democratic Allen Rheinhart 5,645 6.0 % Democratic None of these candidates 5,498 5.0 % Democratic Liddo Susan O'Briant 4,834 5.0 % Democratic Bobby Mahendra 3,760 3.0 % Total votes 101,681 100.0 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joe Heck 74,517 65.0 % Republican Sharron Angle 26,142 23.0 % Republican None of these candidates 3,902 3.0 % Republican Thomas Heck 3,570 3.0 % Republican Eddie Hamilton 2,507 2.0 % Republican D'Nese Davis 1,937 1.8 % Republican Bill Tarbell 1,179 1.0 % Republican Robert Leeds 662 0.6 % Republican Juston Preble 582 0.5 % Republican Carlo Poliak 279 0.2 % Total votes 114,827 100.0 % Nevada general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Catherine Cortez Masto 521,994 47.10 % - 3.19 % Republican Joe Heck 495,079 44.67 % + 0.12 % None of These Candidates -- 42,257 3.81 % + 1.56 % Independent American ( Nev . ) Tom Jones 17,128 1.55 % + 1.11 % Independent Tony Guinta 10,740 0.97 % N / A Independent Jarrod Williams 6,888 0.62 % N / A Plurality 26,231 2.37 % Total votes 1,108,294 100.00 % + 53.64 % Democratic hold Swing Democratic hold New Hampshire ( edit ) New Hampshire election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Maggie Hassan Kelly Ayotte Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 354,649 353,632 Percentage 48.0 % 47.8 % Hassan : 40 - 50 % 50 -- 60 % Ayotte : 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % U.S. Senator before election Kelly Ayotte Republican Elected U.S. Senator Maggie Hassan Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in New Hampshire , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from New Hampshire One - term Senator Kelly Ayotte ( Republican ) was elected with 60 % of the vote in 2010 . She was 48 years old in 2016 . Ayotte ran for re-election . Jim Rubens , a former state senator , candidate for Governor in 1998 and for the Senate in 2014 , announced a challenge to Ayotte in the primary , but Ayotte won the nomination . Brian Chabot is the Libertarian candidate for US Senate in 2016 . He is a relative newcomer to politics , having run for US Senate in 2010 and US Representative in 2014 . Governor Maggie Hassan ran for the Democratic nomination . Other potential candidates include Executive Councilor Chris Pappas , State Senators Dan Feltes and Donna Soucy , Portsmouth City Councilor and daughter of U.S. Senator Jeanne Shaheen Stefany Shaheen , and campaign manager for Senator Shaheen Mike Vlacich . A series of polls taken by WMUR / UNH in February , April , and July 2016 , as well as WBUR polls taken in May and July / August , show Hassan gaining support over time and now leading Ayotte . Gov. Hassan won a very close election , 353,978 or 47.97 % , to Sen. Ayotte 's 353,262 or 47.87 % , a difference of 716 votes . Sen. Ayotte conceded the race to Gov. Hassan around noon Wednesday November 9 , 2016 . New Hampshire Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kelly Ayotte 86,558 78.55 % Republican Jim Rubens 19,139 17.37 % Republican Tom Alciere 1,586 1.44 % Republican Gerald Beloin 1,252 1.14 % Republican Stanley Emanuel 1,187 1.08 % Democratic Maggie Hassan ( write - in ) 301 0.27 % Scatter 167 0.15 % Total votes 110,190 100.00 % New Hampshire general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Margaret Wood Hassan 354,649 47.98 % + 11.28 % Republican Kelly Ann Ayotte ( Incumbent ) 353,632 47.84 % - 12.28 % Independent Aaron Day 17,742 2.40 % N / A Libertarian Brian Chabot 12,597 1.70 % + 0.65 % Plurality 1,017 0.14 % Turnout 738,620 100.00 % Democratic gain from Republican Swing New York ( edit ) New York election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Chuck Schumer Wendy Long Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 5,221,945 2,009,355 Percentage 70.6 % 27.2 % Schumer : 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % Long : 50 -- 60 % U.S. Senator before election Chuck Schumer Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from New York Three - term Senator Chuck Schumer ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 66 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 66 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Chuck Schumer has been elected leader of the Senate Democrats succeeding Harry Reid . Wendy Long , the Republican nominee in 2012 , ran as the nominee of Republican , Conservative , and Reform Parties . Other potential Republican candidates included U.S. Representatives Chris Gibson and Peter T. King . U.S. Representative Richard L. Hanna , Manhattan Republican Party Chairwoman Adele Malpass , and former CNBC television host Larry Kudlow were also mentioned as possible candidates , but all have declined to run . Robin Laverne Wilson , the Green Party of New York nominee , received 1.5 % of the vote . Alex Merced , the Libertarian Party candidate , received 0.7 % of the vote . New York general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chuck Schumer 4,784,218 61.34 % N / A Working Families Chuck Schumer 241,672 3.10 % N / A Independence Chuck Schumer 150,654 1.93 % N / A Women 's Equality Chuck Schumer 45,401 0.58 % N / A Total Chuck Schumer 5,221,945 66.95 % + 2.97 % Republican Wendy Long 1,723,920 22.10 % N / A Conservative ( N.Y. ) Wendy Long 267,622 3.43 % N / A Reform Wendy Long 17,813 0.23 % N / A Total Wendy Long 2,009,335 25.76 % - 0.58 % Green Robin Laverne Wilson 113,413 1.45 % + 0.45 % Libertarian Alex Merced 48,120 0.62 % + 0.02 % None Blank / Void / Scattering 407,786 5.22 % N / A Total votes 7,800,619 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing North Carolina ( edit ) North Carolina election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Richard Burr Deborah K. Ross Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,395,376 2,128,165 Percentage 51.1 % 45.4 % County results U.S. Senator before election Richard Burr Republican Elected U.S. Senator Richard Burr Republican Main article : United States Senate election in North Carolina , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from North Carolina Two - term Senator Richard Burr ( Republican ) was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 61 years old in 2016 . There had been speculation that Burr might retire , but he ran for re-election . Three Republicans challenged Burr in the primary : Greg Brannon , Larry Holmquist , and former Superior Court Judge Paul Wright . On March 15 , Burr won the primary with 61 % of the vote . Former state representative Deborah Ross , Spring Lake Mayor Chris Rey , businessman Kevin Griffin , and retired U.S. Army Captain Ernest Reeves ran for the Democratic nomination . Former U.S. Senator Kay Hagan , state treasurer Janet Cowell , and Anthony Foxx , the United States Secretary of Transportation and former Mayor of Charlotte , declined to run . On March 15 , Ross won the primary with 62 % of the vote . Burr won re-election 51 % to 45 % for Ross . North Carolina Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Richard Burr 622,074 61.41 % Republican Greg Brannon 255,030 25.17 % Republican Paul Wright 85,944 8.48 % Republican Larry Holmquist 50,010 4.94 % Total votes 1,013,058 100.00 % North Carolina Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Deborah Ross 614,414 62.32 % Democratic Chris Rey 162,869 16.52 % Democratic Kevin Griffin 115,618 11.73 % Democratic Ernest Reeves 93,005 9.43 % Total votes 985,906 100.00 % North Carolina general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Richard Burr ( Incumbent ) 2,395,376 51.06 % - 3.75 % Democratic Deborah Ross 2,128,165 45.37 % + 2.32 % Libertarian Sean Haugh 167,592 3.57 % + 1.48 % Majority 267,208 5.69 % 6.07 % Total votes 4,691,133 100.00 % + 76.35 % Republican hold Swing North Dakota ( edit ) North Dakota election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John Hoeven Eliot Glassheim Party Republican Democratic - NPL Popular vote 268,788 58,116 Percentage 78.5 % 17.0 % County results U.S. Senator before election John Hoeven Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Hoeven Republican Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota One - term Senator John Hoeven ( Republican ) was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 59 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Democrats endorsed state representative Eliot Glassheim On November 7 , 2015 , the Libertarian party nominated Robert Marquette . Hoeven defeated Glassheim 78 % to 17 % . North Dakota Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Hoeven 103,677 99.57 % Republican Write - in 445 0.43 % Total votes 104,122 100.00 % Democratic - NPL primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic - NPL Eliot Glassheim 17,243 99.72 % Democratic - NPL Write - in 48 0.28 % Total votes 17,291 100.00 % Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robert Marquette 1,089 99.54 % Libertarian Write - in 5 0.46 % Total votes 1,094 100.00 % North Dakota general election < Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican John Hoeven 268,788 78.48 % + 2.40 % Democratic - NPL Eliot Glassheim 58,116 16.97 % - 5.20 % Libertarian Robert Marquette 10,556 3.08 % + 1.45 % Independent James Germalic 4,675 1.36 % N / A Write - ins 366 0.11 % N / A Majority 210,672 61.51 % Turnout 342,501 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Ohio ( edit ) Ohio election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Rob Portman Ted Strickland Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 3,118,567 1,996,908 Percentage 58.0 % 37.2 % County Results Portman 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Strickland 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % U.S. Senator before election Rob Portman Republican Elected U.S. Senator Rob Portman Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Ohio One - term Senator Rob Portman ( Republican ) was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 60 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . He had considered running for President , but decided not to . Two candidates filed to challenge him : Don Elijah Eckhart , who ran for OH - 15 as an independent in 2008 , and Melissa Strzala , but Strzala was disqualified . On March 15 , Portman won the primary with 82 % of the vote . Former Governor and Congressman Ted Strickland , Cincinnati City Councilman P.G. Sittenfeld , and occupational therapist Kelli Prather ran for the Democratic nomination . Former State Representative Bob Hagan had filed papers to run , but later withdrew from the race . On March 15 , Strickland won the primary with 65 % of the vote . Joseph DeMare , a machinist from Bowling Green , is the Green Party candidate . He ran unopposed in the March 15 , 2016 primary , and received enough votes to substantially increase the number of enrolled Green Party members . In Ohio , the only way to join a political party is to vote in that Party 's primary . Ohio Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rob Portman 1,336,686 82.16 % Republican Don Elijah Eckhart 290,268 17.84 % Total votes 1,626,954 100.00 % Ohio Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ted Strickland 742,676 65.04 % Democratic P.G. Sittenfeld 254,232 22.26 % Democratic Kelli Prather 144,945 12.69 % Total votes 1,141,853 100.00 % Green primary election Party Candidate Votes % Green Joe DeMare 3,123 100.00 % Total votes 3,123 100.00 % Ohio general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Rob Portman ( Incumbent ) 3,118,567 58.03 % + 1.18 % Democratic Ted Strickland 1,996,908 37.16 % - 2.24 % Independent Tom Connors 93,041 1.73 % N / A Green Joseph R. DeMare 88,246 1.64 % N / A Independent Scott Rupert 77,291 1.44 % N / A Independent James Stahl ( Write - in ) 111 0.00 % N / A Total votes 5,374,164 100.00 % Republican hold Swing NA Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma election ← 2014 2022 → Nominee James Lankford Mike Workman Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 980,892 355,911 Percentage 67.7 % 24.6 % Lankford : 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % U.S. Senator before election James Lankford Republican Elected U.S. Senator James Lankford Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Oklahoma , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Oklahoma Two - term Senator Tom Coburn ( Republican ) was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2010 , but chose to leave office before the end of his term after being diagnosed with prostate cancer . James Lankford won the 2014 special election to serve the remainder of Coburn 's term . Lankford ran for re-election . Former Congressman Dan Boren was viewed by some Oklahoma political operatives as the only Democrat who could make the 2016 race competitive , but was seen as unlikely to run . Lankford 's 2014 special election opponent Constance N. Johnson has said that she plans to run again . Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robert Murphy 1,537 58.89 % Libertarian Dax Ewbank 1,073 41.11 % Total votes 2,610 100.00 % Oklahoma general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican James Lankford ( Incumbent ) 980,892 67.74 % Democratic Mike Workman 355,911 24.58 % Libertarian Robert T. Murphy 43,421 3.00 % Independent Sean Braddy 40,405 2.79 % Independent Mark T. Beard 27,418 1.89 % Majority 624,981 43.16 % Total votes 1,448,047 100.00 % Republican hold Oregon ( edit ) Oregon election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Ron Wyden Mark Callahan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,105,119 651,106 Percentage 56.6 % 33.4 % County results U.S. Senator before election Ron Wyden Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Ron Wyden Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Oregon , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Oregon Three - term Senator Ron Wyden ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 57 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 67 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Medford City Councilor Kevin Stine and retired locomotive engineer Paul Weaver challenged Wyden for the Democratic nomination . Wyden won the Democratic nomination . Information technology consultant and 2014 candidate Mark Callahan , businessman Sam Carpenter , business consultant Dan Laschober , Steven Reynolds , and Lane County commissioner Faye Stewart ran for the Republican nomination . Callahan won the Republican nomination . Oregon Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ron Wyden 501,903 83.20 % Democratic Kevin Stine 78,287 12.98 % Democratic Paul Weaver 20,346 3.37 % write - ins 2,740 0.45 % Total votes 603,276 100.00 % Oregon Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mark Callahan 123,473 38.24 % Republican Sam Carpenter 104,494 32.36 % Republican Faye Stewart 57,399 17.78 % Republican Dan Laschober 34,157 10.58 % write - ins 3,357 1.04 % Total votes 322,880 100.00 % Independent primary election Party Candidate Votes % Independent Steven Reynolds 10,497 40.80 % Independent Marvin Sandnes 4,733 18.40 % write - ins 10,496 40.80 % Total votes 25,726 100.00 % Oregon general election < Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ron Wyden ( Incumbent ) 1,105,119 56.60 % Republican Mark Callahan 651,106 33.35 % Working Families Shanti Lewallen 61,915 3.17 % Independent Steven Reynolds 59,516 3.05 % Pacific Green Eric Navickas 48,823 2.50 % Libertarian Jim Lindsay 23,941 1.23 % Write - Ins 2,058 0.10 % Total votes 1,952,478 100.00 % Democratic hold Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Pat Toomey Katie McGinty Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,951,702 2,865,012 Percentage 48.8 % 47.3 % County results Toomey 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % McGinty 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 80 -- 90 % U.S. Senator before election Pat Toomey Republican Elected U.S. Senator Pat Toomey Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania One - term Senator Pat Toomey ( Republican ) was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 54 years old in 2016 . Toomey ran for re-election . Everett Stern , a security intelligence consultant and whistleblower of the HSBC money laundering scandal , announced that he would challenge Toomey for the Republican nomination , but has missed the filing deadline , so Toomey was unopposed in the primary . Democratic candidates included Katie McGinty , former Chief of Staff to Governor Tom Wolf and former Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection , former Congressman Joe Sestak , who defeated incumbent Senator Arlen Specter ( a Democrat turned Republican turned back to Democrat ) for the 2010 Democratic nomination , but lost to Toomey in the general election , the current mayor of Braddock , Pennsylvania , John Fetterman , who is an AmeriCorps alum and Harvard University graduate , and small businessman and senate candidate in 2010 and 2012 Joseph Vodvarka . Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski announced his candidacy for the seat but suspended his campaign due to an FBI investigation of Allentown . McGinty won the primary and faced Toomey in the general election on November 8 , 2016 . Toomey defeated McGinty and retained the seat . Pennsylvania Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Pat Toomey 1,342,941 100.00 % Total votes 1,342,941 100.00 % Pennsylvania Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Katie McGinty 669,774 42.50 % Democratic Joe Sestak 513,221 32.57 % Democratic John Fetterman 307,090 19.49 % Democratic Joseph Vodvarka 85,837 5.45 % Total votes 1,575,922 100.00 % Pennsylvania general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Pat Toomey ( Incumbent ) 2,951,702 48.77 % - 2.24 % Democratic Katie McGinty 2,865,012 47.34 % - 1.65 % Libertarian Edward T. Clifford III 235,142 3.89 % N / A Total votes 6,051,941 100.00 % Republican hold Swing NA South Carolina ( edit ) South Carolina election ← 2014 2022 → Nominee Tim Scott Thomas Dixon Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,241,609 757,022 Percentage 60.6 % 36.9 % County results U.S. Senator before election Tim Scott Republican Elected U.S. Senator Tim Scott Republican Main article : United States Senate election in South Carolina , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from South Carolina Two - term Republican Senator Jim DeMint ( Republican ) was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2010 . He resigned at the start of 2013 to become President of The Heritage Foundation and U.S. Representative Tim Scott ( Republican ) of South Carolina 's 1st congressional district was appointed to replace DeMint by Governor Nikki Haley . Scott subsequently won the special election in 2014 for the remaining two years of the term . Scott ran for re-election and he was a potential Republican vice presidential nominee . Other potential Republican candidates include Congressmen Mick Mulvaney , Jeff Duncan and Mark Sanford , along with State Senator Tom Davis , State Treasurer Curtis Loftis and State Attorney General Alan Wilson . Darla Moore was mentioned as a potential candidate for either party . On the Democratic side , pastor Thomas Dixon ran in the general primary on November 8 , 2016 but was defeated by the incumbent , Scott . South Carolina general election < Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Tim Scott ( Incumbent ) 1,241,609 60.57 % - 0.55 % Democratic Thomas Dixon 757,022 36.93 % - 0.16 % Libertarian Bill Bledsoe 37,482 1.83 % N / A American Michael Scarborough 11,923 0.58 % N / A Other Write - Ins 1,857 0.09 % + 0.05 % Majority 484,587 23.62 % - 0.41 % Turnout 2,049,893 65.75 % + 22.75 % Republican hold Swing South Dakota ( edit ) South Dakota election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John Thune Jay Williams Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 265,516 104,140 Percentage 71.8 % 28.2 % U.S. Senator before election John Thune Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Thune Republican Main article : United States Senate election in South Dakota , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from South Dakota Two - term Senator John Thune ( Republican ) ran unopposed and was re-elected with 100 % in 2010 . Jay Williams , Chair of the Yankton County Democratic Party , and candidate for the State House in 2010 and 2014 , is running for the Democratic nomination . Other potential Democratic candidates include State Senator Bernie Hunhoff and filmmaker and former television news producer Sam Hurst . Former U.S. Representative Stephanie Herseth Sandlin , Sioux Falls Mayor Mike Heuther , and 2014 nominee Rick Weiland all declined to run . South Dakota general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Thune ( Incumbent ) 265,494 71.83 % Democratic Jay Williams 104,125 28.17 % Majority 161,369 43.66 % Total votes 369,619 100.00 % Republican hold Utah ( edit ) Utah election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Mike Lee Misty Snow Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 760,241 301,860 Percentage 68.2 % 27.1 % County results U.S. Senator before election Mike Lee Republican Elected U.S. Senator Mike Lee Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Utah One - term Senator Mike Lee ( Republican ) was elected with 62 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 45 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . State party chair Thomas Wright , former State Senator Dan Liljenquist , State Senator Aaron Osmond , Congressman Jason Chaffetz , Congressman Chris Stewart , former Governor of Utah Mike Leavitt , and Mitt Romney 's son Josh Romney were mentioned as potential primary challengers , but all declined to run . Lee ran unopposed at the Utah Republican convention and is the Republican nominee . Marriage therapist Jonathan Swinton and grocery store clerk Misty Snow , a transgender woman , ran for the Democratic nomination . Snow defeated Swinton by more than 20 percentage points , running to the left of Swinton , criticizing him for supporting limitations on abortion rights . She became the first transgender woman to become a major party 's nominee for the Senate . Utah Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Misty K. Snow 28,928 59.40 % Democratic Jonathan Swinton 19,774 40.60 % Total votes 48,702 100.00 % Utah general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Mike Lee 760,241 68.15 % + 6.59 % Democratic Misty Snow 301,860 27.06 % - 5.71 % Independent American ( Nev . ) Stoney Fonua 27,340 2.45 % N / A Unaffiliated Bill Barron 26,167 2.34 % N / A Majority 458,381 Total votes 1,115,608 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Vermont ( edit ) Vermont election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Patrick Leahy Scott Milne Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 192,243 103,637 Percentage 60.0 % 32.3 % Leahy : 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % Milne : 40 -- 50 % U.S. Senator before election Patrick Leahy Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Vermont Seven - term Democratic Senator Patrick Leahy was re-elected with 64 % of the vote in 2010 . Leahy won re-election in 2016 , aged 76 . Scott Milne , the Republican nominee who narrowly lost the 2014 Vermont gubernatorial election , ran unsuccessfully against Leahy . Vermont Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patrick Leahy ( Incumbent ) 62,412 89.15 % Democratic Cris Ericson 7,595 10.85 % Total votes 70,007 100.00 % Vermont general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Patrick Leahy ( Incumbent ) 192,243 59.99 % - 3.05 % Republican Scott Milne 103,637 32.34 % + 2.08 % Marijuana Cris Ericson 9,156 2.86 % + 1.76 % Independent Jerry Trudell 5,223 1.63 % N / A Liberty Union Peter Diamondstone 3,241 1.01 % 0.40 % Write - ins 309 0.10 % N / A Spoiled votes 466 0.15 % N / A Blank votes 6,192 1.93 % N / A Majority 88,606 27.65 % Total votes 320,467 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing Washington ( edit ) Washington election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Patty Murray Chris Vance Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,913,979 1,329,338 Percentage 59.0 % 41.0 % County results U.S. Senator before election Patty Murray Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Patty Murray Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Washington Four - term Senator Patty Murray ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 52 % of the vote in 2010 . She ran successfully for re-election against Republican candidate Chris Vance . Congressman Dave Reichert was considered a potential Republican candidate but chose to run for reelection . Washington Blanket primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patty Murray ( Incumbent ) 745,421 53.82 % Republican Chris Vance 381,004 27.51 % Republican Eric John Makus 57,825 4.18 % Democratic Phil Cornell 46,460 3.35 % Republican Scott Nazarino 41,542 3.00 % Libertarian Mike Luke 20,988 1.52 % Democratic Mohammad Said 13,362 0.96 % Independent Donna Rae Lands 11,472 0.83 % Independent Ted Cummings 11,028 0.80 % Independent Sam Wright 10,751 0.78 % Republican Uncle Mover 8,569 0.62 % Independent Jeremy Teuton 7,991 0.58 % Democratic Thor Amundson 7,906 0.57 % Independent Chuck Jackson 6,318 0.46 % Independent Pano Churchill 5,150 0.37 % Independent Zach Haller 5,092 0.37 % Independent Alex Tsimerman 4,117 0.30 % Total votes 1,384,996 100.00 % Washington general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic ( Wash . ) Patty Murray ( Incumbent ) 1,913,979 59.01 % + 6.65 % Republican ( Wash . ) Chris Vance 1,329,338 40.99 % - 6.65 % Majority 584,641 18.02 % + 13.30 % Total votes 3,243,317 100.00 % 29.16 % Democratic hold Swing Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Ron Johnson Russ Feingold Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,479,471 1,380,335 Percentage 50.2 % 46.8 % County results U.S. Senator before election Ron Johnson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Ron Johnson Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Wisconsin One - term Senator Ron Johnson ( Republican ) defeated three - term Senator Russ Feingold ( Democrat ) with 52 % of the vote in 2010 . On May 14 , 2015 , Feingold announced that he would seek a rematch against Johnson for his former Senate seat . Immediately after his announcement , the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee endorsed Feingold 's candidacy . Businesswoman and 2014 gubernatorial nominee Mary Burke has declared that she is not seeking statewide office in 2016 . Johnson and Feingold faced each other again , and Johnson again defeated Feingold , in what many observers and pundits considered to be a surprising and uphill victory . Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Russ Feingold 303,282 90.14 Democratic Scott Harbach 33,185 9.86 Total votes 336,467 100.00 Wisconsin general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Ron Johnson ( Incumbent ) 1,479,471 50.2 - 1.7 Democratic Russ Feingold 1,380,335 46.8 - 0.2 Libertarian Phillip Anderson 87,531 3.0 N / A Write - In Votes 8 0.0 N / A Majority 99,136 3.4 - 1.5 Turnout 2,947,345 100.0 Republican hold See also ( edit ) United States elections , 2016 ( other elections being held at the same time ) United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States presidential election , 2016 United States gubernatorial elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2010 ( the previous election for this class of Senators ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WaunaKeegan Results '' . WaunaKeegan . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ There Were No Purple * States On Tuesday . FiveThirtyEight . November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats Have a 60 Percent Chance to Retake the Senate '' . NYT . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate Election Forecast '' . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate Race Ratings '' . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate Ratings ( November 3 , 2016 ) '' . Senate Ratings . The Rothenberg Political Report . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos : Election Outlook : 2016 Race Ratings '' . Daily Kos . Daily Kos . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Senate 2016 '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate Forecast '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate Forecast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senate Forecast '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ In the 2010 election , Republican nominee Joe Miller won 35.5 % of the vote . Murkowski won as a write - in candidate with 39.5 % of the vote . ^ Jump up to : `` STATE PRIMARY ELECTION TYPES '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY DATES AND CANDIDATE FILING DEADLINES FOR BALLOT ACCESS '' ( PDF ) . FEC . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Charles ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Could the Tea Party challenge Sen. Richard Shelby ? Sure , but there are $17 million reasons not to '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Crumpton to run for United States Senate '' . AL.com. April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lisa Murkowski announces that she 's running in 2016 '' . AmandaCoyne.com . October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Miller files to run against Murkowski for Senate seat - KTVA 11 '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Devin ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Anchorage attorney Margaret Stock challenging Lisa Murkowski for Senate '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . State of Alaska Division of Elections . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Primary Election Results 2016 '' . Politico.com . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Alexis ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Moving Parts Complicate Democratic Challenge to McCain ) ( Updated ) '' . Roll Call . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cahn , Emily ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kirkpatrick to Challenge McCain in Arizona '' . Roll Call . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ArtLabs . `` Vote Pat Quinn to the United States Senate as an Independent for Arizona '' . 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Loretta Sanchez enters race for Barbara Boxer 's Senate seat '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobbs , Stephen ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Glenn : Early announcement for U.S. Senate run shows he is ' very serious ' '' . The Gazette . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darryl Glenn will run against Sen. Bennet '' . Colorado Springs Independent . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In a first , Libertarian candidate in Colorado 's U.S. Senate race qualifies for major debate '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . Sos.state.co.us . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Cahn ; Alexis Levinson ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Senators Confirm Re-Election Bids for 2016 '' . Roll Call . 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The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bluestein , Greg ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Party - backed Georgia Democrat qualifies for U.S. Senate seat '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Isakson to debate Senate challengers once before Election Day Political Insider blog '' . Politics.blog.ajc.com . August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Caleb ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Incumbent US Sen. Brian Schatz wins Hawaii primary '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sen. Mike Crapo will seek re-election in 2016 for 4th term '' . KBOI . Associated Press . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaration for 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tammy Duckworth running for Senate '' . Politico . March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : Patty Judge challenges Chuck Grassley '' . March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump and Clinton Tied , Grassley Far Ahead In Latest Quinnipiac Poll '' . Iowa Public Radio . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Alexis ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Huelskamp Open to Moran Primary Challenge '' . Roll Call . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkin , Mary ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Democrat Patrick Wiesner files for Jerry Moran 's Senate seat '' . The Hutchinson News . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Libertarians hope election bolsters future prospects '' . The Kansas City Star . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Epstein ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Rand Paul files for reelection race five years away '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : `` Lexington Mayor Jim Gray running against U.S. Sen. Rand Paul '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasurer Kennedy joins fray to succeed Vitter '' . WDSU News . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crisp , Elizabeth ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell running for U.S. Senate '' . The Advocate . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Van Hollen To Run For Senate '' . Huffington Post . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kathy Szeliga joins Senate race , seeking Mikulski 's seat '' . Baltimore Sun . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maryland State Board of Elections. `` 2016 Candidate Listing '' . Elections.state.md.us . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ahead of the 2016 curve : Roy Blunt has a fundraiser on election night 2014 '' . The Washington Examiner . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary of State Jason Kander announces he 'll seek Senate seat held by Roy Blunt '' . St. Louis Today . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hellingdhelling , Dave ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Republicans Donald Trump and Roy Blunt hold leads in new Missouri poll ; Democrat Chris Koster leads in governor 's race The Kansas City Star '' . Kansascity.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DelReal , Jose ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Catherine Cortez Masto announces bid to succeed Harry Reid in the Senate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rep. Joe Heck announces Nevada Senate run '' . The Washington Post . Las Vegas . July 6 , 2015 . 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Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Matthew ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Ex-Wake lawmaker Ross enters US Senate race '' . WRAL.com . Raleigh , North Carolina . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ybarramybarra , Maggie ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` NC Senate candidates richard Burr , Deborah Ross , Sean Haugh disagree over filling Supreme Court vacancy left by Antonin Scalia 's death '' . Newsobserver.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Easley , Jonathan ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Is Heitkamp eyeing a run for governor ? '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Rep. Marvin Nelson to join race for governor '' . Inforum . March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nick . `` Libertarian U.S. Senate candidate launches campaign '' . ^ Jump up to : Haberman , Maggie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Portman wo n't run for president in 2016 '' . Politico . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . 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WCAX - TV . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Red Sox Pitcher Running for Vermont Governor '' . necn . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca . `` Sen. Murray to seek her fifth term in 2016 '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pathe , Simone ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Former Washington GOP Chairman to Challenge Patty Murray '' . Roll Call . ^ Jump up to : Bolton , Alexander . `` Sen. Johnson tells ' kitchen cabinet ' he will run for reelection in 2016 '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russ Feingold Announces Senate Run , Setting Up Rematch '' . NBC News . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mitch . `` A Libertarian looking to make waves in Senate race with Johnson , Feingold '' . 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Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Arizona Governor Jan Brewer Will Not Run For Re-election '' . Outside the Beltway . Jump up ^ `` Schweikert , Jones possible McCain primary foes in 2016 ? '' . AZ Central . November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` After Obama 's Immigration Action , a Blast of Energy for the Tea Party '' . The New York Times . November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( February 16 , 2013 ) . `` Is this Sen. McCain 's last term ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ millansingh ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Pro-Bernie Candidate for Senate ... in Arizona '' . Jump up ^ Sanders , Rebekah L. ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gosar wo n't challenge McCain '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arizona Primary Election Results 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Secretary of State . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . 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Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified List of Candidates for Voter - Nominated Offices '' ( PDF ) . Secretary of State of California . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Tom Del Beccaro announces U.S. Senate run '' . The Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ `` Duf Sundheim enters race for Barbara Boxer 's Senate seat '' . Los Angeles Times . September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hrabe , John ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` US Senate 2016 : Wyman joins list of GOP longshot candidates '' . CalNewsroom.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Wyman for United States Senate '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horseman , Jeff ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. SENATE : Done Krampe of Murrieta to seek Barbara Boxer 's seat '' . The Press Enterprise . Jump up ^ Provost , Lee ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Palzer , former Kankakeean , makes run for US Senate in his new home of Calif '' . Jump up ^ Roseberry , Karen ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Karen Roseberry for U.S. Senate 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Rocky Chavez launches bid for U.S. Senate seat '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chaves withdraws from U.S. Senate race , will seek re-election to Assembly '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Carly Fiorina wo n't rule out run for White House '' . SF Gate . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Heather ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` California Senate candidate : `` We 're all going to die '' `` . Grist . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 22817 '' . SurveyUSA. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CSV Files - Voter Nominated '' . California Secretary of State . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . November 13 , 2016 http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/2016-complete-sov.pdf . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frank , John ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Blaha announces U.S. Senate bid , makes campaign pledge '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Aurora councilman Ryan Frazier joins GOP Senate race in Colorado '' . Aurora Sentinel . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` El Paso County 's Peg Littleton joins U.S. Senate race '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyell , Kelly ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Former CSU AD Jack Graham enters U.S. Senate race '' . Fort Collins Coloradoan . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Keyser announces 2016 Senate bid amid crowded Colorado field '' . The Denver Post . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartels , Lynn ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Greg Lopez , former SBA director , to run for U.S. Senate '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank , John ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Neville to announce U.S. Senate bid as GOP race heats up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Joey ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jefferson County commissioner to join race for U.S. Senate Thursday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Rosier - Timeline Photos '' . December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , John ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Darryl Glenn takes Colorado Republican nomination for U.S. Senate '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` June 28 , 2016 Primary Election Official Results '' . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results November 8 , 2016 General Election '' . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Darien fashion label founder Orchulli to run for Senate '' . The Connecticut Post . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radelat , Ana ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stamford Republican steps up to challenge Blumenthal '' . the CT Mirror . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Visconti exploring 2016 Senate run '' . Connecticut Post . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Dustin ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Democratic Seats up for Re-Election in 2016 '' . About News . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Walker wo n't challenge Blumenthal for Senate '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Simmons rules out 2016 challenge of Blumenthal '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Everett , Burgess ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kudlow said to be ' very interested ' in Senate run '' . Politico . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` CNBC 's Larry Kudlow will not run for Senate '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election November 8 , 2016 Official Results '' . ct.gov . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Matt ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Marco Rubio Wo n't Run for Senate in 2016 if He Runs for President '' . National Journal . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Rubio tells donors he 's running for president in 2016 '' . CBS News . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Entrepreneur and combat veteran Todd Wilcox enters Florida 's U.S. Senate race '' . Saint Peters Blog . Jump up ^ Wallace , Jeremy ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cuban - American developer Carlos Beruff launching campaign for U.S. Senate in Miami '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katz for US Congress '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Elections -- Florida '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Florida Elections '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` GOP operatives to pitch Ben Carson on Florida Senate run '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kopan , Tal ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` David Jolly drops out of Florida Senate race , possibly clearing way for Marco Rubio '' . CNN . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubio defeats Murphy to retain Senate seat '' . November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida Department of State , Division of Elections , August 30 , 2016 Primary Election , Official Results '' . Florida Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Isakson , Georgia Senator , Says He Has Parkinson 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foody , Kathleen ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifying for Georgia 's May primaries ends '' . WSB TV . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malloy , Daniel ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` It looks like Johnny Isakson has his first challenger '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bluestein , Greg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Isakson trounces rivals to win Georgia GOP Senate nod '' . The Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Georgia 's congressional delegation qualifies for re-election '' . The Albany Herald . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Greg ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` More Democrats come out of woodwork for Georgia Senate race '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hankerson , Jazmyne ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Candidate changes affects May primary ballot '' . WXFL . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Results '' . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` General Election November 8 , 2016 '' . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen O'Harrow ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Inouye and Brian Schatz : A Lesson in Hawaii Politics '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Jump up ^ Blair , Chad ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tulsi Gabbard Looks to Be Running for Re-election '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Jump up ^ `` Charles Collins for US Senate '' . January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Collins '' . January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Results '' ( PDF ) . Hawaii Office of Elections . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii Senate Races Results '' . Politico . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://results.elections.hawaii.gov/2016/primary/summary.txt Jump up ^ `` Office of Elections -- State of Hawaii -- Statewide '' . State of Hawaii Office of Elections . August 16 , 2016 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crapo 's Message To Labrador '' . The Spokesman - Review . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Easley , Jonathan ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Labrador wo n't run for Senate '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nathan ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Land , Refugees , and Regulations Drive Crapo Town Hall in Castleford '' . Twin Falls Times - News . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-Life For Governor of Idaho -- 2014 , also US Senate -- 2016 '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Primary Election Statewide Totals '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Primary Election Statewide Totals '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 08 , 2016 General Election Results '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Kirk makes dramatic return to the Senate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matthew ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Kirk Survived a Stroke -- Now He 's Picking Fights in Congress '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Illinois Options Depend on Chicago Turnover Farm Team '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Kirk : ' No Frickin ' Way Am I Retiring ' '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Riopell ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's in , who 's out in congressional primaries '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Hinz ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Kirk picks up primary challenger from the right '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Jump up ^ Rick Pearson ; Hal Dardick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Senate , state 's attorney races take shape on the last day of filing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 of Sen. Kirk 's GOP primary opponents does n't make ballot '' . KTVI . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Illinois Primary Election Results '' . WBEZ 91.5 Chicago . March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skiba , Katherine ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Duckworth to Challenge Kirk for U.S. Senate '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneed , Michael ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Andrea Zopp is all in for Senate race '' . Jump up ^ Hinz , Greg ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` State Sen. Napoleon Harris to enter race against Mark Kirk '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Illinois Election , Primary , Candidates , Races , and Voting '' . USElections . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown Independent for U.S. Senate '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Aguayo for United States Senate '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results GENERAL PRIMARY - 3 / 2 / 2016 '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results -- General Primary -- 3 / 15 / 2016 '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results GENERAL ELECTION - 11 / 8 / 2016 '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats see glimmer of hope in Dan Coats ' retirement '' . Politico . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Marlin Stutzman declares Senate bid '' . Real Clear Politics . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Cameron ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Chief of staff launches Senate bid for Coats 's seat '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` Eric Holcomb drops out of Senate race '' . WRTV . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Hill says he will run for U.S. Senate in 2016 '' . The Republic . Columbus , Indiana . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Groppe , Maureen ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` John Dickerson to seek nod for U.S. Senate '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Dickerson Drops Out of Race For U.S. Senate '' . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Primary Election , May 3 , 2016 '' . Indiana Secretary of State . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana General Election , November 8 , 2016 '' . Indiana Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Grassley Planning to Run Again in 2016 '' . Roll Call . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jennifer ; Noble , Jason ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` And he 's off : Event kicks off Grassley 's re-election campaign '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jake ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Primary Challenger Announces Against Grassley '' . Iowa Free Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IA - Sen : Robert Rees ends GOP primary challenge to Chuck Grassley '' . Bleeding Heartland . March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Rapids State Sen. Rob Hogg running for U.S. Senate '' . KCRG 9 . Cedar Rapids , Iowa . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Fiegen for US Senate , Iowa '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Krause for Iowa 's Future '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , James Q. ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Zirkelbach is fourth candidate in Democratic U.S. Senate race '' . The Gazette . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Secretary of State . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results General Election '' . Iowa Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Alexis ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` In Kansas , Conservatives Suffer From Mississippi Hangover '' . Roll Call . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Alexis ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Congressman Says Wife Nixed Senate Run '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mason , Tori ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Topeka native announces candidacy for U.S. Senate '' . WIBW . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Official Primary Results '' . Kansas Secretary of State . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. ; Rappeport , Alan ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rand Paul Announces Presidential Run '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Theodoric ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Kentucky GOP greenlights joint Senate , presidential run for Rand Paul '' . Politico . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN , John King , Manu Raju and Mark Preston . `` Rand Paul dropping out of presidential race '' . cnn.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Filings with the Office of the Secretary of State '' . Secretary of State of Kentucky . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2016 Primary Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Secretary of State . May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic mayor to challenge GOP 's Rand Paul in Senate race '' . Associated Press . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Leach Will Run For U.S. Senate In Kentucky '' . Hillbilly Report . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lexington Mayor Jim Gray running against U.S. Sen. Rand Paul '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unofficial Results '' . Kentucky Secretary of State . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Vitter Says Wo n't Run for US Senate in 2016 '' . ABC News . November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berry , Deborah ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Rep. Charles Boustany will run for Senate '' . The Advertiser . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Julia ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Louisiana Congressman John Fleming launches bid for David Vitter 's Senate seat '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Rainey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Joseph Cao enters Senate race for Vitter 's seat , tells supporters by email '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maness officially joins Senate race '' . WWL AM870 . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alford , Jeremy ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` More possibilities surface for Louisiana 's US Senate race '' . Greater Baton Rouge Business Report . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alford , Jeremy ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Names floating in , out of developing US Senate race '' . Houma Today . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tidmore , Christopher ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Young , Cazayoux and Hebert consider Vitter 's U.S. Senate seat '' . The Louisiana Weekly . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alford , Jeremy ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` New names still hover over Senate race '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crisp , Elizabeth ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Democrat Caroline Fayard launches U.S. Senate bid '' . The Advocate . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stickney , Ken ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pellerin announcement comes April 5 '' . The Daily Advertiser . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stickney , Ken ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pellerin to explore Senate campaign '' . The Daily Advertiser . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Greg ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Alexandria Mayor , state Rep. Johnson consider Senate run '' . The News - Star . Jump up ^ Ballard , Mark ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` Political Horizons : Despite campaign fatigue , a crowded , close Senate race looms '' . The Advocate . Jump up ^ Rainey , Richard ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Louisiana Senate race : who 's in , who 's out in the early going '' . 2015 NOLA Media Group . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Katie ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Republican , Democrat head to runoff in Louisiana Senate race '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/Graphical Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` 2016 retirements could complicate Dems ' comeback plans '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards jumps into Maryland Senate race '' . Politico . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maryland : The State Board of Election , 2016 candidate listing '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Richard Douglas first Republican to enter Md . Senate race '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ `` Openly gay Republican explores bid for Senate seat from Md '' . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2016 Presidential Primary Election results for U.S. Senator '' . State Board of Elections . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Maryland Green Party primary results '' . Green Party Watch . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election results for U.S. Senator '' . Maryland Secretary of State . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Jim ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Akin wo n't rule out 2016 run against Blunt '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breitman , Kendall ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Akin : I 'm not running for Senate '' . Politico . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Rebecca ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Black challengers of Democrat incumbents fight with party over access '' . The St. Louis American . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cori Bush for U.S. Senate '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheeley , Andrew ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wana Dubie officially first US Senate candidate from Salem '' . The Salem News . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cillizilla , Chris ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon steps forward , but toward what ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Treasurer Zweifel wo n't run for office '' . Kansas City Star . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Senate Primary Results '' . Missouri Secretary of State . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results : 2016 General Election '' . Missouri Secretary of State . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Harry Reid Says He Wo n't Seek Re-election '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kudialis , Chris ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Angle to make another bid for Reid 's Senate seat '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silver State Election Night Results 2016 '' . Nevada Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ayotte Faces Primary Challenge From Former GOP State Senator '' . nhpr . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Rubens to challenge incumbent Sen. Ayotte in GOP primary '' . New Hampshire Union - Leader . March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiSasto , John ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Analysis : NH Democrats already have deep bench for top races in 2016 '' . NHJournal . Jump up ^ `` 2016 United States Senate - Republican Primary '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate - 2016 General Election '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State Elections Division . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed O ' ' eefe and Mike DeBonis ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats shake up Senate leadership '' . Bostonglobe.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dicker , Fredric U. ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top Republican candidates to challenge Chuck Schumer '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Eliana ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Larry Kudlow and NRSC Renew Discussions on Senate Run '' . National Review . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Mark ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Richard Hanna says he wo n't run against Chuck Schumer in 2016 NY senate race '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Election Results 2016 '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. SENATE RACE : Schumer , Long square off '' . Press & Sun - Bulletin . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Official Election Night Results '' ( PDF ) . New York Board of Elections . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Opportunities Now and Later in North Carolina '' . Roll Call . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Burr confirms he will run in 2016 '' . WNCN . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Colin Campbell ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Greg Brannon challenges Richard Burr in second Senate bid '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah Krueger ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Larry Holmquist enters Senate race , challenging Richard Burr '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former judge Wright running for Burr 's Senate seat '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NC SBE Contest Results '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolverton , Paul ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Spring Lake Mayor Chris Rey announces run for US Senate '' . Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Laura ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Durham businessman joining Dem field in US Senate race '' . WRAL . Jump up ^ `` Ernest Reeves for U.S. Senate '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats ' Senate hopes take a hit with Kay Hagan 's no - go decision '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Craig ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cowell seeking third term as NC treasurer '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Foxx wo n't run for Senate in 2016 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NC SBE Contest Results '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NC State Board of Elections Jump up ^ NC State Board of Elections Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Official General Election Results '' . North Carolina State Board of Elections . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nowatzki , Mike ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` ND Democrat Glassheim says he 's healthy and ready to run for US Senate '' . The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead . Forum Communications . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Dakota Secretary of State '' . ND Secretary of State . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Official Results General Election - November 8 , 2016 '' . North Dakota Secretary of State . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Torry , Jack ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Portman has conservative primary challenger '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alan ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Martin O'Malley wo n't appear on Ohio 's primary ballot '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coolidge , Sharon . `` Sittenfeld : Yes , I 'm running for U.S. Senate '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wehrman , Jessica ; Torry , Jack ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Strickland says swift GOP attacks in Senate race are a ' compliment ' '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowland , Darrell ; Ludlow , Randy ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kasich joins GOP competitors in filing for Ohio primary '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Ohio legislator to challenge Portman in ' 16 '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who will face Portman in ' 16 ? '' . The Columbus Dispatch . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Results for 2016 Primary Election '' . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ohio State Official Election Results , retrieved December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Taylor , Jessica ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Crowded primary likely in race for Coburn seat '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate seat goes to Republican James Lankford '' . Roll Call . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dallas Franklin ; Leslie Rangel ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate seat goes to Republican James Lankford '' . KFOR . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Senate Races Results '' . Politico . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results - General Election -- November 8 , 2016 '' . Oklahoma Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mann , Damian ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Medford Councilor Stine to challenge Sen. Ron Wyden '' . Mail Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's running for president , Oregon governor , other seats ? The latest on 2016 candidates '' . The Oregonian . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammers , Scott ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bend businessman Carpenter to run for Senate '' . The Bend Bulletin . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laschober for U.S. Senate '' . Jump up ^ Dubois , Steven ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Oregon county commissioner Faye Stewart to run for US Senate '' . KATU . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 17 , 2016 Primary Election Official Results '' . Oregon Secretary of State . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Abstract of Votes '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Secretary of State . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Everett ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` After serious consideration , I have made the decision to run for the PA United States Senate seat ... '' Facebook . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Rachel . `` Joe Sestak planning Senate campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maher , Chris ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Steel Town Mayor John Fetterman Enters Pennsylvania Senate Race '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ `` John fetterman '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Vodvarka for US Senate 2016 '' . Montco Area 4 Democrats . December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tamari , Jonathan ; Roebuck , Jeremy ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Pawlowski halts Senate bid , Democrats seek options '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 26 , 2016 Primary Election Official Returns '' . Pennsylvania Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.electionreturns.pa.gov/ENR_NEW Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Rep. Tim Scott Chosen to Replace Jim DeMint as South Carolina Senator '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Livingston , Abby ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` South Carolina Republicans Will Have to Ride the Bench '' . Roll Call . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Scott and the changing face of the Republican party '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Greg ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` As budget cuts hit S.C. , a congressman is surprised at constituents ' reactions '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Statewide General Election official results '' . South Carolina State Election Commission . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 South Carolina Senatorial Election Turnout Data '' . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Tom ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Will anyone take on Thune in 2016 ? '' . Prairie Perspective . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woster , Kevin ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hurst for U.S. Senate in 2016 ? Well ... '' KELO - TV . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tupper , Seth ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Thune frolicking through another opponent-less election season '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Weiland returns with new nonpartisan political group '' . Rapid City Journal . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ South Dakota State Unofficial Election Results , retrieved December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gehrke , Robert ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Most Utahns disapprove of Sen. Mike Lee , want him to compromise '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rucker , Philip ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` In Utah , tea party favorite Sen. Lee faces GOP backlash over government shutdown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Next Utah Races to Watch Are for Senate '' . Roll Call . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canham , Matt ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Lee could be a lock for re-election to the Senate '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roche , Lisa Riley ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Romney : I wo n't run against Sen. Mike Lee , but another Republican should '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Price , Michelle ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Utah Gov. Herbert fails to secure nomination at convention '' . SunHerald . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canham , Matt ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sen. Mike Lee 's first challenger is marriage therapist Jonathan Swinton , an untested Democrat '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( June 2016 ) . `` Two transgender candidates named ' Misty ' win primaries '' . Politico.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Election Official Results '' . Utah Secretary of State . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Election Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Utah Secretary of State . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heintz , Paul ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Milne Considers Challenging Patrick Leahy '' . Seven Days . Jump up ^ Gram , Dave ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Milne hopes to unseat Sen. Leahy '' . The Burlington Free Press . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Results '' . Politico . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Election Results '' . Burlington Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Official Results - General Election - November 8 , 2016 '' . Vermont Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Cameron ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Rep. Reichert ' thinking about ' run for Senate , governor in Washington '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Jim ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Dave Reichert wo n't run against Jay Inslee for governor '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August 2 , 2016 Primary Results - U.S. Senator '' . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Results '' . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DSCC Announces Endorsement Of Russ Feingold In Wisconsin Senate Race '' . May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Burke says she wo n't run for statewide office again '' . Wisconsin State Journal . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . State of Wisconsin . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seats do the democrats hold in the senate | [
"\nUnited States Senate elections, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 8, 2016\n2018 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClass 3 (34 of the 100) seats in the United States Senate\n51 seats needed for a majority\n\n\n\n\n\n \nMajority party\nMinority party\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nLeader\nMitch McConnell\nHarry Reid\n(Retiring)\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nLeader's seat\nKentucky\nNevada\n\n\nSeats before\n54\n44\n\n\nSeats after\n52\n46\n\n\nSeat change\n 2\n 2\n\n\nPopular vote\n40,402,790\n51,496,682\n\n\nPercentage\n42.4%\n53.8%\n\n\nSwing\n 9.3%\n 10.0%\n\n\nSeats up\n24\n10\n\n\nRaces won\n22\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \nThird party\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nParty\nIndependent\n\n\n\nSeats before\n2\n\n\n\nSeats after\n2\n\n\n\nSeat change\n\n\n\n\nPopular vote\n562,935\n\n\n\nPercentage\n0.5%\n\n\n\nSeats up\n0\n\n\n\nRaces won\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nResults of the 2016 general elections:\n Democratic gain Republican gain\n Democratic hold Republican hold\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMajority Leader before election\nMitch McConnell\nRepublican\n\nElected Majority Leader\nMitch McConnell\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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"46"
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-1627352689727153696 | Once Upon a Time (season 7) | Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It will consist of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marks a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle will be the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline is softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Years after the Final Battle , Henry leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story only to find himself in New Fairy Tale Land , where a conflict between Lady Tremaine and her stepdaughter Cinderella culminates in the casting of yet another curse . As Henry 's daughter tries to make him believe in the curse , the enchantress Gothel sets out to revive a cult with sinister intentions . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Eloise Gardener Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel Tiera Skovbye as Robin Nathan Parsons as Jack / Nick Branson Yael Yurman as Anastasia Kip Pardue as Chad Jeff Pierre as Prince Naveen Guest ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother Liam Hall as the Prince Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Robin Givens as Eudora Kevin Ryan as Robert Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier Chris Gauthier as William Smee Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine Cindy Luna as Cecilia Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella Alejandra Perez as young Ella Sophia Reid - Gantzert as young Anastasia Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Chad Rook as Captain Ahab Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms , in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria . In her new state of clarity , she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity . Meanwhile , Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick - or - treating and loses her in the streets . She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In the flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is not the person he thinks she is . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . Meanwhile , Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but , when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Rumple , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' Steve Pearlman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.45 Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel takes from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After 6 years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair but finds her husband Marcus has remarried to Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart . One day , Anastasia and Ella falls through thin ice , but to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present day , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel and convinces Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2.29 In a flashback , baby Lucy is born , just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry , and Regina is forced into casting Drizella 's curse to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) TBD 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' TBA David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBD 146 13 `` Knightfall '' TBA Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBD 147 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' TBA Dana Horgan & Leah Fong March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBD 148 15 `` Sisterhood '' TBA Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBD 149 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' TBA Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) TBD 150 17 `` Chosen '' Lana Parrilla Paul Karp & Brian Ridings April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) TBD 151 18 `` The Guardian '' Geofrey Hildrew David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD 152 19 `` Flower Child '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) TBD The seventh season finale , which will serve as the series finale , is set to broadcast on May 18 , 2018 . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 0.5 1.32 1.0 3.69 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 9 `` One Little Tear '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.45 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Just saw some AMAZING pics from my episode of # OnceUponATime ! ! I ca n't wait for you all to see this episode ! Wow ! @ OnceABC # OUAT # CaptainAhabIsComing '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - once upon a time on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # scripttease -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya for our return on Friday , December 8th ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya March 2nd ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya March 2nd ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Geofrey Hildrew ( @ GeofreyHildrew ) ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 in the can ! So many talented people ... # OnceUponATime # directing '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths `` `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=826214910 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does once upon a time season 7 episode 11 come on | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [38]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n134\n1\n\"Hyperion Heights\"\nRalph Hemecker\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nOctober 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)\n3.26[39]\n\n\nIn a flashback, an 18-year-old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms, in hopes of finding his own story. Many years later, Henry runs into Cinderella's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball, he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke, as he is due to return through a portal that evening. When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot, he decides to stay behind. In present-day Seattle, an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy, whom he does not remember because of a curse. In hopes of breaking it, Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda, Lucy's down-on-her-luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria. Others include Roni, a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria, and Rogers, a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner, Weaver.\n\n\n135\n2\n\"A Pirate's Life\"\nTara Nicole Weyr\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nOctober 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)\n2.74[40]\n\n\nIn flashback to Storybrooke, Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on. She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own. In order to comfort her, Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble. Many years later, as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine, he uses the bottle to call on Emma, Hook, and Regina for help. In the present, Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood. Rogers does not agree with Weaver's methods and helps Henry instead. Rogers, Henry, and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria. Meanwhile, Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her.\n\n\n136\n3\n\"The Garden of Forking Paths\"\nRon Underwood\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nOctober 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)\n2.49[41]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry, but does not find him there. She then meets Princess Tiana, who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine. She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find. A short while later, Henry, Regina, and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts. Later, Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine's castle alone, where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost-deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her \"death\" at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her. She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry's, since he has the heart of the truest believer. In the present day, Jacinda tries to save Lucy's beloved community garden from Victoria, while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone's fairytale pasts. Meanwhile, Henry, Roni, and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria. Rogers captures the man working with her, but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection. Also, it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers.\n\n\n137\n4\n\"Beauty\"\nMick Garris\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n2.44[42]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn a flashback to Gideon's first birthday, Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world. Years later, Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her. Over the years, they search for ways to get rid of his darkness. When Gideon is 18, Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms, where they must wait for the sun's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness. They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur. However, an aging Belle eventually admits that the \"sun\" of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey. When Belle dies, Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle. In the present day, Tilly, who is actually Alice, begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria. In her new state of clarity, she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity. Meanwhile, Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick-or-treating and loses her in the streets. She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together.\n\n\n138\n5\n\"Greenbacks\"\nGeofrey Hildrew\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nNovember 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)\n2.29[43]\n\n\nIn the flashbacks, Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert. She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog. In the present day, Tiana decides to run a pop-up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck's with Jacinda's help. Victoria sends someone to burn the place down, which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener, the missing girl he's trying to find. Meanwhile, Roni decides to investigate Ivy's interest in helping Henry. Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke. However, it is later revealed that Ivy hasn't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware.\n\n\n139\n6\n\"Wake Up Call\"\nSharat Raju\nJerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson\nNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)\n2.37[44]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Regina comes across Drizella, who is looking for magic to escape from her mother. When she reveals that she was actually born with magic, Regina begins to train her. However after Regina runs into Rumple, who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons, the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella's heart to revive Anastasia. Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince, making it unusable for revival, and vows to cast a Curse like Regina's to make her mother suffer. In the present day, Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo, which is complicated by newly discovered information about \"Regina Mills\" into which Lucy encouraged her to look. Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and, when she serves its essence to Roni, she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina. Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart, reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply.\n\n\n140\n7\n\"Eloise Gardener\"\nAlex Kalymnios\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\n2.28[45]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse, Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch. When he arrives at the witch's tower, he finds Rapunzel instead. She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch's garden. When he returns with it to help her, they spend the night together. The next morning, it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby, whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower. Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter, who is unable to leave due to the tower's spell. He names her Alice after his own mother. In the present day, Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly. Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died, but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case. Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is not the person he thinks she is. When Rogers finds Gothel, he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria, who gets locked up for kidnapping. Meanwhile, Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda.\n\n\n141\n8\n\"Pretty in Blue\"\nRalph Hemecker\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\n2.28[45]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Hook is reunited with Alice, who claims that they have been cured of their curse. However, when they try to embrace, Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear. Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland, a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather. She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry, heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers. She finds Alice, who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry, but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him. Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss. In the present day, Jacinda contacts Nick (Jack in Fairy Tale Land), a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy's father. He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy, to Henry's dismay, and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda. Meanwhile, Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but, when they open her coffin, her body is missing. After Regina confronts Rumple, who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse, she announces to Henry that she's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria. He agrees to join her on the trip.\n\n\n142\n9\n\"One Little Tear\"\nSteve Pearlman\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\n2.45[46]\n\n\nVictoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia. In flashbacks, Rapunzel takes from Mother Gothel's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange. After 6 years of captivity, Rapunzel escapes using her hair but finds her husband Marcus has remarried to Cecilia, gaining a stepdaughter, Ella. Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom, which she uses to poison Cecilia's heart. One day, Anastasia and Ella falls through thin ice, but to Rapunzel's disbelief, their father only manages to save Ella. Rapunzel seeks Gothel's help, who magically seals Anastasia's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower. However, Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place. In the present day, Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda, claiming to be a changed person. Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel and convinces Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings. As Lucy sheds a tear, Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia, while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness.\n\n\n143\n10\n\"The Eighth Witch\"\nRalph Hemecker\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)\n2.29[47]\n\n\nIn a flashback, baby Lucy is born, just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse. The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone. Eight years later, everyone is celebrating Lucy's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches, recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed. With the curse looming, Regina heads off to get help from Zelena. Later, when the heroes confront the witches, Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry, and Regina is forced into casting Drizella's curse to save his life. In the present day, Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco, who is now known as Kelly. Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle, knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead. Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian. However, Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her, deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven. Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches.\n\n\n144\n11\n\"Secret Garden\"[48]\nTBA\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nMarch 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)\nTBD\n\n\n145\n12\n\"A Taste of the Heights\"[49]\nTBA\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nMarch 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)\nTBD\n\n\n146\n13\n\"Knightfall\"[50]\nTBA\nJerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya\nMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)\nTBD\n\n\n147\n14\n\"The Girl in the Tower\"[51]\nTBA\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nMarch 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)\nTBD\n\n\n148\n15\n\"Sisterhood\"[52]\nTBA\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\nTBD\n\n\n149\n16\n\"Breadcrumbs\"[53]\nTBA\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)\nTBD\n\n\n150\n17\n\"Chosen\"[54]\nLana Parrilla\nPaul Karp & Brian Ridings\nApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)\nTBD\n\n\n151\n18\n\"The Guardian\"[55]\nGeofrey Hildrew[56]\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)\nTBD\n\n\n152\n19\n\"Flower Child\"[57]\nTBA\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)\nTBD\n\n"
] | [
"March 2, 2018"
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-5107142684197704199 | M&M's | M&M 's - wikipedia M&M 's Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the candy . For other uses , see M&M . M&M 's Owner Mars , Incorporated Country United States Introduced February 28 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 02 - 28 ) Related brands Minstrels , Revels , Treets Markets Worldwide ( over 100 countries ) Website www.mms.com M&M 's are `` colorful button - shaped chocolates '' , each of which has the letter `` m '' printed in lower case on one side , surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M 's . The original candy had a milk chocolate filling which , upon introducing other variations , was branded as the `` plain '' variety . `` Peanut '' M&M 's , which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate , and finally a candy shell , were the first variation to be introduced , and they remain a regular variety . Numerous other variations have been introduced , some of which are regular widespread varieties ( such as `` peanut butter '' , `` almond '' , `` pretzel '' , `` crispy '' , `` dark chocolate '' , and `` caramel '' ) while others are limited in duration or geographic availability . M&M 's originated in the United States in 1941 , and are sold in over 100 countries , since 2003 . More than 400 million individual M&M 's are produced every day in the United States . They are produced in different colors , some of which have changed over the years . The candy - coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate without having it melt . The company 's longest - lasting slogan reflects this : `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . '' A traditional milk chocolate M&M weighs about 0.91 grams / 0.032 ounces and has about 4.7 kilocalories ( kcal ) of food energy ( 1.7 kcal from fat ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 1930 - 70s 2 1980s 3 1990s 4 2000s 5 2010s 6 Varieties 7 Marketing 7.1 E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial 7.2 Marketing campaigns 7.3 Joint marketing campaigns 7.4 Related brands 8 M&M 's characters 9 Color changes in chocolate M&M 's 10 Health concerns 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 1930 - 70s ( edit ) Plain / Milk Chocolate M&M 's were introduced in 1941 . Forrest Mars , Sr. , son of the Mars Company founder , Frank C. Mars , copied the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British made Smarties , chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning ( essentially hardened sugar syrup ) surrounding the outside , preventing the candies from melting . Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3 , 1941 . Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill , Newark , New Jersey . When the company was founded it was M&M Limited . The two `` Ms '' represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr. , the founder of Newark Company , and Bruce Murrie , son of Hershey Chocolate 's president William F.R. Murrie , who had a 20 percent share in the product . The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate , as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time . M&M 's chocolate candy in cross-section with millimeter ruler for scale . Shows layers of hard panned coating . The demand for the candies during World War II caused an increase in production and its factory moved to bigger quarters at 200 North 12th Street in Newark , New Jersey , where it remained until 1958 when it moved to a bigger factory at Hackettstown . During the war , the candies were exclusively sold to the military . Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 . In 1949 , the brand released the tagline `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . '' Peanut butter M&M 's . ( Not to be confused with Peanut M&Ms ) In 1950 , a black `` M '' was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark . It was changed to white in 1954 . In the early 1950s , the Midwest Research Institute ( now MRIGlobal ) in Kansas City , Missouri , worked on behalf of M&M 's to perfect a process whereby 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) of chocolate centers could be coated every hour . Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared only in the color tan . In 1960 , M&M 's added the yellow , red , and green colors . In 1976 , orange was added to the M&M rainbow to replace red , which was discontinued due to the red dye scare over Red Dyes # 2 and # 4 having been evaluated to be carcinogenic in nature . In spite of the fact that M&M 's had used the less controversial Red Dye # 40 , the public was wary of any food being dyed red . Red M&M 's were re-introduced in 1987 . 1980s ( edit ) In the 1980s , M&M 's were introduced internationally to Australia , Canada , Europe , Hong Kong , Japan , Malaysia , and the United Kingdom . Although they were marketed and then withdrawn in the 1960s , almond - centered M&M 's were available again in 1988 in limited release , with appearances only during Christmas and Easter times ; they became a standard part of the product line in 1992 . Also in 1986 , M&M 's launched Holidays Chocolate Candies for Easter and Christmas , with the Easter candies having bunny , chick , and egg symbols on pastel - colored shells , and the Christmas candies having pine tree , bell , and candle symbols on red and green shells ; with the latter also having a special mint flavor . By 1993 , the holiday symbols were replaced with the standard trademark `` M '' . 1990s ( edit ) In 1991 , Peanut Butter M&M 's were released . These candies have peanut butter inside the chocolate center and the same color scheme as the other varieties . As of at least 2013 , the size of the peanut butter M&M has become slightly smaller . In 1995 , tan M&Ms were discontinued to be replaced by blue . In 1996 , Mars introduced `` M&M 's Minis '' , smaller candies usually sold in plastic tubes instead of bags . In 1999 , Crispy M&M 's were released . They were slightly larger than the milk chocolate variety and also featured a crispy wafer center . They were discontinued in the United States in 2005 and remained available in Europe , and Southeast Asia . In January 2015 , they returned to production in the United States . 2000s ( edit ) In July 2001 , Dulce de Leche M&M 's were introduced in five markets with large Hispanic populations : Los Angeles , California ; San Diego , California ; Miami , Florida ; Mcallen - Brownsville , Texas ; and San Antonio , Texas . The flavor never became popular with the Hispanic community , who preferred existing M&M 's flavors , and it was discontinued in most areas by early 2003 . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Pretzel M&M 's were released . They contain a crunchy , salty pretzel center inside of the chocolate coating and are about the same size as the Peanut M&M 's , but their shape tends to be more spherical . In 2013 , the M&M 's chocolate bar was re-released . It was originally released in 2004 and named M - Azing . In 2014 , Mega M&M 's were re-introduced . Before then , the ' Mega M&M 's ' had been released in 2007 promoting the Shrek Movies , being dubbed `` Ogre - Sized M&M 's '' . In 2015 , Crispy M&M 's were re-introduced in the United States . They had remained available continuously in Europe and Australia . In 2016 , the M&M cookie was re-introduced in the United States . Also in 2016 , the M&M 's flavor vote was created in which the fans could vote for either honey , coffee , or chili nut M&M 's to go with peanut M&M 's . Coffee Nuts was announced as the winner by VEEP 's Tony Hale In April 2017 , M&M 's chocolate blocks went on sale in Australia . Six varieties ( milk chocolate , strawberry , crispy , hazelnut , crispy mint and almond ) are available . Also in 2017 , Caramel M&M 's were released in the United States . Varieties ( edit ) M&M 's varieties have included the following sizes and fillings . Note that some have only been made available for a limited time , such as white cheesecake for Easter , pumpkin spice or white candy corn for Halloween , and White Strawberry Shortcake for Valentine 's Day . sizes : regular ( in the following flavors ) , minis , mega ( × 3 the chocolate ) and the `` chocolate bar '' . chocolate : milk chocolate , dark chocolate , white chocolate nut : peanuts , almonds , peanut butter , dark chocolate peanut , strawberried peanut butter , strawberry nut spice and herb : mint chocolate , cinnamon , pumpkin spice , white chocolate peppermint , holiday mint , gingerbread , mint crisp , pumpkin spice latte , mocha , coffee nut , honey nut , and chili nut . fruit : orange chocolate , cherry , raspberry , cherry cordial , pineapple , coconut , candy apple dessert : pretzel , birthday cake , white chocolate candy corn , red velvet , dulce de leche , white chocolate carrot cake , vanilla shake , crispy , three milks ( tres leches ) , pecan pie , and caramel . colors : Easter regularly sees pastel - colored candies and Christmas bags have green and red only Marketing ( edit ) Over the years , marketing has helped build and expand the M&M 's brand . Computer - animated graphics , personification of the candies as characters with cartoon - like storytelling , and various merchandising techniques including the introduction of new flavors , colors and customizable merchandise have helped to increase the brand 's recognition as a candy icon . E.T. : the Extra-Terrestrial ( edit ) In 1982 , the Mars candy bar company rejected the inclusion of M&M 's in the new Steven Spielberg movie E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial . Competitor Hershey , on the other hand , took a chance with their Reese 's Pieces , which is similar to M&M 's but contains a peanut butter filling , and with the blockbuster success , its candy sales dramatically increased , perhaps by as much as 300 % . Marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990 , M&M 's exhibited at New York 's Erie County Fair a life - size fiberglass cow covered with 66,000 M&M candies -- each adhered by hand with the `` m '' logo on each candy facing outward . According to a website run by the cow 's designer , Michael Adams , the stunt earned M&M Mars $1 million in free publicity because it was reported on by Newsweek magazine , as well as the New York Post , UPI and WABC - TV , and Live with Regis . In 1995 , the company ran the M&M 's Color Campaign , a contest in which participants were given the choice of selecting purple , blue , or pink as the color of a new variety of M&M 's . The announcement of the winning color ( blue ) was carried on most of the television networks ' news programs as well as the talk shows of David Letterman and Jay Leno . As part of the contest results , the company had the Empire State Building lighted in blue . Although the financial details of these deals were not disclosed and neither was the campaign 's effect on sales , one marketing book estimated that the company `` collected millions '' in free publicity and that the campaign `` certainly '' resulted in an increasing of the brand 's awareness . In 1998 , M&M 's were styled as `` The Official Candy of the New Millennium , '' as MM is the Roman numeral for 2000 . This date was also the release of the rainbow M&M 's , which are multi-colored and filled with a variety of different fillings . In 2000 , `` Plain '' M&M 's ( a name created in 1954 when `` Peanut '' M&M 's were introduced ) were renamed `` Milk Chocolate '' M&M 's , and pictures of the candy pieces were added to the traditional brown and white packaging . Joint marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990 , Mars Snackfood US signed up to be a sponsor for NASCAR in the Sprint Cup Series . Drivers for the M&M 's - sponsored car through the years have included Ernie Irvan ( 1999 ) , Ken Schrader ( 2000 -- 02 ) , Eliott Sadler ( 2003 -- 06 ) , Ricky Rudd ( 2007 ) , David Gilliland ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Kyle Busch ( 2008 - current , won 2015 Sprint Cup Series Championship ) , and Michael McDowell . The introduction of the blue M&M to Australia was promoted by the Australian Football League 's Carlton Football Club , which wore sky - blue colored guernseys in one of its matches in 1997 instead of its traditional navy blue -- a color which the successful and fiercely traditional club had worn since the 1870s . In 2010 , Mars Snackfood Australia described it as the most successful promotional campaign it had ever engaged in . In April 2005 , M&M 's ran the `` mPire '' promotion to tie in with the Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith movie release . M&M 's were offered in dark chocolate varieties ( Regular and Peanut ) for the first time after a string of Addams Family M&M 's commercials . M&M 's World London In May 2004 , M&M 's ran a Shrek 2 promotion to tie in with the movie 's release . M&M 's were offered `` ogre - sized '' ( 65 % larger ) in swamp / ogre colors . They were sold at many stores displayed in huge cardboard - cutout ogre displays . In the summer of 2005 , Mars added `` Mega M&M 's '' to the lineup . These candies , at 55 % larger than the traditional M&M 's , were a little smaller than the ogre - sized version . They were available in milk chocolate and peanut varieties . The colors for Mega M&M 's were changed to less - bright colors , ostensibly to appeal to older consumers : teal ( replacing green ) , beige ( replacing orange ) , maroon ( replacing red ) , gold ( replacing yellow ) , blue - gray ( replacing blue ) , and brown . Outside of M&M 's World in Times Square , New York City In July 2006 , Dark Chocolate M&M 's reappeared in a purple package , followed in 2007 by Dark Chocolate Peanut M&M 's . Also in 2006 , the company piloted White Chocolate M&M 's as a tie - in with their `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' promotion . The company also offered eight new flavors of M&M 's via online sales , as well as at M&M 's World locations : `` All That Razz '' ; `` Eat , Drink , & Be Cherry '' ; `` A Day at the Peach '' ; `` Orange - U-Glad '' ; `` Mint Condition '' ; `` AlmonDeeLicious '' ; `` Nut What You Think '' ; and `` Cookie Monster '' . Mars also released a `` Crispy Mint '' variety in Australia that year . The M&M 's sponsored NASCAR stock car driven by Kyle Busch Also in 2006 , M&M 's became the official chocolate of NASCAR . In 2007 , M&M 's introduced a limited - edition raspberry flavor called `` M&M 's Razzberry Chocolate Candies '' . Also in 2007 , M&M 's produced a 50 - foot , smiling Lady Liberty M&M statue to kick off a campaign encouraging Americans to create their own M&M characters at mms.com . The website allows for people to log in and create their own character from scratch . They can choose features such as the color , shape , hair , and accessories . In 2008 , two limited - edition varieties of the candy were introduced -- `` Wildly Cherry '' M&M 's , and , as a marketing tie - in with the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , `` Mint Crisp '' M&M 's . M&M 's also introduced another new product called `` M&M 's Premiums '' in 2008 . They come in five flavors -- chocolate almond , mint chocolate , mocha , raspberry almond , and triple chocolate ( milk , dark , and white chocolate ) , which are sold in small upright cartons with a plastic bag inside . M&M 's Premiums do not have a candy shell but are coated with carnauba wax and color . Dark Chocolate was added in 2009 , replacing Mocha . During the summer of 2008 , My M&M 's launched ' Faces , ' which allows consumers to print the faces of loved ones on M&M 's chocolate candies at mymms.com . In February 2009 , M&M 's launched the `` M&M 's Colour Break - Up '' promotion in Australia where M&M 's were sold in separate packs ( one for each color ) : the packs included a code to win prizes . In Summer 2009 , M&M 's launched a limited - edition `` Strawberried Peanut Butter '' variant to tie in with the release of Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . In addition , M&M 's launched a limited edition `` Coconut M&M 's , '' which became a permanent item in 2010 . M&M 's World on the Las Vegas Strip In early 2010 , M&M 's Bare All were released as part of a competition in Australia and New Zealand . M&M 's Bare All winning packs were ordinary M&M 's , but without colored shells . An official website was launched , along with television advertisements . In April 2010 , M&M 's launched a new pretzel variety . In November 2011 , Mars released M&M 's Cinnamon Milk Chocolate for Christmas . About the time pretzel M&M 's came out , the M&M 's wrapper designs in the U.S. were redone , from the old design , used from 2004 - early 2010 . In 2012 , M&M 's released two new Dark Chocolate flavors : Raspberry and Mint . Also that year , M&M 's released a White Chocolate flavor for the Easter season . From May 30 , 2012 , onwards , M&M 's will be launched in Macau . Its Macanese launch language is Portuguese . In 2012 , Peanut M&M 's were produced in the UK in a limited edition `` Red , White and Blues only '' pack , in connection with the country 's Diamond Jubilee and 2012 Summer Olympics . The ' M ' remains white on the white candies . The commercial advertising this promotional package had Yellow donning various outfits of British stereotypes to try to get into the limited edition pack . Similarly , to promote the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Peanut M&M 's were produced in a pack that contained only green , yellow , and blue candies , dubbed `` Brazilian M&M 's '' in reference to the colors of the flag of Brazil . `` Brazilian M&M 's '' were re-released in 2016 to promote the 2016 Summer Olympics , but are now available in both Chocolate and Peanut . In 2013 , M&M 's launched the `` Better with M '' campaign , which included cause - related marketing . The campaign worked with Habitat for Humanity and encouraged fans to use a Facebook app to volunteer at the various sites where the homes were being built . The advertising campaign was one of the largest that Mars had ever executed . The 2013 `` America Better With M '' initiative sough to provide money directly to Habitat for Humanity through offering limited versions of M&Ms in red , white and blue . Related brands ( edit ) Related candy brands from Mars include Minstrels , Revels , Skittles , and Treets . M&M 's World specialty shops have been established in some locations , including Las Vegas , Orlando , New York , London , and Shanghai . Several M&Ms - themed video games have been created . The first was M&M 's : The Lost Formulas , released on September 28 , 2000 . M&M 's characters ( edit ) The six `` spokescandies '' for M&M 's since 2012 Early black - and - white adverts for the candy in 1954 featured two talking , anthropomorphic M&M characters -- one plain and one peanut -- diving into a swimming pool full of chocolate . The first incarnation of the characters in CGI was a 1994 celebrity campaign which had the characters interacting with celebrities on which M&Ms candy color is their favorite . This campaign was created by Blue Sky Studios . Concurrent with 1995 's blue M&M campaign , M&M 's introduced second computer - animated `` spokescandies '' in their television commercials . The depiction and campaign of the M&M 's were made by Will Vinton in 1995 . Vinton previously created the clay - animation California Raisins in 1986 . Around the time he worked on CGI projects , he made the depiction of the M&M 's as more mature than most food mascots . These include the team of the cynical and sardonic Red ( originally voiced by Jon Lovitz , thereafter Billy West ) who is the mascot for milk chocolate , peanut butter , and crispy M&M 's , and the happy and gullible Yellow ( originally voiced by John Goodman , thereafter J.K. Simmons ) , who is the mascot for peanut M&M 's ( he was originally known as `` Peanut '' when first introduced ) . Other mascots include the `` cool one '' , Blue ( voiced by Phil Hartman until his death in 1998 , thereafter Robb Pruitt ) who is the mascot for almond M&M 's ; the seductive Green ( voiced by Cree Summer ) , who is the mascot for both dark chocolate mint and peanut butter M&M 's , and the slightly neurotic Orange ( voiced by Eric Kirchberger ) , who was introduced when Crispy M&M 's were first released and returned when Pretzel M&M 's debuted in 2010 . Orange , upon his return , was joined by the second non-M&M mascot , Pretzel Guy ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) , who `` supports '' him and offers helpful advice as he hates the idea of having a pretzel put inside his body . Other mascots that were introduced , but no longer used , are Almond , the original green guy ; Orange , a female peanut character , Chocolate Bar ; the first non-M&M character that always gets foiled or outdone by Red and Yellow by being melted when M&M 's ca n't , and the Swarmees for M&M 's Minis candies , which are portrayed as destructive yet crafty troublemakers who Red and Yellow are always trying unsuccessfully to contain . Female M&M 's mascots were introduced in 1995 . Green was the milk chocolate mascot and Tan was the peanut . Marketing discontinued Tan when they introduced the then - new Blue mascot . Green was the only female M&M 's mascot from her introduction in 1995 until 2012 when M&M 's unveiled a new additional spokescandy , the businesslike Ms. Brown ( voiced by Miss America 1984 Vanessa Williams ) , the `` Chief Chocolate Officer . '' She made her debut in a Super Bowl XLVI advertisement , where several people at a party assume she is naked because her shell is the same color as her insides , which causes Red to remove his outer shell thinking `` it 's that kind of party '' , and start dancing to the LMFAO song `` Sexy And I Know It . '' Color Character Type Voice actor Red Red Milk Chocolate , Dark Chocolate , Peanut Butter , and Crispy Jon Lovitz ( 1995 -- 96 ) Billy West ( 1996 -- present ) Yellow Yellow Peanut , and Dark Chocolate Peanut John Goodman ( 1995 -- 96 ) J.K. Simmons ( 1996 -- present ) Blue Blue Almond , Raspberry , and Dark Chocolate Phil Hartman ( 1995 -- 98 ) Robb Pruitt ( 1998 -- present ) Green Green Dark Chocolate , Dark Chocolate Mint , and Peanut Butter Cree Summer Orange Orange Crispy and Pretzel Eric Kirchberger Brown Ms. Brown Dark Chocolate and Milk Chocolate Vanessa Williams Tan Caramel ( cube ) Caramel David Cross Brown Pretzel ( symmetrical ) Pretzel Guy Maurice LaMarche Color changes in chocolate M&M 's ( edit ) Transparent chutes hold M&Ms of various colors . The original colors of M&M 's candies were red , yellow , violet , green and orange . In 1976 , the Food and Drug Administration released a study that linked red dye 2 in food coloring to cancer . Though Mars did not use this dye , they decided to pull the red M&M 's from the market to avoid possible misunderstandings . The red candy were reintroduced to the market ten years later . In early 1995 , Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue , pink , or purple would replace the tan M&M 's . Blue was the winner with 54 % of the votes . It replaced tan in late 1995 . Consumers could vote by calling 1 - 800 - FUN - COLOR . Ads for the new blue colors featured a plain and an almond blue M&M character as Red and Yellow take notice of trying to do takes in the commercial by painting themselves blue where they appear on stage with B.B. King singing the blues , but the filmmakers had to cut the scene as they were not the real blue M&M 's ; another featured Red and Yellow holding their breath to look like the new blue M&M 's , where Steven Weber sees the three M&M 's , Red , Yellow , and Blue ; and one more featuring Weber talking to the blue M&M if he had dived into the chocolate pool , but did not . In 2002 , Mars solicited votes in their first ever `` M&M 's Global Color Vote '' to add a new color from three choices : aqua ( turquoise ) , pink , and purple . Purple won and was featured for a limited time . To help the colors get votes , Ken Schrader and his MB2 Motorsports team , who was sponsored by M&M 's at the time , ran four paint schemes during the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season representing the promotion ( one for aqua , one for pink , one for purple , and another one with all three colors on the car . ) Specially marked packages of M&M 's were released in Japan . Finding a bag of all purple M&M 's entitled the customer to a prize of 100 million yen ( equivalent to approximately USD $852,000 ) . On January 1 , 2004 , at the stroke of midnight , Mars removed all of the colors of M&M 's and made them black - and - white on both their candies and the packaging . It coincided with a commercial parodying The Wizard of Oz where Dorothy is home in bed and looks out of the window and sees what the colors of the four M&M 's were . The goal was to help the M&M 's find their colors in black - and - white packages of M&M 's , in this order : brown , orange , red , green , yellow , and blue . After all of the colors have been found , the colored packaging returned , and began carrying the theme `` Chocolate is better in color '' . Since 2004 , M&M 's have been available online in 17 colors , with personalized phrases on each candy on the opposite side from the `` m '' . Released around Christmas , these custom - printed M&M 's were originally intended for holiday greetings , but are now available all year round . For the 2008 Valentine 's Day season , Mars introduced all - green bags of M&M 's . This was due to common urban folklore that says green M&M 's are an aphrodisiac . They were brought back for 2009 alongside the `` Ms. Green Heats Up Valentine 's Day '' contest . In October 2011 , Mars released M&M 's White Chocolate Candy Corn exclusively in the United States for Halloween . These candies come in three candy corn inspired colors : white , bright yellow , and bright orange . The following is a summary of the changes to the colors of the flagship ( milk chocolate ) flavor of M&M 's , the only filling manufactured continuously since the beginning of the brand . From 1941 until 1969 , each package contained M&M 's in five different colors ; when red M&M 's were reintroduced in 1987 , they were added as a sixth color instead of replacing any of the existing colors . 1940 ‒ 2010 Health concerns ( edit ) Red candies were eliminated in 1976 because of health concerns over the dye amaranth ( FD&C Red # 2 ) , which was a suspected carcinogen , and were replaced with orange - colored candies . This was done despite the fact that M&M 's did not contain the dye ; the action was purely to satisfy worried consumers . Red candies were reintroduced ten years later , but they also kept the orange colored M&M 's . Paul Hethmon , then a student at University of Tennessee , started the campaign to bring back red M&M 's as a joke that would eventually become a worldwide phenomenon . In Europe , red M&M 's contain the red dye carmine ( E120 ) . Carmine , also known as cochineal , has had some campaigns launched against its use in food , because it is made from crushed insects . Notably , Starbucks in the UK had a campaign launched against it for using carmine . See also ( edit ) United States portal Similar candies from other companies : Smarties Cadbury Gems Reese 's Pieces Sixlets Presidential M&M 's References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : M&M 's candy fades to black and white , a December Reuters article via USA Today Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2002 ) . Peanuts : The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 9780252025532 . Jump up ^ `` The Mars Family Net Worth '' . TheRichest . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's Mega -- with three times as much chocolate -- hits stores '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Per M&M / Mars FAQ , How many candies are in a bag ? Jump up ^ By calculation from M&M 's nutrition info page . Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu. 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World - Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28 , 2008 '' . virtualnewarknj.com. April 12 , 1981 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrie , William F.R. ; 1873 -- 1950 - hersheyarchives.com - Retrieved January 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World - Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28 , 2008 '' . virtual.com. April 12 , 1981 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew F. ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . Food and Drink in American History : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia ( 3 Volumes ) : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781610692335 . Jump up ^ `` MRI Breakthroughs '' . Mriresearch.org . September 11 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2012 ) . Fast Food and Junk Food : An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313393938 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S ® About M&MSŽ : History '' . Mms.com. 2010 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` M&M lovers pick purple - Jun. 20 , 2002 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` M&M Minis '' . mms.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M / MARS Woos Latinos With New `` M&M 's '' Dulce de Leche - Caramel Chocolate Candies ; New Flavor to Premiere in Markets With Highest Concentration of Latinos . Food & Beverage > Food Industry from `` . AllBusiness.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Seat ! Dulce de Leche M&M 's Fail '' . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` This New M&M 's Flavour Will Fuel Your Coffee Addiction '' . TIME. 2016 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mars Chocolate North America ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` M&M 'S ® Launches New Soft Caramel - Filled Chocolate Candies '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Coffee Nut , Honey Nut , and Chili Nut M&M 's ( M&M 's Flavor Vote ) '' . The Impulsive Buy . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Snopes : Taking it E.T. `` Business by its very nature is cut - throat ; competitors rarely aid one another because one company 's success almost invariably comes at the expense of the other 's vitality . When such leg - ups occur , they are often inadvertent -- the result of one firm 's having failed to take advantage of an opportunity that its competitor later cleaned up on . Such was the case when Mars , Inc. passed on the chance for its flagship product , M&Ms , to be the candy used in 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Its turn - down cleared the way for Hershey Foods Corporation to make a remarkable splash for its Reese 's Pieces . '' Jump up ^ `` Events - M&M Candy Cow '' . Behindthescenesmarketing.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William M. Luther ( 2001 ) . The Marketing Plan : How to Prepare and Implement it ( 3rd ed . ) . AMACOM . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 2615 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( June 29 , 2000 ) . `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS : ADVERTISING ; M&M / Mars concludes , after 46 years , that ' Plain ' does not do justice to the original M&M 's candy '' . `` The New York Times '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Candy Man comes to Carlton '' . Carlton Football Club . 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jon ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Mars backs Carlton Blues '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's get mega-sized '' . CNNMoney.com . Time Warner . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S Color Break Up '' . Mars . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) m-msbareall.com . Archived January 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About M&MS ® : Products : Pretzel '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M&M 'S Launching ' Better With M ' Marketing Campaign '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schultz , EJ ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Rewind : 1954 Ad Shows M&Ms Characters Go for a Chocolatey Swim '' . Ad Age . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - M&M 's - Voice of Red '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' The Good Wife , ' awards shows and ' The Little Couple ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( 2003 ) . Candymaking in Canada : The History and Business of Canada 's Confectionery Industry . Dundurn . ISBN 9781550023954 . Jump up ^ `` Custom Printed MY M&M 'S '' . mms.com . Mars , Incorporated . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S Chocolate Candies go green just in time for Valentine 's Day '' . PRNewswire . January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of M&M 'S Brand '' . mms.com . Mars , Incorporated . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The man who brought Red M&M 's back to life '' . WBIR. 2014 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ M&Ms Peanut Pouch Red M&Ms Tesco Jump up ^ Starbucks red dye campaign What is carmine and why is Starbucks taking it out of its products ? External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to M&M 's . Official website The History of M&M 's Chocolates from us.mms.com ( hide ) Mars , Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars , Sr . Forrest Mars , Jr . John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M - Azing M&M 's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben 's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley 's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch ! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams Medi - Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni - Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%26M%27s&oldid=815892513 '' Categories : Mars confectionery brands Candy Brand name chocolate Products introduced in 1941 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what were the original m and m colors | [
"Peanut M&M's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared[14] only in the color tan. In 1960, M&M's added the yellow, red, and green colors."
] | [
"tan"
] |
7328567139296693948 | 900 (skateboarding) | 900 ( Skateboarding ) - wikipedia 900 ( Skateboarding ) Jump to : navigation , search The 900 is a 21⁄2 - revolution ( 900 degrees ) aerial spin performed on a skateboard ramp . While airborne , the skateboarder makes two - and - a-half turns about their longitudinal axis , thereby facing down when coming down . It is considered one of skateboarding 's most technically demanding tricks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Hawk 2 1999 X-Games 3 Successful landings 4 Other sports 5 References Pre-hawk ( edit ) A number of opinions exist about pre-1999 900s . The most prominent of these is the argument that Danny Way landed the 900 in 1989 , and it appears in an early Santa Cruz film . In 1999 Tony Hawk said : Well , he was shown in a video almost 10 years ago . He was really close , but he did n't make it . He came the closest by far , but they cut the video before he fell . So it may have misled some people . There are only four people who have been able to spin completely and he 's one of them . Tas Pappas and Rob Boyce also have spun it , but they have n't landed it . 1999 X-Games ( edit ) In the months before the 1999 X-Games , Tas Pappas had been developing the 900 . After being photographed by Grant Brittain of Transworld Skateboarding , sequences of his attempts were available for study . Tas was hoping to debut the trick at the competition in the Best Trick competition . Despite competing in the vert competition , he was not allowed to compete in the Best Trick competition by the organizers . Tony Hawk , one of the most successful vertical pro skateboarders in the world , landed `` The 900 '' at the 1999 X-Games after ten failed attempts . It was past regulation time but , as one announcer said , `` We make up the rules as we go along . Let 's give him another try . '' Other skaters protested , but Hawk continued . Hawk twice landed on his board , but it flew out from under him . When he finally completed the trick , his arms windmilled and his hand barely grazed the ramp . Nonetheless , he rode away . He was awarded 1st place in the `` Best Trick '' event despite going over the time limit . At a later X-Games , Hawk landed the trick again , this time during regulation time . In his book , the 900 was the last on the wishlist of tricks Hawk had written a decade earlier . Other tricks on the list included the ollie 540 , kickflip 540 , and varial 720 . In a 1999 interview , Hawk said he does not have `` any desire to spin further '' . He did , however , successfully land the trick during press interviews for the video game Tony Hawk : Ride and at the `` Tony Hawk : RIDE Presents Stand Up for Skate Parks '' event . In 2011 Hawk was still able to land his famous 900 and posted a video of the trick via his Twitter account stating `` I 'm 43 and I did a 900 today . '' On June 27 , 2016 , Hawk successfully landed another 900 at age 48 , 17 years to the day from when he completed his first at the X-Games , and indicated that it would likely be his last 900 . Successful landings ( edit ) Tony Hawk , June 27 1999 , X-Games , San Francisco , California ( USA ) Giorgio Zattoni , April 2004 , Marianna HC , Ravenna ( Italy ) Sandro Dias , May 2004 , Latin X-Games , Rio de Janeiro ( Brazil ) Alex Perelson , July 2009 , Maloof Money Cup , Costa Mesa , California ( USA ) Bob Burnquist , first fakie to fakie Indy 900 , August 2010 Mega Ramp , ( USA ) Mitchie Brusco , July 2011 , Nescau MegaRamp Invitational , São Paulo ( Brazil ) Elliot Sloan , October 2011 , Maloof Money Cup , South Africa Tom Schaar , October 2011 , MegaRamp Woodward West , Tehachapi , California ( USA ) ( at age 12 ) Zac Rose , April 2012 at Rye Airfield , NH ( USA ) Jonathan Schwan , April 2013 , at MegaRamp Woodward West , Tehachapi , California ( USA ) Clay Kreiner , July 13 , 2013 , at the Mini MegaRamp Woodward East , Woodward , Pennsylvania ( USA ) Tas Pappas , April 24 , 2014 , Megaramp Victoria Australia Asher Bradshaw , at 10 years old , May 23 , 2014 , on the vert ramp at Woodward West , Tehachapi , California ( USA ) Evan Doherty , at 11 years old , on August 23 , 2014 , on the Vert ramp at Rocky Mountain Rampage Vert Contest , in Colorado Springs , CO . Luigi Cini , on Vert Ramp , Brazil . September 17th , 2016 . Gui Khury , at 8 years old , September 30th , 2017 on the Vert Ramp in Brazil . The advent of the MegaRamp , invented in 2002 , gives much higher vertical height which enabled even more revolutions and on March 26th , 2012 , Tom Schaar landed a 1080 on his 5th attempt . Other sports ( edit ) The 900 can also be attempted on a BMX bike , skis , snowboard , inline skates or a scooter . BMX - Rider Mat Hoffman was the first person to successfully land the 900 on film at a competition in Canada in 1989 . At the 2002 X Games , Hoffman took the trick a step further by landing a no - handed 900 . Simon Tabron 's signature trick is the 900 . In the 2007 X Games 13 Simon Tabron landed the first back - to - back 900s . Because the gear of snowboarders , skiers , and inline skaters is affixed to their feet , the 900 is not considered to be a difficult trick for professionals in those sports and is performed rather often . 1620 and 1800 degree spins have been landed on skis , a 1620 has been performed on a snowboard as well as on inline skates , 1080 on BMX , 1080 on scooter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Way - Risk it '' . YouTube . 2010 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : 1999 Summer X Games : Chat wrap : Hawk soars to legendary status Archived April 4 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc. 1990 -- 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` After the fall '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X Games San Francisco , CA '' . World Cup Skateboarding . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Polly Sprenger . `` Twist and Shout at the X Games '' . Wired-vig.wired.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Stand Up for Skateparks : Tony Hawk Lands The 900 For His Foundation Supporters '' . tonyhawkfoundation.org . October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 900 in Linkoping Sweden '' . Jump up ^ 14 mei 2011 . `` Twitter / tonyhawk : I 'm 43 and I did a 900 today '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk Lands 900 At 48 ! '' . RIDE Channel . 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 900 '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The 900 - Giorgio Zattoni - Volume Video 3 - June 2004 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sandro Dias 900 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Perelson 900 '' . YouTube . 2011 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Perelson Makes History '' . xgames.espn.go.com . July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Mega 900 '' . Skateboard.Tv . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - year - old Mitchie Brusco lands MegaRamp 900 in Sao Paulo , Brazil '' . ESPN.com . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Sloan lands first 900 tailgrab on MiniMega at Maloof South Africa '' . ESPN.com . October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12 - year - old Tom Schaar youngest skater to land 900 '' . ESPN.com . October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Rose 900 Stomp '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Theeve welcomes Jono Schwan and new Mega Truck '' . YouTube . 2013 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jono Schwans 900 on the Woodward West MegaRamp '' . woodwardwest.com. April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clay Kreiner 's First 900 Super Slow - mo '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tas Pappas - The first Aussie 900 on ANZAC Day '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Asher Bradshaw - Youngest Person To Land 900 '' . YouTube . 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Asher Bradshaw becomes youngest to land 900 '' . X Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 11 year old Evan Doherty `` Big E '' Lands the 900 on Vert `` . YouTube . 2014 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` @ luigicini on Instagram : `` Super stoked to land my first 900 yesterday ! É difícil de acreditar ! Não podia estar mais feliz com o meu primeiro 900 no meu primeiro ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Gui Khury on Instagram : `` 🌪 900 🌪 # 8yearsold # thankyouskateboarding @ ebanxlife @ dropdeadskateboard @ triple8nyc @ nikesb @ mundiskateshop @ 90theoriginal # 900 # skateboard ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Skateboarder Tom Schaar `` My First X '' : The Evolution Of The 1080 by NetworkA ( published to YouTube on Jun 25 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` March 25th 1989 / March 25 2011 -- my first 900 , 22 yrs '' . mathoffman.com . March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best BMX Performances in X Games History : 1 . Mat Hoffman , No - Handed 900 , 2002 X Games in Philadelphia '' . Jul 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BMX : Simon Tabron 900 '' . YouTube . 2008 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` * 2007 X-GAMES @ 23MAG BMX '' . 23mag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1620 on Skis in Halfpipe '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` First Switch 1800 in Competition '' . xgames.espn.go.com . March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torin Yater - Wallace 1800 in competition '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1620 on Snowboard - World record - `` They came from '' `` . YouTube . 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ulrik Badertscher 1620 - Dew Tour Snowboard Big Air '' . YouTube . 2012 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Schepman Official First Ever 1620 On Rollerblades '' . YouTube . 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Schepman : World 's first 1620 ( Woodward ) '' . rollernews.com . August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BMX 1080 first ever X-Air 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Spinner Pulls World 's First 1080 at X-Air : February 12 , 2007 '' . bmx.transworld.net . February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jordan Jasa ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) , 1080 on a Scooter ! , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 ( hide ) Skateboarding Skateboarding styles Freestyle skateboarding Street skateboarding Vert skateboarding Slalom skateboarding Skateboarding tricks 900 1080 Aerials Benihana Casper Flip tricks Freestyle tricks Grabs Grinds Heelflip Kickflip Lip tricks Ollie No comply Pole jam Shove - it Slides Skateboard variations Brakeboard Caster board Fingerboard Flowboard Freeboard Longboard Snakeboard Street luge Other Skate punk Skate shoes Skateboarders / Female skateboarders Skatepark Sponsorship Terminology Skateboarding companies Skatestopper Skateboarding at the Summer Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=900_(skateboarding)&oldid=842418405 '' Categories : Skateboarding tricks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 09 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who landed the first 900 on a skateboard | [
"Tony Hawk, June 27 1999, X-Games, San Francisco, California (USA)[11]"
] | [
"Tony Hawk"
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2669712161915534548 | Remembrance poppy | Remembrance poppy - wikipedia Remembrance poppy Jump to : navigation , search The flower of the common or field poppy Papaver rhoeas , on which the remembrance poppy is based . The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower that has been used since 1921 to commemorate military personnel who have died in war , and represents a common or field poppy , Papaver rhoeas . Inspired by the World War I poem `` In Flanders Fields '' , and promoted by Moina Michael , they were first adopted by the American Legion to commemorate American soldiers killed in that war ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . They were then adopted by military veterans ' groups in parts of the British Empire . Today , they are mostly used in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts . There , small artificial poppies are often worn on clothing leading up to Remembrance Day / Armistice Day , and poppy wreaths are often laid at war memorials . In Australia and New Zealand , they are also worn on Anzac Day . The Royal British Legion 's Poppy Appeal has caused some controversy , with some -- including British Army veterans -- arguing that it has become excessive , is being used to marshal support behind British military campaigns , and that public figures are pressured to wear poppies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Usage 2.1 Canada 2.2 Australia 2.3 New Zealand 2.4 United Kingdom 2.4. 1 Northern Ireland 2.5 Republic of Ireland 2.6 Elsewhere 3 Other designs and purposes 3.1 White poppies 3.2 Purple poppies 4 Protests and controversy 4.1 In the media 4.2 In sport 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Moina Michael on a 1948 U.S. commemorative stamp The remembrance poppy was inspired by the World War I poem `` In Flanders Fields '' . Its opening lines refer to the many poppies that were the first flowers to grow in the churned - up earth of soldiers ' graves in Flanders , a region of Belgium . It is written from the point of view of the dead soldiers and , in the last verse , they call on the living to continue the conflict . The poem was written by Canadian physician , Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae , on 3 May 1915 after witnessing the death of his friend , a fellow soldier , the day before . The poem was first published on 8 December 1915 in the London - based magazine Punch . In 1918 , Moina Michael , who had taken leave from her professorship at the University of Georgia to be a volunteer worker for the American YWCA , was inspired by the poem and published a poem of her own called `` We Shall Keep the Faith '' . In tribute to McCrae 's poem , she vowed to always wear a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who fought and helped in the war . At a November 1918 YWCA Overseas War Secretaries ' conference , she appeared with a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed 25 more to those attending . She then campaigned to have the poppy adopted as a national symbol of remembrance . At a conference in 1920 , the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance . At this conference , Frenchwoman Anna E. Guérin was inspired to introduce the artificial poppies commonly used today . In 1921 she sent her poppy sellers to London , where the symbol was adopted by Field Marshal Douglas Haig , a founder of the Royal British Legion . It was also adopted by veterans ' groups in Canada , Australia and New Zealand . James Fox notes that all of the countries who adopted the remembrance poppy were the `` victors '' of World War I . Usage ( edit ) Today , remembrance poppies are mostly used in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand -- countries which were formerly part of the British Empire -- to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts . They are used to a lesser extent in the United States . Canada ( edit ) Canadian poppies In Canada , the poppy is the official symbol of remembrance worn during the two weeks before 11 November , having been adopted in 1921 . The Royal Canadian Legion , which has trademarked the image , suggests that poppies be worn on the left lapel , or as near the heart as possible . Until 1996 , poppies were made by disabled veterans in Canada , but they have since been made by a private contractor . The Canadian poppies consist of two pieces of moulded plastic covered with flocking with a pin to fasten them to clothing . At first the poppies were made with a black centre . From 1980 to 2002 , the centres were changed to green . Current designs are black only ; this change caused confusion and controversy to those unfamiliar with the original design . In 2007 , sticker versions of the poppy were made for children , the elderly , and healthcare and food industry workers . Canada also issues a cast metal `` Canada Remembers '' pin featuring a gold maple leaf and two poppies , one representing the fallen and the other representing those who remained on the home front . Following the installation of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National War Memorial in Ottawa in 2000 , where the national Remembrance service is held , a new tradition formed spontaneously as attendees laid their poppies on the tomb at the end of the service . This tradition , while not part of the official program , has become widely practised elsewhere in the country , with others leaving cut flowers , photographs , or letters to the deceased . Since joining Canada in 1949 , the remembrance poppy and Armistice Day commemorations have largely displaced Newfoundland 's own commemorative floral emblem , the forget - me - not , and its own Memorial Day held on 1 July . Although in recent years the forget - me - not has had somewhat of a resurgence in Newfoundland 's military commemorations , the remembrance poppy is more common . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , remembrance poppies have been used since 1921 to commemorate Australian soldiers who died in war . On Remembrance Day ( 11 November ) and Anzac Day ( 25 April ) they are laid at war memorials , and are sold by the Returned and Services League of Australia ( RSL ) in return for donations . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand remembrance poppy In New Zealand , remembrance poppies are most often worn on Anzac Day ( 25 April ) to commemorate New Zealand soldiers who died in war . They are also worn on Remembrance Day , and are sold by the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services ' Association ( RSA ) in return for donations . The RSA planned to hold its first Poppy Day appeal around the time of Armistice Day 1921 , as other countries were doing . However , the ship carrying the poppies from France arrived in New Zealand too late , and so the association waited until Anzac Day 1922 . This first Poppy Day appeal was a success . Most of the money raised went to needy soldiers and their families , while the rest went to the French Children 's League to help relieve suffering in war - ravaged areas of northern France . The popularity of Poppy Day grew and there were record collections during the Second World War . By 1945 , 750,000 poppies were being distributed nationwide , which equated to half the population . United Kingdom ( edit ) Royal British Legion poppy A volunteer makes poppies at the Royal British Legion Poppy Factory in London , where over 30 million poppies are made by a small team each year A poppy on a bus in Southampton , England ( November 2008 ) In the United Kingdom , remembrance poppies are sold by The Royal British Legion ( RBL ) . This is a charity providing financial , social , political and emotional support to those who have served or who are currently serving in the British Armed Forces , and their dependants . They are sold on the streets by volunteers in the weeks before Remembrance Day . The remembrance poppy is the trademark of The Royal British Legion . The RBL state , `` The red poppy is our registered mark and its only lawful use is to raise funds for the Poppy Appeal '' ; its yearly fundraising drive in the weeks before Remembrance Day . The RBL says these poppies are `` worn to commemorate the sacrifices of our Armed Forces and to show support to those still serving today '' . Other poppy merchandise is sold throughout the year as part of the ongoing fundraising . In England , Wales , and Northern Ireland , the poppies typically have two red paper petals mounted on a green plastic stem with a single green paper leaf and a prominent black plastic central boss . The stem has an additional branch used to anchor the poppy via a pin in the lapel or buttonhole . In Scotland , the poppies are curled and have four petals with no leaf . The yearly selling of poppies is a major source of income for the RBL in the UK . The poppy has no fixed price ; it is sold for a donation or the price may be suggested by the seller . The black plastic center of the poppy was marked `` Haig Fund '' until 1994 but is now marked `` Poppy Appeal '' . A team of about 50 people -- most of them disabled former British military personnel -- work all year round to make millions of poppies at the Poppy Factory in Richmond . Scottish poppies are made in the Lady Haig 's Poppy Factory in Edinburgh . For many years after World War I , poppies were worn only on Remembrance Day itself . However , today the RBL 's `` Poppy Appeal '' has a higher profile than any other charity appeal in the UK . The poppies are widespread from late October until mid-November every year and are worn by the general public , politicians , the Royal Family and other public figures . It has become common to see large poppies on buses , tube trains and aeroplanes as well as on lampposts , billboards , public buildings and landmarks . Many newspapers and magazines show a poppy on their cover page , and some social network users add poppies to their avatars . Each year , an official Poppy Appeal single has been released . Celebrities have begun wearing expensive crystal - clad poppy brooches , or ' bling poppies ' , which are sold by the RBL . There are thousands of poppy sellers on the streets and numerous fundraising events ; such as concerts , fairs , marathons and competitions . There are also many other events to raise awareness . For example , in 2011 , a Second World War plane dropped 6,000 poppies over the town of Yeovil in Somerset . In 2014 , the dry moat of the Tower of London was covered with 888,246 ceramic poppies -- one for each soldier of the British Empire killed in World War I . In recent years , there has been growing controversy over the Poppy Appeal . Some -- including British Army veterans -- have argued that the Poppy Appeal has become excessive and garish , that it is being used to marshal support behind British military campaigns , and that poppy wearing has become compulsory for public figures . Channel 4 newsreader Jon Snow described it as `` poppy fascism '' . Columnist Dan O'Neill wrote that `` presenters and politicians seem to compete in a race to be first -- poppies start sprouting in mid-October while the absence of a poppy is interpreted as absence of concern for the war dead , almost as an unpatriotic act of treachery '' . Likewise , Jonathan Bartley of the religious think - tank Ekklesia said `` public figures in Britain are urged , indeed in many cases , required , to wear ... the red poppy , almost as an article of faith . There is a political correctness about the red poppy '' . Journalist Robert Fisk complained that the poppy has become a seasonal `` fashion accessory '' and that people were `` ostentatiously wearing a poppy for social or work - related reasons , to look patriotic when it suited them ''. Some far - right groups have used the poppy as a symbol of militant British nationalism , while some Muslims have begun to reject it as a symbol of Western imperialism . In 1997 and again in 2000 the Royal British Legion registered the Poppy under Intellectual Property Rights ( 1997 Case EU000557058 ) and Trade Mark ( 2000 Trade Mark 2239583 ) . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The Royal British Legion also holds a yearly poppy appeal in Northern Ireland and in 2009 raised more than £ 1m . However , the wearing of poppies in Northern Ireland is controversial . It is seen by many as a political symbol and a symbol of Britishness , representing support for the British Army . The poppy has long been the preserve of the unionist / loyalist community . Loyalist paramilitaries ( such as the UVF and UDA ) have also used poppies to commemorate their own members who were killed in The Troubles . Most Irish nationalists / republicans , and Irish Catholics , choose not to wear poppies ; they regard the Poppy Appeal as supporting soldiers who killed Irish civilians ( for example on Bloody Sunday ) and who colluded with illegal loyalist paramilitaries ( for example the Glenanne gang ) during The Troubles . Irish nationalist groups , and victims ' groups , have urged the BBC to end its policy that all presenters must wear poppies . They argue that it breaches impartiality and point out that political symbols are banned in workplaces in Northern Ireland . They also say that the BBC , as a publicly funded body , should broadly reflect the whole community . Likewise , the director of Relatives for Justice has condemned the wearing of poppies by police officers in Catholic neighbourhoods , calling it `` repugnant and offensive to the vast majority of people within our community , given the role of the British Army '' . In the Irish Independent , it was claimed that `` substantial amounts '' of money raised from selling poppies are used `` to build monuments to insane or inane generals or build old boys ' clubs for the war elite '' . However , on Remembrance Day 2010 the SDLP 's Margaret Ritchie was the first leader of a nationalist party to wear one . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) During World War I , all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom and about 200,000 Irishmen fought in the British Army ( see Ireland and World War I ) . Although the British Army is banned from actively recruiting in the Republic of Ireland , a small number of its citizens still enlist . The RBL thus has a branch in the Republic and holds a yearly Poppy Appeal there . The RBL also holds a wreath - laying ceremony at St Patrick 's Cathedral , Dublin , which the President of Ireland has attended . The Republic has its own National Day of Commemoration in July for all Irish people who died in war . However , as in other non-Commonwealth countries , poppies are not often worn and are not part of the main commemorations . This is partly due to the British Army 's role in fighting against Irish independence , its activities during the War of Independence ( for example the Burning of Cork ) and the British Army 's role in Northern Ireland during the Troubles . In the years following the War of Independence , the poppy was particularly controversial , with nationalists seeing it as a provocative symbol of British imperialism . In Dublin , British Legion marchers often had poppies snatched from their lapels , which led to street fights . In response , some poppy - wearers hid razor blades in their poppies . `` As the 1930s progressed , ' Poppy Day ' lost much of its violent edge in Dublin , but the wearing of the symbol also became less commonplace in subsequent decades '' . In 2017 , Taoiseach Leo Varadkar wore a `` shamrock poppy '' in the Dáil , the first leader of Fine Gael to do so . Elsewhere ( edit ) In the United States , the Veterans of Foreign Wars conducted the first nationwide distribution of remembrance poppies before Memorial Day in 1922 . Today , the American Legion Auxiliary distributes crepe - paper poppies in exchange for donations around Memorial Day and Veterans Day . In Hong Kong -- which was formerly part of the British Empire -- the poppy is worn by some participants on Remembrance Sunday each year . It is not generally worn by the public , although The Royal British Legion 's Hong Kong and China Branch sells poppies to the public in a few places in Hong Kong only . Never Again symbol from Ukraine Since 2014 , the Ukrainians have worn the poppy as a symbol of the Victory over Nazism and commemoration of the victims of World War II . It has largely replaced the Ribbon of Saint George , which became associated with pro-Russian separatists and Russian military aggression . A poppy logo was designed by Serhiy Mishakin and contains the text : `` 1939 - 1945 Never Again '' . In parts of Pakistan , the ' Great War Company ' hold a private ceremony each 11 November where red poppies are worn , by descendants of World War I veterans from the old British Indian Army . In Albania , government representatives , including Prime Minister Edi Rama , wore the Remembrance Poppy during the commemoration ceremonies for the 70th Anniversary of the Liberation of Albania . Other designs and purposes ( edit ) White poppies ( edit ) A white poppy left on Anzac Day in New Zealand , 2009 Some people choose to wear white poppies as a pacifist alternative to the red poppy . The white poppy and white poppy wreaths were introduced by Britain 's Co-operative Women 's Guild in 1933 . Today , white poppies are sold by Peace Pledge Union or may be home - made . The white poppy may be worn alone or alongside the red poppy . According to the Peace Pledge Union , it symbolizes remembrance of all casualties of war including civilian casualties , and non-British casualties , to stand for peace , and not to glamorize war . Purple poppies ( edit ) To commemorate animal victims of war , Animal Aid in Britain has issued a purple poppy , which can be worn alongside the traditional red one , as a reminder that both humans and animals have been -- and continue to be -- victims of war . Recently , the purple poppy was replaced by a purple paw symbol that can be worn all year round . This was because people saw the poppy as implying animals had given their lives as heroes in the service of human beings . Animal Aid regards animals of having their lives taken by the abuse of humans in war , not given by the animals as could be the case with people who have the capacity to decide for themselves . On the 11th April 2017 a UK based animal charity Sasha Animal Foundation announced that it was to introduce its own Purple Poppy with a different design , stating : `` We will be adhering to the stance that animals are victims of war and not heroes . '' Protests and controversy ( edit ) Stencil graffiti of a Stormtrooper with a remembrance poppy ( London , 2016 ) In 1993 , The Royal British Legion complained that Cannon Fodder , a video game with an anti-war message , had planned to use a poppy on its cover . The Legion , along with some politicians , called it `` offensive to millions '' and `` monstrous '' . The publisher was forced to change the cover before the game was released . In 2010 a group of British Army veterans issued an open letter complaining that the Poppy Appeal had become excessive and garish , that it was being used to marshal support behind British military campaigns , and that people were being pressured into wearing poppies . In 2014 , the group protested by holding an alternative remembrance service : they walked to The Cenotaph under the banner `` Never Again '' with a wreath of white poppies to acknowledge civilians killed in war . Their tops bore the message `` War is Organised Murder '' , a quote from Harry Patch , the last survivor of World War I . A 2010 Remembrance Day ceremony in London was disrupted by members of the radical Islamist Muslims Against Crusades group , who were protesting against British Army actions in Afghanistan and Iraq . They burnt large poppies and chanted `` British soldiers burn in hell '' during the two - minute silence . Two of the men were arrested and charged for threatening behaviour . One was convicted and fined £ 50 . The same group planned to hold another protest in 2011 , but was banned by the Home Secretary the day before the planned protest . In 2014 , a campaign was begun to encourage Muslim women to wear poppy hijabs . Some criticized it as a `` shrouded loyalty test '' which implied that Muslims needed to prove their loyalty to Britain . In recent years , other people have been arrested in the UK for burning remembrance poppies . In November 2011 a number of people were arrested in Northern Ireland after a picture of two youths burning a poppy was posted on Facebook . The picture was reported to police by a member of the RBL . The following year , a young Canterbury man was arrested for allegedly posting a picture of a burning poppy on Facebook , on suspicion of an offence under the Malicious Communications Act . British Prime Minister David Cameron rejected a request from Chinese officials to remove his poppy during his visit to Beijing on Remembrance Day 2010 . The poppy was deemed offensive because it was mistakenly assumed to be connected with the Anglo - Chinese Opium Wars of the 19th century , after which the Qing Dynasty was forced to tolerate the British opium trade in China and to cede Hong Kong to the UK . However , Cameron wore a poppy in 2015 when he met Chinese President Xi Jinping in London . In 2011 it was revealed that Kleshna , one of two businesses selling its own poppies on the RBL website , gives only 10 % of its sales to charity . Kleshna sells crystal - clad poppy jewellery which has been worn by celebrities on television . In 2012 there was controversy when The Northern Whig public house in Belfast refused entry to a man wearing a remembrance poppy . Although the owners apologised , the customer took the matter to court , supported by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland ( ECNI ) . The case was significant for the decision supporting the view of the ECNI that `` The poppy , although not directly linked to a specific religious belief or political opinion , would historically have been associated to a greater extent with the Protestant or unionist community in Northern Ireland '' . In the media ( edit ) In the British media , public figures have been attacked for not wearing poppies . British journalist and newsreader Charlene White has faced racist and sexist abuse for not wearing a poppy on - screen . She explained `` I prefer to be neutral and impartial on screen so that one of those charities does n't feel less favoured than another '' . Newsreader Jon Snow does not wear a poppy on - screen for similar reasons . He too was criticized and he condemned what he saw as `` poppy fascism '' . Well - known war - time journalist Robert Fisk published in November 2011 a personal account about the shifting nature of wearing a poppy , titled `` Do those who flaunt the poppy on their lapels know that they mock the war dead ? '' . While all newsreaders in the UK are expected to wear the remembrance poppy , those on the BBC 's international news service are told not to . The BBC say this is because the symbol is not widely recognized overseas . The Royal British Legion condemned this , insisting that the poppy is the `` international symbol of remembrance '' . In Sport ( edit ) Football clubs commonly wear jerseys with a poppy emblazoned on , as Celtic controversially did in 2010 . In the run - up to Remembrance Day , it has become common for UK football teams to play with artificial poppies sewn to their shirts , at the request of the Royal British Legion . This has caused some controversy . At a Celtic v Aberdeen match in November 2010 , a group of Celtic supporters , called the Green Brigade , unfurled a large banner in protest at the team wearing poppies . In a statement , it said : `` Our group and many within the Celtic support do not recognise the British Armed Forces as heroes , nor their role in many conflicts as one worthy of our remembrance '' . It gave Operation Banner ( Northern Ireland ) , the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War as examples . Northern Irish - born footballer James McClean , who has played for a number of English teams , has received death threats and abuse since 2012 for refusing to wear a poppy on his shirt during matches . McClean said he does not wear one because the Poppy Appeal supports British soldiers who served in Northern Ireland , and believes it would disrespect those killed in his hometown on Bloody Sunday . In November 2011 , it was proposed that the England football team should wear poppies on their shirts in a match against Spain . However , FIFA turned down the proposal , saying it would `` open the door to similar initiatives '' across the world , `` jeopardising the neutrality of football '' . FIFA 's decision was attacked by Prince William and Prime Minister David Cameron , who said he would back any player who ignored the ban . Members of the English Defence League ( EDL ) held a protest on the roof of FIFA 's headquarters in Zürich . Instead , The Football Association came up with other ways to mark Remembrance Day ; for example , the England players would wear poppies before kickoff and black armbands during the match , there would be a minute 's silence , a poppy wreath would be set on the pitch during the national anthems , poppies would be sold in the stadium and would be shown on the scoreboards and advertising boards . FIFA subsequently allowed the English , Scottish and Welsh teams to wear poppies on black armbands . During the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers , the England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland football teams were fined for displaying the poppy during matches . FIFA rules forbid the display of `` political or religious symbols '' . The decision was strongly criticised by Prime Minister Theresa May , and the Welsh and English football associations appealed against the fine , with the English Football Association threatening to bring the matter to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . See also ( edit ) The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino -- in Polish tradition poppies are used as a remembrance symbol of the Battle of Monte Cassino . Bleuet de France -- the cornflower of France , the French equivalent of the remembrance poppy . Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red -- a work of installation art placed in the moat of the Tower of London . 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Jump up ^ de Menezes , Jack ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` Fifa take action against Wales because ' fans were wearing poppies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Matt ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` FA could take Fifa to Court of Arbitration for Sport over £ 35,000 fine for poppy use '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England and Scotland to defy FIFA poppy ban '' . Eurosport. 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abbandonato , Paul ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Wales appeal against FIFA fine over poppies '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Why not all poppies look the same '' . Toronto Star . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Edwards , Peter ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Poppy protocol : six rules you need to follow '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remembrance_poppy&oldid=811476015 '' Categories : Papaver Commemoration Military veterans ' affairs The Royal British Legion Red symbols Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands Română Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why do the british wear a red flower | [
"Today, they are mostly used in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts. There, small artificial poppies are often worn on clothing leading up to Remembrance Day/Armistice Day,[1] and poppy wreaths are often laid at war memorials. In Australia and New Zealand, they are also worn on Anzac Day."
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"commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts"
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-4198619882290720464 | FIFA World Cup | FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups feature official match balls specially designed for each tournament . Each World Cup also has an official song , which have been performed by artists ranging from Shakira to Will Smith . Other songs , such as `` Nessun dorma '' , performed by The Three Tenors at four World Cup concerts , have also become identified with the tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place No. of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 22 2022 Details Qatar TBD TBD Lusail Iconic Stadium , Lusail TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 32 23 2026 Details Canada United States Mexico TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 48 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara D ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Shakira Records Official Song for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Aolradioblog . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - 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cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards amateurs Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies amateurs Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi Motorsport Auto racing Formula One Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Rally raid Sports car Endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Cross-country rally Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Motocross individual nations Supercross Supermoto Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial nations Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu Canoeing marathon Cycling cyclo - cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch BIBSYS : 14068828 GND : 4018983 - 1 LCCN : n98090291 VIAF : 133874960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856708724 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships in association football Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French - 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 112 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 02 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which team won most of the fifa world cup | [
"The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain with one title each.\n"
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"Brazil"
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483521582022020033 | Great man theory | Great man theory - wikipedia Great man theory Jump to : navigation , search Napoleon , a typical great man , said to have determined the `` Napoleonic '' era The great man theory is a 19th - century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men , or heroes ; highly influential individuals who , due to either their personal charisma , intelligence , wisdom , or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact . The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle , but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present : Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies , and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Carlyle stated that `` The history of the world is but the biography of great men '' , reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration . In his book On Heroes , Hero - Worship and the Heroic in History , Carlyle saw history as having turned on the decisions of `` heroes '' , giving detailed analysis of the influence of several such men ( including Muhammad , Shakespeare , Luther , Rousseau , Pericles , Napoleon , and Wagner ) . Carlyle also felt that the study of great men was `` profitable '' to one 's own heroic side ; that by examining the lives led by such heroes , one could not help but uncover something about one 's true nature . American scholar Frederick Adams Woods supported the great man theory in his work The Influence of Monarchs : Steps in a New Science of History . Woods investigated 386 rulers in Western Europe from the 12th century until the French revolution in the late 18th century and their influence on the course of historical events . This theory is usually contrasted with `` history from below '' , which emphasises the life of the legion over the leader . An overwhelming wave of smaller events causes certain developments to occur . The Great Man approach to history was most fashionable with professional historians in the 19th century ; a popular work of this school is the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ( 1911 ) which contains lengthy and detailed biographies about the great men of history , but very few general or social histories . For example , all information on the post-Roman `` Migrations Period '' of European History is compiled under the biography of Attila the Hun . This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophers , such as Leon Bloy , Hegel , Kierkegaard , Nietzsche , Spengler and Max Weber , but it fell out of favor after World War II . In Untimely Meditations , Nietzsche writes that : `` ... the goal of humanity lies in its highest specimens '' . In Fear and Trembling , Kierkegaard writes that : `` ... to be able to fall down in such a way that the same second it looks as if one were standing and walking , to transform the leap of life into a walk , absolutely to express the sublime and the pedestrian -- that only these knights of faith can do -- this is the one and only prodigy . '' Hegel , proceeding from providentialist theory , argued that `` what is real is reasonable '' and World - Historical individuals are World - Spirit 's agents . Hegel wrote : `` Such are great historical men -- whose own particular aims involve those large issues which are the will of the World - Spirit . '' Thus , according to Hegel , a great man does not create historical reality himself but only uncovers the inevitable future . Criticism ( edit ) Herbert Spencer was a contemporary critic of Carlyle 's great man theory . One of the most forceful critics of Carlyle 's formulation of the great man theory was Herbert Spencer , who believed that attributing historical events to the decisions of individuals was a hopelessly primitive , childish , and unscientific position . He believed that the men Carlyle called `` great men '' were merely products of their social environment : You must admit that the genesis of a great man depends on the long series of complex influences which has produced the race in which he appears , and the social state into which that race has slowly grown ... Before he can remake his society , his society must make him . -- Herbert Spencer , The Study of Sociology Tolstoy 's War and Peace features criticism of Great Man Theories as a recurring theme in the philosophical digressions . According to Tolstoy , the significance of great individuals is imaginary ; as a matter of fact they are only history 's slaves realizing the decree of Providence . William James in his lecture `` Great Men and Their Environment '' underlined the importance of the Great Man 's congruence with the surroundings ( in the broad sense ) , though his ultimate point was that environments and individuals shape each other reciprocally , just as environments and individual members of animal species do according to Darwinian theory . Among modern critics of the theory of great man , one , Sidney Hook , is supportive of the idea ; he gives credit to those who shape events through their actions , and his book The Hero in History is devoted to the role of the hero and in history and influence of the outstanding persons . Leonid Grinin defines a historical figure ( a great man ) thus : Owing to his personal features , or to a chance , or to his social standing , or to the peculiarity of the epoch , an individual by the very fact of his existence , by his ideas or actions ( or inaction ) directly or indirectly , during his lifetime or after his death may have such an influence upon his own or another society which can be recognized significant as he left a noticeable mark ( positive , negative or unambiguous ) in history and in the further development of society . So , he concludes that the role of great man depends on a number of factors , not none at all . See also ( edit ) History portal Philosophy portal Annales School and New History Greatness Max Weber 's charismatic authority Heroic theory of invention and scientific development The Hero with a Thousand Faces Knight of faith List of people considered father or mother of a field People 's history Prosopography Übermensch Whig history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Carneiro `` Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist '' Journal of Libertarian Studies , vol. 5 , 1981 , pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Robert Rives La Monte Socialism : Positive and Negative , Chicago : Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company , 1912 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Sidney Hook ( 1950 ) The Hero in History , New York : Humanities Press , p. 67 Jump up ^ Thomas Carlyle , `` The Hero as Divinity '' in : Heroes and Hero - Worship ( 1840 ) . Jump up ^ Hirsch , E.D. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy ( Third Edition ) , Houghton Mifflin Company , Boston , 2002 . Jump up ^ Carlyle , Thomas . On Heroes , Hero - Worship and the Heroic in History , Fredrick A. Stokes & Brother , New York , 1888 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Woods , F.A. 1913 . The Influence of Monarchs : Steps in a New Science of History . New York , NY : Macmillan . Jump up ^ As to Hegel and Nietzsche : Edelstein , Alan ( 1996 ) Everybody is Sitting on the Curb : How and why America 's Heroes Disappeared Greenwood . ISBN 9780275953645 Jump up ^ As to Kierkegaard : Evjen , John Oluf ( 1938 ) The Life of J.H.W. Stuckenberg : Theologian , Philosopher , Sociologist , Friend of Humanity Luther Free Church Publishing . Jump up ^ As to Spengler , Nietsche , Boy and Weber : Saul , John Ralston ( 2012 ) The Doubter 's Companion : A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 58 ISBN 9781476718941 Jump up ^ Bishop , P. ( 2004 ) . Nietzsche and Antiquity : His Reaction and Response to the Classical Tradition . Camden House . p. 94 . ISBN 9781571132826 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kierkegaard , Søren . Fear and Trembling . Preliminary Expectoration . Jump up ^ Hegel , G.W.F. ( 1837 ) . Philosophy of History , trans . J. Sibree ( New York : Dover , 1956 ) , 30 . Jump up ^ Segal , Robert A. Hero Myths , Wiley - Blackwell , 2000 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert . The Study of Sociology , Appleton , 1896 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy , L. 2010 . War and Peace . Oxford , MA : Oxford University Press Bk . IX , ch. 1 Jump up ^ James , W. 2005 ( 1880 ) . Great Men and Their Environment . Kila , MT : Kessinger Publishing Jump up ^ Hook , S. 1943 . The Hero in History . A Study in Limitation and Possibility . Boston , MA : Beacon Press . p. 116 Jump up ^ Grinin , Leonid 2010 . `` The Role of an Individual in History : A Reconsideration '' . Social Evolution & History , Vol. 9 No. 2 ( pp. 95 -- 136 ) . pp. 116 -- 17 . External links ( edit ) `` Twilight of the Idols '' , by Peter Dizikes , from The New York Times , November 5 , 2006 . `` Do changes in science mean the traditional great - man science biography is going the way of the dodo ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_man_theory&oldid=828612205 '' Categories : Historiography Philosophy of history Theories of history Hero Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who developed the great man theory of leadership | [
"The great man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.[1][2][3]",
"The great man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.[1][2][3]"
] | [
"Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle",
"Herbert Spencer"
] |
-9165827210910446876 | Inferior vena cava | Inferior vena cava - wikipedia Inferior vena cava Jump to : navigation , search Inferior vena cava Anterior ( frontal ) view of the opened heart . White arrows indicate normal blood flow . Superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein and their tributaries Details Source common iliac vein lumbar veins testicular vein renal vein suprarenal vein hepatic vein Drains to right atrium Artery abdominal aorta Identifiers Latin vena cava inferior Acronym ( s ) IVC MeSH D014682 TA A12. 3.09. 001 FMA 10951 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The inferior vena cava ( or IVC ) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart . Its walls are rigid and has valves so the blood does not flow down via gravity . It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins , usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra . The inferior vena cava is the lower ( `` inferior '' ) of the two venae cavae , the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body : the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body . It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column . It enters the right atrium at the lower right , back side of the heart . The name derives from Latin : vena , `` vein '' , cavus , `` hollow '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Tributaries 1.2 Development 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart . It also joins with the azygos vein ( which runs on the right side of the vertebral column ) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord . The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite , at about the level of L5 . It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 . Tributaries ( edit ) The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows : Level Vein T8 hepatic veins , inferior phrenic vein L1 right suprarenal vein , renal veins L2 right gonadal vein L1 -- L5 lumbar veins L5 common iliac veins Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline , drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical . On the right , the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly . On the left , they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava . By contrast , all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava . Development ( edit ) In the embryo , the inferior vena cava and right atrium are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava , also known as the Eustachian valve . In the adult , this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium . Variation ( edit ) Rarely , the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position . In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left . It may be replaced by two vessels beneath the level of the renal veins . Function ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is a vein . It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart . The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava . Clinical significance ( edit ) Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed ( ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure ) . Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta ( abdominal aortic aneurysm ) , the gravid uterus ( aortocaval compression syndrome ) and abdominal maligancies , such as colorectal cancer , renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer . Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right - sided structure , unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side ( the recovery position ) , to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return ( ( citation needed ) ) . In rare cases , straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope ( fainting ) . Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare , and is treated urgently as a life - threatening condition . It is associated with deep vein thrombosis , IVC filters , liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin . Branches of Inferior Vena Cava Trauma to the vena cava is usually fatal as unstoppable excessive blood loss occurs . Additional images ( edit ) Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava front view See also ( edit ) Atriocaval shunt Inferior vena cava syndrome Recovery position References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turhan Yavuz ; Nazli , C ; Kinay , O ; Kutsal , A ( 2002 ) . `` Giant Eustachian Valve : with Echocardiographic Appearance of Divided Right Atrium '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 29 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 8 . PMC 140300 . PMID 12484622 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Standring ; Neil R. Borley ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brophy , CM ; Evans , L ; Sumpio , BE ( 1993 ) . `` Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver '' . Annals of Vascular Surgery . 7 ( 4 ) : 374 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02002893 . PMID 8268080 . Jump up ^ Geehan DM , Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis , emedicine.com , URL : http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm , Accessed : August 3 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 40 : 13 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Posterior Abdominal Wall : Tributaries to the Inferior Vena Cava '' Cross section image : pembody / body12a -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna ( hide ) Veins of the abdomen and pelvis To azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC ( Systemic ) To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀ / testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliac Unpaired median sacral vein Internal iliac posterior : iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior : inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ vaginal plexus / vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein ( Portal ) Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric / esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferior_vena_cava&oldid=827461827 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the function of the super vena cava | [
"The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava."
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"carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body"
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2981337605036870497 | Super Bowl LII halftime show | Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field . Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show . As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids . Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . '' Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster . Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is doing the half time super bowl | [
"The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC."
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"Justin Timberlake"
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-8211098999768282258 | Gareth Southgate | Gareth Southgate - wikipedia Gareth Southgate Gareth Southgate Southgate managing England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Gareth Southgate Date of birth ( 1970 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1970 ( age 47 ) Place of birth Watford , England Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Playing position Defender / Midfielder Club information Current team England ( manager ) Youth career 0000 -- 1988 Crystal Palace Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1988 -- 1995 Crystal Palace 152 ( 15 ) 1995 -- 2001 Aston Villa 191 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2006 Middlesbrough 160 ( 4 ) Total 503 ( 26 ) National team 1995 -- 2004 England 57 ( 2 ) Teams managed 2006 -- 2009 Middlesbrough 2013 -- 2016 England U21 2016 -- England * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Gareth Southgate ( born 3 September 1970 ) is an English football manager and former player who played as a defender or as a midfielder . He is the manager of the England national team . He won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough ( in 1995 -- 96 and 2003 -- 04 respectively ) , and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993 -- 94 . He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough . Internationally , Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004 , featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships . His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35 , and after more than 500 league appearances . He served as manager of Middlesbrough from June 2006 until October 2009 , managed the England U21 team from 2013 to 2016 , before becoming the England national team manager in 2016 . Contents 1 Club career 1.1 Crystal Palace 1.2 Aston Villa 1.3 Middlesbrough 2 International career 3 Management career 3.1 Middlesbrough 3.2 England 3.2. 1 2013 -- 2016 : Under - 21 team 3.2. 2 2016 -- present : Senior team 3.2. 2.1 Caretaker spell 3.2. 2.2 2018 FIFA World Cup 4 Other roles 5 Personal life 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 7 Managerial statistics 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Player 8.2 Manager 9 References 10 External links Club career ( edit ) Crystal Palace ( edit ) Born in Watford , Hertfordshire , Southgate began his career at Crystal Palace , playing initially at right - back and then in central midfield . He became captain and led the club to the 1993 -- 94 First Division title . After the South London club 's relegation from the Premier League , he moved to Aston Villa for a fee of £ 2.5 million , having made 152 appearances over four seasons . His nickname at Palace was ' Nord ' , given him because his precise way of speaking reminded one of the coaches of Denis Norden 's vocal delivery . Aston Villa ( edit ) At Aston Villa , he was converted into a centre - back and was part of a formidable defence . In his first season , he lifted the League Cup and Aston Villa qualified for the UEFA Cup . Southgate played in every Premier League game during the 1998 -- 99 season . He continued to play for Villa in the 1999 -- 2000 season as Villa reached the FA Cup Final , but handed in a transfer request just before Euro 2000 , claiming that `` if I am to achieve in my career , it is time to move on . '' Middlesbrough ( edit ) On 11 July 2001 , Southgate signed for Middlesbrough for a £ 6.5 million fee . He joined on a four - year deal and was the first signing by Steve McClaren , whom he knew as an England coach . In July 2002 , after Paul Ince left for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Southgate was appointed the new Middlesbrough captain . On 29 February 2004 , he became the first Boro skipper in their 128 - year history to lift a trophy , as they defeated Bolton Wanderers in the 2004 Football League Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium . Southgate rejected media rumours that he was set to move to Manchester United following Rio Ferdinand 's ban for missing a drug test in January 2004 . He later committed his final playing years to Middlesbrough , signing until 2007 . His final appearance as a professional player was in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final against Sevilla , which Boro lost 4 -- 0 at the Philips Stadion in Eindhoven . International career ( edit ) Southgate made his debut for England as a substitute against Portugal in December 1995 under the management of Terry Venables . Southgate played every minute of their matches as hosts England reached the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1996 , in which they faced Germany . The match was determined in a penalty shoot - out ; Southgate 's penalty was saved , and England were eliminated . The song `` Southgate ( Euro ' 96 ) '' by The Business is a reference to this event . Southgate managed to make light of his blunder later that year by appearing in an advert for Pizza Hut , also featuring Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle , who had missed crucial penalties at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Southgate also played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 . His 50th cap came in a 1 -- 1 draw with Portugal at Villa Park in September 2002 . On 11 June 2003 , he played the full 90 minutes in a 2 -- 1 Euro 2004 qualifying win over Slovakia at his club ground of the Riverside Stadium , competing against Middlesbrough 's striker Szilárd Németh . Southgate was capped 57 times for England and scored twice . His first goal came on 14 October 1998 against Luxembourg in a Euro 2000 qualifier , his second on 22 May 2003 against South Africa in a friendly . He is Aston Villa 's most capped England player , having played 42 of his 57 internationals whilst with Villa . Management career ( edit ) Middlesbrough ( edit ) Southgate was handed his first managerial role at Middlesbrough in June 2006 after Steve McClaren had left to manage England . His appointment drew controversy as he did not have the required coaching qualifications ( the UEFA Pro Licence ) to manage a top - flight club . He was allowed to stay on as manager , however , by the Premier League in November 2006 ; Middlesbrough successfully argued that , because Southgate had recently been an international player , he had no opportunity to undertake the coaching courses . He did go on to complete his coaching qualifications . In his first season in charge , Southgate guided Middlesbrough to 12th position in the Premier League . His biggest win as a manager was an 8 -- 1 victory against Manchester City in May 2008 . In December 2007 , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger suggested Southgate as one of several English managers who were `` all good enough '' to manage the national team . He faced some criticism early in the 2007 -- 08 season after Boro had a spell in the relegation zone , but they later pulled clear of the bottom three . In November 2008 , Southgate took Middlesbrough up to 8th place after an away win against on - form Aston Villa ; however , Boro would thereafter go 14 games without a win , finally defeating Liverpool at home 2 -- 0 on 28 February 2009 . After an away defeat against Stoke City , some of the travelling supporters were calling for his dismissal after only achieving one win in 18 games and relegation survival looking unlikely . On 24 March , chairman Steve Gibson announced that sacking Southgate would not `` help the situation '' . Middlesbrough finished in 19th position and were relegated to the Championship after a 2 -- 1 defeat at West Ham United . Southgate said he was determined to get the club back into the Premier League , praised the supporters and said that he felt for them . Southgate in 2013 On 20 October 2009 , shortly after a 2 -- 0 victory over Derby County , Southgate was dismissed as manager with Middlesbrough in fourth place in the Championship . The dismissal was controversial as he had taken Boro to within one point of the top position , but Gibson said he had made the decision weeks earlier in the best interests of the club . England ( edit ) 2013 -- 2016 : under - 21 team ( edit ) In August 2013 , Southgate was named manager of the England under - 21 team , signing a three - year contract . In his first game in charge , they beat Moldova 1 -- 0 in a European Championships qualifier thanks to a goal from Saido Berahino . Under Southgate England qualified for the finals of the European Under - 21 Championship in 2015 , where they were knocked out in the group stages , finishing last in their group . 2016 -- present : senior team ( edit ) Caretaker spell ( edit ) Southgate was put in temporary charge of the senior England team on 27 September 2016 , when Sam Allardyce resigned after one game due to the 2016 English football scandal . England were in the early stages of qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . After winning his first game in charge 2 -- 0 against Malta , under Southgate 's leadership , England went on to draw 0 -- 0 with Slovenia , beat Scotland 3 -- 0 , and in his last game in temporary charge , drew 2 -- 2 with Spain , despite leading 2 -- 0 and conceding goals in the 89th and 96th minutes . Southgate 's spell as caretaker manager ended on 15 November . On 30 November 2016 , Southgate was appointed as England manager on a four - year contract . 2018 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The England team qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 5 October 2017 , with a 1 -- 0 home win over Slovenia . Southgate with England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup After wins against Tunisia and Panama saw England qualify behind Belgium in their 2018 FIFA World Cup group , Southgate 's England side beat Colombia 4 -- 3 on penalties in the round of 16 after a 1 -- 1 draw on 3 July 2018 to claim his nation 's first ever World Cup penalty shoot - out victory and a place in the quarter - final . On 7 July 2018 , Southgate 's England side beat Sweden in a 2 -- 0 win in the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter finals , with Southgate becoming the first England manager to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup since Sir Bobby Robson 's side at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . This success bought Southgate significant admiration from England fans . For the semi-final with Croatia , fans dressed up in waistcoats in tribute to Southgate 's iconic waistcoat , which he wore during England 's matches : retailer Marks & Spencer reported a 35 % increase in sales of waistcoats , and the hashtag ' WaistcoatWednesday ' trended on Twitter . A week after the end of the tournament , Southgate tube station in Enfield , London , was renamed to `` Gareth Southgate '' for two days in recognition of Southgate 's achievement . Southgate was also lauded for personal qualities shown in the World Cup , including consoling an opposition player whose missed penalty had seen England win . On 11 July 2018 , Southgate 's England side suffered a 2 -- 1 defeat to Croatia after extra time in the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Kieran Trippier opened the scoring for England with a free kick , before a goal from Ivan Perišić sent the tie into extra time . Mario Mandžukić scored the winner for Croatia in the second half of extra time . With England trailing , the match also saw England play the final ten minutes of extra time with ten men as Trippier suffered an injury after Southgate had already made his permitted substitutions . Following a 2 - 0 defeat to Belgium in the third place play - off , England ended the World Cup in fourth place . Harry Kane , a striker and the England team captain , also won the Golden Boot as the tournament 's top goal - scorer . Other roles ( edit ) In 2003 , Southgate and close friend and current Crystal Palace goalkeeping coach Andy Woodman co-wrote Woody & Nord : A Football Friendship . This book describes an enduring friendship forged in the Crystal Palace youth team that has survived Southgate and Woodman 's wildly differing fortunes in the professional game . The book won the Sports Book of the Year award for 2004 from the National Sporting Club ( now the British Sports Book Awards ) . Southgate was also a co-commentator for ITV at the 2006 World Cup , covering group games alongside Clive Tyldesley . His appointment as Middlesbrough manager two days before the start of the tournament meant that he left Germany before the knockout phase began , with David Pleat replacing him as Tyldesley 's co-commentator . He resumed a role as pundit and co-commentator after he finished his tenure at Middlesbrough in 2010 , working on FA Cup and UEFA Champions League matches for ITV as well as acting as a pundit on England games . In January 2011 , Southgate was appointed as the FA 's head of elite development , to work with Sir Trevor Brooking . He left the post in July 2012 , and ruled himself out of consideration for the role of technical director , for which he had been a leading candidate . Personal life ( edit ) Southgate attended Hazelwick School in Crawley , West Sussex . Southgate is married to Alison ; the couple have two children . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Source : Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Crystal Palace 1990 -- 91 First Division 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 -- 92 First Division 30 0 0 0 6 0 0 39 0 1992 -- 93 Premier League 33 0 0 6 0 0 39 5 1993 -- 94 First Division 46 9 0 0 53 11 1994 -- 95 Premier League 42 8 0 7 0 0 57 5 Total 152 15 9 0 24 7 6 0 191 22 Aston Villa 1995 -- 96 Premier League 31 0 8 0 0 43 1996 -- 97 Premier League 28 0 0 0 34 1997 -- 98 Premier League 32 0 0 0 7 0 43 0 1998 -- 99 Premier League 38 0 0 0 0 44 1999 -- 2000 Premier League 31 6 6 0 0 0 43 2000 -- 01 Premier League 31 0 0 0 36 Total 191 7 20 17 0 15 0 243 8 Middlesbrough 2001 -- 02 Premier League 37 6 0 0 0 0 44 2002 -- 03 Premier League 36 0 0 0 0 0 37 2003 -- 04 Premier League 27 0 6 0 0 0 34 2004 -- 05 Premier League 36 0 0 0 0 10 0 47 0 2005 -- 06 Premier League 24 0 7 0 0 9 0 42 0 Total 160 16 0 9 0 19 0 204 Career Total 503 26 45 50 8 40 0 638 35 ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Full Members ' Cup Jump up ^ Appearances in Anglo - Italian Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearances in UEFA Intertoto Cup International ( edit ) Source : National team Year Apps Goals England 1995 0 11 0 10 0 1998 8 1999 0 2000 8 0 2001 0 2002 7 0 2003 0 Total 57 Managerial statistics ( edit ) As of match played 14 July 2018 Managerial record by team and tenure Team From To Record Ref . Win % Middlesbrough 7 June 2006 21 October 2009 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 07001298000000000000 ♠ 29.8 England U21 22 August 2013 27 September 2016 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001818000000000000 ♠ 81.8 England 27 September 2016 Present 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001520000000000000 ♠ 52.0 Total 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 07001407000000000000 ♠ 40.7 -- Honours and achievements ( edit ) Player ( edit ) Crystal Palace Football League First Division : 1993 -- 94 Football League play - offs : 1988 -- 89 Aston Villa Football League Cup : 1995 -- 96 Middlesbrough Football League Cup : 2003 -- 04 Manager ( edit ) England U21 Toulon Tournament : 2016 England FIFA World Cup fourth place : 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2005 ) . The PFA Premier & Football League Players ' Records 1946 -- 2005 . Harpenden : Queen Anne Press . p. 578 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85291 - 665 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate '' . Barry Hugman 's Footballers . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate '' . 11v11.com . AFS Enterprises . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate -- The Palace Years '' . Crystal Palace F.C. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` ' He was the posh boy with a toughness in him ' : Gareth Southgate as a player '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Southgate wants to quit Villa '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2000 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 11 July 2001 ) . `` James and Southgate leave fans dismayed '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate : Boro on verge of new era '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gareth Southgate Story -- Blood and Glory '' . Teesside Live . 2 August 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate cools Man Utd talk '' . BBC Sport. 29 December 2003 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player info : Gareth Southgate '' . Englandstats . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taking the Pizza ! Cole and Young wanted for remake of famous Southgate advert '' . Mail Online . London . 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnhold , Matthias ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` Gareth Southgate -- International Appearances '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Dominic ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` # OnThisBoroDay 2003 : The Riverside puts on a show for England 's international against Slovakia '' . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club Affiliations -- Aston Villa '' . englandfootballonline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate appointed as Boro boss '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2006 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate wins coaching reprieve '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Tallentire , Philip ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Southgate admits Boro hotseat was too soon '' . Evening Gazette . Middlesbrough . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Richard ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` Wenger -- The candidates for the England job '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate is keen to prove doubters wrong '' . Daily Mirror. 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 2008 -- 2009 : Results '' . Statto Organisation . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Gibson stands firm on Southgate 's position at Middlesbrough '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` West Ham 2 -- 1 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Pope , Gordon . `` Southgate plans to stay '' . Setanta Sports . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Relieved of Duties '' . Middlesbrough F.C. 20 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middlesbrough sack boss Southgate '' . BBC Sport. 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate decision made weeks ago '' . BBC Sport. 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate named England Under - 21 boss '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Nicholas ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Saido 's strike secures win '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 -- 0 Malta '' . BBC Sport. 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia 0 -- 0 England '' . BBC Sport. 11 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 3 -- 0 Scotland '' . BBC Sport. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 -- 2 Spain '' . BBC Sport. 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate : Interim England manager wants future decided within a month '' . BBC Sport. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former defender signs four - year deal to lead Three Lions '' . The Football Association . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` England 1 -- 0 Slovenia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` Colombia 1 -- 1 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England Into World Cup Semi Finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fans ' love letters to Gareth Southgate '' . BBC News . 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Usher , Tom ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Museum Of London wants to add Gareth Southgate 's waistcoat to its collection '' . Metro . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheldrick , Giles ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Fans follow suit and don dapper waistcoat to salute hero Gareth '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Alexandra ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Fans hail ' Waistcoat Wednesday ' to honour Gareth Southgate -- but fail to spot their glaring error '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Joshua ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` ' Waistcoat Wednesday ' is the brilliant meme dedicated to Gareth Southgate '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Storer , Adam ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Southgate Tube station to be renamed Gareth Southgate in honour of England coach '' . The Sun . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tube station named Gareth Southgate '' . BBC News . 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Crace , John ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Why the nation fell for Gareth Southgate '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbreak All over Again As England Lose World Cup Semi Final '' . BBC Sport. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Belgium 2 -- 0 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 2 December 2004 ) . `` Friends hope to be reunited by the luck of the draw '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Award Winners '' . The British Sports Books Awards . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 20 June 1006 ) . `` Tune in - turn off ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pundits view : England were n't good enough '' . ITV. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Champions League Final live on ITV : Borussia Dortmund v Bayern Munich '' . ITV. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate appointed to Football Association post '' . BBC News . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate to leave FA development post '' . BBC News . 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Gareth Southgate favourite to be first FA technical director in years '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Colin ( 9 February 2007 ) . `` Order of the boot gives boss Gareth his worry lines '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gareth Southgate profile at the English National Football Archive ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Southgate , Gareth at National-Football-Teams.com ^ Jump up to : `` Managers : Gareth Southgate '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's matches : The under 21s : 2010 -- 20 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Nicholas ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` Aidy Boothroyd set to take on England under - 21s position '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` Title - winning Steve McClaren reaps reward for European exile '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boro lift Carling Cup '' . BBC Sport. 29 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Nicholas ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` England under - 21s lift Toulon title after win over France '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gareth Southgate . Gareth Southgate profile at the Football Association website Gareth Southgate at Soccerbase Gareth Southgate management career statistics at Soccerbase Gareth Southgate at National-Football-Teams.com Gareth Southgate on IMDb Profile on englandfootballonline Middlesbrough F.C. -- Player of the Year 1966 : Jones 1968 : Rooks 1969 : Rooks 1970 : Smith 1971 : Jones 1972 : Platt & Boam 1973 : Maddren 1974 : Souness 1979 : Boam 1980 : Armstrong 1981 : Platt 1985 : Mowbray 1986 : Mowbray 1989 : Slaven 1990 : Slaven 1991 : Baird 1997 : Juninho 1999 : Ricard 2002 : Southgate 2004 : Boateng 2005 : Downing 2006 : Yakubu 2007 : Woodgate 2008 : Wheater 2009 : Tuncay 2010 : Robson 2011 : Bennett 2012 : Robson 2013 : Leadbitter 2014 : Friend 2015 : Friend 2016 : Clayton 2017 : Gibson 2018 : Adama England squads England squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 Semi-finalists 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach : Venables England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach : Keegan England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate Managerial positions Middlesbrough F.C. -- managers J. Robson ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Mackie ( 1905 -- 06 ) Aitken ( 1906 -- 09 ) Gunter ( 1909 -- 10 ) Walker ( 1910 -- 11 ) McIntosh ( 1911 -- 19 ) Howie ( 1920 -- 23 ) Bamlett ( 1923 -- 26 ) McWilliam ( 1927 -- 34 ) Gillow ( 1934 -- 44 ) Jack ( 1944 -- 52 ) Rowley ( 1952 -- 54 ) Dennison ( 1954 -- 63 ) Carter ( 1963 -- 66 ) Anderson ( 1966 -- 73 ) Shepherdson ( 1973 ) Charlton ( 1973 -- 77 ) Neal ( 1977 -- 81 ) Murdoch ( 1981 -- 82 ) Allison ( 1982 -- 84 ) Charlton ( 1984 ) Maddren ( 1984 -- 86 ) Rioch ( 1986 -- 90 ) Todd ( 1990 -- 91 ) Lawrence ( 1991 -- 94 ) B. Robson ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Venables ( 2001 ) McClaren ( 2001 -- 06 ) Southgate ( 2006 -- 09 ) Strachan ( 2009 -- 10 ) Agnew ( 2010 ) Mowbray ( 2010 -- 13 ) Venus ( 2013 ) Karanka ( 2013 -- 17 ) Agnew ( 2017 ) Monk ( 2017 ) Pulis ( 2017 -- ) ( s ) = secretary ; ( c ) = caretaker manager England national under - 21 football team -- managers Sexton ( 1977 -- 90 ) McMenemy ( 1990 -- 93 ) Sexton ( 1993 -- 96 ) Taylor ( 1996 -- 99 ) Reid ( 1999 ) Wilkinson ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Platt ( 2001 -- 04 ) Taylor ( 2004 -- 07 ) Pearce ( 2007 -- 13 ) Hodgson ( 2013 ) Southgate ( 2013 -- 16 ) Boothroyd ( 2016 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager England national football team -- managers Winterbottom ( 1946 -- 62 ) Ramsey ( 1963 -- 74 ) Mercer ( 1974 ) Revie ( 1974 -- 77 ) Greenwood ( 1977 -- 82 ) Robson ( 1982 -- 90 ) G. Taylor ( 1990 -- 93 ) Venables ( 1994 -- 96 ) Hoddle ( 1996 -- 99 ) Wilkinson ( 1999 ) Keegan ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wilkinson ( 2000 ) P. Taylor ( 2000 ) Eriksson ( 2001 -- 06 ) McClaren ( 2006 -- 07 ) Capello ( 2008 -- 12 ) Pearce ( 2012 ) Hodgson ( 2012 -- 16 ) Allardyce ( 2016 ) Southgate ( 2016 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager Current managers of UEFA national teams Panucci ( Albania ) Koldo ( Andorra ) Minasyan ( Armenia ) Foda ( Austria ) Gurbanov ( Azerbaijan ) Kriushenko ( Belarus ) Martínez ( Belgium ) Prosinečki ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Hubchev ( Bulgaria ) Dalić ( Croatia ) Ben Shimon ( Cyprus ) Jarolím ( Czech Republic ) Hareide ( Denmark ) Southgate ( England ) Reim ( Estonia ) Olsen ( Faroe Islands ) Kanerva ( Finland ) Deschamps ( France ) Weiss ( Georgia ) Löw ( Germany ) Ribas ( Gibraltar ) Skibbe ( Greece ) Rossi ( Hungary ) Hamrén ( Iceland ) Hazan ( Israel ) Mancini ( Italy ) Stoilov ( Kazakhstan ) Challandes ( Kosovo ) Paatelainen ( Latvia ) Pauritsch ( Liechtenstein ) Jankauskas ( Lithuania ) Holtz ( Luxembourg ) Angelovski ( Macedonia ) Farrugia ( Malta ) Spiridon ( Moldova ) Tumbaković ( Montenegro ) Koeman ( Netherlands ) Michael O'Neill ( Northern Ireland ) Lagerbäck ( Norway ) Brzęczek ( Poland ) Santos ( Portugal ) Martin O'Neill ( Republic of Ireland ) Contra ( Romania ) Cherchesov ( Russia ) Varrella ( San Marino ) McLeish ( Scotland ) Krstajić ( Serbia ) Kozák ( Slovakia ) Kavčič ( Slovenia ) Luis Enrique ( Spain ) Andersson ( Sweden ) Petković ( Switzerland ) Lucescu ( Turkey ) Shevchenko ( Ukraine ) Giggs ( Wales ) ( c ) -- caretaker manager GND : 173816606 ISNI : 0000 0000 3891 9603 LCCN : nb98046894 VIAF : 58572356 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gareth_Southgate&oldid=854211488 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Sportspeople from Watford English footballers England international footballers Association football defenders Crystal Palace F.C. players Aston Villa F.C. players Middlesbrough F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players English football managers Middlesbrough F.C. managers England national under - 21 football team managers England national football team managers Premier League managers English Football League managers UEFA Euro 1996 players 1998 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2000 players 2002 FIFA World Cup players Alumni of Croydon College 2018 FIFA World Cup managers Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did gareth southgate first play for england | [
"He won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough (in 1995–96 and 2003–04 respectively), and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993–94. He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough. Internationally, Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004, featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships. His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35, and after more than 500 league appearances.\n"
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-7068929807797705583 | Klamath Falls, Oregon | Klamath Falls , Oregon - wikipedia Klamath Falls , Oregon Jump to : navigation , search Klamath Falls , Oregon City Downtown Klamath Falls Nickname ( s ) : Oregon 's City of Sunshine Motto : `` Working For You '' Location in Oregon Klamath Falls , Oregon Location in the United States Coordinates : 42 ° 13 ′ 24 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 42.22333 ° N 121.77750 ° W / 42.22333 ; - 121.77750 Coordinates : 42 ° 13 ′ 24 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 42.22333 ° N 121.77750 ° W / 42.22333 ; - 121.77750 Country United States State Oregon County Klamath Incorporated 1905 Government Mayor Carol Westfall Area Total 20.66 sq mi ( 53.51 km ) Land 19.81 sq mi ( 51.31 km ) Water 0.85 sq mi ( 2.20 km ) Elevation 4,099 ft ( 1,249.4 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 20,840 Estimate ( 2013 ) 21,207 Density 1,052.0 / sq mi ( 406.2 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific ( UTC - 7 ) ZIP codes 97601 , 97603 Area code ( s ) 541 FIPS code 41 - 39700 GNIS feature ID Website City Website Klamath Falls ( / ˈklæməθ / KLAM - əth ) ( Klamath : ʔiWLaLLoonʔa ) is a city in and the county seat of Klamath County , Oregon , United States . The city was originally called Linkville when George Nurse founded the town in 1867 . It was named after the Link River , on whose falls the city was sited . The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1893 . The population was 20,840 at the 2010 census . The city is on the southeastern shore of the Upper Klamath Lake and about 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of the California -- Oregon border . The Klamath Falls area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first European settlers . The Klamath Basin became part of the Oregon Trail with the opening of the Applegate Trail . Logging was Klamath Falls 's first major industry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Water rights controversy 2.2 Geothermal heating 2.3 Air quality 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 census 4.2 2000 census 5 Government and politics 6 Economy 7 Military airbase 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 Public schools 9 Recreation 10 Transportation 11 Notable people 12 Sister city 13 Radio stations 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Sources 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) After its founding in 1867 , Klamath Falls was originally named Linkville . The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1892 -- 93 . The name Klamath / ˈklæməθ / , may be a variation of the descriptive native for `` people '' ( in Chinookan ) used by the indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau to refer to the region . Several locatives derived from the Modoc or Achomawi : lutuami , lit : `` lake dwellers '' , móatakni , `` tule lake dwellers '' , respectively , could have also led to spelling variations that ultimately made the word what it is today . No evidence suggests that the name is from Klamath origin . The Klamath themselves called the region Yulalona or Iwauna , which referred to the phenomenon of the Link River flowing upstream when the south wind blew hard . The Klamath name for the Link River white water falls was Tiwishkeni , or `` where the falling waters rush '' . From this Link River white water phenomenon `` Falls '' was added to Klamath in its name . In reality it 's best described as rapids rather than falls . The rapids are visible a short distance below the Link River Dam , where the water flow is generally insufficient to provide water flow over the river rocks . History ( edit ) See also : List of historic buildings in Klamath Falls , Oregon The Klamath and Modoc Indians were the first known inhabitants of the area . The Modoc Tribe 's homeland is about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Klamath Falls , but when they were pushed onto a reservation with their adversaries the Klamath , a rebellion ensued and they hid out in nearby lava beds . This led to the Modoc War of 1872 − 1873 , which was a hugely expensive campaign for the US Cavalry , costing an estimated $500,000 − the equivalent of over 8 million in year - 2000 dollars . Seventeen Indians and 83 whites were killed . The Applegate Trail , which passes through the lower Klamath area , was blazed in 1846 from west to east in an attempt to provide a safer route for emigrants on the Oregon Trail . The first non-Indian settler is considered to have been Wallace Baldwin , a 19 - year - old civilian who drove fifty head of horses in the valley in 1852 . In 1867 , George Nurse , named the small settlement `` Linkville '' , because of Link River north of Lake Ewauna . The Klamath Reclamation Project began in 1906 to drain marshland and move water to allow for agriculture . With the building of the main `` A '' Canal , water was first made available May 22 , 1907 . Veterans of World War I and World War II were given homesteading opportunities on the reclaimed land . During World War II , a Japanese - American internment camp , the Tule Lake War Relocation Center , was located in nearby Newell , California , and a satellite of the Camp White , Oregon , POW camp was located just on the Oregon - California border near the town of Tulelake , California . In May 1945 , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Klamath Falls , ( near Bly , Oregon ) a Japanese balloon bomb killed a woman and five children on a church outing . This is said to be the only Japanese - inflicted casualty on the US mainland during the war . Timber harvesting through the use of railroad was extensive in Klamath County for the first few decades of the 20th century . With the arrival of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in 1909 , Klamath Falls grew quickly from a few hundred to several thousand . Dozens of lumber mills cut fir and pine lumber , and the industry flourished until the late 1980s when the northern spotted owl and other endangered species were driving forces in changing western forest policy . On September 20 , 1993 , a series of earthquakes struck near Klamath Falls . Many downtown buildings , including the county courthouse and the former Sacred Heart Academy and Convent , were damaged or destroyed . There were two deaths attributed to the earthquake . Klamath Falls , 1909 Water rights controversy ( edit ) Link River downstream white water falls from which Klamath Falls got its name . The city made national headlines in 2001 when a court decision was made to shut off Klamath Project irrigation water on April 6 because of Endangered Species Act requirements . The Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were listed on the Federal Endangered Species List in 1988 , and when drought struck in 2001 , a panel of scientists stated that further diversion of water for agriculture would be detrimental to these species , which reside in the Upper Klamath Lake , as well as to the protected Coho salmon which spawn in the Klamath River . Many protests by farmers and citizens culminated in a `` Bucket Brigade '' on Main Street May 7 , 2001 , in Klamath Falls . The event was attended by 18,000 farmers , ranchers , citizens , and politicians . Two giant bucket monuments have since been constructed and erected in town to commemorate the event . Such universal criticism resulted in a new plan implemented in early 2002 to resume irrigation to farmers . Low river flows in the Klamath and Trinity rivers and high temperatures led to a mass die - off of at least 33,000 salmon in 2002 . Dwindling salmon numbers have practically shut down the fishing industry in the region and caused over $60 million in disaster aid being given to fishermen to offset losses . Ninety percent of Trinity River water is diverted for California agriculture . According to a National Academy of Sciences report of October 22 , 2003 , limiting irrigation water did little if anything to help endangered fish and may have hurt the populations . A contrary report has criticized the National Academy of Sciences report . The Chiloquin Dam has been removed to help improve sucker spawning habitat . Geothermal heating ( edit ) Klamath Falls is located in a known geothermal resource area . Geothermal power has been used directly for geothermal heating in the area since the early 1900s . A downtown district heating system was constructed in 1981 and extended in 1982 . There was public opposition to the scheme . Many homes were heated by private geothermal wells , and owners were concerned that the city system could lower the water level and / or reduce water temperatures . System operation was delayed until 1984 following an aquifer study . Full operational testing showed no negative impact on the private wells . The system was shut down again in 1986 after multiple distribution piping failures were discovered . By 1991 , the distribution piping had been reconstructed , and the system was again operating . The system has been expanded since then , and according to the Oregon Institute of Technology , the operation is `` at or near operational break - even '' . The system is used to provide direct heat for homes , city schools , greenhouses , government and commercial buildings , geothermally heated snowmelt systems for sidewalks and roads , and process heat for the wastewater treatment plant . Air quality ( edit ) According to Oregon 's Department of Environmental Quality significant efforts are being made to improve the air quality in the Klamath Basin . The following excerpts are from a report produced by DEQ in September 2012 . Because of topography , weather and a large number of woodstoves , the Klamath Falls area has a long history of identifying problems with particulate pollutions and working to solve them . With increased understanding of the health effects of particulates , EPA has made the standards more protective over time , addressing smaller sized particles that are the most hazardous but more difficult to control . Since 1994 , the Klamath Falls area has attained the larger or coarse ( PM10 ) particulate matter standard . In 2009 , with the adoption of a fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) matter standard , EPA changed the legal status of the Klamath Falls Area from attainment ( meeting air quality standards ) to nonattainment ( not meeting air quality standards ) for fine particulate matter ( PM2. 5 ) . DEQ has adopted an attainment plan with associated regulations to ensure that the Klamath Falls area meets the current PM2. 5 standard . '' In November 2007 , Klamath County revised its Clean Air Ordinance to implement early particulate reductions , including : Revising woodstove curtailment levels to restrict wood burning when weather conditions could lead to accumulation of particulate in the Klamath Falls area Requiring removal of an uncertified woodstove upon sale of a home Prohibiting the use of burn barrels Tightening enforcement of wood stove curtailment A series of woodstove change - out efforts funded by the city of Klamath Falls , EPA and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act resulted in replacement of 584 woodstoves and significant emission reductions between 2008 and 2011 . '' Geography ( edit ) Upper Klamath Lake Canoe Trail , with ponderosa pine and quaking aspen in fall foliage According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 20.66 square miles ( 53.51 km ) , of which 19.81 square miles ( 51.31 km ) is land and 0.85 square miles ( 2.20 km ) is water . The elevation is 4,099 feet ( 1,249 m ) . Klamath Falls has a high desert landscape . The older part of the city is located above natural geothermal springs . These have been used for the heating of homes and streets , primarily in the downtown area . Climate ( edit ) Klamath Falls is known as `` Oregon 's City of Sunshine '' because the area enjoys 300 days of sun per year . Klamath Falls is a high desert and features a climate with cold snowy winters along with hot summer afternoons and cool summer nights . Under the Köppen climate classification the city 's climate type is Csb , often described as Warm Summer Mediterranean . Using the 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) isotherm preferred by some climatologists Klamath Falls is a Dsb climate , often described as Warm Summer Continental Mediterranean . Typical of its region , Klamath Falls has a dry season in summertime , with the greatest precipitation occurring in wintertime , much of it falling as snow . Although it is not arid or semi-arid , total precipitation is still low , at 13.41 inches ( 340.6 mm ) per year , due to Klamath Falls being in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains to the west . The wettest `` rain year '' has been from July 1957 to June 1958 with 20.36 inches ( 517.1 mm ) and the driest from July 1954 to June 1955 with 6.09 inches ( 154.7 mm ) . The all - time record high is 105 ° F ( 40.6 ° C ) , set on July 27 , 1911 , and the all - time record low is − 24 ° F ( − 31.1 ° C ) , set on January 15 , 1888 . The freeze - free season averages around 120 days , with the first freeze in a typical year being on September 21 , and the last freeze being on June 1 . On average 21 days per year reach 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) or higher , and two nights per year reach temperatures of 0 ° F ( − 17.8 ° C ) or lower . ( hide ) Climate data for Klamath Falls , Oregon Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 78 ( 26 ) 69 ( 21 ) 77 ( 25 ) 87 ( 31 ) 98 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 92 ( 33 ) 79 ( 26 ) 63 ( 17 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.1 ( 3.4 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 85.3 ( 29.6 ) 84.0 ( 28.9 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 39.4 ( 4.1 ) 61.01 ( 16.12 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 20.6 ( − 6.3 ) 24.5 ( − 4.2 ) 28.1 ( − 2.2 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) 51.4 ( 10.8 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 28.2 ( − 2.1 ) 22.7 ( − 5.2 ) 35.03 ( 1.68 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 11 ( − 12 ) ( − 17 ) − 17 ( − 27 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.99 ( 50.5 ) 1.39 ( 35.3 ) 1.27 ( 32.3 ) 0.81 ( 20.6 ) 0.98 ( 24.9 ) 0.77 ( 19.6 ) 0.29 ( 7.4 ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 1.03 ( 26.2 ) 1.83 ( 46.5 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 13.41 ( 340.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 12.1 ( 30.7 ) 6.0 ( 15.2 ) 3.8 ( 9.7 ) ( 3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 3.8 ( 9.7 ) 9.1 ( 23.1 ) 36.5 ( 92.7 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11 9 9 7 7 5 6 9 11 81 Source : Western Regional Climate Center Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 250 -- 1890 364 45.6 % 1900 447 22.8 % 1910 2,758 517.0 % 1920 4,801 74.1 % 1930 16,093 235.2 % 1940 16,497 2.5 % 1950 15,875 − 3.8 % 1960 16,949 6.8 % 1970 15,775 − 6.9 % 1980 16,661 5.6 % 17,737 6.5 % 2000 19,480 9.8 % 20,840 7.0 % Est. 2016 21,524 3.3 % Sources : U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate 2010 Census ( edit ) The Oregon Bank Building is one of 13 sites in Klamath Falls listed on the National Register of Historic Places As of the census of 2010 , there were 20,840 people , 8,542 households , and 4,876 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,052.0 inhabitants per square mile ( 406.2 / km ) . There were 9,595 housing units at an average density of 484.4 per square mile ( 187.0 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 83.4 % White , 1.0 % African American , 4.3 % Native American , 1.6 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 4.5 % from other races , and 5.0 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.8 % of the population . There were 8,542 households of which 30.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 38.5 % were married couples living together , 13.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5.6 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.9 % were non-families. 32.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98 . The median age in the city was 33.6 years . 23.6 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 14.6 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 25.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 12.3 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 49.3 % male and 50.7 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 19,462 people , 7,916 households , and 4,670 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,089.5 / sq mi ( 420.7 / km ) . There were 8,722 housing units at an average density of 488.3 / sq mi ( 188.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was : 85.12 % White 1.02 % African American 4.44 % Native American 1.32 % Asian 0.13 % Pacific Islander 4.15 % from other races 3.83 % from two or more races 9.32 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 7,916 households out of which : 30.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them 42.2 % were married couples living together 11.7 % had a female householder with no husband present 41.0 % were non-families 32.4 % of all households were made up of individuals 11.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99 . The age distribution was : 25.5 % under the age of 18 13.1 % from 18 to 24 27.2 % from 25 to 44 21.5 % from 45 to 64 12.8 % who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 101.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 100.1 males . The median income for a household in the city was $28,498 , and the median income for a family was $37,021 . Males had a median income of $31,567 versus $22,313 for females . The per capita income for the city was $16,710 . About 21.9 % of the population and 16.2 % of families were below the poverty line , including 26.8 % of those under age 18 and 9.5 % of those 65 or over . Government and politics ( edit ) The Klamath County Courthouse Klamath Falls is a home rule municipality under the Oregon Constitution , and has been governed by a council -- manager form of government since its citizens voted to adopt the current charter in 1972 . The city council , which is nonpartisan , has five members , each elected from one of the five wards . They serve four - year terms , which are staggered so that either two or three seats are up for election every two years . The mayor , who is nonpartisan and serves a term of four years , presides over all city council meetings . This official appoints committees , can veto any ordinance not passed with the affirmative vote of at least four council members , and casts tie - breaking votes . The city manager , however , is the administrative head of the city . This official is appointed by the council and serves an indefinite term at the council 's pleasure . The municipal judge and the city attorney are appointed on the same basis . Todd Kellstrom has been mayor since 1992 , and is currently serving a fifth consecutive term . Nathan Cherpeski is the current city manager . For the purpose of representation in the state legislature , Klamath Falls is located in the 28th Senate district , represented by Republican Doug Whitsett , and in the 56th House district , represented by Republican Bill Garrard . Federally , Klamath Falls is located in Oregon 's 2nd congressional district , which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R + 10 and is represented by Republican Greg Walden . Economy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sky Lakes Medical Center is the largest employer in the area , followed by the Klamath Falls City School District Other major employers are JELD - WEN , Collins Products , Columbia Forest Products , NEW Corp , Klamath County School District , and Oregon Institute of Technology . Klamath Falls is home to the 173rd Fighter Wing of the Oregon Air National Guard , stationed at Kingsley Field airbase . The 270 Air Traffic Control Squadron resides at Kingsley Field Oregon Air National Guard Base . The 173rd Fighter Wing currently flies F - 15 C / D Variants . Military airbase ( edit ) Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base also known as Klamath Falls Airport was established in 1928 and is now the home of the 173rd Fighter Wing of the Oregon Air National Guard . Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base has the second largest runway in Oregon ( 10,301 long by 150 feet wide ( 3,140 x 46 m ) ) and was listed as a backup landing strip for the Space Shuttle . As Kingsley Field is a training base for the Oregon Air National Guard , it is normal to hear aircraft throughout Klamath Falls during daylight hours . Education ( edit ) Klamath Union High School ( KU ) 2013 football team in action . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Klamath Community College Oregon Institute of Technology College of Cosmetology Public schools ( edit ) Klamath Falls and the surrounding area are served by Klamath County School District and the Klamath Falls City School District . Recreation ( edit ) Veterans Park on the south shore of the Upper Klamath Lake , downtown Klamath Falls . See also : List of parks in Klamath Falls , Oregon Klamath Falls is home to many outdoor winter and summer activities . The nearby Running Y Ranch Resort & hotel features a golf course designed by Arnold Palmer and an ice skating arena . The resort overlooks Upper Klamath Lake , the largest freshwater body west of the Rocky Mountains . There is also a canoe trail through the wildlife refuge at Rocky Point . With the help of many passionate community members , Klamath Falls has developed a series of trails in Moore Park . The trail network in and around Moore Park is well loved and heavily used by hikers , cyclists , runners , and others . Users have put countless hours into developing and improving excellent trails that offers varied terrain and vegetation , stunning views of Upper Klamath Lake and the Klamath Basin , and a range of difficulty levels . The OC&E Woods Line State Trail is a rail trail in the city and is the longest state park in Oregon . Wiard Park , along the OC&E State Trail and operated by the Wiard Memorial Park and Recreation District , is open dawn to dusk from May 1 to October 1 . Klamath Falls has a Veterans Memorial Park located downtown along the shore of Lake Ewauna . Klamath Falls is located on the Pacific Flyway , and large numbers of waterfowl and raptors are seen throughout the year . A large number of bald eagles winter in Bear Valley , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Klamath Falls , near Keno , and the American white pelican shows in great numbers in summer . Crater Lake National Park is 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of Klamath Falls , and 33 - mile ( 53 km ) Rim Drive , which circles the lake , is a favorite of cyclists . Winter cross country skiing and snow shoeing in the park is also very popular . The more - than - mile - high Crater Lake Marathon is an annual event . Lava Beds National Monument is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the southeast of Klamath Falls near the town of Tulelake , California . The Lava Beds provide an excellent opportunity to explore an area that has perhaps the highest concentration of lava tubes . The monument also interprets the Modoc War , including the First Battle of the Stronghold . Mountain Lakes Wilderness Area , one of the first designated wilderness areas in the United States , lies just to the west of Klamath Falls , providing some excellent opportunities for backpacking and fishing in pristine mountain lakes . Transportation ( edit ) Amtrak 's Coast Starlight at Klamath Falls station Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , serves Klamath Falls , operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle , Washington , and Los Angeles , California . Fixed route public transit service is operated by Basin Transit Service , a special service district with an elected board . Oregon POINT connects Klamath Falls with Medford and Brookings , Oregon . Sage Stage provides weekly service to Alturas , California . Passenger air service is provided at the Klamath Falls Airport . Regional air carrier PenAir resumed passenger flights from Klamath Falls to the Portland International Airport on October 6 , 2016 . PenAir utilizes the 30 passenger Saab 340B aircraft on the route . Klamath Falls Airport is also the location of the Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base , the airport and base are 6 miles ( 10 km ) south of downtown . Notable people ( edit ) Sharron Angle ( 1949 -- ) , Nevada politician Brenda Bakke ( 1963 -- ) , actress Dennis Bennett ( 1939 -- 2012 ) , Major League Baseball player Harry D. Boivin ( 1904 -- 1999 ) , Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives and twice President of the Oregon Senate Ernest C. Brace ( 1931 - 2014 ) , pilot Jeff Bronkey ( 1965 - ) , Major League Baseball player Don Pedro Colley ( 1938 -- ) , actor Allison Cook , Miss Oregon 2013 . Chris Eyre ( 1968 -- ) , Sundance Film Festival award winner Helen J. Frye ( 1930 -- 2011 ) , Federal District Court judge Chad Gray ( 1971 -- ) , musician Ralph Hill ( 1908 -- 1994 ) , Olympic 5000 meters silver medalist James Ivory ( 1928 -- ) , Oscar - nominated director Charles S. Moore ( 1857 -- 1915 ) , Oregon politician Dan O'Brien ( 1966 -- ) , Olympic gold medalist in Decathlon Charles O. Porter ( 1919 -- 2006 ) , Oregon politician Marty Ravellette ( 1939 -- 2007 ) , armless hero who lived in Klamath Falls in the 1960s . Kim Walker - Smith , neopentecostal worship leader and recording artist Paul Zahniser ( 1896 -- 1964 ) , Major League Baseball player Sister city ( edit ) Klamath Falls has one sister city , as designated by Sister Cities International : Rotorua , New Zealand Radio stations ( edit ) 88.1 FM - Christian ( translator ) 88.5 FM - Jefferson Public Radio classics & news service 89.5 FM - College Freeform KTEC 90.5 FM - Jefferson Public Radio news & information service 90.9 FM - Jefferson Public Radio rhythm & news service 93.3 FM - sports 91.9 FM - Jefferson Public Radio news & information service 92.5 FM - Country 96.5 FM - Country ( Tulelake ) 98.5 FM - Top 40 99.5 FM - Classic hits 100.7 FM - Christian 100.9 FM - Top ( translator ) 104.7 FM - Classic rock 105.5 FM - Top ( Merrill ) 106.9 FM - Adult contemporary 960 AM - Sports 1150 AM - Talk and news 1240 AM - Sports 1450 AM - Talk and news See also ( edit ) Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges Complex Klamath County Event Center Klamath Falls Airport Klamath Lake Klamath Reclamation Project Klamath River OC&E Woods Line State Trail References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Vocabulary '' . Klamath Tribes Language Project . The Klamath Tribes . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ History of Klamath Falls The City of Klamath Falls webpage . Accessed 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census profiles : Oregon cities alphabetically H-L '' ( PDF ) . Portland State University Population Research Center . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ McArthur , p. 580 Jump up ^ McArthur , p. 541 Jump up ^ Laurie Bauer , 2007 , The Linguistics Student 's Handbook , Edinburgh Jump up ^ `` The Klamath '' ( PDF ) . World Wisdom online library . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Name of Tiwishkeni Jump up ^ Hell With the Fire Out : A History of the Modoc War by Anthony Quinn Jump up ^ `` California and the Indian Wars : The Modoc War , 1872 - 1873 '' . Militarymuseum.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Applegate Trail Jump up ^ OHP , Putting Nature to Work : Living in Linkville Jump up ^ OHP , Klamath Homestead Drawing Jump up ^ Railroad Logging in the Klamath Country Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in Oregon State '' . Crew.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Klamath Bucket Brigade '' . The Klamath Bucket Brigade . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Michael Milstein ( 2002 - 10 - 27 ) . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon http://www.pelicannetwork.net/salmon.tappingtrinity.htm . A new federal estimate puts the toll of last month 's fish kill at 33,000 , most of them chinook salmon but says that number is conservative . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Becker , Jo ; Gellman , Barton ( 2007 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Leaving No Tracks '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Michael Milstein ( 2002 - 10 - 27 ) . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon http://www.pelicannetwork.net/salmon.tappingtrinity.htm . As much as 90 percent of the Trinity 's water , which would otherwise flow into the Klamath and out to sea , instead rushes south toward California 's thirsty center . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Broader Approach Needed for Protection And Recovery of Fish in Klamath River Basin , ^ Jump up to : `` Geothermal in Oregon '' ( PDF ) . Geo - Heat Center , Oregon Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rachel Sakata ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Klamath Falls PM2. 5 Attainment Plan '' ( PDF ) . pp. 1 , 4 . Jump up ^ `` US town uses geothermal energy to stay warm '' . AP . 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.klamathfalls.city/visitors/history Jump up ^ National weather Service , Medford , OR Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Freeze - Free Probabilities '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Spring Freeze Probabilities '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Fall Freeze Probabilities '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Period of Record General Climate Summary - Precipitation '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Riley . Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 - 1990 . Lanham : Scarecrow , 1996 , 211 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Revised Charter of 1972 for the City of Klamath Falls . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Introducing The Cook Political Report Partisan Voting Index ( PVI ) for the 111th Congress '' . The Cook Political Report . Jump up ^ `` Sweet16. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.recreation.gov/recreationalAreaDetails.do?contractCode=NRSO&recAreaId=3132 Jump up ^ http://www.klamathtrails.org/moore-mountain-area-trails/ Jump up ^ Problems of the urban fringe , Volume 1 . University of Oregon . Bureau of Municipal Research and Service , Oregon . Legislative Assembly . Interim Committee on Local Government and Urban Area Problems . 1957 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake Rim Runs '' . Crater Lake Rim Runs . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ SouthWest Point Jump up ^ Sage Stage - Klamath Falls Jump up ^ `` James Ivory Biography '' . Fandango.com. 1928 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/OR Sources ( edit ) McArthur , Lewis A. , and McArthur , Lewis L. ( 2003 ) ( 1928 ) . Oregon Geographic Names , 7th ed . Portland : Oregon Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87595 - 277 - 2 . `` Oregon History Project '' . Oregon History Society . 1946 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Klamath Falls , Oregon . Klamath Falls travel guide from Wikivoyage Entry for Klamath Falls in the Oregon Blue Book Where are the falls ? ( flyer prepared by the Klamath County Museum , August 2008 ) Basin Transit Service Municipalities and communities of Klamath County , Oregon , United States County seat : Klamath Falls Cities Bonanza Chiloquin Klamath Falls Malin Merrill CDP Altamont Unincorporated communities Ady Algoma Beatty Beaver Marsh Bly Cascade Summit Chemult Crescent Crescent Lake Junction Dairy Falcon Heights Fort Klamath Gilchrist Hager Hatfield ‡ Henley Hildebrand Keno Kirk Klamath Agency Langell Valley Lenz Lorella Malone Midland Modoc Point Odessa Olene Pelican City Pine Grove Rocky Point Shevlin Sprague River Worden Yonna Klamath River States and counties Oregon Klamath Lake Jackson California Siskiyou Modoc Humboldt Trinity Del Norte Significant cities Klamath Falls Happy Camp Weitchpec Orleans Klamath Glen Klamath Major tributaries Williamson River Sprague River Lost River Butte Creek Shasta River Scott River Salmon River Trinity River Geography Course of the Klamath River Upper Klamath Lake Lower Klamath Lake Tule Lake Klamath Basin Trinity Lake Mount Shasta Klamath Mountains Trinity Alps Cascade Range Six Rivers National Forest Klamath National Forest Lava Beds National Monument Native American tribes Klamath Tribes Hupa Karuk Klamath Modoc Yurok History California Gold Rush Hudson 's Bay Company Klamath County ( defunct ) Klamath Diversion Modoc War Siskiyou Trail Dams and infrastructure Klamath Project ( United States Bureau of Reclamation ) Klamath River Hydroelectric Project ( PacifiCorp ) Link River Dam Keno Dam John C. Boyle Dam Copco Dam # 1 Copco Dam # 2 Iron Gate Dam California State Route 96 California State Route 169 State of Oregon Salem ( capital ) Topics History Geography Fauna Climate Pioneers People Governors Government Delegations Constitution Congress Ballot measures Elections Parks Fair Symbols Oregon Trail Beaches Lakes Rivers Misc . Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Western Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany -- Corvallis Bend -- Redmond Eugene -- Springfield Medford -- Ashland Portland Salem -- Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill VIAF : 263539338 LCCN : n79072712 GND : 4446169 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klamath_Falls,_Oregon&oldid=801059044 '' Categories : Klamath Falls , Oregon Cities in Oregon County seats in Oregon Micropolitan areas of Oregon Populated places established in 1867 Cities in Klamath County , Oregon 1867 establishments in Oregon Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the elevation of klamath falls oregon | [
"\n\nKlamath Falls, Oregon\n\n\nCity\n\n\n\nDowntown Klamath Falls\n\n\n\nNickname(s): Oregon's City of Sunshine\n\n\nMotto: \"Working For You\"\n\n\n\nLocation in Oregon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKlamath Falls, Oregon\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation in the United States\n\n\nCoordinates: 42°13′24″N 121°46′39″W / 42.22333°N 121.77750°W / 42.22333; -121.77750Coordinates: 42°13′24″N 121°46′39″W / 42.22333°N 121.77750°W / 42.22333; -121.77750\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nOregon\n\n\nCounty\nKlamath\n\n\nIncorporated\n1905\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor\nCarol Westfall\n\n\nArea[1]\n\n\n • Total\n20.66 sq mi (53.51 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n19.81 sq mi (51.31 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n0.85 sq mi (2.20 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n4,099 ft (1,249.4 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)[2]\n\n\n • Total\n20,840\n\n\n • Estimate (2013)[3]\n21,207\n\n\n • Density\n1,052.0/sq mi (406.2/km2)\n\n\nTime zone\nPacific (UTC-8)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nPacific (UTC-7)\n\n\nZIP codes\n97601, 97603\n\n\nArea code(s)\n541\n\n\nFIPS code\n41-39700[4]\n\n\nGNIS feature ID\n[5]\n\n\nWebsite\nCity Website\n\n"
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"4,099 ft (1,249.4 m)"
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6189489281335336648 | The Phantom of the Opera | The Phantom of the Opera - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the musical and other uses , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Phantom of the Opera Author Gaston Leroux Original title Le Fantôme de l'Opéra Country France Language French Subject Romance , Mystery , Horror Genre Gothic novel Publisher Pierre Laie . Publication date 23 September 1909 to 8 January 1910 Published in English 1911 Media type Print ( Serial ) Pages ~ 190 OCLC 15698188 The Phantom of the Opera ( French : Le Fantôme de l'Opéra ) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux . It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909 , to 8 January 1910 . It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte . The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil 's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber 's 1841 production of Der Freischütz . It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations , most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney , and Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Adaptations 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In Paris in the 1890s , the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera , or simply the Opera Ghost . A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing . At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house 's two managers , a young little - known Swedish soprano , Christine Daaé , is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera 's leading soprano , Carlotta , who is ill , and her performance is an astonishing success . The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who was present at the performance , recognises her as his childhood playmate , and recalls his love for her . He attempts to visit her backstage , where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room . He investigates the room once Christine leaves , only to find it empty . At Perros - Guirec , Christine meets with Raoul , who confronts her about the voice he heard in her room . Christine tells him she has been tutored by the Angel of Music , whom her father used to tell them about . When Raoul suggests that she might be the victim of a prank , she storms off . Christine visits her father 's grave one night , where a mysterious figure appears and plays the violin for her . Raoul attempts to confront it but is attacked and knocked out in the process . Back at the Palais Garnier , the new managers receive a letter from the Phantom demanding that they allow Christine to perform the lead role of Marguerite in Faust , and that box 5 be left empty for his use , lest they perform in a house with a curse on it . The managers ignore his demands as a prank , resulting in disastrous consequences : Carlotta ends up croaking like a toad , and the chandelier suddenly drops into the audience , killing a spectator . The Phantom , having abducted Christine from her dressing room , reveals himself as a deformed man called Erik . Erik intends to keep her in his lair with him for a few days , but she causes him to change his plans when she unmasks him and , to the horror of both , beholds his noseless , lipless , sunken - eyed face , which resembles a skull dried up by the centuries , covered in yellowed dead flesh . Fearing that she will leave him , he decides to keep her with him forever , but when Christine requests release after two weeks , he agrees on condition that she wear his ring and be faithful to him . On the roof of the opera house , Christine tells Raoul about her abduction , and makes Raoul promise to take her away to a place where Erik can never find her , even if she resists . Raoul tells Christine he will act on his promise the next day , to which she agrees . However , Christine sympathises with Erik , and decides to sing for him one last time as a means of saying good - bye . Unbeknownst to Christine and Raoul , Erik has been watching them and overheard their whole conversation . The following night , the enraged and jealous Erik abducts Christine during a production of Faust , and tries to force her to marry him . Raoul is led by a mysterious opera regular known as `` The Persian '' into Erik 's secret lair deep in the bowels of the opera house , but they end up trapped into a mirrored room by Erik , who threatens that unless Christine agrees to marry him , he will kill them and everyone in the Opera House by using explosives . Christine agrees to marry Erik . Erik initially tries to drown Raoul and the Persian , using the water which would have been used to douse the explosives , but Christine begs and offers to be his `` living bride '' , promising him not to kill herself after becoming his bride , as she had both contemplated and attempted earlier in the novel . Erik eventually releases Raoul and the Persian from his torture chamber . When Erik is alone with Christine , he lifts his mask to kiss her on her forehead , and is given a kiss back . Erik reveals that he has never received a kiss , not even from his own mother , nor has been allowed to give one and is overcome with emotion . He and Christine then cry together and their tears `` mingle '' . Erik later says that he has never felt so close to another human being . He allows the Persian and Raoul to escape , though not before making Christine promise that she will visit him on his death day , and return the gold ring he gave her . He also makes the Persian promise that afterwards he will go to the newspaper and report his death , as he will die soon and will die `` of love '' . Indeed , some time later Christine returns to Erik 's lair , buries him somewhere he will never be found ( by Erik 's request ) and returns the gold ring . Afterwards , a local newspaper runs the simple note : `` Erik is dead '' . Christine and Raoul ( who finds out that Erik has killed his older brother ) elope together , never to return . Passages narrated directly by the Persian and the final chapter piece together Erik 's life : the son of a construction business owner deformed from birth , he ran away from his native Normandy to work in fairs and in caravans , schooling himself in the arts of the circus across Europe and Asia , and eventually building trick palaces in Persia and Turkey . Eventually , he returned to France and , wearing a mask , started his own construction business . After being subcontracted to work on the foundations of the Palais Garnier , Erik had discreetly built himself a lair to disappear in , complete with hidden passages and other tricks that allowed him to spy on the managers . Characters ( edit ) Erik : The Phantom of the Opera , a deformed former conjuror also referred to as the Angel of Music and the Opera Ghost . He tutors and eventually becomes obsessed with Christine Daaé . Christine Daaé : A young Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera House with whom the Phantom falls in love . Vicomte Raoul de Chagny : Christine 's childhood friend and love interest . The Persian : A mysterious man from Erik 's past . Comte Phillipe de Chagny : Raoul 's older brother . Armand Moncharmin and Firmin Richard : The new managers of the opera house . Madame Giry : The opera 's box keeper . Meg Giry : Often referred to as `` Little Meg '' , Madame Giry 's only daughter , a ballet girl . Debienne and Poligny : The previous managers of the opera house Carlotta : A spoiled prima donna ; the lead soprano of the Paris Opera House . Madame Valérius : Christine 's elderly guardian . Adaptations ( edit ) Further information : Adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera There have been many literary and other dramatic works based on Leroux 's novel , ranging from stage musicals to films to children 's books . Some well known stage and screen adaptations of the novel are the 1925 film and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shah , Raj ( 2016 ) . `` The Publication and Initial French Reception of Gaston Leroux 's Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' . French Studies Bulletin . 37 ( 138 ) : 13 -- 16 . doi : 10.1093 / frebul / ktw004 . Jump up ^ Shah , Raj ( 2014 ) . `` No Ordinary Skeleton : Unmasking the Secret Source of Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' . Forum for Modern Language Studies . 50 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29 ( 17 ; 25n11 ) . doi : 10.1093 / fmls / cqt048 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera . Official Twitter account for the novel at Twitter The Phantom of the Opera at Project Gutenberg The Phantom of the Opera public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier VIAF : 185531503 LCCN : n86101414 GND : 4513825 - 4 SUDOC : 03506658X BNF : cb125746591 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera&oldid=830917814 '' Categories : The Phantom of the Opera 1909 French novels 1910 French novels 1909 fantasy novels 1910 fantasy novels French horror fiction Novels set in the 1890s Novels set in Paris French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Gothic novels Works originally published in Le Gaulois Novels first published in serial form Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . About Wikipedia | when did phantom of the opera take place | [
"In Paris in the 1890s, the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera, or simply the Opera Ghost. A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing. At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house's two managers, a young little-known Swedish soprano, Christine Daaé, is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera's leading soprano, Carlotta, who is ill, and her performance is an astonishing success. The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny, who was present at the performance, recognises her as his childhood playmate, and recalls his love for her. He attempts to visit her backstage, where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room. He investigates the room once Christine leaves, only to find it empty."
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"in the 1890s"
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214183584077463749 | Oriental Bank of Commerce | Oriental Bank of Commerce - Wikipedia Oriental Bank of Commerce hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oriental Bank of Commerce Type Public Traded as BSE : 500315 NSE : ORIENTBANK Industry Banking Financial services Founded 19 February 1943 ; 75 years ago ( 1943 - 02 - 19 ) Headquarters Gurgaon , India Key people Mukesh Kumar Jain ( MD & CEO ) Vijay Dube ( Executive Director ) Products Investment banking Consumer banking Commercial banking Retail banking Private banking Asset management Pensions Mortgages Credit cards Revenue ₹ 20,058.71 crore ( US $2.8 billion ) Operating income ₹ 3,682 crore ( US $510 million ) ( 2016 ) Net income ₹ 156.08 crore ( US $22 million ) ( 2016 ) Total assets ₹ 237,541.54 crore ( US $33 billion ) ( 2016 ) Owner Government of India Number of employees 21,469 ( 2016 ) Capital ratio 11.76 % ( 2016 ) Website www.obcindia.co.in Oriental Bank of Commerce is an India - based bank established in Lahore ( then the city of United India , and currently in Pakistan ) , is one of the public sector banks in India . Contents 1 History 2 Chairpersons 3 Overview 4 See also 5 Notes , citations , and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Bahadur Lala Sohan lal ji the first Chairman of the Bank , founded OBC in 1943 in Lahore . Within four years of its coming into existence , OBC had to face Partition . The bank had to close down its branches in the newly formed Pakistan and shift its registered office from Lahore to Amritsar . Lala Karam Chand Thapar , the then Chairman of the Bank , in a unique gesture honoured the commitments made to the depositors from Pakistan and paid every rupee to its departing customers . The Bank has witnessed many ups and downs since its establishment . The period of 1970 - 76 is said to be the most challenging phase in the history of the Bank . At one time profit plummeted to ₹ 175 , that prompted the owner of the bank , the Thapar House , to sell / close the bank . Then employees and leaders of the Bank came forward to rescue the Bank . The owners were moved and had to change their decision of selling the bank and in turn they decided to improve the position of the bank with the active cooperation and support of all the employees . Their efforts bore fruits and performance of the bank improved significantly . This was the turning point in the history of the bank . The bank was nationalised on 15 April 1980 . At that time OBC ranked 19th among the 20 nationalised banks . In 1997 , OBC acquired two banks : Bari Doab Bank and Punjab Cooperative Bank . The acquisition of these two banks brought with it no additional branches . The bank has progressed on several fronts , crossing the Business Mix mark of ₹ 2 lac crores as on 31 March 2010 making it the seventh largest Public Sector Bank in India . On 14 August 2004 , OBC amalgamated Global Trust Bank ( GTB ) . GTB was a leading private sector bank in India that was associated with various financial discrepancies leading to a moratorium being imposed by RBI shortly before it merged into OBC . The acquisition brought with it 103 branches , which increased OBC 's branch total to 1092 . Chairpersons ( edit ) The Chairpersons ( CMD ) of the bank were as under : Name Period Karam Chand Thapar 1946 to 1961 L.M. Thapar 1961 to 1969 R.P. Oberoi 1973 to 1976 M.K. Vig 1976 to 1983 P.S. Gopalakrishnan 1984 to 1988 S.P. Talwar 1988 to 1990 S.K. Soni 1990 to 1996 Dalbir Singh 1996 to 2000 B.D. Narang 2000 to 2005 K.N. Prithviraj 2005 to 2007 T.Y. Prabhu August 2009 to January 2011 Nagesh Paidah January 2011 to February 2012 S.L. Bansal March 2012 to September 2014 Sh . Animesh Chauhan December 2014 to June 2017 Sh . Mukesh Kumar Jain July 2017 to Present ( as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank ) Overview ( edit ) The bank offers a wide range of banking products and services such as deposit accounts , loans , debit cards , credit cards ( with tie up with SBI ) , Insurance products , ATMs , Internet banking , Mobile Banking , Self - banking halls , call centre , etc . The Bank has launched yet another people 's participation in the planning process at grass root level essentially to tackle the maladies of poverty . The Grameen Projects venture aims to alleviate poverty plus identify the reasons responsible for the failure or success . OBC is already implementing a GRAMEEN PROJECT in Dehradun District ( UK ) and Hanumangarh District ( Rajasthan ) . Formulated on the pattern of the Bangladesh Grameen Bank , the Scheme has a unique feature of disbursing small loans ranging from ₹ 75 ( ~ US $1.50 ) onwards . The beneficiaries of the Grameen Project are mostly women. The Bank is engaged in providing training to rural folk in using locally available raw material to produce pickles , jams etc . This has provided self - employment and augmented income levels thus reforming lives of rural folk and encouraging cottage industries in rural areas . OBC launched yet another unique scheme christened ' The Comprehensive Village Development Programme ' on the auspicious day of Baisakhi , the 13th of April 1997 at three villages in Punjab namely Rurki Kalan ( District . Sangrur ) , Raje Majra ( District . Ropar ) and Khaira Majha ( District . Jaladhar ) and two villages in Haryana , namely Khunga ( District . Jind ) and Narwal ( District . Kaithal ) . The pilot launch was a great success . Emboldened by the success , Bank extended the programme to more villages . At present , it covers 15 villages ; 10 in Punjab , 4 in Haryana and 1 in Rajasthan . The programme focuses on providing a comprehensive and integrated package providing rural finance to the villagers with Village Development as its focus , thus contributing towards infrastructural development and augmentation of income for each farmer of the village . The Bank has implemented 14 point action plan for strengthening of credit delivery to women and has designated 5 branches as specialised branches for women entrepreneurs . See also ( edit ) All India Oriental Bank Officers Association Notes , citations , and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Bari Doab Bank had been established in Lahore on 12 May 1915 ; in 1947 the bank transferred its head - office to Hoshiarpur , where it had been the first joint stock bank to operate in the district . Punjab Cooperative Bank had been established in Amritsar on 31 October 1904 . It had been liquidated in September 1914 , but apparently had been re-established . At Partition it had lost operations in Pakistan . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report of Oriental Bank of Commerce '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Reserve Bank of India . Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India for the Year 1954 . ( Bombay ) . Jump up ^ Baker ( 1915 ) , p. 24 . References Annual Report 2013 ( 1 ) Baker , Henry D. ( 1915 ) British India : With Notes on Ceylon , Afghanistan , and Tibet . ( U.S. Government Printing Office ) . External links ( edit ) Official site of OBC Official Internet Banking site of OBC Oriental Bank Officers Association Banking in India Central bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Fincare Small Finance Bank ESAF Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payments bank Aditya Birla Payments Bank Airtel Jio Paytm India Post Payments Bank Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers BBPS IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS BHIM Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Related topics ATM usage fees in India De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Institiutes Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India National Payments Corporation of India Protocol Bharat Bill Payment System Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR Payment service Atom BHIM BillDesk CCAvenue Chillr CitrusPay ( Lazy Pay ) Razorpay Tez Zeta India Digital wallets ABPB Wallet Amazon Pay Freecharge HDFC PayZapp ICICI pockets Mobikwik Oxigen Services Paytm PayU Payworld PhonePe SBI buddy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Bank_of_Commerce&oldid=864883603 '' Categories : Public Sector Banks in India Companies based in New Delhi Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India Banks established in 1943 Companies nationalised by the Government of India 1943 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from September 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 04 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | oriental bank of commerce is govt or private | [
"Oriental Bank of Commerce is an India-based bank established in Lahore (then the city of United India, and currently in Pakistan), is one of the public sector banks in India.\n"
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"public sector"
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7321128366728642655 | Kyle Abbott (The Young and the Restless) | Kyle Abbott ( the Young and the Restless ) - wikipedia Kyle Abbott ( the Young and the Restless ) Jump to : navigation , search Kyle Abbott Michael Mealor as Kyle Abbott The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Garrett Ryan ( 2010 -- 12 ) Blake Hood ( 2012 -- 13 ) Hartley Sawyer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lachlan Buchanan ( 2015 -- 16 ) Michael Mealor ( 2018 -- ) ( and child actors ) Duration 2001 -- 04 2010 -- 16 2018 -- First appearance January 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 08 ) Created by Kay Alden and Trent Jones Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 2001 ) Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch ( 2010 ) Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ( 2015 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Christian Newman Timothy Bilton Kyle Jenkins Occupation Business executive Ordained minister Home Genoa City , Wisconsin Lachlan Buchanan as Kyle Abbott Garrett Ryan as Kyle Abbott ( show ) Family Family Abbott Parents Jack Abbott Diane Jenkins Stepfather Victor Newman ( 2011 ) Stepmother Phyllis Summers ( 2001 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 ) Sharon Newman ( 2007 -- 09 ) Nikki Newman ( 2012 ) Siblings Keemo Volien Abbott John Abbott III Grandfathers John Abbott Kyle Jenkins Grandmothers Dina Mergeron Aunts and uncles Ashley Abbott Traci Abbott Billy Abbott First cousins Colleen Carlton Abby Newman Delia Abbott Johnny Abbott Katie Newman Kyle Abbott is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless , an American soap opera on the CBS network . Introduced on January 8 , 2001 , the character is the son of businessman Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and Diane Jenkins ( Maura West ) . For the character 's first three - year run , he was portrayed by a series of infant toddler actors . In 2010 , the character returned , portrayed as slightly older by child actor Garrett Ryan . After two years , he was rapidly aged to an adult , with Blake Hood stepping into the role in April 2012 . Upon his return , Kyle began dating Eden Baldwin ( Jessica Heap ) . In March 2013 , after a year in the role , Hood was let go and announced to be replaced by Hartley Sawyer . The soap opera had initially issued a casting call for a character named Connor Boyd , and due to his characteristics resembling that of Kyle , his casting was kept quiet . Hood stated that his ouster came as a shock to him . Sawyer made his debut on April 24 , 2013 . The character 's six - year absence was criticized , and his age upon his 2010 return received unfavorable reviews . Hood was positively received in the role , and the decision to release him and replace him with Sawyer has also been criticized . Australian actor Lachlan Buchanan took claim of the role in 2015 , making his first appearance on February 25 and departing on April 26 , 2016 . The role is presently portrayed by Michael Mealor , who made his first appearance as Kyle on March 29 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character development 3 Storylines 3.1 2001 -- 04 3.2 2010 -- present 4 Reception 5 References Casting ( edit ) Hartley Sawyer was cast in the role in 2013 before being let go nine months after his debut . The role was originally portrayed by two sets of twins , Connor and Garret Sullivan and Marissa and Madison Poer from 2001 to 2002 , and twins Cooper and Oliver Guynes in 2002 . Seth Stern portrayed the role in 2004 . Following the character 's return after a 6 - year absence , the role was assumed by Garrett Ryan on February 25 , 2010 . He initially departed after two episodes , though returned as a recurring cast member eight months later on October 12 , 2010 . When asked at the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards if he was remaining with the series , Ryan replied : `` Um , yes . I 'm definitely sticking around on the show . I 've been on a lot lately ... '' Ryan was last seen as Kyle on January 5 , 2012 . In March 2012 , the character was rapidly aged , with Blake Hood cast to portray Kyle as an adult . He was previously known for his role of Mark Driscott on The CW 's 90210 . Hood debuted on April 27 , 2012 . Hood was surprised at how fast the process of soap operas where , and also credited Peter Bergman ( who plays his on - screen father , Jack ) as being very `` gracious '' and kind to him , lending experience . In March 2013 , after a year in the role , Hood was let go and replaced with Hartley Sawyer . The soap opera had issued a casting call for a character named `` Connor Boyd '' in January and , due to the character sounding very much like Kyle , Sawyer 's casting was kept quiet . Casting directors used a scene previously been performed by Noah Newman to recast the character . Hood stated his ouster and replacement came as a shock to him . Sawyer made his debut on April 24 , 2013 . In December , it was announced that Sawyer had been let go from the role eight months after a debut . He made his last appearance on January 27 , 2014 . In January 2015 , it was announced that Australian actor Lachlan Buchanan had been cast in the role , and he debuted on February 25 , 2015 . In October , a representative for the soap opera confirmed that Buchanan had been dropped to a recurring status , but would continue to make appearances in the role . In March 2016 , it was revealed that after months of being on recurring , Buchanan had been dismissed from the role ; he last appeared on April 26 , 2016 . In January 2018 , it was announced that The Young and the Restless was `` actively '' underway to recast the role of Kyle . On March 1 , 2018 , it was announced that Michael Mealor had been cast in the role of Kyle . He made his first appearance on March 29 , 2018 , in celebration of the soap 's 45th anniversary . Character development ( edit ) Ryan described as being a `` little brat '' but noted that it was `` fun to play '' . Following Kyle being rapidly aged and returning to town , Hood stated that his new agenda was to `` be close to his dad and move on with his life '' . However , Hood talked about how Kyle 's goal to `` live a happy full life '' may not happen because he just happened to have `` stepped into this situation where the woman who killed his mother is still here . '' Kyle was `` less than pleased '' that his father Jack was re-developing a relationship with his ex-wife Nikki , who killed his mother in self - defense . Hood further said : `` What 's great is that ( Kyle 's ) come back and ( is ) so much older now . It really feels like I can do whatever I want with the character ... ( Kyle ) has n't seen these people in 15 years or so . '' Storylines ( edit ) 2001 -- 04 ( edit ) Kyle was born with the name Christian Victor Newman on January 8 , 2001 . His mother Diane learned that her ex-husband , Victor Newman , had his sperm frozen , and when she obtained it she had herself artificially inseminated to carry Victor 's child , and she later gave birth and told him he was the father . In reality , Diane 's nemesis Nikki Newman had switched the sperm sample , and she was shocked to discover it was that of Jack . Soon after , she renamed the baby Kyle . Jack sued for sole custody of Kyle but lost , but once Diane burned down the Abbott poolhouse and tried to frame Jack 's wife Phyllis Summers for it , he and Phyllis obtained custody of Kyle . However , Jack eventually gave Kyle back to Diane , and they moved to Chicago . 2010 -- present ( edit ) Six years later , as an arranged surprise for Jack from his new wife , Emily Peterson ( Stacy Haiduk ) , Kyle , along with Diane , made a brief return to Genoa City to visit with Jack while Jack and Kyle became acquainted . Diane returned to town with Kyle again eight months later . Kyle resided in Genoa City , while both of his parents were being investigated by the SEC for plotting against Victor and making money off his stocks after making the world believe that he died . His mother sent him to boarding school in Switzerland without informing Jack because she was planning on faking her own murder and then joining her son . She also pleaded with Victor to sign the custody papers for Kyle if anything were to ever happen to her . It was unknown whether Diane was just following Adam Newman 's ( Michael Muhney ) orders in her faked murder plot , or if she really did want Victor to have custody of Kyle over Jack . Then , Jack found out that Diane sent Kyle away the night that she was actually murdered . After Diane 's death , Jack tracked Kyle down under his alias , Timothy Bilton , and went to Switzerland to bring his son home . Jack then had to tell Kyle that his mother was killed . While his father was under investigation , Kyle stole Jack 's Harvard class ring that the police were looking for as evidence . He reasoned that he already had his mother taken away from him , and he wanted to keep his dad . Later , Victor showed Jack the custody papers that Diane made him sign , and Jack was infuriated at Victor and his deceased ex-wife for trying to take his son away from him . Jack vowed to fight to keep Kyle with his biological family . Kyle and Jack revealed to everyone that Kyle would be moving to New York to attend a hockey boarding school , and he left two weeks later . Kyle returns a grown adult for his new cousin 's christening in April 2012 . Upon seeing Nikki , the woman who killed Diane , and Jack together , he expresses his anger and distaste towards their relationship , claiming that they were bashing his mother 's memory by being together . Afterward , Kyle went to Victor to ask if he could move in with him as Victor always said he was `` welcome , '' and takes a job at Newman Enterprises . He then began dating Eden Baldwin ( Jessica Heap ) , and made friends with many pillars of the town . When Victor suddenly went missing and his wife Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) took over the ranch , Kyle eventually moved out after he could no longer deal with her . As a result of him insulting her , Sharon stole Kyle 's driver 's license as part of her kleptomania . Afterward , Jack told Kyle he was welcome to move back to the Abbott mansion , which he did . While working at Newman Enterprises , Kyle takes a liking to Phyllis and enlist her help in keeping an eye on Jack . When Kyle realizes that his father has been abusing his pain medications , he leaks the story to the press in an attempt to get Jack to realize he needs help . When Jack resigns as CEO of Newman Enterprises , he offers Kyle a job at Jabot Cosmetics , where he attracts the attention of young model Summer Newman ( Hunter King ) . While initially dismissing her as too young , he later takes a liking to her and they begin a relationship . Summer 's parents , Phyllis and Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) , secretly know that Summer is actually Jack 's daughter , and Kyle is dating his half - sister . In an attempt to lure Kyle away from Summer , Phyllis kisses him and he ends their relationship . They briefly reunite before the truth about Summer 's paternity is revealed , bringing their relationship to a permanent end . Kyle then continues working at Jabot alongside his father and later Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) when Jack wants to find out what Victor is doing with Newman Enterprises ' merger with Chancellor Industries . In order to do so , Jack enlists Kyle to ask Victor to rehire him at his company so he can get information on Bonaventure Industries , one of the company 's subsidiaries . While working there , Kyle clashes with Noah Newman ( Robert Adamson ) , who eventually reports him to Victor and he is fired . Soon after , it is said that Kyle was sent to work for Jabot in New York . In February 2015 , Kyle ( Lachlan Buchanan ) returns to Genoa City , when he is recused and believed to be missing resident Austin Travers ( Matthew Atkinson ) . Reception ( edit ) In 2009 , Jamey Giddens of Zap2it wrote that Zack Conroy would fit well as a teenaged version of the character , saying he `` would kill to see Conroy create the role of a teenage Kyle Abbott on The Young and the Restless '' . He also criticized Kyle 's absence over the years and predicted his return to the soap opera , writing : `` Imagine Kyle Abbott arriving in Genoa City with a massive chip on his shoulder . Maybe he could seduce that annoying Eden away from Noah , or get involved in a steamy affair with a woman twice his age , like Lauren Fenmore ( the woefully - underutilized Tracey Bregman ) ? '' Jillian Bowe ( also of Zap2it ) criticized Ryan 's introduction and the character 's return in 2010 , writing : `` Sound the alarm and blow the trumpets . After years of begging and pleading with the regime over at The Young and the Restless to bring back Jack Abbott 's ( Peter Bergman ) sons , one of them finally appears -- sort of . Since Diane ( now played by 30 - something Maura West ) returned , Y&R has all but beat fans over the head in reminding us of how Kyle was conceived , all the while neglecting to explain why Abby -- who was conceived at the very same time as her cousin -- is now decades older than him . What gives ? De-SORASing the long - anticipated character of Kyle Abbott is a huge no - no and gigantic re-write of history . Good , bad or sticky , Y&R fans will always remember that two babies came from Kay Alden 's wacky , sperm caper . My vote is Y&R needs to age Kyle appropriately before fans decide to flush this story ( if not Jack and Victor 's swimmers ) down the drain . '' Tommy Garrett of the website Highlight Hollywood wrote that Hood 's performance was `` sensational '' and found him `` very handsome '' ; though was unfavorable of his successor , Sawyer , writing : `` Hartley Sawyer , who with all due respect , is not attractive and actually very boring in the role . '' Soap Opera Digest described the decision to `` dump the charming Blake Hood '' and recast the character with Sawyer as `` puzzling '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless - Kyle Abbott '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan Twins Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Poer Twins Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guynes Twins Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Stern Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Kyle Jenkins Abbott - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Abbott ( Character ) - Filmography by TV series '' . IMDb . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , October 11 , 2010 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garrett Ryan Interview_ The Young and the Restless - FirstPost Topic - Page 7 '' . June 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Thursday , January 5 , 2012 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Garret Ryan Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Hood Joins Y&R as Kyle Jenkins Abbott '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former 90210 Baddie , Blake Hood Cast as the New SORAS 'd Kyle on Y&R ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps. 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Blake Hood cast as the new Kyle Jenkins Abbott '' . 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Love Soaps : Blake Hood Joins the Cast of THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS '' . We Love Soaps. 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless - Blake Hood '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Update for April 2012 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Friday , April 27 , 2012 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blake Hood Interview - The Young and the Restless - CBS.com '' . 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Blake Hood OUT ; Hartley Sawyer IN as Kyle Abbott on The Young and The Restless ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R Recasts Kyle '' . Soap Opera Digest . April 8 , 2013 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Soap Secretly Recast Jack 's Son ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. April 8 , 2013 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Hartley Sawyer OUT at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hartley Sawyer Confirmed OUT at The Young and the Restless ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Hartley Sawyer OUT ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Actor Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Y&R FINDS THEIR NEW KYLE '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R 'S BUCHANAN BUMPED TO RECURRING '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` LACHLAN BUCHANAN OFF Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is This Kyle 's Kiss - Off ? '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . 20 ( 18 ) : 10 . May 2 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Y&R Looking to Recast Kyle Abbott '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Y&R Casts New Kyle '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soap News - Previews - CBS Soaps - Soaps in Depth '' . CBS Soaps in Depth. 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , 8th January 2001 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2001 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABout Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Victor Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Diane Jenkins - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Nikki Reed Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Jack Abbott - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Phyllis Summers Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2004 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , 4th October 2004 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Wishful Casting : Zack Conroy as Y&R 's Kyle Abbott '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Curious Case of Kyle Abbott on The Young and the Restless '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` On Jill Farren Phelps , Highlight Hollywood Readers Ask , Why Does She Hate Women So Much ? Jealousy Perhaps ? '' . Highlight Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thumbs up ! and down ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . June 3 , 2013 . p. 36 . The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Abbott_(The_Young_and_the_Restless)&oldid=833284205 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional business executives Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is kyles mom on y & r | [
"Kyle Abbott is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. Introduced on January 8, 2001, the character is the son of businessman Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) and Diane Jenkins (Maura West).[1] For the character's first three-year run, he was portrayed by a series of infant toddler actors. In 2010, the character returned, portrayed as slightly older by child actor Garrett Ryan. After two years, he was rapidly aged to an adult, with Blake Hood stepping into the role in April 2012. Upon his return, Kyle began dating Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap)."
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"Diane Jenkins (Maura West)"
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63451171352247229 | Mars Exploration Rover | Mars Exploration rover - wikipedia Mars Exploration rover This article is about the mission that launched in 2003 . For the Mars rover that landed in 2012 , see Curiosity ( rover ) . For the generic topic , see Mars rover . Artist 's conception of rover on Mars NASA 's Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers , Spirit and Opportunity , exploring the planet Mars . It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers : MER - A Spirit and MER - B Opportunity -- to explore the Martian surface and geology ; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004 . Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days : MER - A Spirit was active until 2010 , while MER - B Opportunity is still active in 2018 , and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off - Earth wheeled vehicle . Contents 1 Objectives 2 History 3 Spacecraft design 3.1 Cruise stage 3.1. 1 Navigation 3.1. 2 Communication 3.2 Aeroshell 3.2. 1 Parts 3.2. 2 Composition 3.3 Parachute 3.3. 1 Design 3.3. 2 Composition 3.3. 3 Connected systems 3.4 Airbags 3.5 Lander 3.5. 1 Uprighting 3.5. 2 Moving the payload onto Mars 4 Rover design 4.1 Drive system 4.2 Power and electronic systems 4.3 Communication 4.4 Scientific instrumentation 5 Naming of Spirit and Opportunity 6 Test rovers 7 SAP 8 Planetary science findings 8.1 Spirit Landing Site , Gusev Crater 8.1. 1 Plains 8.1. 2 Dust 8.1. 3 Columbia Hills 8.2 Opportunity Landing Site , Meridiani Planum 9 Landing locations 10 Glossary 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Objectives ( edit ) The mission 's scientific objective was to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars . The mission is part of NASA 's Mars Exploration Program , which includes three previous successful landers : the two Viking program landers in 1976 and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997 . The total cost of building , launching , landing and operating the rovers on the surface for the initial 90 - sol primary mission was US $820 million . Since the rovers have continued to function beyond their initial 90 sol primary mission , they have each received five mission extensions . The fifth mission extension was granted in October 2007 , and ran to the end of 2009 . The total cost of the first four mission extensions was $104 million , and the fifth mission extension is expected to cost at least $20 million . In July 2007 , during the fourth mission extension , Martian dust storms blocked sunlight to the rovers and threatened the ability of the craft to gather energy through their solar panels , causing engineers to fear that one or both of them might be permanently disabled . However , the dust storms lifted , allowing them to resume operations . On May 1 , 2009 , during its fifth mission extension , Spirit became stuck in soft soil on Mars . After nearly nine months of attempts to get the rover back on track , including using test rovers on Earth , NASA announced on January 26 , 2010 that Spirit was being retasked as a stationary science platform . This mode would enable Spirit to assist scientists in ways that a mobile platform could not , such as detecting `` wobbles '' in the planet 's rotation that would indicate a liquid core . Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) lost contact with Spirit after last hearing from the rover on March 22 , 2010 and continued attempts to regain communications lasted until May 25 , 2011 , bringing the elapsed mission time to 6 years 2 months 19 days , or over 25 times the original planned mission duration . In recognition of the vast amount of scientific information amassed by both rovers , two asteroids have been named in their honor : 37452 Spirit and 39382 Opportunity . The mission is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , which designed , built , and is operating the rovers . On January 24 , 2014 , NASA reported that current studies by the remaining rover Opportunity as well as by the newer Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity will now be searching for evidence of ancient life , including a biosphere based on autotrophic , chemotrophic and / or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms , as well as ancient water , including fluvio - lacustrine environments ( plains related to ancient rivers or lakes ) that may have been habitable . The search for evidence of habitability , taphonomy ( related to fossils ) , and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective . The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission are to : Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity . In particular , samples sought include those that have minerals deposited by water - related processes such as precipitation , evaporation , sedimentary cementation , or hydrothermal activity . Determine the distribution and composition of minerals , rocks , and soils surrounding the landing sites . Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry . Such processes could include water or wind erosion , sedimentation , hydrothermal mechanisms , volcanism , and cratering . Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments . This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit . Search for iron - containing minerals , and to identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water , such as iron - bearing carbonates . Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils to determine the processes that created them . Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present . Assess whether those environments were conducive to life . History ( edit ) Launch of MER - A Spirit Launch of MER - B Opportunity The MER - A and MER - B probes were launched on June 10 , 2003 and July 7 , 2003 , respectively . Though both probes launched on Boeing Delta II 7925 - 9.5 rockets from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17 ( CCAFS SLC - 17 ) , MER - B was on the heavy version of that launch vehicle , needing the extra energy for Trans - Mars injection . The launch vehicles were integrated onto pads right next to each other , with MER - A on CCAFS SLC - 17A and MER - B on CCAFS SLC - 17B . The dual pads allowed for working the 15 - and 21 - day planetary launch periods close together ; the last possible launch day for MER - A was June 19 , 2003 and the first day for MER - B was June 25 , 2003 . NASA 's Launch Services Program managed the launch of both spacecraft . The probes landed in January 2004 in widely separated equatorial locations on Mars . Timeline of the Mars Exploration mission On January 21 , 2004 , the Deep Space Network lost contact with Spirit , for reasons originally thought to be related to a thunderstorm over Australia . The rover transmitted a message with no data , but later that day missed another communications session with the Mars Global Surveyor . The next day , JPL received a beep from the rover , indicating that it was in fault mode . On January 23 , the flight team succeeded in making the rover send . The fault was believed to have been caused by an error in the rover 's flash memory subsystem . The rover did not perform any scientific activities for ten days , while engineers updated its software and ran tests . The problem was corrected by reformatting Spirit 's flash memory and using a software patch to avoid memory overload ; Opportunity was also upgraded with the patch as a precaution . Spirit returned to full scientific operations by February 5 . On March 23 , 2004 , a news conference was held announcing `` major discoveries '' of evidence of past liquid water on the Martian surface . A delegation of scientists showed pictures and data revealing a stratified pattern and cross bedding in the rocks of the outcrop inside a crater in Meridiani Planum , landing site of MER - B , Opportunity . This suggested that water once flowed in the region . The irregular distribution of chlorine and bromine also suggests that the place was once the shoreline of a salty sea , now evaporated . On April 8 , 2004 , NASA announced that it was extending the mission life of the rovers from three to eight months . It immediately provided additional funding of US $15 million through September , and $2.8 million per month for continuing operations . Later that month , Opportunity arrived at Endurance crater , taking about five days to drive the 200 meters . NASA announced on September 22 that it was extending the mission life of the rovers for another six months . Opportunity was to leave Endurance crater , visit its discarded heat shield , and proceed to Victoria crater . Spirit was to attempt to climb to the top of the Columbia Hills . With the two rovers still functioning well , NASA later announced another 18 - month extension of the mission to September 2006 . Opportunity was to visit the `` Etched Terrain '' and Spirit was to climb a rocky slope toward the top of Husband Hill . On August 21 , 2005 , Spirit reached the summit of Husband Hill after 581 sols and a journey of 4.81 kilometers ( 2.99 mi ) . Spirit celebrated its one Martian year anniversary ( 669 sols or 687 Earth days ) on November 20 , 2005 . Opportunity celebrated its anniversary on December 12 , 2005 . At the beginning of the mission , it was expected that the rovers would not survive much longer than 90 Martian days . The Columbia Hills were `` just a dream '' , according to rover driver Chris Leger . Spirit explored the semicircular rock formation known as Home Plate . It is a layered rock outcrop that puzzles and excites scientists . It is thought that its rocks are explosive volcanic deposits , though other possibilities exist , including impact deposits or sediment borne by wind or water . Spirit 's front right wheel ceased working on March 13 , 2006 , while the rover was moving itself to McCool Hill . Its drivers attempted to drag the dead wheel behind Spirit , but this only worked until reaching an impassable sandy area on the lower slopes . Drivers directed Spirit to a smaller sloped feature , dubbed `` Low Ridge Haven '' , where it spent the long Martian winter , waiting for spring and increased solar power levels suitable for driving . That September , Opportunity reached the rim of Victoria crater , and Spaceflight Now reported that NASA had extended mission for the two rovers through September 2007 . On February 6 , 2007 , Opportunity became the first spacecraft to traverse ten kilometers ( 6.2 miles ) on the surface of Mars . Opportunity was poised to enter Victoria Crater from its perch on the rim of Duck Bay on June 28 , 2007 , but due to extensive dust storms , it was delayed until the dust had cleared and power returned to safe levels . Two months later , Spirit and Opportunity resumed driving after hunkering down during raging dust storms that limited solar power to a level that nearly caused the permanent failure of both rovers . On October 1 , 2007 , both Spirit and Opportunity entered their fifth mission extension that extended operations into 2009 , allowing the rovers to have spent five years exploring the Martian surface , pending their continued survival . On August 26 , 2008 , Opportunity began its three - day climb out of Victoria crater amidst concerns that power spikes , similar to those seen on Spirit before the failure of its right - front wheel , might prevent it from ever being able to leave the crater if a wheel failed . Project scientist Bruce Banerdt also said , `` We 've done everything we entered Victoria Crater to do and more . '' Opportunity will return to the plains in order to characterize Meridiani Planum 's vast diversity of rocks -- some of which may have been blasted out of craters such as Victoria . The rover had been exploring Victoria Crater since September 11 , 2007 . As of January 2009 , the two rovers had collectively sent back 250,000 images and traveled over 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) . Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of Earth 's moon and Mars ( July 28 , 2014 ) . After driving about 3.2 kilometers ( 2.0 mi ) since it left Victoria crater , Opportunity first saw the rim of Endeavour crater on March 7 , 2009 . It passed the 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) mark along the way on sol 1897 . Meanwhile , at Gusev crater , Spirit was dug in deep into the Martian sand , much as Opportunity was at Purgatory Dune in 2005 . On January 3 and January 24 , 2010 , Spirit and Opportunity marked six years on Mars , respectively . On January 26 , NASA announced that Spirit will be used as a stationary research platform after several months of unsuccessful attempts to free the rover from soft sand . NASA announced on March 24 , 2010 , that Opportunity , which has an estimated remaining drive distance of 12 km to Endeavour Crater , has traveled over 20 km since the start of its mission . Each rover was designed with a mission driving distance goal of just 600 meters . One week later , they announced that Spirit may have gone into hibernation for the Martian winter and might not wake up again for months . On September 8 , 2010 , it was announced that Opportunity had reached the halfway point of the 19 - kilometer journey between Victoria crater and Endeavour crater . On May 22 , 2011 , NASA announced that it will cease attempts to contact Spirit , which has been stuck in a sand trap for two years . The last successful communication with the rover was on March 22 , 2010 . The final transmission to the rover was on May 25 , 2011 . In April 2013 , a photo sent back by one of the rovers became widely circulated on social networking and news sites such as Reddit that appeared to depict a human penis carved into the Martian dirt . On May 16 , 2013 , NASA announced that Opportunity had driven further than any other NASA vehicle on a world other than Earth . After Opportunity 's total odometry went over 35.744 km ( 22.210 mi ) , the rover surpassed the total distance driven by the Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle . On July 28 , 2014 , NASA announced that Opportunity had driven further than any other vehicle on a world other than Earth . Opportunity covered over 40 km ( 25 mi ) , surpassing the total distance of 39 km ( 24 mi ) driven by the Lunokhod 2 lunar rover , the previous record - holder . On March 23 , 2015 , NASA announced that Opportunity had driven the full 42.2 km ( 26.2 mi ) distance of a marathon , with a finish time of roughly 11 years , 2 months . Spacecraft design ( edit ) MER launch configuration , break apart illustration The Mars Exploration Rover was designed to be stowed in the nose of a Delta II rocket . Each spacecraft consists of several components : Rover : 185 kg ( 408 lb ) Lander : 348 kg ( 767 lb ) Backshell / Parachute : 209 kg ( 461 lb ) Heat Shield : 78 kg ( 172 lb ) Cruise Stage : 193 kg ( 425 lb ) Propellant : 50 kg ( 110 lb ) Instruments : 5 kg ( 11 lb ) Total mass is 1,063 kg ( 2,344 lb ) . Cruise stage ( edit ) Cruise stage of Opportunity rover MER cruise stage diagram The cruise stage is the component of the spacecraft that is used for travel from Earth to Mars . It is very similar to the Mars Pathfinder in design and is approximately 2.65 meters ( 8.7 ft ) in diameter and 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) tall , including the entry vehicle ( see below ) . The primary structure is aluminium with an outer ring of ribs covered by the solar panels , which are about 2.65 m ( 8.7 ft ) in diameter . Divided into five sections , the solar arrays can provide up to 600 watts of power near Earth and 300 W at Mars . Heaters and multi-layer insulation keep the electronics `` warm '' . A freon system removes heat from the flight computer and communications hardware inside the rover so they do not overheat . Cruise avionics systems allow the flight computer to interface with other electronics , such as the sun sensors , star scanner and heaters . Navigation ( edit ) The star scanner ( without a backup system ) and sun sensor allowed the spacecraft to know its orientation in space by analyzing the position of the Sun and other stars in relation to itself . Sometimes the craft could be slightly off course ; this was expected , given the 500 - million - kilometer ( 320 million mile ) journey . Thus navigators planned up to six trajectory correction maneuvers , along with health checks . To ensure the spacecraft arrived at Mars in the right place for its landing , two light - weight , aluminium - lined tanks carried about 31 kg ( about 68 lb ) of hydrazine propellant . Along with cruise guidance and control systems , the propellant allowed navigators to keep the spacecraft on course . Burns and pulse firings of the propellant allowed three types of maneuvers : An axial burn uses pairs of thrusters to change spacecraft velocity ; A lateral burn uses two `` thruster clusters '' ( four thrusters per cluster ) to move the spacecraft `` sideways '' through seconds - long pulses ; Pulse mode firing uses coupled thruster pairs for spacecraft precession maneuvers ( turns ) . Communication ( edit ) The spacecraft used a high - frequency X band radio wavelength to communicate , which allowed for less power and smaller antennas than many older craft , which used S band . Navigators sent commands through two antennas on the cruise stage : a cruise low - gain antenna mounted inside the inner ring , and a cruise medium - gain antenna in the outer ring . The low - gain antenna was used close to Earth . It is omni - directional , so the transmission power that reached Earth fell faster with increasing distance . As the craft moved closer to Mars , the Sun and Earth moved closer in the sky as viewed from the craft , so less energy reached Earth . The spacecraft then switched to the medium - gain antenna , which directed the same amount of transmission power into a tighter beam toward Earth . During flight , the spacecraft was spin - stabilized with a spin rate of two revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . Periodic updates kept antennas pointed toward Earth and solar panels toward the Sun . Aeroshell ( edit ) Overview of the Mars Exploration Rover aeroshell The aeroshell maintained a protective covering for the lander during the seven - month voyage to Mars . Together with the lander and the rover , it constituted the `` entry vehicle '' . Its main purpose was to protect the lander and the rover inside it from the intense heat of entry into the thin Martian atmosphere . It was based on the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Viking designs . Parts ( edit ) The aeroshell was made of two main parts : a heat shield and a backshell . The heat shield was flat and brownish , and protected the lander and rover during entry into the Martian atmosphere and acted as the first aerobrake for the spacecraft . The backshell was large , cone - shaped and painted white . It carried the parachute and several components used in later stages of entry , descent , and landing , including : A parachute ( stowed at the bottom of the backshell ) ; The backshell electronics and batteries that fire off pyrotechnic devices like separation nuts , rockets and the parachute mortar ; A Litton LN - 200 Inertial Measurement Unit ( IMU ) , which monitors and reports the orientation of the backshell as it swings under the parachute ; Three large solid rocket motors called RAD rockets ( Rocket Assisted Descent ) , each providing about a ton of force ( 10 kilonewtons ) for about 60 seconds ; Three small solid rockets called TIRS ( mounted so that they aim horizontally out the sides of the backshell ) that provide a small horizontal kick to the backshell to help orient the backshell more vertically during the main RAD rocket burn . Composition ( edit ) Built by the Lockheed Martin Astronautics Co. in Denver , Colorado , the aeroshell is made of an aluminium honeycomb structure sandwiched between graphite - epoxy face sheets . The outside of the aeroshell is covered with a layer of phenolic honeycomb . This honeycomb is filled with an ablative material ( also called an `` ablator '' ) , that dissipates heat generated by atmospheric friction . The ablator itself is a unique blend of cork wood , binder and many tiny silica glass spheres . It was invented for the heat shields flown on the Viking Mars lander missions . A similar technology was used in the first US manned space missions Mercury , Gemini and Apollo . It was specially formulated to react chemically with the Martian atmosphere during entry and carry heat away , leaving a hot wake of gas behind the vehicle . The vehicle slowed from 19,000 to 1,600 km / h ( 5,300 to 440 m / s ) in about a minute , producing about 60 m / s ( 6 g ) of acceleration on the lander and rover . The backshell and heat shield are made of the same materials , but the heat shield has a thicker , 13 mm ( ⁄ in ) , layer of the ablator . Instead of being painted , the backshell was covered with a very thin aluminized PET film blanket to protect it from the cold of deep space . The blanket vaporized during entry into the Martian atmosphere . Parachute ( edit ) Mars Exploration Rover 's parachute test The parachute helped slow the spacecraft during entry , descent , and landing . It is located in the backshell . Design ( edit ) The 2003 parachute design was part of a long - term Mars parachute technology development effort and is based on the designs and experience of the Viking and Pathfinder missions . The parachute for this mission is 40 % larger than Pathfinder 's because the largest load for the Mars Exploration Rover is 80 to 85 kilonewtons ( kN ) or 80 to 85 kN ( 18,000 to 19,000 lbf ) when the parachute fully inflates . By comparison , Pathfinder 's inflation loads were approximately 35 kN ( about 8,000 lbf ) . The parachute was designed and constructed in South Windsor , Connecticut by Pioneer Aerospace , the company that also designed the parachute for the Stardust mission . Composition ( edit ) The parachute is made of two durable , lightweight fabrics : polyester and nylon . A triple bridle made of Kevlar connects the parachute to the backshell . The amount of space available on the spacecraft for the parachute is so small that the parachute had to be pressure - packed . Before launch , a team tightly folded the 48 suspension lines , three bridle lines , and the parachute . The parachute team loaded the parachute in a special structure that then applied a heavy weight to the parachute package several times . Before placing the parachute into the backshell , the parachute was heat set to sterilize it . Connected systems ( edit ) Descent is halted by retrorockets and lander is dropped 10 m ( 33 ft ) to the surface in this computer generated impression . Zylon Bridles : After the parachute was deployed at an altitude of about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) above the surface , the heatshield was released using 6 separation nuts and push - off springs . The lander then separated from the backshell and `` rappelled '' down a metal tape on a centrifugal braking system built into one of the lander petals . The slow descent down the metal tape placed the lander in position at the end of another bridle ( tether ) , made of a nearly 20 m ( 66 ft ) long braided Zylon . Zylon is an advanced fiber material , similar to Kevlar , that is sewn in a webbing pattern ( like shoelace material ) to make it stronger . The Zylon bridle provides space for airbag deployment , distance from the solid rocket motor exhaust stream , and increased stability . The bridle incorporates an electrical harness that allows the firing of the solid rockets from the backshell as well as provides data from the backshell inertial measurement unit ( which measures rate and tilt of the spacecraft ) to the flight computer in the rover . Rocket assisted descent ( RAD ) motors : Because the atmospheric density of Mars is less than 1 % of Earth 's , the parachute alone could not slow down the Mars Exploration Rover enough to ensure a safe , low landing speed . The spacecraft descent was assisted by rockets that brought the spacecraft to a dead stop 10 -- 15 m ( 33 -- 49 ft ) above the Martian surface . Radar altimeter unit : A radar altimeter unit was used to determine the distance to the Martian surface . The radar 's antenna is mounted at one of the lower corners of the lander tetrahedron . When the radar measurement showed the lander was the correct distance above the surface , the Zylon bridle was cut , releasing the lander from the parachute and backshell so that it was free and clear for landing . The radar data also enabled the timing sequence on airbag inflation and backshell RAD rocket firing . Airbags ( edit ) Artist 's concept of inflated airbags Airbags used in the Mars Exploration Rover mission are the same type that Mars Pathfinder used in 1997 . They had to be strong enough to cushion the spacecraft if it landed on rocks or rough terrain and allow it to bounce across Mars ' surface at highway speeds ( about 100 km / h ) after landing . The airbags had to be inflated seconds before touchdown and deflated once safely on the ground . The airbags were made of Vectran , like those on Pathfinder . Vectran has almost twice the strength of other synthetic materials , such as Kevlar , and performs better in cold temperatures . Six 100 denier ( 10 mg / m ) layers of Vectran protected one or two inner bladders of Vectran in 200 denier ( 20 mg / m ) . Using 100 denier ( 10 mg / m ) leaves more fabric in the outer layers where it is needed , because there are more threads in the weave . Each rover used four airbags with six lobes each , all of which were connected . Connection was important , since it helped abate some of the landing forces by keeping the bag system flexible and responsive to ground pressure . The airbags were not attached directly to the rover , but were held to it by ropes crisscrossing the bag structure . The ropes gave the bags shape , making inflation easier . While in flight , the bags were stowed along with three gas generators that are used for inflation . Lander ( edit ) MER lander petals opening ( Courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech ) The spacecraft lander is a protective shell that houses the rover , and together with the airbags , protects it from the forces of impact . The lander is a tetrahedron shape , whose sides open like petals . It is strong and light , and made of beams and sheets . The beams consist of layers of graphite fiber woven into a fabric that is lighter than aluminium and more rigid than steel . Titanium fittings are glued and fitted onto the beams to allow it to be bolted together . The rover was held inside the lander by bolts and special nuts that were released after landing with small explosives . Uprighting ( edit ) After the lander stopped bouncing and rolling on the ground , it came to rest on the base of the tetrahedron or one of its sides . The sides then opened to make the base horizontal and the rover upright . The sides are connected to the base by hinges , each of which has a motor strong enough to lift the lander . The rover plus lander has a mass of about 533 kilograms ( 1,175 pounds ) . The rover alone has a mass of about 185 kg ( 408 lb ) . The gravity on Mars is about 38 % of Earth 's , so the motor does not need to be as powerful as it would on Earth . The rover contains accelerometers to detect which way is down ( toward the surface of Mars ) by measuring the pull of gravity . The rover computer then commanded the correct lander petal to open to place the rover upright . Once the base petal was down and the rover was upright , the other two petals were opened . The petals initially opened to an equally flat position , so all sides of the lander were straight and level . The petal motors are strong enough so that if two of the petals come to rest on rocks , the base with the rover would be held in place like a bridge above the ground . The base will hold at a level even with the height of the petals resting on rocks , making a straight flat surface throughout the length of the open , flattened lander . The flight team on Earth could then send commands to the rover to adjust the petals and create a safe path for the rover to drive off the lander and onto the Martian surface without dropping off a steep rock . Moving the payload onto Mars ( edit ) Spirit 's lander on Mars The moving of the rover off the lander is called the egress phase of the mission . The rover must avoid having its wheels caught in the airbag material or falling off a sharp incline . To help this , a retraction system on the petals slowly drags the airbags toward the lander before the petals open . Small ramps on the petals fan out to fill spaces between the petals . They cover uneven terrain , rock obstacles , and airbag material , and form a circular area from which the rover can drive off in more directions . They also lower the step that the rover must climb down . They are nicknamed `` batwings '' , and are made of Vectran cloth . About three hours were allotted to retract the airbags and deploy the lander petals . Rover design ( edit ) Mars Exploration Rover ( rear ) vs. Sojourner rover ( Courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech ) 3D Interactive 3D model of the MER The rovers are six - wheeled , solar - powered robots that stand 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) high , 2.3 m ( 7.5 ft ) wide and 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) long . They weigh 180 kg ( 400 lb ) , 35 kg ( 77 lb ) of which is the wheel and suspension system . Drive system ( edit ) Drive wheel from the Mars Exploration Rovers , with integral suspension flexures . Each rover has six wheels mounted on a rocker - bogie suspension system that ensures wheels remain on the ground while driving over rough terrain . The design reduces the range of motion of the rover body by half , and allows the rover to go over obstacles or through holes that are more than a wheel diameter ( 250 millimeters ( 9.8 in ) ) in size . The rover wheels are designed with integral compliant flexures which provide shock absorption during movement . Additionally , the wheels have cleats which provide grip for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks . Each wheel has its own drive motor . The two front and two rear wheels each have individual steering motors . This allows the vehicle to turn in place , a full revolution , and to swerve and curve , making arching turns . The rover is designed to withstand a tilt of 45 degrees in any direction without overturning . However , the rover is programmed through its `` fault protection limits '' in its hazard avoidance software to avoid exceeding tilts of 30 degrees . Each rover can spin one of its front wheels in place to grind deep into the terrain . It is to remain motionless while the digging wheel is spinning . The rovers have a top speed on flat hard ground of 50 mm / s ( 2 in / s ) . The average speed is 10 mm / s , because its hazard avoidance software causes it to stop every 10 seconds for 20 seconds to observe and understand the terrain into which it has driven . Power and electronic systems ( edit ) See also : Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers Circular projection showing MER - A Spirit 's solar panels covered in dust in October 2007 on Mars . Unexpected cleaning events have periodically increased power . When fully illuminated , the rover triplejunction solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day ( sol ) . The rover needs about 100 watts to drive . Its power system includes two rechargeable lithium ion batteries weighing 7.15 kg ( 15.8 lb ) each , that provide energy when the sun is not shining , especially at night . Over time , the batteries will degrade and will not be able to recharge to full capacity . For comparison , the Mars Science Laboratory 's power system is composed of a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator ( MMRTG ) produced by Boeing . The MMRTG is designed to provide 125W of electrical power at the start of the mission , falling to 100W after 14 years of service . It is used to power the MSL 's many systems and instruments . Solar panels were also considered for the MSL , but RTGs provide constant power , regardless of the time of day , and thus the versatility to work in dark environments and high latitudes where solar energy is not readily available . The MSL generates 2.5 kilowatt hours per day , compared to the Mars Exploration Rovers , which can generate about 0.6 kilowatt hours per day . It was thought that by the end of the 90 - sol mission , the capability of the solar arrays to generate power would likely be reduced to about 50 watts . This was due to anticipated dust coverage on the solar arrays , and the change in season . Over three Earth years later , however , the rovers ' power supplies hovered between 300 watt - hours and 900 watt - hours per day , depending on dust coverage . Cleaning events ( dust removal by wind ) have occurred more often than NASA expected , keeping the arrays relatively free of dust and extending the life of the mission . During a 2007 global dust storm on Mars , both rovers experienced some of the lowest power of the mission ; Opportunity dipped to 128 watt - hours . In November 2008 , Spirit had overtaken this low - energy record with a production of 89 watt - hours , due to dust storms in the region of Gusev crater . The rovers run a VxWorks embedded operating system on a radiation - hardened 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM with error detection and correction and 3 MB of EEPROM . Each rover also has 256 MB of flash memory . To survive during the various mission phases , the rover 's vital instruments must stay within a temperature of − 40 ° C to + 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F to 104 ° F ) . At night , the rovers are heated by eight radioisotope heater units ( RHU ) , which each continuously generate 1 W of thermal energy from the decay of radioisotopes , along with electrical heaters that operate only when necessary . A sputtered gold film and a layer of silica aerogel are used for insulation . Communication ( edit ) Pancam Mast Assembly ( PMA ) Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer ( APXS ) ( Courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech ) The rover has an X band low - gain and an X band high - gain antenna for communications to and from the Earth , as well as an ultra high frequency monopole antenna for relay communications . The low - gain antenna is omnidirectional , and transmits data at a low rate to Deep Space Network ( DSN ) antennas on Earth . The high - gain antenna is directional and steerable , and can transmit data to Earth at a higher rate . The rovers use the UHF monopole and its CE505 radio to communicate with spacecraft orbiting Mars , the Mars Odyssey and ( before its failure ) the Mars Global Surveyor ( already more than 7.6 terabits of data were transferred using its Mars Relay antenna and Mars Orbiter Camera 's memory buffer of 12 MB ) . Since MRO went into orbit around Mars , the landers have also used it as a relay asset . Most of the lander data is relayed to Earth through Odyssey and MRO . The orbiters can receive rover signals at a much higher data rate than the Deep Space Network can , due to the much shorter distances from rover to orbiter . The orbiters then quickly relay the rover data to the Earth using their large and high - powered antennas . Each rover has nine cameras , which produce 1024 - pixel by 1024 - pixel images at 12 bits per pixel , but most navigation camera images and image thumbnails are truncated to 8 bits per pixel to conserve memory and transmission time . All images are then compressed using ICER before being stored and sent to Earth . Navigation , thumbnail , and many other image types are compressed to approximately 0.8 to 1.1 bits / pixel . Lower bit rates ( less than 0.5 - bit / pixel ) are used for certain wavelengths of multi-color panoramic images . ICER is based on wavelets , and was designed specifically for deep - space applications . It produces progressive compression , both lossless and lossy , and incorporates an error - containment scheme to limit the effects of data loss on the deep - space channel . It outperforms the lossy JPEG image compressor and the lossless Rice compressor used by the Mars Pathfinder mission . Scientific instrumentation ( edit ) The rover has various instruments . Three are mounted on the Pancam Mast Assembly ( PMA ) : Panoramic Cameras ( Pancam ) , two cameras with color filter wheels for determining the texture , color , mineralogy , and structure of the local terrain . Navigation Cameras ( Navcam ) , two cameras that have larger fields of view but lower resolution and are monochromatic , for navigation and driving . A periscope assembly for the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer ( Mini-TES ) , which identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination , and determines the processes that formed them . The Mini-TES was built by Arizona State University . The periscope assembly features two beryllium fold mirrors , a shroud that closes to minimize dust contamination in the assembly , and stray - light rejection baffles that are strategically placed within the graphite epoxy tubes . The cameras are mounted 1.5 meters high on the Pancam Mast Assembly . The PMA is deployed via the Mast Deployment Drive ( MDD ) . The Azimuth Drive , mounted directly above the MDD , turns the assembly horizontally a whole revolution with signals transmitted through a rolling tape configuration . The camera drive points the cameras in elevation , almost straight up or down . A third motor points the Mini-TES fold mirrors and protective shroud , up to 30 ° above the horizon and 50 ° below . The PMA 's conceptual design was done by Jason Suchman at JPL , the Cognizant Engineer who later served as Contract Technical Manager ( CTM ) once the assembly was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. , Boulder , Colorado . Raul Romero served as CTM once subsystem - level testing began . Satish Krishnan did the conceptual design of the High - Gain Antenna Gimbal ( HGAG ) , whose detailed design , assembly , and test was also performed by Ball Aerospace at which point Satish acted as the CTM . Four monochromatic hazard cameras ( Hazcams ) are mounted on the rover 's body , two in front and two behind . The instrument deployment device ( IDD ) , also called the rover arm , holds the following : Mössbauer spectrometer ( MB ) MIMOS II , developed by Dr. Göstar Klingelhöfer at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz , Germany , is used for close - up investigations of the mineralogy of iron - bearing rocks and soils . Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer ( APXS ) , developed by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz , Germany , is used for close - up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils . Universities involved in developing the APXS include the University of Guelph , University of California , and Cornell University Magnets , for collecting magnetic dust particles , developed by Jens Martin Knudsen 's group at the Niels Bohr Institute , Copenhagen . The particles are analyzed by the Mössbauer Spectrometer and X-ray Spectrometer to help determine the ratio of magnetic particles to non-magnetic particles and the composition of magnetic minerals in airborne dust and rocks that have been ground by the Rock Abrasion Tool . There are also magnets on the front of the rover , which are studied extensively by the Mössbauer spectrometer . Microscopic Imager ( MI ) for obtaining close - up , high - resolution images of rocks and soils . Development was led by Ken Herkenhoff 's team at the USGS Astrogeology Research Program . Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) , developed by Honeybee Robotics , for removing dusty and weathered rock surfaces and exposing fresh material for examination by instruments on board . The robotic arm is able to place instruments directly up against rock and soil targets of interest . Naming of Spirit and Opportunity ( edit ) Sofi Collis with a model of Mars Exploration Rover The Spirit and Opportunity rovers were named through a student essay competition . The winning entry was by Sofi Collis , a third - grade Russian - American student from Arizona . I used to live in an orphanage . It was dark and cold and lonely . At night , I looked up at the sparkly sky and felt better . I dreamed I could fly there . In America , I can make all my dreams come true . Thank you for the ' Spirit ' and the ' Opportunity . ' -- Sofi Collis , age 9 Prior to this , during the development and building of the rovers , they were known as MER - 1 ( Opportunity ) and MER - 2 ( Spirit ) . Internally , NASA also uses the mission designations MER - A ( Spirit ) and MER - B ( Opportunity ) based on the order of landing on Mars ( Spirit first then Opportunity ) . Test rovers ( edit ) Rover team members simulate Spirit in a Martian sandtrap . The Jet Propulsion Laboratory maintains a pair of rovers , the Surface System Test - Beds ( SSTB ) at its location in Pasadena for testing and modeling of situations on Mars . One test rover , SSTB1 , weighing approximately 180 kilograms ( 400 lb ) , is fully instrumented and nearly identical to Spirit and Opportunity . Another test version , SSTB - Lite , is identical in size and drive characteristics but does not include all instruments . It weighs in at 80 kilograms ( 180 lb ) , much closer to the weight of Spirit and Opportunity in the reduced gravity of Mars . These rovers were used in 2009 for a simulation of the incident in which Spirit became trapped in soft soil . SAP ( edit ) The NASA team uses a software application called SAP to view images collected from the rover , and to plan its daily activities . There is a version available to the public called Maestro . Planetary science. findings ( edit ) See also : Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission Spirit landing site , Gusev crater ( edit ) Plains ( edit ) Although the Gusev crater appears from orbital images to be a dry lakebed , the observations from the surface show the interior plains mostly filled with debris . The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt . They contain the minerals olivine , pyroxene , plagioclase , and magnetite , and they look like volcanic basalt as they are fine - grained with irregular holes ( geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs ) . Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks . Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils ; probably from meteorites . Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water . Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals , maybe bromine compounds . All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material . One type can be brushed off , while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) . There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills , some of which have been altered by water , but not by very much water . Adirondack Coordinates 14 ° 36 ′ S 175 ° 30 ′ E / 14.6 ° S 175.5 ° E / - 14.6 ; 175.5 Coordinates : 14 ° 36 ′ S 175 ° 30 ′ E / 14.6 ° S 175.5 ° E / - 14.6 ; 175.5 These rocks can be classified in different ways . The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts -- also called picritic basalts . The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites . Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites , meteorites which came from Mars . One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph ; in this system , Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt , picrobasalt , and tephite . The Irvine - Barager classification calls them basalts . Plain 's rocks have been very slightly altered , probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds , as well as coatings or rinds . It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes ) . Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust . One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth . The first rock that Spirit studied was Adirondack . It turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains . First color picture from Gusev crater . Rocks were found to be basalt . Everything was covered with a fine dust that Spirit determined was magnetic because of the mineral magnetite . Cross-sectional drawing of a typical rock from the plains of Gusev crater . Most rocks contain a coating of dust and one or more harder coatings . Veins of water - deposited veins are visible , along with crystals of olivine . Veins may contain bromine salts . Dust ( edit ) The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet . All the dust was found to be magnetic . Moreover , Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite , especially magnetite that contained the element titanium . One magnet was able to completely divert all dust hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic . The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright , low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites . A thin layer of dust , maybe less than one millimeter thick covers all surfaces . Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water . Columbia Hills ( edit ) As the rover climbed above the plains onto the Columbia Hills , the mineralogy that was seen changed . Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills , and they placed them into six different categories . The six are : Clovis , Wishbone , Peace , Watchtower , Backstay , and Independence . They are named after a prominent rock in each group . Their chemical compositions , as measured by APXS , are significantly different from each other . Most importantly , all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids . They are enriched in the elements phosphorus , sulfur , chlorine , and bromine -- all of which can be carried around in water solutions . The Columbia Hills ' rocks contain basaltic glass , along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates . The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates . This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates . The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer ( MB ) detected goethite in it . Goethite forms only in the presence of water , so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills 's rocks . In addition , the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence , although the rocks probably once contained much olivine . Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water . Sulfate was found , and it needs water to form . Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase , some olivine , and anhydrate ( a sulfate ) . Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water , so hydrated sulfates are suspected . Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water . The Independence class showed some signs of clay ( perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group ) . Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form . One type of soil , called Paso Robles , from the Columbia Hills , may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur , phosphorus , calcium , and iron . Also , MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized , Fe form . Towards the middle of the six - year mission ( a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days ) , large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil . The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment . After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer , or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate - rich rocks , which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water . The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called `` Comanche . '' In summary , Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev , but no evidence that a lake was there . However , in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering . The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates which only form in the presence of water . It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago , but it has since been covered by igneous materials . All the dust contains a magnetic component which was identified as magnetite with some titanium . Furthermore , the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars . Opportunity landing site , Meridiani Planum ( edit ) Self - portrait of Opportunity near Endeavour Crater on the surface of Mars ( January 6 , 2014 ) . Cape Tribulation southern end , as seen in 2017 by Opportunity rover The Opportunity rover landed in a small crater , dubbed `` Eagle '' , on the flat plains of Meridiani . The plains of the landing site were characterized by the presence of a large number of small spherules , spherical concretions that were tagged `` blueberries '' by the science team , which were found both loose on the surface , and also embedded in the rock . These proved to have a high concentration of the mineral hematite , and showed the signature of being formed in an aqueous environment . The layered bedrock revealed in the crater walls showed signs of being sedimentary in nature , and compositional and microscopic - imagery analysis showed this to be primarily with composition of Jarosite , a ferrous sulfate mineral that is characteristically an evaporite that is the residue from the evaporation of a salty pond or sea . The mission has provided substantial evidence of past water activity on Mars . In addition to investigating the `` water hypothesis '' , Opportunity has also obtained astronomical observations and atmospheric data . The extended mission took the rover across the plains to a series of larger craters in the south , with the arrival at the edge of a 25 - km diameter crater , Endeavour Crater , eight years after landing . The orbital spectroscopy of this crater rim show the signs of phyllosilicate rocks , indicative of older sedimentary deposits . Landing locations ( edit ) Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars , overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers ( Red label = Rover ; Blue label = Lander ; bold red / blue = currently active ) . Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25 prominent geographic features , and click to link to them . Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations , based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA 's Mars Global Surveyor . Reds and pinks are higher elevation ( + 3 km to + 8 km ) ; yellow is 0 km ; greens and blues are lower elevation ( down to − 8 km ) . Whites ( > + 12 km ) and browns ( > + 8 km ) are the highest elevations . Axes are latitude and longitude ; Poles are not shown . ( See also : Mars map & Mars Memorials & Mars Memorials map ) ( view discuss ) ← Beagle 2 ( 2003 ) Curiosity ( 2012 ) → Deep Space 2 ( 1999 ) → Mars 2 ( 1971 ) → ← Mars 3 ( 1971 ) Mars 6 ( 1973 ) → Polar Lander ( 1999 ) ↓ ↑ Opportunity ( 2004 ) ← Phoenix ( 2008 ) Schiaparelli EDM ( 2016 ) → ← Sojourner ( 1997 ) Spirit ( 2004 ) ↑ Viking 1 ( 1976 ) → Viking 2 ( 1976 ) → Glossary ( edit ) APXS : Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer DSCC : Deep Space Communications Center DSN : Deep Space Network DTS : Dead Time Start ERT : Earth - received time , UTC of an event FSW : flight software HGA : High Gain Antenna LGA : Low Gain Antenna MER : Mars Exploration Rover MSL : Mars Science Laboratory Mini-TES : Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( USA ) Navcam : Navigation camera Pancam : Panoramic camera RAT : Rock Abrasion Tool RCS : Reaction Control System See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Exploration Rover . Aeolis quadrangle Astrogeology Research Program of the United States Geological Survey Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Composition of Mars Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex Lunokhod programme ( Lunar rovers ) Maestro ( software ) Space exploration Syd Lieberman ( Official storyteller of the Mars Exploration Mission ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jon . `` Mars Exploration Rover - Spirit '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jon . `` Mars Exploration Rover - Opportunity '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Mission Overview '' . NASA . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA extends Mars rovers ' mission '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Mission : Press Releases '' . marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Status Report : Rovers Resume Driving '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Henry Fountain ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Crater was Shaped by Wind and Water , Mars Rover Data Shows '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Now a Stationary Research Platform , NASA 's Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Concludes Attempts to Contact Mars Rover Spirit '' . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Grotzinger , John P. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Introduction to Special Issue - Habitability , Taphonomy , and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 386 -- 387 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 343 ... 386G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1249944 . PMID 24458635 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Various ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Special Issue - Table of Contents - Exploring Martian Habitability '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 345 -- 452 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Various ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Special Collection - Curiosity - Exploring Martian Habitability '' . Science . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Grotzinger , J.P. et al. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Habitable Fluvio - Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay , Gale Crater , Mars '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 1242777 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 343A. 386G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1242777 . PMID 24324272 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover '' . marsrovers.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 300px - View_over_Launch_Complex_17 '' . upload.wikimedia.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit Mars Rover Reaches ' Home Plate ' : Formation Has Researchers Puzzled '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Mars Rover Arrives at Dramatic Vista on Red Planet '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mars rover , Global Surveyor , Odyssey missions extended '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity Passes 10 - Kilometer Mark '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Mars Rover Ready For Descent Into Crater '' . jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity Waiting for Dust to Settle '' . jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Status Report : Rovers Resume Driving '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hardy Rover Continues to Celebrate Milestones '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Extends Mars Rover Mission a Fifth Time '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Mars Rover Opportunity Climbing out of Victoria Crater '' . jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . 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April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nine - Year - Old Mars Rover Passes 40 - Year - Old Record '' . NASA / JPL. 2013 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Guy ; Brown , Dwayne ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` NASA Long - Lived Mars Opportunity Rover Sets Off - World Driving Record '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Alex ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Opportunity Rover Sets A Record For Off - World Driving '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Opportunity Mars Rover Finishes Marathon , Clocks in at Just Over 11 Years '' . NASA / JPL . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit and Opportunity : Wheels on Mars '' ( PDF ) . Planet Mars . SpringerLink : 201 -- 204 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 48927 - 8_64 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars Exploration Rover Mission : The Mission '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MER Technical Data '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels in the Sky '' . NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ D. Crisp , , a , A. Pathareb and R.C. Ewell ( 2004 ) . `` The performance of gallium arsenide / germanium solar cells at the Martian surface '' . Progress in Photovoltaics : Research and Applications. 54 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 101 . Bibcode : 2004AcAau ... 54 ... 83C . doi : 10.1016 / S0094 - 5765 ( 02 ) 00287 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Technologies of Broad Benefit : Power '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of NASA Program on Development of Radioisotope Power Systems with High Specific Power '' ( PDF ) . Pdf.aiaa.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Watson , Traci ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Troubles parallel ambitions in NASA Mars project '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mars dust storms threaten rovers '' . BBC News . July 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Malin ; Kenneth S. Edgett ; Bruce A. Cantor ; Michael A. Caplinger ; G. Edward Danielson ; Elsa H. Jensen ; Michael A. Ravine ; Jennifer L. Sandoval ; Kimberley D. Supulver ( 6 January 2010 ) . `` An overview of the 1985 -- 2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science investigation '' . Mars - the International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration . Mars Informatics Inc. 5 : 1 -- 60 . Bibcode : 2010IJMSE ... 5 ... 1M . doi : 10.1555 / mars. 2010.0001 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Klingelhöfer G. ; Bernhardt But. ; Foh J. ; Bonnes U. ; Rodionov D. ; De Souza P.A. ; Schroder C. ; Gellert R. ; Kane S. ; Gutlich P. ; Kankeleit E. ( 2002 ) . `` The miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for extraterrestrial and outdoor terrestrial applications : A status report '' . Hyperfine Interactions. 144 : 371 -- 379 . Bibcode : 2002HyInt. 144 ... 371K . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025444209059 . Jump up ^ Klingelhoefer ; et al. 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Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : McSween , etal. 2004 . `` Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater '' . Science : 305 . 842 - 845 ^ Jump up to : Arvidson R.E. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Localization and Physical Properties Experiments Conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater '' . Science . 305 : 821 -- 824 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 305 ... 821A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1099922 . PMID 15297662 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gelbert R. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer ( APXS ) : results from Gusev crater and calibration report '' . J. Geophys . Res . Planets. 111 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Christensen P ( August 2004 ) . `` Initial Results from the Mini-TES Experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover '' . Science . 305 : 837 -- 842 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 305 ... 837C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1100564 . PMID 15297667 . Jump up ^ Bertelsen P. ; et al. 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( 2005 ) Lunar Planet . Sci. XXXVI abstr. 2349 Jump up ^ Morris , S. , et al. Mossbauer mineralogy of rock , soil , and dust at Gusev crater , Mars : Spirit 's journal through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills . J. Geophys . Res. : 111 Jump up ^ Ming , D. , et al. 2006 Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater , Mars . J. Geophys . Res. 111 Jump up ^ `` NASA - Mars Rover Spirit Unearths Surprise Evidence of Wetter Past '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Outcrop of long - sought rare rock on Mars found '' . Sciencedaily.com. 2010 - 06 - 04 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 421M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1189667 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Morris Richard V. ; Ruff Steven W. ; Gellert Ralf ; Ming Douglas W. ; Arvidson Raymond E. ; Clark Benton C. ; Golden D.C. ; Siebach Kirsten ; Klingelhöfer Göstar ; Schröder Christian ; Fleischer Iris ; Yen Albert S. ; Squyres Steven W. ( 2010 ) . `` Identification of Carbonate - Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover '' . Science . 329 ( 5990 ) : 421 -- 424 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 421M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1189667 . PMID 20522738 . Jump up ^ Squyres S. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The Opportunity Rover 's Athena Science Investigation At Meridiani Planum , Mars '' . Science . 306 ( 5702 ) : 1698 -- 1703 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 306.1698 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1106171 . PMID 15576602 . Jump up ^ Squyres S. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum : Eagle Crater to Purgatory Dune '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 111 : E12S12 . Bibcode : 2006JGRE ... 11112S12S . doi : 10.1029 / 2006je002771 . References ( edit ) Mars Curiosity Portions of this article are adopted from NASA / JPL MER article . Additional information was adapted from the MER homepage Further reading ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Roving Mars : Spirit , Opportunity , and the Exploration of the Red Planet by Steve Squyres ( published August 2005 ; ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0149 - 5 ) Postcards from Mars : The First Photographer on the Red Planet by Jim Bell ( published November 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 525 - 94985 - 2 ) Technical papers by JPL Robotics Engineers Interview : The driver behind NASA 's Mars Rovers from Australian PC World External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Exploration Rovers . NASA JPL 's MER website Spirit Mission Profile Opportunity Mission Profile Mars Exploration Rover project , NASA / JPL document NSS ISDC 2001 27 May 2001 Science , 6 August 2004 - Scientific papers from the first phase of the Spirit mission Mars Rover Manual : Centralized resource for all publicly released rover technical details MER Analysts Notebook ( access to the MER scientific data set ) Scientific American Magazine ( March 2004 Issue ) `` The Spirit of Exploration '' Li2 - Rover Official PanCam True Color Images Gallery Rover image gallery Nonofficial Daily PanCam Color Image Gallery Mars Exploration Rover program General Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) Spirit rover ( MER - A ) Opportunity rover ( MER - B ) Scientific information Spirit rover Gusev crater Surface features of Mars imaged by Spirit Opportunity rover Timeline Meridiani Planum Argo crater Eagle crater Endeavour crater Surface features of Mars imaged by Opportunity Instruments APXS Cameras ( Hazcam , Navcam , Pancam , Microscopic Imager ) MIMOS II Mini-TES Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) Rover embedded computers MarsDial ( Calibration Target / Plauque ) Related Computers ( IBM RAD6000 ) DSN JPL Maestro Rocker - bogie Rockets ( Delta II Heavy ) Cleaning event 37452 Spirit 39382 Opportunity Features on Mars visited by Opportunity rover List of surface features of Mars imaged by Opportunity Craters Argo Eagle Fram Endurance Vostok Naturaliste Erebus Beagle Emma Dean Victoria ( Cape Verde ) Santa Mara Endeavour Endeavour Cape York Solander Point Cape Tribulation Rocks Block Island meteorite Bounce Rock El Capitan ( Mars ) Heat Shield Rock Last Chance ( Mars ) Mackinac Island meteorite Oileán Ruaidh ( Mars rock ) Shelter Island meteorite Martian spherules Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity mission timeline Spacecraft missions to Mars Current Flybys Mars Cube One ( MarCO ) ( en route ) Orbiters ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Mangalyaan Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MAVEN 2001 Mars Odyssey Landers InSight ( en route ) Rovers Curiosity timeline Opportunity observations Past Flybys Dawn Mariner 4 Mariner 6 Mariner 7 Mars 1 Mars 6 Mars 7 Nozomi Rosetta Zond 2 Orbiters Mariner 9 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Landers Beagle 2 ExoMars Schiaparelli Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Phoenix Viking 1 Viking 2 Rovers Prop - M Sojourner Spirit observations Mars - crossing orbit tests Zond 3 Elon Musk 's Tesla Roadster Failed launches Fobos - Grunt / Yinghuo - 1 Kosmos 419 1M No. 1 1M No. 2 2MV - 4 No. 1 2MV - 3 No. 1 Mariner 3 2M No. 521 2M No. 522 Mariner 8 Mars 96 Planned Hope Mars Mission ( 2020 ) ExoMars ( 2020 ) rover surface platform Mars 2020 ( 2020 ) Mars Helicopter Scout Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover ( 2020 ) Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ( 2020 ) Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ( 2021 or 2022 ) Psyche ( 2023 , flyby only ) Martian Moons Exploration ( MMX ) ( 2024 ) Active proposals Biological Oxidant and Life Detection ( BOLD ) Icebreaker Life Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt Mars Micro Orbiter Mars One MELOS rover MetNet Next Mars Orbiter ( NeMO ) PADME Phootprint Sky - Sailor Cancelled proposals Aerial Regional - scale Environmental Survey ( ARES ) Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Mars 4NM & 5NM Mars 5M ( Mars - 79 ) Mars - Aster Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher ( MAX - C ) Mars Surveyor Lander Mars Telecommunications Orbiter NetLander Northern Light Red Dragon Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars ( SCIM ) Vesta Voyager Mars Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race Lists List of missions to Mars List of Mars orbiters List of artificial objects on Mars indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned . 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Coordinates on Wikidata Incomplete lists from November 2009 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 10 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the names of the two rovers currently exploring mars | [
"NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit[1] and Opportunity,[2] exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers: MER-A Spirit and MER-B Opportunity—to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004. Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A Spirit was active until 2010, while MER-B Opportunity is still active in 2018, and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off-Earth wheeled vehicle.\n",
"NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit[1] and Opportunity,[2] exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers: MER-A Spirit and MER-B Opportunity—to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004. Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A Spirit was active until 2010, while MER-B Opportunity is still active in 2018, and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off-Earth wheeled vehicle.\n"
] | [
"MER-A Spirit",
"MER-B Opportunity"
] |
-3865819058487665115 | The Big Bang Theory | The Big Bang Theory - Wikipedia The Big Bang Theory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the scientific theory , see Big Bang . For other uses , see Big Bang Theory ( disambiguation ) . `` TBBT '' redirects here . For the Discovery Channel series , see The Big Brain Theory . The Big Bang Theory Genre Sitcom Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Directed by Mark Cendrowski Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 238 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 18 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Young Sheldon External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/ The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Howard 's mother 4.6 Vanity cards 4.7 The Theorists 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . The Theorists Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : He begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . 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October 7 , 2010 . 12 : 00 minutes in . CBS . I move our relationship terminate immediately Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : A Behind the Scenes Diary of the Sweet Season 6 Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` TV Fact - Checker : Dropping Science on The Big Bang Theory '' . wired.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 11 . December 15 , 2008 . Event occurs at 18 : 00 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 5 . October 13 , 2011 . Event occurs at 19 : 48 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Toast Derivation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 17 . February 24 , 2011 . 20 : 47 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Large Hadron Collision '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 15 . February 8 , 2010 . 12 : 02 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . 1 : 01 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Middle - Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ Did You Notice Sheldon 's Green Lantern T - Shirt Last Night ? DC Comics Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' Fake Game Turns Real , Chris Marlow , Digital Media Wire , September 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Big Bang Theory , Episode 6 / 23 , `` The Love Spell Potential . Jump up ^ `` The Countdown Reflection '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 10 , 2012 . 19 : 54 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 16 . February 17 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Maternal Capacitance '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Apology Insufficiency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 4 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Lorre Productions -- Vanity Cards '' . Chucklorre.com . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Theorists ' : ' Big Bang Theory ' 's big Belarusian rip - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lorre , Chuck ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Vanity Card # 277 '' . `` The Official Vanity Card Archives '' . Chuck Lorre Productions . Jump up ^ `` STV cancelled the pirated show ' The Theorists ' '' . Xaptbir97 . February 18 , 2010 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Theorists ' actors do n't want to stay with a stolen project '' . Xaptbir97. April 28 , 2017 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS opens the new season with a big bang `` The Big Bang Theory '' Premieres with its largest audience ever and highest adult 3 -- 12 rating `` . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` CBS moves ' The Big Bang Theory ' to Thursday nights this fall to ' challenge ' other shows '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Hits New Viewer Record '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot List 2013 '' . TV Guide . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger Bang Than Ever '' . TV Guide . pp. 6 and 7 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : At Syndie Season 's End , ' Phil , ' ' Judy , ' ' ET , ' ' Wheel , ' ' Big Bang ' on Top -- September 4 , 2013 17 : 41 : 39 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Year 's Top Show , While ' Dr. Phil ' Leads Talk '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsen Top 20 New Shows TV Ratings , Sept 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 5 / 19 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van De Kamp , Justin ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` TV Ratings : 2007 -- 2008 Season Top - 200 '' . Televisionista . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Ratings : House wins , Castle hangs on '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Monday broadcast final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS WINS THE FINAL MONDAY OF THE SEASON IN KEY DEMOS '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 31 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Pavan ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` TBS Fall 2011 Schedule ; ION Adds Monk , Psych This Month , House in Fall 2012 -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Gets Syndication Deal '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company credits for `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James McQuivey . `` Why CBS pulled The Mentalist from CBS.com '' . OmniVideo . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Watch Episodes and Video and Join the Ultimate Fan Community '' . CBS . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Big Bang Theory Online on CTV '' . Shows.ctv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website `` Official Vanity Card Archives '' . The Big Bang Theory . Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Comedy Series Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Community , season 3 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black , season 1 ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley , season 2 ( 2015 ) Master of None , season 1 ( 2016 ) Silicon Valley , season 3 ( 2016 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series Friends ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) awarded as Choice TV Comedy / Musical Show Hannah Montana ( 2007 -- 09 ) Glee ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2014 -- 15 ) Fuller House ( 2016 -- 17 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Candy Crush ( since 2017 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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"The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]",
"The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]",
"The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]"
] | [
"Chuck Lorre",
"Bill Prady",
"Steven Molaro"
] |
4925827322291382626 | Frank Dillane | Frank Dillane - wikipedia Frank Dillane Jump to : navigation , search Frank Dillane Dillane at the 2017 San Diego Comic Con International . ( 1991 - 04 - 21 ) 21 April 1991 ( age 27 ) London , England Occupation Actor Years active 1997 -- present Height 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Parent ( s ) Stephen Dillane Naomi Wirthner Frank Stephenson Dillane ( born 21 April 1991 ) is an English actor , best known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead ( 2015 -- 18 ) , and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early roles 2 Acting career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Childhood and early roles ( edit ) Frank Dillane was born in London , England . He spent part of his childhood in Brixton , before moving to East Sussex , where he grew up in a creative environment . His mother , Naomi Wirthner , is Afro - Jamaican . Wirthner manages a theatre company called The Barebones Project . His father , Stephen Dillane , is an actor who has starred in numerous movies and TV series ( e.g. , Game of Thrones and The Tunnel ) , and was awarded a BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor on Television in 2009 . Dillane made his film debut at his side as an extra in Welcome to Sarajevo ( 1997 ) when he was six . He became more widely known when he portrayed Tom Riddle ( a teenage Lord Voldemort ) in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . After passing his A-level examinations , Dillane was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) and graduated in 2013 , with a Bachelor of Arts in Acting . In spite of the school rules specifying that actors are not permitted to accept professional acting work for the duration of the course , Dillane was allowed to play James Papadopoulos in the independent movie Papadopoulos & Sons ( directed by Marcus Markou ) , since it was filmed during summer holidays in 2011 . After Dillane was cast , his father decided to rearrange his own filming schedule to play Harry Papadopoulos ( James ' dad ) at his side . Stephen Dillane declared it was rare to have the opportunity `` to work with your children after they left home '' . Acting career ( edit ) Kim Dickens , Cliff Curtis and Frank Dillane speaking at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International , for `` Fear the Walking Dead '' , at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego , California . Since graduating from RADA , Dillane has participated in several projects . In July 2013 , he played in Candida at Theatre Royal , Bath , directed by Simon Godwin . Also in 2013 , Dillane played in In The Heart of the Sea , directed by Ron Howard ; Dillane portrayed young sailor Owen Coffin in this adaptation of a novel written by Nathaniel Philbrick , about the sinking of the whaler Essex in the Pacific Ocean . The film was released on 11 December 2015 . In 2014 , Dillane filmed the role of Keyes in ' Viena and the Fantomes ' directed by Gerardo Naranjo , in which he starred alongside Dakota Fanning Dillane appeared as Shugs in the Netflix 2015 series Sense8 , directed by The Wachowskis . Dillane was also been cast in an adaptation of Peter Goldsworthy 's best - selling novel Maestro , to be directed by Catherine Jarvis . Dillane is described by the production company Bow Street Films as having an `` amazing talent and screen presence '' . Dillane portrayed Nick Clark in the horror drama series Fear the Walking Dead , from its debut in 2015 until the fourth season . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Welcome to Sarajevo Christopher Henderson 2009 Harry Potter & The Half - Blood Prince 16 - year - old Tom Riddle 2012 Papadopoulos & Sons James Papadopoulos 2015 In The Heart of the Sea Owen Coffin 2016 Viena and the Fantomes Keyes 2018 Astral Alex Harmann Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Sense8 Shugs 3 episodes 2015 -- 2018 Fear the Walking Dead Nick Clark 38 episodes Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series 2016 Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 Episode : `` Part 16 '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ; O'Connell , Michael ; Sandberg , Bryn Elise ; Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` Next Gen Fall TV : 10 Stars Poised for Breakouts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hackney Citizen ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` African Gothic '' . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stephen Dillane , Clémence Poésy for ' The Bridge ' remake '' . Digital Spy. 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life after Harry Potter : Where are the graduates of Hogwarts now ? '' . The Independent . 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Graduates 2013 -- Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Jump up ^ Cineuropa ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Papadopoulos & Sons : A Greek tragedy in the UK '' . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Interview of Stephen Dillane -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Candida -- Review '' . The Guardian . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Wrap ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor in Negotiations for Ron Howard 's ' In the Heart of the Sea ' '' . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Jeremy Allen White , Zoe Kravitz , Caleb Landry Jones , Frank Dillane Join Dakota Fanning in Gerardo Naranjo Punk Pic '' . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Frank-dillane.net . Jump up ^ `` Bow Films Taps Frank Dillane To Topline Jarvis ' ' Maestro ' '' . Variety . 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood ( 8 February 2014 ) . `` Berlin : ' Harry Potter ' Actor to Star in ' Maestro ' '' . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Kirkman Talks Walking Dead Companion Series External links ( edit ) Official website Frank Dillane on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Dillane&oldid=842227886 '' Categories : 1991 births English male film actors Living people Male actors from London 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Sussex People from Brixton Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art People from Wealden ( district ) 20th - century English male actors English male child actors English male television actors English people of Australian descent English people of Jamaican descent Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano მარგალური 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 02 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays tom riddle in the half blood prince | [
"Frank Stephenson Dillane (born 21 April 1991)[1] is an English actor, best known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead (2015–18), and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009). He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015)."
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"Frank Stephenson Dillane"
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-3650386841748653714 | Gold | Gold - Wikipedia Gold Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the element . For other uses , see Gold ( disambiguation ) . `` Element 79 '' redirects here . For the short story by Fred Hoyle , see Element 79 ( anthology ) . Gold , Au General properties Pronunciation / ˈɡoʊld / ( GOHLD ) Appearance metallic yellow Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002196966569000000 ♠ 196.966 569 ( 5 ) Gold in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ag ↑ Au ↓ Rg platinum ← gold → mercury Atomic number ( Z ) 79 Group , period group 11 , period 6 Block d - block Element category transition metal Electron configuration ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 1 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1337.33 K ( 1064.18 ° C , 1947.52 ° F ) Boiling point 3243 K ( 2970 ° C , 5378 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 19.30 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 17.31 g / cm Heat of fusion 12.55 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 342 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 25.418 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078 Atomic properties Oxidation states 5 , 3 , 2 , 1 , − 1 , − 2 , − 3 ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.54 Ionization energies 1st : 890.1 kJ / mol 2nd : 1980 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 144 pm Covalent radius 136 ± 6 pm Van der Waals radius 166 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure face - centered cubic ( fcc ) Speed of sound thin rod 2030 m / s ( at r.t. ) Thermal expansion 14.2 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 318 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 22.14 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 28.0 10 cm / mol ( at 296 K ) Tensile strength 120 MPa Young 's modulus 79 GPa Shear modulus 27 GPa Bulk modulus 180 GPa Poisson ratio 0.4 Mohs hardness 2.5 Vickers hardness 188 -- 216 MPa Brinell hardness 188 -- 245 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 57 - 5 History Naming from Latin aurum , meaning gold Discovery In the Middle East ( before 6000 BCE ) Main isotopes of gold Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Au syn 186.10 d ε Pt Au syn 6.183 d ε Pt β Hg Au 100 % stable Au syn 2.69517 d β Hg Au syn 3.169 d β Hg view talk references in Wikidata Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au ( from Latin : aurum ) and atomic number 79 . In its purest form , it is a bright , slightly reddish yellow , dense , soft , malleable , and ductile metal . Chemically , gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element . It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions . Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native ) form , as nuggets or grains , in rocks , in veins , and in alluvial deposits . It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver ( as electrum ) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium . Less commonly , it occurs in minerals as gold compounds , often with tellurium ( gold tellurides ) . Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis , from the collision of neutron stars , and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed . Because the Earth was molten when it was formed , almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core . Therefore , most of the gold that is in the Earth 's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later , by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment , about 4 billion years ago . Gold is resistant to most acids , though it does dissolve in aqua regia , a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion . Gold is insoluble in nitric acid , which dissolves silver and base metals , a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects , giving rise to the term acid test . Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide , which are used in mining and electroplating . Gold dissolves in mercury , forming amalgam alloys , but this is not a chemical reaction . Historically , the value of gold was rooted in its relative rarity , easy handling and minting , easy smelting and fabrication , resistance to corrosion and other chemical reactions ( nobility ) and its distinctive color . As a precious metal , gold has been used for coinage , jewelry , and other arts throughout recorded history . In the past , a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy , but gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s , and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after 1976 . A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold exists above ground , as of 2015 . The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50 % in jewelry , 40 % in investments , and 10 % in industry . Gold 's high malleability , ductility , resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions , and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices ( its chief industrial use ) . Gold is also used in infrared shielding , colored - glass production , gold leafing , and tooth restoration . Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine . As of 2016 , the world 's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Color 1.2 Isotopes 1.2. 1 Synthesis 2 Chemistry 2.1 Rare oxidation states 3 Occurrence 3.1 Seawater 4 History 4.1 Etymology 4.2 Culture 5 Production 5.1 Mining and prospecting 5.2 Extraction and refining 5.3 Consumption 5.4 Pollution 6 Monetary use 6.1 Price 6.2 History 7 Other applications 7.1 Jewelry 7.2 Electronics 7.3 Medicine 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Miscellanea 8 Toxicity 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characteristics A gold nugget of 5 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) in diameter ( bottom ) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 square metres ( 5.4 sq ft ) . Toi museum , Japan . Gold is the most malleable of all metals ; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter , and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet . Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent . The transmitted light appears greenish blue , because gold strongly reflects yellow and red . Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light , making them useful as infrared ( radiant heat ) shields in visors of heat - resistant suits , and in sun - visors for spacesuits . Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity . Gold has a density of 19.3 g / cm , almost identical to that of tungsten at 19.25 g / cm ; as such , tungsten has been used in counterfeiting of gold bars , such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold , or taking an existing gold bar , drilling holes , and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods . By comparison , the density of lead is 11.34 g / cm , and that of the densest element , osmium , is 22.588 ± 0.015 g / cm . Color Main article : Colored gold Different colors of Ag -- Au -- Cu alloys Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white , gold is slightly reddish - yellow . This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal 's valence electrons , in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to relativistic effects affecting the orbitals around gold atoms . Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic caesium . Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen - karat rose gold created by the addition of copper . Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys . Fourteen - karat gold - copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys , and both may be used to produce police and other badges . White gold alloys can be made with palladium or nickel . Fourteen - and eighteen - karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish - yellow and are referred to as green gold . Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron , and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium . Less commonly , addition of manganese , aluminium , indium and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications . Colloidal gold , used by electron - microscopists , is red if the particles are small ; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of gold Gold has only one stable isotope , 197 Au , which is also its only naturally occurring isotope , so gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element . Thirty - six radioisotopes have been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205 . The most stable of these is 195 Au with a half - life of 186.1 days . The least stable is 171 Au , which decays by proton emission with a half - life of 30 μs . Most of gold 's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission , α decay , and β decay . The exceptions are 195 Au , which decays by electron capture , and 196 Au , which decays most often by electron capture ( 93 % ) with a minor β decay path ( 7 % ) . All of gold 's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β decay . At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized , ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200 . Within that range , only 178 Au , 180 Au , 181 Au , 182 Au , and 188 Au do not have isomers . Gold 's most stable isomer is 198m2 Au with a half - life of 2.27 days . Gold 's least stable isomer is 177m2 Au with a half - life of only 7 ns . 184m1 Au has three decay paths : β decay , isomeric transition , and alpha decay . No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths . Synthesis The production of gold from a more common element , such as lead , has long been a subject of human inquiry , and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it ; however , the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century . The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka , who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment . An American team , working without knowledge of Nagaoka 's prior study , conducted the same experiment in 1941 , achieving the same result and showing that the isotopes of gold produced by it were all radioactive . Gold can currently be manufactured in a nuclear reactor by irradiation either of platinum or mercury . Only the mercury isotope Hg , which occurs with a frequency of 0.15 % in natural mercury , can be converted to gold by neutron capture , and following electron capture - decay into Au with slow neutrons . Other mercury isotopes are converted when irradiated with slow neutrons into one another , or formed mercury isotopes which beta decay into thallium . Using fast neutrons , the mercury isotope Hg , which composes 9.97 % of natural mercury , can be converted by splitting off a neutron and becoming Hg , which then disintegrates to stable gold . This reaction , however , possesses a smaller activation cross-section and is feasible only with un-moderated reactors . It is also possible to eject several neutrons with very high energy into the other mercury isotopes in order to form Hg . However , such high - energy neutrons can be produced only by particle accelerators . Chemistry Gold ( III ) chloride solution in water Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals , it still forms many diverse compounds . The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from − 1 to + 5 , but Au ( I ) and Au ( III ) dominate its chemistry . Au ( I ) , referred to as the aurous ion , is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers , thiolates , and tertiary phosphines . Au ( I ) compounds are typically linear . A good example is Au ( CN ) , which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining . The binary gold halides , such as AuCl , form zigzag polymeric chains , again featuring linear coordination at Au . Most drugs based on gold are Au ( I ) derivatives . Au ( III ) ( auric ) is a common oxidation state , and is illustrated by gold ( III ) chloride , Au Cl . The gold atom centers in Au ( III ) complexes , like other d compounds , are typically square planar , with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character . Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature and , up to 100 ° C , is resistant to attack from ozone . Some free halogens react with gold . Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull - red heat to form gold ( III ) fluoride . Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 ° C to form AuCl . Gold reacts with bromine at 140 ° C to form gold ( III ) bromide , but reacts only very slowly with iodine to form the monoiodide . Gold does not react with sulfur directly , but gold ( III ) sulfide can be made by passing hydrogen sulfide through a dilute solution of gold ( III ) chloride or chlorauric acid . Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam , and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures . These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties , to control melting point or to create exotic colors . Gold reacts with potassium , rubidium , caesium , or tetramethylammonium , to form the respective auride salts , containing the Au ion . Caesium auride is perhaps the most famous . Gold is unaffected by most acids . It does not react with hydrofluoric , hydrochloric , hydrobromic , hydriodic , sulfuric , or nitric acid . It does react with selenic acid , and is dissolved by aqua regia , a 1 : 3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid . Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to + 3 ions , but only in minute amounts , typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction . However , the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid , forming AuCl ions , or chloroauric acid , thereby enabling further oxidation . Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases . It does not react with aqueous , solid , or molten sodium or potassium hydroxide . It does however , react with sodium or potassium cyanide under alkaline conditions when oxygen is present to form soluble complexes . Common oxidation states of gold include + 1 ( gold ( I ) or aurous compounds ) and + 3 ( gold ( III ) or auric compounds ) . Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated as metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent . The added metal is oxidized and dissolves , allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate . Rare oxidation States Less common oxidation states of gold include − 1 , + 2 , and + 5 . The − 1 oxidation state occurs in compounds containing the Au anion , called aurides . Caesium auride ( CsAu ) , for example , crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif . Other aurides include those of Rb , K , and tetramethylammonium ( CH ) N. Gold has the highest Pauling electronegativity of any metal , with a value of 2.54 , making the auride anion relatively stable . Gold ( II ) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au -- Au bonds such as ( Au ( CH ) P ( C H ) ) Cl . The evaporation of a solution of Au ( OH ) 3 in concentrated H 2SO 4 produces red crystals of gold ( II ) sulfate , Au ( SO ) . Originally thought to be a mixed - valence compound , it has been shown to contain Au 4 + 2 cations , analogous to the better - known mercury ( I ) ion , Hg 2 + 2 . A gold ( II ) complex , the tetraxenonogold ( II ) cation , which contains xenon as a ligand , occurs in ( AuXe ) ( Sb F ) . Gold pentafluoride , along with its derivative anion , AuF − 6 , and its difluorine complex , gold heptafluoride , is the sole example of gold ( V ) , the highest verified oxidation state . Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding , which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au -- Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding . The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond . Well - defined cluster compounds are numerous . In such cases , gold has a fractional oxidation state . A representative example is the octahedral species ( Au ( P ( C H ) ) ) . Gold chalcogenides , such as gold sulfide , feature equal amounts of Au ( I ) and Au ( III ) . Occurrence Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore , and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it . Toi gold mine , Japan . Schematic of a NE ( left ) to SW ( right ) cross-section through the 2.020 billion year old Vredefort impact crater in South Africa and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures . The present erosion level is shown . Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin ( the yellow layer ) is exposed at the `` present surface '' line , just inside the crater rim , on the left . Not to scale . Gold 's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally . Traditionally , gold is thought to have formed by the R - process in supernova nucleosynthesis , but a relatively recent paper suggests that gold and other elements heavier than iron may also be produced in quantity by the collision of neutron stars . In both cases , satellite spectrometers only indirectly detect the resulting gold : `` we have no spectroscopic evidence that ( such ) elements have truly been produced , '' wrote author Stephan Rosswog . These gold nucleogenesis theories hold that the resulting explosions scattered metal - containing dusts ( including heavy elements such as gold ) into the region of space in which they later condensed into our solar system and the Earth . Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed , almost all of the gold present on Earth sank into the core . Most of the gold that is present today in the Earth 's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later , by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment . The asteroid that formed Vredefort crater 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest gold deposits on earth . However , the gold - bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact . These gold - bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck . What the Vredefort impact achieved , however , was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the gold - bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg , on the Witwatersrand , just inside the rim of the original 300 km diameter crater caused by the meteor strike . The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand Gold Rush . Some 22 % of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks . On Earth , gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward . It most often occurs as a native metal , typically in a metal solid solution with silver ( i.e. as a gold silver alloy ) . Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8 -- 10 % . Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20 % silver . Electrum 's color runs from golden - silvery to silvery , dependent upon the silver content . The more silver , the lower the specific gravity . Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock , often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as `` Fool 's Gold '' , which is a pyrite . These are called lode deposits . The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes , grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits . Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold - bearing veins owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering , and washing of the dust into streams and rivers , where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets . Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite , krennerite , nagyagite , petzite and sylvanite ( see telluride minerals ) , and as the rare bismuthide maldonite ( Au Bi ) and antimonide aurostibite ( AuSb ) . Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper , lead , and mercury : the minerals auricupride ( Cu Au ) , novodneprite ( AuPb ) and weishanite ( ( Au , Ag ) Hg ) . Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits , transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits . Another recent study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake , depositing gold . When an earthquake strikes , it moves along a fault . Water often lubricates faults , filling in fractures and jogs . About 6 miles ( 10 kilometers ) below the surface , under incredible temperatures and pressures , the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide , silica , and gold . During an earthquake , the fault jog suddenly opens wider . The water inside the void instantly vaporizes , flashing to steam and forcing silica , which forms the mineral quartz , and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces . Seawater The world 's oceans contain gold . Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50 -- 150 femtomol / L or 10 -- 30 parts per quadrillion ( about 10 -- 30 g / km ) . In general , gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same ( ~ 50 femtomol / L ) but less certain . Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold ( 100 -- 150 femtomol / L ) attributed to wind - blown dust and / or rivers . At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth 's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold . These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988 , indicating contamination problems with the earlier data . A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water , but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception . Prescott Jernegan ran a gold - from - seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s , as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s . Fritz Haber did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany 's reparations following World War I. Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible . After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project . History Ancient golden Kritonios Crown , funerary or marriage material , 370 -- 360 BC . From a grave in Armento , Campania Gold artifacts found at the Nahal Kana cave cemetery dated during the 1980s , showed these to be from within the Chalcolithic , and considered the earliest find from the Levant . Gold artifacts in the Balkans also appear from the 4th millennium BC , such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna in Bulgaria , thought by one source ( La Niece 2009 ) to be the earliest `` well - dated '' find of gold artifacts . Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age . The oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt ( 1320 -- 1200 BC ) , whereas the first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BC . Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold , which King Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was `` more plentiful than dirt '' in Egypt . Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold - producing areas for much of history . One of the earliest known maps , known as the Turin Papyrus Map , shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology . The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus , and included fire - setting . Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia . Gold is mentioned in the Amarna letters numbered 19 and 26 from around the 14th century BC . The legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world . Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament , starting with Genesis 2 : 11 ( at Havilah ) , the story of The Golden Calf and many parts of the temple including the Menorah and the golden altar . In the New Testament , it is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew . The Book of Revelation 21 : 21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets `` made of pure gold , clear as crystal '' . Exploitation of gold in the south - east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas , and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world 's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC . From the 6th or 5th century BC , the Chu ( state ) circulated the Ying Yuan , one kind of square gold coin . In Roman metallurgy , new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods , especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards . One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León , where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit . The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large , and until very recently , still mined by opencast methods . They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain , such as placer and hard - rock deposits at Dolaucothi . The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD . During Mansa Musa 's ( ruler of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337 ) hajj to Mecca in 1324 , he passed through Cairo in July 1324 , and was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade , causing high inflation . A contemporary Arab historian remarked : Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year . The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above , but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now . The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less . This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there ( ... ) . -- Chihab Al - Umari , Kingdom of Mali The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples , especially in Mesoamerica , Peru , Ecuador and Colombia . The Aztecs regarded gold as the product of the gods , calling it literally `` god excrement '' ( teocuitlatl in Nahuatl ) , and after Moctezuma II was killed , most of this gold was shipped to Spain . However , for the indigenous peoples of North America gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other minerals which were directly related to their utility , such as obsidian , flint , and slate . Rumors of cities filled with gold fueled legends of El Dorado . Gold played a role in western culture , as a cause for desire and of corruption , as told in children 's fables such as Rumpelstiltskin -- where Rumpelstiltskin turns hay into gold for the peasant 's daughter in return for her child when she becomes a princess -- and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in Jack and the Beanstalk . The top prize at the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions is the gold medal . 75 % of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910 . It has been estimated that the currently known amount of gold internationally would form a single cube 20 m ( 66 ft ) on a side ( equivalent to 8,000 m ) . One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances , such as lead -- presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher 's stone . Although they never succeeded in this attempt , the alchemists did promote an interest in systematically finding out what can be done with substances , and this laid the foundation for today 's chemistry . Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center ( ☉ ) , which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun . Golden treasures have been rumored to be found at various locations , following tragedies such as the Jewish temple treasures in the Vatican , following the temple 's destruction in 70 AD , a gold stash on the Titanic , the Nazi gold train -- following World War II . The Dome of the Rock is covered with an ultra-thin golden glassier . The Sikh Golden temple , the Harmandir Sahib , is a building covered with gold . Similarly the Wat Phra Kaew emerald Buddhist temple ( wat ) in Thailand has ornamental gold - leafed statues and roofs . Some European king and queen 's crowns were made of gold , and gold was used for the bridal crown since antiquity . An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes Rachel , wife of Rabbi Akiva , receiving a `` Jerusalem of Gold '' ( diadem ) . A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC . Etymology `` Gold '' is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages , deriving via Proto - Germanic * gulþą from Proto - Indo - European * ǵhelh3 - ( `` to shine , to gleam ; to be yellow or green '' ) . The symbol Au is from the Latin : aurum , the Latin word for `` gold '' . The Proto - Indo - European ancestor of aurum was * h2é - h2us - o - , meaning `` glow '' . This word is derived from the same root ( Proto - Indo - European * h2u̯es - `` to dawn '' ) as * h2éu̯sōs , the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora , `` dawn '' . This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant `` shining dawn '' . Culture This section needs additional citations for verification . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold , in the form of gold medals , gold trophies and other decorations . Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal . Many awards such as the Nobel Prize are made from gold as well . Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are gold plated ( such as the Academy Awards , the Golden Globe Awards , the Emmy Awards , the Palme d'Or , and the British Academy Film Awards ) . Aristotle in his ethics used gold symbolism when referring to what is now known as the golden mean . Similarly , gold is associated with perfect or divine principles , such as in the case of the golden ratio and the golden rule . Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition . The fiftieth wedding anniversary is golden . A person 's most valued or most successful latter years are sometimes considered `` golden years '' . The height of a civilization is referred to as a golden age . In some forms of Christianity and Judaism , gold has been associated both with holiness and evil . In the Book of Exodus , the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry , while in the Book of Genesis , Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver , and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold . In Byzantine iconography the halos of Christ , Mary and the Christian saints are often golden . According to Christopher Columbus , those who had something of gold were in possession of something of great value on Earth and a substance to even help souls to paradise . Wedding rings have been made of gold . It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and the perfection the marriage signifies . In Orthodox Christian wedding ceremonies , the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown ( though some opt for wreaths , instead ) during the ceremony , an amalgamation of symbolic rites . Production Main article : List of countries by gold production Time trend of gold production The World Gold Council states that as of the end of 2014 , `` there were 183,600 tonnes of stocks in existence above ground '' . This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 21 meters . At $1,075 per troy ounce , 183,600 metric tonnes of gold would have a value of $6.3 trillion . As of 2014 , the world 's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes and it was expected to reach 490 in 2015 . The second - largest producer , Australia , mined 274 tonnes in the same year , followed by Russia with 247 tonnes . Mining and prospecting Main articles : Gold mining and Gold prospecting A miner underground at Pumsaint gold mine , Wales ; c. 1938 . Since the 1880s , South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world 's gold supply , and about 50 % of the gold presently accounted is from South Africa . Production in 1970 accounted for 79 % of the world supply , about 1,480 tonnes . In 2007 China ( with 276 tonnes ) overtook South Africa as the world 's largest gold producer , the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest . As of 2014 , China was the world 's leading gold - mining country , followed in order by Australia , Russia , the United States , Canada , and Peru . South Africa , which had dominated world gold production for most of the 20th century , had declined to sixth place . Other major producers are the Ghana , Burkina Faso , Mali , Indonesia and Uzbekistan . In South America , the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert , at the border between Chile and Argentina . Today about one - quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining . The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history . The gold fields are confined to the northern and north - western edges of the Witwatersrand basin , which is a 5 -- 7 km thick layer of archean rocks located , in most places , deep under the Free State , Gauteng and surrounding provinces . These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the Witwatersrand , in and around Johannesburg , but also in isolated patches to the south - east and south - west of Johannesburg , as well as in an arc around the Vredefort Dome which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin . From these surface exposures the basin dips extensively , requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4000 m , making them , especially the Savuka and TauTona mines to the south - west of Johannesburg , the deepest mines on earth . The gold is found only in six areas where archean rivers from the north and north - west formed extensive pebbly Braided river deltas before draining into the `` Witwatersrand sea '' where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited . The Second Boer War of 1899 -- 1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa . During the 19th century , gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered . The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville , North Carolina in 1803 . The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega . Further gold rushes occurred in California , Colorado , the Black Hills , Otago in New Zealand , Australia , Witwatersrand in South Africa , and the Klondike in Canada . Extraction and refining Gold jewelry consumption by country in tonnes Country 2009 2011 2012 2013 India 442.37 745.70 986.3 864 974 China 376.96 428.00 921.5 817.5 1120.1 United States 150.28 128.61 199.5 161 190 Turkey 75.16 74.07 143 118 175.2 Saudi Arabia 77.75 72.95 69.1 58.5 72.2 Russia 60.12 67.50 76.7 81.9 73.3 United Arab Emirates 67.60 63.37 60.9 58.1 77.1 Egypt 56.68 53.43 36 47.8 57.3 Indonesia 41.00 32.75 55 52.3 68 United Kingdom 31.75 27.35 22.6 21.1 23.4 Other Persian Gulf Countries 24.10 21.97 22 19.9 24.6 Japan 21.85 18.50 − 30.1 7.6 21.3 South Korea 18.83 15.87 15.5 12.1 17.5 Vietnam 15.08 14.36 100.8 77 92.2 Thailand 7.33 6.28 107.4 80.9 140.1 Total 1508.70 1805.60 Other Countries 251.6 254.0 390.4 393.5 450.7 World Total 1760.3 2059.6 3487.5 3163.6 3863.5 Main article : Gold extraction Gold extraction is most economical in large , easily mined deposits . Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million ( ppm ) can be economical . Typical ore grades in open - pit mines are 1 -- 5 ppm ; ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 ppm . Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye , in most gold mines the gold is invisible . The average gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007 , but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality ; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes . After initial production , gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process , that is chlorination in the melt . The Wohlwill process results in higher purity , but is more complex and is only applied in small - scale installations . Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation , or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia . Consumption The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50 % in jewelry , 40 % in investments , and 10 % in industry . According to World Gold Council , China is the world 's largest single consumer of gold in 2013 and toppled India for the first time with Chinese consumption increasing by 32 percent in a year , while that of India only rose by 13 percent and world consumption rose by 21 percent . Unlike India where gold is mainly used for jewelry , China uses gold for manufacturing and retail . Pollution Further information : Mercury cycle and International Cyanide Management Code Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous pollution . Low - grade gold ore may contain less than one ppm gold metal ; such ore is ground and mixed with sodium cyanide to dissolve the gold . Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical , which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities . Many cyanide spills from gold mines have occurred in both developed and developing countries which killed aquatic life in long stretches of affected rivers . Environmentalists consider these events major environmental disasters . Thirty tons of used ore is dumped as waste for producing one troy ounce of gold . Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium , lead , zinc , copper , arsenic , selenium and mercury . When sulfide - bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water , the sulfide transforms into sulfuric acid which in turn dissolves these heavy metals facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water . This process is called acid mine drainage . These gold ore dumps are long term , highly hazardous wastes second only to nuclear waste dumps . It was once common to use mercury to recover gold from ore , but today the use of mercury is largely limited to small - scale individual miners . Minute quantities of mercury compounds can reach water bodies , causing heavy metal contamination . Mercury can then enter into the human food chain in the form of methylmercury . Mercury poisoning in humans causes incurable brain function damage and severe retardation . Gold extraction is also a highly energy intensive industry , extracting ore from deep mines and grinding the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction requires nearly 25 kW h of electricity per gram of gold produced . Monetary use Two golden 20 kr coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union , which was based on a gold standard . The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish . Gold has been widely used throughout the world as money , for efficient indirect exchange ( versus barter ) , and to store wealth in hoards . For exchange purposes , mints produce standardized gold bullion coins , bars and other units of fixed weight and purity . The first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia , Asia Minor , around 600 BC . The talent coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams . From an earlier preference in using silver , European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Bills ( that mature into gold coin ) and gold certificates ( convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank ) added to the circulating stock of gold standard money in most 19th century industrial economies . In preparation for World War I the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards , inflating their currencies to finance the war effort . Post-war , the victorious countries , most notably Britain , gradually restored gold - convertibility , but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed ; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations . After World War II gold was replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates following the Bretton Woods system . Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments , led in 1971 by the United States ' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold . Fiat currency now fills most monetary roles . Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold ; it backed 40 % of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999 . Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form , and metals exchanges such as the London Bullion Market Association still clear transactions denominated in gold , including future delivery contracts . Today , gold mining output is declining . With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century , and increasing foreign exchange , the world 's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract . Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2 % per year , very little metal is irretrievably consumed . Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices . The gold proportion ( fineness ) of alloys is measured by karat ( k ) . Pure gold ( commercially termed fine gold ) is designated as 24 karat , abbreviated 24k . English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold , for hardness ( American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine gold , or 21.6 kt ) . Although the prices of some platinum group metals can be much higher , gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals , and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies . Gold has been used as a symbol for purity , value , royalty , and particularly roles that combine these properties . Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia . On that imaginary island , gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves , tableware , and lavatory seats . When ambassadors from other countries arrive , dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges , the Utopians mistake them for menial servants , paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party . The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU . Many holders of gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions . Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties ; they are typically fine gold at 24k , although the American Gold Eagle and the British gold sovereign continue to be minted in 22k ( 0.92 ) metal in historical tradition , and the South African Krugerrand , first released in 1967 , is also 22k ( 0.92 ) . The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin , at 99.999 % or 0.99999 , while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99 % . In 2006 , the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99 % . The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989 . Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda . Price Further information : Gold as an investment Gold price history in 1960 -- 2011 As of September 2017 , gold is valued at around $42 per gram ( $1,300 per troy ounce ) . Like other precious metals , gold is measured by troy weight and by grams . The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by karat ( k ) , with 24 karat ( 24k ) being pure gold , and lower karat numbers proportionally less . The purity of a gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1 , known as the millesimal fineness , such as 0.995 being nearly pure . The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets , but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London , originating in September 1919 , provides a daily benchmark price to the industry . The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open . History Historically gold coinage was widely used as currency ; when paper money was introduced , it typically was a receipt redeemable for gold coin or bullion . In a monetary system known as the gold standard , a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency . For a long period , the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20.67 ( $0.665 per gram ) , but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ( $0.889 / g ) . By 1961 , it was becoming hard to maintain this price , and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand . On 17 March 1968 , economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool , and a two - tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00 per troy ounce ( $1.13 / g ) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate ; this two - tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free - market level . Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining . The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York , which holds about 3 % of the gold known to exist and accounted for today , as does the similarly laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox . In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes , giving a surplus of 105 tonnes . Sometime around 1970 the price began in trend to greatly increase , and between 1968 and 2000 the price of gold ranged widely , from a high of $850 per troy ounce ( $27.33 / g ) on 21 January 1980 , to a low of $252.90 per troy ounce ( $8.13 / g ) on 21 June 1999 ( London Gold Fixing ) . Prices increased rapidly from 2001 , but the 1980 high was not exceeded until 3 January 2008 when a new maximum of $865.35 per troy ounce was set . Another record price was set on 17 March 2008 at $1023.50 per troy ounce ( $32.91 / g ) . In late 2009 , gold markets experienced renewed momentum upwards due to increased demand and a weakening US dollar . On 2 December 2009 , gold reached a new high closing at $1,217.23 . Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset . On 1 March 2011 , gold hit a new all - time high of $1432.57 , based on investor concerns regarding ongoing unrest in North Africa as well as in the Middle East . From April 2001 to August 2011 , spot gold prices more than quintupled in value against the US dollar , hitting a new all - time high of $1,913.50 on 23 August 2011 , prompting speculation that the long secular bear market had ended and a bull market had returned . However , the price then began a slow decline towards $1200 per troy ounce in late 2014 and 2015 . Other applications Jewelry Moche gold necklace depicting feline heads . Larco Museum Collection . Lima - Peru Because of the softness of pure ( 24k ) gold , it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry , altering its hardness and ductility , melting point , color and other properties . Alloys with lower karat rating , typically 22k , 18k , 14k or 10k , contain higher percentages of copper or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy . Nickel is toxic , and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe . Palladium - gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel . High - karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver . The Japanese craft of Mokume - gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood - grain effects . By 2014 , the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold prices . Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a World Gold Council report . Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high - temperature hard soldering or brazing . If the work is to be of hallmarking quality , the gold solder alloy must match the fineness ( purity ) of the work , and alloy formulas are manufactured to color - match yellow and white gold . Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting - point ranges referred to as Easy , Medium and Hard . By using the hard , high - melting point solder first , followed by solders with progressively lower melting points , goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints . Gold can also be made into thread and used in embroidery . Electronics Only 10 % of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry , but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion - free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices . For example , according to the World Gold Council , a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold , worth about 50 cents . But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year , a gold value of 50 cents in each phone adds to $500 million in gold from just this application . Though gold is attacked by free chlorine , its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments ( including resistance to non-chlorinated acids ) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin - layer coating on electrical connectors , thereby ensuring good connection . For example , gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables , such as audio , video and USB cables . The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated ; gold connectors are often criticized by audio - visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy . However , the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres , and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost ( certain computers , communications equipment , spacecraft , jet aircraft engines ) remains very common . Besides sliding electrical contacts , gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion , electrical conductivity , ductility and lack of toxicity . Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts . Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding . The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.91 × 10 cm . Gold is highly conductive to electricity , and has been used for electrical wiring in some high - energy applications ( only silver and copper are more conductive per volume , but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance ) . For example , gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project 's atomic experiments , but large high - current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project . It is estimated that 16 % of the world 's gold and 22 % of the world 's silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan . Medicine Metallic and gold compounds have long been used for medicinal purposes . Gold , usually as the metal , is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine ( apparently by shamanic practitioners ) and known to Dioscorides . In medieval times , gold was often seen as beneficial for the health , in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy . Even some modern esotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power . In the 19th century gold had a reputation as a `` nervine '' , a therapy for nervous disorders . Depression , epilepsy , migraine , and glandular problems such as amenorrhea and impotence were treated , and most notably alcoholism ( Keeley , 1897 ) . The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology . Only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value , since elemental ( metallic ) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body ( i.e. , ingested gold can not be attacked by stomach acid ) . Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and at present two are still used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US ( sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin ) . These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis , and also ( historically ) against tuberculosis and some parasites . Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry , especially in tooth restorations , such as crowns and permanent bridges . The gold alloys ' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns . The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others . Colloidal gold preparations ( suspensions of gold nanoparticles ) in water are intensely red - colored , and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions . Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine , biology and materials science . The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces . Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells . In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy , the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen . Gold , or alloys of gold and palladium , are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope . The coating , which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma , has a triple role in this application . Gold 's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth , and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam , helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen . This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image . Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam , and these low - energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope . The isotope gold - 198 ( half - life 2.7 days ) is used , in nuclear medicine , in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases . Cuisine Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175 . In 2016 , the European Food Safety Authority published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold as a food additive . Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold nanoparticles in the food additive , and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro . Gold leaf , flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods , notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient . Gold flake was used by the nobility in medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks , in the form of leaf , flakes or dust , either to demonstrate the host 's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one 's health . Danziger Goldwasser ( German : Gold water of Danzig ) or Goldwasser ( English : Goldwater ) is a traditional German herbal liqueur produced in what is today Gdańsk , Poland , and Schwabach , Germany , and contains flakes of gold leaf . There are also some expensive ( c. $1000 ) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf . However , since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry , it has no taste , it provides no nutrition , and it leaves the body unaltered . Vark is a foil composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold , and is used for garnishing sweets in South Asian cuisine . Miscellanea Mirror for the James Webb Space Telescope coated in gold to reflect infrared light Gold produces a deep , intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass . In photography , gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black - and - white prints towards brown or blue tones , or to increase their stability . Used on sepia - toned prints , gold toners produce red tones . Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners , which use gold as the chloride . Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light , as well as radio waves . It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites , in infrared protective faceplates in thermal - protection suits and astronauts ' helmets , and in electronic warfare planes such as the EA - 6B Prowler . Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high - end CDs . Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding . McLaren uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model . Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears semi-transparent . It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it . The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to prevent ice from forming . Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide , to form the salt gold cyanide -- a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the cyanide process . Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming . Gold chloride ( chloroauric acid ) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions . Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red - colored glass , which , like colloidal gold suspensions , contains evenly sized spherical gold nanoparticles . Toxicity Pure metallic ( elemental ) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf . Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger , Gold Strike , and Goldwasser . Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU ( E175 in the Codex Alimentarius ) . Although the gold ion is toxic , the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness , and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts ( gold compounds ) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body . Soluble compounds ( gold salts ) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys . Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide , used in gold electroplating , are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content . There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide . Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as dimercaprol . Gold metal was voted Allergen of the Year in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society , gold contact allergies affect mostly women . Despite this , gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen , in comparison with metals like nickel . A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution ; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes ; such as gold , silver , copper iron and zinc . The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides . See also Bulk leach extractable gold Chrysiasis ( dermatological condition ) Commodity fetishism ( Marxist economic theory ) Digital gold currency GFMS consultancy Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee Gold fingerprinting Gold phosphine complex Gold Prospectors Association of America List of countries by gold production Mining in Roman Britain Prospecting Tumbaga References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. 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Jump up ^ `` Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine : Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer '' . Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute , University of Missouri - Columbia . Archived from the original on 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hainfeld , James F. ; Dilmanian , F. Avraham ; Slatkin , Daniel N. ; Smilowitz , Henry M. ( 2008 ) . `` Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles '' . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology . 60 ( 8 ) : 977 -- 85 . doi : 10.1211 / jpp. 60.8. 0005 . PMID 18644191 . Jump up ^ `` Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers '' . Food Standards Agency , UK . 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold ( E 175 ) as a food additive '' . EFSA Journal . 14 ( 1 ) : 4362 . 2016 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2016.4362 . ISSN 1831 - 4732 . Jump up ^ `` The Food Dictionary : Varak '' . Barron 's Educational Services , Inc. 1995 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerner , Susanne ; Chou , Cynthia ; Warmind , Morten ( 26 February 2015 ) . Commensality : From Everyday Food to Feast . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85785 - 719 - 4 . Jump up ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1865 ) . `` Danzig '' . Deutschland nebst Theilen der angrenzenden Länder ( in German ) . Karl Baedeker . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Many Uses of Gold '' . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Gold in Gastronomy deLafee , Switzerland ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Toning black - and - white materials . Kodak Technical Data / Reference sheet G - 23 , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Martin , Keith . 1997 McLaren F1 . Jump up ^ `` The Demand for Gold by Industry '' ( PDF ) . Gold bulletin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colored glass chemistry '' . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Dierks , S. ( May 2005 ) . `` Gold MSDS '' . Electronic Space Products International . Jump up ^ Louis , Catherine ; Pluchery , Olivier ( 1 January 2012 ) . Gold Nanoparticles for Physics , Chemistry and Biology . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84816 - 807 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wright , I.H. ; Vesey , J.C. ( 1986 ) . `` Acute poisoning with gold cyanide '' . Anaesthesia. 41 ( 79 ) : 936 -- 939 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2044.1986. tb12920. x . PMID 3022615 . Jump up ^ Wu , Ming - Ling ; Tsai , Wei - Jen ; Ger , Jiin ; Deng , Jou - Fang ; Tsay , Shyh - Haw ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning '' . Clinical Toxicology. 39 ( 7 ) : 739 -- 743 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 100108516 . PMID 11778673 . Jump up ^ Tsuruta , Kyoko ; Matsunaga , Kayoko ; Suzuki , Kayoko ; Suzuki , Rie ; Akita , Hirotaka ; Washimi , Yasuko ; Tomitaka , Akiko ; Ueda , Hiroshi ( 2001 ) . `` Female predominance of gold allergy '' . Contact Dermatitis. 44 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 49 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0536.2001. 440107 - 22. x . Jump up ^ Brunk , Doug ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008 '' . Jump up ^ Singh , Harbhajan ( 17 November 2006 ) . Mycoremediation : Fungal Bioremediation . p. 509 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05058 - 3 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gold Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gold . Look up gold in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Hart , Matthew , Gold : the race for the world 's most seductive metal `` , New York : Simon & Schuster , 2013 . ISBN 9781451650020 `` Gold '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Chemistry in its element podcast ( MP3 ) from the Royal Society of Chemistry 's Chemistry World : Gold www.rsc.org Gold at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Getting Gold 1898 book , www.lateralscience.co.uk Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold at the Wayback Machine ( archived 7 March 2008 ) , www.epa.gov ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Gold compounds Gold ( - I ) CsAu RbAu Gold ( I ) AuBr AuCl AuI AuOH Au S ( C H ) PAuSC H O ( CO CH ) CH OCOCH AuSC H O ( OH ) CH OH NaAuSCH CHOHCH SO BrAuSC H ClAuSC H ClAuS ( CH ) ClAuP ( C H ) Na AuSCHCO CH CO NaAuSCHCO CH CO H Na Au ( S O ) Organogold ( I ) compounds ( AuC H ( CH ) ) Gold ( II ) AuXe ( Sb F ) Gold ( I , III ) Au Cl Gold ( III ) HAuCl HAuBr AuBr AuCl AuF Au O Au ( OH ) Au S Gold ( V ) AuF AuF F Au ( C O ) Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - 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3 BNF : cb133184606 ( data ) NDL : 00565802 BNE : XX526003 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold&oldid=815156287 '' Categories : Gold Chemical elements Transition metals Noble metals Precious metals Cubic minerals Dental materials Electrical conductors Native element minerals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing explicitly cited English - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is pure gold an element or a compound | [
"Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides)."
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5215534828741590855 | Doctrine of lapse | Doctrine of lapse - Wikipedia Doctrine of lapse Jump to : navigation , search For the legal doctrine , see Lapse and anti-lapse . Princely state Salute state British paramountcy Chamber of Princes Jagir Agencies of British India Residencies of British India Doctrine of lapse Political pensioner Privy Purse Standstill agreement Instrument of Accession Individual residencies Hyderabad Indore ( Holkar ) Jammu and Kashmir Mysore ( Maisur ) Travancore Sikkim Agencies Bagelkhand Baluchistan Baroda and Gujarat States Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States Bhopawar Bundelkhand Central India Deccan States Eastern States Gilgit Gwalior Residency Jaipur Residency Madras States Mahi Kantha Malwa Mewar ( Udaipur ) Residency & Western Rajputana Agency North - West Frontier Palanpur Punjab States Rajputana Rewa Kantha Western India States Lists States by region States by name Rajput States Maratha States The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India before 1858 . According to the doctrine , any princely state or territory under the direct influence ( paramountacy ) of the British East India Company ( the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent ) , as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system , would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either `` manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir '' . The latter supplanted the long - established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor . In addition , the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough . The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate . The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie , who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856 . However , it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor - General . Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively , though , so it is generally associated with him . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie 3 Princely states annexed under the doctrine 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) At the time of its adoption , the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent . The company took over the princely states of Satara ( 1848 ) , Jaitpur and Sambalpur ( 1849 ) , Nagpur and Jhansi ( 1854 ) , Tanjore and Arcot ( 1855 ) and Udaipur ( Chhattisgarh ) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse . Oudh ( 1856 ) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse . However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis - governance . Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly , the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine . Udaipur State , however , would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 . With the increasing power of the East India Company , discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces ; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also known as the Sepoy Mutiny . Following the rebellion , in 1858 , the new British Viceroy of India , whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company , renounced the doctrine . The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a ' doctrine of lapse ' . So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 , though he arguably made it official by documenting it . Dalhousie 's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India . Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie ( edit ) Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states , but the policy was not solely of his invention . The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834 . As per this policy , the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839 , Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842 . Princely states annexed under the doctrine ( edit ) Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1893 Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Oudh ( 1854 ) Punjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1854 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 See also ( edit ) Colonialism Escheat List of princely states of India Presidencies and provinces of British India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keay , John . India : A History . Grove Press Books , distributed by Publishers Group West . United States : 2000 ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley . A New History of India ; 3rd ed. , pp. 226 - 28 . Oxford University Press , 1989 . Jump up ^ Rajput Provinces of India - Udaipur ( Princely State ) Jump up ^ Wolpert ( 1989 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ S.N. Sen , ed. ( 2006 ) . History of Modern India . New Age International ( P ) Ltd. p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 8122 - 41774 - 6 . ( hide ) Princely states annexed by the British Raj Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( Carnatic , as political pensioner ) ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Banki ( 1840 ) Ballabhgarh ( 1867 ) Carnatic ( as state , 1801 ) Datarpur ( 1848 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Jubbal ( 1832 - 1840 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kanika ( 1805 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( Colaba ) ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kulpahar ( 1858 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 - 1893 ) Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Nurpur ( 1849 ) Oudh ( Awadh ) ( 1854 ) Pañjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1859 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 - 1860 ) List of princely states of British India ( by region ) Princely states alphabetical Doctrine of lapse Annexation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_of_lapse&oldid=807331010 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Princely states of India Annexation Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the doctrine of lapse was causes of which rebellion | [
"With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]"
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-6551142951454227302 | Route 66 (song) | Route 66 ( song ) - wikipedia Route 66 ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Nelson Riddle song , see Route 66 ( TV series ) § Theme song . `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' Sheet music cover featuring the King Cole Trio Single by the King Cole Trio B - side `` Everyone Is Sayin ' Hello Again ( Why Must We Say Goodbye ) '' Released 1946 ( 1946 ) Format Ten - inch 78 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues Length 2 : 57 Label Capitol ( 256 ) Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Troup `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' is a popular rhythm and blues standard , composed in 1946 by American songwriter Bobby Troup . The song uses a twelve - bar blues arrangement and the lyrics follow the path of U.S. Route 66 ( US 66 ) , which traversed the western two - thirds of the U.S. from Chicago , Illinois , to Los Angeles , California . Nat King Cole , as the King Cole Trio , first recorded the song the same year and it became a hit , appearing on Billboard magazine 's R&B and pop charts . Another version to reach the Billboard charts was that recorded by Bing Crosby with the Andrews Sisters on May 11 , 1946 and this reached the No. 14 position in 1946 . The song was subsequently recorded by many artists including Chuck Berry , the Rolling Stones , Them , Dr. Feelgood , Asleep at the Wheel , the Manhattan Transfer , Depeche Mode , The Brian Setzer Orchestra , The Cramps , John Mayer , and George Benson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Other recorded versions 3 In popular culture 4 References Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Bobby Troup got the idea for the song on a cross-country drive from Pennsylvania to California . Troup wanted to try his hand as a Hollywood songwriter , so he and his wife , Cynthia , packed up their 1941 Buick and headed west . The trip began on US 40 and continued along US 66 to the California coast . Troup initially considered writing a tune about US 40 , but Cynthia suggested the title `` Get Your Kicks on Route 66 '' . The song was composed on the ten - day journey , and completed by referencing maps when the couple arrived in Los Angeles . The lyrics read as a mini-travelogue about the major stops along the route , listing several cities and towns through which Route 66 passes , viz . St Louis ; Joplin , Missouri ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Amarillo , Texas ; Gallup , New Mexico ; Flagstaff , Arizona ; Winona , Arizona ; Kingman , Arizona ; Barstow , California ; and San Bernardino , California . Winona is the only town out of sequence : it was a very small settlement east of Flagstaff , and might indeed have been forgotten if not for the lyric `` Do n't forget Winona '' , written to rhyme with `` Flagstaff , Arizona '' . Many artists who have covered the tune over the years have changed the initial lyrics , usually to `` It goes to St. Louis , down through Missouri ... '' then continuing on with Oklahoma City and so on . Of the eight states through which the actual route passes , only Kansas and its cities -- US 66 spends just eleven miles ( 18 km ) inside the state 's southeast corner -- are not mentioned by the song . Chuck Berry famously mispronounces Barstow to rhyme with `` cow '' instead of correctly pronouncing it to rhyme with `` go '' . `` Route 66 '' was first recorded in 1946 by Nat King Cole , whose rendition became a hit on both the U.S. R&B and pop record charts . Cole later re-recorded the tune in 1956 ( for the album After Midnight ) and 1961 ( The Nat King Cole Story ) . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Location of U.S. Route 66 The song has become a standard and has been recorded by numerous artists . The version recorded by Perry Como in 1959 ( on the album Como Swings ) is more lyrically complete , including the seldom - heard second verse and also the introductory verse . Chuck Berry 's version was closest to its R&B roots , with jazz overtones , often blended into his songs by Berry . Two of the leading British Invasion bands included `` Route 66 '' on their debut albums , Them ( Featuring Van Morrison ) and the Rolling Stones . Michael Martin Murphey covered the song on his 1989 album Land of Enchantment . His version was released as a single in 1990 and peaked at number 67 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . Little Willie Littlefield recorded a boogie - woogie version for his 1997 album The Red One . Essex - born English singer - songwriter Billy Bragg recorded an anglicised version of the song called `` A13 ( Trunk Road to the Sea ) '' for a John Peel session in 1985 . In the song -- strummed and sung to the same tune as the original -- the landmark cities are replaced with English towns along the route of the A13 , with Bragg inviting listeners to `` Go motoring , on the A-thirteen '' . According to Bragg he wrote the lyrics whilst playing with his band Riff Raff in 1977 : whilst the band played `` Route 66 '' as part of their set , Bragg `` objected to singing about these places that ( he ) did n't know ... there 's a tradition of driving down the A13 to the glory of Southend . Growing up in Barking , that was the promised land , in quite a Springsteenish way '' . The song was originally meant to be released on Bragg 's 1983 debut album Life 's a Riot with Spy vs Spy , however it was ultimately not included due to problems getting permission to use the music of `` Route 66 '' . It was finally released commercially on the bonus disc of the 2003 compilation Must I Paint You a Picture ? The Essential Billy Bragg . In popular culture ( edit ) Natalie Cole 's version of the song was one of many California - related songs played throughout `` Sunshine Plaza '' in the original Disney California Adventure . The song is also played in the 2006 Pixar film Cars and is sung at the end of the film RV , which was released the same year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1988 ) . Top R&B Singles 1942 -- 1988 . Record Research , Inc. p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 068 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` The Rolling Stones : Route 66 -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Susan Croce ( 1990 ) . Route 66 : The Highway and Its People . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 148 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0806122915 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 22 - Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66 : A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 4 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ de Lisle , Tim ( 25 August 2006 ) . `` Drive - time blues '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from Sunshine Plaza Area '' . parktunes.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_66_(song)&oldid=808361538 '' Categories : 1946 songs Depeche Mode songs List songs Nat King Cole songs Bing Crosby songs Songs about California Songs about Chicago The Rolling Stones songs U.S. Route 66 The Cheetah Girls songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Bobby Troup Asleep at the Wheel songs Michael Martin Murphey songs Little Willie Littlefield songs Chuck Berry songs Songs from Cars ( franchise ) Pixar songs Songs about automobiles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | original singer of get your kicks on route 66 | [
"Nat King Cole, as the King Cole Trio, first recorded the song the same year and it became a hit, appearing on Billboard magazine's R&B and pop charts.[1]\nAnother version to reach the Billboard charts was that recorded by Bing Crosby with the Andrews Sisters on May 11, 1946[2] and this reached the No. 14 position in 1946.[3] The song was subsequently recorded by many artists including Chuck Berry, the Rolling Stones, Them, Dr. Feelgood, Asleep at the Wheel, the Manhattan Transfer, Depeche Mode, The Brian Setzer Orchestra, The Cramps, John Mayer,[4] and George Benson."
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6522238553879493104 | Albus Dumbledore | Albus Dumbledore - wikipedia Albus Dumbledore Jump to : navigation , search Albus Dumbledore Harry Potter character Dumbledore as portrayed by Michael Gambon in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Richard Harris ( adult , films 1 & 2 ) Michael Gambon ( adult , films 3 -- 8 ) Toby Regbo ( youth , film 7 ) Jude Law ( adult , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ) House Gryffindor Information Species Wizard Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . For most of the series , he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts . As part of his backstory , it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix , an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort . Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . After Harris ' death , Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films . Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald . Rowling stated she chose the name Dumbledore , which is a dialectal word for `` bumblebee '' , because of Dumbledore 's love of music : she imagined him walking around `` humming to himself a lot '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 4.4 Possessions 4.5 Family 5 Reception 5.1 Sexuality 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links Character development The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he `` is the epitome of goodness . '' Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her , as he `` knows pretty much everything '' about the Harry Potter universe . Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets `` that he has always had to be the one who knew , and who had the burden of knowing . And he would rather not know . '' As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter , `` Dumbledore is a very wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life . He allows Harry to get into what he would n't allow another pupil to do , and he also unwillingly permits Harry to confront things he 'd rather protect him from . '' In a 1999 interview , Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore `` more as a John Gielgud type , you know , quite elderly and -- and quite stately . '' During his time as a student , Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House . Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old . However , on her website , she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881 , making him either 115 or 116 when he died . On 19 October 2007 , Rowling was asked by a young fan whether Dumbledore finds `` true love . '' Rowling said that she always thought of Dumbledore as being homosexual and that he had fallen in love with Gellert Grindelwald , which was Dumbledore 's `` great tragedy '' ; Rowling did not explicitly state whether Grindelwald returned his affections . Rowling explains this further by elaborating on the motivations behind Dumbledore 's flirtation with the idea of wizard domination of Muggles : `` He lost his moral compass completely when he fell in love and I think subsequently became very mistrustful of his own judgement in those matters so became quite asexual . He led a celibate and a bookish life . '' Appearances This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone In the opening chapter of the first novel of the series , Dumbledore arrives at number four , Privet Drive in Little Whinging , Surrey . When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harry 's parents before being reduced to a lesser form , Dumbledore decides to place the now - orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon and Petunia Dursley . He knows that Harry will be protected by the special magic caused by his mother 's sacrifice , after he evokes the magic of the bond of blood and Harry 's aunt , his mother 's sister - Petunia Evans Dursley , sealed it by accepting her nephew into her home . This old magic of binding love renders Voldemort incapable of touching Harry . Dumbledore leaves Harry upon the doorstep of the Dursley home with a letter explaining the situation . He departs with the final phrase , `` Good luck , Harry . '' When Harry arrives at Hogwarts , Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised , claiming that when he looks into it , he sees himself `` holding a pair of thick , woollen socks . '' Harry later recalls in the final book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him . He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosopher 's Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror and whose desire was `` to find the Stone ... but not use it '' would receive it , as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirror 's special magic . He is called out to the Ministry of Magic by a false message on the night when Professor Quirinus Quirrell , Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger enter the dungeons to retrieve the Stone , but realises during the trip that he is needed at Hogwarts and returns in time to rescue Harry from Quirrell and Voldemort . He also has a final conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons and tells him that he is too young to comprehend the information about why Voldemort attempts to kill him . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second novel , Dumbledore suspects that Tom Riddle is somehow involved in the attacks on the muggle born students , as he says , when asked who is the culprit , `` not who , but how ? '' A younger Dumbledore appears in Riddle 's diary , when Harry sees his memory , and asks Riddle if he knows anything about the attacks on the students . During the last half of the novel , Lucius Malfoy forces the school 's other eleven governors to suspend Dumbledore as Headmaster in the wake of attacks by a basilisk in the school when the Chamber of Secrets is opened . Dumbledore is reinstated when the governors discover that Ginny Weasley was taken into the Chamber of Secrets and Lucius is found to have coerced the other governors into suspending him . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban At the beginning of the third novel , Dumbledore is forced to accept Dementors onto his school 's grounds for the protection of his students from Sirius Black , the supposed murderer and accessory to murder , who had escaped from Azkaban . After Black 's breach into Hogwarts , Dumbledore issues orders to close every entrance to the school and grounds . After Harry falls off his broomstick during a Quidditch match because of the Dementors , Dumbledore becomes uncharacteristically angry with them and uses his wand to cause Harry to levitate safely to the ground . Later in that book , Dumbledore suggests Hermione Granger use her Ministry - approved Time - Turner to go back three hours to save Buckbeak the hippogriff and Sirius from their unjust executions . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth novel , Dumbledore introduces the Triwizard Tournament . He also serves as a judge during the entire event . When Harry 's name comes out of the Goblet of Fire , Dumbledore is not enraged , but remains calm ; simply asking Harry whether he had himself , or had asked an older student to submit his name ( although in the film version he does get angry to the point of manhandling Harry ) . When Harry answers no , he believes him . By the end of the book , Dumbledore 's fears are realised when Harry returns from his encounter with Voldemort clutching the dead body of Cedric Diggory and when Mad - Eye Moody ( being impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr , through Polyjuice Potion ) takes Harry away from Dumbledore and to his office inside the castle . Dumbledore immediately becomes suspicious and heads straight towards Moody 's office with Minerva McGonagall and Severus Snape to save Harry and to interrogate Crouch . Afterwards , Dumbledore listens to Harry 's eyewitness account about Voldemort 's return . Harry though , only wakes up later to find Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge in the hospital wing arguing with McGonagall and Dumbledore . In the end , Fudge and Dumbledore `` part ways '' after an argument about the situation of Voldemort 's return and the consequences that would follow should Fudge remain in denial of this fact . Harry Potter and the Order of the phoenix In the fifth book , Dumbledore is demoted from Chief Warlock of the Wizengamot , voted out of the Chairmanship of the International Confederation of Wizards , and is almost stripped of his Order of Merlin First Class due to his speeches regarding the return of Voldemort , although it is reported that he is unconcerned as long as he is not taken off the Chocolate Frog cards . Meanwhile , the Ministry of Magic does everything they can to discredit him and Harry -- mainly through the Daily Prophet . At the beginning of the book , Dumbledore enrages Fudge when he stops by at Harry 's hearing with a witness ( Arabella Figg ) to ensure that he is not expelled . While Harry feels better when Dumbledore assists him , he becomes annoyed to the point of being angry that the headmaster refuses to speak to or even look at him . During the following year at Hogwarts , the Ministry passes Educational Decree Twenty - two , allowing Fudge to place Dolores Umbridge to the post of Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher ( after Dumbledore failed to find a suitable candidate ) . Through her , Fudge gradually gains power over Hogwarts and Dumbledore , who he fears is building an under - age wizard army to overthrow the Ministry . Umbridge forbids practical defence practice in her classes , forcing Harry , Ron , and Hermione to form Dumbledore 's Army ( a defence group led by Harry ) with fellow friends . It is when the Ministry discovers the D.A. that Dumbledore , choosing to accept the responsibility , falsely claims that the organisation was his own subversive creation , and allows himself to be removed as headmaster ( for the second time ) rather than allow Harry to be expelled . Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters . He subdues all the Death Eaters , except for Bellatrix Lestrange , and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping . He then saves Harry from the Avada Kedavra curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord . This culminates in Voldemort 's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy . Voldemort is forced to leave Harry 's body and flee with Bellatrix after this ruse fails . Many ministry officials having witnessed the end of the battle , Dumbledore is reinstated as headmaster and retrieves all his distinctions . Towards the end of the book , Dumbledore explains to Harry that Voldemort chose him as his equal and that one must kill the other in the end , and confesses that his great affection for Harry has clouded his judgement . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In the sixth book , Dumbledore fetches Harry from Privet Drive and takes him to persuade Horace Slughorn to rejoin the Hogwarts staff . Harry notices that Dumbledore 's right hand is shrivelled and black . During the school year , Dumbledore teaches Harry of events in Voldemort 's past that he feels are of immense importance . Using the Pensieve , they visit the memories of others , which contain important information about Voldemort 's life and his genocidal rise to power . While using the pensieve , Harry sees a vision of Dumbledore 's first encounter with Voldemort , then a disturbed young orphan named Tom Riddle ; Dumbledore had known from the beginning that the boy was dangerous , but believed that Hogwarts would change him . It is learned that Voldemort created six Horcruxes to gain immortality and that they must all be destroyed before Harry goes after the final piece of Voldemort 's soul in the Dark Lord 's body . Harry also repeatedly warns Dumbledore in most of their lessons that Draco Malfoy is working for Voldemort . Dumbledore refuses to take any action against Draco , and instead tells Harry that he already knows more about what is happening than Harry does . By the end of the book , Dumbledore and Harry set out to the cave where Dumbledore believes a Horcrux resides . In the cave , Dumbledore drinks a potion inside the Horcrux 's container ; while drinking it , he begins to scream , seemingly enduring mental torture and being weakened . Dumbledore begins to call out for water after he finishes the potion , and Harry , realising he has no other choice , dips the goblet into the lake to give him a drink . When he does this though , all the Inferi that reside in the lake grab at Harry and attempt to drag him down and drown him in the lake . Dumbledore suddenly recovers , thanks to the water , and conjures a fire lasso around them . Dumbledore takes the horcrux ( a locket ) and both make their way back out of the cave and back to Hogsmeade . When they return , Madam Rosmerta informs them that the Dark Mark was conjured over the Astronomy Tower . In the tower , Dumbledore enjoins Harry not to interfere in the events that are about to take place there , and places him in a body - binding curse under his invisibility cloak . Hidden , Harry is unable to intervene as Dumbledore ( now extremely weak ) is disarmed by Draco . Dumbledore is conversing with Draco about the plot to kill him , when several other Death Eaters enter the tower and try to persuade Draco to kill Dumbledore . When Draco hesitates , Snape appears and performs the Killing Curse on Dumbledore , only after Dumbledore pleads with Snape saying , `` Severus , please ... '' . To what Dumbledore was referring is not revealed until the seventh book . Dumbledore dies in Hogwarts ' grounds . Shortly after his death , Dumbledore 's portrait magically appears in the Headmaster 's office . His funeral is attended by students , Hogwarts staff , members of the Ministry of Magic , ghosts , centaurs , merpeople and others who wish to pay their respects . Shrouded in purple velvet , he is entombed in a white marble sarcophagus beside the lake at Hogwarts , and it is said that he is the only headmaster to be buried on the school grounds . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Rowling used several chapters in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows to reveal two main matters concerning Dumbledore : his early life and his death . The book introduces his parents , Percival and Kendra Dumbledore , as well as his little sister , Ariana ; his brother , Aberforth Dumbledore , was mentioned in previous books . At six years old , Ariana was attacked by three Muggle boys who had witnessed her doing magic . Because of this attack , Ariana was seriously traumatised and never able to control her magic again , having recurring outbursts of magic . Enraged , Percival mercilessly attacked the Muggle boys ( killing them in the film version ) , and was sentenced to life in Azkaban . After this , Kendra moved her family to the village of Godric 's Hollow . In one of her outbursts , Ariana accidentally kills Kendra around the time Albus has completed his education . Albus becomes the head of the family and is forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completes his education . The Elder Wand , as reproduced in Harry Potter Warner Bros. films Soon afterward , a young Gellert Grindelwald arrived in Godric 's Hollow to live with his great - aunt , Bathilda Bagshot , author of A History of Magic . The two young men took to each other immediately , and together they dreamed of a world ruled by wizards over Muggles by uniting the legendary Deathly Hallows . They believed that if they were forced to destroy a few along the way , it would still be `` for the greater good '' , and the sufferings and losses would be rewarded a hundredfold in the end . This scenario would never happen , though . A discussion between Albus , Aberforth , and Grindelwald led to a duel that resulted in Ariana 's death . For the rest of his life , Albus felt guilty , never certain whether it was his own curse or another 's that had killed his sister . Grindelwald stormed back to Bagshot 's home and departed to begin his own rule , leaving the country hours later . As a result of his mistakes , Albus felt that he was not to be trusted with power and , because of this , never took the position of Minister for Magic , despite being offered it several times . Dumbledore returned to Hogwarts as professor of Transfiguration , and he served in recruiting students for the school . Decades later , in 1945 , Dumbledore finally defeated the now - Dark wizard Grindelwald , who had come to possess the Elder Wand . Grindelwald 's defeat made Dumbledore the master of the Elder Wand , which remained his until just before his death , when Draco used the Disarming Charm on him . Dumbledore had another Hallow in his keeping since the death of James Potter : the Invisibility Cloak , which he had borrowed to examine . When James died , Dumbledore kept the cloak and decided to pass it on to Harry , James 's son . The truth about Dumbledore 's death is revealed through Snape 's last memories in the Pensieve . Harry learns that Dumbledore made a terrible error by placing a cursed ring on his right hand , sometime between the fifth and sixth book , forgetting the curses that must be on the ring . The ring held the Resurrection Stone , which Dumbledore hoped to use to allow him to apologise to his sister and parents . Dumbledore called Snape to help him ; however , when Snape arrived and assessed the curse , all he could do was contain it . Snape told Dumbledore that he had little more than a year to live . After hearing this news , Dumbledore revealed to Snape that he knew about Voldemort 's plan to have Draco kill him . He asked Snape to use the Killing Curse on him when the time came because he did not want Draco to have to kill him , saying that the boy 's soul was still intact ; Draco 's soul would have been damaged in killing Dumbledore out of malice , whereas Snape was fully aware that he would be merely sparing Dumbledore pain and humiliation . He also intended for Snape to be the one to kill him and for the Elder Wand to be buried with him , in order to prevent the wand from being passed on again . Dumbledore 's spirit appears to Harry towards the end of the book in a limbo - like King 's Cross , after Harry is struck with the Killing Curse which was conjured by Voldemort . During the last book , Harry finds out that he must die because he is a Horcrux . When Voldemort conjures the Killing Curse , Harry does not fight back , which stops him from dying . When they meet again , the boy comforts Dumbledore as he confesses all of his many regrets . Dumbledore then informs Harry of the choice he still has : of moving on to the next life or returning to his body to face Voldemort one last time . After returning from the mystical King 's Cross and defeating Voldemort for good , Harry has a short conversation with Dumbledore 's portrait in the Headmaster 's office about the fate of each of the three Deathly Hallows . He keeps the Cloak , leaves the Stone in the Forbidden Forest where he dropped it , and returns the Elder Wand to Dumbledore 's tomb ( from which Voldemort had stolen it ) . In the epilogue , it is revealed that Harry names his second son Albus Severus Potter after Dumbledore and Snape . Portrayals within films Dumbledore as portrayed by Richard Harris in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In the film adaptations of Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) , Dumbledore was played by Richard Harris , who was expected to play the character throughout the series . Harris mentioned that he was originally not going to take the role , since he knew his own health was in decline . He accepted because his then - 11 - year - old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it . Harris was determined to portray Dumbledore again in Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) , despite having been diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and asked David Heyman not to recast the role . However , his death on 25 October 2002 necessitated recasting . Ian McKellen was offered the role , but he turned it down , having played the similar character Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , as well as feeling it would have been inappropriate to take Harris 's role , as Harris had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Michael Gambon was cast as Harris 's replacement four months after Harris 's death . Gambon was not concerned about bettering Harris , and he portrayed the character in his own way , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Gambon reprised his role in all the remaining films . Toby Regbo was chosen to portray Dumbledore in his youth in Deathly Hallows Part 1 and Part 2 , for flashbacks scenes which provide essential information on the character 's backstory . Jude Law will be playing the role of a younger Dumbledore in the second prequel film , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald . Characterisation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Appearance Albus Dumbledore was tall and thin , with silver hair and beard ( auburn in his youth ) so long that they could be tucked into his belt . He had a very long and crooked nose that looked as if it had been broken at least twice . ( It is speculated that his brother 's punch during their sister 's funeral may have played a role in shaping his nose . ) He was also said to have had long and skillful fingers . His eyes were described to be a brilliant , soul - piercing shade of blue , and usually twinkled with kindness and mischief . Dumbledore wore half - moon spectacles and a colourful array of robes , ranging from purple to bright orange . He once claimed to have a scar above his left knee in the precise shape of a map of the London Underground , but whether or not he actually does is unknown . His demeanour is often -- if not always -- serene and ethereal , and he usually spoke in a calm , pleasant voice even when Harry thought that he was actually furious . During the last year of his life , Dumbledore 's right hand was scarred when he donned Marvolo Gaunt 's Ring , which was cursed . Had Snape not intervened with a counter-curse , Dumbledore would have died much more quickly . Regardless , the curse left his hand blackened and dead - looking , and no amount of healing could repair the appearance . According to Snape , the curse would eventually spread itself from the contained hand , and Dumbledore was doomed to die in no more than one year 's time . Whether this means the blackening dead - look appearance would spread throughout the entire body is unknown . Personality Considered the most powerful wizard in the world , Dumbledore is benevolent and wise , a good wizard in the style of Merlin . He almost constantly gives off an aura of serenity and composure , rarely displaying intense emotions of anger or fear . Yet despite his benign nature , it is said that Dumbledore was the only wizard Lord Voldemort ever truly feared . Dumbledore is very eccentric and even slightly effeminate ; he is very fond of knitting patterns and frequently wears flamboyant clothing ( at one point , he is seen wearing a flowered bonnet ) . He is also known for his odd displays of whimsicality ; he often uses humour to make people feel comfortable in his presence . As a supremely talented wizard , Dumbledore displays numerous examples of extraordinary powers . His abilities as a wizard are combined with a kind of cunning and subtlety of mind that allowed him to comprehend human nature and turn the better aspects of humanity ( trust , love , and friendship ) to Voldemort 's disadvantage in particular . More than anything else , Dumbledore has a deep capacity for love , frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest magic of all . Dumbledore believes in the good in everyone and insists on giving second chances . The greatest example of this is Dumbledore 's relationship with Snape , in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of faith because he showed remorse . Dumbledore is highly perceptive and emotionally intelligent ; his knowledge of a person 's true personality goes beyond simply being a good judge of character . This is never more apparent than in his complex insights into Voldemort 's psyche , which he pieces together with Harry to deduce where Voldemort 's horcruxes are hidden . However , in spite of Dumbledore 's many extraordinary qualities , he was no saint . According to Rowling , `` Although Dumbledore seems to be so benign for six books , he 's quite a Machiavellian figure , really . He 's been pulling a lot of strings . '' In a 2005 interview , Rowling commented : `` Immense brainpower does not protect you from emotional mistakes , and I think Dumbledore really exemplifies that . '' Dumbledore 's greatest personality flaw , which he explained to Harry , was his desire for power . He eventually found that those best suited for power are those who do not seek it . When he and Grindelwald met each other , they made plans to enslave Muggles and re-establish wizards as the natural rulers of the world . However , Dumbledore was disillusioned of this fantasy after his sister Ariana was killed during a duel between himself , his brother Aberforth , and Grindelwald . Dumbledore was haunted by his sad family history . In particular , he was riddled with guilt over the circumstances surrounding the death of his sister . He felt enormous remorse for his selfishness and was tortured for the rest of his life by the possibility that he might have been the one who cast the spell that killed his sister . When he looked into the Mirror of Erised , he saw himself redeemed in the eyes of his brother and his entire family alive and together . Magical abilities and skills Since a young age , Dumbledore has always shown great magical abilities . During his education at Hogwarts , Dumbledore was known as the most brilliant student to have ever stepped into the school , winning `` every prize of note that the school offered '' , and in his N.E.W.T.s , `` ... did things with a wand ( the examiner had ) never seen before '' . Rowling has said that Dumbledore is primarily self - taught , although he `` had access to superb teachers at Hogwarts , '' and , as far as his education is concerned , `` Dumbledore 's family would be a profitable line of inquiry . '' While he is not vain , Dumbledore also exhibits no false modesty , readily acknowledging that he is unusually intelligent and an exceptionally powerful wizard . He admits a number of times to Harry in their occasional meetings in Half - Blood Prince that he makes mistakes , and since he is smarter than most men , his mistakes `` tend to be correspondingly huger . '' Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist who has worked with Nicolas Flamel , the only known maker of the Philosopher 's Stone , and is credited with discovering the twelve uses of dragon 's blood . His Patronus takes the form of a phoenix , a recurring symbol in the books . His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic , love , is extensive . He taught Harry about its very essence , and the innate power of his ability to love his parents , which eventually helped Harry realise his destiny to kill Lord Voldemort . He is known to be able to conjure Gubraithian fire ( magical everlasting fire ) . He has claimed to be able to become invisible without using an invisibility cloak , which is a powerful Disillusionment Charm . Dumbledore is also skilled in Occlumency and Legilimency . Dumbledore is an expert at Transfiguration too , having taught the subject before becoming headmaster . He frequently creates complex objects like sofa chairs out of thin air ( or from less comfortable chairs ) . Dumbledore is also proficient at Charms and Potions ; according to the obituary written by Elphias Doge , his papers were published in journals such as Achievements in Charming and The Practical Potioneer . Dumbledore is famous for defeating Grindelwald , who is second on a list of Most Dangerous Dark Wizards of All Time only to Voldemort himself , in a `` spectacular duel of legend '' , succeeding in doing so despite the fact that Grindelwald possessed the Elder Wand , which supposedly guarantees invincibility in duels due to its power . His skill at duelling is further shown when he calmly engages Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , overpowering him and eventually forcing him to possess Harry to be spared from total defeat . ( It is known in retrospect that Dumbledore possessed the Elder Wand when duelling Voldemort , having taken it from Grindelwald . ) Unlike most wizards who make a distinct popping sound when they apparate , Dumbledore notably is able to apparate silently ; the only other wizard shown to possess this skill is Voldemort . Dumbledore is known to be able to understand Mermish and Gobbledegook ( Goblin language ) and Parseltongue . Possessions Dumbledore 's office houses `` a number of curious ( ... ) instruments . '' Among them is a Pensieve , a stone receptacle used to store and review memories , which witches and wizards are able to extract from their heads as a type of fluid . Harry first discovers this device in Goblet of Fire , and it is frequently used for flashback scenes throughout the remainder of the series . In the first chapter of Philosopher 's Stone , Dumbledore is seen using the Deluminator , a device for removing and later returning light , and for use as a homing device . It is confirmed in Deathly Hallows when the object is inherited by Ron that the Deluminator is of Dumbledore 's own design . Dumbledore is the possessor and master of the Elder Wand , an extremely powerful object known also as the `` Wand of Destiny '' or the `` Deathstick '' , and one of the Deathly Hallows . Unlike many of the wand 's previous owners , Dumbledore keeps its identity a closely guarded secret . He also has a pet phoenix named Fawkes . It is revealed in Philosopher 's Stone by Mr. Ollivander that Harry 's wand carries a phoenix feather as its magical core and that particular phoenix only gave one other feather , the one in Voldemort 's wand that gave Harry his scar . It is later revealed in Goblet of Fire that Fawkes was the phoenix whose feathers provide the magical core in Harry 's and Voldemort 's wands . Family Through various interviews and discussions about the character , Rowling has established that Albus Dumbledore was born in July or August 1881 to Percival and Kendra Dumbledore . The character had previously referenced his brother Aberforth , and in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , it is revealed that Albus is three years older than Aberforth . The same book established their sister Ariana who , at six years old , suffered a vicious attack by three male Muggle youths who had witnessed her doing magic . Frightened , they first tried to get her to repeat what they had seen , and upon her failure to recreate it due to her young age , they tried to stop her from being `` different '' . It is not explicitly stated in the novel what form this attack took , but Percival was sentenced to life in Azkaban for tracking down and hexing the boys who seriously traumatised his daughter . The severe trauma of the attack left Ariana unable to function socially or to properly perform magic again . To prevent her being institutionalised in St. Mungo 's Hospital , or hurting someone accidentally with her uncontrolled magic , Kendra moved the family to Godric 's Hollow , and her illness was concealed . Neighbours assumed that Ariana was a non-magical squib . When Dumbledore and his friend Elphias left Hogwarts , they planned to take their `` then - traditional '' tour of the world . On the eve of their trip , the eighteen - year - old Dumbledore suffered the death of his mother Kendra , who was accidentally killed by Ariana during one of her uncontrolled outbursts of magic . Because Dumbledore 's parents were absent ( his father in Azkaban and his mother dead ) , Albus became the head of the family and it became his duty to put food on the table , as they were not left with much gold . He was forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completed his education . Aberforth knew of his brother 's resentment and offered to care for Ariana himself , saying that she preferred him , but Albus refused by stating that it was his duty as eldest to care for the family . When Grindelwald arrived at Godric 's Hollow , he immediately became friends with Dumbledore and together dreamed of a new world order in which wizards ruled over Muggles `` for the greater good '' . Dumbledore and Grindelwald suggested that they had to move to carry on their plans , but Aberforth refused because Ariana 's state did not allow her to be moved . The discussion between Albus , Aberforth and Grindelwald turned into a duel that resulted in Ariana 's accidental death . According to the author , as a result of this incident , Albus 's boggart became Ariana 's corpse . In Philosopher 's Stone , he mentions to Harry that the deepest desire of his heart , revealed by the Mirror of Erised , is to have a pair of woollen socks . In the seventh novel , Harry realises that he and Dumbledore see the same thing in the Mirror : their reunited families . Reception The character of Albus Dumbledore has been compared to other archetypal `` wise old man '' characters . Dumbledore acts much like Merlin from The Sword in the Stone , in the manner of an `` absent - minded professor '' ; both Merlin and Dumbledore educate a story 's main character in a castle . As writer Evelyn Perry notes , `` Dumbledore resembles Merlin both personally and physically ; he is an avid lover of books and wisdom who wears flowing robes and a long , white beard . '' Dumbledore has also been compared with Gandalf from Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings . Dave Kopel draws comparisons between Rowling 's writing and John Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress and states that , among the Christian symbols that Rowling has used in her books , Dumbledore acts like `` the bearded God the Father '' figure in which Harry puts his faith to be saved from Voldemort and his servants . IGN also listed Dumbledore as their fifth favourite Harry Potter character , saying that `` ( f ) or a character that was introduced into popular culture a mere twelve years ago , it speaks volumes that Professor Dumbledore has already taken his place among the great mentor figures in literature and film '' . IGN 's Joe Utichi called Dumbledore his third favourite Harry Potter character , calling the revelation that he was n't so `` infallible '' one of the most heartbreaking themes of the final book . Actor Michael Gambon received some criticism for his louder , more aggressive , portrayal of the character , who is depicted as exhibiting a more subdued , unflappable calm in the books . This has been attributed to Gambon 's policy of not reading the source material from which his films are adapted . As a main character of the series , major facts relating to Dumbledore have generated a vast number of essays and discussions . The death of Dumbledore at the end of Half - Blood Prince was discussed by fans and critics alike . A website named DumbledoreIsNotDead.com sought to understand the events of the sixth book in a different way and provided arguments to claim that the character did not really die . However , Rowling confirmed on 2 August 2006 that Dumbledore was , in fact , dead , humorously apologising to the website as she did so . Along with DumbledoreIsNotDead.com , a collection of essays , Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence , was published by Zossima Press in November 2006 . In NextMovie. com 's Harry Potter Mega Poll , Dumbledore 's death was voted as the most unforgettable moment in the whole series . In the Chamber of Secrets DVD interview , screenwriter Steve Kloves stated that he considers Dumbledore a fascinating character because of the wisdom he provides , but he feels that `` Dumbledore bears such a tremendous dark burden , and he knows secrets and I think in many ways he bears the weight of the future of the wizard world '' and the `` only way that he can keep that at bay , the darkness , is to be whimsical and humorous '' . Sexuality The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rowling 's statement that Dumbledore was gay caused a great debate among critics . Melissa Anelli , webmaster of the fan site The Leaky Cauldron , told The Associated Press , `` J.K. Rowling calling any Harry Potter character gay would make wonderful strides in tolerance toward homosexuality ... By dubbing someone so respected , so talented and so kind , as someone who just happens to be also homosexual , she 's reinforcing the idea that a person 's gayness is not something of which they should be ashamed . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Mark Harris said `` her choice to make a beloved professor - mentor gay in a world where gay teachers are still routinely slandered as malign influences was , I am certain , no accident . '' The stars and director of the Harry Potter films were supportive of Rowling 's revelation as well . Some critics discussed the implications of this statement . New York Times columnist Edward Rothstein said that `` Ms. Rowling may think of Dumbledore as gay '' ; however , `` there is no reason why anyone else should '' . The East Tennessee State University 's student newspaper accused Rowling of lying , saying her answer was a publicity stunt . Michelle Smith quoted the Death of the Author principle , stating that Rowling 's subsequent commentary is irrelevant to the understanding of the books . Dumbledore 's sexuality was also condemned by several right - wing Christian groups , such as Mission America and the Christian Coalition of America . Slate quotes an attendee of the book talk who said , `` It was clear that JKR did n't plan to out Dumbledore . She just cares about being true to her readers . '' Mike Thomas of the Orlando Sentinel said that upon reflection , Dumbledore was gay from the beginning , and that this neatly explains the behaviour of his character and his relationship with Grindelwald . Thomas notes the skill Rowling displays in writing a gay character without having to put a gay label on him . Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell stated that `` It 's good that children 's literature includes the reality of gay people , since we exist in every society . But I am disappointed that she did not make Dumbledore 's sexuality explicit in the Harry Potter book . Making it obvious would have sent a much more powerful message of understanding and acceptance . '' A spokesperson for Stonewall praised Rowling , saying `` It 's great that JK has said this . It shows that there 's no limit to what gay and lesbian people can do , even being a wizard headmaster . '' Regarding Dumbledore 's sexuality in the Fantastic Beasts series , Rowling said in 2016 that , `` As far as his sexuality is concerned , watch the space . '' In popular culture Dumbledore has been parodied in several sketches and animated series : In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Lisa asks Homer to read her Angelica Button book to her for bedtime . Homer , learning that the character Headmaster Greystash will die ( as Dumbledore did in Half - Blood Prince ) , hides the fact from Lisa by inventing a happier ending , though Lisa does read the real ending and decides that Homer 's was better . Dumbledore also stars in Neil Cicierega 's Potter Puppet Pals , in which he frequently strips completely naked , except for his hat , randomly in the story . Also , in half of the `` Potter Puppet Pals '' videos Dumbledore is using the exclamation `` Alas ! '' in an apparently incorrect place , parodying Rowling 's love for unusual words . In the episode `` Ron 's Disease '' , Dumbledore reveals himself to be `` a gay android '' . Albus Dumbledore appears in some episodes of Robot Chicken voiced by Seth Green . In `` Password : Swordfish '' when the threat of the puberty creature Pubertis is known , Dumbledore gives Harry a stone that might help him fight Pubertis . During this appearance , Dumbledore is an African - American who states that he is played by a different actor in each of the movies . Upon confrontation with Pubertis , Harry rubs the stone two times , which summons ghosts to punch it . When it comes to the third time , Dumbledore appears and tells Harry that the stone can only be warmed up three times a day ( four if he takes a week off ) and that Pubertis can not be destroyed since it lives in everyone just like his own demon Wandus Limpus prevents him from having meaningful relationships . In `` Tell My Mum '' , Dumbledore tells the students that Professor Snape suffered a `` minor potion accident '' and has enlisted Criss Angel as their substitute teacher . In 2003 , Comic Relief performed a spoof story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan , in which Dumbledore is portrayed by Nigel Planer , who wore the beard and costume of late Richard Harris . Dumbledore also appears in one of the Harry Bladder sketches in All That , portrayed by Kenan Thompson 's old character Principal Williame Banes Pimpell ( who appeared as Headmaster Pimpell ) . After the revelation of Dumbledore 's sexuality , the American skit comedy Saturday Night Live featured a sketch featuring Rowling ( played by Amy Poehler ) showing deleted scenes from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban where Dumbledore ( played by Bill Hader ) acts stereotypically gay . In A Very Potter Musical , Dumbledore is played by actor Dylan Saunders . Dumbledore appears in an episode of Icons of Teen from the YouTube channel , Shut Up Cartoons voiced by Justin Roiland . As a teenager , Dumbledore liked to do magic and make robotic copies of himself . One day , he went scuba diving to earn his scuba diving badge for scouts . Dumbledore gets scared and stays on the boat while his crush Charlene and the scoutmaster go diving . They run into a giant sea monster and Charlene closes her eyes and says Dumbledore , a trick he taught her . Dumbledore receives her distress signal and dives in after them . He meets a talking dolphin who agrees to help Dumbledore if he can eat him in the end . Dumbledore suggests he eat the scoutmaster and the dolphin takes him to his friends . Dumbledore makes a robotic copy and sends it into the creature 's stomach , distracting the creature long enough for Dumbledore , Charlene and the scoutmaster to escape . Charlene thanks Dumbledore for saving them . Dumbledore makes a sexual comment but plays it off like she said it . Charlene asks where the scoutmaster is ; Dumbledore says he 's gone somewhere , when really the dolphin ate him . Dumbledore then decides to build a robot copy of the scoutmaster to prevent anyone from finding out what happened to him . Albus Dumbledore appears in The Lego Movie , though his voice actor is not credited . He is seen among the Master Builders who meet with Vitruvius in Cloud Cuckoo Land , including a Lego version of Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings . References Jump up ^ Hirsch , Anne - Christin ( 2008 ) . Names and Their Underlying Mythology in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter - Novels . GRIN Verlag . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 640 - 16412 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jude Law to Play Young Dumbledore in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dumbledore '' in Merriam -- Webster `` . Machaut.uchicago.edu . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Barnes and Noble interview , 19 March 1999 '' . AccioQuote ! . Archived from the original on 28 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WBUR radio interview 12 October 1999 '' . Accio-quote.org. 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Evan ( Interviewer ) ( 13 July 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Interview '' . CBC Newsworld : Hot Type . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mzimba , Lizo ( moderator ) ( February 2003 ) . `` Chamber of Secrets DVD interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( interviewer ) ( 10 December 2005 ) . `` Living with Harry Potter '' . BBC Radio4 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( interviewer ) ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` J.K. Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall '' . MSN.com . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 590 - 35340 - 3 . , page 106 ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic.com. 16 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K , . `` Wizard of the Month Archive '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling dubs Dumbledore of ' Harry Potter ' books as gay '' . Daily News . New York . 19 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Hogwarts character '' . Associated Press . 20 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling says wizard Dumbledore is gay '' . Reuters. 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Amini , Adeel ( 9 March 2008 ) . `` Minister of Magic '' . Mugglenet.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ This is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Jump up ^ Late Show with David Letterman interview , 2001 Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 28 October 2005 ) . `` A Look Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Richard Harris dies '' . BBC News . 25 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2002 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Hinman ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` No Regrets For McKellen In Turning Down Harry Potter '' . SyFy Portal . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' : The best could - have beens ... '' NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore and Sirius cast for Azkaban '' . Newsround. 21 February 2003 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Johnny ; Henry , Lenny ( 2004 ) . Head to Shrunken Head ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . Jump up ^ Siobhan Synnot ( 30 May 2004 ) . `` Olivier , Dumbledore and two broken ribs '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jude Law to Play Young Dumbledore in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jude Law cast as Albus Dumbledore in next Fantastic Beasts film - Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter 's Author J.K. Rowling Meets With L.A. Students , Plots Her Next Move Retrieved on 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Spartz , Emerson , and Melissa Anelli . `` MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling '' Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Part 1 , 16 July 2005 . Retrieved on 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Spartz , Emerson ; Anelli , Melissa ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part 3 '' . MuggleNet . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Accio Quote ! . 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' , Harry Potter at Bloomsbury , 30 July 2007 . Retrieved on 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birthdate : 1881 ( JKR ) , probably in July or August . This date supersedes Rowling 's statement in 2001 that Dumbledore was `` about 150 years old '' ( Blue Nose Day ) and fits better with the dates that appear in Book 7 . Regarding his month of birth , Rita Skeeter states in The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore that Dumbledore was `` nearing '' his 18th birthday when he left Hogwarts in June , but was still 17 when he met Grindelwald ( DH18 ) . Basically , at some point during Grindelwald 's stay at Godric 's Hollow Dumbledore turned 18 , so the month of his birth appears to be July or August . '' ( 1 ) retrieved 10 July 2008 Jump up ^ Time Line of Dumbledore 's Life retrieved July - 09 - 2008 Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling . `` J.K. Rowling Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ `` Real Wizards : The Search for Harry 's Ancestors '' . Channel4.com. 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M Perry . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Novel '' . Farmingham State College . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Sue ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Gandalf vs Dumbledore : Ian McKellen Talks Wizards '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling . `` Some Random Facts About The Weasley Family '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Joe Utichi ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat . `` A Brief History Of The Worst ' Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire ' Mistake Ever '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Haber , David ( 19 July 2005 ) . `` Dumbledore Is Not Dead ! '' . Beyond Hogwarts . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore ' definitely ' dead , says Rowling '' . HPANA. 2 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Harris ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Mega Poll : The Mega Results ! '' . NextMovie.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore 's outing gives text new meaning '' . MSNBC. 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Dumbledore : A Lovely Outing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Potter stars react to gay twist '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( 29 October 2007 ) . `` Is Dumbledore Gay ? Depends on Definitions of ' Is ' and ' Gay ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore '' . East Tennessean. 22 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michelle ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` The ' death ' of J.K. Rowling : Why it does n't matter what she has to say about Harry Potter '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ Linda Harvey ( 24 October 2007 ) . `` Christian parents : Stop trusting Harry Potter '' . WorldNetDaily . Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Wamsley , Laurel . `` Bloggerson Stephen Colbert 's presidential run '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mike ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` So Dumbledore is Gay '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay '' . BBC News . BBC . 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Addresses Whether Dumbledore Will Be Openly Gay in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Haw - Hawed Couple Epison Recap '' . tv.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Potter Puppet Pals '' . The Potter Puppet Pals Official Website . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' . tv.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` French and Saunders : Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' ... frenchandsaunders.com. 19 February 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Videos '' . Bill Hader Online . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Albus Dumbledore on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki J.K. Rowling quotes about Dumbledore at Accio-Quote.org Dumbledore 's page at the Harry Potter Lexicon J.K. Rowling defines Dumbledore 's sexuality Nancy Podcast # 5 : There Are No Gay Wizards ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albus_Dumbledore&oldid=831786826 '' Categories : Harry Potter characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional English people Fictional gay males Fictional principals and headteachers Fictional alchemists Fictional members of secret societies Fictional professors Fictional LGBT characters in film Male characters in film Male characters in literature Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2011 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from August 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2018 USA - centric Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 05 : 33 . 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"Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films. Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald.[2]"
] | [
"Michael Gambon"
] |
-631918238794393454 | United States Department of Homeland Security | United States Department of Homeland Security - wikipedia United States Department of Homeland Security Jump to : navigation , search `` DHS '' redirects here . For other uses , see DHS ( disambiguation ) . United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex , DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25 , 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 2002 - 11 - 25 ) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 59 '' W / 38.93889 ° N 77.08306 ° W / 38.93889 ; - 77.08306 Coordinates : 38 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 59 '' W / 38.93889 ° N 77.08306 ° W / 38.93889 ; - 77.08306 Employees 229,000 ( 2017 ) Annual budget $ 40.6 billion ( 2017 ) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov `` The DHS March '' The United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security , roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries . Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism , border security , immigration and customs , cyber security , and disaster prevention and management . It was created in response to the September 11 attacks and is the youngest U.S. cabinet department . In fiscal year 2017 , it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion . With more than 240,000 employees , DHS is the third largest Cabinet department , after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs . Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council . Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services , Justice , and Energy . The former Secretary , John F. Kelly , was replaced by Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen on December 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Structure 3 National Terrorism Advisory System 4 History 4.1 Creation 4.2 Changes under Michael Chertoff 5 Seal 6 Headquarters 7 Disaster preparedness and response 7.1 Congressional budgeting effects 7.2 Ready.gov 7.3 National Incident Management System 7.4 National Response Framework 7.5 Surge Capacity Force 8 Cyber-security 9 Expenditures 9.1 Audit of expenditures 10 Criticism 10.1 Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness 10.2 Data mining ( ADVISE ) 10.3 Fusion centers 10.3. 1 MIAC report 10.3. 2 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment 10.4 Mail interception 10.5 Employee morale 10.6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Function ( edit ) Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad , the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within , at , and outside its borders . Its stated goal is to prepare for , prevent , and respond to domestic emergencies , particularly terrorism . On March 1 , 2003 , DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) and assumed its duties . In doing so , it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies : Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services . The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations . Additionally , the border enforcement functions of the INS , including the U.S. Border Patrol , the U.S. Customs Service , and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS : U.S. Customs and Border Protection . The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate . Structure ( edit ) Organizational chart showing the chain of command among the top - level officials in the Department of Homeland Security , as of July 17 , 2008 Play media A video released in 2016 by the DHS , detailing its duties and responsibilities . The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary . The Department contains the components listed below . Subordinate agency Title of head or leader Incumbent Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsman Director Julie Kirchner Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office Acting Assistant Secretary James F. McDonnell Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Brock Long Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers Director Thomas J. Walters Management Directorate Under Secretary Claire Grady National Protection and Programs Directorate Acting Under Secretary Christopher Krebs Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Officer Cameron Quinn Office of General Counsel Acting General Counsel Joseph Maher Office of Intelligence and Analysis Under Secretary David Glawe Office of Legislative Affairs Assistant Secretary Benjamin Cassidy Office of Operations Coordination Director Richard M. Chávez Office of Partnership & Engagement Acting Assistant Secretary John Barsa Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans Acting Under Secretary Ambassador James D. Nealon Office of Public Affairs Assistant Secretary Jonathan Rath Hoffman Office of the Inspector General Acting Inspector General John V. Kelly Privacy Office Chief Privacy Officer / Chief FOIA Officer Philip S. Kaplan Science & Technology Directorate Acting Under Secretary William Bryan Transportation Security Administration Administrator David Pekoske United States Citizenship and Immigration Services Director Lee Cissna United States Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Paul F. Zukunft U.S. Customs and Border Protection Commissioner Kevin McAleenan U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Acting Director Thomas Homan United States Secret Service Director Randolph Alles Agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : Processes and examines citizenship , residency , and asylum requests from aliens . U.S. Customs and Border Protection : Law enforcement agency that enforces U.S. laws along its international borders ( air , land , and sea ) including its enforcement of U.S. immigration , customs , and agriculture laws while at and patrolling between all U.S. ports - of - entry . U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement : Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus : An agency that enforces U.S. laws while it investigates and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland ( Homeland Security Investigations ) ; and An agency that investigates violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act and enforces the detention , deportation , and removal of violators of United States immigration law ( Enforcement and Removal Operations ) . Transportation Security Administration : Responsible for aviation security ( domestic and international , most notably conducting passenger screenings at airports ) , as well as land and water transportation security United States Coast Guard : Military service responsible for law enforcement , maritime security , national defense , maritime mobility , and protection of natural resources . United States Secret Service : Law enforcement agency tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , their immediate families , and foreign heads of state . Federal Emergency Management Agency : agency that oversees the federal government 's response to natural disasters like earthquakes , hurricanes , tornadoes , floods , forest fires , etc . ( Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the United States Department of State , not the Department of Homeland Security . ) Advisory groups : Homeland Security Advisory Council : State and local government , first responders , private sector , and academics National Infrastructure Advisory Council : Advises on security of public and private information systems Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee : Advise the Under Secretary for Science and Technology . Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council : Coordinate infrastructure protection with private sector and other levels of government Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities Task Force on New Americans : `` An inter-agency effort to help immigrants learn English , embrace the common core of American civic culture , and become fully American . '' Other components : Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office : Counter attempts by terrorists or other threat actors to carry out an attack against the United States or its interests using a weapon of mass destruction . Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen established the CWMD Office in December 2017 by consolidating primarily the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office and a majority of the Office of Health Affairs , as well as other DHS elements . Federal Law Enforcement Training Center : Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia , New Mexico , and South Carolina . National Protection and Programs Directorate : risk - reduction , encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements . Federal Protective Service : Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U.S. federal buildings , properties , assets , and federal government interests . National Communications System Directorate for Science and Technology : Research and development Directorate for Management : Responsible for internal budgets , accounting , performance monitoring , and human resources Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans : Long - range policy planning and coordination Office of Immigration Statistics Office of Intelligence and Analysis : Identify and assess threats based on intelligence from various agencies Office of Operations Coordination : Monitor domestic security situation on a daily basis , coordinate activities with state and local authorities and private sector infrastructure Office of the Secretary includes the Privacy Office , Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties , Office of Inspector General , Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman , Office of Legislative Affairs , Office of the General Counsel , Office of Public Affairs , Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement ( CNE ) , Office of the Executive Secretariat ( ESEC ) , and the Military Advisor 's Office . National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5 , 2002 speech , President Bush said : `` We 're fighting ... to secure freedom in the homeland . '' Prior to the creation of DHS , American presidents had referred to the U.S. as `` the nation '' or `` the republic '' , and to its internal policies as `` domestic '' . Also unprecedented was the use , from 2002 , of the phrase `` the homeland '' by White House spokespeople . National terrorism Advisory System ( edit ) In 2011 , the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System , replacing it with a two - level National Terrorism Advisory System . The system has two types of advisories : Alerts and Bulletins . NTAS Bulletins permit the Secretary to communicate critical terrorism information that , while not necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the United States , can reach homeland security partners or the public quickly , thereby allowing recipients to implement necessary protective measures . Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States . Alerts themselves have two levels : Elevated and Imminent . An Elevated Alert is issued when there is credible information about an attack but only general information about timing or a target . An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific and impending in the very near term . The Homeland Security Advisory System scale On March 12 , 2002 , the Homeland Security Advisory System , a color - coded terrorism risk advisory scale , was created as the result of a Presidential Directive to provide a `` comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal , State , and local authorities and to the American people . '' Many procedures at government facilities are tied into the alert level ; for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level . Since January 2003 , it has been administered in coordination with DHS ; it has also been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the part of the administration 's detractors about its ineffectiveness . After resigning , Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies . In January 2003 , the office was merged into the Department of Homeland Security and the White House Homeland Security Council , both of which were created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The Homeland Security Council , similar in nature to the National Security Council , retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . As of January 13 , 2011 , the DHS advised the American public of an ' elevated national threat ' level , recommending that all Americans ' should establish an emergency preparedness kit and emergency plan for themselves and their family , and stay informed about what to do during an emergency ' . History ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) Seal of the Office of Homeland Security , the predecessor to DHS In response to the September 11 attacks , President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security ( OHS ) to coordinate `` homeland security '' efforts . The office was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge , who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . The official announcement stated : `` The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks . The Office will coordinate the executive branch 's efforts to detect , prepare for , prevent , protect against , respond to , and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States . '' Ridge began his duties as OHS director on October 8 , 2001 . According to Peter Andreas , a border theorist , the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Cold War , and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Act of 1947 , which placed the different military departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency . DHS also constitutes the most diverse merger of federal functions and responsibilities , incorporating 22 government agencies into a single organization . The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25 , 2002 , by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to `` homeland security '' into a single Cabinet agency . The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department : A U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses Dick Cheney ( center ) , then Vice President of the United States , Saxby Chambliss ( center right ) , a U.S. senator from Georgia and Michael Chertoff ( far right ) , then United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005 Original agency Original department New agency or office after transfer U.S. Customs Service Treasury U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Immigration and Naturalization Service Justice U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Federal Protective Service General Services Administration National Protection and Programs Directorate Transportation Security Administration Transportation Transportation Security Administration Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Treasury Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( part ) Agriculture U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency none Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) Strategic National Stockpile National Disaster Medical System Health and Human Services Returned to HHS , July , 2004 Nuclear Incident Response Team Energy Responsibilities distributed within FEMA Domestic Emergency Support Team Justice Responsibilities distributed within FEMA Center for Domestic Preparedness Justice ( FBI ) Responsibilities distributed within FEMA CBRN Countermeasures Programs Energy Science & Technology Directorate Environmental Measurements Laboratory Energy Science & Technology Directorate National Biological Warfare Defense Analysis Center Defense Science & Technology Directorate Plum Island Animal Disease Center Agriculture Science & Technology Directorate Federal Computer Incident Response Center General Services Administration US - CERT , Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate National Communications System Defense Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate National Infrastructure Protection Center Justice ( FBI ) Office of Operations Coordination Office of Infrastructure Protection Energy Security and Assurance Program Energy Office of Infrastructure Protection U.S. Coast Guard Transportation U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Secret Service Treasury U.S. Secret Service Prior to the signing of the bill , controversy about its adoption centered on whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency should be incorporated in part or in whole ( neither were included ) . The bill was also controversial for the presence of unrelated `` riders '' , as well as for eliminating certain union - friendly civil service and labor protections for department employees . Without these protections , employees could be expeditiously reassigned or dismissed on grounds of security , incompetence or insubordination , and DHS would not be required to notify their union representatives . The plan stripped 180,000 government employees of their union rights . In 2002 , Bush officials argued that the September 11 attacks made the proposed elimination of employee protections imperative . Congress ultimately passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 without the union - friendly measures , and President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25 , 2002 . It was the largest U.S. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of Defense was created . Tom Ridge was named secretary on January 24 , 2003 and began naming his chief deputies . DHS officially began operations on January 24 , 2003 , but most of the department 's component agencies were not transferred into the new Department until March 1 . President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1 , 2003 . After establishing the basic structure of DHS and working to integrate its components and get the department functioning , Ridge announced his resignation on November 30 , 2004 , following the re-election of President Bush . Bush initially nominated former New York City Police Department commissioner Bernard Kerik as his successor , but on December 10 , Kerik withdrew his nomination , citing personal reasons and saying it `` would not be in the best interests '' of the country for him to pursue the post . Changes under Michael Chertoff ( edit ) On January 11 , 2005 , President Bush nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge . Chertoff was confirmed on February 15 , 2005 , by a vote of 98 -- 0 in the U.S. Senate . He was sworn in the same day . In February 2005 , DHS and the Office of Personnel Management issued rules relating to employee pay and discipline for a new personnel system named MaxHR . The Washington Post said that the rules would allow DHS `` to override any provision in a union contract by issuing a department - wide directive '' and would make it `` difficult , if not impossible , for unions to negotiate over arrangements for staffing , deployments , technology and other workplace matters . '' In August 2005 , U.S. District Judge Rosemary M. Collyer blocked the plan on the grounds that it did not ensure collective - bargaining rights for DHS employees . A federal appeals court ruled against DHS in 2006 ; pending a final resolution to the litigation , Congress 's fiscal year 2008 appropriations bill for DHS provided no funding for the proposed new personnel system . DHS announced in early 2007 that it was retooling its pay and performance system and retiring the name `` MaxHR '' . In a February 2008 court filing , DHS said that it would no longer pursue the new rules , and that it would abide by the existing civil service labor - management procedures . A federal court issued an order closing the case . Seal ( edit ) Main article : Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the Department of Homeland Security . A DHS press release dated June 6 , 2003 explains the seal as follows : The seal is symbolic of the Department 's mission -- to prevent attacks and protect Americans -- on the land , in the sea and in the air . In the center of the seal , a graphically styled white American eagle appears in a circular blue field . The eagle 's outstretched wings break through an inner red ring into an outer white ring that contains the words `` U.S. DEPARTMENT OF '' in the top half and `` HOMELAND SECURITY '' in the bottom half in a circular placement . The eagle 's wings break through the inner circle into the outer ring to suggest that the Department of Homeland Security will break through traditional bureaucracy and perform government functions differently . In the tradition of the Great Seal of the United States , the eagle 's talon on the left holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 seeds while the eagle 's talon on the right grasps 13 arrows . Centered on the eagle 's breast is a shield divided into three sections containing elements that represent the American homeland -- air , land , and sea . The top element , a dark blue sky , contains 22 stars representing the original 22 entities that have come together to form the department . The left shield element contains white mountains behind a green plain underneath a light blue sky . The right shield element contains four wave shapes representing the oceans alternating light and dark blue separated by white lines . The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership , employees , and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts . The Ad Council -- which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign -- and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity . Headquarters ( edit ) Nebraska Avenue Complex in 2016 . Since its inception , the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington , D.C. 's Nebraska Avenue Complex , a former naval facility . The 38 - acre ( 15 ha ) site , across from American University , has 32 buildings comprising 566,000 square feet ( 52,600 m ) of administrative space . In early 2007 , the Department submitted a $4.1 billion plan to Congress to consolidate its 60 - plus Washington - area offices into a single headquarters complex at the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus in Anacostia , Southeast Washington , D.C. The earliest DHS would begin moving to St. Elizabeths is 2012 . The move is being championed by District of Columbia officials because of the positive economic impact it will have on historically depressed Anacostia . The move has been criticized by historic preservationists , who claim the revitalization plans will destroy dozens of historic buildings on the campus . Community activists have criticized the plans because the facility will remain walled off and have little interaction with the surrounding area . On January 8 , 2009 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the Department of Homeland Security 's plans to move into the campus of St. Elizabeths Hospital . In February 2015 the General Services Administration said that the site would open in 2021 . Disaster Preparedness and response ( edit ) Congressional budgeting effects ( edit ) During a Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee hearing on the reauthorization of DHS , Elaine Duke , deputy secretary of DHS , said there is a weariness and anxiety within DHS about the repeated congressional efforts to agree to a long - term spending plan , which has resulted in several threats to shutdown the federal government . `` Shutdowns are disruptive , '' Duke said . She said the `` repeated failure on a longtime spending plan resulting in short - term continuing resolutions ( CRs ) has caused `` angst '' among the department 's 240,000 employees in the weeks leading up to the CRs . '' The uncertainty about funding hampers DHS 's ability to pursue major projects and it takes away attention and manpower from important priorities . Seventy percent of DHS employees are considered essential and are not furloughed during government shutdowns . Ready.gov ( edit ) Ready.gov program logo Soon after the formation of Department of Homeland Security , the department worked with the Ad Council to launch the Ready Campaign , a national public service advertising ( PSA ) campaign to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies including natural and man - made disasters . With pro bono creative support from the Martin Agency of Richmond , Virginia , the campaign website `` Ready.gov '' and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003 , just before the launch of the Iraq War . One of the first announcements that garnered widespread public attention to this campaign was one by Tom Ridge in which he stated that in the case of a chemical attack , citizens should use duct tape and plastic sheeting to build a homemade bunker , or `` sheltering in place '' to protect themselves . As a result , the sales of duct tape skyrocketed and DHS was criticized for being too alarmist . On March 1 , 2003 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS , and in fall of 2008 , took over coordination of the campaign . The Ready Campaign and its Spanish language version Listo.gov asks individuals to do three things : build an emergency supply kit , make a family emergency plan and be informed about the different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond . The campaign messages have been promoted through television , radio , print , outdoor and web PSAs , as well as brochures , toll - free phone lines and the English and Spanish language websites Ready.gov and Listo.gov . The general campaign aims to reach all Americans , but targeted resources are also available via `` Ready Business '' for small - to medium - sized business and `` Ready Kids '' for parents and teachers of children ages 8 -- 12 . In 2015 , the campaign also launched a series of PSAs to help the whole community , people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs prepare for emergencies , which included open captioning , a certified deaf interpreter and audio descriptions for viewers who are blind or have low vision . National incident management System ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On March 1 , 2004 , the National Incident Management System ( NIMS ) was created . The stated purpose was to provide a consistent incident management approach for federal , state , local , and tribal governments . Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 5 , all federal departments were required to adopt the NIMS and to use it in their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention , preparedness , response , recovery , and mitigation program and activities . National response Framework ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In December 2004 , the National Response Plan ( NRP ) was created , in an attempt to align federal coordination structures , capabilities , and resources into a unified , all - discipline , and all - hazards approach to domestic incident management . The NRP was built on the template of the NIMS . On January 22 , 2008 , the National Response Framework was published in the Federal Register as an updated replacement of the NRP , effective March 22 , 2008 . Surge Capacity Force ( edit ) The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act directs the DHS Secretary to designate employees from throughout the Department to staff a Surge Capacity Force ( SCF ) . During a declared disaster , the DHS Secretary will determine if SCF support is necessary . The Secretary will then authorize FEMA to task and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters . Cybersecurity ( edit ) See also : Cyber-security regulation The DHS National Cyber Security Division ( NCSD ) is responsible for the response system , risk management program , and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to US - CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System . The DHS Science and Technology Directorate helps government and private end - users transition to new cyber-security capabilities . This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Research and Development Center , which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD . The center works on the Internet 's routing infrastructure ( the SPRI program ) and Domain Name System ( DNSSEC ) , identity theft and other online criminal activity ( ITTC ) , Internet traffic and networks research ( PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed ) , Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises ( Livewire and Determined Promise ) , and wireless security in cooperation with Canada . On October 30 , 2009 , DHS opened the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center . The center brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure . In January 2017 , DHS officially designated state - run election systems as critical infrastructure . The designation made it easier for state and local election officials to get cybersecurity help from the federal government . In October 2017 , DHS convened a Government Coordinating Council ( GCC ) for the Election Infrastructure Subsection with representatives from various state and federal agencies such as the Election Assistance Commission and National Association of Secretaries of State . Expenditures ( edit ) In the United States Federal Budget for 2010 , entitled ' A New Era of Responsibility ' , the DHS was allocated a discretionary budget of $42.7 billion ( financial year 2009 : $40.1 billion ) . The end - of - year DHS Annual Financial Report for financial year 2010 showed a net cost of operations of $56.4 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $49.9 billion ) , out of total budgetary resources of $83.2 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $85.2 billion ) . The components with the highest net cost were US Coast Guard ( $12.1 billion ) , U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( $11.6 billion ) , and Federal Emergency Management Agency ( $10.5 billion ) . Revenues of $10.4 billion were generated in the year ( FY 2009 , restated : $9.8 billion ) . According to the Washington Post , `` DHS has given $31 billion in grants since 2003 to state and local governments for homeland security and to improve their ability to find and protect against terrorists , including $3.8 billion in 2010 . '' Audit of expenditures ( edit ) The DHS independent auditor is KPMG , one of the Big Four audit firms . Due to the level of material weaknesses identified , KPMG was unable to audit the DHS financial statements for FY 2010 . KPMG was unable to express an audit opinion on the FY 2009 , FY 2008 , FY 2007 , FY 2005 , and FY 2003 financial statements . Attempts to access the reports for FY 2006 and FY 2004 within the ' information for citizens ' portal met with a 404 error . The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer in the FY 2010 report states ' This Annual Financial Report ( AFR ) is our principal financial statement of accountability to the President , Congress and the American public . The AFR gives a comprehensive view of the Department 's financial activities and demonstrates the Department 's stewardship of taxpayer dollars . ' The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer concludes ' I am extremely proud of the Department 's accomplishments ... we will continue to build upon our successes . ' The Secretary of Homeland Security endorsed this message saying that the DHS is ' continuing to be responsible stewards of taxpayer resources . The scope of our mission is broad , challenging , and vital to the security of the Nation ... Thank you for your partnership and collaboration . Yours very truly , Janet Napolitano . ' Criticism ( edit ) See also : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina The Department of Homeland Security has received substantial criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , fraud , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Its information sharing centers have been accused of violating American civil liberties and targeting American citizens as potential threats to national security . Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness ( edit ) The Department of Homeland Security has been dogged by persistent criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Congress estimates that the department has wasted roughly $15 billion in failed contracts ( as of September 2008 ) . In 2003 , the department came under fire after the media revealed that Laura Callahan , Deputy Chief Information Officer at DHS with responsibilities for sensitive national security databases , had obtained her bachelor , masters , and doctorate computer science degrees through Hamilton University , a diploma mill in a small town in Wyoming . The department was blamed for up to $2 billion of waste and fraud after audits by the Government Accountability Office revealed widespread misuse of government credit cards by DHS employees , with purchases including beer brewing kits , $70,000 of plastic dog booties that were later deemed unusable , boats purchased at double the retail price ( many of which later could not be found ) , and iPods ostensibly for use in `` data storage '' . A 2015 inspection of IT infrastructure found that the department was running over a hundred computer systems whose owners were unknown , including Secret and Top Secret databases , many with out of date security or weak passwords . Basic security reviews were absent , and the department had apparently made deliberate attempts to delay publication of information about the flaws . Data Mining ( ADVISE ) ( edit ) The Associated Press reported on September 5 , 2007 , that DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called ADVISE ( Analysis , Dissemination , Visualization , Insight and Semantic Enhancement ) after the agency 's internal Inspector General found that pilot testing of the system had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in place . The system , in development at Lawrence Livermore and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2003 , has cost the agency $42 million to date . Controversy over the program is not new ; in March 2007 , the Government Accountability Office stated that `` the ADVISE tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activity such as fraud , crime or terrorism . '' Homeland Security 's Inspector General later said that ADVISE was poorly planned , time - consuming for analysts to use , and lacked adequate justifications . Fusion centers ( edit ) Main article : Fusion center Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers , many of which were created under a joint project between the Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice 's Office of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007 . The fusion centers gather information not only from government sources , but also from their partners in the private sector . They are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level between agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Department of Justice , US Military and state and local level government . As of July 2009 , the Department of Homeland Security recognized at least seventy - two fusion centers . Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster . There are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers , including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities , the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism , and their links to violations of civil liberties of American citizens and others . David Rittgers of the Cato Institute has noted : a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security . The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists as a potential threat ; a DHS analyst in Wisconsin thought both pro - and anti-abortion activists were worrisome ; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists , Tea Party groups , and a Second Amendment rally ; the Maryland State Police put anti-death penalty and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database ; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third - party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat ... MIAC Report ( edit ) The Missouri Information Analysis Center ( MIAC ) made news in 2009 for targeting supporters of third party candidates ( such as Ron Paul ) , pro-life activists , and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members . Anti-war activists and Islamic lobby groups were targeted in Texas , drawing criticism from the American Civil Liberties Union . According to the Department of Homeland Security : The Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented by the fusion center program : Justification for fusion centers Ambiguous Lines of Authority , Rules , and Oversight Participation of the Military and the Private Sector Data Mining Excessive Secrecy Inaccurate or Incomplete Information Mission Creep 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment ( edit ) In 2009 , the Virginia Fusion Center came under criticism for publishing a terrorism threat assessment which stated that certain universities are potential hubs for terror related activity . The report targeted historically black colleges and identified hacktivism as a form of terrorism . Mail interception ( edit ) In 2006 , MSNBC reported that Grant Goodman , `` an 81 - year - old retired University of Kansas history professor , received a letter from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark green tape bearing the words `` by Border Protection '' and carrying the official Homeland Security seal . '' The letter was sent by a devout Catholic Filipino woman with no history of supporting Islamic terrorism . A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection `` acknowledged that the agency can , will and does open mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it 's deemed necessary '' : `` All mail originating outside the United States Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.S. Customs territory is subject to Customs examination , '' says the CBP Web site . That includes personal correspondence . `` All mail means ' all mail , ' '' said John Mohan , a CBP spokesman , emphasizing the point . The Department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how often or in what volume Customs might be opening mail . Goodman 's story provoked outrage in the blogosphere , as well as in the more established media . Reacting to the incident , Mother Jones remarked that `` ( u ) nlike other prying government agencies , Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you . '' CNN observed that `` ( o ) n the heels of the NSA wiretapping controversy , Goodman 's letter raises more concern over the balance between privacy and security . '' Employee morale ( edit ) In July 2006 , the Office of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on job satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed . DHS was last or near to last in every category including ; 33rd on the talent management index 35th on the leadership and knowledge management index 36th on the job satisfaction index 36th on the results - oriented performance culture index The low scores were attributed to major concerns about basic supervision , management and leadership within the agency . Examples from the survey reveal most concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit , dealing with poor performance , rewarding creativity and innovation , leadership generating high levels of motivation in the workforce , recognition for doing a good job , lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the organization . DHS is the only large federal agency to score below 50 % in overall survey rankings . It was last of large federal agencies in 2014 with 44.0 % and fell even lower in 2015 at 43.1 % , again last place . Freedom of information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data ) , the Department of Homeland Security earned a D by scoring 69 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . It also had not updated its FOIA policies since the 2007 FOIA amendments . See also ( edit ) United States portal Container Security Initiative E-Verify Electronic System for Travel Authorization Homeland Emergency Management Institute Homeland Security USA Homeland security grant National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center ( NBACC ) , Ft Detrick , MD National Interoperability Field Operations Guide National Strategy for Homeland Security Project Hostile Intent Public Safety Canada Shadow Wolves Terrorism in the United States United States visas United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology ( US - VISIT ) Visa Waiver Program Interior ministry . Generally in other countries `` interior ministries '' usually deal with internal police , immigration and border control duties . Home Office ( UK ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget In Brief : Fiscal Year 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Homeland Security . pp. 1 , 2 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Homeland Security . Jump up ^ `` About DHS '' . Homeland Security . June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms Kirstjen Nielsen to head Homeland Security '' . CBS News . 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Our Leadership FLETC '' . www.fletc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Richard `` Rich '' M. Chávez Homeland Security `` . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Senior Leadership '' . www.uscg.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner R. Gil Kerlikowske U.S. Customs and Border Protection '' . www.cbp.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Homeland Security . `` ICE Leadership '' . Immigration and Customs Enforcement . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . www.secretservice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions . Title 14 of the United States Code provides that `` The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . '' Coast Guard units , or ships of its predecessor service , the Revenue Cutter Service , have seen combat in every war and armed conflict of the United States since 1790 , including the Iraq War . Jump up ^ Bovard , James . `` Moral high ground not won on battlefield '' , USA Today , October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Naomi ( 2007 ) . The End of America , page 27 . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933392 - 79 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ridge Announcing Homeland Security Advisory System '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Strategy For Homeland Security '' ( PDF ) . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Copy of press release 0046 '' . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( Peter Andreas : Redrawing the line 2003 : 92 ) , additional text . Jump up ^ Perl , Raphael ( 2004 ). `` The Department of Homeland Security : Background and Challenges '' , Terrorism -- reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses , Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States , Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development , Security , and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs , in Cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences , page 176 . National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08971 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` History : Who Became Part of the Department ? '' United States Department of Homeland Security website Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2005 ) . Imperial Ambitions , page 199 . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7967 - X . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Barr . `` DHS Withdraws Bid to Curb Union Rights '' , The Washington Post page D01 , February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Department of Homeland Security Seal '' , DHS press release , June 19 , 2003 . DHS website Archived October 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Secretary Tom Ridge '' . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Losey , Stephen ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Security plans move to hospital compound '' . Federal Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Most Endangered Places '' . 2 / 2009 . National Trust . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holley , Joel ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tussle Over St. Elizabeths '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NCPC Approves Final Master Plan for DHS Headquarters at St. Elizabeths '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` DHS Gets Green Light '' . Federal Times . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Ed ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Spending stalemate has costs at Department of Homeland Security - Homeland Preparedness News '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Daniel ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` $226 Million in Govt Ads Helped Pave the Way for War '' . Antiwar.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security : Ready.Gov '' . 12 / 29 / 2003 . Outdoor Advertising Association of America . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Live at daybreak '' . Aired February 20 , 2003 . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Frequently Asked Questions '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Are You Ready.gov ? '' . February 21 , 2003 . lies.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Build A Kit Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Make A Plan Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` About the Ready Campaign Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Preparedness '' . AdCouncil . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Newswire , MultiVu - PR . `` FEMA , Ad Council Launch New PSA Focused on People with Disabilities Preparing for Emergencies '' . Multivu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals with Disabilities and Others with Access and Functional Needs Ready.gov '' . ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Surge Capacity Force - Homeland Security '' . Jump up ^ `` National Cyber Security Division '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ : Cyber Security R&D Center '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ongoing Research and Development '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ AFP - JiJi , `` U.S. boots up cybersecurity center '' , October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) . `` DHS , partners convene for government council on protecting election infrastructure '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 72 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 37 , 38 , 41 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana and Arkin , William ( December 20 , 2010 ) ( 1 ) , The Washington Post ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 147 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2009 ( vid . p. 134 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2008 ( vid . p. 44 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2007 ( vid . p. 50 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2005 ( vid . p. 294 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2003 ( vid . p. 40 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2006 , FY 2004 ( 404 error ) '' . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 33 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 4 f . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress Says DHS Oversaw $15 Billion in Failed Contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diplomas For Sale - Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Homeland Security Department Is Accused of Credit Card Misuse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jakes Jordan , Lara ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Credit Card Fraud at DHS '' . Homeland Security Weekly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Government 's Katrina credit cards criticized '' . Associated Press . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress says DHS oversaw $15 billion in failed contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's running dozens of top - secret unpatched databases ? The Dept of Homeland Security '' . The Register . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ADVISE Could Support Intelligence Analysis More Effectively '' ( PDF ) . pdf file . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Data Tool Needs Privacy Help , Report Says '' . Wired . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sniffen , Michael J. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` DHS Ends Criticized Data - Mining Program '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Monahan , T. 2009 . The Murky World of ' Fusion Centres ' . Criminal Justice Matters 75 ( 1 ) : 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Report on Fusion Centers July 29 , 2009 Democracy Now Jump up ^ Monahan , T. and Palmer , N.A. 2009 . The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers . Security Dialogue 40 ( 6 ) : 617 - 636 . Jump up ^ Rittgers , David ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) We 're All Terrorists Now Archived 2011 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Cato Institute Jump up ^ `` ' Fusion Centers ' Expand Criteria to Identify Militia Members '' . Fox News . March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Privacy Impact Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security State , Local , and Regional Fusion Center Initiative December 11 , 2008 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The Raw Story - Fusion center declares nation 's oldest universities possible terror threat '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Brock ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) Homeland Security opening private mail , MSNBC Jump up ^ Cole , John ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Your Mail - Free for Government Inspection , Balloon Juice Jump up ^ Dees , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Department of Homeland Security opens Kansas professor 's mail , Mother Jones Jump up ^ Transcript from The Situation Room ( January 12 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security employees rank last in job satisfaction survey '' . ABC Inc. , WLS - TV Chicago . February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Bill ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` DHS memo reveals agency personnel are treated like `` human capital '' `` . Narco News . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Work Agency Rankings '' . Partnership for Public Service . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : NSA to participate in U.S. cybersecurity Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Homeland Security . Official website DHS in the Federal Register `` DHS Organizational Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( 144 KB ) -- from March 20 , 2008 . 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6807307644388173213 | Book of Ruth | Book of Ruth - wikipedia Book of Ruth This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text . For the 20th - century English language novel , see The Book of Ruth ( novel ) . For the 1960 film , see The Story of Ruth . For the 2009 film , see The Book of Ruth : Journey of Faith . 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It is named after its central figure , Ruth the Moabitess , the great - grandmother of David . The book tells of Ruth 's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own . In Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 , Ruth tells Naomi , her Israelite mother - in - law , `` Where you go I will go , and where you stay I will stay . Your people will be my people and your God my God . Where you die I will die , and there I will be buried . May the Lord deal with me , be it ever so severely , if even death separates you and me . '' The book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews - by - choice , as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature . The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically , as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ( `` Weeks '' ) . Contents 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes and background 4.1 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' 4.2 Mixed marriage 4.3 Contemporary interpretations 5 Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Structure ( edit ) The book is structured in four chapters : Act 1 : Prologue and Problem : Death and Emptiness ( 1 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Setting the scene ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Naomi returns home ( 1 : 6 -- 18 ) Scene 3 : Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem ( 1 : 19 -- 22 ) Act 2 : Ruth Meets Boaz , Naomi 's Relative , on the Harvest Field ( 2 : 1 -- 23 ) Scene 1 : Ruth in the field of Boaz ( 2 : 1 -- 17 ) Scene 2 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 2 : 18 -- 23 ) Act 3 : Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor ( 3 : 1 -- 18 ) Scene 1 : Naomi Reveals Her Plan ( 3 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Ruth at the threshing - floor of Boaz ( 3 : 6 -- 15 ) Scene 3 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 3 : 16 -- 18 ) Act 4 : Resolution and Epilogue : Life and Fullness ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Boaz with the men at the gate ( 4 : 1 -- 12 ) Scene 2 : A son is born to Ruth ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Genealogical appendix ( 4 : 18 -- 22 ) Summary ( edit ) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake , 1795 During the time of the Judges when there was a famine , an Israelite family from Bethlehem -- Elimelech , his wife Naomi , and their sons Mahlon and Chilion -- emigrated to the nearby country of Moab . Elimelech died , and the sons married two Moabite women : Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah . After about ten years , the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab ( 1 : 4 ) . Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem . She told her daughters - in - law to return to their own mothers and remarry . Orpah reluctantly left ; however , Ruth said , `` Intreat me not to leave thee , ( or ) to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest , I will go ; and where thou lodgest , I will lodge : thy people ( shall be ) my people , and thy God my God : Where thou diest , will I die , and there will I be buried : the LORD do so to me , and more also , ( if aught ) but death part thee and me . '' ( Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 KJV ) The two women returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest , and in order to support her mother - in - law and herself , Ruth went to the fields to glean . As it happened , the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz , who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother - in - law . Ruth told Naomi of Boaz 's kindness , and she gleaned in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest . Boaz was a close relative of Naomi 's husband 's family . He was therefore obliged by the Levirate law to marry Mahlon 's widow , Ruth , in order to carry on his family 's inheritance . Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night and told her to go where he slept , and `` uncover his feet , and lay thee down ; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do '' ( 3 : 4 ) . Ruth did so . Boaz asked her who she was , and she replied : `` I ( am ) Ruth thine handmaid : spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid ; for thou ( art ) a near kinsman . '' ( 3 : 9 ) Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that is required , and he noted that , `` all the city of my people doth know that thou ( art ) a virtuous woman . '' ( 3 : 11 ) He then acknowledged that he was a close relative , but that there was one who was closer , and she remained in submission at his feet until she returned into the city in the morning . Early that day , Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders . The relative is not named : Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni , literally `` so and so '' . The unnamed relative is unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth , and so relinquished his right of redemption , thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth . They transferred the property and redeemed it , ratified by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz . Ruth 4 : 7 notes for later generations that : This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging , to confirm anything : one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other , and this was a confirmation in Israel . Boaz and Ruth were then married and have a son . The women of the city celebrate Naomi 's joy , for Naomi found a redeemer for her family name , and Naomi takes the child and places it in her bosom . The child is named Obed , who we discover is `` the father of Jesse , the father of David '' ( Ruth 4 : 13 -- 17 ) , that is , the grandfather of King David . The book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez , `` whom Tamar bore to Judah '' , through to Obed , down to David . Composition ( edit ) The book does not name its author . It is traditionally ascribed to the prophet Samuel , but Ruth 's identity as a non-Israelite and the stress on the need for an inclusive attitude towards foreigners suggests an origin in the fifth century BC , when intermarriage had become controversial ( as seen in Ezra 9 : 1 and Nehemiah 13 : 1 ) . A substantial number of scholars therefore date it to the Persian period ( 6th -- 4th centuries BC ) . The genealogy that concludes the book is believed to be a post-exilic Priestly addition , as it adds nothing to the plot ; nevertheless , it is carefully crafted and integrates the book into the history of Israel running from Genesis to Kings . Themes and Background ( edit ) Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld : `` Ruth in Boaz 's Field '' , 1828 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' ( edit ) The Book of Ruth illustrates the difficulty of trying to use laws given in books such as Deuteronomy as evidence of actual practice . Naomi plans to provide security for herself and Ruth by arranging a Levirate marriage with Boaz . Her plan is overtly sexual : Ruth is to go to the threshing floor ( a place associated with sexual activity ) , wait until Boaz has finished eating and drinking ( a possible allusion to the story of Lot and his daughters , ancestors through incest of the Moabites ) , and to lie at his uncovered `` feet '' ( a euphemism for genitals ) . Since there was no heir to inherit Elimelech 's land , custom required a close relative ( usually the dead man 's brother ) to marry the widow of the deceased in order to continue his family line ( Deuteronomy 25 : 5 -- 10 ) . This relative was called the go'el , the `` kinsman - redeemer '' . As Boaz is not Elimelech 's brother , nor is Ruth his widow , scholars refer to the arrangement here as `` Levirate - like '' . A complication arises in the story : another man is a closer relative to Elimelech than Boaz and has first claim on Ruth . It is resolved through the custom that required land to stay in the family : a family could mortgage land to ward off poverty , but the law required a kinsman to purchase it back into the family ( Leviticus 25 : 25ff ) . Boaz meets the near kinsman at the city gate ( the place where contracts are settled ) ; the kinsman first says he will purchase Elimelech 's ( now Naomi 's ) land , but , upon hearing he must also take Ruth as his wife , withdraws his offer . Boaz thus becomes Ruth and Naomi 's `` kinsman - redeemer . '' Mixed marriage ( edit ) The book can be read as a political parable relating to issues around the time of Ezra and Nehemiah ( the 4th century BCE ) . The fictional nature of the story is established from the start through the names of the participants : the husband and father is Elimelech , meaning `` My God is King '' , and his wife is Naomi , `` Pleasing '' , but after the deaths of her sons Mahlon , `` Sickness '' , and Chilion , `` Wasting '' , she asks to be called Mara , `` Bitter '' . The reference to Moab raises questions , since in the rest of the biblical literature it is associated with hostility to Israel , sexual perversity , and idolatry , and Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 excluded an Ammonite or a Moabite from `` the congregation of the LORD ; even to their tenth generation '' . Despite this , Ruth the Moabitess married a Judahite and even after his death still regarded herself a member of his family ; she then married another Judahite and bore him a son who became an ancestor of David . Contrary to the message of Ezra - Nehemiah , where marriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were broken up , Ruth teaches that foreigners who convert to Judaism can become good Jews , foreign wives can become exemplary followers of Jewish law , and there is no reason to exclude them or their offspring from the community . Contemporary interpretations ( edit ) Scholars have increasingly explored Ruth in ways which allow it to address contemporary issues . Feminists , for example , have recast the story as one of the dignity of labour and female self - sufficiency , and even as a model for lesbian relations , while others have seen in it a celebration of the relationship between strong and resourceful women . Others have criticised it for its underlying , and potentially exploitative , acceptance of a system of patriarchy in which a woman 's worth can only be measured through marriage and child - bearing . Others again have seen it as a book that champions outcast and oppressed peoples . Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth ( edit ) Elimelech Naomi Boaz Ruth Mahlon Orpah Chilion Obed Jesse David See also ( edit ) Goel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For `` feet '' as a euphemism for genitals see , for example , Amy - Jill Levine , `` Ruth , '' in Newsom and Ringe ( eds . ) , The Women 's Bible Commentary , pp. 78 - 84 . The usual interpretation , as given here , is that Ruth is told to uncover Boaz 's genitals , but see Kirsten Nielsen , `` Other Writings , '' in McKenzie and Graham ( eds . ) , The Hebrew Bible Today , pp. 175 - 176 , where it is argued that Ruth is to uncover herself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan 2008 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ruth 1 : 1 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ Atteridge 2006 , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : West 2003 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Leith 2007 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 1996 , p. 521 - 522 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Irwin 2008 , p. 699 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Leslie C. ( 1996 ) . `` Ruth '' . In LaSor , William Sanford ; Hubbard , David Allan ; Bush , Frederic William ; et al. Old Testament Survey : The Message , Form , and Background of the Old Testament . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837882 . Atteridge , Harold W. ( 2006 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . HarperCollins . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2008 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195332728 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud , the Persian Province of Judah . Continuum . pp. 105 & , 312 . ISBN 9780567089984 . Hubbard , Robert L. Jr. ( 1988 ) . The Book of Ruth . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825261 . Irwin , B.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Ruth 4 : Person '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Leith , Mary Joan Winn ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann ; et al . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195288803 . West , Gerald ( 2003 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ruth ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Ruth . Jewish translations and study guides Ruth at Mechon Mamre -- ( Jewish Publication Society of America Version , 1917 ) Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Encyclopedia Ruth -- English translation ( with Rashi commentary ) Christian translations and study guides The Kinsman Redeemer Online Bible -- GospelHall.org Biblegateway Bible Study on Cross-Cultural Love -- InterVarsity website Redeemed Book of Ruth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Encyclopedic entries Catholic Encyclopedia Book of Ruth History books Preceded by Song of Songs Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Lamentations Preceded by Judges Christian Old Testament Succeeded by 1 -- 2 Samuel Book of Ruth Bible Ruth 1 Place Bethlehem , Judah Moab People Amminadab Boaz David Elimelech Hezron Jesse Judah Chilion Leah Mahlon Nahshon Naomi Obed Orpah Perez Rachel Ram Ruth Salmon Tamar Term Goel Judges Levirate marriage ( Yibbum ) Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Judges ( chapter 21 ) Books of Samuel ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4076907 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Ruth&oldid=865589915 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books 4th - century BC books Book of Ruth Ketuvim Moab Shavuot Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 21 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where in the bible is the story of ruth and naomi | [
"The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות, Megilath Ruth, \"the Scroll of Ruth\", one of the Five Megillot) is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel,[1] as it is set \"in the days when the judges judged\",[2] although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later, between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs. It is named after its central figure, Ruth the Moabitess, the great-grandmother of David.\n"
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"The Book of Ruth"
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7572405163547975116 | Statue of Liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye , president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit. The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Shannon , James . `` Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. 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Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. 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Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. 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Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. 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Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . 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MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek 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Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=853845687 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National 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-2499065682840791474 | Effects of alcohol on memory | Effects of alcohol on memory - wikipedia Effects of alcohol on memory Jump to : navigation , search Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages . It is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid that acts as a central nervous system depressant . Ethanol can impair different types of memory . Ethanol Alcoholic beverages Contents ( hide ) 1 Mode of action 1.1 Effects on hippocampus 1.2 Molecular effects on GABA and NMDA receptors 1.3 Effects on other brain regions 2 Long - term memory 2.1 Explicit memory 2.2 Implicit memory 3 Short - term memory 3.1 Brain areas affected by alcohol 3.2 Tasks and intoxication findings 4 Effects on working memory 4.1 In the short term 4.2 In the long term 5 Prospective memory 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References Mode of action ( edit ) Effects on hippocampus ( edit ) Alcohol acts as a general central nervous system depressant , but it also affects specific areas of the brain to a greater extent than others . Memory impairment due to alcohol has been linked to disruption of hippocampal function -- in particular affecting gamma - Aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) and N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) neurotransmission which negatively impacts long - term potentiation ( LTP ) . The molecular basis of LTP is associated with learning and memory . Particularly , damage to hippocampal CA1 cells adversely affects memory formation , and this disruption has been linked to dose - dependent levels of alcohol consumption . At higher doses , alcohol significantly inhibits neuronal activity in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus . This impairs memory encoding since the hippocampus plays an important role in the formation of new memories . A Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Molecular effects on GABA and NMDA receptors ( edit ) A GABA Receptor Alcohol acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptors , specifically type GABA . Upon activation , these GABA receptors conduct Cl - , resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization . This hyperpolarization decreases the chance of an action potential occurring and , thus , has an inhibitory effect on neurotransmission in the central nervous system . GABA receptor subtypes vary in their sensitivity to dosage of alcohol consumed . Furthermore , acute alcohol intake promotes GABAergic neurotransmission via presynaptic release of GABA , dephosphorylation of GABA receptors ( increasing GABA sensitivity ) , and elevation of endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroids . Protein kinase C ( PKC ) has been implicated in differentially modulating the response of the GABA receptor to alcohol , with effects depending on the PKC isozyme . Alcohol effects have also implicated protein kinase A in affecting GABA receptor function , such as promoting sensitivity . Enhancement of GABAergic transmission due to alcohol consumption can also be brought about by neuroactive steroids , such as allopregnanolone , which act as GABA receptor agonists . Chronic alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence are correlated with altered expression , properties , and functions of the GABA receptor that may contribute to alcohol tolerance . There is still much to be discovered about alcohol 's specific and varying effects on the GABA receptor and its subtypes . At higher doses , ethanol also affects NMDA receptors ( NMDARs ) by inhibiting the ion current induced by NMDA , a glutamate receptor agonist . This inhibition of synaptic excitation by alcohol has been shown to be dose - dependent ( up to a certain point , after which it did not differ by much ) . Alcohol appears to produce this inhibition by using a site of the NMDAR that is accessible from the extracellular environment . Thusly , this inhibition of an ion current usually produced by NMDAR activation leads to decreased LTP in hippocampal areas . Alcohol negatively affects LTP to a greater degree in immature versus mature animals . In adolescents , alcohol decreases the expression of the NMDAR NR2A subunit in the hippocampus and the NR1 subunit in the prefrontal cortex . Studies have also found a decrease in phosphorylation of 2B subunit in the prefrontal cortex , hippocampus , nucleus accumbens , and striatum . NMDARS may be affected by PKA regulation due to the actions of alcohol . Alcohol 's effects on GABA neurotransmission may indirectly inhibit the activity of the NMDAR and contribute to its blockade of LTP induction ; however , alcohol 's direct effects on NMDAR alone are sufficient for the inhibition of LTP . The varying dose - dependent response to alcohol relies on the combined interactions and responses of the GABA receptors , NMDARs , and metabotropic glutamate receptors subtype 5 ( mGluR5 ) . These changes prevent excitatory synaptic transmissions from occurring , affecting synaptic plasticity and , in turn , memory and learning . However , there is still much to be elucidated concerning specific molecular mechanisms of how alcohol affects memory formation . Effects on other brain regions ( edit ) Alcohol also impairs and alters functioning in the cerebellum , which affects motor function and coordination . It has a notable inhibitory effect on neurons of the cerebral cortex , affecting and altering thought processes , decreasing inhibition , and increasing the pain threshold . It also decreases sexual performance by depressing nerve centers in the hypothalamus . Alcohol also has an effect on urine excretion via inhibition of anti-diuretic hormone ( ADH ) secretion of the pituitary gland . Lastly , it depresses breathing and heart rate by inhibiting neuronal functioning of the medulla . Long - term memory ( edit ) Long - term memory ( LTM ) has a long duration and large capacity . Memories stored in LTM can last from a few days to a lifetime . LTM consists of explicit memory ( requiring conscious awareness ) and implicit memory ( unconscious awareness ) . Information selected for LTM goes through three processes . First , in the encoding stage , information from the senses is incorporated into mental activity in the form of a memory . Secondly , storage involves taking this information and holding it indefinitely in memory . Lastly , retrieval is the ability to recall information from the long - term memory storage . Each of these processes can be affected by alcohol . Animation : Hippocampus ( red ) Explicit memory ( edit ) Explicit memory requires conscious and intentional effort for recall . It includes both episodic memory ( for specific events , such as a party ) and semantic memory ( for general information , such as one 's name ) . Alcohol impairs episodic encoding , specifically for cued recall , recognition of completed word fragments , and free recall . A blackout is an example of a difficulty in encoding episodic memories due to alcohol . Blackouts are caused by a rapid increase in blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) which in turn distorts the neurons in the hippocampus . This distortion impairs a person 's ability to form new episodic memories . High doses of alcohol severely disrupt the storage process of semantic memories . Alcohol was found to impair the storage of novel stimuli but not that of previously learned information . Since alcohol affects the central nervous system , it hinders semantic storage functioning by restricting the consolidation of the information from encoding . Retrieval of explicit memory is significantly impaired by alcohol . When compared to sober participants , intoxicated participants performed quite poorly on a recall task for everyday events ( episodic memory ) . Intoxicated participants are also slower to respond in reaction time tasks . Alcohol also impairs retrieval in word recognition tasks . When both encoding and retrieval take place during intoxication , there are surprisingly more impairments for cued recall than for free recall . In terms of gender differences in retrieval processes , females tend to score lower than males on recall tasks when intoxicated . Implicit memory ( edit ) Implicit memory does not require conscious effort or intention for recall . It occurs when previous experience influences performance on a certain task . This is evident in priming experiments . Implicit memory includes procedural memory , which influences our everyday behaviours , such as riding a bike or tying shoes . People can perform these abilities without thinking about them , which means procedural memory functions automatically . While retrieval of explicit memory is severely impaired by alcohol , retrieval of implicit memory is not . Intoxicated subjects score higher on recognition tasks ( involving implicit memory ) than on recall tasks ( involving explicit memory ) . Short - term memory ( edit ) Short - term memory refers to temporary storage of small amounts of information over short delays . Digit span refers to the proposed number of pieces of information ( 5 - 9 ) that can be held in short - term memory . This is also referred to as the magic number seven -- plus or minus two . Any more pieces of information than this , and newer items replace previous items . Alcohol intoxication has been found to have dissociative effects on short - term memory and cognitive functioning . Anterior Cingulate Cortex ( yellow ) Animation : Parietal Lobe ( red ) Brain areas affected by alcohol ( edit ) Alcohol affects brain functioning . Neurochemical changes occurring in the anterior cingulate are correlated with altered short - term memory functions in the brains of young alcoholic men . fMRIs of alcohol - dependent women displayed significantly less blood oxygen in the frontal and parietal regions , especially in the right hemisphere . This is supported by findings of short - term memory impairment by lesions of the parietal lobe and prefrontal cortex . Associations between Third ventricle volume and cognitive performance on memory tests have been found in alcoholics . Specifically , increases in third ventricular volume correlate with a decline in memory performance . Tasks and intoxication findings ( edit ) Short - term memory is commonly tested with visual tasks . Short - term memory , especially for non-verbal and spatial material , are impaired by intoxication . Alcohol decreases iconic memory ( a type of visual short - term memory ) . With BACs between 80 -- 84 mg / dl , more intrusion errors occur in a delayed recall task compared to a control group . Intrusion errors , which represent reflective cognitive functioning , occur when irrelevant information is produced . Alcoholics have less control of inhibiting intrusions . Acute alcohol intoxication in social drinkers caused more intrusion errors in delayed recall tasks than in immediate free recall tasks . Acute alcohol intoxication increases susceptibility to interference , which allows for more intrusion errors when there is a short delay . Free recall ( given list of words then asked to recall list ) is significantly lower and therefore impaired by alcohol intoxication . Encoding deficits were found in verbal free recall and recognition tasks under the influence of alcohol . A discrimination task found significant alcohol - related impairments in depth perception and in visual short - term memory . State - dependent learning and relearning studies in male heavy drinkers demonstrate that the condition of intoxication while learning and sobriety when tested caused a performance deficit in free recall tasks . These findings are supportive of alcohol - induced storage deficits ( not retrieval deficits ) . The effects of acute alcohol consumption on visual short - term memory , stereoscopic depth perception , and attention were studied . A 33 % alcohol condition showed significant impairments in depth perception and in visual short - term memory ( assessed by the vernier discrimination task ) . Working Memory Model . Alcohol intoxication can disrupt rehearsal strategies which may involve the phonological loop and / or the visuospatial sketchpad . Effects on working memory ( edit ) Working memory allows one to keep things in mind while simultaneously performing complex tasks . It involves a system for the temporary storage and manipulation of information , forming a crucial link between perception and controlled action . Evidence suggests that working memory involves three components : the central executive which controls attention , the visuo - spatial sketchpad which holds and manipulates spatial information , and the phonological loop which performs a similar function for auditory and speech - based information . In the short term ( edit ) Alcohol consumption has substantial , measurable effects on working memory , though these effects vary greatly between individual responses . Little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie these individual differences . It is also found that alcohol impairs working memory by affecting mnemonic strategies and executive processes rather than by shrinking the basic holding capacity of working memory . Isolated acute - moderate levels of alcohol intoxication do not profoundly physically alter the structures which are critical for working memory function , such as the frontal cortex , parietal cortex , anterior cingulate , and parts of the basal ganglia . One finding regarding the effects of alcohol on working memory points out that alcohol reduces working memory only in individuals with a high baseline working memory capacity , which suggests that alcohol might not uniformly affect working memory in different individuals . Alcohol appears to impair the capacity of working memory to modulate response inhibition . Alcohol disinhibits behaviour , but only in individuals with a low baseline working memory capacity . An interesting finding is that incentive to perform well with working memory measurement tasks while under the influence of alcohol ' does in fact have some effect on working memory , in that it boosts scores in rate of mental scanning and reaction time to stimulus , but did not reduce number of errors compared to subjects with no incentive to perform well . Even acute alcohol intoxication ( a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 - 0.09 % ) produces a substantial impairment of working memory processes that require mnemonic rehearsal strategies . Alcohol is less likely to impair a working memory task that does not rely on memory rehearsal or associated mnemonic strategies . Because of this , working memory is very susceptible to falter when a person is participating in tasks involving retention concerning auditory and visual sequences . A real world and interesting example of this is failure of guitarists or other musicians performing concerts to cue in on auditory patterns and make it known that their performance is hindered by intoxication , whereas professional basketball ( a less sequence - heavy activity for working memory ) standout Ron Artest recently admitted in an interview with Sporting News to drinking heavily during half - time in the early days of his career and it having little if any recognizable effect on his working memory . His former coach Fran Fraschilla has gone on record saying : `` It 's a surprise because every day at practice , he came out in a mood to play . He came out in a basketball rage . He was fully committed ; he wanted to let our upperclassmen know that he was the alpha male . It never came up that he had any sort of a problem with alcohol . This is the first I 've heard of it . '' In the long term ( edit ) This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources , specifically : primary sources should be replaced ; consider using PMID 23905882 and PMID 28470828 . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) Alcohol has shown to have some long - term effect on working memory . Findings have shown that for working memory to be substantially affected , long - term , heavy drinking must be sustained over a long period of time as up to one drink per day does not impair cognitive function and may actually decrease the risk of cognitive decline . Furthermore , chronic alcoholism is associated with impairment in sustained attention and visual working memory . Thus , alcoholics have reduced ability , but not necessarily inability , to perform these executive tasks , assumed to be subserved by regions of prefrontal cortex . While it may not serve as a surprise that chronic alcoholism has been linked to decreased cognitive function including working memory , one surprising finding is not only that even moderate levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were shown to have an adverse effect on the child 's working memory when tested at 7.5 years of age , but that working memory may be the most important aspect of attention that is adversely affected by prenatal alcohol exposure . Prospective memory ( edit ) Prospective memory involves remembering to carry out an intended action in the future without an explicit reminder . Alcohol has been found to impair this ability . Chronic heavy alcohol users report significantly more prospective forgetting compared to low - dose and alcohol - free controls . The Prospective Memory Questionnaire assesses short - term habitual prospective memory , long - term episodic prospective memory , and internally cued prospective memory . Chronic heavy alcohol users reported significantly greater deficits for all three aspects of prospective memory . Individuals that report heavy alcohol use report 24 % more difficulties with prospective memory than those who report that they are light drinkers and 30 % more difficulties than those who report that they never drink . The effects of alcohol on prospective memory can also be assessed in the laboratory by simulating prospective memory tasks that individuals face in everyday life . Individuals who are given 0.6 g / kg alcohol prior to performing prospective memory tasks do significantly poorer than a placebo group . Alcohol can damage the prefrontal and frontal areas of the brain , and this may be responsible for prospective memory impairments since prospective memory performance is highly correlated with frontal executive functions . In popular culture ( edit ) The memory inhibiting effects of alcohol are often a prominent topic in popular culture . It appears in movies , books , and television shows . Several movies show characters drinking alcohol to the point of memory loss and awakening the next morning with a host of problems due to actions they performed while intoxicated . One example is The Hangover , where three groomsmen lose the groom during a bachelor party in Las Vegas , so they retrace their steps to find him . The characters still had functioning implicit / procedural memory , which allowed them to carry out the many acts they performed that night , but their episodic memory was impaired and thus they had no recollection of the events occurring . In addition to alcohol the characters were also under the influence of flunitrazepam . Another movie is What Happens in Vegas . After an intoxicated night in `` Sin City , '' two people wake - up to find they got married . Songs such as Waking Up in Vegas by Katy Perry and Last Name by Carrie Underwood also depict characters waking up and not remembering the night before due to alcohol consumption . By some accounts , popular culture makes light of the memory problems that can result from alcohol consumption . The court case R. v. Daviault ( 1994 ) concerned the viability of a legal defense based on intoxication . Law and Order : Special Victims Unit ; in season 11 episode 4 , Hammered , a recovering alcoholic was coersed to drink by a business partner and later wakes up to a dead woman in his bed . See also ( edit ) Confabulation Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Online Dictionary Jump up ^ Rose , M.E. ; Grant , J.E. 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Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f27zNlmRMWU Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory&oldid=795167588 '' Categories : Memory Health effects of alcohol Hippocampus ( Brain ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles needing additional medical references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what part of the brain is memory affected by alcohol | [
"Alcohol acts as a general central nervous system depressant, but it also affects specific areas of the brain to a greater extent than others. Memory impairment due to alcohol has been linked to disruption of hippocampal function—in particular affecting gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission which negatively impacts long-term potentiation (LTP).[2] The molecular basis of LTP is associated with learning and memory.[3] Particularly, damage to hippocampal CA1 cells adversely affects memory formation,[4] and this disruption has been linked to dose-dependent levels of alcohol consumption.[5] At higher doses, alcohol significantly inhibits neuronal activity in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus.[6][7][8] This impairs memory encoding[9] since the hippocampus plays an important role in the formation of new memories."
] | [
"hippocampus"
] |
-5657478567227053142 | My Heart Will Go On | My Heart Will Go On - wikipedia My Heart Will Go On Jump to : navigation , search `` My Heart Will Go On '' One of the international cover arts Single by Celine Dion from the album Let 's Talk About Love and Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture Released 8 December 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 08 ) Format CD cassette 12 '' Recorded 22 May 1997 Wallyworld , The Hit Factory Length 4 : 39 ( album version ) 5 : 11 ( soundtrack version ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) James Horner ( music ) Will Jennings ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff James Horner Simon Franglen Celine Dion singles chronology `` The Reason '' ( 1997 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1997 ) `` Immortality '' ( 1998 ) `` The Reason '' ( 1997 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1997 ) `` Immortality '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' file help Music video `` My Heart Will Go On '' on YouTube `` My Heart Will Go On , '' also called the `` Love Theme from Titanic , '' is the main theme song to James Cameron 's blockbuster film Titanic . Its music was composed by James Horner , its lyrics were written by Will Jennings , and it was produced by Walter Afanasieff and Simon Franglen , recorded by Celine Dion , and released in 1997 . Originally released in 1997 on Dion 's album Let 's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack album , the romantic song went to number one all over the world , including the United States , Canada , Ireland , United Kingdom , and Australia . `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released in Australia and Germany on 8 December 1997 , and in the rest of the world in January and February 1998 . The song became Dion 's biggest hit , and one of the best - selling singles of all time , and was the world 's best - selling single of 1998 . The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff and released at the end of 1997 . Due to the song 's widespread popularity when it was released , it is considered to be Dion 's signature song . It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . Dion performed the song to honor the 20th Anniversary of the film at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards on 21 May 2017 . With worldwide sales estimated at 18 million copies , it became the second best - selling single by a female artist in history , and the eighth overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Recording 2.1 Composition 2.2 Versions 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Influence and legacy 4 Chart performance 5 Album appearances 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 All - time charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 Sissel Kyrkjebø recording 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Origins ( edit ) James Horner had originally composed the music for the song as an instrumental motif which he used in several scenes during Titanic ; the main theme of the song being inspired by the song `` Flying Dutchman '' by Jethro Tull . He then wanted to prepare a full vocal version of it , for use in the end credits of the film . Lyricist Will Jennings was hired , who wrote the lyrics `` from the point of view of a person of a great age looking back so many years . '' Director James Cameron did not want such a song , but Will Jennings went ahead anyway and wrote the lyrics . When Dion originally heard the song , she did not want to record it as she felt she was pushing her luck by singing another film theme song after Beauty and the Beast . Horner showed the piano sketch to Simon Franglen , who was working with him on electronic textures and synthesizers for the film score . Franglen , who had , himself , worked with Dion for several years on many of her major hits to date , programmed and arranged an extensive demo to take to Dion . Recording ( edit ) In Hitmaker : The Man and His Music by Tommy Mottola , he claims that Dion recorded the song in one take , and that demo is what was released . Mottola states that since so much money was on the line for Cameron 's film that Cameron felt obligated to include a theme song to promote the movie . Dion 's manager and husband René Angélil convinced her to sing on this demo version , which she had not done for many years . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , even though he worried that he might be criticized for `` going commercial at the end of the movie '' . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and `` saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion . '' Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of E major , though the leitmotif ( as heard in the intro ) is in the relative key of C ♯ minor . The verses follow the chord progression of E -- Bsus4 -- Aadd9 -- E -- B . The chorus has the chord progression of C ♯ m -- B -- A -- B . The song modulates to F minor in the final chorus , and ends in the key of A ♭ major . It contains heavy emphasis on the instrumental arranging . Usage of flute is prominent , backed by melodic use of strings and rhythm guitars . The song features both acoustic and electronic instrumentation . Dion 's vocal performance is described as `` emotional '' and `` demanding '' by Pandora radio . Versions ( edit ) The original Horner / Franglen produced `` demo '' version of the ballad runs a little over five minutes and has an extended ending with longer , segmented vocalizations by Dion . Franglen mixed the final film and soundtrack version , expanding on the demo and adding orchestra to the final chorus . It is this version which appears on the Titanic soundtrack album and is also played over the ending credits of the film . When the single was to be released to radio , it was produced further by Walter Afanasieff who added string and electric guitar , as well as rearranged portions of the song . This version , which runs a little over four and a half minutes , appears on both the 4 - track maxi single and Dion 's album Let 's Talk About Love . At the height of the song 's popularity , some radio stations in the US and the UK played an edited version of the song , that had dramatic moments of dialog from the Jack and Rose lead characters in the film inserted in between Dion 's vocal lines . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that this song `` shines the most brilliantly '' and marked it as a standout track . Another AllMusic reviewer , single editor Heather Phares , who rated the single 4 out 5 stars , wrote , `` Indeed , her performances of it on VH1 Divas , the 1998 Academy Awards ( wearing the film 's ' Heart of the Ocean ' pendant , no less ) , and on her 1997 album Let 's Talk About Love have cemented ' My Heart Will Go On ' as the quintessence of Dion 's sweeping , romantic style . '' Yahoo.com described the song as an `` emotional power ballad that perfectly captured ( Titanic 's ) romantic yearning '' . Vulture said that it is a powerful song and has `` one of the most glorious key changes in recorded music history '' , and that `` its legacy is eclipsed only by '' Whitney Houston 's `` admittedly far superior '' song `` I Will Always Love You '' . Washington Post appreciated how the song was not just tagged on the end of the three - hour film , but has a lyrical motif that was already placed throughout the key moments of the film 's love story in order to create a musical narrative . In latter years , `` My Heart Will Go On '' proved not to be popular with readers of Rolling Stone magazine ; nor did it become popular with Kate Winslet , who played Rose DeWitt Bukater -- the notional protagonist of the song -- in the film . In 2011 , Rolling Stone readers rated it the 7th worst song of the ' 90s , with the magazine writing , `` Celine Dion 's song and the movie have aged very poorly ... Now ( the song ) probably just makes you cringe '' . Winslet stated that the song made her feel `` like throwing up '' , due to people 's tendency to start playing it when she was around : `` I wish I could say , ' Oh listen , everybody ! It 's the Celine Dion song ! ' But I do n't . I just have to sit there , you know , kind of straight - faced with a massive internal eye roll . '' The Atlantic attributed the song 's decline in popularity to its overexposure and added that over the years there have been many jokes that parody the song 's lyrics by claiming `` My Heart Will Go On '' goes `` on and on and on '' . Vulture reasoned that it has become fashionable to dislike the song because it `` encapsulates most everything that once - enthusiastic moviegoers now dislike about Titanic : It 's outdated , cheesy , and overly dramatic '' . Maxim deemed it `` the second most tragic event ever to result from that fabled ocean liner '' . On 11 September 2010 , Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio ranked the song No. 11 on his list of the `` 100 Worst Songs Ever '' , while stating a new rule : `` From now on , the Canadian warbler , and not the captain , has to go down with this ship . '' This was in reference to the Titanic itself . Accolades ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song . It dominated the 1999 Grammy Awards , winning Record of the Year -- marking the first time to be won by a Canadian -- Song of the Year , Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . `` My Heart Will Go On '' also won the Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song -- Motion Picture '' in 1998 . The song also won a Japanese Gold Disc Award , for Song of the Year , as well as a Billboard Music Award for Soundtrack Single of the Year . It has been named one of the Songs of the Century . It is one of the best - selling singles ever in the United Kingdom , selling over a million copies , the second single released by Dion to do so . This made Dion the only female artist to date to have released two million - selling singles in Britain . In December 2007 , the song peaked # 21 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's '' . In April 2010 , the UK radio station Magic 105.4 voted the single the `` top movie song of all time '' after listeners 's votes . It was ranked at number 14 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs , celebrating the 100 greatest songs in American film history . Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song became `` imprinted on the movie 's legacy '' , and every listen prompts a reminder of the blockbuster and the hype surrounding it . USA Today agreed that the song will be forever tied to Titanic . The Washington Post says it is the marriage of music and image that make both the song and film greater than the sum of their parts . After the song had become a huge worldwide hit , many movie studios and record labels tried to duplicate the process . Although many soundtrack singles had become hits before `` My Heart Will Go On '' , a string of similar songs followed afterward , such as Aerosmith 's `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' from Armageddon and Faith Hill 's `` There You 'll Be '' from Pearl Harbor ( both of which directed by Michael Bay ) . Each followed in the footsteps of the `` Titanic '' theme , a love ballad for a tragedy . Although those two songs became hits , they did not achieve the same success of `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Horner himself repeated the formula of making a song from his film themes with films such as A Beautiful Mind , Bicentennial Man , The Perfect Storm , and Avatar . The Atlantic noted that its popularity did n't stem from being played at events such as high school proms , weddings , and funerals , but by being indelibly placed into pop culture through numerous plays on the radio station , speakers , and passing cars . Reportedly , the song was playing when cruise liner Costa Concordia crashed into rocks and sank . Dion has said `` My Heart Will Go On gave me the opportunity to be associated with a classic that will live forever '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' became Dion 's biggest hit and one of the best - selling singles in history , having sold more than 15 million copies worldwide . In the United States , the song was given a limited number of copies -- 658,000 . Regardless , it debuted at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , with sales of 360,000 copies , where it stayed for two weeks . In addition , the song spent ten weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , and was number one for two weeks on the Hot 100 Singles Sales . As a testament to the popularity of the song on the radio , the song broke the record for the then - largest radio audience ever , garnering 117 million listeners in February 1998 . The single was eventually certified gold in the United States . Billboard reported that the digital copy of the single has sold 1,133,000 units since being available bringing total sales to 1,791,000 copies sold in the US . In addition `` My Heart Will Go On '' reached number one in several other U.S. charts , including , Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , Top 40 Mainstream , Hot Latin Pop Airplay , and Hot Latin Tracks . For the latter , the single became the first English - language song to top the Hot Latin Tracks chart , to which Dion was given a Billboard Latin Music Award for that achievement . Internationally , the song was phenomenally successful , spending many weeks at the top position in various countries , including 17 weeks on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , 15 weeks in Switzerland , 13 weeks in France and Germany , 11 weeks in the Netherlands and Sweden , ten weeks in Belgium Wallonia , Denmark , Italy , and Norway , seven weeks in Belgium Flanders , six weeks in Ireland , four weeks in Australia and Austria , two weeks in Spain and the United Kingdom , and one week in Finland . In Germany , `` My Heart Will Go On '' was certified 4 × platinum for selling over two million copies , and was ranked as one of the most popular singles ever released there . It sold over 1.2 million copies in France , being certified Diamond . Additionally , the song was certified 3 × Platinum in Belgium , 2 × Platinum in Australia , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland , Platinum in Greece , and Gold in Austria . `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released twice in Japan . The regular edition from January 1998 sold 205,300 and was certified 2 × Platinum , for 200,000 copies sold . The remixed edition released in June 1998 sold 111,920 copies and was certified Gold for 100,000 copies sold , due the fact that maxi - singles are treated as an album . In the United Kingdom , the song sold 1,681,023 copies ( as of September 2017 ) , becoming Dion 's second million - selling single in Britain following `` Think Twice '' in 1995 and Britain 's second best - selling single of 1998 behind Cher 's `` Believe '' . This made her the only solo female artist to have two million - selling singles in Britain , a record which stood until early 2012 when Rihanna 's singles `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) and `` We Found Love '' ( 2011 ) both topped a million sales . Album appearances ( edit ) The song was included on the All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video DVD and on the Titanic ( Three - Disc Special Collector 's Edition ) DVD release in 25 October 2005 . In addition to Dion 's Let 's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack , `` My Heart Will Go On '' appears on several other albums , including VH1 Divas Live , Au cœur du stade , All the Way ... A Decade of Song , A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas , Complete Best , My Love : Essential Collection , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert , and Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 . It was also included on the DVDs for Au cœur du stade , All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video , Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... , and Celine : Through the Eyes of the World . It was included later on the Back to Titanic second soundtrack album , but it does not happear on the 20th anniversary edition . In France , `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released as a double A-side single with `` The Reason '' . In the Let 's Talk about Love album booklet , the lyrics of the song contain an additional line between a second chorus and the final verse . The words `` There is some love that will not go away '' are not performed by Dion in any available version of the song , however , they are still included on Dion 's official site . Track listing ( edit ) European CD single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Because You Loved Me '' -- 4 : 33 European CD single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 20 French CD single `` The Reason '' -- 5 : 01 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 French CD single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Southampton '' -- 4 : 02 French CD single # 3 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 Japanese CD single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 4 : 04 UK cassette single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` I Love You '' -- 5 : 30 US CD single and Cassette `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Rose '' -- 2 : 52 Australian / Brazilian / European / UK / Korean CD maxi single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Because You Loved Me '' -- 4 : 33 `` When I Fall in Love '' -- 4 : 19 `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 4 : 04 Australian CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 `` Misled '' ( The Serious mix ) -- 4 : 59 `` Love Can Move Mountains '' ( Underground vocal mix ) -- 7 : 10 Brazilian CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Cuca 's radio edit ) -- 4 : 22 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran 's anthem edit ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones unsinkable edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran 's anthem vocal ) -- 9 : 41 European CD maxi single # 2 / UK 12 '' single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 Japanese / Korean CD maxi single `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones unsinkable club mix ) -- 10 : 04 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Matt & Vito 's unsinkable epic mix ) -- 9 : 53 UK CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( soundtrack version ) -- 5 : 11 `` Have a Heart '' -- 4 : 12 `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' -- 5 : 55 `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' -- 4 : 32 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( BDS Airplay Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 2 - track single 34 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 - track Dance Mixes 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) charted solely on airplay 34 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway Spring Period ( VG - lista ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Soundtrack Singles ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Artists Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 95 France ( SNEP ) 49 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 1,200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 4 × Platinum 2,000,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Single version 2 × Platinum 200,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Dance mixes Gold 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Ringtone version Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 2 × Platinum 150,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,681,023 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,358,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Japan 14 January 1998 Mini CD United Kingdom 9 February 1998 CD cassette United States 10 February 1998 Japan 20 June 1998 CD Sissel Kyrkjebø Recording ( edit ) External video Sissel performing `` My Heart Will Go On '' on world premiere of Titanic 3D at Royal Albert Hall , March 27 2012 , YouTube video Sissel performing `` My Heart Will Go On '' on world premiere of Titanic Live at Royal Albert Hall , April 27 2015 , YouTube video Sissel Kyrkjebø recorded the song for the movie in 1997 , but Celine Dion 's vocals was preferred due to James Horner decision to support Dion 's career . In an interview from December 2014 , Horner quotes : `` When I had completed the Titanic ( movie ) , I had to decide for Celine Dion or Sissel ( 's ) ( vocals ) . Sissel I am very close , while Celine I had known since she was 18 , and I had already written three film songs for ( her ) . But that was before Celine was known and filmmakers and marketing people had not done what they should have done for Celine and ( her ) songs . So I felt I owed her a Titanic chance , but I could ( still ) have used Sissel there . '' See also ( edit ) 1998 in British music Academy Award for Best Original Song Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1998 French Top 100 singles of the 1990s Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Australian chart achievements and milestones List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in France List of best - selling singles in Germany List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 20th century in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1998 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1998 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1998 List of European number - one hits of 1998 List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1998 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1998 List of number - one hits ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles of the 1990s ( Switzerland ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Top 25 singles for 1998 in Australia List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of UK top 10 singles in 1998 Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 1998 Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 1998 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 41st Annual GRAMMY Awards -- Record Of The Year '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 28 February 1998 . p. 54 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : D '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : セリーヌ ・ ディオン の シングル 売り上げ ランキング ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 8 , 1998 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Facts '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 9 May 1998 . p. 59 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved Septemb29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1998 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1998 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1998 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RMP 's Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of ' 98 '' . RPM. 14 December 1998 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 1998 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1998 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- single 1998 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single Vår 1998 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 1998 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 26 December 1998 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zeitraum für die Auswertung : 07.01. 1990 -- 26.12. 1999 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Karen Bliss ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Canada 150 : Celine Dion & Shania Twain Lead Nielsen Music Canada 's Top Canadian Artists Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Singles of the Nineties '' . Music Week 1959 -- 2009 : Anniversary Special . London , England : United Business Media . 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 1001 , De Best Verkochte Hits Aller Tijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 of All Time '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Chart '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Lane ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Naughty Boy and Sam Smith smash 1 million UK sales with La La La '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Enter Celine Dion in the field Interpret . Enter My Heart Will Go On in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1998 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Celine Dion -- The Reason My Heart Will Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Celine Dion ; ' My Heart Will Go On ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` マイ ・ ハート ・ ウィル ・ ゴー ・ オン 1998.01. 13 ( SME ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` マイ ・ ハート ・ ウィル ・ ゴー ・ オン 98.6. 20 ( SME ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Celine Dion '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Celine Dion ; ' My Heart Will Go On ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Enter My Heart Will Go On in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dion 's Iconic ' My Heart Will Go On ' Turns 20 '' . Billboard. 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On ( Dance Mixes ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Titanic - oppklaring for Sissel Jump up ^ Her synger Sissel Kyrkjebø for verdensstjernene Jump up ^ -- Det var det verste øyeblikket i mitt liv Jump up ^ My Heart Will Go On -- Sissel Live @ Titanic Live Premiere Jump up ^ Kyrkjebø , Sissel on Ballade Jump up ^ Sissel Kyrkjebø kunne ha sunget `` My heart will go on '' Further reading ( edit ) Rapkin , Mickey ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) . `` The Oral History of Celine Dion 's ' My Heart Will Go On ' : Controversies , Doubts & ' Belly Pains ' in the Studio '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Music Video ) on YouTube `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Live in Las Vegas ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2018 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 1990s ) `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1990s ) Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar - `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' 1991 Julie Gold - `` From a Distance '' Irving Gordon - `` Unforgettable '' Eric Clapton & Will Jennings - `` Tears in Heaven '' Alan Menken & Tim Rice - `` A Whole New World '' 1995 Bruce Springsteen - `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Seal - `` Kiss from a Rose '' 1997 Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims - `` Change the World '' 1998 Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal - `` Sunny Came Home '' 1999 James Horner & Will Jennings - `` My Heart Will Go On '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Heart_Will_Go_On&oldid=820840434 '' Categories : Celine Dion songs 1997 singles 1998 singles 1990s ballads Love themes Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Latin Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs written by James Horner Music videos directed by Bille Woodruff Pop ballads 1997 songs Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Titanic ( 1997 film ) Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written for films Sony Music Entertainment singles Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardtropicalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song my heart will go on | [
"\"My Heart Will Go On,\" also called the \"Love Theme from Titanic,\" is the main theme song to James Cameron's blockbuster film Titanic. Its music was composed by James Horner, its lyrics were written by Will Jennings, and it was produced by Walter Afanasieff and Simon Franglen,[1] recorded by Celine Dion, and released in 1997.[2]"
] | [
"Celine Dion"
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-4362668240173089306 | Thalamus | Thalamus - wikipedia Thalamus Jump to : navigation , search Thalamus thalamus marked ( MRI cross-section ) anterolateral view Details Part of Diencephalon Components See List of thalamic nuclei Artery Posterior cerebral artery and branches Identifiers Latin thalamus dorsalis MeSH A08. 186.211. 730.385. 826 NeuroNames hier - 283 NeuroLex ID Thalamus TA A14. 1.08. 101 A14. 1.08. 601 TE E5. 14.3. 4.2. 1.8 FMA 62007 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The thalamus ( from Greek θάλαμος , `` chamber '' ) is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals , including motor signals , to the cerebral cortex , and the regulation of consciousness , sleep , and alertness It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves , within the vertebrate brain , situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain . It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon , as first assigned by Wilhelm His , Sr. in 1893 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Thalamic nuclei 1.3 Connections 2 Function 3 Development 3.1 Early brain development 3.2 Formation of progenitor domains 3.3 The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) 3.4 Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The thalamus in a 360 ° rotation The thalamus is located in the forebrain which is superior to the midbrain , near the center of the brain , with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions . The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle , and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band , the interthalamic adhesion . Blood supply ( edit ) The thalamus derives its blood supply from a number of arteries : the polar artery ( posterior communicating artery ) , paramedian thalamic - subthalamic arteries , inferolateral ( thalamogeniculate ) arteries , and posterior ( medial and lateral ) choroidal arteries . These are all branches of the posterior cerebral artery . Some people have the artery of Percheron , which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of the thalamus . Thalamic nuclei ( edit ) See also : List of thalamic nuclei Nuclei of the thalamus The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of four parts , the hypothalamus , epithalamus , prethalamus ( formerly called ventral thalamus ) , and dorsal thalamus . Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally - located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus . Due to their different ontogenetic origins , the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper . The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae ( made up of myelinated fibers ) separating different thalamic subparts . Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of neurons , such as the periventricular nucleus , the intralaminar elements , the `` nucleus limitans '' , and others . These latter structures , different in structure from the major part of the thalamus , have been grouped together into the allothalamus as opposed to the isothalamus . This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus . Connections ( edit ) The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract . The thalamus is manifoldly connected to the hippocampus via the mammillo - thalamic tract , this tract comprises the mammillary bodies and fornix . The thalamus is connected to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations . The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord . It transmits information to the thalamus about pain , temperature , itch and crude touch . There are two main parts : the lateral spinothalamic tract , which transmits pain and temperature , and the anterior ( or ventral ) spinothalamic tract , which transmits crude touch and pressure . Function ( edit ) The thalamus has multiple functions , generally believed to act as a relay station , or hub , relaying information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex . In particular , every sensory system ( with the exception of the olfactory system ) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area . For the visual system , for example , inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus , which in turn projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe . The thalamus is believed to both process sensory information as well as relay it -- each of the primary sensory relay areas receives strong feedback connections from the cerebral cortex . Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex . The ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay , which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex . The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness . Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex , forming thalamo - cortico - thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness . The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal , the level of awareness , and activity . Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma . The role of the thalamus in the more anterior pallidal and nigral territories in the basal ganglia system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood . The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to tectal functions is almost ignored . The thalamus has been thought of as a `` relay '' that simply forwards signals to the cerebral cortex . Newer research suggests that thalamic function is more selective . Many different functions are linked to various regions of the thalamus . This is the case for many of the sensory systems ( except for the olfactory system ) , such as the auditory , somatic , visceral , gustatory and visual systems where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits . A major role of the thalamus is support of motor and language systems , and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared . The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei with respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic memory and rodent event memory . There is support for the hypothesis that thalamic regions connection to particular parts of the mesio - temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory . The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center . Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas . In an investigation of the saccade and antisaccade motor response in three monkeys , the thalamic regions were found to be involved in the generation of antisaccade eye - movement . Development ( edit ) The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus ( or prethalamus , previously also known as ventral thalamus ) , the mid-diencephalic organiser ( which forms later the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) ) and the thalamus ( dorsal thalamus ) . The development of the thalamus can be subdivided into three steps . The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon , the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum . Early brain development ( edit ) After neurulation the anlage of the prethalamus and the thalamus is induced within the neural tube . Data from different vertebrate model organisms support a model in which the interaction between two transcription factors , Fez and Otx , are of decisive importance . Fez is expressed in the prethalamus , and functional experiments show that Fez is required for prethalamus formation . Posteriorly , Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression domain of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus . Formation of progenitor domains ( edit ) Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form , a caudal domain ( TH - C ) and a rostral domain ( TH - R ) . The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus . The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) ( edit ) At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx , the mid-diencephalic organizer ( MDO , also called the ZLI organiser ) is induced within the thalamic anlage . The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus . A lack of the organizer leads to the absence of the thalamus . The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal during development . Members of the SHH family and of the Wnt family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO . Besides its importance as signalling center , the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) . Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus ( edit ) After its induction , the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH . In mice , the function of signaling at the MDO has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in SHH mutants . Studies in chicks have shown that SHH is both necessary and sufficient for thalamic gene induction . In zebrafish , it was shown that the expression of two SHH genes , SHH - a and SHH - b ( formerly described as twhh ) mark the MDO territory , and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO / alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable . The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons . SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior - to - anterior wave of expression the proneural gene Neurogenin1 in the major ( caudal ) part of the thalamus , and Ascl1 ( formerly Mash1 ) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO , and in the prethalamus . This zonation of proneural gene expression leads to the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors . In fish , selection of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by the dynamic expression of Her6 the homolog of HES1 . Expression of this hairy - like bHLH transcription factor , which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1 , is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells . In addition , studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus . The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the thalamic nuclei . In humans , a common genetic variation in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter ( the SERT - long and - short allele : 5 - HTTLPR ) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults . People who inherit two short alleles ( SERT - ss ) have more neurons and a larger volume in the pulvinar and possibly the limbic regions of the thalamus . Enlargement of the thalamus provides an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT - ss alleles are more vulnerable to major depression , posttraumatic stress disorder , and suicide . Clinical significance ( edit ) A cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ) can lead to the thalamic syndrome , which involves a one - sided burning or aching sensation often accompanied by mood swings . Bilateral ischemia of the area supplied by the paramedian artery can cause serious problems including akinetic mutism , and be accompanied by oculomotor problems . A related concept is thalamocortical dysrhythmia . The occlusion of the artery of Percheron can lead to a bilateral thalamus infarction . Korsakoff 's syndrome stems from damage to the mammillary body , the mammillothalamic fasciculus or the thalamus . Fatal familial insomnia is a hereditary prion disease in which degeneration of the thalamus occurs , causing the patient to gradually lose his ability to sleep and progressing to a state of total insomnia , which invariably leads to death . In contrast , damage to the thalamus can result in coma . Additional images ( edit ) Drawings are by Gray and Carter ( 1858 ) . The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . Coronal section of lateral and 3rd ventricles . Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain . Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe . Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere . Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane . Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories ( I to V ) . Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus ; medial lemniscus in blue , lateral in red . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Ventral view . Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons . Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Human brain frontal ( coronal ) section Thalamus Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection See also ( edit ) List of regions in the human brain List of thalamic nuclei Neothalamus Primate basal ganglia system Thalamic stimulator Thalamotomy 5 - HT7 receptor Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper - index & University of Washington Faculty Web Server & Search engine search page + Perseus Project tufts.edu Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 Jump up ^ Sherman , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Thalamus '' . Scholarpedia. 1 ( 9 ) : 1583 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 1583 . Jump up ^ Sherman , S. Murray ; Guillery , R.W. ( 2000 ) . Exploring the Thalamus . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 305460 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What you can learn from Einsteins quirky habits '' Jump up ^ The Thalamus - Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1749 - 8 . Jump up ^ Percheron , G. ( 1982 ) . `` The arterial supply of the thalamus '' . In Schaltenbrand ; Walker , A.E. Stereotaxy of the human brain . Stuttgart : Thieme . pp. 218 -- 32 . 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Cognitive Neuroscience - The Biology of The Mind . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 91348 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Steriade , Mircea ; Llinás , Rodolfo R. ( 1988 ) . `` The Functional States of the Thalamus and the Associated Neuronal Interplay '' . Physiological Reviews . 68 ( 3 ) : 649 -- 742 . PMID 2839857 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Abigail W. ( August 17 , 2006 ) . `` Your Brain Boots Up Like a Computer '' . LiveScience . Jump up ^ Stein , Thor ; Moritz , Chad ; Quigley , Michelle ; Cordes , Dietmar ; Haughton , Victor ; Meyerand , Elizabeth ( 2000 ) . `` Functional Connectivity in the Thalamus and Hippocampus Studied with Functional MR Imaging '' . American Journal of Neuroradiology. 21 ( 8 ) : 1397 -- 401 . PMID 11003270 . Jump up ^ Aggleton , John P. ; Brown , Malcolm W. ( 1999 ) . `` Episodic memory , amnesia , and the hippocampal -- anterior thalamic axis '' . 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Jump up ^ http://www.optomotorik.de/blicken/anti-rev.htm Jump up ^ Kunimatsu , J ; Tanaka , M ( 2010 ) . `` Roles of the primate motor thalamus in the generation of antisaccades '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 30 ( 14 ) : 5108 -- 17 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0406 - 10.2010 . PMID 20371831 . Jump up ^ Kuhlenbeck , Hartwig ( 1937 ) . `` The ontogenetic development of the diencephalic centers in a bird 's brain ( chick ) and comparison with the reptilian and mammalian diencephalon '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 66 : 23 -- 75 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 900660103 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , K ; Hartigan , DJ ; Martinez , S ; Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 1995 ) . `` Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube '' . Development . 121 ( 12 ) : 3923 -- 33 . PMID 8575293 . ^ Jump up to : Scholpp , Steffen ; Lumsden , Andrew ( 2010 ) . `` Building a bridal chamber : Development of the thalamus '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 33 ( 8 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2010.05. 003 . PMC 2954313 . PMID 20541814 . Jump up ^ Hirata , T. ; Nakazawa , M ; Muraoka , O ; Nakayama , R ; Suda , Y ; Hibi , M ( 2006 ) . `` Zinc - finger genes Fez and Fez - like function in the establishment of diencephalon subdivisions '' . Development . 133 ( 20 ) : 3993 -- 4004 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02585 . PMID 16971467 . Jump up ^ Jeong , J. - Y. ; Einhorn , Z. ; Mathur , P. ; Chen , L. ; Lee , S. ; Kawakami , K. ; Guo , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Patterning the zebrafish diencephalon by the conserved zinc - finger protein Fezl '' . Development . 134 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 36 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02705 . PMID 17164418 . Jump up ^ Acampora , D ; Avantaggiato , V ; Tuorto , F ; Simeone , A ( 1997 ) . `` Genetic control of brain morphogenesis through Otx gene dosage requirement '' . Development . 124 ( 18 ) : 3639 -- 50 . PMID 9342056 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Foucher , I. ; Staudt , N. ; Peukert , D. ; Lumsden , A. ; Houart , C. ( 2007 ) . `` Otx1l , Otx2 and Irx1b establish and position the ZLI in the diencephalon '' . Development . 134 ( 17 ) : 3167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 001461 . PMID 17670791 . Jump up ^ Song , Hobeom ; Lee , Bumwhee ; Pyun , Dohoon ; Guimera , Jordi ; Son , Youngsook ; Yoon , Jaeseung ; Baek , Kwanghee ; Wurst , Wolfgang ; Jeong , Yongsu ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Ascl1 and Helt act combinatorially to specify thalamic neuronal identity by repressing Dlxs activation '' . Developmental Biology . 398 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 291 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ydbio. 2014.12. 003 . ISSN 1095 - 564X . PMID 25512300 . Jump up ^ Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 2003 ) . `` Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 26 ( 9 ) : 469 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 03 ) 00234 - 0 . PMID 12948657 . 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 47 ) : 19895 -- 900 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0910894106 . PMC 2775703 . PMID 19903880 . Jump up ^ Vue , Tou Yia ; Bluske , Krista ; Alishahi , Amin ; Yang , Lin Lin ; Koyano - Nakagawa , Naoko ; Novitch , Bennett ; Nakagawa , Yasushi ( 2009 ) . `` Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Controls Thalamic Progenitor Identity and Nuclei Specification in Mice '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 29 ( 14 ) : 4484 -- 97 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0656 - 09.2009 . PMC 2718849 . PMID 19357274 . Jump up ^ Young , Keith A. ; Holcomb , Leigh A. ; Bonkale , Willy L. ; Hicks , Paul B. ; Yazdani , Umar ; German , Dwight C. ( 2007 ) . `` 5HTTLPR Polymorphism and Enlargement of the Pulvinar : Unlocking the Backdoor to the Limbic System '' . Biological Psychiatry . 61 ( 6 ) : 813 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.08. 047 . PMID 17083920 . Jump up ^ Dejerine , J. ; Roussy , G. ( 1906 ) . `` Le syndrome thalamique '' . Revue Neurologique. 14 : 521 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Gray , H. & Carter , H.V. ( 1858 ) , Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical , London : John W. Parker and Son , Retrieved ( 16 October 2011 ) ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) → ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thalamus . Stained brain slice images which include the `` thalamus '' at the BrainMaps project ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Brain and spinal cord : neural tracts and fasciculi Sensory / ascending PCML 1 ° : Pacinian corpuscle / Meissner 's corpuscle → Posterior column ( Gracile fasciculus / Cuneate fasciculus ) → Gracile nucleus / Cuneate nucleus 2 ° : → sensory decussation / arcuate fibers ( Posterior external arcuate fibers , Internal arcuate fibers ) → Medial lemniscus / Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus ( VPL , VPM ) 3 ° : → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral / pain Fast / lateral 1 ° ( Free nerve ending → A delta fiber ) → 2 ° ( Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Postcentral gyrus ) → 4 ° ( Posterior parietal cortex ) 2 ° ( Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum ) Slow / medial 1 ° ( Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation ) → 2 ° ( MD of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Cingulate cortex ) Motor / descending Pyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract ( Lateral , Anterior ) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion : Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal ganglia direct : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPi ) → 3 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 4 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 5 ° ( Motor cortex ) indirect : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPe ) → 3 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus ) → 4 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi ) → 5 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 6 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 7 ° ( Motor cortex ) nigrostriatal pathway : Pars compacta → Striatum Cerebellar Afferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere / pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere / spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation , or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe / vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional : Spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception lower limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal / posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum ) Reflex arc lower limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Ventral / anterior spinocerebellar tract → SCP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=807075329 '' Categories : Thalamus Motor system Sensory systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wiktionary বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski 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"The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, \"chamber\")[1] is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex,[2][3][page needed] and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness[4]"
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1519794205802903576 | Black Lightning (TV series) | Black Lightning ( TV series ) - wikipedia Black Lightning ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Black Lightning Genre Superhero Drama Based on Black Lightning by Tony Isabella Trevor Von Eeden Developed by Salim Akil Starring Cress Williams China Anne McClain Nafessa Williams Christine Adams Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III Damon Gupton James Remar Opening theme `` Black Lightning '' by Godholly Composer ( s ) Kurt Farquhar Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Mara Brock Akil Salim Akil Oz Scott Pascal Verschooris Producer ( s ) Robert West Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Akil Productions DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Production website Black Lightning is an American superhero television series developed by Salim Akil , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character of the same name , created by Tony Isabella . It stars Cress Williams as the titular character alongside China Anne McClain , Nafessa Williams , Christine Adams , Marvin Jones III , Damon Gupton , and James Remar . The series sees the retired Black Lightning return to the hero life and its effects on his family life . Development on the series began in September 2016 when Fox ordered a pilot production commitment for Black Lightning . In February 2017 , Fox passed on the series , with it being picked up by The CW with a new script for the pilot . The CW officially ordered the series in May 2017 . The first season premiered on January 16 , 2018 , for a 13 - episode run . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the show for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Connection to the Arrowverse 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) High school principal Jefferson Pierce , who retired from his superhero persona Black Lightning nine years ago after seeing the effects it had on his family , is forced to become a vigilante again when the rise of the local gang called the 100 leads to increased crime and corruption in his community of Freeland . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cress Williams as Jefferson Pierce / Black Lightning : A retired superhero with the ability to harness and manipulate electricity who works as a principal at Garfield High School . He returns to fighting crime after his daughters are kidnapped by a local gang . Kaden Washington Lewis portrays as teenage Jefferson Pierce . China Anne McClain as Jennifer Pierce : Jefferson 's younger daughter , who is `` an independent , outspoken scholar - athlete with a wild streak of her own '' , who also possesses powers where her cells start generating energy ; her electric power is more powerful than that of her father 's . Nafessa Williams as Anissa Pierce / Thunder : Jefferson 's elder daughter who is in medical school and teaches part - time at Jefferson 's school . Anissa is a metahuman like her father , having an ability to manipulate her density , endowing herself with superhuman strength and near invulnerablity . She can also create powerful shockwaves against opponents with this power during combat . In addition , she has a rapid healing factor . She eventually fights crime as Thunder , and later becomes her father 's protégée and partner . Describing her character as a positive role model , Williams said `` I 'm just really grateful to tell the story for young lesbians -- and black lesbians in particular ... My hope is that when you watch Anissa , a young lesbian is inspired to walk boldly as who she is and to love herself and to love herself exactly how she looks . '' Christine Adams as Lynn Stewart : A neuroscientist at Bowman College and Jefferson 's ex-wife . Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III as Tobias Whale : A former politician who rose through the ranks of local government through corruption but was brought down by Jefferson 's father , Alvin . After killing Alvin , Tobias was exiled and became the leader of the 100 . He also becomes involved with the A.S.A. 's efforts to capture and study Black Lightning . Damon Gupton as Billy Henderson : A veteran detective inspector with the police , who becomes an unlikely ally to Jefferson , despite his role in the community . After exposing the dirty Deputy Chief , Cayman , he is appointed to replace him . James Remar as Peter Gambi : Jefferson 's oldest friend who became a father figure and mentor to him and works as his `` tailor '' while having connections with Lady Eve . His real name is Peter Esposito and was a former member of the A.S.A. until he turned against the organization and gave information to Alvin Pierce , resulting in his murder . Recurring ( edit ) Kyanna Simone Simpson as Kiesha Henderson : Jennifer Pierce 's best friend and the daughter of Billy Henderson , who encourages Jennifer to challenge her perfect image . Skye P. Marshall as Kara Fowdy : Garfield High 's vice-principal . She is later revealed to be a spotter for the A.S.A. who reports on metahuman sightings at the school to them . William Catlett as Latavius `` Lala '' Johnson / Tattoo Man : A member of the 100 who is in charge of the Seahorse Motel that the 100 use as a front for their prostitution ring . He is killed by Tobias Whale for his repeated failures to dispose of Black Lightning , but is later resurrected by Lady Eve 's magic dust and starts seeing Lawanda 's ghost and Will 's ghost where their tattoos appear on his body . In addition , he starts to demonstrate super-strength . After regaining control of Lala and mentioning the ghosts being a side effect of the reanimation project he was put through , Tobias uses him as a bomb mule in an attempt to kill Marton Proctor . Dabier as Will : A member of the 100 and cousin of Lala who kidnaps Anissa and Jennifer . He is later killed by Lala , and later appears as a ghost that only Lala can see . Charlbi Dean as Syonide : Tobias Whale 's henchwoman , hit person , and mob enforcer . At the age of an infant , she was found in the dumpster with her umbilical cord wrapped around her . After finding her in an orphanage abused and malnourished , Tobias Whale took her in and trained her in the art of assassination while also having her put through a painful procedure that involved placing fiber armor beneath her skin . Eric Mendenhall as Joey Toledo : Tobias Whale 's right - hand man and mob enforcer . He is killed by Gambi . Tracey Bonner as Lawanda White : One of Jefferson 's former students whose daughter was taken by the 100 under Lala 's supervision . After Jefferson fails to help her as promised , Lawanda confronts Lala , who shoots and kills her mercilessly . Unknown to him , she recorded the entire exchange , which leads to his arrest and eventual death . Lawanda later turns up as a ghost that only Lala can see . Anthony Reynolds as Deputy Chief Zeke Cayman : A corrupt officer of the Freeland Police Department who has connections with the A.S.A and Tobias Whale . He is tasked by Kara with framing Jefferson for drug dealing , but is subsequently arrested and removed from the force thanks to an investigation by Henderson . Jordan Calloway as Khalil Payne / Painkiller : A track star at Garfield High and Jennifer 's ex boyfriend . After a bullet from Syonide 's gun paralyzes him from the waist down , he becomes involved with Tobias Whale where he undergoes an experimental treatment involving a spinal implant that gives him enhanced abilities . Tobias Whale is the one who names Khalil 's new form of Painkiller . Chantal Thuy as Grace Choi : A bartender who becomes Anissa 's girlfriend . Jill Scott as Evelyn Stillwater - Ferguson / Lady Eve : The owner of a funeral parlor who connects Tobias Whale with a secret group of corrupt leaders that gave him leadership over the 100 . She is later murdered by Tobias as part of a plan to frame Black Lightning . Edwina Findley as Tori Whale : Tobias Whale 's younger sister who assists in his plot to destroy Black Lightning . She is accidentally killed by a stray bullet while trying to escape from Black Lightning . Gregg Henry as Martin Proctor : The leader of the A.S.A. , who initially wants to kill Black Lightning , but changes his mind when he realizes that his DNA can be used to create metahuman soldiers . Peter Gambi is associated with him . During a confrontation at one of the warehouses storing the metahuman stasis pods , Martin is briefly attacked by Jennifer and shot by Gambi . Tobias Whale had his thumbs salvaged by an ally at the coroner 's office in order to access the contents of his briefcase . Guest ( edit ) Clifton Powell as Jeremiah Holt : A reverend looking to challenge the 100 . Jason Louder as Frank `` Two - Bits '' Banner : Jefferson 's childhood friend who sells drugs and bootleg DVDs on the streets , and an occasional informant for Black Lightning . Antonio Fargas as David Poe : The editor of the `` Freeland Gazette '' , who gives Anissa files that once belonged to her grandfather , Alvin . He is subsequently killed offscreen in a staged hit - and - run . Keith Arthur Bolden as Alvin Pierce : The father of Jefferson and friend of Peter Gambi who worked as a reporter . He was killed by Tobias Whale after exposing him for corruption . Josh Henry as Man in Lab Coat : An unnamed scientist working for the A.S.A. who oversees the stasis pods that the captured metahumans are in . Roland S. Martin and Nina Turner appeared as themselves in the pilot . Journalist Amanda Davis has a posthumous cameo appearance in the debut episode . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Resurrection '' Salim Akil Salim Akil January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T43. 10001 2.31 After his older daughter Anissa is arrested for protesting , high school principal and former superhero Jefferson Pierce is again pulled over for a crime he did not commit . The last straw comes when his youngest daughter , Jennifer , gets in trouble at a club owned by a gang called the `` 100 '' and he is forced to use his powers to rescue her . Peter Gambi , his mentor and friend , urges him to become Black Lightning again , but Jefferson refuses to break the promise he made to his ex-wife , Lynn , to give up heroics in hopes of reconciling with her . A 100 gangbanger named Will and his friends abduct Jennifer and Anissa despite an agreement between Jefferson and the gang . Lynn temporarily frees him from his promise in order to save their daughters . With Gambi 's help , he rescues the girls from the 100 at the Seahorse Motel . However , he is unable to find Will 's boss Lala . After being brought to the head of the 100 , Tobias Whale , by his two underlings Syonide and Joey Toledo , Lala is instructed to kill Black Lightning . Anissa 's trauma activates her own powers , causing her to break a sink in half . `` LaWanda : The Book of Hope '' Oz Scott Salim Akil January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T43. 10002 1.94 Jefferson assures Lynn that he is giving up his Black Lightning identity for good . However , he learns that the 100 are still running prostitutes at the Seahorse Motel and that his daughters are being targeted as witnesses . Jefferson asks Gambi to help him find Lala by hacking the police 's database . Anissa 's girlfriend offers to get her a therapist . Will escapes police custody , but is captured and executed by Lala . LaWanda , a former student of Jefferson 's , tries to free her daughter from the grip of the 100 and he promises to help her . LaWanda is killed when she confronts Lala at the Seahorse Motel . Blaming himself for her death , Jefferson throws aside his concerns and prepares to go after the 100 . Lynn visits Gambi and asks him to convince her husband otherwise , but he refuses . Using information from Will 's recovered phone , Jefferson suits up and storms the hotel where Lala is hiding , beating him severely just before the police arrive to arrest him . While out shopping , Anissa subdues a robber with her powers . Using his connections with Deputy Chief Cayman after the Seahorse Motel was shut down , Tobias gets access to Lala 's cell and strangles him with only one hand . `` LaWanda : The Book of Burial '' Mark Tonderai Jan Nash January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T43. 10003 2.21 Following LaWanda 's death , Reverend Holt plans to orchestrate a peace march in light of the 100 's crime waves , much to the dismay of Jefferson and Inspector Henderson . Anissa meets Grace Choi and experiments with her new abilities . Tobias has an talk with Lady Eve and instructs his minions to massacre the peace march in exchange for Lala 's place in the ranks . Though Black Lightning succeeds in stopping the assailant , Tobias is nearby as Syonide shoots Reverend Holt . The bullet goes through Reverend Holt and hits Khalil , Jennifer 's boyfriend . At the hospital , Jefferson sees the mixed news about the opinions of Black Lightning from the peace marchers and Inspector Henderson . At the tailor shop , Gambi deletes evidence that Tobias was the one responsible for the reverend and Khalil being shot . Back at the hospital , Lynn assures Anissa that she will be there for her . Jefferson and Jennifer tell them that Reverend Holt is doing well but Khalil wo n't walk again . As Jefferson embraces his family , he continues to see the news about Black Lightning as other peace marchers praise his heroic actions . `` Black Jesus '' Michael Schultz Pat Charles February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T43. 10004 1.88 One of Jefferson 's students , Bernard , almost overdoses on a new strength - enhancing street drug , Green Light . Jefferson is forced to use his powers to knock him out . The school board wants Bernard expelled but lets him stay when Jefferson cedes final authority over student matters to the board . Gambi and Jefferson track Green Light to a mid-level dealer named Two Bits , an old friend of Jefferson 's . When he dismisses Jefferson , Black Lightning gets him to reveal the location of a warehouse . Anissa and Grace are confronted outside a bar and Anissa uses her strength on the two thugs . Gambi erases the security footage , but keeps a photo of Anissa 's footprint . Black Lightning saves Bernard from a drug den and Jefferson puts him in rehab . Jennifer quits track to focus on supporting Khalil . Lady Eve gets impatient with Tobias , who entered the criminal world after being forced out of city council for supposedly killing Black Lightning . Tobias has Joey Toledo murder the morgue doctor who told him Black Lighting was dead . Tobias ' sister Tori arrives and proposes turning the people against Black Lightning . Tobias visits Khalil where he pays his medical bills and tells him it 's Black Lightning 's fault that he 'll never walk again . 5 `` And Then the Devil Brought the Plague : The Book of Green Light '' Rose Troche Adam Giaudrone February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) T43. 10005 1.81 Gambi alters Black Lightning 's suit for flight . Jefferson experiences severe headaches . Tobias pays Gambi a visit , looking for the identity of Black Lightning but Gambi says he does n't know ; and that Tobias is breaking their deal by coming to him . Tracking Green Light , Black Lightning finds out it is coming from Joey Toledo . Jennifer defends herself against two girls at a skating rink . One girl 's family is furious . While Jefferson and Lynn take responsibility upon being confronted by the family , they are impressed . Tori says Tobias needs to finally deal with their abusive father , Eldridge . Now an old man , Tobias breaks his father 's back and convinces Tori to let him die . Anissa discovers that , decades ago , her grandfather , reporter Alvin Pierce , had a story on the disappearance of nine enhanced teenagers . The newspaper would n't print the story and Alvin was murdered a week later . Anissa visits the paper 's editor who says `` they '' are still watching . Nevertheless , he gives her some files and Anissa suits up to explore a storage unit after putting together a costume from different clothes she purchases . On a tip from Inspector Henderson , Black Lightning confronts Toledo , but his headaches incapacitate him . This allows Toledo to escape as he vows to Black Lightning that Tobias Whale will kill him . 6 `` Three Sevens : The Book of Thunder '' Benny Boom Charles Holland February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T43. 10006 1.64 After Joey Toledo contacts Deputy Chief Cayman about Black Lightning 's sighting , Peter picks up Black Lightning before the police can find him and informs Lynn . The next day , Jefferson deals with Anissa getting in trouble with the police in relation to vandalism of a Confederate general 's statue , as well as Fowdy showing cyber-bullying videos about Jennifer . Meanwhile , Lynn compares the brain scans of those on Green Light and Black Lightning . While Black Lightning prepares for a confrontation with Tobias , Anissa uses her powers to destroy the Confederate general 's statue after she learns that someone was killed over it . Afterwards , Anissa contacts Lynn to reveal her powers . Due to an attack at the hospital , Black Lightning cancels his planned attack on Tobias . Anissa shows up and fights off the thieves ; Black Lightning battles and injures her , thinking that she was a metahuman who attacked Lynn . After realizing who she is , Lynn and Jefferson call Peter for help . Peter visits Lady Eve , having trained her , and makes a deal to keep the Pierce family off - limits to The 100 , who want to stop Lynn 's research . Meanwhile , Khalil takes up Tobias 's offer to walk again . Anissa awakes and finally discovers that her father is Black Lightning . 7 `` Equinox : The Book of Fate '' Bille Woodruff Lamont Magee March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T43. 10007 1.46 Since the discovery of Anissa having developed metahuman powers , Lynn examines Anissa while Peter Gambi comes clean to Jefferson about not telling him that Tobias Whale is back in town . Investigating the break - in at the hospital , Inspector Henderson gets the description of the criminals responsible and thinks the 100 is behind this though the two thieves are killed . After visiting Lady Eve about Tobias Whale , a disguised Gambi enters Tobias 's club and kills Toledo to make Tobias fall in line . Lynn asks Gambi to make a suit for Anissa . At a club that Tobias is attending , Black Lightning fights him and his henchmen which results in Tobias getting wounded and Tori accidentally getting killed by a stray bullet . During this time , Tobias Whale 's henchmen use special electrical guns to kill Lady Eve and her minions . After a talk with Anissa , Black Lightning gets a call from Henderson believing he killed Lady Eve . In the final scene , Lala is in a hotel room as he is brought back to life with Lawanda 's head tattooed on his chest . 8 `` The Book of Revelations '' Tanya Hamilton Jan Nash March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T43. 10008 1.45 Two henchmen are surprised to see Lala back from the dead ; while Lawanda talks to him encouraging violence and seducing him . Peter Gambi meets with A.S.A. member Martin Proctor who wants Black Lightning dead as a threat to the Freeland experiment . Examining Lady Eve 's body , Jefferson and Anissa trace the weapon 's radiation ; finding it and the body of Lady Eve 's killer . Meanwhile , Jennifer is startled at school , causing her to unlock her own electrical powers . After calling Henderson , Jefferson and Anissa hide nearby when they see someone coming close . While Jefferson sneaks up on the person , Anissa sees that it is about to explode and activates her powers to shield her father . Jefferson suspects The 100 intercepted his call to Henderson . Lynn finds that Greenlight was similar to a vaccine that was found in Alvin Pierce 's locker from 30 years ago . Gambi admits that his real name is Peter Esposito and that he withheld some things to protect Jefferson and his family from the A.S.A. who made the vaccine and hunt metahumans . Jefferson warns Peter to stay away from his family . In the final scene , Jennifer confides in Anissa about her electrical powers . 9 `` The Book of Little Black Lies '' Tawnia McKernan Keli Goff March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) T43. 10009 1.55 Anissa reveals her own powers and the fact their father is Black Lightning to Jennifer ; and she feels lied to by her parents all her life . Three separate investigations of Inspector Henderson into the corrupt police officers , Peter into the electrical weapons , and Jefferson and Anissa into Green Light from Alvin 's research all lead to the same lab where the drug is currently being manufactured . Peter gives Anissa her costume as Thunder and says he made a mistake in keeping secrets , but he was just trying to protect the ones he loves . With help from her mother , Jennifer is able to see why her parents lied but does n't want to save the world , mourning her loss of her chance at a normal life . Black Lightning and Thunder attack the Green Light lab together and Inspector Henderson is able to make a few arrests before they blow it up . A.S.A. agents attack with weapons to disable Black Lightning 's powers , but Thunder saves him . At home , Jennifer is able to forgive her father who promises to be honest with her from now on . 10 `` Sins of the Father : The Book of Redemption '' Eric Laneuville Pat Charles March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) T43. 10010 1.55 Thunder investigates Peter 's tip about the kids from 30 years ago and finds they are still alive . When she brings Black Lightning to the lab , it 's empty and they fight off ASA agents again . Two Bits sees one of Jefferson 's students display powers and get kidnapped , telling Jefferson . Meanwhile , Lala begins seeing Will , now also tattooed on his chest , as a ghost while taking over The 100 to sell traditional drugs again while planning revenge on Tobias Whale . He even displayed increased strength on anyone who disagrees with the plan . Anissa and Jennifer argue about powers again causing Jennifer 's whole body to flare up with electricity . Lynn finds that while their father is like a battery manipulating electricity , Jennifer can generate it . Martin Proctor and the A.S.A. kidnap and torture Peter , demanding Black Lightning 's identity . Under orders of Martin , two A.S.A. agents take Jefferson away while he mentors a child to get Peter to talk . Jefferson uses his powers , allowing Peter to kill two A.S.A. agents . Peter begins healing in his basement base and the Pierce family hides in Alvin 's old house . Peter tells Jefferson to find the new A.S.A. spotter in the community that finds kids with powers . At the new location of the stasis pods holding the kids , Martin has realized that Jefferson is Black Lightning after putting two and two together and informs Vice-Principal Fowdy about it as she is revealed to be the A.S.A. 's new spotter . 11 `` Black Jesus : The Book of Crucifixion '' Michael Schultz Melora Rivera April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) T43. 10011 1.50 Black Lightning and Thunder raid another location and find that the bodies have been moved again . Vice-Principal Kara Fowdy tells a scientist to keep an eye on the stasis pods stable , but one teenager from 30 years ago dies . From the shadows , Fowdy instructs Deputy Chief Cayman to have Jefferson framed for possession of Greenlight . In an online discussion with her bosses , Fowdy is told that the federal agents will take Jefferson to the black site to determine if he is Black Lightning . While Lynn tries to find a lawyer that can defend Jefferson , Henderson visits Jefferson 's cell , as he acts out an interrogation with Jefferson by talking about why his daughters were kidnapped by Lala . Thanks to Peter , Thunder runs after his remote - controlled car using a hologram of Black Lightning ; to fool everyone into believing Jefferson can not be Black Lightning . Henderson is able to catch one of the corrupt officers and convinces him to snitch on the rest . Henderson has Jefferson released and Cayman is arrested for his corruption . Jefferson has been exonerated and Henderson has been sworn in as the new Deputy Chief of Police . Peter joins the Pierce family for dinner to celebrate Jefferson 's exoneration . 12 `` The Resurrection and the Light : The Book of Pain '' Oz Scott Jan Nash & Adam Giaudrone April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T13. 10012 1.54 Khalil resurfaces where he now has a spinal implant that makes him walk again . Peter Gambi confronts a weapon maker for information about Martin Proctor . While the weapon maker finds the information , he is confronted by Lala , who acted strange after hearing the phrase `` The devil deals the cards . '' Meanwhile , Lynn works to help Jennifer with her condition . Under orders of Tobias Whale , Khalil as Painkiller , attacks Jefferson High using paralysis needles based from a toxin his implant now creates ; to draw out Black Lightning so that they can find out who he is . When Black Lightning confronts Khalil , Tobias joins the fight . As Jennifer works to get control of her abilities , Thunder faces off against Syonide where she manages to get a cut in Syonide 's left arm under her internal body armor . As Tobias restrains Black Lightning , Khalil does a strike that accidentally stops Black Lightning 's heart . Tobias reprimands Khalil for that action . When Thunder appears , Syonide covers their escape as Jennifer builds up enough energy to resuscitate Black Lightning . Falling back to a cabin in the woods at North Freeland , Peter cloaks them from tracking . Following the incident at the school , Martin Proctor tells Kara Fowdy to find Black Lightning even if she has to burn Freeland to do it . Meanwhile , Lala is brought to Tobias Whale by Syonide , who is unsurprised to see Lala alive . Using the phrase , Tobias is able to control Lala and plans on taking out Martin Proctor next . 13 `` Shadow of Death : The Book of War '' Salim Akil Charles D. Holland April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T43. 10013 1.68 Near death in New Freeland , Jefferson remembers and speaks with his father Alvin , who motivates him to wake up , though his powers are gone . With the pods from thirty years ago dying , Martin Proctor demands Lala be brought to him for information on Tobias . Tobias had Lala revived and placed under his control . The tattoos are a side effect of the reanimation process to remind Lala of the ones he 's killed . Tobias nicknames him Tattoo Man . He sends him with a bomb inside his stomach to the A.S.A. which kills a few agents . Tattoo Man 's fate is unclear . As Proctor sends agents to the cabin , Inspector Henderson gets word and the police pursue . Jennifer is able to use her powers to restore her father 's . The entire Pierce family and Peter are able to defeat the A.S.A. agents and avoid the police . Meanwhile , Tobias , Syonide and Painkiller attack the ASA headquarters and only Martin is able to escape . He goes to the pods where the Pierce family confronts him and Peter realizes he is running a rogue operation as Gambi kills him while the scientist watching them states their current condition . Lynn has the pods exposed to the media and the public recognizes Black lightning and Thunder as having stopped the A.S.A. 's experiments . As the Pierce family vows to protect Freeland , Tobias opens Martin 's briefcase using Martin 's thumbs that Syonide obtains from Tobias ' ally at the coroner 's office . This gives him something he needs to be Freeland 's king and to take out Black Lightning . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In September 2016 , after being in various stages of development , Warner Bros. Television began pitching Black Lightning to networks . The project was being developed by Mara Brock Akil and her husband , Salim Akil . They were partnered with Greg Berlanti , who was behind several DC Comics properties for the studio , eventually landing at Fox with a pilot production commitment . In February 2017 , Fox opted not to go forward with the project , deciding that it was `` not a good fit into its already crowded genre drama space '' . Warner Bros. Television presented the project to other networks , with The CW officially ordering a pilot for Black Lightning . The CW also opted to discard the original pilot script , as it had been written for Fox , and shoot a short presentation instead . The CW officially ordered Black Lightning to series on May 10 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) Salim Akil stated that Black Lightning would not follow the villain of the week format or be a procedural , because he wanted to `` explore the characters , even the villains '' . Casting ( edit ) In late February 2017 , Cress Williams was cast as Jefferson Pierce / Black Lightning , followed a month later by the casting of China Anne McClain and Nafessa Williams as his daughters , Jennifer Pierce and Anissa Pierce , respectively , and Christine Adams was cast as Lynn Pierce , Jefferson 's ex-wife . At the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that James Remar and Damon Gupton had joined the cast as Pierce 's friend Peter Gambi and detective inspector Henderson , respectively . The following month , Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III of the hip hop group Strong Arm Steady was cast as Tobias Whale . At the end of September 2017 , Kyanna Simone Simpson was cast as the recurring role Kiesha . The following month , Edwina Findley joined the cast as Tori Whale , while Chantal Thuy was cast as Grace Choi . In January 2018 , it was revealed that Skye Marshall had been cast as Mrs. Frowdy . Design ( edit ) Black Lightning 's costume was designed by Laura Jean Shannon . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the series takes place in Atlanta . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Black Lightning began airing on The CW on January 16 , 2018 , and is set to run for 13 episodes . Each episode airs a week later on Netflix across Western Europe . Home media ( edit ) The first season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in Region 1 on June 26 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Resurrection '' January 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.31 N / A 1.32 N / A 3.63 `` LaWanda : The Book of Hope '' January 23 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.94 0.7 1.54 1.3 3.48 `` LaWanda : The Book of Burial '' January 30 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.21 0.6 1.54 1.4 3.77 `` Black Jesus '' February 6 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.88 0.6 1.39 3.27 5 `` And Then the Devil Brought the Plague : The Book of Green Light '' February 13 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Three Sevens : The Book of Thunder '' February 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.64 0.5 1.17 1.0 2.80 7 `` Equinox : The Book of Fate '' March 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.46 0.4 1.03 0.9 2.48 8 `` The Book of Revelations '' March 13 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.41 9 `` The Book of Little Black Lies '' March 20 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 0.91 0.9 2.47 10 `` Sins of the Father : The Book of Redemption '' March 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.47 11 `` Black Jesus : The Book of Crucifixion '' April 3 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.50 N / A 0.83 N / A 2.33 12 `` The Resurrection and the Light : The Book of Pain '' April 10 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.54 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Shadow of Death : The Book of War '' April 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.68 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has received a 97 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 , based on 43 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Lightning does n't reinvent superhero TV , but it does give the genre a necessary jolt with real - world plots , scary new villains , and a star - making performance from Cress Williams . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 79 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Daniel Fienberg , in a review for The Hollywood Reporter , praised the series for being `` smart and relevant and full of an attitude that 's all its own . '' The portrayal of Anissa Pierce as Thunder has received praise for making television history as the first black lesbian superhero . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Television Series Black Lightning Pending Connection to the Arrowverse ( edit ) Further information : Arrowverse Despite airing on The CW and being created by Berlanti , Mark Pedowitz , president of The CW said in May 2017 that the series `` at this time , is not part of the Arrowverse . It is a separate situation . '' Berlanti had previously stated when the series was in development at Fox that it would not crossover with his other DC Comics television properties on The CW nor would it exist in the Arrowverse . However , Akil later stated that they were not ruling out eventual crossovers . In August 2017 , Pedowitz added , `` If ( the showrunners ) wish to bring it in , that is their call . We had a long discussion with the studio , Mara , Salim , and myself . We were fine with them making it separate from the Arrowverse , they have a different point of view . If they end up wanting to go that way , that will be their decision . '' Salim Akil noted references in the first season to the Arrowverse heroes Vixen and Supergirl were a `` fun '' way `` to tease the fans '' . He also further reiterated that the series existed on a separate Earth from the other Arrowverse series , and was hopeful that any future crossover would involve the heroes of the other series visiting the world of Black Lighting . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kurt Farquhar ( @ KurtFarquhar ) ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` So happy to be composer for Black Lightning ! Thanks Akils ! # gregberlanti # tvmusic # blacklightning # kurtfarquhar '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Black Lightning not part of Arrowverse , crossover unlikely '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Black Lightning : Cress Williams to Star in The CW 's Latest DC Comics Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' CW Pilot : Nafessa Williams , China Anne McClain Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Black Lightning unveils first look at Thunder '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Black Lightning breakout talks playing a black lesbian superhero '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Christine Adams Cast As Jefferson 's Ex-Wife '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Adds Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III As Villain Tobias Whale `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Casts James Remar & Damon Gupton As Series Regulars , Watch Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Kyanna Simone Simpson Set To Recur In the CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Skye Marshall To Recur On the CW Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Magee , Lamont ; Woodruff , Bille ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Equinox : The Book of Fate '' . Black Lightning . Season 1 . Episode 7 . The CW . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/dc/2018/01/24/black-lightnings-china-anne-mcclain-talks-her-characters-relatio/ ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Casts Chantal Thuy as DC Comics ' Grace Choi ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Jill Scott Cast As Lady Eve In the CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Edwina Findley Set To Recur In the CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Bachelor Winter Games , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For The People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' DC Superhero Series In Works From Greg Berlanti , Mara Brock Akil & Salim Akil '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Nabs ' Black Lightning ' DC Superhero Drama With Pilot Production Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Drama Eyes Move To the CW To Join Greg Berlanti Comic Lineup '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' DC Drama From Greg Berlanti & ' The Game ' Duo Gets The CW Pilot Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` PILOTS 2017 : Very , Very Early Buzz Edition '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' & Lucy Hale 's ' Life Sentence ' Picked Up To Series By The CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Massabrook , Nicole ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' TV Show Spoilers : What The EPs Revealed At ATX '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` First Look At Black Lightning From The CW 's New DC Comics Pilot '' . IGN . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Gets Premiere Date , Post - ' Flash ' Time Slot By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sydney Bucksbaum ( @ SydneyBucksbaum ) ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` # TheOriginals final season and # BlackLightning will also be 13 episodes each this year . # TCA17 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Black Lightning ' '' . TV Wise . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Lightning - This Press Release Is For The Streets : ' The 1st Season ' Will Be Back ... on DVD and Blu - ray ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Lightning : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Lightning : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Star Nafessa Williams Hopes Her Lesbian Superhero Inspires Viewers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` '' Black Lightning '' Is Bringing One Of The Few Lesbian Superheroes Of Color To Television `` . NewNowNext . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Sydney ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Star Nafessa Williams On Her History - Making Role And Repping Philly '' . Essence . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Black Lightning Show Wo n't Cross Over With The Arrowverse '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Black Lightning boss addresses those Arrowverse references '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . 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"High school principal Jefferson Pierce, who retired from his superhero persona Black Lightning nine years ago after seeing the effects it had on his family, is forced to become a vigilante again when the rise of the local gang called the 100 leads to increased crime and corruption in his community of Freeland.[3]\n"
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"Freeland"
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193798657457491249 | Soap (TV series) | Soap ( TV series ) - wikipedia Soap ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the general category of show , see Soap opera . Soap Created by Susan Harris Starring Jimmy Baio Roscoe Lee Browne Diana Canova Billy Crystal Cathryn Damon Robert Guillaume Katherine Helmond Jay Johnson Robert Mandan Dinah Manoff Richard Mulligan Arthur Peterson Donnelly Rhodes Jennifer Salt Inga Swenson Robert Urich Sal Viscuso Ted Wass Narrated by Rod Roddy Theme music composer George Aliceson Tipton Composer ( s ) George Aliceson Tipton Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 85 ( 93 in syndication ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas Producer ( s ) Susan Harris Location ( s ) Goldenwest Videotape Division The Prospect Studios Hollywood , California Camera setup Multi-camera , videotape Running time 30 minutes ( 77 episodes ) 60 minutes ( 8 episodes ) Production company ( s ) Witt / Thomas / Harris Productions Distributor Columbia Pictures Television ( 1982 - 1983 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Original release September 13 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 13 ) -- April 20 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 20 ) Chronology Followed by Benson Soap is an American sitcom that originally ran on ABC from September 13 , 1977 until April 20 , 1981 . The show was created as a night - time parody of daytime soap operas , presented as a weekly half - hour prime time comedy . Similar to a soap opera , the show 's story was presented in a serial format and included melodramatic plot elements such as alien abduction , demonic possession , murder , and kidnapping . In 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' , and in 2010 , the Tates and the Campbells ranked at number 17 in TV Guide 's list of `` TV 's Top Families '' . The show was created , written , and executively produced by Susan Harris , and also executively produced by Paul Junger Witt ( Harris ' future husband ) and Tony Thomas . Each returning season was preceded by a 90 - minute retrospective of the previous season . Two of these retrospectives were made available on VHS in 1994 , but were not included on any DVD collections . The show aired 85 episodes over the course of four seasons . Eight of these ( including the final four ) aired as one - hour episodes during the original run on ABC . These hour - long episodes were later split in two , yielding 93 half - hour episodes for syndication . Like most sitcoms of the era , Soap was videotaped rather than filmed , but this coincidentally helped further its emulation of the daytime soap opera format , as most such productions were also videotaped . All episodes are currently available on region 1 DVD in four separate box sets . There is a box set of season 1 on region 2 DVD . The series has rerun in syndication on local channels as well as on cable . The show starred Katherine Helmond and Cathryn Damon as sisters / matriarchs of their own families . The cast also included three former soap opera actors . Robert Mandan ( Chester Tate ) had previously appeared on Search for Tomorrow as a leading man for Mary Stuart , and Donnelly Rhodes ( Dutch Leitner ) had played the first husband of Katherine Chancellor on The Young and the Restless . Arthur Peterson , Jr . ( `` The Major '' ) played Rev. John Ruthledge in the radio version of Guiding Light . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Nielsen ratings and time slots 4 Pre-broadcast protests and controversy 5 `` The Soap Memo '' 6 Premiere and critical reception 7 Later seasons and cancellation 8 Legacy 9 Awards and nominations 10 DVD releases 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Cast of Soap ( 1977 ) . Back row , L-R : Robert Urich , Ted Wass , Richard Mulligan , Robert Guillaume , Robert Mandan , Jimmy Baio , Diana Canova , Arthur Peterson Jr ... Seated : Billy Crystal , Cathryn Damon , Katherine Helmond , Jennifer Salt . Soap is set in the fictional town of Dunn 's River , Connecticut . In the opening sequence of the first installment , the announcer says `` This is the story of two sisters -- Jessica Tate and Mary Campbell '' . The Tates live in a wealthy neighborhood ( the announcer calls it the neighborhood known as `` Rich '' ) . Jessica Tate ( Katherine Helmond ) and her husband , Chester ( Robert Mandan ) , are hardly models of fidelity , as their various love affairs result in several family mishaps , including the murder of her sister Mary 's ( Cathryn Damon ) stepson , Peter Campbell ( Robert Urich ) . Even though everyone tells Jessica about Chester 's continual affairs , she does not believe them until she sees his philandering with her own eyes : while out to lunch with Mary , Jessica spots Chester necking with his secretary Claire ( Kathryn Reynolds ) . Heartbroken , she sobs in her sister 's arms . On later occasions , it becomes clear Jess has always known on some level about Chester 's affairs but never allowed herself to process the information . The wealthy Tate family employs a sarcastic butler / cook named Benson ( Robert Guillaume ) . Benson clearly despises Chester , but has a soft spot for their son , Billy ( Jimmy Baio ) . He also gets along with the Tates ' daughter , Corinne ( Diana Canova ) as well as their mother , Jessica ; but does n't speak to the other daughter , Eunice ( Jennifer Salt ) , although that later changed . Benson became a popular character and in 1979 left the Tates ' employ to work for Jessica 's cousin , Governor Gene Gatling , on the spin - off series , Benson , wherein his last name , DuBois , was revealed . The Tates had to hire a new butler / cook named Saunders ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) , whose attitude is similar to that of Benson , but has a more formal personality . Mary 's family , the Campbells , are working - class , and as the series begins , her son Danny Dallas ( Ted Wass ) , a product of her first marriage to Johnny Dallas , is a junior gangster - in - training . Danny is told to kill his stepfather , Burt Campbell ( Richard Mulligan ) , Mary 's current husband , who , Danny is told , murdered his father Johnny , who was also a mobster . It is later revealed that Danny 's father was killed by Burt in self - defense . Danny refuses to kill Burt and goes on the run from the Mob in a variety of disguises . This eventually ends when Elaine Lefkowitz ( played by Dinah Manoff in one of her earliest roles ) , the spoiled daughter of the Mob Boss ( played by Sorrell Booke ) , falls in love with Danny and stops her father , who then tells Danny he will have to marry Elaine or he will kill him . In the fourth season , it is revealed that Chester is Danny 's true father , the product of a secret affair between him and Mary before his marriage to Jessica . Mary 's other son , Jodie ( Billy Crystal , in an early role ) , is gay , having a secret affair with a famous professional football quarterback , and contemplating a sex - change operation . The first season ends with Jessica convicted of the murder of Peter Campbell . The announcer concludes the season by announcing that Jessica is innocent , and that one of five characters -- Burt , Chester , Jodie , Benson , or Corinne -- killed Peter Campbell . Chester later confesses to Peter 's murder and is sent to prison . He is soon released after a successful temporary insanity defense . Other plot lines include Jessica 's adopted daughter Corinne courting Father Tim Flotsky ( Sal Viscuso ) , who ended up leaving the priesthood , and the two eventually marrying and having a child who is possessed by the Devil ; Chester being imprisoned for Peter 's murder , escaping with his prison roommate Dutch , and being afflicted with amnesia after a failed operation ; Jessica 's other daughter , Eunice , sleeps with a married congressman , and then falls in love with Dutch ; Mary 's stepson Chuck ( Jay Johnson ) , a ventriloquist whose hostilities are expressed through his alter ego , a quick - witted dummy named Bob ; Jessica 's love affairs with several men , including Donahue , a private investigator hired to find the missing presumed - dead Chester , her psychiatrist , and a Latin American revolutionary known as `` El Puerco '' ( `` The Pig '' ; his friends just call him `` El '' ) ; Billy Tate 's confinement by a cult called the `` Sunnies '' ( a parody of Sun Myung Moon 's Unification Church , called the `` Moonies '' by its critics ) , and then his affair with his school teacher who becomes unhinged ; Danny and his romantic trials with the daughter of a mobster ( Elaine , who is murdered in a botched kidnapping ) , black woman , a prostitute , and Chester 's second wife , Annie ; and Burt 's confinement to a mental institution , his abduction by aliens while being replaced with an oversexed alien lookalike on Earth , and getting blackmailed by the Mob after becoming sheriff of their small town . At the beginning of each episode , off - camera announcer Rod Roddy gives a brief description of the convoluted storyline and remarks , `` Confused ? You wo n't be , after this week 's episode of ... Soap . '' At the end of each episode , he asks a series of life - or - death questions in a deliberately deadpan style -- `` Will Jessica discover Chester 's affair ? Will Benson discover Chester 's affair ? Will Benson care ? '' and concludes each episode with the trademark line , `` These questions -- and many others -- will be answered in the next episode of ... Soap . '' Characters ( edit ) Chester and Benson . The Tates and Campbells with Benson . Main characters Jessica Tate ( née Gatling ) ( Katherine Helmond ) -- The sister of Mary Campbell and one of the two main characters of the show . She is married to wealthy Chester Tate but separates from and later divorces him in the latter seasons of the series . Sweet - natured , extremely naïve and sheltered , she is often in a world of her own . Her flirtatious nature and hourglass figure make her a frequent target of male attention , but she is honest and loyal to her marriage . She is in denial of her husband 's blatant infidelities throughout Season 1 , although everyone repeatedly tells her about him and must listen to her increasingly absurd excuses . In Season 2 when she is accused of murder , she has no concept of the seriousness of her trial , flirting and making jokes with the judge . Later seasons show Jessica as still very sweet , but also stronger and less naïve in that she finally throws Chester out of her life . Helmond is one of the two actors to appear in every episode of the series . Chester Tate ( Robert Mandan ) -- A wealthy stock broker and Jessica 's constantly philandering husband . According to Benson ( and nearly everyone else ) he will `` jump on anything that breathes ! '' He had affairs with his secretary , Claire ( Kathryn Reynolds ) , and , later , with another woman known as `` Pigeon '' . It was later revealed that he had an affair with his wife 's sister , Mary , and was the biological father of Danny Dallas . Chester and Jessica separate in Season 3 and divorce in Season 4 . Although Chester later falls in love with Eunice 's friend Annie , and marries her , he still loves Jessica enough to duel for her honor . Billy Tate ( Jimmy Baio ) -- The youngest child and only son of Jessica and Chester ( according to Benson , `` the only one in this family worth a damn '' ) . He gets caught up in a cult , the Sunnies , ( from which Benson has to rescue him ) , and later has an affair with his high school teacher , Leslie Walker . After he breaks off the affair , she makes multiple failed ( and laughable ) attempts to kill him and / or his family . He later becomes a general in El Puerco 's revolutionary army after rescuing him and Jessica from being lost in the ocean , learning Spanish and becoming very devoted to the revolutionaries ' anti-Communist cause , though his family members do not take this seriously . Corinne Tate Flotsky ( Diana Canova ) -- Jessica and Chester 's daughter , who acknowledges she slept with most of the male population of Dunn 's River . It is later revealed that she is adopted and is really the daughter of Jessica and Mary 's long - lost brother Randolph Gatling and family maid Ingrid Svenson . After a disastrous affair with Peter Campbell , Corinne marries ex-priest Tim Flotsky and gives birth to a baby named Timmy who turns out to be demon - possessed ( due to Tim 's outraged mother , Flo , cursing the marriage ) . She later has an affair with Dutch Leitner and then leaves Dunn 's River for California to raise Timmy , after Dutch leaves her to get back together with Eunice . Father Timothy Flotsky ( Sal Viscuso ) -- A former Catholic priest who leaves the priesthood to marry Corinne Tate , then later leaves her . Father of Timmy , who was possessed by a demon due to Timothy 's possessive unhinged mother ( Doris Roberts ) 's cursing of her son 's marriage . Eunice Tate - Leitner ( Jennifer Salt ) -- Jessica and Chester 's daughter . A spoiled social climber , Eunice dates a married congressman in Season 1 and then falls in love with convicted murderer Dutch Leitner and ultimately marries him . ( She also enjoys wearing garter belts . ) She is looked down upon by Benson , who only speaks to her to zing or insult her , for much of Season 1 , although he does begin to talk to her before he leaves the Tate 's employ . Dutch Leitner ( Donnelly Rhodes ) -- An escaped convict who hides out with the Tates after helping Chester break out of prison . He falls in love with , and eventually marries , Chester 's daughter Eunice . Though coarse in his manners , Dutch is grateful for the Tates ' acceptance and is genuinely devoted to the family , even while struggling to choose between Eunice and Corinne . The Major ( Arthur Peterson Jr . ) -- The father of Jessica Tate and Mary Campbell . The Major suffers from dementia and believes he is in the midst of fighting World War II . He often refers to Chester as `` Colonel '' . The Major is always in uniform and often irritates Benson and Saunders with his obliviously racist remarks . Mary Campbell ( née Gatling , previously Dallas ) ( Cathryn Damon ) -- The sister of Jessica Tate and one of the two main characters of the show . Down - to - earth , sensual and much brighter than her sister , she provides a comic foil to her sister 's spaced - out antics . At the start of the series she is married to her second husband , building contractor Burt Campbell . Her first husband , Johnny Dallas , was a mobster who ( unknown to Mary ) was killed by Burt in self - defense . Eventually , she has a baby with `` alien '' Burt , and by the series ' end has slowly become an alcoholic , as no one else ( besides Chuck and Bob ) sees the baby manifesting alien-esque qualities , such as being able to fly . Burt Campbell ( Richard Mulligan ) -- Burt is the second husband of Mary Campbell . In contrast to Chester , Burt is a loving family man who has a strong marriage with Mary . Burt is a high - strung building contractor who later becomes sheriff and is under consideration for a run as lieutenant governor . In Season 1 , Burt suffers from mental illness due to his guilt over accidentally killing Mary 's first husband , and the murder of his son Peter . For a time , he believes he can make himself invisible by snapping his fingers . He is also at one point abducted by aliens and replaced with X-23 , an alien Burt lookalike ( also played by Mulligan ) . Only Mary and Jodie know that Burt 's abduction was real . At the end of Season 3 , Burt becomes sheriff and gets increasingly involved in politics , leading him to ignore his family , putting his marriage at risk . Mulligan is also one of the two actors to appear in every episode of the series . Chuck and Bob Campbell ( Jay Johnson ) -- Chuck is Burt Campbell 's son by his first marriage . A ventriloquist , he is always accompanied by Bob , his dummy and alter ego . The pair dress alike and are always referred to as `` Chuck and Bob '' . While Chuck is mild - mannered , introverted , and polite , Bob is aggressive , rude and abrasive . All of the main characters with the exception of Benson and Saunders find themselves conversing with or referring to Bob as a real person , even in the face of fierce determination not to . Also , the dummy was often threatened with or has been the target of physical violence by nearly everyone , due to its obnoxiousness . Danny Dallas ( Ted Wass ) -- Mary Campbell 's eldest son . Sweet - natured , good - looking but not particularly bright , he is a low - level gangster due to his late father 's membership , not due to any aptitude or desire of his own . He is given the task of killing his stepfather Burt , but ca n't bring himself to do so , and as a result spends most of Season 1 on the run , popping up in ludicrous disguises . It is widely assumed that he is the son of Mary 's first husband Johnny Dallas but in later episodes it is revealed that his real father is Chester Tate ( born from an illicit affair Chester had with his mother , Mary ) . He is very protective of his younger half - brother Jodie , but is initially in denial about Jodie 's homosexuality . Danny is forced to marry Elaine , the mob boss 's daughter . He eventually falls in love with her ; she was later kidnapped and killed . Danny later gets involved in a series of failed relationships , including a girlfriend of one of Elaine 's kidnappers , an African - American woman , a prostitute , and Chester 's new wife , Annie . When Chester finds them in bed together , he plans to shoot them both ( this was a series cliffhanger ) . Danny also becomes Burt 's enthusiastic but inept deputy sheriff . Jodie Dallas ( Billy Crystal ) -- The son of Mary Campbell and her first husband Johnny Dallas . An openly gay man , he shares his mother 's common sense and pleasant temperament . He at first is dating a closeted football player but later fathers a daughter ( Wendy ) with Carol , an attorney who seduces him after meeting at his aunt Jessica 's murder trial . After Carol runs off to join the rodeo , Wendy is left with Jodie , triggering a custody battle and a kidnapping . The series ends with Jodie believing himself to be an old Jewish man , Julius Kassendorf , due to a failed hypnotherapy session . Peter Campbell ( Robert Urich ) -- Burt Campbell 's sleazy tennis pro son by his first marriage , he is carrying on affairs with both Jessica and Corinne , as well as numerous other women around town . His murder in Season 1 leads to the first - season cliffhanger : the question of who killed Peter Campbell . Benson ( Robert Guillaume ) -- The Tates ' wisecracking African - American cook / butler in the early seasons , who shows utter contempt for Chester . He is frequently the target of the Major 's racist quips , but Benson has a soft spot for Jessica , Corinne , and most notably Billy . He completely ignores Eunice while she is secretly dating the Congressman , but this changes after Season 1 . In 1979 , Benson leaves to be the head of household affairs for Jessica 's cousin , Governor Eugene Gatling , in the spin - off , Benson , wherein he is later revealed to have the last name of DuBois . Benson makes a brief re-appearance when Jessica is diagnosed with a fatal disease . Saunders ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) -- Benson 's African - American replacement as the Tates ' cook / butler , with a disdainful attitude similar to Benson 's , although with a more cultured and polished personality . Announcer Rod Roddy ( Originally slated to be Casey Kasem , who left after the pilot episode due to the show 's content ) Recurring characters Barney Gerber ( Harold Gould ) -- elderly hospital patient who shares a room with Jodie in Season 1 , and whose story gives Jodie the inspiration to continue living after a suicide attempt . Detective Donahue ( John Byner ) -- hired by Jessica to find the missing amnesiac Chester in Season 2 , he falls for Jessica , forcing her to choose between the two when Chester returns home . Dennis Phillips ( Bob Seagren ) -- A quarterback who is dating Jodie secretly in Season 1 and more openly in early Season 2 after the failure of his sham marriage . Ingrid Svenson ( Inga Swenson ) -- Corinne 's biological mother , who was the former maid of Jessica and Mary 's parents , and who was in love with Jessica and Mary 's brother , Randolph Gatling . She attempts to carry out revenge upon the Tate / Campbell family for opposing her romance with Randolph . She tries to influence Jessica 's murder trial by sleeping with the judge and blackmailing Sally into trying to break up Burt and Mary 's marriage . E. Ronald Mallu , Esq . ( Eugene Roche ) -- High priced attorney who defends Jessica in her murder trial . Mallu returns in Season 3 to represent Jodie in his custody case , and attempts to date the newly separated Jessica as well . Mallu is a thinly veiled caricature of the defense attorney F. Lee Bailey . The Godfather ( Richard Libertini ) , mob over-boss who orders Danny to kill Burt ( the killer of Danny 's father ) in Season 1 . When Danny fails to do so , The Godfather eventually forgives him as Danny is clearly an incompetent gangster . Chief of Police Tinkler ( Gordon Jump ) -- Responsible for the investigation of the murder of Peter Campbell , Tinkler always seems to arrive at the Tate house in time to share their dinner . Apparently also serves as the court bailiff in Dunn 's River . ( Routinely misidentifies himself as `` Piece of Cholief '' Tinkler ) Congressman Walter McCallum ( Edward Winter ) -- secretly sees Eunice until his wife , Marilyn , blackmails him into ending the relationship . Judge Anthony Petrillo ( Charles Lane ) -- the judge presiding over Jessica 's murder trial . Lost $40,000 in a bad investment deal because of Chester , and clearly holds a grudge against him for it . Claire ( Kathryn Reynolds ) -- Chester 's secretary and mistress in Season 1 . She had been with Chester as his secretary for twelve years , and had been his mistress for almost as long . During the first season , she blackmails Chester , ordering him to divorce his wife or go to prison for Securities Fraud . During one of her lunchtime dates with Chester , Jessica saw them kissing and cuddling and she finally realizes that Chester was not to be trusted ( upon seeing the two , Jessica breaks down in her sister , Mary 's arms ) . Chester later dumps and then fires Claire to support Jessica during the trial , which sends Claire into a screaming rage in the restaurant , trashing their meal in the process . She made good on her threat to call the Securities and Exchange Commission and blows the whistle on Chester . Sally ( Caroline McWilliams ) -- Burt 's secretary who attempts to seduce Burt , then lies to Mary about sleeping with him , all of which was due to blackmail pressure from the family 's enemy , Ingrid Svenson . ( Due to their performances on Soap , Caroline McWilliams and Inga Swenson were given roles on the spin - off , Benson , playing Governor 's secretary Marcy Hill and Cook Gretchen Kraus , respectively ) Polly Dawson ( Lynne Moody ) -- An African - American woman who considers marriage to Danny in Season 3 . Leslie Walker ( Marla Pennington ) -- a young school teacher who falls for Billy , but becomes suicidal and then homicidal after he breaks it off . One of her attempts to kill Billy ends up injuring Saunders . Millie ( Candice Azzara ) -- girlfriend of one of Elaine 's kidnappers , she rescues Danny , and comes home with him , but can not deal with the Campbell family and thus leaves . Gwen ( Jesse Welles ) -- a prostitute who falls for Danny in Season 4 , but leaves him to protect them both from a death threat . Elaine Lefkowitz ( Dinah Manoff ) -- daughter of Danny 's mob under - boss , her obnoxious , pushy personality makes a coerced marriage painful for Danny at first . After they genuinely fall in love , and her personality softens , Elaine is kidnapped and killed , which fuels Danny 's quest for revenge . Charles Lefkowitz ( Sorrell Booke ) -- Elaine 's mob - boss father and Danny 's under - boss , who calls off the contract on Danny in exchange for marrying Elaine , then cuts her off and refuses to pay the ransom when she is kidnapped . Dr. Alan Posner ( Allan Miller ) -- Jessica 's somewhat disturbed psychiatrist in Season 3 , he briefly dates her once she is separated from Chester , but becomes clingy and hysterical when she dumps him . El Puerco ( Gregory Sierra ) -- an anti-communist revolutionary who initially kidnaps Jessica , but later falls in love with her . ( Character name translation is `` The Pig '' ) Mr. Franklin ( Howard Hesseman ) -- the smarmy prosecuting attorney in Jessica 's murder trial , and is a strong rival of Mallu . Mrs. Lurleen David ( Peggy Pope ) -- Carol 's mother , who takes care of Jodie and Carol 's baby when Carol runs away to join the rodeo . She leaves the baby with Jodie , but then becomes part of the custody battle , initially lying for her daughter on the witness stand , but eventually telling the truth . F. Peter Haversham ( Michael Durrell ) -- ruthless attorney who represents Carol in the custody battle . Arch - nemesis of E. Ronald Mallu . Alice ( Randee Heller ) -- a lesbian who lives with Jodie in Season 2 , but who leaves after finding out Mrs. David 's reluctance to leave Jodie 's child with a lesbian as well as a gay man . ( Alice is American television 's first recurring lesbian character ) . Juan One ( Joe Mantegna ) -- The second in command to El Puerco , one of 3 soldiers named Juan . Carol David ( Rebecca Balding ) -- attorney & mother of Jodie 's child , who leaves Jodie at the altar , then leaves their baby with her mother . Carol fights for custody in Season 3 , then is responsible for kidnapping the baby when she loses the custody case . Annie Selig Tate ( Nancy Dolman ) -- a former friend of Eunice , Annie becomes Chester 's second wife , and soon has an affair with Danny . Maggie Chandler ( Barbara Rhoades ) -- A private investigator who helps Jodie search for his daughter and then has a relationship with him . Judge Betty Small ( Rae Allen ) -- judge presides over the Carol David / Jodie Dallas custody case , who formerly had a strong rivalry with Mallu . Marilyn McCallum ( Judith - Marie Bergan ) -- Walter 's wife , who blackmails Walter into ending the relationship with Eunice . Dr. Hill ( Granville Van Dusen ) -- the doctor who diagnoses Jessica with a fatal disease at the end of Season 3 ; he falls in love with her . Saul ( Jack Gilford ) -- a four - thousand - plus - year - old man who lives in the spacecraft but helps Burt escape from the aliens in Season 3 . Flo Flotsky ( Doris Roberts ) -- Tim 's unhinged mother , who curses her son for leaving the priesthood to marry Corinne , then after making a scene at the wedding , dies on their wedding night . Mrs. Sheila Fine ( Nita Talbot ) -- housewife who has an affair with Peter Campbell and provides crucial testimony against Jessica in the Season 1 murder trial . Dr. Medlow ( Byron Webster ) -- psychiatrist for Burt Campbell in Season 1 , he attempts to assist Burt with his impotence and then his perceived invisibility . Professor Anatole Martins ( Lee Bergere ) -- Mary 's college professor , in Season 2 . He makes unwelcome passes at Mary , and later attacks her , which Burt witnesses , and mistakes for an affair . Elmore Tibbs ( Hamilton Camp ) -- Mid-level mobster who runs a prostitution ring in town , blackmails Burt and Danny to force them to stop from shutting him down . Eddie ( Kene Holliday ) -- Polly 's brother , who does not approve of her dating Danny . Nurse Nancy Darwin ( Udana Power ) Jodie 's nurse who takes in interest in him , when he is planning a sex - change operation . Nielsen ratings and time slots ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season No. of episodes Season premiere Season finale Time slot Rank Rating Households ( in millions ) 1 ) 1977 -- 1978 25 September 13 , 1977 March 28 , 1978 Tuesday at 9 : 30 p.m. # 13 22.0 16.0 2 ) 1978 -- 1979 23 September 14 , 1978 March 15 , 1979 Thursday at 9 : 30 p.m. # 19 21.3 15.9 3 ) 1979 -- 1980 23 September 13 , 1979 March 27 , 1980 # 25 20.5 15.6 4 ) 1980 -- 1981 22 November 12 , 1980 April 20 , 1981 Wednesday at 9 : 30 p.m. Not in the Top 30 Pre-broadcast protests and controversy ( edit ) In early March 1977 , ABC screened the first two episodes of Soap for the executives of its 195 affiliate stations , many of whom were instantly appalled by the show 's emphasis on sex and infidelity . Two of the affiliates , neither in a major market , privately told ABC that the show was `` raunchy '' and its subject matter not fit for television . In June 1977 , a Newsweek preview of the fall season written by Harry F. Waters panned the show while mischaracterizing some of its basic plot elements and offering exaggerated reports of its sexual content . Despite having not seen the pilot , Waters called the show a `` sex farce '' and claimed ( erroneously ) that the show included a scene of a Catholic priest being seduced in a confessional . Waters also stated : Soap promises to be the most controversial network series of the coming season , a show so saturated with sex that it could replace violence as the PTA 's Video Enemy No. 1 . -- Harry F. Waters Whether Waters ' errors and misrepresentations were intentional or accidental is unknown . Within days of the Newsweek report , a number of local and national religious organizations began to quickly mobilize against Soap , despite the fact that they also had not seen the pilot . Among these were the National Council of Churches , the United Church of Christ , the United Methodist Church , the National Council of Catholic Bishops and the Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention , the latter of which went so far as to divest itself of 2,500 shares of ABC stock `` because the board does not approve of programming related to the abuse of human sexuality , violence and perversion '' . The Roman Catholic Church , led by its Los Angeles Archdiocese , also condemned the show and asked all American families to boycott it saying `` ABC should be told that American Catholics and all Americans are not going to sit by and watch the networks have open season on Catholicism and morality . ( Soap ) is probably one of the most effective arguments for government censorship of TV that has yet come along . '' In August , the Board of Rabbis of Southern California representing three branches of Judaism , joined the Catholic protest saying that the as - yet unaired show `` reached a new low '' . Dr. Everett Parker of the United Church of Christ called Soap `` a low - life , salacious program '' and complained that the show would be airing when children would be able to watch it . ( ABC had scheduled it on Tuesdays after Happy Days and Laverne & Shirley , two of the most popular family television shows being broadcast at the time . ) These religious groups organized a letter - writing campaign designed to pressure the show 's sponsors not to advertise on the network . Although some of the religious groups asked their members to watch the show first , and then inform ABC of their feelings about it , others began working hard to get ABC to cancel the show before it premiered . One ABC vice president was shocked to learn that his 11 - year - old child was required by a parochial school teacher to write a letter of protest to ABC to take the show off the air . In the end , 32,000 people wrote letters to ABC , all but nine of them against it . In addition to the religious protest , Soap also faced substantial pre-broadcast criticism from the International Union of Gay Athletes and the National Gay Task Force , both of which were concerned about the way the gay character Jodie Dallas and how his professional football player lover would be portrayed . To allay the concern of advertisers , some of whom had begun to cancel sponsorship of the program , ABC reluctantly dropped the price for commercial time from $75,000 per spot to $40,000 per spot . When Soap premiered on September 13 , 1977 , 18 out of 195 ABC affiliates had refused to air the program with others choosing to broadcast it after 11pm . By its second week on the air , two more affiliates dropped out , bringing the boycott to 20 stations . `` The Soap Memo '' ( edit ) Aside from the external protests , Soap was also subject to heavy internal revisions from ABC 's Broadcast Standards & Practices department , which monitors the content of programs . Writer / creator Susan Harris had developed a story arc for Soap in the form of a `` show bible '' which traced all the major characters , stories and events for five seasons . The Standards & Practices executives ( commonly referred to as `` censors '' ) reviewed this extensive bible as well as the script for the two - part pilot and issued a long memo to Harris voicing their concerns about various story lines and characters . In addition to the sexual material that was widely reported in the press , the censors also took issue with the show 's religious , political , and ethnic content . `` The Soap Memo '' was leaked to the press before the show premiered and was printed in its entirety in the Los Angeles Times on June 27 , 1977 . Among their notes were : `` Please delete ( the lines ) ' ... the slut ' , ' that Polish slut , ' ' get your clothes off , ' ' it does n't grow back , ' ' transsexual , ' ' Oh my God , ' ' did it hurt ? ' '' `` Substitute ( the words ) ' fruit , ' ' slut , ' ' tinker bell . ' '' `` The CIA or any other government organization is not to be involved in General Nu 's smuggling operation . '' ( This character and storyline , which dealt with a Vietnamese opium smuggler who becomes involved in the Tate family through Jessica 's long - lost son , was eventually removed from the show bible . ) `` In order to treat Jodie as a gay character , his portrayal must at all times be handled without ' limp - wristed ' actions '' `` The colloquy between Peter and Jessica ... which relates to cunnilingus / fellatio is obviously unacceptable '' `` The relationship between Jodie and the football player should be handled in such a manner that explicit or intimate aspects of homosexuality are avoided entirely . '' `` Father Flotsky 's stand on liberalizing the Mass will have to be treated in a balanced , inoffensive manner . By way of example , the substitution of Oreos for the traditional wafer is unacceptable . '' `` The Soap Memo '' also contained notes that were subsequently disregarded by the producers including : `` Please change Burt Campbell 's last name to avoid association with the Campbell Soup Co . '' `` Corinne 's affair with a Jesuit priest , her subsequent pregnancy as a result , and later exorcism , are all unacceptable . '' `` Please direct Claire to dump the hot coffee in some part of Chester 's anatomy other than his crotch . '' ( Susan Harris later responded to this note : `` so we did n't -- we poured it in his lap . '' ) `` The Soap Memo '' was a rare public look into the behind - the - scenes process at a major network and copies of the document were often found posted on the bulletin boards of television production companies and on studio sets as a rallying point against censorship . In addition , the specific details in the memo further fueled the growing debate regarding the controversial content of Soap . Premiere and critical reception ( edit ) Soap premiered on Tuesday , September 13 , 1977 at 9 : 30pm . The show was preceded by a disclaimer that the show `` was part of a continuing character comedy '' that included adult themes and that `` viewer discretion '' was advised . The disclaimer was both displayed on the screen and read by Soap announcer Rod Roddy . It would remain throughout the first season before being dropped . Much of Soap 's controversy , among liberals and conservatives alike , ironically actually helped to sell the series to the general public . Fueled by six months of pre-show protests ( as well as a solid lead - in from the hit shows Happy Days , Laverne & Shirley and Three 's Company ) , the first episode swept its time slot with a 25.6 rating and 39 % share ( 39 % of the national audience ) . Although ABC received hundreds of phone calls after the premiere , executives at the network described initial public reaction as `` mild '' with more calls in favor of the show than in protest . A University of Richmond poll found that 74 % of viewers found Soap inoffensive , 26 % found it offensive , and half of those who were offended said they planned to watch it the next week . Initial reviews -- somewhat clouded by the controversy -- were mixed , with negative reviews predictably focusing on the show 's racy content . The Los Angeles Times called the show `` a prolonged dirty joke '' that `` is without cleverness or style or subtlety . Its sex jokes are delivered by the shovelful , like manure . '' Variety called the show `` forced and derivative '' , `` bland '' and `` predictable and silly '' while conceding that the sex is `` no more outrageous than daytime soapers , no more outspoken than Three 's Company . '' Time magazine praised the `` talented cast '' and singled out Jimmy Baio and Billy Crystal as `` sharp young comedians '' , but felt the show suffered from `` nastiness '' and `` lacked compassion '' . On the more positive side , TV Guide gave the show a good review saying that there was `` a heap of talent '' in the cast and asking `` It is funny ? Yes it is ... and I guess that constitutes redeeming social value '' . Harry F. Waters ' 1977 Newsweek review proved prescient of conservative reaction when the following year , the National PTA declared Soap one of `` ten worst '' shows in television . In spite of this designation , Soap ranked # 13 for the 1977 -- 78 season and went on to gain positive critical reviews and high ratings over the rest of its four - year run . Later seasons and cancellation ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the uproar against Soap died down shortly after its premiere , the program continued to remain somewhat controversial , often generating additional criticism for its relatively frank depictions of homosexuals , racial and ethnic minorities , the mentally ill as well as its treatment of other taboo topics such as social class , marital infidelity , impotence , incest , sexual harassment , rape , student - teacher sexual relationships , kidnapping , organized crime , and new age cults . Much of the criticism focused on the openly gay character of Jodie Dallas ( Billy Crystal ) . Soap was among the earliest American prime time series to include an openly gay character who was a major part of the series . Social conservatives opposed the character on religious grounds , while some gay rights activists were also upset with the character of Jodie , arguing that certain story developments reinforced negative stereotypes , e.g. his desire to have a sex change operation , or represented a desire to change or downplay his sexual orientation . Before the start of the second season , ABC ran a 90 - minute retrospective clip show called `` Who Killed Peter ? '' in which Burt Campbell visits Jessica Tate in prison as she awaits the verdict of her murder trial . The two discuss each of the show 's individual characters and their possible motives for killing Burt 's son Peter using flashbacks to illustrate specific story lines . The show was designed to remind viewers of what happened in Season 1 to prepare them for the upcoming season . At the start of season three , another 90 - minute retrospective aired in which Jessica says goodbye to Benson , using the flashback clips to try to explain why he should stay . This show also served to help launch the spinoff Benson , which was premiering at the start of the 1979 -- 80 season . A third 90 - minute retrospective titled `` Jessica 's Wonderful Life '' aired at the start of Season 4 . Jessica , who had just died in hospital , found herself in heaven speaking to an angel ( played by Bea Arthur ) . Jessica explained via the flashback clips why she was not ready to die and had to return to earth to help her family . Although Susan Harris had planned for five seasons of Soap , the program was abruptly canceled by ABC after its fourth season . Therefore , the final one - hour episode , which originally aired on April 20 , 1981 , did not serve as a series finale and instead ended with several unresolved cliffhangers . These involve a suicidal Chester preparing to kill Danny and Annie ( his son and wife ) after catching them in bed together , an irreversibly hypnotized Jodie believing himself to be a 90 - year - old Jewish man , Burt preparing to walk into an ambush orchestrated by his political enemies , and Jessica about to be executed by a Communist firing squad . Vlasic Foods pulled their sponsorship of the program shortly after this episode aired and ABC announced that the program was not picked up for its planned fifth season . The official reason given by the network was its declining ratings . However , according to the Museum of Broadcast Communications , Soap `` ended under suspicion that resistance from ad agencies may have caused ABC to cancel ( it ) at that point '' because its still controversial content was negatively affecting its relationship with sponsors . A 1983 episode of Benson mentions Jessica 's disappearance , noting the Tate family is seeking to have her declared legally dead . In the episode , Jessica appears as an apparition that only Benson can see or hear and reveals to him that she is not dead , but in a coma somewhere in South America . No other incidents from the final episode of Soap are mentioned . Legacy ( edit ) Since its cancellation , Soap 's reputation has grown and it is often considered one of the best shows in television history . Much praise has been given to its `` exceptionally rich cast '' of performers `` such as was seldom seen on any serious dramatic show '' . In a 1982 post-series analysis in The Village Voice published just as the series was first entering syndication , TV critic Tom Carson lauded the ensemble saying that `` the cast matches the best TV series rep troupes ever . '' Carson went on to note that Soap `` patently started out intended as a lampoon of middle - class values , and ended up instead as a weirdly offbeat celebration of them '' . In 2007 , Time magazine , which initially panned the show , named it one of the 100 Best Shows of All - Time . The Museum of Broadcast Communications said that Soap is `` arguably one of the most creative efforts by network television before or after '' . In 2010 , The Huffington Post called Soap a `` timeless comedy '' and concluded : `` Rarely does a show come along with such a unique voice and vision from the first episode '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Soap was nominated for a total 17 Emmy Awards including : Outstanding Comedy Series -- nominated : 1978 , 1980 , 1981 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( Richard Mulligan ) -- won : 1980 , nominated : 1981 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cathryn Damon ) -- won : 1980 , nominated : 1978 , 1981 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Katherine Helmond ) -- nominated : 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Robert Guillaume ) -- won : 1979 Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series ( Jay Sandrich ) -- nominated : 1978 , 1979 Outstanding Art Direction in a Comedy Series -- won : 1978 Outstanding Achievement in Video Tape Editing in a Comedy Series -- nominated : 1978 At the 1981 Golden Globe Awards , Katherine Helmond won Best Performance by an Actress in a TV - Series -- Musical / Comedy . That same year , the program was also nominated for Best TV Series -- Musical / Comedy . Director Jay Sandrich was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series ' at the DGA Awards in 1978 and 1979 . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all four seasons of Soap on DVD in Region 1 . Season 1 has been released on DVD in Region 2 in Norway ( as Forviklingar ) , Sweden ( as Lödder ) , Spain ( as Enredo ) and the UK . Seasons 1 and 2 have been released in Australia ( Region 4 ) . DVD Name No. of episodes Region 1 Region 2 ( Norway , Sweden , Spain , UK ) The Complete First Season 25 September 16 , 2003 February 25 , 2009 The Complete Second Season 23 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Third Season 23 January 25 , 2005 The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 11 , 2005 The Complete Series 93 June 10 , 2008 Some of the episodes on these DVD collections are edited or replaced with the syndicated versions , shortened by as much as 2 to 3 minutes . Season 1 is also missing the disclaimer at the start of the show . In addition , the DVDs omit the three 90 - minute Soap retrospective clips shows , which aired before each season began to remind the audience of what happened in the story during the previous season . The season 1 retrospective `` Who Killed Peter Campbell ? '' and season 3 retrospective `` Jessica 's Wonderful Life '' were released on VHS in the 1990s . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Soap . They subsequently re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on September 2 , 2014 . On June 2 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Soap : The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal List of Soap episodes Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 ) Benson ( 1979 ) The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts ( 1980 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Golden Girls ' Creator Adds Shows '' . LA Times . September 10 , 1991 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Time . Time.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Soap : Who Killed Peter ? '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Taylor Cole ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Randee Heller , ' Mad Mens Miss Blankenship , Played American Television 's First Recurring Lesbian Role '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Anxious as Affils Wary of ' Soap ' '' . Daily Variety . March 13 , 1977 . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap -- The Museum of Broadcast Communications '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harry F. Waters ( June 13 , 1977 ) . `` 99 and 44 / 100 % Impure '' . Newsweek. 90 ( 3 ) : 92 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis Ayers ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Billy Crystal 's place in gay pop culture history '' . AfterElton.com . Jump up ^ Garrett , Barry ( 22 September 1977 ) . `` Churchmen Say Carter Shows Partially to Catholics '' ( PDF ) . Baptist Press . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Church seeks boycott of ' Soap ' product '' . The Hollywood Reporter : 5 . June 2 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Mature Adult ' Soap ' Rocks ABC 's Boat '' . Time : 13 , 17 . Sep 18 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viewpoint : Soap , Betty & Rafferty '' . Time : 72 . Sep 12 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can ' Soap ' Slip Through the Minefield ? '' . Daily Variety . Sep 29 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 1266 . ISBN 978 - 0345497734 . Jump up ^ Sharbutt , Jay ( 18 July 1977 ) . `` ABC Slipping on ' Soap ' '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Sexual Controversies That Changed TV 4 . SOAP ( 1977 -- 1981 ) '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taming a Lusty Show : Censor 's Memo Tells How '' . Los Angeles Times . June 27 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` TV Review : ' Soap ' '' . Daily Variety . Sep 13 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Soap , '' . TV Guide : 48 . Oct 8 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Podrazik , Walter ( 1989 ) . Harry and Wally 's Favorite TV Shows . New York : Prentice Hall Trade . pp. 471 -- 472 . ISBN 978 - 0139332500 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present . New York : Ballantine Books . pp. 1266 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0345497734 . Jump up ^ `` There Is Life After Death '' . Village Voice : 100 . Dec 14 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason . `` Gone Too Soon : ' Soap ' '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soap DVD news : Announcement for Soap - The Complete Seasons 1 & 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soap DVD news : Re-Release for Soap - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soap ( TV series ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Soap ( TV series ) Encyclopedia of Television Soap on IMDb Extended audio interview with Jay Johnson about Soap Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soap_(TV_series)&oldid=836494655 '' Categories : 1977 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American satirical television series 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms 1970s LGBT - related television series 1970s sex comedy television series 1980s American satirical television series 1980s LGBT - related television series 1980s sex comedy television series Adultery in television Alien visitations in fiction American Broadcasting Company network shows American LGBT - related sitcoms American parody television series American sex comedy television series American television soap operas English - language television programs Television controversies in the United States Television series about families Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Connecticut Television soap opera parodies Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from February 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 03 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who killed peter on the tv show soap | [
"The first season ends with Jessica convicted of the murder of Peter Campbell. The announcer concludes the season by announcing that Jessica is innocent, and that one of five characters—Burt, Chester, Jodie, Benson, or Corinne—killed Peter Campbell. Chester later confesses to Peter's murder and is sent to prison. He is soon released after a successful temporary insanity defense."
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-8782401879992797712 | Our Lady of Mount Carmel | Our Lady of Mount Carmel - wikipedia Our Lady of Mount Carmel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Our Lady of Mount Carmel ( disambiguation ) . Our Lady of Mount Carmel Our Lady of Mount Carmel by Pietro Novelli , 1641 Holy See approval 30 January 1226 , during the pontificate of Pope Honorius III 1587 , during the pontificate of Pope Sixtus V Shrine none Patronage Carmelites , Chile , Bolivia , Quiapo , Manila , New Manila , Quezon City , Malolos City , Bulacan , Catemaco , Aylesford , Roraima , Birkirkara , Jaboticabal , Valletta , Pernambuco , Higuerote , protection from harm , protection from dangerous situations , deliverance from Purgatory Our Lady of Mount Carmel is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary in her role as patroness of the Carmelite Order . The first Carmelites were Christian hermits living on Mount Carmel in the Holy Land during the late 12th and early to mid-13th century . They built in the midst of their hermitages a chapel which they dedicated to the Blessed Virgin , whom they conceived of in chivalric terms as the `` Lady of the place . '' Our Lady of Mount Carmel was adopted in the 19th century as the patron saint of Chile , in South America . Since the 15th century , popular devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel has centered on the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , also known as the Brown Scapular , a sacramental associated with promises of Mary 's special aid for the salvation of the devoted wearer . Traditionally , Mary is said to have given the Scapular to an early Carmelite named Saint Simon Stock . The liturgical feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is celebrated on 16 July . The solemn liturgical feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was probably first celebrated in England in the later part of the 14th century . Its object was thanksgiving to Mary , the patroness of the Carmelite Order , for the benefits she had accorded to it through its difficult early years . The institution of the feast may have come in the wake of the vindication of their title `` Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary '' at Cambridge , England in 1374 . The date chosen was 17 July ; on the European mainland this date conflicted with the feast of St. Alexis , requiring a shift to 16 July , which remains the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel throughout the Catholic Church . The Latin poem `` Flos Carmeli '' ( meaning `` Flower of Carmel '' ) first appears as the sequence for this Mass . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Carmelite devotion to Mary 3 Prayer to the Blessed Mother of Mount Carmel 4 Church teaching 5 Association with Purgatory 6 Apparitions 7 Miracles 8 Use in the peace movement 9 Gallery of statues 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The Carmelite Order was the only religious order to be started in the Crusader States . In the 13th century , some of its people migrated west to England , setting up a chapter and being documented there about 1241 - 1242 . A tradition first attested to in the late 14th century says that Saint Simon Stock , believed to be an early English prior general of the Carmelite Order soon after its migration to England , had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in which she gave him the Brown Scapular . This formed part of the Carmelite habit after 1287 . In Stock 's vision , Mary promised that those who died wearing the scapular would be saved . The Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is known to many Catholic faithful as the `` scapular feast , '' associated with the Brown Scapular of the Carmelite order . This is a devotional sacramental signifying the wearer 's consecration to Mary and affiliation with the Carmelite order . Based on available historical documentation , the liturgical feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel did not originally have a specific association with the Brown Scapular or the tradition of Stock 's vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary . This tradition grew gradually , as did the liturgical cult of St. Simon . The latter has been documented in Bordeaux , where Stock died , from the year 1435 ; in Ireland and England , from 1458 ; and in the rest of the Order , from 1564 . Historians have long questioned whether Stock had the vision of Mary and the scapular . Although Simon Stock was never officially canonized , his feast day was celebrated in the church . In 1642 , a Carmelite named Fr . John Cheron published a document which he said was a 13th - century letter written by Saint Simon Stock 's secretary , Peter Swanington . Since the early 20th century , historians have concluded that this letter was forged , likely by Cheron himself . But Stock 's vision was long embraced by many promoters of the scapular devotion . The forged Swanington letter claimed that 16 July 1251 was the date of the vision ( 16 July being the date of the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel ) , which led for centuries to a strong association between this feast day and the scapular devotion . Also associated with Our Lady of Carmel was a papal bull saying that there was a Sabbatine privilege associated with devotion to the saint ; that is , that Until the late 1970s , the Catholic liturgy for that day expressed the scapular devotion . Vatican II resulted in scrutiny of the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , as well as that of Saint Simon Stock , because of the historical uncertainties about the origins . The liturgies were revised and , in the 21st century , neither , even in the Carmelite proper , makes reference to the scapular . The Carmelite convent of Aylesford , England , was restored and a relic of Saint Simon Stock was placed there in 1951 . The saint 's feast is celebrated in the places dedicated to him . A saqra ( animal figure ) dancer watching the procession of Mamacha Carmen from a balcony In Spain and other Spanish - speaking countries , there has been particular devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel , who has been adopted as a patron saint of several places , as she has been in other Catholic - majority countries . In addition , Carmen and María del Carmen have been popular given names for girls in Spanish - speaking countries . For example , an annual festival , known as Mamacha Carmen , is held in the highland Paucartambo District , Peru , featuring a procession with the Virgin and traditional dancers . Veneration of the Virgen del Carmen ( often also associated with the Stella Maris ) is particularly strong in coastal towns of Spain . Carmelite devotion to Mary ( edit ) The Carmelites consider the Blessed Virgin Mary to be a perfect model of the interior life of prayer and contemplation to which Carmelites aspire , as well as a model of virtue , in the person who was closest in life to Jesus Christ . She is seen as the one who points Christians most surely to Christ . As she says to the servants at the wedding at Cana , `` Do whatever he ( Jesus ) tells you . '' Carmelites look to the Virgin Mary as a Spiritual Mother . The Stella Maris Monastery ( Star of the Sea ) on Mount Carmel , named after a traditional title of the Blessed Virgin Mary , is considered the spiritual headquarters of the order . Fr . Gabriel of St. Mary Magdalene de ' Pazzi , OCD , a revered authority on Carmelite spirituality , wrote that devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel means : a special call to the interior life , which is preeminently a Marian life . Our Lady wants us to resemble her not only in our outward vesture but , far more , in heart and spirit . If we gaze into Mary 's soul , we shall see that grace in her has flowered into a spiritual life of incalculable wealth : a life of recollection , prayer , uninterrupted oblation to God , continual contact , and intimate union with him . Mary 's soul is a sanctuary reserved for God alone , where no human creature has ever left its trace , where love and zeal for the glory of God and the salvation of mankind reign supreme . ( ... ) Those who want to live their devotion to Our Lady of Mt . Carmel to the full must follow Mary into the depths of her interior life . Carmel is the symbol of the contemplative life , the life wholly dedicated to the quest for God , wholly orientated towards intimacy with God ; and the one who has best realized this highest of ideals is Our Lady herself , ' Queen and Splendor of Carmel ' . '' Prayer to the Blessed Mother of Mount Carmel ( edit ) O most beautiful flower of Mt . Carmel , fruitful vine , splendor of Heaven , Blessed Mother of the Son of God , Immaculate Virgin , assist me in my necessity . O Star of the Sea , help me and show me you are my Mother . O Holy Mary , Mother of God , Queen of Heaven and earth , I humbly beseech you from the bottom of my heart to succor me in this necessity ( make request ) . There are none that can withstand your power . O Mary , conceived without sin , pray for us who have recourse to thee . Sweet Mother I place this cause in your hands . Amen . Church teaching ( edit ) A 1996 doctrinal statement approved by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments states that `` Devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel is bound to the history and spiritual values of the Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel and is expressed through the scapular . Thus , whoever receives the scapular becomes a member of the order and pledges him / herself to live according to its spirituality in accordance with the characteristics of his / her state in life . '' According to the Church on the Brown Scapular : `` The scapular is a Marian habit or garment . It is both a sign and pledge . A sign of belonging to Mary ; a pledge of her motherly protection , not only in this life but after death . As a sign , it is a conventional sign signifying three elements strictly joined : first , belonging to a religious family particularly devoted to Mary , especially dear to Mary , the Carmelite Order ; second , consecration to Mary , devotion to and trust in her Immaculate Heart ; third , an urge to become like Mary by imitating her virtues , above all her humility , chastity , and spirit of prayer . '' Association with purgatory ( edit ) Our Lady of Mount Carmel with angels and souls in Purgatory . Baroque sculpture from Beniaján ( Spain ) . Since the Middle Ages , Our Lady of Mount Carmel has been related to Purgatory , where souls are purged of sins in the fires . In some images , she is portrayed as accompanied with angels and souls wearing Brown Scapulars , who plead for her mediation . In 1613 , the Church forbade images to be made of Our Lady of Mt . Carmel descending into purgatory , due to errors being preached about certain privileges associated with the Brown Scapular ( known as `` the Sabbatine Privilege '' ) . That privilege appears in the noted Decree of the Holy Office ( 1613 ) . It was inserted in its entirety ( except for the words forbidding the painting of the pictures ) into the list of the indulgences and privileges of the Confraternity of the Scapular of Mount Carmel . In the 21st century , the Carmelites do not promote the Sabbatine Privilege . They encourage a belief in Mary 's general aid and prayerful assistance for their souls beyond death , especially her aid to those who devoutly wear the Brown Scapular , and commend devotion to Mary especially on Saturdays , which are dedicated to her . Our Lady of Mount Carmel , Palmi Apparitions ( edit ) Our Lady of Mount Carmel was seen in the apparitions of Cova da Iria in Fátima , Portugal , by Lúcia Santos during the Miracle of the Sun . She also appeared to Saint Simon Stock to whom she gave the Brown Scapular . The Garabandal apparitions , in Spain , were reported to be images of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel . Acquafondata , italy , the apparition of the Virgin of Mount Carmel , on July 16 , 1841 . There is today a small sanctuary on the site . Acquafondata Our Lady of Mount Carmel Miracles ( edit ) In Palmi , Italy , the anniversary of the earthquake of 1894 is observed annually on 16 November . The earthquake had its epicenter in the city . An associated event has been classified as the `` miracle of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . '' For 17 days preceding this earthquake , many of the faithful had reported strange eye movements and changes in the coloring of the face in a statue of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . The local and national press reported these occurrences . In the evening of 16 November , the faithful improvised a procession carrying the statue of the Virgin of Carmel on their shoulders through the streets . When the procession reached the end of the city , a violent earthquake shook the whole district of Palmi , ruining most of the old houses along the way . But , only nine people died out of a population of about 15,000 inhabitants , as almost all of the population had been on the street to watch the procession and were not trapped inside the destroyed buildings . Therefore , the city commemorates the 1894 procession each year , accompanied by firecrackers , lights , and festive stalls . The Catholic Church has officially recognized the miracle . On November 16 , 1896 the statue of the Virgin was crowned , based on the decree issued September 22 , 1895 by the Vatican Chapter . Use in the peace movement ( edit ) The first atomic bomb was exploded in the United States at the Trinity test site on 16 July 1945 , near Alamogordo , New Mexico . The Catholic anti-war movement has built on the coincidence between this date and the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . In 1990 , the Rev. Emmanuel Charles McCarthy , a priest of the Eastern Rite ( Byzantine - Melkite ) of the Catholic Church , initiated the `` 16 July Twenty - Four Hours Day of Prayer , '' for Forgiveness and Protection with Our Lady of Mount Carmel , at Trinity Site in the New Mexico desert . Each year on 16 July , a prayer vigil is conducted at the Trinity site to pray for peace and the elimination of nuclear weapons . Gallery of statues ( edit ) Part of a series on Scapulars of the Catholic Church Sacramental garments General Saint Simon Stock Our Lady of Mount Carmel Rosary and scapular Sabbatine Privilege Specific scapulars Mount Carmel ( Brown ) Fivefold Scapular Passion ( Red ) Passion ( Black ) Seven Sorrows of Mary ( Black ) The Archangel ( Blue / Black ) Good Counsel ( White ) Sacred Heart of Jesus ( White ) Immaculate Heart of Mary ( White ) Immaculate Conception ( Blue ) Green Scapular ( Green ) Scapular of Our Lady of Walsingham Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Catholicism portal Statues of Our Lady of Mount Carmel usually depict her with a Brown scapular . Beniaján , Spain Chile Chile Biscay , Spain Medellín , Colombia Paucartambo , Peru Boston , USA Oaxaca , Mexico Oaxaca , Mexico Pattada , Sardegna See also ( edit ) Discalced Carmelites Byzantine Discalced Carmelites References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bede Edwards , OCDS . `` St. Simon Stock -- The Scapular Vision & the Brown Scapular Devotion . '' Carmel Clarion Volume XXI , pp 17 -- 22 , July -- August 2005 , Discalced Carmelite Secular Order , Washington Province . Jump up ^ Scapular Devotion . '' July -- August 2005 , Discalced Carmelite Secular Order , Washington Province . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jotischky ( 2002 ) . The Carmelites and Antiquity . Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Simon Stock '' Jump up ^ Jotischky , Carmelites and Antiquity , p. 59 , footnote ^ Jump up to : Louis Saggi , O. Carm . `` Saint Simon Stock ( XIII Century ) Saint , Priest '' , Scholarly historical information , Carmel Net ^ Jump up to : Fr . Paul D'Souza , OCD . `` The Carmelite Scapular : History and Devotion '' , St. John the Baptist Church , Bangalore Jump up ^ Herbert Thurston , S.J. , `` The Origin of the Scapular -- A Criticism '' , The Irish Ecclesiastical Record , Vol XVI July -- December 1904 . pp. 59 -- 75 . Dublin : Browne & Nolan , Limited . This 1904 article demonstrates that the Swanington letter was not authentic . It also says that the papal bull that was the basis of the `` Sabbatine privilege '' was forged . The article explores Carmelite history and the evolution of the scapular devotion . Jump up ^ `` The Virgin Mary of MT Carmel -- DISCALCED CARMELITE ORDER '' . www.ocd.pcn.net . Jump up ^ Doctrinal Statement on the Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , approved by the Congregation for Divine Worship and for the Discipline of the Sacraments , November 29 , 1996 . See `` Catechesis and Ritual for the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel '' , Prepared under the direction of the North American Provincials of the Carmelite Orders . 2000 . Jump up ^ Fr . Kieran Kavanaugh , OCD , `` Brown Scapular : A Silent Devotion '' , Zenit News Service , 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia . Sabbatine Privilege -- `` The Bull ( of the Holy Roman General Inquisition 20 January 1613 , clarifying what is permissible for the Carmelites to preach regarding the Brown Scapular '' ) forbids the painting of pictures representing , in accordance with the wording of the Bull , the Mother of God descending into purgatory ( cum descensione beatae Virginis ad animas in Purgatorio liberandas ) . '' Jump up ^ Sabbatine Privilege Jump up ^ `` The Messages of Fatima '' . Lucia also saw Our Lady of Mount Carmel who signifies the triumph over suffering . Jump up ^ See the wikipedia article on Italian ( in Italian ) Festa della Beata Vergine del Carmelo ( Palmi ) Jump up ^ Il terremoto del 16 novembre 1894 in calabria e sicilia , Roma , 1907 . Tesot full archive available : Relazione scientifica sul terremoto Jump up ^ See the wikipedia article on Italian ( in Italian ) Miracolo della Madonna del Carmine di Palmi External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Lady of Mount Carmel . The origins of devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel Brown Scapular : a `` Silent Devotion '' -- 2008 article via Zenit news service by Fr . Kieran Kavenaugh , OCD discusses devotion to the Brown Scapular , the existence of historical problems , and pastoral practice The Virgin Mary in our life -- Article about Marian devotion in the Carmelite tradition The apparitions of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel&oldid=813803364 '' Categories : Titles of Mary Our Lady of Mount Carmel Marian apparitions Roman Catholic devotions Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Malti Nederlands Português Runa Simi Русский Svenska தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 09 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did our lady of mount carmel appear | [
"The Carmelite Order was the only religious order to be started in the Crusader States. In the 13th century, some of its people migrated west to England, setting up a chapter and being documented there about 1241-1242. A tradition first attested to in the late 14th century says that Saint Simon Stock, believed to be an early English prior general of the Carmelite Order soon after its migration to England,[3][4] had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in which she gave him the Brown Scapular. This formed part of the Carmelite habit after 1287.[5] In Stock's vision, Mary promised that those who died wearing the scapular would be saved.[3]"
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3108653364039866241 | That '70s Show | That ' 70s show - wikipedia That ' 70s show Jump to : navigation , search That ' 70s Show Genre Period sitcom Created by Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Mark Brazill Directed by David Trainer Terry Hughes ( pilot ) Starring Topher Grace Mila Kunis Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Laura Prepon Wilmer Valderrama Debra Jo Rupp Kurtwood Smith Tanya Roberts Don Stark Lisa Robin Kelly Tommy Chong Josh Meyers Theme music composer Alex Chilton Chris Bell Opening theme `` In the Street '' by Big Star as performed by ; Todd Griffin ( season 1 ) Cheap Trick ( seasons 2 -- 8 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 200 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Caryn Mandabach Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Carsey - Werner Productions Distributor Carsey - Werner Distribution 20th Century Fox ( DVD ) Release Original network Fox Picture format 480i Audio format Stereo Original release August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) -- May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Chronology Related shows That ' 80s Show Days Like These External links Website www.that70sshow.com That ' 70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23 , 1998 , to May 18 , 2006 . The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in fictional Point Place , Wisconsin from May 17 , 1976 to December 31 , 1979 . The main teenage cast members were Topher Grace , Mila Kunis , Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Laura Prepon and Wilmer Valderrama . The main adult cast members were Debra Jo Rupp , Kurtwood Smith , Don Stark , Tommy Chong and , in a limited role , Tanya Roberts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Teens 1.2 Adults 2 Episodes 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Eighth season and series finale 3 Production 3.1 Opening 3.1. 1 Theme song 3.1. 2 Opening credits 3.2 Elements of the show 3.2. 1 The 1970s 3.2. 2 Split screens 3.2. 3 Dream sequences 3.2. 4 The circle 3.2. 5 The stupid helmet 3.2. 6 The water tower 3.2. 7 Scene transitions 3.2. 8 The Vista Cruiser 3.2. 9 Running gags 4 British remake 5 Merchandise 5.1 Home media 5.2 Soundtracks 6 Reception 6.1 American ratings 6.2 Awards 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of That ' 70s Show cast members and List of That ' 70s Show characters Teens ( edit ) Topher Grace as Eric Forman ( seasons 1 -- 7 ; uncredited special guest season 8 ) : Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa . Although mentioned in every episode , he does not appear during the final season until the end of the series finale . Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter , mostly after her father , a crooked politician , goes to jail and her fortunes take a reversal . Partly as a result of these changes , Donna and she become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie had dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde and Fez . Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso ( seasons 1 -- 7 ; special guest season 8 ) : The tall dim - witted pretty boy of the group wants to coast through life on his good looks . Often referred to as `` The King '' in many episodes , he spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie , but their relationship comes to an end when Laurie ( Eric 's older sister ) reveals their affair . His best friends are Hyde and Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy from a girl named Brooke during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . Kelso , along with Eric , returns for the series finale . Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt and sarcastic sense of humor and a rebellious personality . He is also smart and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was married to another man when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first an office worker , then a manager and later the owner of the Point Place record store . He also previously worked for Leo in a Photo Hut earlier in the series . Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is tall , intelligent , good - looking and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother and Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Wilmer Valderrama as Fez : The horny foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones are usually out of control . His fictional unnamed third - world country of origin is never named . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer and looking at pornography . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Josh Meyers as Randy Pearson ( season 8 ) : Hyde 's employee at the record store . He is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite and a ladies ' man , although many of his flaws surface later , encompassing parts of the departed Kelso and Eric 's personalities and other attributes . Tall ( like Kelso ) , he tends to spout witty one - liners ( like Eric ) , and makes silly voices . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna and Kelso embrace him as a new member of their group , Fez initially does not , but soon warms up to him . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she later breaks up with him . The two end on good terms and remain friends . He makes a brief appearance in the series finale . Adults ( edit ) Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman : Red 's wife and mother of Eric and Laurie , and Hyde 's informally adoptive mother , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . A nurse by profession , she drinks heavily and is a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause , although the lack of affection and attention from her daughter ( Laurie ) and her mother ( Bea ) is also partly to blame . She is also a nurturing mother figure to Eric 's rather dysfunctional friends , especially Fez . Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman : Kitty 's husband , father of Eric and Laurie , and Hyde 's adoptive father . A conservative Navy combat veteran , he served in the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red also displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting and fishing . Lisa Robin Kelly ( seasons 2 -- 3 ; recurring season 1 ; special appearance 5 ) , Christina Moore ( recurring , season 6 ) as Laurie Forman : Eric 's attractive but promiscuous , manipulative and dishonest older sister . She flunked out of college during the first season and moves back home with her parents . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie . Eric , Hyde and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season , but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she marries Fez to prevent him from getting deported . She leaves the series again during season 6 and is never seen again . During the seventh season , she is mentioned as having moved to Canada , where , as Eric puts it drolly , `` bottomless dancing is legal '' . Tanya Roberts as Midge Pinciotti ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest appearance seasons 6 -- 7 ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend , Midge is the sexy neighborhood mom about whom Eric and his male friends fantasized when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she later adopts some feminist ideals . She is written out of the series in 2001 after the third season after leaving Bob and moving to California . She returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a limited recurring role . She is temporarily replaced in Bob 's heart by the aggressive , assertive Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) , tall like Midge but not as pretty . She and Bob meet in a supermarket . Red and Joanne almost immediately take a mutual dislike to each other . Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti : Midge 's husband and Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red , a Korean War veteran . Bob is known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , who usually considers him to be a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Tommy Chong as Leo Chingkwake ( seasons 4 & 8 ; special guest seasons 2 -- 3 & 7 ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked , Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four , but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In Season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of That ' 70s Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) July 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 26 ) 26 September 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 28 ) May 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 22 ) 25 October 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 5 25 September 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 17 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 6 25 October 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 29 ) May 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 19 ) 7 25 September 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 08 ) May 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) 8 22 November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Timeline ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The creators had wanted the show to have a 1970s `` feel '' from the beginning , so opted to set the series later in the decade , when trends and political ideologies had become firmly established and disseminated . The idea that the duration of the series would carry sociopolitical undertones also necessitated a chain of social events which could influence the characters . Thus , 1976 was chosen , which allowed episodes set within a short time frame to address streaking , the sexual revolution , the Equal Rights Amendment , the 1973 oil crisis , and the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford , all of which were culturally influential events that occurred in the earlier years of the 1970s . The shift to 1977 during the last half of the first season also allowed the inclusion of a Star Wars episode ( entitled `` A New Hope '' ) , as its May 1977 premiere airing roughly coincided with the May 1999 box - office debut of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Throughout the first two seasons , episodes opened with title cards showing the season / month and year ( example : Late Spring , 1977 or June 1977 ) . These , however , were largely abandoned after season 2 , with few subsequent episodes using them . However , they were used again in the final episode , showing `` December 31 , 1979 10 : 45 a.m. '' From the premiere onward , the episode 's year could be determined by the registration tags on Eric 's Vista Cruiser at the end of the opening and closing credits . The final episode 's closing credits showed an `` 80 '' year tag . The show was set in May 1976 in the August 23 , 1998 premiere . After 12 episodes , the series transitioned to 1977 . The 23rd episode , `` Grandma 's Dead '' , was also set in 1976 , because it was supposed to be the season finale of season 1 . The show remained in 1977 for the next two seasons . Near the end of the third season , the series transitioned to 1978 until early in the sixth season . The remaining episodes took place in 1979 , and the series finale abruptly ends during a New Year 's Eve party as the characters reach `` one '' during a countdown to January 1 , 1980 . The show 's unexpected longevity ( it was the only series to debut on Fox in 1998 to survive cancellation ) combined with the first season jump to 1977 necessitated a slow - down of the series ' timeline . Over time , this proved problematic from a narrative standpoint , as nearly every year featured a Thanksgiving and / or Christmas episode , and the teen - aged actors playing high - school student characters all aged into their mid-20s by the time their characters graduated from high school after five seasons ( except Mila Kunis , who was not quite 20 ) . As the series timeline sped up and slowed down with more rapidity near the series ' climax , the timeline necessitated that several major events depicted as having occurred months apart would have in fact happened within weeks or even days of one another . The timeline issues experienced on the show were not unprecedented , as other period - specific TV series have had similar issues . Most notably , M * A * S * H aired for 11 seasons despite the Korean War only lasting three years . Additionally , many TV series over the years that take place in the present time have characters age faster than normal while other characters age naturally . Eighth season and series finale ( edit ) The character of Eric Forman was written out of the series at the end of the seventh season , as Topher Grace wanted to move on with his career . Ashton Kutcher switched to a recurring guest role when he also chose to depart following the seventh season . However , Kelso had not been written out yet , so to give better closure to the character , Kutcher appeared in the first four episodes of the eighth season ( credited as a special guest star ) and later returned for the finale . Tommy Chong ( who began reappearing by late season 7 after a long absence ) became a regular again to help fill Kelso 's role as the dimwit of the group . Eric was originally supposed to be replaced by his new friend Charlie , played by Bret Harrison , as an `` innocent character '' , who proved fairly popular with audiences , but the character was killed off after Harrison was offered a lead role in the series The Loop . Another new character named Randy Pearson , played by Josh Meyers , was introduced to take the place of both Eric and , to a lesser extent , Charlie . Another new character , Samantha , a stripper played by Judy Tylor , was added as Hyde 's wife for nine episodes . The location of the show 's introductory theme song was changed from the Vista Cruiser to the circle . Both Eric and Kelso returned for the series ' final episode , although Topher Grace was uncredited . The eighth season was announced as the final season of the show on January 17 , 2006 , and `` That ' 70s Finale '' was filmed a month later on February 17 , 2006 , first airing on May 18 , 2006 . Production ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) Theme song ( edit ) The show usually opens with the theme song , `` In the Street '' , written by Alex Chilton and Chris Bell of the band Big Star . The original version of the song appeared on Big Star 's 1972 debut album # 1 Record . In 2000 , Chilton confirmed that he was paid $70 in royalties each time the show aired , an amount he thought ironic , given the show 's title . Big Star 's original version of the song was not used on the show . Instead , a cover version sung by Todd Griffin was used as the theme song for the show 's first season . Beginning in the second season , the theme song was performed by the band Cheap Trick . Unlike previous versions of the song , Cheap Trick ended the song with the repeated phrase `` We 're all alright ! '' quoting the ending of their 1978 hit song `` Surrender '' . Both versions of the song ( Todd Griffin and Cheap Trick ) used on the show end with somebody yelling `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' In Griffin 's version , Masterson is the one yelling `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' while it is unknown who yells it in Cheap Trick 's version during the opening . On the soundtrack , That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) , Cheap Trick 's lead singer Robin Zander yells `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' Alternate holiday versions of the theme song were arranged for Halloween and Christmas specials , using organ music and bells , respectively . Opening credits ( edit ) Opening credits for seasons 1 -- 7 showed members of the cast driving in Eric 's car singing the theme song together . At the conclusion of the opening , a shot of a 1970s - style Wisconsin license plate ( black letters / numbers on a yellow background ) is seen , showing the year in which the episode was taking place in the bottom right corner . During the first season 's opening , a single shot of the group is used ; beginning with season 2 , numerous alternating shots were used of the cast in various groupings ( including the adult cast members , who had not appeared in the first season 's opening ) . After Topher Grace and Ashton Kutcher left the series , the opening credits were reworked for season 8 to feature close - up shots of each of the actors singing ( or mouthing ) a line of the theme song in the Circle ( for example , Mila Kunis `` Hanging Out ... ; '' Danny Masterson `` Down the Street '' ) . The only actors to not say or do anything in the new opening credits were Kurtwood Smith and Tommy Chong , with the exception of the first episode of season 8 , when Chong sings the last `` We 're all alright '' . Smith looks at the camera frowning and rolls his eyes . Chong looks around the room , confused as he hears `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' The final episode omits most of the opening sequence and instead only shows the license plate shot . Elements of the show ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1970s ( edit ) The show addressed social issues of the 1970s such as sexism , sexual attitudes , generational conflict , the economic hardships of the 1970s recession , mistrust of the American government by blue - collar workers and teenage drug use , including underage drinking . The series also highlighted developments in the entertainment industry , including the television remote ( `` the clicker '' ) , reruns , VCR , and cable TV ; the video games Pong and Space Invaders ; the cassette tape and Disco ; MAD magazine ; and Eric 's obsession with Star Wars . The show has been compared to Happy Days , which was similarly set 20 years before the time in which it aired . Beginning with the second season , the show focused less on the sociopolitical aspects of the story . For example , the dynamic of the relationship between Eric and Donna was altered in later seasons to more closely resemble the relationships of other `` power couples '' on teen dramas . Likewise , the first season of the show featured a recurring , more dramatic storyline in which the Formans were in danger of losing their home due to Red 's hours being cut back at the auto parts plant where he worked . Storylines in later seasons were generally presented more comically and less dramatically . The show also featured guest - starring actors from 1970s TV shows , such as Mary Tyler Moore , Valerie Harper and Betty White ( The Mary Tyler Moore Show ) , Tom Poston and Jack Riley ( The Bob Newhart Show ) , Pamela Sue Martin ( The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries ) , Tim Reid and Howard Hesseman ( WKRP in Cincinnati ) , Eve Plumb , Barry Williams and Christopher Knight ( The Brady Bunch ) , Tom Bosley and Marion Ross ( Happy Days ) , Monty Hall ( Let 's Make A Deal ) , Gavin MacLeod ( The Love Boat and The Mary Tyler Moore Show ) , Don Knotts , Richard Kline and Jenilee Harrison ( Three 's Company ) , and Danny Bonaduce and Shirley Jones ( The Partridge Family ) . Series recurring cast member Tanya Roberts also starred in a popular show in the 1970s ( Charlie 's Angels ) . Beginning with season 5 , each episode in the series is named after a song by a rock band that was famous in the 1970s : Led Zeppelin ( season 5 ) , The Who ( Season 6 ) , The Rolling Stones ( season 7 ) , and Queen ( season 8 , except for the finale , titled `` That ' 70s Finale '' ) . Split screens ( edit ) One device in the show is to present a split screen in which two pairs of characters speak . One character is usually seeking advice on a problem with a character in the second pairing and the other character advises them . Although the conversations appear to mirror each other , notable differences often occur . It is most often used by the couples of the show , with each member of the couple being advised on the relationship . For example , in the episode `` Who Wants It More ? '' , Donna and Eric tell Jackie and Hyde that they have been holding out on each other sexually for three days and that maybe they should cave . Both Jackie and Hyde tell Donna and Eric not to cave or the `` caver '' will be owned by the other . Dream sequences ( edit ) The show includes character daydream sequences , some of which refer to or parody fads and films of the time , such as Star Wars , Rocky , and Grease . The character picturing the dream sometimes also narrates it , but regardless , the other characters present see the same dream . In the episode `` Stone Cold Crazy '' , Jackie mentioned she liked the song playing in Fez 's dream sequence . The sequences are usually introduced by a wobbling screen transition . Sometimes , the transition is absent when the characters who imagine the scene believe they are real ( for example , Eric 's dream about Donna in `` Eric 's Birthday '' or Jackie 's dream about Hyde proposing in `` It 's All Over Now '' ) . In the 100th episode , `` That ' 70s Musical '' , all singing scenes were Fez 's dream sequences . The circle ( edit ) The circle illustrated the teens ' marijuana use , usually in Eric 's basement . The picture is of the final scene of the series . In the circle , a group of characters , usually the teenagers , sit in a circle ( generally in Eric 's basement , though occasionally elsewhere ) , as the camera pans , stopping at each character as he or she speaks . It was usually apparent that the characters are under the influence of marijuana . Thick clouds of smoke , frequent coughing and an extreme wide - angle lens added to the `` drug - induced '' feel , although the audience never saw anyone actually smoking the drug . Also , no visible drug - related paraphernalia were seen , such as bongs or joint papers . Characters never spoke the word `` marijuana '' while in the circle ( except in one episode `` Reefer Madness '' ) , often referring to it as `` stuff '' or a `` stash '' . In the episode `` Bye - Bye Basement '' , Theo ( Leo 's cousin ) refers to `` weed '' ; in `` The Relapse '' , Kelso tells Fez that the concrete wall behind the gym is used mostly for `` smoking weed and beating up freshmen ; '' in `` Ski Trip '' Kitty asks Eric why he is taking so much oregano to Jackie 's ski lodge ; in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , Kelso blames his `` roach clip '' when the water bed pops on which he is sitting at a party ; in two episodes ( `` That Wrestling Show '' and `` Hyde Moves In '' ) Eric and Hyde can be seen wearing shirts with the words `` Cannabis Sativa '' written on a Campbell 's soup can ; and in `` The Pill '' Red , referring to Kelso , exclaims , `` That kid 's on dope ! '' A gimmick related to the circle and the marijuana smoking was Eric watching the kitchen wall moving erratically , although this technique was also used to show that Eric was drunk . As the series progressed , the circle became one of the series ' recurring features . The only four episodes where the whole gang is in the circle are `` Class Picture '' , `` I 'm A Boy '' , `` Substitute '' , and in the series finale . During the eighth and final season , the circle replaced the Vista Cruiser as the setting of the opening credits . The stupid helmet ( edit ) The stupid helmet refers to a replica of a Green Bay Packers helmet that a character is forced to wear after having done or said something deemed stupid by the rest of the gang . Eric had to wear it when he said he wanted to propose to Donna and Fez wore it when he started banging his head on the table after trying to help Kelso keep Jackie . The helmet can be seen in the Forman basement on a shelf behind the cast . When the series concluded in 2006 , the last one up the staircase had to call Red a `` dumbass '' , something he always called the kids . Since Kelso was the last one up , he grabbed the helmet . The water tower ( edit ) In many episodes , the teenaged characters often hang out on a local water tower . At the end of several water tower segments , at least one character falls off ( usually Kelso ) . When Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) fell off and died in season 8 , the water tower was renamed in his honor . After Charlie 's death , Kelso fell off again , but survived , leading him to believe he was `` invincible '' . In the `` Water Tower episode '' , the gang painted a marijuana leaf on the tower , but it looked more like a green hand giving the finger . In the episode `` The Immigrant Song ( a.k.a. Fez Gets Busted ) '' Kelso paints Jackie and his names on the tower to annoy Hyde just before falling and ending up in the hospital . During this episode , Fez paints his manhood on the tower but only gets as far as drawing a circle when the police arrive to arrest him . Kelso was known to fall off the water tower once in every grade since middle school . Jackie and Fez share their first official kiss on the tower in the show 's finale . Scene transitions ( edit ) In the first season , scene transitions ( also known as bumpers ) consisted of animated smiley buttons or still images of faces from the 1970s with only the mouth moving using Syncro - Vox , usually yelling , in a rock form , `` Yeahhh ! '' or something similar ( ex . Farrah Fawcett saying `` Yeah ! '' or Richard Nixon saying `` Are you ready to rock and roll ? '' ) The smiley buttons were removed for re-runs and home video , replaced with flowers likewise exploding , replicating , deflating or bouncing around . Sometimes they would be visuals of lava lamps with the show 's logo plummeting to the bottom of the screen in front of it . Beginning in season 2 , transitions featured the characters doing something in front of a colorful , psychedelic , lava lamp - like background . These transitions featured the most prominent characters of the episode usually dancing , falling or making facial expressions . The music accompanying these colorful sequences would match the tone of the episode and characters . By the show 's final season , new transitions were created to accommodate cast changes ( e.g. Donna 's hair color , Leo continuing as a series regular and the insertion of Randy ) . `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine ( 2 ) '' is the only episode where Laurie Forman is featured in a transition . Tanya Roberts is the only regular actor not to be featured in a transition . The Vista Cruiser ( edit ) Many of the show 's episodes featured Eric and the rest of the kids in or around Eric 's `` Aztec Gold '' 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser , handed down to Eric by Red . For the first seven seasons of the show , the show 's introduction showed the cast inside the Vista Cruiser . The show 's pronunciation of `` Vista Cruiser '' , with emphasis on `` Cruiser '' conflicted with the pronunciation of author George Plimpton in the Oldsmobile television advertisement for the 1969 Vista Cruiser , where he pronounced the two words with the emphasis on `` Vista '' . That particular station wagon was bought by Wilmer Valderrama at the show 's conclusion from Carsey - Werner for US $ 500 . In August 2009 , the show 's Vista Cruiser was named third - greatest television car ever by MSN Autos . Running gags ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In one of the show 's major running gags , Red often threatens to punish Eric with many variations of `` kicking your ass '' . For example , in `` Kitty and Eric 's Night Out '' , Red mistakenly thinks Eric offended Kitty , so Red says , `` I swear I 'll kick his ass ! '' In `` Eric 's Hot Cousin '' , Eric tries to get out of something by claiming he 's sleepwalking and Red says , `` And I 'm about to be sleep - kicking your ass '' , and , in `` Prank Day '' , when Red gets covered in oatmeal , Eric tries to explain that it was just a prank that had gone `` horribly , horribly wrong '' Red says , `` Well , I have a prank , too . One where my foot does n't plow through your ass . Let 's hope it does n't go horribly , horribly wrong ! '' Several of the running gags were shown in edited clips for the series finale . Some other notable running gags are : Red 's favorite insult is `` dumbass '' , the origin of which is revealed in `` Halloween '' . Ironically , Eric is the first character to say `` dumbass '' in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' ( season 1 episode 5 ) . The insult is adopted by the whole gang and even occasionally by Kitty . Red regularly comes up with new choice insults such as `` kettlehead '' ( which refers to Kelso ) . Fez 's country of origin is never revealed . Sometimes , Fez is about to disclose where he is from , or at least hint at it , but something happens to prevent him from doing so , like someone entering the room as seen in `` Stolen Car '' , or Fez rambling in `` Love of My Life '' . Fez 's real name was also never revealed . Even Fez stood for FES , Foreign Exchange Student . Red often calls Fez by some exotic foreign name when he is speaking directly to him . Someone , usually Kelso , falls off the Water Tower . The word `` burn '' , a term used by a character after something bad or offensive happens at another character 's expense , although it is more often used by Kelso . According to Kelso in `` Dine and Dash '' , a good burn consists of two elements : `` You did n't see it coming ; parts of it really hurt . '' Hyde would usually give Kelso a punch in the arm for either his stupidity or bad behavior . Kelso yells `` Ow , my eye ! '' when Hyde rough - houses with him . For example , in the episode `` Class Picture '' , a series of flashbacks feature Hyde beating up Kelso . While the two are out of the immediate sight of the audience , Kelso yells , `` Ow , my eye ! '' and the scene cuts to the next flashback . This gag is repeated several times throughout the series , although the only time Kelso appears with an injured eye is in `` Jackie 's Cheese Squeeze '' after he was punched by Todd , Jackie 's manager . On that occasion , Kelso did not yell , `` Ow , my eye ! '' Fez uses the phrase `` Good day '' , followed by another cast member saying , `` But Fez ... '' and Fez immediately interrupts with an exclamatory , `` I said good day ! '' In some instances , the words vary , but the interaction is the same . Eric has a never - ending streak of quoting Star Wars . In several episodes , he relates things to Star Wars , or quotes the film . In times of trouble , he brings a toy light saber and his going - away present from Donna was her dressing up as Princess Leia . Everyone who calls Eric 's action figures `` dolls '' is always loudly corrected by Eric : `` They 're action figures ! '' Kitty often uses alcohol or her use is mentioned , particularly after she starts menopause during the fifth season . Fez 's sex life or usually lack thereof . Often Fez accidentally reveals some perverse behavior he performed , like hiding in Donna 's room . The best thing to do or the best solution can be found by `` The Circle '' . Eric 's attempted `` secret '' money stash locations are known by everyone . Guest stars from 1970s sitcoms would often have an inside joke referring to their earlier series . British remake ( edit ) In 1999 , the show was remade by the ITV network in the United Kingdom as Days Like These using almost verbatim scripts with minor changes to cultural references . Merchandise ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) Main article : List of That ' 70s Show home video releases That ' 70s Show was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 by Fox Home Entertainment at an increment of two seasons per year between 2004 and 2008 and a complete series release on October 14 , 2008 . Mill Creek Entertainment released all eight seasons between 2011 and ' 13 and released a complete series set on May 14 , 2013 . On March 6 , 2012 , Mill Creek released the first season on Blu - ray and season two on October 16 , 2012 . On November 3 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment released That ' 70s Show The Complete Series on Blu - ray 1080p with 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio and 1.78 : 1 widescreen aspect ratio . Soundtracks ( edit ) Several prominent songs from the decade can be heard on the series , and two soundtracks were released in 1999 . The first is a collection of funk , soul , and disco , called That ' 70s Album ( Jammin ' ) . The second is a collection of album - oriented rock songs , called That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) . AllMusic gave both albums 3 out of 5 stars in their reviews . Reception ( edit ) American ratings ( edit ) Over the course of its run , the series was a consistent performer for Fox , becoming one of their flagship shows . Its eight seasons , consisting of 200 episodes , made it Fox 's second - longest - running live - action sitcom ever behind Married ... with Children , though That ' 70s Show did not have the same ratings success . Season Episodes Timeslot Premiere Season finale Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 1998 -- 99 25 Sunday 8 : 30 August 23 , 1998 July 26 , 1999 49 11.7 1999 -- 2000 26 Tuesday 8 : 30 September 28 , 1999 May 22 , 2000 86 9.0 2000 -- 01 25 Tuesday 8 : 00 October 3 , 2000 May 22 , 2001 65 10.8 2001 -- 02 27 September 25 , 2001 May 21 , 2002 67 9.1 5 2002 -- 03 25 Tuesday 8 : 00 ( 2002 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 ( 2003 ) September 17 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 52 10.4 6 2003 -- 04 25 Wednesday 8 : 00 October 29 , 2003 May 19 , 2004 49 10.0 7 2004 -- 05 25 September 8 , 2004 May 18 , 2005 85 7.0 8 2005 -- 06 22 Wednesday 8 : 00 ( 2005 ) Thursday 8 : 00 ( 2006 ) November 2 , 2005 May 18 , 2006 103 5.8 Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by That ' 70s Show Over the course of its run , the series was nominated for a substantial number of awards , including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards . The only win for the series at this event came in 1999 , when Melina Root was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series for `` That Disco Episode '' . Additionally , the show was nominated for a large number of Teen Choice Awards , with both Ashton Kutcher and Wilmer Valderrama winning on three occasions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Finale '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 8 . Episode 22 . May 18 , 2006 . 21 : 20 minutes in . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Bernhard , Lisa ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Ashton , Topher Departing ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary of episode 25 of season 7 by director Trainer . Jump up ^ Tribune Media Service ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` Celebrity Spotlight '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , PA : Observer Publishing Company . p . C6 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' That ' 70s Show '' says goodbye to an era with the 200th episode and series finale this may on FOX `` . TheFutonCritic . Retrieved January 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show Episode Guide '' . That'70sCentral . Retrieved February 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John D. Luerssen ( February 28 , 2000 ) . `` Alex Chilton Set to Go '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Readers Poll : The Best Television Theme Songs -- 7 . That ' 70s Show -- ' In the Street ' '' . Rolling Stone . September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` HeadScratcher No. 44 : It 's time to play the music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . And yes , it 's true that the theme song of That ' 70s Show , ' In the Street ' , was sung by Cheap Trick ( after Todd Griffin sang the original version ) , but the cast members sing along with them . You can even hear Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) yell out ' Hello , Wisconsin ! ' at the end of the Griffin version of the song . Jump up ^ `` In the Street '' by Cheap Trick . That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) . 1999 . Track 1 . Compact disc . Various Artists . Volcano Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` 13 Times That ' 70s Show Tackled History '' . IFC . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Even Those 70 's Kids Should Have Seen It Coming '' . Like ' Happy Days ' , ' That 70 's Show ' blends smart comedy with light social commentary . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken . `` That ' 70s Show '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Vista Cruiser commercial on YouTube '' . Youtube.com . December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ That 70s Show wrap party Access Hollywood official on YouTube Jump up ^ Tate , James . `` MSN Autos list of ' Ten Greatest Cars On Television -- Ever ! ' '' . Editorial.autos.msn.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` What Happened to Wilmer Valderrama - 2017 Update - The Gazette Review '' . The Gazette Review . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Running Gags From Your Favorite 90s TV Shows '' . EMGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Weirdest Running Jokes You Did n't Notice In Favorite TV Shows '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Emily ; Sloan , William David ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . Contemporary Media Issues . Vision Press . ISBN 9781885219237 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show Episode Synopses '' . www.carseywerner.net . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show S2E12 - English Transcript '' . Readable . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` From Tube to Telly , the Exchange Is Pop Culture '' . LA Times . April 5 , 1999 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mill Creek Entertainment : News - THAT ' 70s SHOW COMPLETE SERIES ON BLU - RAY NOVEMBER 3 ! '' . Mill Creek Entertainment . August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boldman , Gina . `` That ' 70s Show Presents That ' 70s Album : Jammin ' '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Boldman , Gina . `` That ' 70s Show Presents That ' 70s Album : Rockin ' '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 TV Ratings . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/NIELSEN-RATINGS-FOR-1999-2000-2776698.php Jump up ^ http://fbibler.chez.com/tvstats/recent_data/2000-01.html Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.sitcomsonline.com/boards/showthread.php?t=69861 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155240/http://www.abcmedianet.com/Web/progcal/dispDNR.aspx?id=060204_11 Jump up ^ http://forums.bigsoccer.com/threads/final-2004-05-tv-ratings-now-out.201802/ Jump up ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/alias/forums/nielsen-ratings-for-2005-06-season-90-2534-252664/ External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Comedy portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : That ' 70s Show Media related to That ' 70s Show at Wikimedia Commons That ' 70s Show on IMDb That ' 70s Show at TV.com Official website on Carsey Werner official website . ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_%2770s_Show&oldid=810247497 '' Categories : 1998 American television series debuts 1990s American comedy television series 2000s American comedy television series 2006 American television series endings American television sitcoms Cannabis culture English - language television programs Fox network shows Television series by Carsey - Werner Productions Television series set in 1976 Television shows set in Wisconsin Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series set in 1977 Television series set in 1978 Television series set in 1979 Television series set in the 1970s Television series created by Bonnie and Terry Turner Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 03 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did that 70's show first air | [
"That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in fictional Point Place, Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979.[1]"
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"August 23, 1998"
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711870415106783590 | Node of Ranvier | Node of Ranvier - wikipedia Node of Ranvier Jump to : navigation , search `` Nodes of Ranvier '' redirects here . For the band , see Nodes of Ranvier ( band ) . Node of Ranvier Drawing of a peripheral nerve axon ( labeled `` axis cylinder '' ) , showing a node of Ranvier along with other features Nodes of Ranvier Details Identifiers Latin incisura myelini Code TH H2. 00.06. 2.03015 TH H2. 00.06. 2.03015 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Nodes of Ranvier , also known as myelin - sheath gaps , occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space . Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels , allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential . Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as saltatory conduction ( from the Latin saltare `` to hop or to leap '' ) due to the manner in which the action potential seems to `` jump '' from one node to the next along the axon . This results in faster conduction of the action potential . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Structural and molecular composition 3.1 Structure 3.1. 1 Structural differences between nodes in the CNS and PNS 3.2 Composition 3.3 Molecular organization 4 Development 4.1 Myelination of nerve fibers 4.2 Early stages of development 4.3 Nodal formation 5 Formation regulation 5.1 Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation 5.2 Nodal regulation via αII - Spectrin 5.3 Nodal regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp ? 6 Functions 6.1 Action potential 6.2 Saltatory conduction 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Structure of a typical neuron Node of Ranvier Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath Many vertebrate axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath , allowing rapid and efficient saltatory ( `` jumping '' ) propagation of action potentials . The contacts between neurons and glial cells display a very high level of spatial and temporal organization in myelinated fibers . The myelinating glial cells ; oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system ( CNS ) , and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , are wrapped around the axon , leaving the axolemma relatively uncovered at the regularly spaced nodes of Ranvier . The internodal glial membranes are fused to form compact myelin , whereas the cytoplasm - filled paranodal loops of myelinating cells are spirally wrapped around the axon at both sides of the nodes . This organization demands a tight developmental control and the formation of a variety of specialized zones of contact between different areas of the myelinating cell membrane . Each node of Ranvier is flanked by paranodal regions where helicoidally wrapped glial loops are attached to the axonal membrane by a septate - like junction . The segment between nodes of Ranvier is termed as the internode , and its outermost part that is in contact with paranodes is referred to as the juxtaparanodal region . The nodes are encapsulated by microvilli stemming from the outer aspect of the Schwann cell membrane in the PNS , or by perinodal extensions from astrocytes in the CNS . History ( edit ) Louis Antoine Ranvier ( 1835 -- 1922 ) The myelin sheath of long nerves was discovered and named by German pathological anatomist Rudolf Virchow in 1854 . French pathologist and anatomist Louis - Antoine Ranvier later discovered the nodes , or gaps , in the myelin sheath that now bear his name . Born in Lyon , Ranvier was one of the most prominent histologists of the late 19th century . Ranvier abandoned pathological studies in 1867 and became an assistant of physiologist Claude Bernard . He was the chairman of General Anatomy at the Collège de France in 1875 . His refined histological techniques and his work on both injured and normal nerve fibers became world - renowned . His observations on fiber nodes and the degeneration and regeneration of cut fibers had a great influence on Parisian neurology at the Salpêtrière . Soon afterwards , he discovered gaps in sheaths of nerve fibers , which were later called the Nodes of Ranvier . This discovery later led Ranvier to careful histological examination of myelin sheaths and Schwann cells . Structural and molecular composition ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) The internodes are the myelin segments and the gaps between are referred to as nodes . The size and the spacing of the internodes vary with the fiber diameter in a curvilinear relationship that is optimized for maximal conduction velocity . The size of the nodes span from 1 -- 2 μm whereas the internodes can be up to ( and occasionally even greater than ) 1.5 millimetres long , depending on the axon diameter and fiber type . The structure of the node and the flanking paranodal regions are distinct from the internodes under the compact myelin sheath , but are very similar in CNS and PNS . The axon is exposed to the extra-cellular environment at the node and is constricted in its diameter . The decreased axon size reflects a higher packing density of neurofilaments in this region , which are less heavily phosphorylated and are transported more slowly . Vesicles and other organelles are also increased at the nodes , which suggest that there is a bottleneck of axonal transport in both directions as well as local axonal - glial signaling . When a longitudinal section is made through a myelinating Schwann cell at the node , three distinctive segments are represented : the stereotypic internode , the paranodal region , and the node itself . In the internodal region , the Schwann cell has an outer collar of cytoplasm , a compact myelin sheath , and inner collar of cytoplasm , and the axolemma . At the paranodal regions , the paranodal cytoplasm loops contact thickenings of the axolemma to form septate -- like junctions . In the node alone , the axolemma is contacted by several Schwann microvilli and contains a dense cytoskeletal undercoating . Structural differences between nodes in the CNS and PNS ( edit ) Although freeze fracture studies have revealed that the nodal axolemma in both the CNS and PNS is enriched in intra-membranous particles ( IMPs ) compared to the internode , there are some structural differences reflecting their cellular constituents . In the PNS , specialized microvilli project from the outer collar of Schwann cells and come very close to nodal axolemma of large fibers . The projections of the Schwann cells are perpendicular to the node and are radiating from the central axons . However , in the CNS , one or more of the astrocytic processes come in close vicinity of the nodes . Researchers declare that these processes stem from multi-functional astrocytes , as opposed to from a population of astrocytes dedicated to contacting the node . On the other hand , in the PNS , the basal lamina that surrounds the Schwann cells is continuous across the node . Composition ( edit ) The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+ / K+ ATPases , Na+ / Ca2+ exchangers and high density of voltage - gated Na+ channels that generate action potentials . A sodium channel consists of a pore - forming α subunit and two accessory β subunits , which anchor the channel to extra-cellular and intra-cellular components . The nodes of Ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous systems mostly consist of αNaV1. 6 and β1 subunits . The extra-cellular region of β subunits can associate with itself and other proteins , such as tenascin R and the cell - adhesion molecules neurofascin and contactin . Contactin is also present at nodes in the CNS and interaction with this molecule enhances the surface expression of Na+ channels . Ankyrin has been found to be bounded to βIV spectrin , a spectrin isoform enriched at nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments . The PNS nodes are surrounded by Schwann cell microvilli , which contain ERMs and EBP50 that may provide a connection to actin microfilaments . Several extracellular matrix proteins are enriched at nodes of Ranvier , including tenascin - R , Bral - 1 , and proteoglycan NG2 , as well as phosphacan and versican V2 . At CNS nodes , the axonal proteins also include contactin ; however , Schwann cell microvilli are replaced by astrocyte perinodal extensions . Molecular organization ( edit ) The molecular organization of the nodes corresponds to their specialized function in impulse propagation . The level of sodium channels in the node versus the internode suggests that the number IMPs corresponds to sodium channels . Potassium channels are essentially absent in the nodal axolemma , whereas they are highly concentrated in the paranodal axolemma and Schwann cell membranes at the node . The exact function of potassium channels have not quite been revealed , but it is known that they may contribute to the rapid repolarization of the action potentials or play a vital role in buffering the potassium ions at the nodes . This highly asymmetric distribution of voltage - gated sodium and potassium channels is in striking contrast to their diffuse distribution in unmyelinated fibers . The filamentous network subjacent to the nodal membrane contains cytoskeletal proteins called spectrin and ankyrin . The high density of ankyrin at the nodes may be functionally significant because several of the proteins that are populated at the nodes share the ability to bind to ankyrin with extremely high affinity . All of these proteins , including ankyrin , are enriched in the initial segment of axons which suggests a functional relationship . Now the relationship of these molecular components to the clustering of sodium channels at the nodes is still not known . Although some cell - adhesion molecules have been reported to be present at the nodes inconsistently ; however , a variety of other molecules are known to be highly populated at the glial membranes of the paranodal regions where they contribute to its organization and structural integrity . Development ( edit ) Myelination of nerve fibers ( edit ) The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many . The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell . This process is sequenced by the in - folding of the Schwann cell surface so that a double membrane of the opposing faces of the in - folded Schwann cell surface is formed . This membrane stretches and spirally wraps itself over and over as the in - folding of the Schwann cell surface continues . As a result , the increase in the thickness of the extension of the myelin sheath in its cross-sectional diameter is easily ascertained . It is also evident that each of the consecutive turns of the spiral increases in size along the length of the axon as the number of turns increase . However , it is not clear whether or not the increase in length of the myelin sheath can be accounted solely by the increase in length of axon covered by each successive turn of the spiral , as previously explained . At the junction of two Schwann cells along an axon , the directions of the lamellar overhang of the myelin endings are of opposite sense . This junction , adjacent of the Schwann cells , constitutes the region designated as the node of Ranvier . Early stages of development ( edit ) Researchers prove that in the developing CNS , Nav1. 2 is initially expressed at all forming nodes Ranvier . Upon maturation , nodal Nav1. 3 is down - regulated and replaced by Nav1. 6 . Naz1. 2 is also expressed during PNS node formation , which suggests that the switching of Nav - channel subtypes is a general phenomenon in the CNS and PNS . In this same investigation , it was shown that Nav1. 6 and Nav1. 2 colocalize at many nodes of Ranvier during early myelination . This also led to the suggestion that early clusters of Nav1. 2 and Nav1. 6 channels are destined to later become nodes of Ranvier . Neurofascin is also reported to be one of the first proteins to accumulate at newly forming nodes of Ranvier . They are also found to provide the nucleation site for attachment of ankyrin G , Nav channels , and other proteins . The recent identification of the Schwann cell microvilli protein gliomedin as the likely binding partner of axonal neurofascin brings forward substantial evidence for the importance of this protein in recruiting Nav channels to the nodes of Ranvier . Furthermore , Lambert et al. and Eshed et al. also indicates that neurofascin accumulates before Nav channels and is likely to have crucial roles in the earliest events associated with node of Ranvier formation . Thus , multiple mechanisms may exist and work synergistically to facilitate clustering of Nav channels at nodes of Ranvier . Nodal formation ( edit ) The first event appears to be the accumulation of cell adhesion molecules such as NF186 or NrCAM . The intra-cellular regions of these cell - adhesion molecules interact with ankyrin G , which serves as an anchor for sodium channels . At the same time , the periaxonal extension of the glial cell wraps around the axon , giving rise to the paranodal regions . This movement along the axon contributes significantly to the overall formation of the nodes of Ranvier by permitting heminodes formed at the edges of neighboring glial cells to fuse into complete nodes . Septate - like junctions form at the paranodes with the enrichment of NF155 in glial paranodal loops . Immediately following the early differentiation of the nodal and paranodal regions , potassium channels , Caspr2 and TAG1 accumulate in the juxta - paranodal regions . This accumulation coincides directly with the formation of compact myelin . In mature nodal regions , interactions with the intracellular proteins appear vital for the stability of all nodal regions . In the CNS , oligodendrocytes do not possess microvilli , but appear capable to initiate the clustering of some axonal proteins through secreted factors . The combined effects of such factors with the subsequent movements generated by the wrapping of oligodendrocyte periaxonal extension could account for the organization of CNS nodes of Ranvier . Formation regulation ( edit ) Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation ( edit ) Mitochondria and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in the PNP region of peripheral myelinated axons , especially those large caliber axons . The actual physiological role of this accumulation and factors that regulate it are not understood ; however , it is known that mitochondria are usually present in areas of the cell that expresses a high energy demand . In these same regions , they are also understood to contain growth cones , synaptic terminals , and sites of action potential initiation and regeneration , such as the nodes of Ranvier . In the synaptic terminals , mitochondria produce the ATP needed to mobilize vesicles for neurotransmission . In the nodes of Ranvier , mitochondria serve as an important role in impulse conduction by producing the ATP that is essential to maintain the activity of energy - demanding ion pumps . Supporting this fact , about five times more mitochondria are present in the PNP axoplasm of large peripheral axons than in the corresponding internodal regions of these fibers . Nodal regulation via αII - spectrin ( edit ) Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons requires organization of the nodes of Ranvier , whereas voltage - gated sodium channels are highly populated . Studies show that αII - Spectrin , a component of the cytoskeleton is enriched at the nodes and paranodes at early stages and as the nodes mature , the expression of this molecule disappears . It is also proven that αII - Spectrin in the axonal cytoskeleton is absolutely vital for stabilizing sodium channel clusters and organizing the mature node of Ranvier . Nodal regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp ? ( edit ) It has been shown previously that OMgp ( oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein ) clusters at nodes of Ranvier and may regulate paranodal architecture , node length and axonal sprounting at nodes . However , a follow - up study showed that the antibody used previously to identify OMgp at nodes crossreacts with another node - enriched component versican V2 and that OMgp is not required for the integrity of nodes and paranodes , arguing against the previously reported localization and proposed functions of OMgp at nodes . Functions ( edit ) Action potential ( edit ) An action potential is a spike of both positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell . The creation and conduction of action potentials represents a fundamental means of communication in the nervous system . Action potentials represent rapid reversals in voltage across the plasma membrane of axons . These rapid reversals are mediated by voltage - gated ion channels found in the plasma membrane . The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another , but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier . As a result , the action potential signal jumps along the axon , from node to node , rather than propagating smoothly , as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath . The clustering of voltage - gated sodium and potassium ion channels at the nodes permits this behavior . Saltatory conduction ( edit ) Since an axon can be unmyelinated or myelinated , the action potential has two methods to travel down the axon . These methods are referred to as continuous conduction for unmyelinated axons , and saltatory conduction for myelinated axons . Saltatory conduction is defined as an action potential moving in discrete jumps down a myelinated axon . This process is outlined as the charge passively spreading to the next node of Ranvier to depolarize it to threshold which will then trigger an action potential in this region which will then passively spread to the next node and so on . Saltatory conduction provides one advantage over conduction that occurs along an axon without myelin sheaths . This is that the increased speed afforded by this mode of conduction assures faster interaction between neurons . On the other hand , depending on the average firing rate of the neuron , calculations show that the energetic cost of maintaining the resting potential of oligodendrocytes can outweigh the energy savings of action potentials . So , axon myelination does not necessarily save energy . Additional images ( edit ) Complete neuron cell diagram Medullated nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate See also ( edit ) Internodal segment Schwann cell Oligodendrocyte Myelin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ synd / 3816 at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ Virchow R ( 1854 ) . `` Über das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben '' . Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin. 6 : 562 -- 572 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02116709 . Jump up ^ Barbara J.G. ( 2005 ) . `` Les étranglements annulaires de Louis Ranvier ( 1871 ) '' ( PDF ) . Lettre des Neurosciences. 28 : 3 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Salzer J.L. ( 1997 ) . `` Clustering sodium channels at the node of Ranvier : close encounters of the axon - glia kind '' . Neuron. 18 ( 6 ) : 843 -- 846 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 00 ) 80323 - 2 . PMID 9208851 . Jump up ^ Kaplan M.R. ; Cho M.H. ; Ullian E.M. ; Isom L.L. ; Levinson S.R. ; Barres B.A. ( 2001 ) . `` Differential control of clustering of the sodium channels Na ( v ) 1.2 and Na ( v ) 1.6 at developing CNS nodes of Ranvier '' . Neuron. 30 : 105 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 01 ) 00266 - 5 . Jump up ^ Black , J.A. , Sontheimer , H. , Oh , Y. , and Waxman , S.G. ( 1995 ) . In The Axon , S. Waxman , J. Kocsis , and P. Stys , eds . Oxford University Press , New York , pp. 116 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Uzmman B.G. ; Nogueira - Graf G. ( 1957 ) . `` Electron microscope studies of the formation of nodes of Ranvier in mouse sciatic nerves '' . Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 3 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 597 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 3.4. 589 . PMC 2224104 . PMID 13449102 . Jump up ^ Boiko T , Rasband MN , Levinson SR , Caldwell JH , Mandel G , Trimmer JS , et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Compact myelin dictates the differential targeting of two sodium channel isoforms in the same axon '' . Neuron. 30 : 91 -- 104 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 01 ) 00265 - 3 . PMID 11343647 . Jump up ^ Lambert S , Davis JQ , Bennett V ( 1997 ) . `` Morphogenesis of the node of Ranvier : co-clusters of ankyrin and ankyrin - binding integral proteins define early developmental intermediates '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 17 ( 18 ) : 7025 -- 7036 . PMID 9278538 . ^ Jump up to : Einheber S , Bhat MA , Salzer JL ( Aug 2006 ) . `` Disrupted Axo - Glial Junctions Result in Accumulation of Abnormal Mitochondria at Nodes of Ranvier '' . Neuron Glia Biology . 2 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 174 . doi : 10.1017 / S1740925X06000275 . PMC 1855224 . PMID 17460780 . Jump up ^ Voas MG , Lyons DA , Naylor SG , Arana N , Rasband MN , Talbot WS ( Mar 2007 ) . `` alphaII - spectrin is essential for assembly of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons '' . Current Biology . 17 ( 6 ) : 562 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.01. 071 . PMID 17331725 . Jump up ^ Huang , JK ; Phillips , GR ; Roth , AD ; Pedraza , L ; Shan , W ; Belkaid , W ; Mi , S ; Fex - Svenningsen , A ; Florens , L ; Yates III , JR ; Colman , DR ( 2005 ) . `` Glial membranes at the node of Ranvier prevent neurite outgrowth '' . Science . 310 : 1813 -- 17 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1118313 . PMID 16293723 . Jump up ^ Chang , KJ ; Susuki , K ; Dours - Zimmermann , MT ; Zimmermann , DR ; Rasband , MN ( 2010 ) . `` Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein does not influence node of Ranvier structure or assembly '' . J Neurosci. 30 : 14476 -- 81 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1698 - 10.2010 . Jump up ^ Fry , C ( 2007 ) . `` Cell physiology I '' . Surgery ( Oxford ) . 25 : 425 -- 429 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mpsur. 2007.07. 007 . Jump up ^ Harris ; Atwood ( 2012 ) . `` The Energetics of CNS White Matter '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 32 : 356 -- 371 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3430 - 11.2012 . PMC 3272449 . PMID 22219296 . External links ( edit ) Cell Centered Database -- Node of Ranvier Anatomy photo : nervous / pns / nerve2 / nerve5 - Comparative Organology at University of California , Davis -- `` PNS , nerve ( LM , Medium ) '' Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Proteolipids Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Node_of_Ranvier&oldid=796082367 '' Categories : Membrane biology Neurohistology Signal transduction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 10 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the significance of the nodes of ranvier | [
"Nodes of Ranvier, also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential. Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare \"to hop or to leap\") due to the manner in which the action potential seems to \"jump\" from one node to the next along the axon. This results in faster conduction of the action potential."
] | [
"uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential"
] |
-548027813862883914 | Governor of Oklahoma | Governor of Oklahoma - wikipedia Governor of Oklahoma Jump to : navigation , search Governor of the State of Oklahoma Flag of the Governor Incumbent Mary Fallin since January 10 , 2011 Residence Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , renewable once ( maximum lifetime ) Inaugural holder Charles N. Haskell Formation November 16 , 1907 Salary 147,000 ( 2013 ) Website Governor 's Website Oklahoma This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Oklahoma Constitution ( show ) United States Constitution Oklahoma Constitution Executive ( show ) Government Governor : Mary Fallin Lieutenant Governor : Todd Lamb Secretary of State : Chris Benge State Auditor : Gary Jones Attorney General : Mike Hunter State Treasurer : Ken A. Miller State School Superintendent : Joy Hofmeister Labor Commissioner : Melissa Houston Insurance Commissioner : John Doak Corporation Commission : Bob Anthony - Chair Todd Hiett - Vice Chair Dana Murphy - Secretary Governor 's Cabinet and State Agencies Taxation and the State Budget Legislature ( show ) Legislature : 55th Senate President Pro Tem of the Senate : Mike Schulz House of Representatives Speaker of the House : Jeff W. Hickman Judiciary ( show ) Judiciary Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Court on the Judiciary Court of Impeachment Nominating Commission Elections ( show ) Elections State Election Board Last election Political parties Democratic Party Republican Party Political party strength Divisions ( show ) Counties Cities and Towns Federal Relations ( show ) Federal representation Senate Jim Inhofe ( R ) James Lankford ( R ) House of Representatives 1 : Jim Bridenstine ( R ) 2 : Markwayne Mullin ( R ) 3 : Frank Lucas ( R ) 4 : Tom Cole ( R ) 5 : Steve Russell ( R ) Politics of the United States Politics portal The governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the U.S. state of Oklahoma . Under the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor is also the head of government , serving as the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch , of the government of Oklahoma . The governor is the ex officio Commander - in - Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use . Despite being an executive branch official , the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers . The governor 's responsibilities include making yearly `` State of the State '' addresses to the Oklahoma Legislature , submitting the annual state budget , ensuring that state laws are enforced , and that the peace is preserved . The governor 's term is four years in length . The office was created in 1907 when Oklahoma was officially admitted to the United States as the 46th state . Prior to statehood in 1907 , the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Oklahoma Territory with similar powers . The 27th and current Governor of Oklahoma is Mary Fallin . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Territorial period 1.2 Statehood - Present 2 Election 2.1 Oath of office 2.2 Last election 3 Powers and duties 3.1 Executive powers 3.2 Legislative and judicial powers 3.3 Foreign relations 3.4 Emergency powers 4 Relationship with lieutenant governor 5 Office of the Governor 6 Residence 7 Succession 7.1 Line of succession 8 Gubernatorial trivia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Territorial period ( edit ) Abraham Jefferson Seay served as the second appointed governor of Oklahoma Territory Before statehood in 1907 , modern day Oklahoma was composed of Oklahoma and Indian territories . While Indian Territory was semi-independent of the federal government as Indian nations land , Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory under the supervision of the United States Congress . Within the Oklahoma Territory , a tripartite government existed , including a territorial legislature , a territorial supreme court , and a territorial governor . The President of the United States appointed territorial governors to four - year terms . Despite a set term , the governor served at the pleasure of the U.S. president , meaning that the president could replace him before his term was up . The governor was the head of the territorial government . He had the power to veto legislation proposed by the territorial legislature and the power to appoint members to his cabinet , who in turn had to be ratified by territorial lawmakers . The governor had the power to appoint justices to the territorial high court . The governor was responsible to the U.S. president on addressing issues in the territory and served as the representative as the federal government of the United States . He was also the Commander in Chief of the territorial militia . George Washington Steele served as the first governor of Oklahoma Territory . He vetoed the territorial legislature 's attempts to move the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City or Kingfisher . He was instrumental in the establishment of two universities that would become the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University . After only seventeen months in office , Steele resigned effective October 18 , 1891 . In his place , President Benjamin Harrison appointed Abraham Jefferson Seay to the governorship . Robert Martin , Secretary of Oklahoma Territory , served as acting governor from October 18 , 1891 , until February 1892 , when Seay took the oath of office . Frank Frantz served as the final governor of Oklahoma Territory . He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in the first state gubernatorial election . Statehood - present ( edit ) After the Oklahoma Constitution was written and accepted in 1907 , the Oklahoma and Indian territories joined to form the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The office of the governor of Oklahoma replaced the office of territorial governor . The new office was similar , but designed with new restrictions , limits , and legislative and judicial oversight . It was crafted as a `` weak governor system '' to defend the state against abuses of power that had occurred under the territorial government . Oklahoma 's first governor , Charles N. Haskell , wielded executive power effectively , but in the first 20 years after he left office in 1911 , the Oklahoma Legislature further limited the governor 's office of its powers and impeached governors John C. Walton and Henry S. Johnston . It was not until William H. Murray took office in 1935 that the governorship expanded its powers . In 1927 , the state legislature appropriated $75,000 for the construction of a governor 's mansion and $25,000 for furnishings . In 1928 , the governor and his family moved in . As Oklahoma grew and the state government expanded , the office of the governor became gradually more powerful . As more agencies were introduced , the governor gained greater indirect influence through the power of appointment . Initially the governor was not eligible to immediately succeed himself . It was not until 1966 that Oklahoma amended the state constitution to allow the governor to serve two consecutive terms . Election ( edit ) The governor of Oklahoma is elected directly by the voters of Oklahoma during gubernatorial elections held in November during the final year of each four - year gubernatorial term . The candidate with the highest number of votes becomes governor following the election . The Oklahoma Constitution requires the Oklahoma Legislature to choose the governor in the case of a tie vote . Section Three of Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution establishes that gubernatorial candidates must be citizens of the United States , at least 31 years old , and residents of Oklahoma for at least ten years prior to their candidacy . Under Section Four in Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor serves a four - year term in office beginning on the second Monday in January . Section Four also states that no person may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms . On November 2 , 2010 , voters passed a ballot initiative to limit governors to only eight years in office in a lifetime . The initiative also set the gubernatorial term of a lieutenant governor who becomes governor upon the death of the previous governor ; upon the lieutenant governor 's succession , he or she is to serve out two years of the governor 's term . Oath of office ( edit ) `` I , ... , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support , obey , and defend the Constitution of the United States , and the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma , and that I will not , knowingly , receive , directly or indirectly , any money or other valuable thing , for the performance or nonperformance of any act or duty pertaining to my office , other than the compensation allowed by law ; I further swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as Governor of the State of Oklahoma to the best of my ability . '' Last election ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma gubernatorial election , 2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election 2014 results map . Counties won by Mary Fallin Counties won by Joe Dorman 2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mary Fallin 458,788 55.8 Democratic Joe Dorman 337,728 41.0 Independent Kimberly Willis 17,143 2.1 Independent Richard Prawdzienski 9,102 1.1 Total votes 823,761 100.0 Powers and duties ( edit ) Executive powers ( edit ) The governor , according to the Oklahoma Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed . '' The governor is vested with `` supreme executive power '' as the state 's `` Chief Magistrate '' and acts as head of the executive branch of Oklahoma . The governor has the power to issue executive orders that have the effect of law . The governor is the `` conservator of the peace throughout the State , '' making him or her the chief peace officer in the state . In the position of chief peace officer , the governor commands state and local law enforcement agencies . In the event that law enforcement entities can not execute the law , the governor , acting as Commander - in - Chief of Oklahoma 's state militia , may call out the Oklahoma National Guard to `` execute the laws , protect the public health , suppress insurrection , and repel invasion . '' The governor is assisted in managing the military of Oklahoma by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma , who he or she appoints to office . The governor has the power to commission officers not otherwise commissioned by the law of Oklahoma and has the power of appointment . When any office at the state level becomes vacant for any reason , the governor , unless otherwise provided by law , has the power to appoint a person to fill such vacancy , who shall continue in office until the election or appointment of a successor . If the office of an Oklahoma member of the United States House of Representatives or United States Senate becomes vacant the governor calls a special election to fill the remainder of the term . In the case of United States senators , the governor is empowered by the U.S. Constitution to appoint someone immediately to fill the vacant Senate seat temporarily until a special election can be held . Within the executive branch of Oklahoma government , the governor is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma , the Secretary of State of Oklahoma , the Attorney General of Oklahoma , and the State Treasurer of Oklahoma , among others . While the other high level executive offices are elected directly by the people of Oklahoma , the Secretary of State is appointed by the governor with the consent of the Oklahoma Senate for a four - year term . Due to the large number of state agencies , the governor is assisted in running the government through the use of the Oklahoma State Cabinet . Through the Cabinet , the Governor can address the assembled heads of Oklahoma 's executive branch departments which oversee Oklahoma 's agencies . A secretary appointed by the governor heads each department and carryies out his executive orders through that department . The governor is an ex officio chair of numerous state commissions and committees , including the Oklahoma Commissioners of Land Office and the Oklahoma Ethics Commission . While there are executive and state commissions of which the governor is not a member , he or she has appointment power to those entities with the advice and consent of the Oklahoma Senate , such as with the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma . The governor is also responsible for preparing the proposed Oklahoma state budget presented to the Oklahoma Legislature in February for the next fiscal year beginning in July . After state legislators negotiate the terms of the budget with the governor , the Oklahoma House of Representatives drafts a general appropriations bill that must be approved by the legislature and signed by the governor . Legislative and judicial powers ( edit ) Like the President of the United States , the governor plays a major role in the legislative process . Every bill that is passed by both the Oklahoma Senate and Oklahoma House of Representatives , and every resolution requiring the assent of both chambers of the legislature , must , before it becomes a law , be presented to the governor . The governor may choose to sign it or veto it and send it back to the legislature . The governor 's veto can only be overridden by a two - thirds approval vote from each house . The governor has the power of the line - item veto , which allows them to sign part of appropriation bills into law , while sending appropriations items they disagree with back to the legislature . Items disapproved by the governor in this manner become void , unless the legislation is re-passed in both the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Oklahoma Senate with a two - thirds vote in favor of overriding the veto . Bills that are part of the governor 's agenda are often drafted at the initiative of the governor or governor 's staff . In annual and special messages to the Oklahoma Legislature , the governor may propose legislation . The most important annual message to state lawmakers takes place in the annual State of the State address . Before a joint session of the Oklahoma Legislature , the governor outlines the status of the state and legislative proposals for the upcoming year . The governor is in a strong position to influence public opinion and thereby to influence the actions of state legislators . The governor has the power to convoke the legislature , or the Oklahoma Senate only , on extraordinary occasions . During extraordinary sessions , state legislators can only act on subjects the governor recommends for consideration . When ever a vacancy occurs within the state legislature , the governor shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancies . In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature , at a regular or special session , the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall deem proper , not beyond the day of the next stated meeting of the legislature . He or she may convoke the Oklahoma Legislature at or adjourn it to another place , when , in his opinion , the public safety or welfare , or the safety or health of the members require it . Such a change or adjournment must be concurred by two - thirds votes in all branches of the legislature . The governor plays an active role within the judicial branch of Oklahoma government . Oklahoma has a Judicial Nominating Commission consisting of thirteen members that review all potential justices and judges of Oklahoma 's appellate courts , such as the Oklahoma Supreme Court , and review them to determine if they qualify to hold their respective positions . Of these thirteen members , the governor appoints six without the consent of the Oklahoma Legislature . The governor 's appointments serve for a term of six years each ; the terms are staggered so that approximately one - third of the appointments become vacant every two years . In the event of a vacancy upon the Oklahoma Supreme Court or on the Court of Criminal Appeals , the Judicial Nominating Committee submits three nominees to fill the vacancy to the governor and Oklahoma Supreme Court chief justice . The governor must appoint one to fill the vacancy within 60 days or the appointment is turned over to the chief justice . The governor also possess the power to grant commutations , pardons and paroles for all offenses , except cases of impeachment , upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper , subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law . The governor does not have the power to grant paroles if a convict has been sentenced to death or sentenced to life imprisonment without parole . In order to grant a pardon to an individual , he must submit the name of the individual to the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board composed of five members , three of which are appointed by the governor at the beginning of his term in office to serve a term that coincides with his own . After reviewing the applicant for clemency , and a favorable vote from the majority , the board may empower the governor to make such acts of as he deems necessary . The governor has the power to grant after conviction , reprieves , or a leave of absence not to exceed sixty days , without the action of the board . The governor is required to communicate to the Oklahoma Legislature , at each regular session , each case of reprieve , commutation , parole or pardon , granted , stating the name of the convict , the crime of which he was convicted , the date and place of conviction , and the date of commutation , pardon , parole and reprieve . Foreign relations ( edit ) The governor , as Oklahoma 's head of state , serves as the chief representative of Oklahoma to the United States and to the world . Deals between Oklahoma and foreign powers ( including other U.S. states and the United States ) are negotiated by the governor . This reflects the governor 's position as the spokesman for the state and the state 's interests to other state and world leaders . However , the governor may not make treaties with other nations or other U.S. states , as this is prevented by the United States Constitution . In discharging his duty as chief spokesman , the governor may be required to testify before the United States Congress or meet with the President of the United States to address national issues that may affect the state . It is the governor 's responsibility to promote Oklahoma 's industries to the world economy as the spokesman for industrial development within the state . Along with those responsibilities comes the role of chief promoter of Oklahoma 's goods and services to foreign consumers . The governor plays a significant role in national politics . As the representative of Oklahoma , the governor heads , on a state level , his or her political party . In this position , the governor serves as the state 's leader in selecting a party candidate to run for the office of President of the United States . As Oklahoma 's head of state , the governor may travel through the country to promote Oklahoma in a general interest or travel abroad to serve as proponent of America 's interests . Emergency powers ( edit ) Pursuant to the Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003 and the Catastrophic Health Emergency Powers Act , in the event that a natural or man - made emergency or a catastrophic health emergency occurs or is anticipated in the immediate future , the governor gains emergency powers to better respond to the emergency and combat the threat . Either the governor through executive order or the Oklahoma Legislature through concurrent resolution may declare a state of emergency . Once declared , the governor may exercise his or her additional emergency powers . At any time , the governor ( through executive order ) or the state legislature ( through concurrent resolution ) may declare an end to the state of emergency and suspend the governor 's emergency powers . Upon the declaration of an emergency , the governor is allowed a limited - form of rule by decree . He assumes direct regulatory control over essential resources of the state . It will then be the responsibility of the governor to determine the priorities of such resources and allocate them as the governor may deem necessary . These resources include , but are not limited to , food , manpower , health and health manpower , water , transportation , economic stabilization , electric power , petroleum , gas , and solid fuel , industrial production , construction and housing . The focus of the governor 's emergency powers is to ensure the security and stability of the state and he or she receives comprehensive police powers in an emergency . In discharging those power to enforce laws , rules and regulations relating to emergency management , the governor assumes direct operational control of emergency management forces of the state , including the Oklahoma National Guard , state police agencies , state and local health departments , as well as county sheriff 's offices and local police departments . These emergency police powers extend to providing for the evacuation of the state 's population from any affected or threatened area or areas within the state , regulating the conduct of civilians and the movement of pedestrians and vehicular traffic , and regulating public meetings and gatherings . The governor is responsible for providing for the care of all those regulated by his or her orders . During a state of emergency , the governor is authorized to utilize the services , equipment , supplies and facilities of all departments , offices and agencies of the state to the maximum extent practicable . State , county , and local officers and personnel must cooperate with the governor in emergency management upon his or her direction . Any state , county , or local official that willful fails to obey any order , rule or regulation issued by the governor may be removed from office by the governor . However , before removal , officers must receives the charges against them and have an opportunity to defend themselves . Pending the presentation of charges , the governor may suspend such officers for a period not to exceed thirty days . Any vacancy resulting from removal or suspension shall be filled by the governor until it is filled as provided by state law . However , according to the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor may not remove from office the elective state executive officers , the justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court , the judges of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals , and members of the Oklahoma Legislature . When carrying out the functions of his or her emergency powers , the governor is immune from civilly liable for any loss or injury resulting from any decision , determination , order or action in the performance of his / her assigned duties and responsibilities during a stated emergency . However , this immunity does not apply when such loss or injury is caused by the gross negligence , or willfully and unnecessarily act by the governor . Relationship with lieutenant governor ( edit ) The Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is elected at the same election as the governor , but not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate . Oklahoma currently has a governor and a lieutenant governor of the same party , as both Governor Mary Fallin and Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb are of the Republican Party . The first instance of an Oklahoma governor serving alongside a lieutenant governor of a different political party began in 1963 , when Republican Governor Henry Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo Winters . Since then , there have been three more instances . In 1967 , Republican Governor Dewey F. Bartlett served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor George Nigh . In 1987 , Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Robert S. Kerr III . Finally , in 2002 , Democratic Governor Brad Henry served alongside Republican Lieutenant Governor Mary Fallin . The governor may appoint the lieutenant governor to her cabinet . For example , Governor Mary Fallin appointed Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb to serve as her small business advocate within her Cabinet -- although Lamb later resigned that position due to disagreements with the Governor . A lieutenant governor can also serve as Acting Governor . When acting as the governor , the Oklahoma Constitution provides all the powers of the governor to the lieutenant governor . This includes the power of signing or vetoing legislation , making political appointments , calling out the Oklahoma National Guard , or granting pardons . The need for the lieutenant governor to act as the governor may be due to the governor 's absence from the state , or his inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office . When acting as governor , the lieutenant governor holds the powers of the governor until the governor returns to the state or she is found to be able to resume her powers and duties . Office of the governor ( edit ) Office of the Governor Agency overview Formed 1907 Preceding agency Office of the Territorial Governor Headquarters Oklahoma State Capitol Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Employees 39 unclassified Annual budget $1.98 million Minister responsible Mary Fallin , Governor Agency executive Denise Northrup , Chief of Staff Website Office of the Governor The Office of the Governor is the state agency that supports the governor in the performance of gubernatorial duties . The agency consists of the governor 's staff and is headed by the governor 's chief of staff . The current chief of staff is Denise Northrup . Staffers are political appointees and serve at the pleasure of the governor . They work in the governor 's Oklahoma State Capitol offices in Oklahoma City , the governor 's Tulsa office and the Governor 's Mansion . As of 2013 , the agency has an annual budget of approximately $1.98 million . The budget provides funding for employee salaries and benefits , operation and upkeep of the governor 's offices in the Oklahoma State Capitol and Tulsa , Oklahoma , and the operation and upkeep of the Governor 's Mansion . Residence ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion Since 1928 , Oklahoma governors reside in the Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion . Before its construction , governors lived in various locations around Guthrie and Oklahoma City . Governor Charles N. Haskell set up his administration 's office and his official residence within a hotel in Oklahoma City . The Oklahoma Legislature provided for the construction of an official residence after years of debate in 1927 . The next year , in 1928 , the mansion was completed . Built by an Oklahoma City architectural firm , Layton , Hicks and Forsyth , the mansion is of Dutch - Colonial style . Carthage limestone was used so the exterior of the Mansion would complement the Oklahoma State Capitol , which is located to the west of the mansion . The state legislature allocated $100,000 of state money ( $75,000 for construction and $25,000 for furnishing ) to the project . Two years later , another $39,000 was set aside to complete outbuildings and landscaping . Though originally having 19 rooms , today the 14,000 - square - foot ( 1,300 m ) Mansion has 12 , including a library , parlor , dining room , grand ballroom , kitchen , sunroom and five bedrooms . The mansion also serves as an active museum . Throughout the mansion there are antiques and artwork from both museum and private collections . The museum is designed to provide a glimpse into Oklahoma 's history and culture . Artists represented in oil and bronze include N.C. Wyeth , Charles Marion Russell , Thomas Moran and Albert Beirstadt . Succession ( edit ) As per the Oklahoma Constitution , if the governor is impeached , resigns , dies , leaves the state , fails to qualify or is unable to serve , the lieutenant governor fills the vacancy , either temporarily or for the remainder of the gubanatorial term . If , during a vacancy of the office of governor , the lieutenant governor is impeached , displaced , resigns , dies , is absent from the state , or becomes incapable of performing the duties of the office , the president pro tempore of the state senate is the next official in the gubanatorial line of succession . The Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is third in line of gubernatorial succession . If the governor , lieutenant governor , senate president pro tempore , and speaker are unable to act as governor , then the next official in the line of succession becomes the emergency interim successor . As the emergency interim successor to the governor , the officer may exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor until a new governor is elected or until the disability is removed from the governor or higher official . The emergency interim successor does not however inherit the title of governor , unless there is a man - made or natural emergency or disaster has occurred in the United States . The Oklahoma Legislature , by concurrent resolution , may terminate the authority of any emergency interim successor to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor . Line of succession ( edit ) As provided by the Oklahoma Constitution and the Oklahoma Emergency Interim Executive and Judicial Succession Act , the line of succession to the Governorship is as follows : # Office Current Officer May succeed to Governorship Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Todd Lamb President Pro Tempore of the Senate Mike Schulz Speaker of the House of Representatives Charles A. McCall May serve as Emergency Interim Successor State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones 5 Attorney General Mike Hunter 6 State Treasurer Ken Miller 7 State School Superintendent Joy Hofmeister 8 Labor Commissioner Melissa McLawhorn Houston 9 Corporation Commissioner ( by length of tenure ) Bob Anthony 10 Corporation Commissioner Dana Murphy 11 Corporation Commissioner Todd Hiett Gubernatorial trivia ( edit ) Red states indicate US states where Governors of Oklahoma were born . Red counties indicate Oklahoma counties where Governors of Oklahoma were born . Between the births of Charles N. Haskell in 1860 and Brad Henry in 1963 , governors have been born in every decade Ohio Texas Arkansas Missouri Pennsylvania Alabama Kentucky Indiana Washington , D.C. Governors have been born in ten counties in Oklahoma Muskogee County , Oklahoma Oklahoma County , Oklahoma Marshall County , Oklahoma Washita County , Oklahoma Johnston County , Oklahoma Lincoln County , Oklahoma Noble County , Oklahoma Pittsburg County , Oklahoma Pottawatomie County , Oklahoma Muskogee , Oklahoma , has produced more governors than any other location : Charles N. Haskell Martin E. Trapp J. Howard Edmondson The first governor born was Charles N. Haskell on March 13 , 1860 The most recent governor born is Brad Henry on July 10 , 1963 The shortest term in office was nine days by George Nigh in 1963 ( January 6 -- 14 , 1963 ) Sworn in at age 33 , J. Howard Edmondson was the youngest governor Sworn in at age 61 , William H. Murray was the oldest governor The oldest living former governor is George Nigh at age 90 The youngest living former governor is Brad Henry at age 54 Henry S. Johnston has the longest life span of any governor , 97 years J. Howard Edmondson has the shortest life span of any governor , 46 years No governor has died while in office Three governors have been impeached , two were removed from office Lee Cruce in 1912 , found not guilty of charges John C. Walton in 1923 , removed from office Henry S. Johnston in 1929 , removed from office Between the deaths of Lee Cruce in 1933 and David Hall in 2016 , former governors have died in every decade except in the 1980s Ten governors were actually born in Oklahoma Governors have been born in ten states and the federal district Oklahoma Kansas Born in 1896 , Robert S. Kerr was the first governor born in what would become Oklahoma Born in 1908 , Raymond D. Gary was the first governor born in Oklahoma after statehood in 1907 E.W. Marland has the shortest post-governorship , 2 years George Nigh has the longest post-governorship , 16 years between 1963 and 1979 , and nearly 31 years between 1987 and today , for a total of nearly 47 years . Of the 26 people to hold the office of governor through 2013 , twenty - one have been Democrats and five have been Republicans . Mary Fallin is the first , and currently , the only female governor . Two governors are relatives : William H. Murray was the father of Johnston Murray There are currently five living former governors George Nigh David L. Boren David Walters Frank Keating Brad Henry Three Lieutenant Governors have been elevated to the governorship Martin E. Trapp in 1923 William J. Holloway in 1929 George Nigh in 1963 and in 1979 Five governors have served more than one term George Nigh Henry Bellmon Frank Keating Brad Henry Mary Fallin Two governors have served nonconsecutive terms George Nigh in 1963 and 1979 Henry Bellmon in 1963 and 1987 Four governors have served two consecutive terms George Nigh from 1979 to 1987 Frank Keating from 1995 to 2003 Brad Henry from 2003 to 2011 Mary Fallin from 2011 to present Two governors have resigned J. Howard Edmondson in 1963 to become a United States Senator David L. Boren in 1979 to become a United States Senator See also ( edit ) List of Governors of Oklahoma Governors of Oklahoma Territory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ About Governor Mary Fallin , Office of the Governor ( accessed May 14 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Kenny L. OKLAHOMA TERRITORY Archived 2011 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... ( accessed May 12 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Everett , Dianna . `` FRANTZ , FRANK ( 1872 - 1941 ) , '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... ( accessed August 12 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Savage , Cynthia . `` Governor 's Mansion , '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . ( accessed May 16 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Results - State Election '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Secretary of State . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Course of Bills , Oklahoma House of Representatives ( accessed May 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Executive Budget , Office of State Finance ( accessed May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) , '' Digest of State Laws - Updated / Revised Title 63 -- July 2007 ( accessed April 19 , 2017 ) . External links ( edit ) Official Governor of Oklahoma home page State of Oklahoma Oklahoma City ( capital ) Topics History Government Governor ( List ) Symbols People Geography Earthquakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Sports Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arklatex Central Cherokee Outlet Cross Timbers Four State Area Flint Hills Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma City Metro Ouachita Mountains The Ozarks Panhandle South Central Southwestern Texoma Tulsa Metro Western Largest cities Ardmore Bartlesville Bixby Broken Arrow Del City Duncan Edmond Enid Lawton Midwest City Muskogee Moore Norman Oklahoma City Owasso Ponca City Shawnee Stillwater Tulsa Yukon Counties Adair Alfalfa Atoka Beaver Beckham Blaine Bryan Caddo Canadian Carter Cherokee Choctaw Cimarron Cleveland Coal Comanche Cotton Craig Creek Custer Delaware Dewey Ellis Garfield Garvin Grady Grant Greer Harmon Harper Haskell Hughes Jackson Jefferson Johnston Kay Kingfisher Kiowa Latimer Le Flore Lincoln Logan Love Major Marshall Mayes McClain McCurtain McIntosh Murray Muskogee Noble Nowata Okfuskee Oklahoma Okmulgee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Payne Pittsburg Pontotoc Pottawatomie Pushmataha Roger Mills Rogers Seminole Sequoyah Stephens Texas Tillman Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washita Woods Woodward Governors of Oklahoma Territorial ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Steele Martin Seay Renfrow Barnes Jenkins Grimes Ferguson Frantz State ( since 1907 ) Haskell Cruce Williams Robertson Walton Trapp Johnston Holloway W. Murray Marland Phillips Kerr Turner J. Murray Gary Edmondson Nigh Bellmon Bartlett Hall Boren Nigh Bellmon Walters Keating Henry Fallin Italics indicate acting governors Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Current governors and executives of U.S. states and territories President of the United States : Donald Trump ( R ) AL Ivey ( R ) AK B. Walker ( I ) AZ Ducey ( R ) AR Hutchinson ( R ) CA J. Brown ( D ) CO Hickenlooper ( D ) CT Malloy ( D ) DE Carney ( D ) FL R. Scott ( R ) GA Deal ( R ) HI Ige ( D ) ID Otter ( R ) IL Rauner ( R ) IN Holcomb ( R ) IA Reynolds ( R ) KS Colyer ( R ) KY Bevin ( R ) LA Edwards ( D ) ME LePage ( R ) MD Hogan ( R ) MA Baker ( R ) MI Snyder ( R ) MN Dayton ( D ) MS Bryant ( R ) MO Greitens ( R ) MT Bullock ( D ) NE Ricketts ( R ) NV Sandoval ( R ) NH Sununu ( R ) NJ Murphy ( D ) NM Martinez ( R ) NY Cuomo ( D ) NC Cooper ( D ) ND Burgum ( R ) OH Kasich ( R ) OK Fallin ( R ) OR K. Brown ( D ) PA Wolf ( D ) RI Raimondo ( D ) SC McMaster ( R ) SD Daugaard ( R ) TN Haslam ( R ) TX Abbott ( R ) UT Herbert ( R ) VT P. Scott ( R ) VA Northam ( D ) WA Inslee ( D ) WV Justice ( R ) WI S. Walker ( R ) WY Mead ( R ) DC Bowser ( D ) ( Mayor ) Territories : AS Moliga ( D ) GU Calvo ( R ) MP Torres ( R ) PR Rosselló ( D ) VI Mapp ( I ) Political party affiliations : Republican : 35 ( 33 states , 2 territories ) Democratic : 19 ( 16 states , 2 territories , 1 district ) Independent : 2 ( 1 state , 1 territory ) Constitutional executive offices of Oklahoma Governor of Oklahoma Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State State Auditor and Inspector Attorney General State Treasurer Superintendent of Public Instruction Labor Commissioner Insurance Commissioner Corporation Commission Governor 's Cabinet State law enforcement agencies of Oklahoma Governor of Oklahoma Attorney General Secretary of Safety and Security ABLE Commission Bureau of Narcotics Council on Firefighter Training Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training Department of Corrections Department of Emergency Management Department of Public Safety Highway Patrol Highway Safety Office Office of Homeland Security District Attorneys Council Indigent Defense System Board Office of the Attorney General Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Office of the State Fire Mashal State Board of Pharmacy State Bureau of Investigation Pardon and Parole Board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_of_Oklahoma&oldid=821866418 '' Categories : Governors of Oklahoma State constitutional officers of Oklahoma Executive branch of Oklahoma government State law enforcement agencies of Oklahoma Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many terms can a governor serve in oklahoma | [
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2517203516868377495 | Jason Voorhees | Jason Voorhees - wikipedia Jason Voorhees Jump to : navigation , search Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th character Ken Kirzinger as Jason Voorhees in Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) First appearance Friday the 13th Created by Victor Miller Ron Kurz Sean S. Cunningham Tom Savini Portrayed by Ari Lehman ( child ) Warrington Gillette Steve Daskewisz Richard Brooker Ted White Tom Morga C.J. Graham Kane Hodder Ken Kirzinger Derek Mears Information Classification Mass murderer Primary location Camp Crystal Lake Signature weapon Machete Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series . He first appeared in Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) as the young son of camp cook - turned - murderer Mrs. Voorhees , in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman . Created by Victor Miller , with contributions by Ron Kurz , Sean S. Cunningham , and Tom Savini , Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist . The character has subsequently been represented in various other media , including novels , video games , comic books , and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film character , Freddy Krueger . The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films , whether by stalking and killing the other characters , or acting as a psychological threat to the protagonist , as is the case in Friday the 13th : A New Beginning . Since Lehman 's portrayal , the character has been represented by numerous actors and stuntmen , sometimes by more than one at a time ; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal . Kane Hodder is the best known of the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees , having played the character in four consecutive films . The character 's physical appearance has gone through many transformations , with various special makeup effects artists making their mark on the character 's design , including makeup artist Stan Winston . Tom Savini 's initial design has been the basis for many of the later incarnations . The trademark hockey goalie mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part III . Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength , regenerative powers , and near invulnerability . He has been seen as a sympathetic character , whose motivation for killing has been cited as being driven by the immoral actions of his victims and his own rage over having drowned as a child . Jason Voorhees has been featured in various humor magazines , referenced in feature films , parodied in television shows , and was the inspiration for a horror punk band . Several toy lines have been released based on various versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films . Jason Voorhees 's hockey mask is a widely recognized image in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Concept and creation 2.1 Creating a monster 2.2 Men behind the mask 2.3 Design 3 Characteristics 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Appearances ( edit ) Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main character Alice ( Adrienne King ) in the original Friday the 13th film ; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in its sequels . As well as the films , there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason , or been based on a minor aspect of him . Films ( edit ) Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9 , 1980 . In this film , Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother , Mrs. Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) , and as a hallucination of the film 's protagonist , Alice ( Adrienne King ) . Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen , he propels the film 's plot -- Mrs. Voorhees , the cook at Camp Crystal Lake , seeks revenge for his death , which she blames on the camp counselors . Jason 's second appearance was in the sequel , Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) . Revealed to be alive , an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film . Jason ( Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette ) , returns to Crystal Lake , living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders . Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp , only to be murdered one by one by Jason , who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face . Ginny ( Amy Steel ) , the lone survivor , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees , and surrounded by mutilated corpses . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . In Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) escapes to a nearby lake resort , Higgins Haven , to rest from his wounds . At the same time , Chris Higgins ( Dana Kimmell ) returns to the property with some friends . An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues the story , with a presumed - dead Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the morgue . Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse , and makes his way back to Crystal Lake . A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason 's rampage . Jason then seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) next door . While Trish distracts Jason , Tommy kills him . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter , and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) will return . Jason 's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved . Jason appears in the film only through Tommy 's dreams and hallucinations . In Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) , Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) , who has run away from a mental institution , visits Jason 's grave and learns that Jason 's body was never actually cremated , but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake . While attempting to destroy his body , Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod . Now possessing superhuman abilities , Jason returns to Crystal Lake , now renamed Forest Green , and begins his killing spree anew . Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor , but almost dies in the process . Tommy 's friend , Megan Garris , finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who was attempting to resurrect her father . Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake , and after a battle with Tina , is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina 's father . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) sees Jason return from the grave , brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan , boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) ; he chases them into the sewers , where he is submerged in toxic waste and dies . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon . Through an unexplained resurrection , he returns to Crystal Lake , where he is hunted by the FBI . The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason , which proves successful . Through mystical possession , however , Jason survives by passing his demon - infested heart from one being to the next . Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film , it is learned he has a half - sister and a niece , and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body . After resurrecting it , Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) and dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2002 ) marked Kane Hodder 's last performance as Jason . The film starts off in 2010 ; Jason has returned after another unexplained resurrection . Captured by the U.S. government in 2008 , Jason is being experimented upon in a research facility , where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him , since numerous attempts to execute him have proved unsuccessful . Jason escapes , killing all but one of his captors , and slices through the cryo - chamber , spilling cryonics fluid into the room , freezing himself and the only other survivor , Rowan ( Lexa Doig ) . A team of students 445 years later discover Jason 's body . On the team 's spacecraft , Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew . Along the way , he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process , which gives him an impenetrable metal body . Finally , he is ejected into space and falls to the planet Earth 2 , burning in the atmosphere . Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) is a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm Street 's villain Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) , a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams . Krueger has grown weak , as people in his home town of Springwood have suppressed their fear of him . Freddy , who is impersonating Jason 's mother ( Paula Shaw ) , resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to cause panic and fear . Jason accomplishes this , but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake . The identity of the winner is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot , young Jason ( Caleb Guss ) witnesses his mother 's ( Nana Visitor ) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps , killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . The adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) kidnaps Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , a girl who looks like his mother , and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels . Months later , Whitney 's brother Clay ( Jared Padalecki ) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her . Eventually , Whitney uses Jason 's devotion to his mother against him , stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears . Literature ( edit ) Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone . Avallone chose to use an alternate ending , which was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the ending for his 1982 adaptation . In the alternate film ending , Chris , who is in the canoe , hears Rick 's voice and immediately rushes back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete , and he decapitates her . Jason next appears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke , who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988 . Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , a character that was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio . In the novel , instead of being cremated , Elias has Jason buried after his death . Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film , with a few added scenes that were never shot . Jason made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan 's Six No. 4 , published in 1993 , which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell . In 1995 , Nancy A. Collins wrote a three - issue , non-canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train , after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping . Jason meets Leatherface , who adopts him into his family after the two become friends . Eventually they turn on each other . In 1994 four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . They did not feature Jason explicitly , but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his mask . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively . In 2005 they began publishing a new series of novels ; one set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film . Jason X : The Experiment was the first published . In this novel , Jason is being used by the government , who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of `` super soldiers '' . Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason , and shows their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana . Jason is discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power . Jason has a son in this book , conceived through a form of artificial insemination . On May 13 , 2005 , Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics . The first , titled Friday the 13th , was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller . The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group , so that she and her brother can sell the property . A three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath was released in September 2005 . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers discover they share common family backgrounds , and soon awaken Jason , who hunts them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Über - Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue Jason , in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 Avatar published Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer , the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X . A salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason are drawn to each other , resulting in a battle to the death . In June 2006 a one - shot comic entitled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization ; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters . The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series , and did not continue the stories set forth by the films , but furthered the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . Jason is stuck in Hell , when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . In The Jason Strain , Jason is on an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs . Pamela is in search of Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker . The first set was a six - issue miniseries involving Jason 's return to Camp Crystal Lake , which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction . The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake . Jason 's actions in this storyline are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , Wildstorm published a two - part special entitled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who was killed in the original film . Wildstorm released another two - part special , entitled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , that was released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . Wildstorm released a six - issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series . In this story , Freddy uses the Necronomicon , which is in the Voorhees ' basement , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , stating it will make him a real boy . Ash , who is working at the local S - Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it . Wildstorm released another two - issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively . The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake . A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , was released by Wildstorm in 2009 . Jason escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt for Ash , but is captured by the U.S. government . Freddy helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Deadite army , using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated injuries and decomposition ; it removes his natural deformities in the process . At the climax of the story , Jason battles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great - niece Stephanie Kimble ; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates him with a shard of glass . Jason 's soul is then absorbed by Freddy , who uses it to increase his own power . Concept and creation ( edit ) Creating a monster ( edit ) Tom Savini applies make - up to Ari Lehman , creating his vision of Jason Voorhees . Initially created by Victor Miller , Jason 's final design was a combined effort by Miller , Ron Kurz , and Tom Savini . The name `` Jason '' is a combination of `` Josh '' and `` Ian '' , Miller 's two sons , and `` Voorhees '' was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van Voorhees . Miller felt it was a `` creepy - sounding name '' , which was perfect for his character . Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal - looking child , but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed . Victor Miller explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the `` Black Lagoon '' in his script , and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy ; it was Savini who made Jason deformed . Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller 's version of Jason was that of a normal child , but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a `` mongoloid creature '' , and have him `` jump out of the lake at the end of the film '' . Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like `` Betsy Palmer at eight years old '' . Miller wrote a scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Jason , and then she wakes up in a hospital bed . Miller 's intention was to get as close to Carrie 's ending as possible . Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience , and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming , the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted . When it came time to cast the role of Jason , Ari Lehman , who had received a part in Sean Cunningham 's Manny 's Orphans , arrived to read for the character of Jack . Before he could get started , Cunningham walked in and offered him a different part : Jason . Without having read a single word , Cunningham just looked at Ari and said , `` You 're the right size , you 've got it . '' In the original Friday the 13th , Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending . Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason . The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors , some not credited , others taking great pride in their parts . Due to the physical demands the adult character requires , and the lack of emotional depth depicted , many of the actors since have been stuntmen . The most well - known among them is Kane Hodder , who is cited as the best to play the role . Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th , including making the title part of a serialized film series , where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker . It was Phil Scuderi , one of the producers for the original film , which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel . The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series , as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake . Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the `` real Jason '' in her dream , and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up . After killing Jason in The Final Chapter , it was the director Joseph Zito 's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist . Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason , but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning . Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer , but decided to use Tommy 's fear of Jason as the primary story . This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives , when A New Beginning did not spark the `` creative success '' the studio was looking for . Executive producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. wanted to bring Jason back , and he did not care how it was achieved . In yet another alteration of the series ' continuity , Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning , instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force . Since A New Beginning , no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist . Miller , who has not seen any of the sequels , took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain . Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son . Miller stated , `` Jason was dead from the very beginning ; he was a victim , not a villain . '' Men Behind the mask ( edit ) `` ... So I go from lead role to no role . Needless to say , I was disappointed . But I said , ' What the hell ? ' '' -- Steve Daskawisz , on losing screen credit Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full - grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2 , and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role . Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul ; that role eventually went to John Furey . Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman 's School , Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees . Initially Gillette was unsure about the character , but the idea of starring in his first film grew on Gillette , and he also thought the role was amusing . It became apparent Gillette could not perform the necessary stunts , so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz . Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and the unmasking shot at the end ; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes . Gillette received credit for playing Jason , while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double . When Part 3 was released the following year , Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film . Initially , Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3 , but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming . Having secured a part on Guiding Light , Daskawisz declined . Now wanting a `` bigger and stronger - looking '' Jason , one that was also `` more athletic and powerful '' , Steve Miner hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker . After a simple conversation , Miner decided he was the right person for the job . Being new to the country , Brooker believed that `` playing a psychopathic killer '' was the best way into the movie business . Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason 's now - signature hockey mask . According to Brooker , `` It felt great with the mask on . It just felt like I really was Jason because I did n't have anything to wear before that . '' For The Final Chapter , Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character , one that required a `` real hardcore stuntman '' ; Ted White was hired to perform the role . White , who only took the job for the money , did `` get into the Jason psychology '' when he arrived on the set . White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches . As filming continued , White 's experience was not pleasant , and in one instance , he went to battle for co-star Judie Aronson , who played Samantha , when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time . Displeased with his experience from filming , White had his name removed from the credits . As with Friday the 13th Part 2 , there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning , partly because Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film . When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return , Dick Wieand was cast . Wieand is credited as Roy Burns , the film 's actual murderer , but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Jason , as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes . Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film . Feeling alienated during the shoot , Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer . By comparison , Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made sure he `` really got into the character '' . `` It 's like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform on , and you 're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World Series . It 's an incredible feeling . '' -- C.J. Graham , on his experience as Jason A nightclub manager in Glendale , C.J. Graham , was interviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives , but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman . Dan Bradley was hired , but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role , and Graham was hired to replace him . Although Bradley was replaced early during filming , he can be seen in the paintball sequence of the film . Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts , including the scene where Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake . The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham , remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in . Graham had no intention of being an actor or a stuntman , but the idea of playing the `` bad guy '' , and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics , intrigued him . Graham was not brought back to reprise the role , but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part . Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood , and played Jason in the next four films . He previously worked alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called Prison . Based on his experience working with Hodder , Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him , but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder 's limited size . Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics , Buechler scheduled a test screening , the first in Friday the 13th history for the character , and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him . It is Buechler 's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality , based on the emotions , specifically the rage , that Hodder would emit while acting the part . According to Hodder , he wanted to `` get in touch with Jason 's thirst for revenge '' and try to better understand his motivation to kill . After viewing the previous films , Hodder decided that he would approach Jason as a more `` quick and agile '' individual than he had been portrayed in the previous sequels . John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had `` natural affinity for the role '' -- so much that Kane 's appearance , when wearing the mask , would often terrify the cast , the crew , and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer . Initially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan . Hodder acted as his own voice , calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role ; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden , who intended to use Hodder , because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series . With Sean Cunningham 's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell , Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better : Hodder had worked as Cunningham 's stunt coordinator for years . Regardless , Adam Marcus , the director for Jason Goes to Hell , always intended to hire Hodder for the role . Jason X would mark Hodder 's last performance as Jason , to date . Todd Farmer , who wrote the screenplay for Jason X , knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning . Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder 's work on the previous films , so hiring him was an easy decision . New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start , and choose a new actor for Jason . Cunningham disagreed with their decision , believing Hodder was the best choice for the role . Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason , and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives , but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu 's image of Jason . According to Hodder , New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting , but Yu has explained he wanted a slower , more deliberate Jason , and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films . Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason , but stood by their choice in recasting . The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger , a Canadian stuntman who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan . There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast . According to Yu , Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund , the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger . Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) , compared to the 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) of Kane Hodder , and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5 - foot - 10 - inch ( 1.78 m ) Englund . Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part , as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film , but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job . Although he was hired by the creative crew , New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film . Kirzinger 's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street . New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason 's walk ; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio . However , concerns that test audiences were confused by the film 's original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final scene . Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new ending , as he was available for the reshoot and had been the production 's second choice to portray the role of Jason during the original casting . For the 2009 remake , stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard . Mears 's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen , but Mears assured them he would be able to perform the role . When Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask . As Mears explained , portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work , where the mask and the actor are two separate entities , and , based on the scene , there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance . Design ( edit ) The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through changes , some subtle and some radical . For Friday the 13th , the task of coming up with Jason 's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini , whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and ears did not line up straight . The original design called for Jason to have hair , but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald , so he would look like a `` hydrocephalic , mongoloid pinhead '' , with a dome - shaped head . Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman 's head and used that to create prosthetics for his face . Lehman personally placed mud -- from the bottom of the lake -- all over his body to make himself appear `` really slimy . '' For Part 2 , Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton , the make - up effects supervisor , to stick to Savini 's original design , but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new head . Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like , and had it approved by Miner . Fullerton added long hair to the character . Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face , and had to keep one eye closed while the `` droopy eye '' application was in place . Gillette 's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film . False teeth created by a local dentist were used to distort Gillette 's face . Much of the basic concept of Fullerton 's design was eliminated for Part 3 . Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton , but as work progressed the design began to lean more and more toward Savini 's concept . Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason 's head , but the eyes were level and Doug White , the make - up artist for Part 3 , needed a droopy right eye . White did keep Winston 's design for the back of the head , because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason . The process of creating Jason 's look was hard work for White , who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker 's face , even up to the last day of filming . Jason 's original mask was molded from a Detroit Red Wings goalie mask , and would become a staple for the character for the rest of the series . The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face , having worn a bag over his head in Part 2 ; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would become a trademark for the character , and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come . During production , Steve Miner called for a lighting check . None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make - up for the light check , so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker . The film 's 3D effects supervisor , Martin Jay Sadoff , was a hockey fan , and had a bag of hockey gear with him on the set . He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test . Miner loved the mask , but it was too small . Using a substance called VacuForm , Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with . After White finished the molds , Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance . Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered , making it different from Sadoff 's mask . There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask . One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker 's face ; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed . In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face , a simple head mask was created . This one - piece mask would slip on over Brooker 's head , exposing his face but not the rest of his head . Tom Savini agreed to return to make - up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man . Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th , with the same practice of application as before , but molded from Ted White 's face . Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning , it was not necessary to do any major designing for Jason 's look . Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head , like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask , was needed for the film . Make - up artist Louis Lazzara , who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter , did base his head - mask on Tom Savini 's design for The Final Chapter . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a `` classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein . '' From the beginning , Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason 's appearance reflect that of the damage he received in the previous installments . Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives , and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood . Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry , the effects team wanted Jason to appear `` rotted '' , with bones and ribs showing , and for Jason 's features to have a more defined feel to them . Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton 's design in The New Blood , and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell . Berger designed Jason 's skin to overlap with the mask , to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed . Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full - body , foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume . The idea was to reveal as much of Jason 's skin as possible , because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film . Original concept drawings for `` Über - Jason '' , by makeup effects supervisor Stephan Dupuis , took months to plan . Dupuis sculpted a small - scale version of the new design to show off to the filmmakers , before finally taking mold castings of Kane Hodder . Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film . One concept brought into the film was Jason 's regenerative abilities . Dupuis gave the character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through ; Dupuis wanted a more `` gothic '' design for Jason , so he added chains and shackles , and made the hockey mask more angular . Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film . The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason 's body , allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life . What was referred to as Über - Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body , bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal , all pushing through a leather suit . The metal was created from VacuForm , the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask , and was attached by Velcro . The tendrils were made from silicone . All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit , including an entire head piece , which Hodder wore . The make - up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit , which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes . By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films . Make - up effects artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason 's look -- he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed and more defined , so that the audience would see a new Jason , but still recognized the face . Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films , but recognized that had he followed them too literally , then `` Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo . '' Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame , making the mask the focal point of each shot . To achieve this , Terezakis created a `` pooled - blood look '' for the character by painting the skin black , based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head because he had been lying on his back for a long time . As with other make - up artists before him , Terezakis followed Savini 's original skull design , and aged it appropriately . For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th , effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton 's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini 's work in Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter . Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster . Stoddard 's vision of Jason includes hair loss , skin rashes , and the traditional deformities in his face , but he attempted to craft Jason 's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen . Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason 's hockey mask . The make - up artist managed to acquire an original set piece , which he studied and later sculpted . Although he had a model of one of the original masks , Stoddard did not want to replicate it in its entirety . As Stoddard explains , `` Because I did n't want to take something that already existed , there were things I thought were great , but there were things I wanted to change a bit . Make it custom , but keep all the fundamental designs . Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks . Age them down a bit , break them up . '' In the end , Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask , each with varying degrees of wear . Characteristics ( edit ) In his original appearance , Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy . Since Friday the 13th , Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal , indestructible , machete - wielding mass murderer . Jason is primarily portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film series . Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a child , and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the character cries out `` Mommy , please do n't let me drown ! '' in a child 's voice before being submerged in toxic waste , and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other individuals . Online magazine Salon 's Andrew O'Hehir describes Jason as a `` silent , expressionless ... blank slate . '' When discussing Jason psychologically , Sean S. Cunningham said , `` ... he does n't have any personality . He 's like a great white shark . You ca n't really defeat him . All you can hope for is to survive . '' Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , Jason has been a `` virtually indestructible '' being . Tom McLoughlin , the film 's director , felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask , who would kill people left and right , but get `` beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end '' . McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a `` formidable , unstoppable monster '' . In resurrecting Jason from the dead , McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake ; inspired by vampire lore , McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child , and that returning him to his original resting place would immobilize him . This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood , and the idea that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan . Many have given suggestions as Jason 's motivation for killing . Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a `` psychotic mama 's boy gone horribly awry ... very resilient . You ca n't kill him , but he feels pain , just not like everyone else . '' Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a `` psycho - savant '' , and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother , and not anything personal . Andrew O'Hehir has stated , `` Coursing hormones act , of course , as smelling salts to prudish Jason , that ever - vigilant enforcer of William Bennett - style values . '' Todd Farmer , writer for Jason X , wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex . Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life . Whatever his motivations , Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do . According to Hodder , Jason might violently murder any person he comes across , but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character 's dog , Hodder refused , stating that , while Jason has no qualms against killing humans , he is not bad enough to hurt animals . Another example from Jason Takes Manhattan , involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens him with a knife , however Jason chooses not to kill them and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and showing them his face . Likewise , director Tom McLoughlin chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he encounters in Jason Lives , stating that Jason would not kill a child , out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated by his own death as a child . In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason , it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor . Ronald D. Moore , co-writer of the first draft , explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable , because no one had previously ventured into the psychology surrounding the character . Moore saw the character as a `` blank slate '' , and felt he was a character the audience could really root for . Another draft , penned by Mark Protosevich , followed Moore 's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality . In the draft , Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels . Protosevich explained , `` It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters . Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live . Ultimately , the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster . '' Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , who wrote the final draft of the film , disagreed about making Jason a hero , although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim . They stated , `` We did not want to make Jason any less scary . He 's still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They 're both villains to be equally feared . '' Brenna O'Brien , co-founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com , saw the character as having sympathetic qualities . She stated , `` ( Jason ) was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods . He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th , and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake . Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation , which you ca n't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers . '' As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film , Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo , Tarzan , and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes . To him , this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps . Like Rambo , he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back ; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film . Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience . As Brad Fuller explains , `` We do not want him to be sympathetic . Jason is not a comedic character , he is not sympathetic . He 's a killing machine . Plain and simple . '' In 2005 , California State University 's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters . Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants . In the survey , Jason was considered to be an `` unstoppable killing machine . '' Participants were impressed by the `` cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult . '' Out of the ten monsters used in the survey -- which included vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Michael Myers , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , and the Alien -- Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables . Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason 's `` immortality , his apparent enjoyment of killing ( and ) his superhuman strength . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In 1988 , Screamin ' toys introduced the build - it yourself Jason figure . Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture . In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award . He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award ; Godzilla ( 1996 ) and Chewbacca ( 1997 ) are the others . Jason was named No. 26 in Wizard magazine 's `` 100 greatest villains of all time '' . Universal Studios theme parks , in collaboration with New Line Cinema , used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event . The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years . In 1988 Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own Jason statuette . The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are now out of production . McFarlane Toys released two toy lines , one in 1998 and the other in 2002 . The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell , and the other was of Über - Jason from Jason X . Since McFarlane 's last toy line in 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes . These include tie - ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) . In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a polystone statue of Jason , based on the version appearing in the 2009 remake . Jason has made an appearance in five video games . He first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game . His next appearance was in 1989 , when LJN , an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 1980s and early 1990s , released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System . The premise involved the gamer , who picks one of six camp counselors as their player , trying to save the campers from Jason , while battling various enemies throughout the game . On October 13 , 2006 , a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones . The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead . Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as a downloadable content bonus character . A new Friday the 13th video game was released in 2017 , which allows players to take control of Jason or camp counselors in a multiplayer format focused on Jason trying to kill the counselors before they can escape or time runs out . The character has been referenced , or made cameo appearances , in various entertainment mediums . Outside of literature sources based on the character , Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips . Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason , and he has been featured on two of their covers . Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories . He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm . The Usagi Yojimbo antagonist Jei is based on Voorhees ; his name , with the honorific `` - san '' attached , is in fact a pun on Voorhees ' first name . `` ... Shit , half the shit I say , I just make it up To make you mad , so kiss my white naked ass And if it 's not a rapper that I 'll make it as I'mma be a fuckin ' rapist in a Jason mask . '' -- Final verse to Eminem 's `` Criminal '' Many musical artists have made references to Jason Voorhees . Inspired by his own experience , Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON . Lehman 's band is classified as horror punk , and is influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits . The band 's name pays homage to Lehman 's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th . One of the band 's songs is entitled `` Jason is Watching '' . In 1986 , coinciding with the release of Jason Lives , Alice Cooper released `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' from his album Constrictor . The song was written to `` signal Jason 's big return '' to the cinema , as he had been almost entirely absent in the previous film . Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs . The song `` Criminal '' , from the album The Marshall Mathers LP , mentions Jason specifically , while songs `` Amityville '' and `` Off the Wall '' -- the latter featured fellow rapper Redman -- contain Harry Manfredini 's music `` ki , ki , ki ... ma , ma , ma '' from the film series . Eminem sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts . Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur , Dr. Dre , LL Cool J , and Insane Clown Posse . In 1989 , Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled `` Viernes 13 '' which featured Jason in Puerto Rico . The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part titled `` Viernes 13 , Parte II '' . VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled `` Friday the 20th '' , and featured Jason 's mask created out of rhinestone . Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films . In the film Scream , directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven , actress Drew Barrymore 's character is being stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone . In order to survive , she must answer the man 's trivia questions . One question is `` name the killer in Friday the 13th . '' She incorrectly guesses Jason , who did not become the killer for the film series until Part 2 . Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game . He received a free drink , because nobody got the answer right . In another Wes Craven film , Cursed , a wax sculpture of Jason , from Jason Goes to Hell , can be seen in a wax museum . In 2014 , Jason made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial `` The ' 80s Called '' . Jason has also been referenced by several television shows . The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches . In episode seventeen , `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' , the mystery - solving teenagers from Scooby - Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders , and are killed off one by one . Velma is the only survivor , and in typical Scooby - Doo fashion , she rips off Jason 's mask to reveal his true identity : Old Man Phillips . In episode nineteen , `` That Hurts Me '' , Jason reappears , this time as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers , Freddy Krueger , Leatherface , Pinhead , and Ghostface . Three years later , in episode sixty - two , Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th . Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . The so - called `` Mr. Voorhees '' explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog . He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the `` Britches and Hose '' clothing store . As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films , Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate , albeit still a psychopath ; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up . In an episode of The Simpsons , Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive . When Freddy asks where the family is , Jason responds , `` Ehh , whaddya gon na do ? '' and turns the TV on . He also appears in The Simpsons episode `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' , alongside Pinhead , menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence . The South Park episodes `` Imaginationland Episode II '' and `` III '' feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the `` bad side '' of Imaginationland , a world populated by fictional characters . This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake 's eyeball as `` super hardcore '' . Experimental pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of horror film antagonists List of Friday the 13th characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; FranÇois Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry ; Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( April 25 , 2002 ) . `` ' X ' marks Jason 's return to theaters '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Carle , Chris ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X ( review ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Robert . `` 100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances '' . RetroCrush.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Kemble , Gary ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 -- ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . 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ISBN 0 - 451 - 14641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1987 ) . Friday the 13th . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15089 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15311 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 147 Jump up ^ Andy Mangels ( w ) , Cynthia Martin ( Issue No. 1 and 2 ) and Bobby Rubio ( Issue No. 3 ) ( a ) . Jason Goes to Hell ( comic ) 1 -- 3 ( 1993 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ `` Satan 's Six No. 4 '' . The Grand Comics Database Project . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason vs. Leatherface ( review ) '' . Digital - Retribution . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Mother 's Day . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14292 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Jason 's Curse . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : The Carnival . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15825 - X . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Road Trip . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14383 - X . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( July 29 , 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X : The Experiment . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( June 7 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Planet of the Beast . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 183 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( November 29 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Death Moon . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( April 25 , 2006 ) . Jason X : To The Third Power . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 281 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Bloodbath '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` June 2006 Solicited Releases '' . Avatarpress.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Scott ( August 5 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 181 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Paul ( August 9 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 182 - X . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( October 25 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hate - Kill - Repeat . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 271 - 0 . Jump up ^ Faust , Christa ( January 31 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : The Jason Strain . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( June 6 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : Carnival of Maniacs . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 380 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics No. 6 '' . G - Mart . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : Pamela 's tale '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs Jason vs Ash '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Marz on Friday the 13th : Bad Land '' . Newsarama . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric ( w ) , Jason Craig ( p ) . Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors 1 -- 6 ( 2009 ) , Wildstorm and Dynamite Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 50 , 55 , 57 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 206 Jump up ^ `` Victor Miller on Jason 's design '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 122 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th sequels '' . VictorMiller.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 60 -- 65 Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 69 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Steve Dash '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 91 -- 92 , 94 , 100 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 113 Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 129 , 136 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 157 -- 159 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 144 , 148 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 181 -- 182 , 185 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 198 -- 200 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 231 -- 232 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 243 , 248 , 257 -- 258 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 280 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 217 Jump up ^ `` Interview : Douglas Tait ( Jason Voorhees , ' Freddy vs Jason ' ) '' . fridaythe13thfilms.com . October 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frasco , Jay ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Casting of new ' Friday the 13th ' villain splits fans down the middle '' . IFMagazine . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rotten , Ryan ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` On the Set of Friday the 13th '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Derek Mears '' . SuicideGirls.com . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 84 , 86 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 124 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 157 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( August 14 , 1993 ) . `` ' Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ' ( R ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USF Oracle '' . USF Oracle . October 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X : review '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore ( 2003 ) . `` Freddy & Jason Go to Development Hell / Slicing Towards Production '' Fangoria Magazine Articles in September / October 2003 issues ( Freddy vs. Jason DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Paulington James Christensen III ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` SET VISIT : Jason Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake for Friday the 13th ! '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Producers '' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Rachel Gordon ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muehlberger , Matthew ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Freddy vs. Jason is an evil treat full of blood , gore that is sure to satisfy '' . The Pacer . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PRWEB . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chewbacca win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2004 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magazine / Comic references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Theme Parks and New Line Cinema Present Jason , Leatherface and Freddy Krueger '' . universalorlando.com . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brave Enough to Bring the Terror of Crystal Lake into Your Home ? '' . Dread Central . April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( C64 game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( NES game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( mobile phone game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Voorhees Confirmed For Mortal Kombat X '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stan ( Sakai ) leavens these dark tales with impish humor . Jei 's name is a pun : when the standard Japanese honorific san is appended , it becomes `` Jei - san '' - or `` Jason , '' the villain from the Friday the 13th horror movies . And like Jason , Jei will be back . Solomon , Charles : Introduction to `` Return of the Black Soul '' . The Usagi Yojimbo Saga Book 6 ( Dark Horse , 2016 ) , pg 186 . ISBN 978 - 1616556143 . Jump up ^ `` '' Criminal '' lyrics `` . Eminem24-7.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIRSTJASON Bio '' . FirstJason.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper 's `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' `` . X-Entertainment . October 5 , 2004 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem in a hockey mask '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vico C - Viernes 13 on YouTube Jump up ^ Guzmán , Marcos Billy ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` La máscara de Jason es símbolo del terror '' . El Nuevo Día . Jump up ^ `` A Night of Killer Music and Fashion '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 1996 ) . Feature film commentary for Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 2005 ) . Cursed ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Celebrating Every ' 80s Reference in That RadioShack Super Bowl Commercial '' . People . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( June 26 , 2005 ) . `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 17 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` They Took My Thumbs '' . Robot Chicken . Season 4 . Episode 2 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane , A.bo. , Zac Moncreif ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror IX '' . BBC . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Frink ( writer ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' . The Simpsons . Season 18 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode II '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 11 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode III '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 12 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : `` Imaginationland Part III '' Preview `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bracke , Peter ( October 11 , 2006 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Godalming , England : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Voorhees . Jason Voorhees on IMDb Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Mortal Kombat Video games Fighting games Mortal Kombat ( 1992 ) MKII MK3 Ultimate Trilogy MK4 Gold Deadly Alliance Deception Armageddon vs. DC Universe Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) MKX Action games Mythologies : Sub-Zero Special Forces Shaolin Monks Compilations Arcade Kollection Other media Feature films Mortal Kombat Annihilation TV series Defenders of the Realm Conquest Rebirth Legacy episodes Card games Kard Game Epic Battles Music The Album Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Motion Picture Score More Kombat Songs Inspired by the Warriors Adaptations Comics Live Tour Characters Baraka Cassie Cage Cyrax Ermac Goro Jade Jax Johnny Cage Kabal Kano Kenshi Kitana Kung Lao Liu Kang Mileena Motaro Nightwolf Noob Saibot Quan Chi Raiden Rain Reptile Scorpion Sektor Shang Tsung Shao Kahn Sheeva Shinnok Sindel Smoke Sonya Blade Stryker Sub-Zero Guests Freddy Krueger Kratos Jason Voorhees Predator Alien Leatherface Related Controversies Fatality NetherRealm Studios Midway Games Injustice : Gods Among Us Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Voorhees&oldid=809137290 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional orphans Fictional cryonically preserved characters Fictional cyborgs Fictional demons and devils Fictional hermits Fictional characters with immortality Fictional mass murderers Fictional zombies and revenants Friday the 13th ( franchise ) characters Horror film characters Science fiction film characters Fictional sororicides Fictional rampage and spree killers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did jason voorhees get the hockey mask | [
"Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9, 1980. In this film, Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother, Mrs. Voorhees (Betsy Palmer), and as a hallucination of the film's protagonist, Alice (Adrienne King). Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen, he propels the film's plot—Mrs. Voorhees, the cook at Camp Crystal Lake, seeks revenge for his death, which she blames on the camp counselors.[7] Jason's second appearance was in the sequel, Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981). Revealed to be alive, an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film. Jason (Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette), returns to Crystal Lake, living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders. Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp, only to be murdered one by one by Jason, who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face. Ginny (Amy Steel), the lone survivor, finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees, and surrounded by mutilated corpses. Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason's shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance.[8] In Friday the 13th Part III (1982), Jason (Richard Brooker) escapes to a nearby lake resort, Higgins Haven, to rest from his wounds. At the same time, Chris Higgins (Dana Kimmell) returns to the property with some friends. An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face, he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group. Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head, but the night's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away.[9]"
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"from a victim"
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-7612783805828099952 | Reita Faria | Reita Faria - Wikipedia Reita Faria Reita Faria ( 1943 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1943 ( age 75 ) Goa , India Alma mater Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals , Mumbai King 's College Hospital , London Occupation Model , Doctor Height 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Title Miss Bombay 1966 Eve 's Weekly Miss India 1966 Miss World 1966 Spouse ( s ) Dr. David Powell ( m. 1971 ) Children Beauty pageant titleholder Major competition ( s ) Miss Bombay 1966 ( Winner ) Eve 's Weekly Miss India 1966 ( Winner ) Miss World 1966 ( Winner ) ( Best in Eveningwear ) Reita Faria Powell ( born 23 August 1943 ) born to Goan parents in British Bombay ( now Mumbai ) is an Indian model , doctor and beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss World title in the year 1966 , making her the first Asian woman to win the event . She is also the first Miss World winner to qualify as a Doctor . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Career ( edit ) Faria was born in Goa . After winning the Miss Mumbai Crown , she won the Eve 's Weekly Miss India contest ( not to be confused with the Femina Miss India 1966 competition , won by Yasmin Daji ) . During the Miss World 1966 contest , she won the sub-titles ' Best in Swimsuit ' and ' Best in Eveningwear ' for wearing a saree . She eventually went on to win the Miss World 1966 crown at the end of the event , besting 51 delegates from other countries . After her one - year tenure as Miss World , she began receiving various offers to act in films . Faria refused modeling and films and instead concentrated on medical studies . Reita Faria was a student at the Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals where she completed her M.B.B.S. degree . Thereafter she went on to study at King 's College Hospital , London . She married her mentor David Powell in 1971 , and in 1973 , the couple shifted to Dublin , where she started her medical practice . Reita was a judge at Femina Miss India in 1998 , and has come back to judge the Miss World competition on a few occasions . For instance she was a judge along with Demis Roussos at the Miss World final of 1976 held in London where Cindy Breakespeare was crowned Miss World . Personal life ( edit ) She now lives in Dublin , Ireland , with her husband , endocrinologist David Powell , whom she married in 1971 . They have two children ( Deirdre and Ann Marie ) and five grandchildren ( Patrick , Cormac , David , Maria and Johnny ) . See also ( edit ) List Of Firsts In India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Makers of India - Women of Fame '' . Indian Mirror . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Goa Miscellania Jump up ^ `` Not Just a Pretty Face : Reita Faria , the first Asian to win Miss World '' . Indian Express . 18 November 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51 Years Before Manushi , Reita Faria Was India 's First Miss World '' . The Quint . 18 November 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost and found : Thirty newsmakers from the pages of Indian history and where they are now : Cover Story '' . India Today . 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The first Indian to win the Miss World title '' . Rediff News . 12 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miss World 1966 - Reita Faria - India '' . Miss World . 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Sources ( edit ) http://www.pageantopolis.com/1960-1969.html http://www.missworld.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reita Faria . Awards and titles for Reita Faria Awards and achievements Preceded by Lesley Langley Miss World 1966 Succeeded by Madeleine Hartog Bell Preceded by ? Eve 's Weekly Miss India 1966 1966 Succeeded by ? hide Miss World titleholders ( 1960 -- 1979 ) Norma Cappagli ( 1960 ) Rosemarie Frankland ( 1961 ) Catharina Lodders ( 1962 ) Carole Crawford ( 1963 ) Ann Sidney ( 1964 ) Lesley Langley ( 1965 ) Reita Faria ( 1966 ) Madeline Hartog - Bel ( 1967 ) Penelope Plummer ( 1968 ) Eva Rueber - Staier ( 1969 ) Jennifer Hosten ( 1970 ) Lúcia Petterle ( 1971 ) Belinda Green ( 1972 ) Marjorie Wallace ( 1973 ) Helen Morgan / Anneline Kriel ( 1974 ) Wilnelia Merced ( 1975 ) Cindy Breakspeare ( 1976 ) Mary Stävin ( 1977 ) Silvana Suárez ( 1978 ) Gina Swainson ( 1979 ) Complete list ( 1951 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) hide Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty titleholders ( 1966 ) Africa Johanna Maud Carter Americas Marlucci Manvailler Rocha Asia & Oceania Reita Faria Europe Gigliola Carbonara hide Major international pageant titleholders ( 1966 ) Miss Universe Margareta Arvidsson Miss World Reita Faria Major international pageants titleholders of 1966 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Miss India winners in the Big Four international beauty pageants Miss Universe Sushmita Sen ( 1994 ) Lara Dutta ( 2000 ) Miss World Reita Faria ( 1966 ) Aishwarya Rai ( 1994 ) Diana Hayden ( 1997 ) Yukta Mookhey ( 1999 ) Priyanka Chopra ( 2000 ) Manushi Chhillar ( 2017 ) Miss Earth Nicole Faria ( 2010 ) Miss International - Australia Brazil Canada Finland France Germany Great Britain Iceland India Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway Perú Philippines Poland Puerto Rico South Africa Spain Sweden USA Venezuela Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reita_Faria&oldid=844738183 '' Categories : Medical doctors from Mumbai Medical doctors from Goa Femina Miss India winners Miss World winners Miss World 1966 delegates Living people 1940s births Indian beauty pageant winners Indian emigrants to Ireland Indian women medical doctors 20th - century Indian women scientists 20th - century Indian medical doctors University of Mumbai alumni Alumni of King 's College London Women scientists from Goa Female models from Goa Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Use Indian English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the first miss world in india | [
"Reita Faria Powell[1] (born 23 August 1943)[2] born to Goan parents in British Bombay (now Mumbai) is an Indian model, doctor and beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss World title in the year 1966, making her the first Asian woman to win the event. She is also the first Miss World winner to qualify as a Doctor.[3]\n"
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"Reita Faria Powell"
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6974957944486849238 | First indoor ice hockey game | First indoor ice hockey game - wikipedia First indoor ice hockey game Jump to : navigation , search 1893 hockey game at the same rink On March 3 , 1875 , the first recorded indoor ice hockey game took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Organized by James Creighton , who captained one of the teams , the game was between two nine - member teams , using a wooden ' puck ' . Members used skates and sticks used for outdoor hockey and shinny games in Nova Scotia , where Creighton was born and raised . It is recognized as the first organized ice hockey game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Victoria Rink 2 The game 2.1 The first game 2.2 After - game fight 3 IIHF recognition 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Victoria Rink ( edit ) Main article : Victoria Skating Rink The Victoria Skating Rink was a long ( 252 by 113 feet ( 77 m × 34 m ) ) , two - story brick edifice with a 52 - foot ( 16 m ) - high pitched roof supported from within by curving wooden trusses , which arched over the entire width of the structure . Tall , round - arched windows punctuated its length and illuminated its interior , while evening skating was made possible by 500 gas - jet lighting fixtures set in coloured glass globes . At a later date , the lighting was converted to electric , making the building the first in Canada to be electrified . The ice surface measured 204 by 80 feet ( 62 by 24 m ) , dimensions very similar to today 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice rinks . It was surrounded by a 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) - wide platform , or promenade , which was elevated approximately 1 foot ( 30 cm ) above the ice surface and upon which spectators could stand or skaters could rest . Later , a gallery was added with a royal box for visiting dignitaries . At the time of its construction , the rink 's location at 49 Drummond Street ( now renumbered to 1187 ) placed it in the centre of the English community in Montreal , in the vicinity of McGill University . The area is known today as the `` Square Mile '' , the area of central Montreal populated then by rich English industrialists and the budding centre of commerce in Canada . One block east was Dominion Square , where annual outdoor winter sporting events and later the Montreal Winter Carnival were held . Across the street to the east , the Windsor Hotel , a long - time centre of social life and meeting place of several sports organizations , was built in 1875 . Nearby is old Windsor Station , which was the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway , built in 1889 . The game ( edit ) In 1873 , James Creighton , a member of the Victoria Skating Club and a figure skating judge , started organizing sessions of shinny at the rink , played informally between members of the Club and friends . The rules followed were developed from the informal rules of the outdoor game played in Nova Scotia where Creighton was born and raised , and adapted to the indoors setting and the rink 's size . The first game ( edit ) On March 3 , 1875 , the Rink hosted what has been recognized as the first organized ice hockey game , between members of the Victoria Skating Club , organized by Creighton . The match lays claim to this distinction because of factors which establish its link to modern ice hockey : it featured two teams ( nine players per side ) with a recorded score . Games prior to this had mostly been outdoors . In order to limit injuries to spectators and damage to glass windows , the game was played with a `` flat block of wood '' instead of a lacrosse ball . The two teams , members of the club , included a number of McGill University students . Sticks for this game were imported from Nova Scotia . This first game was pre-announced to the general public in the pages of The Montreal Gazette : Announcement Victoria Rink -- A game of Hockey will be played at the Victoria Skating Rink this evening , between two nines chose from among the members . Good fun may be expected , as some of the players are reputed to be exceedingly expert at the game . Some fears have been expressed on the part of intending spectators that accidents were likely to occur through the ball flying about in too lively a manner , to the imminent danger of lookers on , but we understand that the game will be played with a flat circular piece of wood , thus preventing all danger of its leaving the surface of the ice . Subscribers will be admitted on presentation of their tickets . Game report HOCKEY -- At the Rink last night a very large audience gathered to witness a novel contest on the ice . The game of hockey , though much in vogue on the ice in New England and other parts of the United States , is not much known here , and in consequence the game of last evening was looked forward to with great interest . Hockey is played usually with a ball , but last night , in order that no accident should happen , a flat block of wood was used , so that it should slide along the ice without rising , and thus going among the spectators to their discomfort . The game is like Lacrosse in one sense -- the block having to go through flags placed about 8 feet apart in the same manner as the rubber ball -- but in the main the old country game of shinty gives the best idea of hockey . The players last night were eighteen in number -- nine on each side -- and were as follows : -- Messrs. Torrance ( captain ) , Meagher , Potter , Goff , Barnston , Gardner , Griffin , Jarvis and Whiting . Creighton ( captain ) , Campbell , Campbell , Esdaile , Joseph , Henshaw , Chapman , Powell and Clouston . The match was an interesting and well - contested affair , the efforts of the players exciting much merriment as they wheeled and dodged each other , and notwithstanding the brilliant play of Captain Torrance 's team Captain Creighton 's men carried the day , winning two games to the single of the Torrance nine . The game was concluded about half - past nine , and the spectators then adjourned well satisfied with the evening 's entertainment . The nine - man per side practice would last until 1880 , when it was reduced during the Montreal Winter Carnival ice hockey tournaments . After - game fight ( edit ) Not reported in the Gazette , but reported elsewhere was that there was fighting after the game . This fighting was not between the on - ice combatants , rather , it was between the hockey players and spectators and members of the Skating Club . Members of the Skating Club were opposed to the use of the skating rink for hockey as it took away hours from other skating activities and it damaged the ice quality . According to the Kingston , Ontario , Daily British Whig `` Shins and heads were battered , benches smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion . '' IIHF recognition ( edit ) In 2002 , the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) announced that it would acknowledge the site of Victoria Rink with `` a commemorative plaque or other historical site marker to remind the passers - by of the existence of the Victoria Skating Rink , the birthplace of organized hockey . '' The commemoration has been marked in two ways . On May 22 , 2008 , a commemorative plaque was dedicated at the nearby Centre Bell , along with a plaque honouring James Creighton . Further , the IIHF created the Victoria Cup , a trophy named for the arena , for which -- along with 1 million Swiss francs -- one National Hockey League team and the champion of the European Champions Hockey League play off annually . The first Cup match was held in Berne , Switzerland on October 1 , 2008 between the New York Rangers and the Metallurg Magnitogorsk . The next , and last , edition of the Victoria Cup was held in Zurich on September 29 , 2009 , between the ZSC Lions and the Chicago Blackhawks . See also ( edit ) Amateur Hockey Association of Canada Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest existing indoor ice hockey facility still in use for ice hockey References ( edit ) Bibliography Collard , Edgar Andrew ( 1962 ) . Montreal Yesterdays . Toronto , Ontario : Longmans Canada . Mackay , Donald ( 1987 ) . The square mile . Vancouver , British Columbia : Douglas & McIntyre Ltd . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 562 - 0 . McKinley , Michael ( 2006 ) . Hockey : A People 's History . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 5769 - 5 . Vigneault , Michel ( 1998 ) . `` Out of the Mists of Memory , Montreal , 1875 -- 1910 '' . Total hockey : the official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League . Toronto , Ontario : Total Sports . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 7114 - 9 . Notes ^ Jump up to : McKinley , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sports Facilities '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Hockey History '' . Hockey Heritage . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Collard , p. 168 Jump up ^ Mackay , p. 7 Jump up ^ Zukerman , Earl ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` McGill 's contribution to the origins of ice hockey '' . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Father ' of ice hockey honoured '' . Toronto Star . May 23 , 2008 . p . S3 . Jump up ^ McKinley , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Victoria Rink '' . Montreal Gazette . March 3 , 1875 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey '' . Montreal Gazette . March 4 , 1875 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Game '' . Daily British Whig . March 5 , 1875 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` First indoor game ended in melee '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World federation weighs in on hockey 's origins '' . CBC . July 5 , 2002 . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers challenge Metallurg '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . January 26 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers come back for win overseas , opener next '' . Associated Press . October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) ice hockey portal Montreal portal Articles IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey Virtual Museum exhibit on venue 1870 Skating carnival Podnieks article on game Hockey Games Photographs Image `` Hockey Match , Victoria Rink , Montreal , QC , composite , 1893 , '' at Musee McCord Museum website Coordinates : 45 ° 29 ′ 53 '' N 73 ° 34 ′ 21 '' W / 45.4980 ° N 73.572400 ° W / 45.4980 ; - 73.572400 ( hide ) List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_indoor_ice_hockey_game&oldid=817653454 '' Categories : 1875 in ice hockey History of ice hockey Sport at McGill University Ice hockey in Montreal March 1875 sports events 1875 in Quebec 19th century in Montreal Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 19 : 26 . About Wikipedia | where was the first ice hockey game played | [
"On March 3, 1875, the first recorded indoor ice hockey game took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[1] Organized by James Creighton, who captained one of the teams, the game was between two nine-member teams, using a wooden 'puck'. Members used skates and sticks used for outdoor hockey and shinny games in Nova Scotia, where Creighton was born and raised. It is recognized as the first organized ice hockey game.[2]"
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"at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada"
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-1042872320660270428 | Sirius XM Love | Sirius XM Love - Wikipedia Sirius XM Love Sirius XM Love Broadcast area United States Canada Frequency Sirius XM Radio 70 Dish Network 6070 First air date November 12 , 2008 Format Soft AC / Love songs Class Satellite Radio Station Owner Sirius XM Radio Website SiriusXM Love Sirius XM Love is a music channel that plays love songs from soft - AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio , and Dish Network . It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio . On XM , it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12 , 2008 . On Sirius XM Canada , the channel retained the old Sirius Love name , Until February 9 , 2010 , Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819 , but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap . From 2009 - 2014 , Sirius XM Love was pre-empted annually during the Christmas season and replaced with `` Holly , '' a seasonal format devoted to contemporary pop Christmas music . This format change typically occurred during the first two weeks of November and continued until the end of the year . ( Holly is also available year - round through Sirius XM 's online service . ) From 2015 - 2016 , Holly pre-empted Sirius XM 's Velvet instead , allowing Sirius XM Love to retain its normal format through December , In 2016 , Holly will once again pre-empt SiriusXM Love . On May 22 , 2015 , Sirius XM Love became a limited - run James Taylor Channel . Later , it was the home of Yacht Rock . On August 17 , 2017 , SiriusXM Love moved to channel 70 and was replaced by PopRocks on Channel 17 . Selected artists played ( edit ) Gloria Estefan , Luther Vandross , Bryan Adams , Mariah Carey , Kenny G , Barry Manilow , Kelly Clarkson , Bette Midler , Lionel Richie , Pink References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook , Zachary . `` SiriusXM Love - Love Songs '' . SiriusXM.com . Sirius XM Radio . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook , Zachary . `` James Taylor Channel 's exclusive live Apollo show for SiriusXM fans '' . blog.siriusxm.com . SiriusXM Editors . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen . `` Yacht Rock Radio returns for the summer ! '' . blog.siriusxm.com . Sirius XM BLog . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Venta , Lance ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` SiriusXM Launches Two New Music Channels '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of Sirius XM Radio channels Sirius XM Satellite Radio music channels Channels Venus Sirius XM Hits 1 ' 40s Junction ' 50s on 5 ' 60s on 6 ' 70s on 7 ' 80s on 8 ' 90s on 9 PopRocks The Highway Heart & Soul Sirius XM Love Real Jazz Spa Alt Nation B.B. King 's Bluesville BackSpin BBC Radio 1 The Beatles Channel Bluegrass Junction BPM The Bridge Caliente ( in Spanish ) Cinemagic Classic Rewind Classic Vinyl The Coffee House Deep Tracks Diplo 's Revolution E Street Radio Doctor Radio Bloomberg Radio Fox Business Radio LL Cool J 's Rock the Bells Radio Fox News Radio Faction Punk The Grateful Dead Channel The Groove Hair Nation RockBar The Heat Pop2K Hip - Hop Nation The Joint Jam On KIIS - FM Krishna Das Yoga Radio Liquid Metal Lithium Octane On Broadway Outlaw Country Ozzy 's Boneyard Pearl Jam Radio Pitbull 's Globalization Radio The Loft The Coffee House Prime Country The Pulse CNN Radio HLN Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum NPR NOW ABC Radio CBS News Radio Shade 45 SiriusXM Chill Sirius XM Pops SiriusXMU The Spectrum Studio 54 Radio Symphony Hall CNBC ESPNews Turbo Velvet Viva Watercolors WHTZ SiriusXM Spotlight Radio Margaritaville Y2Kountry Kirk Franklin 's Praise Willie 's Roadhouse Kids Place Live Radio Disney Kidz Bop Radio Discontinued Holly ( discontinued July 16 , 2014 ) XM exclusives Bollywood & Beyond MIX The Music Summit The Verge Sirius exclusives Bande à part CBC Radio 3 Iceberg Radio Latitude franco See also : XM Satellite Radio channel history This article about a radio station in North America is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirius_XM_Love&oldid=852315458 '' Categories : Sirius Satellite Radio channels XM Satellite Radio channels Soft adult contemporary radio stations in the United States Digital - only radio stations Radio stations established in 2008 North American radio station stubs Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 02 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what channel is the love station on sirius | [
"Sirius XM Love[1] is a music channel that plays love songs from soft-AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio, and Dish Network. It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio. On XM, it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12, 2008. On Sirius XM Canada, the channel retained the old Sirius Love name, Until February 9, 2010, Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819, but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap.\n"
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"channel 70"
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-4223893875981207010 | Qui-Gon Jinn | Qui - Gon Jinn - wikipedia Qui - Gon Jinn Qui - Gon Jinn Star Wars character Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn in The Phantom Menace First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Last appearance The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Liam Neeson Voiced by Liam Neeson ( Episode II and The Clone Wars , Star Wars Rebels ; archive recording ) James Warwick ( The Phantom Menace ( video game ) , Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Obi - Wan and Galactic Battlegrounds ) Fred Tatasciore ( Clone Wars ) Tom Kane ( The Yoda Chronicles and Droid Tales ) Information Gender Male Occupation Jedi Master Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Homeworld Coruscant Star Wars portal Qui - Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by Liam Neeson as one of the main protagonists of the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Contents 1 Depiction 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) 1.1. 2 Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) 1.1. 3 Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) 1.2 Television 1.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 1.2. 2 Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 - 2018 ) 1.3 Novels 1.4 In video games 1.5 Legends 1.5. 1 Television 1.5. 1.1 Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) 1.5. 2 Novels 1.5. 3 In comic books 2 Reception 3 Behind the scenes 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Depiction ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Qui - Gon is one of the main characters in the first episode of the prequel trilogy , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . He is a Jedi Master and mentor of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Unlike other , more conservative Jedi , he values living in the moment as the best way to embrace the Force . Jinn is not a member of the Jedi Council , despite being among the wisest and most powerful of the Jedi . The Phantom Menace opens with Qui - Gon and his apprentice , called a padawan , Obi - Wan sent to the planet Naboo to resolve a political conflict involving the Trade Federation , a corrupt business conglomerate that has blockaded the planet for political leverage . On arrival they are attacked by their host . The Jedi retreat to the planet and rescue its besieged Queen , Padmé Amidala . Their attempt to run the blockade and make way for the galactic capital of Coruscant succeeds , but the queen 's ship is damaged and is forced to land on the backwater planet of Tatooine for repairs . While searching for replacement parts on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a slave boy , Anakin Skywalker , who is extraordinarily strong in the Force ; a test of his blood reveals that his midi - chlorian count -- a measure of Force potential -- is the highest ever detected . Qui - Gon is even more intrigued when Anakin 's mother , Shmi , tells him that the boy had no father . Realising Anakin might be the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi lore destined to bring balance to the Force , Qui - Gon bets Anakin 's freedom and the spaceship parts on a pod race , which Anakin wins . The entourage leave Tatooine , but not before Qui - Gon is attacked by an unknown Sith Lord , whom he fights off . Upon returning to Coruscant , Jinn asks the Jedi Council to allow Anakin to be trained as a Jedi . Master Yoda senses fear in the boy , and the Council refuses his request . Undaunted , Qui - Gon vows that he himself will train Anakin when Obi - Wan becomes a Jedi Knight . The two Jedi , R2 - D2 and Amidala return to Naboo to liberate the planet . There , the trio are confronted by the Sith Lord from earlier , who reveals himself as Darth Maul . After an arduous lightsaber duel , Maul mortally wounds Jinn , but is subsequently defeated by Obi Wan . Before dying , Qui - Gon makes Obi - Wan promise he will train Anakin . Neeson was nominated for a 2000 Saturn Award Best Actor award for his portrayal of Qui - Gon Jinn . Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) ( edit ) In Attack of the Clones , Yoda hears Qui - Gon 's voice cry out to Anakin through the Force as Anakin slaughters a tribe of Tusken Raiders . Obi - Wan discovers that Qui - Gon 's old master , Count Dooku , has become a Sith Lord ; and Dooku mentions Qui - Gon as he interrogates a captured Obi - Wan , expressing grief over his former apprentice 's death and arguing that Qui - Gon would have followed him in leaving the Republic had he survived . Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) ( edit ) In Revenge of the Sith , Yoda reveals to Obi - Wan that Qui - Gon has returned from the `` netherworld of the Force '' in order to teach both of them how to retain one 's consciousness after death . In a deleted scene , Yoda mentally hears his voice before the arriving of senator Bail Organa . In the novelization , Yoda finally admits that Qui - Gon was indeed a great Jedi Master . Liam Neeson was originally asked to record some lines of Qui - Gon for the film 's deleted scene included in the novelization in which Yoda was going to speak with him . However , the scene was cut from the film despite being present at the screenplay and Neeson 's voice was never recorded . Television ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Clone Wars , the character is mentioned several times throughout the series . Qui - Gon appears in two episodes of the third season . On the mysterious planet Mortis , he informs Obi - Wan in the episode `` Overlords '' and later Anakin in the episode `` Ghosts of Mortis '' about the three beings who believe , like Qui - Gon , that Anakin is the Chosen One : the Father ( the Unifying Force manifestation ) , the Daughter ( the light side incarnation ) and the Son ( the dark side embodiment ) . Later in the sixth - season episode `` Voices , '' Yoda is contacted by the disembodied voice of Qui - Gon . Despite his presence on Mortis , Qui - Gon is revealed to have not been able to manifest a semi-physical form . Following his deceased friend 's instructions , Yoda goes on a quest across the galaxy in order to learn the secrets of becoming one with the Force as well . During one of the tests of the Force Priestesses , an illusion of Qui - Gon appears along with Jedi Master Count Dooku and Obi - Wan . It is only after Yoda passes his test that he is allowed to learn Qui - Gon 's technique to retain one 's consciousness after death . Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 - 2018 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars Rebels while he does not appear nor he is mentioned , Obi - Wan finally avenges Qui - Gon Jinn 's death in the season 3 episode `` Twin Suns '' , where Kenobi and Darth Maul have their final duel on the planet Tatooine . Obi - Wan uses Qui - Gon 's favored form of lightsaber combat to bait Maul into overextending himself , allowing him to easily slay him . Qui - Gon 's voice can be heard briefly in the season 4 episode `` A World Between Worlds '' among a huge number of voices from other major Star Wars characters throughout all three eras , demonstrating how the eponymous realm that Ezra Bridger enters widely spans all time and space in the Star Wars universe . Novels ( edit ) In 2018 , a year before the twentieth anniversary of The Phantom Menace , Lucasfilm and its current parent company , The Walt Disney Company , announced that a new novel involving Qui - Gon Jinn and Obi - Wan Kenobi , set before the events of Menace and titled Master and Apprentice , will be written by Claudia Gray and released on February 26 , 2019 . In video games ( edit ) Qui - Gon has also appeared in several Star Wars video games : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , Star Wars : Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Obi - Wan , the Lego Star Wars games and as a character skin ( via purchased download content ) in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed . A version of Qui - Gon as a bird ( known as Quail - Gon ) is available as a playable character in Angry Birds Star Wars II . Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . Television ( edit ) Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : Clone Wars , Qui - Gon makes a cameo appearance in `` Chapter 21 '' . During Yoda 's Force dream , Qui - Gon tells Anakin to enter the mysterious cave on Dagobah where the boy will see a vision of his future . Later when Obi - Wan reprimands Anakin for being late for his secret Knighthood ceremony , Anakin replies `` as far as your wisdom goes , you 're no Qui - Gon Jinn ! '' . Though this saddens Obi - Wan , Anakin quickly apologizes , to which Obi - Wan responds that he too misses Qui - Gon , often looking to his memory for guidance and that Obi - Wan has done his best to pass his teaching onto Anakin . Novels ( edit ) Qui - Gon 's life years prior to The Phantom Menace is mainly detailed in the Jedi Apprentice book series . In The Rising Force ( set 12 years before The Phantom Menace ) , Yoda encourages Qui - Gon to take a new Padawan learner , following the failure of his previous apprentice Xanatos , who turned to the dark side of the Force years before . Qui - Gon observes a small lightsaber tournament among a group of the Temple 's older students , which includes 12 - year - old Obi - Wan . He takes notice of Obi - Wan 's skills , but also of the boy 's uncontrolled anger and refuses to train him . Shortly following the tournament , the Jedi Knight leaves for a mission to the planet Bandomeer . On the transport ship , Qui - Gon is reunited with Obi - Wan , who is also being sent to Bandomeer to begin life as an agricultural labourer . During the voyage , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan help defend a group of Arcona from the criminal organization Offworld Corporation . After putting an end to the tense situation , the two arrive on Bandomeer , where Qui - Gon receives a letter signed by his former apprentice Xanatos . In The Dark Rival , it is revealed that the whole ordeal has been organized by Xanatos , now the leader of Offworld . Qui - Gon sends Obi - Wan off to his Agri - Corps duties , while he plans to meet with Xanatos to find an agreement between Offworld and Bandomeer . However , Xanatos plans to sabotage their meeting and kill Qui - Gon . The Jedi Master duels with his former apprentice , and he and Obi - Wan end Offworld 's business on Bandomeer . Xanatos escapes , however . During the encounter with Xanatos , Qui - Gon discovers Obi - Wan 's true potential and accepts the boy as his new Padawan . As a gift for Obi - Wan 's 13th birthday , Qui - Gon gives his apprentice a special rock he found from the River of Light on his homeworld . In The Captive Temple , Xanatos attacks the Jedi Temple and nearly assassinates Yoda , but Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan thwart his plans , and in The Day of Reckoning , when they chase Xanatos back to his homeworld Telos , the fallen Jedi refuses to surrender and commits suicide . Qui - Gon is thus able to bring closure to a painful chapter of his life . In Legacy of the Jedi , set during both Qui - Gon 's Padawan and Knight years , Qui - Gon and his master Dooku are sent to accompany Senator Blix Annon on a diplomatic assignment . However , space pirates infiltrate their ship and their leader turns out to be rogue Jedi Lorian Nod , a former friend of Dooku 's . The two battle and Dooku lets his anger get the best of him , but Qui - Gon prevents his master from violating the Jedi Code by committing cold - blooded murder . Years after their first encounter , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan encounter Nod and once again the fallen Jedi is incarcerated for his crimes . In Secrets of the Jedi ( set seven years before The Phantom Menace ) , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan are paired with Jedi Master Adi Gallia and her Padawan Siri Tachi . The mission , which results in Qui - Gon and Adi being separated from Obi - Wan and Siri , leads to the discovery of romantic feelings between the two Jedi Padawans . Qui - Gon detects these emotions and warns Obi - Wan of his own example with Tahl , a female Jedi whose murder nearly pushed Qui - Gon over the edge to the dark side . In Cloak of Deception ( set a year before The Phantom Menace ) , both Jedi fight against a terrorist organization called the Nebula Front , who are secretly following Darth Sidious ' orders . At the Trade Federation conference on Eriadu , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan successfully defend Chancellor Valorum , but do not prevent the deaths of the rest of the Trade Federation Directorate , allowing the Neimoidians to take control of the Federation . In comic books ( edit ) Aside from the graphic novelization of The Phantom Menace , Qui - Gon appears infrequently in Star Wars - related comic books . His most extensive appearance thus far is in the `` Stark Hyperspace War '' plotline in Star Wars : Republic . In this story arc , which takes place during the same year Qui - Gon takes Obi - Wan as his apprentice , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan fight in the titular conflict along with other Jedi such as Plo Koon and Quinlan Vos , and Qui - Gon ends up saving Nute Gunray , the future Trade Federation viceroy . Reception ( edit ) Despite the mixed reviews that the prequel trilogy received from various movie critics , Liam Neeson 's performance and character received positive reviews . Colin Kennedy from Empire Online stated in his review of the film , `` Liam Neeson has manfully carried the action on his shoulders throughout ( the subsequent prequels desperately miss him ) and his final words -- `` Obi - Wan , promise ... Promise me you will train the boy '' - provide the movie with its only real weight . Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly said in his review of The Phantom Menace , `` If there 's an actor who holds The Phantom Menace together , it 's Liam Neeson . Tersely commanding , he gives the film its only hints of emotional dynamism . '' In 2017 , Rolling Stone placed Qui - Gon Jinn at the number 25 spot on their 50 Best Star Wars Characters of All Time list . Behind the scenes ( edit ) Qui - Gon Jinn 's Jedi robes from Episode I As revealed in The Art of Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , director George Lucas conceived the character of Qui - Gon Jinn during pre-production of the film . This is shown by concept art where Obi - Wan Kenobi is shown alone in the Trade Federation flagship and while meeting Jar Jar Binks . Even when Qui - Gon was conceived , Lucas toyed with making him the younger Jedi , as shown in concept art depicting Obi - Wan as an old man . Lucas originally envisioned an American actor for the role of Qui - Gon , but ultimately cast Northern Irish actor Liam Neeson because he considered Neeson to have great skills and presence , describing him as a `` master actor , who the other actors will look up to , who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands . '' Initially , Lucas had planned for Qui - Gon to have long white hair , but that idea was scrapped and Qui - Gon is depicted as having long brown hair in the film . During the early development of Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , Lucas wrote a scene featuring a ghostly Qui - Gon speaking with Yoda about Anakin . Liam Neeson was set to reprise his role , because he hinted his possible appearance in the film . However , the scene was finally deleted from the film and Neeson was never recorded , although the scene was retained in the film 's novelization . The character 's name is derived from the Chinese word qigong ( 气功 or 氣功 ) , a system of coordinated body movement , breathing , and meditation used for health , spirituality , and martial arts training that allows access to higher realms of awareness , and balance of life energy , similar to Tai chi . This is paired with the Arabic word Jinn , meaning `` genie '' or `` tutelary spirit . '' The name translates almost literally as `` Guardian Spirit of the Living Force . '' `` Jinn '' could also refer to the Chinese word for power , jin ( 勁 ) , and the martial arts concept of fa jin , which is the explosive release of internal strength or power . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuss , Kevin ( May 25 , 2011 ) . Psybolt Unleashed : The Brothers Geek In . AuthorHouse . p. 183 . ISBN 9781456738105 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films : Awards for 2000 '' . IMDb. 2016 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-01-09-palm-springs_x.htm Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars season 3 , episodes 15 & 17 Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars season 6 , episode 11 Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` The next Star Wars novels will flesh out the prequel era '' . The Verge . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Clone Wars episodes 20 - 21 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Rising Force Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Dark Rival Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Captive Temple Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Day of Reckoning Jump up ^ Star Wars : Legacy of the Force Jump up ^ Star Wars : Secrets of the Jedi Jump up ^ Star Wars : Cloak of Deception Jump up ^ Star Wars : Republic - The Stark Hyperspace War Jump up ^ Kennedy , Colin . `` Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Review '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best ' Star Wars ' Characters of All Time , 25 . Qui - Gon Jinn '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I Production Notes : The Actors and Characters - Part I '' . StarWars.com. 1999 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041023023458/http://www.starwars.com/episode-i/bts/production/f19990501/indexp4.html . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( 2005 - 01 - 10 ) . `` USATODAY.com - Movie - star night in Palm Springs '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Christian Blauvelt ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Liam Neeson to voice Qui - Gon Jinn in ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO -- '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Paul F. ( Sep 3 , 2013 ) . The Star Wars Heresies : Interpreting the Themes , Symbols and Philosophies of Episodes I , II and III . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7181 - 2 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Voigt , John ( 5 Jan 2016 ) . `` Qi as Entertainment : The Force in Star Wars '' . Qi Encyclopedia . Qi Journal . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 Star Wars Episode I Who 's Who : A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace , hardcover , 1999 . Ryder Windham , ISBN 0 - 7624 - 0519 - 8 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook , 1st edition , 2000 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1793 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qui - Gon Jinn . Qui - Gon Jinn in the StarWars.com Databank Qui - Gon Jinn on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Qui - Gon Jinn on IMDb Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does liam neeson play in star wars 1 | [
"Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Liam Neeson as one of the main protagonists of the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[1]\n"
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547245592502470771 | Occupation of Japan | Occupation of Japan - wikipedia Occupation of Japan Empire of Japan ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Japan ( 1947 -- 1952 ) Military occupation 1945 -- 1952 Flag Imperial Seal Map of Japan under Allied occupation Japanese archipelago , placed under the authority of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , effective 1945 -- 1952 ( with the exceptions of Iwo Jima , under US authority until 1968 , and Okinawa , under US authority until 1972 ) Japanese Taiwan and the Spratly Islands , placed under the authority of China Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands , placed under the authority of the Soviet Union Japanese Korea south of the 38th parallel north , placed under the authority of the United States Army Military Government in Korea , granted independence in 1948 as South Korea Kwantung Leased Territory , occupied by the Soviet Union 1945 -- 1955 , returned to China in 1955 Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north , placed under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration , granted independence in 1948 as North Korea South Pacific Mandate , occupied by the United States 1945 -- 1947 , converted into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947 Status Military occupation Capital Tokyo Common languages Japanese Military Governor 1945 -- 1951 Douglas MacArthur 1951 -- 1952 Matthew Ridgway Emperor 1945 -- 1952 124th Hirohito Establishment Japanese surrender August 14 , 1945 Occupation established August 28 1945 Instrument of Surrender signed September 2 , 1945 Taiwan Province October 25 , 1945 Republic of Korea August 15 , 1948 Democratic People 's Republic of Korea September 9 , 1948 Treaty of San Francisco April 28 1952 ISO 3166 code JP Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Japan Japan United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands United States Army Military Government in Korea Soviet Union Soviet Civil Administration Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Today part of Countries today ( show ) People 's Republic of China Republic of China Japan North Korea South Korea Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Russia United States Taiwan ( Formosa ) and Penghu ( Pescadores ) Joined the Republic of China on October 25 , 1945 . History of Japan Civil and naval ensign during the occupation of Japan Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , with support from the British Commonwealth . Unlike in the occupation of Germany , the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan . This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan 's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power . The country became a parliamentary democracy that recalled `` New Deal '' priorities of the 1930s by Roosevelt . The occupation , codenamed Operation Blacklist , was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty , signed on September 8 , 1951 , and effective from April 28 , 1952 , after which Japan 's sovereignty -- with the exception , until 1972 , of the Ryukyu Islands -- was fully restored . According to John Dower , in his book Cultures of War : Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9 - 11 / Iraq , the factors behind the success of the occupation were : Discipline , moral legitimacy , well - defined and well - articulated objectives , a clear chain of command , tolerance and flexibility in policy formulation and implementation , confidence in the ability of the state to act constructively , the ability to operate abroad free of partisan politics back home , and the existence of a stable , resilient , sophisticated civil society on the receiving end of occupation policies -- these political and civic virtues helped make it possible to move decisively during the brief window of a few years when defeated Japan itself was in flux and most receptive to radical change . Contents 1 Japanese surrender 1.1 Initial phase 1.2 SCAP 1.3 Organs running in parallel to SCAP 2 Outcomes 2.1 Disarmament 2.2 Liberalization 2.3 Emphasis on stability and economic growth 2.4 Democratization 2.5 Trade Union Act 2.6 Labor Standards Act 2.7 Education reform 2.8 Women 's rights 2.9 Release of political prisoners 3 Impact 3.1 War criminals 3.2 Rape 3.3 Censorship 3.4 Industrial disarmament 3.5 Prostitution 3.6 Expulsions 3.7 Soviet activity 4 Politics 5 Japanese American contribution 6 End of the occupation 7 Criticism 8 Cultural reaction 9 Japanese women 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Japanese surrender ( edit ) Main article : Surrender of Japan Initial Phase ( edit ) Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 14 , 1945 , when the Japanese government notified the Allies that it had accepted the Potsdam Declaration . On the following day , Emperor Hirohito announced Japan 's unconditional surrender on the radio ( the Gyokuon - hōsō ) . The announcement was the emperor 's first ever planned radio broadcast and the first time most citizens of Japan ever heard their sovereign 's voice . This date is known as Victory over Japan , or V-J Day , and marked the end of World War II and the beginning of a long road to recovery for a shattered Japan . Japanese officials left for Manila , Philippines on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation . On August 28 , 1945 , 150 US personnel flew to Atsugi , Kanagawa Prefecture . They were followed by USS Missouri , whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marine Division on the southern coast of Kanagawa . Other Allied personnel followed . MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30 , and immediately decreed several laws . No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people . No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food . Flying the Hinomaru or `` Rising Sun '' flag was initially severely restricted ( although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it ) . This restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year . The instrument of surrender , dated September 2 , 1945 Representatives of the Empire of Japan stand aboard the USS Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender . On September 2 , 1945 , Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender . On September 6 , US President Truman approved a document titled `` US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan '' . The document set two main objectives for the occupation : ( 1 ) eliminating Japan 's war potential and ( 2 ) turning Japan into a democratic - style nation with pro-United Nations orientation . Allied ( primarily American ) forces were set up to supervise the country , and `` for eighty months following its surrender in 1945 , Japan was at the mercy of an army of occupation , its people subject to foreign military control . '' At the head of the Occupation administration was General MacArthur , who was technically supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers , but in practice did not and did everything himself . As a result , this period was one of significant American influence , described near the end of the occupation in 1951 that `` for six years the United States has had a free hand to experiment with Japan than any other country in Asia , or indeed in the entire world . '' Looking back to his work among the Japanese , MacArthur said , `` Measured by the standards of modern civilization , they would be like a boy of twelve '' compared to the maturity of the US and Germany , and had a good chance of putting away their troubled past . Gaetano Faillace 's photo of Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito SCAP ( edit ) The first proposals for the division of Japan On V-J Day , US President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ( SCAP ) , to supervise the occupation of Japan . During the war , the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation , as was done for the occupation of Germany . Under the final plan , however , SCAP was given direct control over the main islands of Japan ( Honshu , Hokkaido , Shikoku , and Kyushu ) and the immediately surrounding islands , while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows : Soviet Union : North Korea ( not a full occupation ) , South Sakhalin , and the Kuril Islands United States : South Korea ( not a full occupation ) , Okinawa , the Amami Islands , the Ogasawara Islands and Japanese possessions in Micronesia China : Taiwan and Penghu It is unclear why the occupation plan was changed . Common theories include the increased power of the United States following development of the atomic bomb , Truman 's greater distrust of the Soviet Union when compared with Roosevelt , and an increased desire to restrict Soviet influence in East Asia after the Yalta Conference . The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō . Had this occurred , there might have eventually been a communist state in the Soviet zone of occupation . However , unlike the Soviet occupations of East Germany and North Korea , these plans were frustrated by Truman 's opposition . MacArthur 's first priority was to set up a food distribution network ; following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities , virtually everyone was starving . Even with these measures , millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender . As expressed by Kawai Kazuo , `` Democracy can not be taught to a starving people '' . The US government encouraged democratic reform in Japan , and while it sent billions of dollars in food aid , this was dwarfed by the occupation costs it imposed on the struggling Japanese administration . Play media Half destroyed Tokyo as filmed by Gaetano Faillace Initially , the US government provided emergency food relief through Government and Relief in Occupied Areas ( GARIOA ) funds . In fiscal year 1946 , this aid amounted to US $92 million in loans . From April 1946 , in the guise of Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia , private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief . Once the food network was in place MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito . The two men met for the first time on September 27 ; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history . Some were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no tie instead of his dress uniform when meeting the emperor . With the sanction of Japan 's reigning monarch , MacArthur had the ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation . While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a war criminal , MacArthur resisted such calls , arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people . He also rejected the claims of members of the imperial family such as Prince Mikasa and Prince Higashikuni and demands of intellectuals like Tatsuji Miyoshi , who sought the emperor 's abdication . By the end of 1945 , more than 350,000 US personnel were stationed throughout Japan . By the beginning of 1946 , replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur 's Eighth Army , headquartered in Tokyo 's Dai - Ichi building . Of the main Japanese islands , Kyūshū was occupied by the 24th Infantry Division , with some responsibility for Shikoku . Honshu was occupied by the First Cavalry Division . Hokkaido was occupied by the 11th Airborne Division . May 1946 . The 2nd Battalion 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles march through Kure , Hiroshima soon after their arrival in Japan . By June 1950 , all these army units had suffered extensive troop reductions and their combat effectiveness was seriously weakened . When North Korea invaded South Korea in the Korean War , elements of the 24th Division were flown into South Korea to try to fight the invasion force there , but the inexperienced occupation troops , while acquitting themselves well when suddenly thrown into combat almost overnight , suffered heavy casualties and were forced into retreat until other Japan occupation troops could be sent to assist . Organs running in parallel to SCAP ( edit ) The official British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) , composed of Australian , British , Indian and New Zealand personnel , was deployed on February 21 , 1946 . While US forces were responsible for the overall occupation , BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan 's war industries . BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western prefectures and had its headquarters at Kure . At its peak , the force numbered about 40,000 personnel . During 1947 , BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan , and officially wound up in 1951 . The Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan . The establishment of a multilateral Allied council for Japan was proposed by the Soviet government as early as September 1945 , and was supported partially by the British , French and Chinese governments . Outcomes ( edit ) Play media 1946 newsreel Disarmament ( edit ) Japan 's postwar constitution , adopted under Allied supervision , included a `` Peace Clause '' , Article 9 , which renounced war and banned Japan from maintaining any armed forces . This clause was not imposed by the Allies : rather , it was the work of the Japanese government itself , and according to most sources , was the work of Prime Minister Kijūrō Shidehara . The clause was intended to prevent the country from ever becoming an aggressive military power again . However , the United States was soon pressuring Japan to rebuild its army as a bulwark against communism in Asia after the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War . During the Korean War , US forces largely withdrew from Japan to redeploy to South Korea , leaving the country almost totally defenseless . As a result , a new National Police Reserve armed with military - grade weaponry was created . In 1954 , the Japan Self - Defense Forces were founded as a full - scale military in all but name . To avoid breaking the constitutional prohibition on military force , they were officially founded as an extension to the police force . Traditionally , Japan 's military spending has been restricted to about 1 % of its gross national product , though this is by popular practice , not law , and has fluctuated up and down from this figure . Prime Ministers Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe , among others , have tried to repeal or amend the clause . The JSDF slowly grew to considerable strength , and Japan now has the eighth largest military budget in the world . Liberalization ( edit ) All the major sectors of the Japanese society , government , and economy were liberalized in the first few years and won strong support from liberals in Japan . Historians emphasize the similarity to the American New Deal programs of the 1930s . Moore and Robinson note that , `` New Deal liberalism seemed natural , even to conservative Republicans such as MacArthur and Whitney . '' The issuing of the Removal of Restrictions on Political , Civil , and Religious Liberties directive by SCAP on October 4 , 1945 , led to the abolishment of the Peace Preservation Law and the release of all political prisoners . Emphasis on stability and economic growth ( edit ) From late 1947 , US priorities shifted to internal political stability and economic growth . Economic deconcentration , for example , was left uncompleted as GHQ responded to new imperatives . American authorities encouraged business practices and industrial policies that have since become sources of contention between Japan and its major trade partners , notably the United States . During the occupation , GHQ / SCAP mostly abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu , which had previously monopolized industry . Along with the later American change of heart , and due in part to the need for an economically stronger Japan in the face of a perceived Soviet threat , these economic reforms were also hampered by the wealthy and influential Japanese who stood to lose a great deal . As such , there were those who consequently resisted any attempts at reform , claiming that the zaibatsu were required for Japan to compete internationally , and looser industrial groupings known as keiretsu evolved . A major land reform was also conducted , led by Wolf Ladejinsky of General Douglas MacArthur 's SCAP staff . However , Ladejinsky has stated that the real architect of reform was Hiro Wada , former Japanese Minister of Agriculture . Between 1947 and 1949 , approximately 5,800,000 acres ( 23,000 km ) of land ( approximately 38 % of Japan 's cultivated land ) were purchased from the landlords under the government 's reform program and resold at extremely low prices ( after inflation ) to the farmers who worked them . By 1950 , three million peasants had acquired land , dismantling a power structure that the landlords had long dominated . Democratization ( edit ) In 1946 , the Diet ratified a new Constitution of Japan that followed closely a ' model copy ' prepared by the GHQ / SCAP , and was promulgated as an amendment to the old Prussian - style Meiji Constitution . The new constitution drafted by Americans allowed access and control over the Japanese military through MacArthur and the Allied occupation on Japan . `` The political project drew much of its inspiration from the U.S. Bill of Rights , New Deal social legislation , the liberal constitutions of several European states and even the Soviet Union ... ( It ) transferred sovereignty from the Emperor to the people in an attempt to depoliticize the Throne and reduce it to the status of a state symbol . Included in the revised charter was the famous ' no war ' , ' no arms ' Article Nine , which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army . The 1947 Constitution also enfranchised women , guaranteed fundamental human rights , strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet , and decentralized the police and local government . '' One example of MacArthur 's push towards democratization implemented the land reform and redistribution of ownership within the agricultural system . The land reform was established in order to improve not only the economy but the welfare of farmers as well . MacArthur 's land reform policy redistribution resulted in only 10 % of the land being worked by non-owners . On December 15 , 1945 , the Shinto Directive was issued abolishing Shinto as a state religion and prohibiting some of its teachings and rites that were deemed to be militaristic or ultra-nationalistic . On April 10 , 1946 , an election with 78.52 % voter turnout among men and 66.97 % among women gave Japan its first modern prime minister , Shigeru Yoshida . Trade Union Act ( edit ) In 1945 the Diet passed Japan 's first ever trade union law protecting the rights of workers to form or join a union , to organize , and take industrial action . There had been pre-war attempts to do so , but none that were successfully passed until the Allied occupation . A new Trade Union Law was passed on June 1 , 1949 , which remains in place to the present day . According to Article 1 of the Act , the purpose of the act is to `` elevate the status of workers by promoting their being on equal standing with the employer '' . Labor Standards Act ( edit ) The Labor Standards Act was enacted on April 7 , 1947 , to govern working conditions in Japan . According to Article 1 of the Act , its goal is to ensure that `` Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings . '' Support stemming from the Allied occupation has introduced better working conditions and pay for numerous employees in Japanese business . This allowed for more sanitary and hygienic working environments along with welfare and government assistance for health insurance , pensions plans and work involving other trained specialists . While it was created while Japan was under occupation , the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces . It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto , a former member of the Thought Police , who had become the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry . Education reform ( edit ) See also : Educational reform in occupied Japan Before and during the war , Japanese education was based on the German system , with `` Gymnasien '' ( selective grammar schools ) and universities to train students after primary school . During the occupation , Japan 's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three - year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the US : junior high school became compulsory but senior high school remained optional . The Imperial Rescript on Education was repealed , and the Imperial University system reorganized . The longstanding issue of Japanese script reform , which had been planned for decades but continuously opposed by more conservative elements , was also resolved during this time . The Japanese written system was drastically reorganized with the Tōyō kanji - list in 1946 , predecessor of today 's Jōyō kanji , and orthography was greatly altered to reflect spoken usage . Women 's rights ( edit ) Prior to World War II , women in Japan were denied the right to vote and other legal rights . With the defeat of the traditionalist government , the occupation authorities , on the order of general Douglas MacArthur , began drafting a new constitution for Japan in February 1946 . A subcommittee including two women , Beate Sirota Gordon and economist Eleanor Hadley , was enlisted and assigned to writing the section of the constitution devoted to civil rights and women 's rights in Japan . They played an integral role , drafting the language regarding legal equality between men and women in Japan , including Articles 14 and 24 on Equal Rights and Women 's Civil Rights . Article 14 states , in part : `` All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political , economic or social relations because of race , creed , sex , social status or family origin '' . Article 24 includes : Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis . 2 ) With regard to choice of spouse , property rights , inheritance , choice of domicile , divorce and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family , laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes . These additions to the constitution were vital to women 's rights in Japan . `` Japanese women were historically treated like chattel ; they were property to be bought and sold on a whim , '' Gordon said in 1999 . Release of political prisoners ( edit ) The Japanese government releases members of the Japan Communist Party on October 10 , 1945 . See also : Political prisoners in Imperial Japan On October 4 , 1945 , the GHQ issued the Removal of Restrictions on Political , Civil , and Religious Liberties directive . The directive ordered the release of political prisoners . Impact ( edit ) Hideki Tōjō takes the stand at the Tokyo war crimes tribunal . War criminals ( edit ) While these other reforms were taking place , various military tribunals , most notably the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Ichigaya , were trying Japan 's war criminals and sentencing many to death and imprisonment . However , many suspects such as Masanobu Tsuji , Nobusuke Kishi , Yoshio Kodama and Ryōichi Sasakawa were never judged , while the Emperor Hirohito , all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as Prince Chichibu , Prince Yasuhiko Asaka , Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu , Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni and Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda , and all members of Unit 731 -- including its director Dr. Shirō Ishii -- were granted immunity from criminal prosecution by General MacArthur . Before the war crimes trials actually convened , the SCAP , the IPS and Shōwa officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted , but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor . High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals , while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility . Thus , months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced , MacArthur 's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo '' by allowing `` the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment . '' and `` with the full support of MacArthur 's headquarters , the prosecution functioned , in effect , as a defense team for the emperor . For historian John W. Dower , Even Japanese peace activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters , and who have labored to document and publicize Japanese atrocities , can not defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then , in the chill of Cold war , release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right - wing war criminals like the later prime minister Kishi Nobusuke . In retrospect , apart from the military officer corps , the purge of alleged militarists and ultranationalists that was conducted under the Occupation had relatively small impact on the long - term composition of men of influence in the public and private sectors . The purge initially brought new blood into the political parties , but this was offset by the return of huge numbers of formally purged conservative politicians to national as well as local politics in the early 1950s . In the bureaucracy , the purge was negligible from the outset ... In the economic sector , the purge similarly was only mildly disruptive , affecting less than sixteen hundred individuals spread among some four hundred companies . Everywhere one looks , the corridors of power in postwar Japan are crowded with men whose talents had already been recognized during the war years , and who found the same talents highly prized in the `` new '' Japan . Rape ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Japan According to various accounts , U.S. troops committed thousands of rapes among the population of the Ryukyu Islands during the Okinawa Campaign and the beginning of the American occupation in 1945 . Many Japanese civilians in the Japanese mainland feared that the Allied occupation troops were likely to rape Japanese women . The Japanese authorities set up a large system of prostitution facilities ( Recreation and Amusement Association , or the RAA ) in order to protect the population . According to John W. Dower , precisely as the Japanese government had hoped when it created the prostitution facilities , while the RAA was in place `` the incidence of rape remained relatively low given the huge size of the occupation force '' . However , there was a resulting large rise in venereal disease among the soldiers , which led MacArthur to close down the prostitution in early 1946 . The incidence of rape increased after the closure of the brothels , possibly eight-fold ; Dower states that `` According to one calculation the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women amounted to around 40 daily while the RAA was in operation , and then rose to an average of 330 a day after it was terminated in early 1946 . '' Michael S. Molasky states that while rape and other violent crime were widespread in naval ports like Yokosuka and Yokohama during the first few weeks of occupation , according to Japanese police reports and journalistic studies , the number of incidents declined shortly after and they were not common on mainland Japan throughout the rest of occupation . Two weeks into the occupation , the Occupation administration began censoring all media . This included any mention of rape or other sensitive social issues . According to Dower , `` more than a few incidents '' of assault and rape were never reported to the police . According to Toshiyuki Tanaka , 76 cases of rape or rape - murder were reported on Okinawa during the first five years of occupation , but according to Tanaka this is `` but the tip of the iceberg '' as most of the rapes went unreported . Censorship ( edit ) See also : Censorship in Japan § Occupation of Japan , Rape during the occupation of Japan § Allied censorship of Japanese media , and Civil Censorship Detachment After the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers abolished all forms of censorship and controls on Freedom of Speech , which was also integrated into Article 21 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan . However , press censorship remained a reality in the post-war era , especially in matters of pornography , and in political matters deemed subversive by the American government during the occupation of Japan . The Allied occupation forces suppressed news of criminal activities such as rape ; on September 10 , 1945 , SCAP `` issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics ' inimical to the objectives of the Occupation ' . '' According to David M. Rosenfeld : Not only did Occupation censorship forbid criticism of the United States or other Allied nations , but the mention of censorship itself was forbidden . This means , as Donald Keene observes , that for some producers of texts `` the Occupation censorship was even more exasperating than Japanese military censorship had been because it insisted that all traces of censorship be concealed . This meant that articles had to be rewritten in full , rather than merely submitting XXs for the offending phrases . '' -- Donald Keene , quoted in Dawn to the West Industrial disarmament ( edit ) To further remove Japan as a potential future threat to the United States , the Far Eastern Commission decided that Japan was to be partly de-industrialized . The necessary dismantling of Japanese industry was foreseen to have been achieved if Japanese standards of living had been reduced to those existing in Japan the period 1930 -- 1934 . In the end , the adopted program of de-industrialization in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the similar U.S. `` industrial disarmament '' program in Germany . In view of the cost to American taxpayers for emergency food aid to Japan , in April 1948 the Johnston Committee Report recommended that the economy of Japan should instead be reconstructed . The report included suggestions for reductions in war reparations , and a relaxation of the `` economic deconcentration '' policy . For the fiscal year of 1949 funds were moved from the GARIOA budget into an Economic Rehabilitation in Occupied Areas ( EROA ) programme , to be used for the import of materials needed for economic reconstruction . Prostitution ( edit ) Allied servicemen visit the Special Comfort Facility Association . See also : Recreation and Amusement Association With the acceptance of the Allied occupation authorities , the Japanese organized a brothel system for the benefit of the more than 300,000 occupation troops . `` The strategy was , through the special work of experienced women , to create a breakwater to protect regular women and girls . '' In December 1945 , a senior officer with the Public Health and Welfare Division of the occupation 's General Headquarters wrote regarding the typical prostitute : `` The girl is impressed into contracting by the desperate financial straits of her parents and their urging , occasionally supplemented by her willingness to make such a sacrifice to help her family '' , he wrote . `` It is the belief of our informants , however , that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls , while much less prevalent than in the past , still exists . The worst victims ... were the women who , with no previous experience , answered the ads calling for ' Women of the New Japan ' . '' MacArthur issued an order , SCAPIN 642 ( SCAP Instruction ) , on January 21 ending licensed brothels for being `` in contravention of the ideals of democracy '' . Although SCAPIN 642 ended the RAA 's operations , it did not affect `` voluntary prostitution '' by individuals . Ultimately , SCAP responded by making all brothels and other facilities offering prostitution off - limits to Allied personnel on March 25 , 1946 . By November , the Japanese government had introduced the new akasen ( 赤 線 , `` red - line '' ) system in which prostitution was permissible only in certain designated areas . Expulsions ( edit ) The surrender of Imperial Japan meant reversal of its previous annexations -- Manchuria ( Manchukuo as a puppet regime under Japan ) was returned to China , while Korea regained its independence and was divided in two by the United States and Soviet Union . The Soviet Union claimed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands , with 400,000 Japanese fleeing or expelled . Similar actions happened in Taiwan and Manchuria after their return to China , while Korea saw the flight of over 800,000 Japanese settlers . In all , Japanese repatriation centers handled over 7 million expatriates returning to the Japanese main islands . Soviet activity ( edit ) In a bid to occupy as much Japanese territory as possible , Soviet troops continued offensive military operations after the Japanese surrender , causing large scale civilian casualties . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Reverse course Unlike the case in Germany , Japan retained a native government throughout the occupation . Although MacArthur 's official staff history of the occupation referred to `` the Eighth Army Military Government System '' , it explained that while `` In Germany , with the collapse of the Nazi regime , all government agencies disintegrated , or had to be purged '' , the Japanese retained an `` integrated , responsible government and it continued to function almost intact '' : In effect , there was no `` military government '' in Japan in the literal sense of the word . It was simply a SCAP superstructure over already existing government machinery , designed to observe and assist the Japanese along the new democratic channels of administration . General Horace Robertson of Australia , head of BCOF , wrote : MacArthur at no time established in Japan what could be correctly described as Military government . He continued to use the Japanese government to control the country , but teams of military personnel , afterward replaced to quite a considerable extent by civilians , were placed throughout the Japanese prefectures as a check on the extent to which the prefectures were carrying out the directives issued by MacArthur 's headquarters or the orders from the central government . The really important duty of the so called Military government teams was , however , the supervision of the issue throughout Japan of the large quantities of food stuffs and medical stores being poured into the country from American sources . The teams also contained so - called experts on health , education , sanitation , agriculture and the like , to help the Japanese in adopting more up to date methods sponsored by SCAP 's headquarters . The normal duties of a military government organisation , the most important of which are law and order and a legal system , were never needed in Japan since the Japanese government 's normal legal system still functioned with regard to all Japanese nationals ... The so - called military government in Japan was therefore neither military nor government . The Japanese government 's de facto authority was strictly limited at first , however , and senior figures in the government such as the Prime Minister effectively served at the pleasure of the occupation authorities before the first post-war elections were held . Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began . Left - wing organizations , such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japan Communist Party , quickly reestablished themselves , as did various conservative parties . The old Seiyukai and Rikken Minseito came back as , respectively , the Liberal Party ( Nihon Jiyuto ) and the Japan Progressive Party ( Nihon Shimpoto ) . The first postwar elections were held in 1946 ( women were given the franchise for the first time ) , and the Liberal Party 's vice president , Yoshida Shigeru ( 1878 -- 1967 ) , became prime minister . For the 1947 elections , anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Japan Democratic Party ( Minshuto ) . This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party , which was allowed to form a cabinet , which lasted less than a year . Thereafter , the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes . After a short period of Democratic Party administration , Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954 . Japanese American Contribution ( edit ) See also : Japanese American service in World War II Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered on August 15 , 1945 . Over 5,000 Japanese Americans served in the occupation of Japan . Dozens of Japanese Americans served as translators , interpreters , and investigators in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East . Thomas Sakamoto served as press escort during the occupation of Japan . He escorted American correspondents to Hiroshima , and the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay . Sakamoto was one of three Japanese Americans to be on board the USS Missouri when the Japanese formally surrendered . Arthur S. Komori served as personal interpreter for Brig. Gen. Elliot R. Thorpe . Kay Kitagawa served as personal interpreter of Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr ... Kan Tagami served as personal interpreter - aide for General Douglas MacArthur . Journalist Don Caswell was accompanied by a Japanese American interpreter to Fuchū Prison , where the Japanese government imprisoned communists Tokuda Kyuichi , Yoshio Shiga , and Shiro Mitamura . Japanese Americans in the OSS parachuted down into Japanese POW prison camps at Hankow , Mukden , Peiping and Hainan as interpreters on mercy missions to liberate American and other Allied prisoners . Arthur T. Morimitsu was the only Military Intelligence Service member in the detachment commanded by Major Richard Irby and 1st Lt. Jeffrey Smith to observe the surrender ceremony of 60,000 Japanese troops under Gen. Shimada . Kan Tagami witnessed Japanese forces surrender to the British in Malaya . End of the occupation ( edit ) In 1949 , MacArthur made a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan 's native rulers , and the occupation began to draw to a close . The Treaty of San Francisco , which was to end the occupation , was signed on September 8 , 1951 . It came into effect on April 28 , 1952 , formally ending all occupation powers of the Allied forces and restoring full sovereignty to Japan , except for the island chains of Iwo Jima and Okinawa , which the United States continued to hold . Iwo Jima was returned to Japan in 1968 , and most of Okinawa was returned in 1972 . Following the American departure , Japan gained military protection from the United States . However , the United States was soon pressuring Japan to rebuild its military capabilities , and as a result , the Japan Self - Defense Forces were formed as a de facto military force with US assistance . However , following the Yoshida Doctrine , Japan continued to prioritize economic growth over defense spending , relying on American protection to ensure it could focus mainly on economic recovery . Through Guided Capitalism , Japan was able to optimally utilize its resources to economically recover from the war , and revive industry . Some 31,000 US military personnel remain in Japan today at the invitation of the Japanese government as the United States Forces Japan under the terms of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ( 1960 ) and not as an occupying force . US bases in and around Tokyo , Hiroshima , Nagasaki , Aomori , Sapporo , and Ishikari are currently active . Criticism ( edit ) On the day the occupation of Japan was over , the Asahi Shimbun published a very critical essay on the occupation , claiming it turned the Japanese population `` irresponsible , obsequious and listless ... unable to perceive issues in a forthright manner , which led to distorted perspectives '' . The purpose for delaying the return of the Japanese southern islands , the Bonin Islands including Chichi Jima , Okinawa , and the Volcano Islands including Iwo Jima to civil administration was the U.S. military 's requirement to covertly base U.S. atomic weapons or their components on the islands where the presence or expansion of U.S. bases remain a heated controversy to this day . Cultural reaction ( edit ) Nihonbashi , Tokyo , in 1946 Hirohito 's surrender broadcast was a profound shock to Japanese citizens . After years of being told about Japan 's military might and the inevitability of victory , these beliefs were proven false in the space of a few minutes . But for many people , these were only secondary concerns since they were also facing starvation and homelessness . Post-war Japan was chaotic . The air raids on Japan 's urban centers left millions displaced and food shortages , created by bad harvests and the demands of the war , worsened when the seizure of food from Korea , Taiwan , and China ceased . Repatriation of Japanese living in other parts of Asia and hundreds of thousands of demobilized prisoners of war only aggravated the problems in Japan as these people put more strain on already scarce resources . Over 5.1 million Japanese returned to Japan in the fifteen months following October 1 , 1945 , and another million returned in 1947 . Alcohol and drug abuse became major problems . Deep exhaustion , declining morale and despair were so widespread that it was termed the `` kyodatsu condition '' ( 虚脱 状態 , kyodatsujoutai , lit . `` state of lethargy '' ) . Inflation was rampant and many people turned to the black market for even the most basic goods . These black markets in turn were often places of turf wars between rival gangs , like the Shibuya incident in 1946 . Prostitution also increased considerably . In the 1950s , kasutori culture emerged . In response to the scarcity of the previous years , this sub-culture , named after the preferred drink of the artists and writers who imbibed it , emphasized escapism , entertainment and decadence . The phrase `` shikata ga nai '' , or `` nothing can be done about it , '' was commonly used in both Japanese and American press to encapsulate the Japanese public 's resignation to the harsh conditions endured while under occupation . However , not everyone reacted the same way to the hardships of the postwar period . While some succumbed to the difficulties , many more were resilient . As the country regained its footing , they were able to bounce back as well . Leftists looked upon the occupation forces as a `` liberation army '' . Japanese women ( edit ) It has been argued that the granting of rights to women played an important role in the radical shift Japan underwent from a war nation to a democratized and demilitarized country . In the first postwar general elections of 1946 , over a third of the votes were cast by women . This unexpectedly high female voter turnout led to the election of 39 female candidates , and the increasing presence of women in politics was perceived by Americans as evidence of an improvement of Japanese women 's condition . American feminists saw Japanese women as victims of feudalistic and chauvinistic traditions that had to be broken by the Occupation . American women assumed a central role in the reforms that affected the lives of Japanese women : they educated Japanese about Western ideals of democracy , and it was an American woman who wrote the Japanese Equal Rights Amendment for the new constitution . General Douglas MacArthur did not mean for Japanese women to give up their central role in the home as wives and mothers , but rather that they could now assume other roles simultaneously , such as that of worker . In 1953 , journalist Ichirō Narumigi commented that Japan had received `` liberation of sex '' along with the `` four presents '' that it had been granted by the occupation ( respect for human rights , gender equality , freedom of speech , and women 's enfranchisement ) . Indeed , the occupation also had a great impact on relationships between man and woman in Japan . The `` modern girl '' phenomenon of the 1920s and early 1930s had been characterized by greater sexual freedom , but despite this , sex was usually not perceived as a source of pleasure ( for women ) in Japan . Westerners , as a result , were thought to be promiscuous and sexually deviant . The sexual liberation of European and North American women during World War II was unthinkable in Japan , especially during wartime where rejection of Western ways of life was encouraged . The Japanese public was thus astounded by the sight of some 45,000 so - called `` pan pan girls '' ( prostitutes ) fraternizing with American soldiers during the occupation . In 1946 , the 200 wives of US officers landing in Japan to visit their husbands also had a similar impact when many of these reunited couples were seen walking hand in hand and kissing in public . Both prostitution and marks of affection had been hidden from the public until then , and this `` democratization of eroticism '' was a source of surprise , curiosity , and even envy . The occupation set new models for relationships between Japanese men and women : the western practice of `` dating '' spread , and activities such as dancing , movies and coffee were not limited to `` pan pan girls '' and American troops anymore , and became popular among young Japanese couples . See also ( edit ) Valery Burati Cold War 1945 in Japan Post-war Japan Japanese post-war economic miracle Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art . `` Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Japan , 1900 a.d. -- present '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Theodore Cohen , and Herbert Passin , Remaking Japan : The American Occupation as New Deal ( Free Press , 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Takemae , E. ( 2003 ) . The Allied Occupation of Japan . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780826415219 . 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Jump up ^ National Diet Library : Glossary and Abbreviations . Jump up ^ Memorandum by the Soviet Delegation to the Council of Foreign Ministers , Sept. 24 , 1945 Jump up ^ Douglas MacArthur , Reminiscences ( 1964 ) , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Klaus Schlichtmann , JAPAN IN THE WORLD . Shidehara Kijűrô , Pacifism and the Abolition of War , Lanham , Boulder , New York , Toronto etc. , 2 vols. , Lexington Books , 2009 . See also , by the same author , ' A Statesman for The Twenty - First Century ? The Life and Diplomacy of Shidehara Kijûrô ( 1872 -- 1951 ) ' , Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan , fourth series , vol. 10 ( 1995 ) , pp. 33 -- 67 Jump up ^ `` Japan 's About - Face ~ Introduction - Wide Angle - PBS '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Eiji Takemae ( 2003 ) . Allied Occupation of Japan . A&C Black . p. 241 . Jump up ^ Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin , Remaking Japan : The American Occupation as New Deal ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson , Partners for democracy : Crafting the new Japanese state under Macarthur ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) p 98 Jump up ^ `` 5 - 3 The Occupation and the Beginning of Reform - Modern Japan in archives '' . Modern Japan in Archives . National Diet Library . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary and Abbreviations '' . Birth of the Constitution of Japan . National Diet Library . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Takemae , Eiji. 2002 p. xli . Jump up ^ Schaller 1985 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Ness 1967 , p. 819 Jump up ^ Flores 1970 , p. 901 Jump up ^ Takemae , Eiji 2002 , p. xxxvii . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( 2013 ) . The World Transformed : 1945 to the Present . Oxford University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 9780199371020 . Jump up ^ Takemae , Eiji 2002 , p. xxxix . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Michael ( 2013 ) . The World Transformed : 1945 to the Present . Oxford University Press . pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( 2013 ) . The World Transformed : 1945 to the Present . Oxford University Press . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Asahi Shimbun Staff 1972 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Kimura , Shinichi , Unfair Labor Practices under the Trade Union Law of Japan Archived 2011 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training Trade Union Law Archived 2011 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training Labor Standards Act Archived 2011 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dower , John . ' Embracing Defeat . Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028551 - 2 . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` Beate Gordon , Long - Unsung Heroine of Japanese Women 's Rights , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Correction : January 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Beate Gordon , a drafter of Japan 's Constitution , dies at 89 '' . The Mainichi . Mainichi Japan . January 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Feminist secretly wrote part of Japan 's constitution '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` 5 - 3 The Occupation and the Beginning of Reform -- Modern Japan in archives '' . National Diet Library . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Bix 2001 , p. 585 Jump up ^ Bix 2001 , p. 583 Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Dower 1993 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Feifer , George , The Battle of Okinawa : the blood and the bomb , p. 373 . Jump up ^ Schrijvers , Peter , The GI war against Japan : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , pp. 130 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , pp. 579 . Jump up ^ Molasky , Michael . The American occupation of Japan and Okinawa : Literature and Memory , Routledge , 1999 , p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 19194 - 7 . Jump up ^ Svoboda , Terèse ( May 23 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. Courts - Martial in Occupation Japan : Rape , Race , and Censorship '' , The Asia - Pacific Journal , 21 - 1 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , pp. 412 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , pp. 211 . Jump up ^ Tanaka , Toshiyuki . Japan 's Comfort Women : Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II , Routledge , 2003 , p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 30275 - 3 . Jump up ^ Eiji Takemae , Robert Ricketts , Sebastian Swann , Inside GHQ : The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy . p. 67 . ( Google. books ) Jump up ^ David M. Rosenfeld , Dawn to the West , New York : Henry Holt , 1984 ) , p. 967 , quoting from Donald Keene in Unhappy Soldier : Hino Ashihei and Japanese World War II Literature , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick H. Gareau `` Morgenthau 's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany '' The Western Political Quarterly , Vol. 14 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1961 ) , pp. 531 . Jump up ^ ( Note : A footnote in Gareau also states : `` For a text of this decision , see Activities of the Far Eastern Commission . Report of the Secretary General , February , 1946 to July 10 , 1947 , Appendix 30 , p. 85 . '' ) Jump up ^ Tanaka 2002 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Lie 1997 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas D. ( October 27 , 1995 ) . `` Fearing G.I. Occupiers , Japan Urgesd Women Into Brothels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lori Watt ( 2010 ) . When Empire Comes Home : Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan . Harvard University Press . pp. 65 -- 72 . Jump up ^ `` History News Network - As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another '' . hnn.us . Jump up ^ Reports of General MacArthur / MacArthur in Japan : The Occupation : Military Phase . Center for Military History , United States Army . 1950 . pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Wood , James . `` The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan , 1945 -- 1952 '' ( PDF ) . Australian War Museum . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nisei Intelligence War Against Japan by Ted Tsukiyama '' . Japanese American Veterans Association . Jump up ^ James C. McNaughton . Nisei linguists : Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II . Government Printing Office . pp. 392 -- 442 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOTED NISEI VETERAN KAN TAGAMI PASSES . HELD UNPRECEDENTED ONE - ON - ONE PRIVATE MEETING WITH EMPEROR HIROHITO AT IMPERIAL PALACE . AKAKA PAYS HIGH TRIBUTE '' . Japanese American Veterans Association . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Diet Called Farce '' . The Tuscaloosa News . 5 October 1945 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese American Veterans Association '' . Military Intelligence Service Research Center . Jump up ^ `` Delayed Recognition in the CBI Theater : A Common Problem ? '' . Japanese American Veterans Association . Jump up ^ Thomas , Vladimir ( February 5 , 2017 ) . the world transformed 1945 to the present ( Second ed . ) . Micheal H. Hunt . pp. 88 , 89 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's ' long - awaited spring ' '' , Japan Times , April 28 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2003 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Dower 1999 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn ( 1992 ) . Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan . University of California Press . pp. 112 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Yoneyama , Lisa . `` Liberation under Siege : U.S. Military Occupation and Japanese Women 's Enfranchisement '' American Quarterly , Vol. 57 , No. 3 ( Sept. , 2005 ) , pp. 887 . Jump up ^ Koikari , Mire . `` Exporting Democracy ? American Women , ' Feminist Reforms , ' and Politics of Imperialism in the U.S. Occupation of Japan , 1945 -- 1952 , '' Frontier : A Journal of Women Studies , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( 2002 ) , pp. 29 . Jump up ^ Koikari 2002 , pp. 27 -- 30 Jump up ^ Koikari 2002 , p. 29 Jump up ^ McLelland , Mark . `` ' Kissing is a symbol of democracy ! ' Dating , Democracy , and Romance in Occupied Japan , 1945 -- 1952 '' Journal of the History of Sexuality , Vol. 19 , No. 3 ( Sept. , 2010 ) , pp. 517 . ^ Jump up to : McLelland 2010 , p. 518 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , pp. 511 -- 512 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , p. 514 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , p. 529 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , pp. 519 -- 520 Sources ( edit ) Asahi Shimbun Staff , The Pacific rivals ; a Japanese view of Japanese - American relations , New York : Weatherhill , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8348 - 0070 - 0 Bix , Herbert . Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan . New York : Harper Perennial , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093130 - 2 Cripps , D. `` Flags and Fanfares : The Hinomaru Flag and the Kimigayo Anthem '' . In Goodman , Roger & Ian Neary , Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan . London : Routledge , 1996 . pp. 76 -- 108 . ISBN 1 - 873410 - 35 - 2 . Dower , John W. ( 1993 ) , Japan in War and Peace , New York : The New Press , ISBN 1 - 56584 - 067 - 4 or ISBN 1 - 56584 - 279 - 0 Dower , John W. ( 1999 ) , Embracing Defeat : Japan in the Wake of World War II , Norton , ISBN 0 - 393 - 04686 - 9 Feifer , George ( 2001 ) . The Battle of Okinawa : the blood and the bomb . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . ISBN 9781585742158 . Flores , Edmundo . Issues of Land Reform . The Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 78 , No. 4 , Part 2 : Key Problems of Economic Policy in Latin America . ( Jul -- Aug. , 1970 ) , pp. 890 -- 905 . Goodman , Roger & Kirsten Refsing . Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan London : Routledge , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06102 - 4 Gordon , Andrew ( 2003 ) . A Modern History of Japan . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511060 - 9 . Guillain , Robert . I Saw Tokyo burning : An Eyewitness Narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima ( J. Murray , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 385 - 15701 - 0 Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01693 - 9 Hood , Christopher Philip ( 2001 ) . Japanese Education Reform : Nakasone 's Legacy . New York , NY : Routledge , Taylor and Francis Group . ISBN 041523283X OCLC 44885267 Kawai , Kazuo . `` American influence on Japanese thinking '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . Vol. 278 , 1951 : pp. 23 - 3 . Ness , Gayl D. Review of the book Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World . American Sociological Review ( 1967 ) , Volume 32 , Number 5 , pages 818 -- 820 . Schaller , Michael . The American Occupation of Japan : the Origins of the Cold War in Asia . New York , Oxford University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0195036263 OCLC 11971554 Schrijvers , Peter ( 2002 ) . The GI war against Japan : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II . New York , NY : New York University Press . ISBN 9780814798164 . Sugita , Yoneyuki . Pitfall or Panacea : The Irony of US Power in Occupied Japan , 1945 -- 1952 ( Rutledge , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94752 - 9 Takemae , Eiji trans . and adpt . by Robert Ricketts and Sebastian Swann . Inside GHQ : The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy . New York , Continuum , 2002 . ISBN 0826462472 OCLC 45583413 Weisman , Steven R. ( 1990 , April 29 ) . `` For Japanese , Flag and Anthem Sometimes Divide '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Aldous , Christopher , and Akihito Suzuki . Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan , 1945 -- 52 : Alien Prescriptions ? ( Routledge , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 14282 - 0 Caprio , Mark E. & Yoneyuki Sugita ( 2007 ) . Democracy in Occupied Japan : The U.S. Occupation and Japanese Politics and Society . Routledge . Hirano , Kyōko ( 1992 ) . Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo : The Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation , 1945 -- 1952 . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 157 - 1 . OCLC 25367560 . La Cerda , John . The Conqueror Comes to Tea : Japan under MacArthur . Rutgers University , 1946 . Mark Gayn ( Dec 15 , 1989 ) . Japan Diary . Tuttle Publishing . Richard B. Finn ( 1992 ) . Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan . University of California Press . pp. 112 -- 114 . Rinjirō Sodei ; John Junkerman ; Shizue Matsuda ( Jan 1 , 2006 ) . Dear General MacArthur : Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 31 -- 42 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Occupation of Japan . American Occupation of Japan , Voices of the Key Participants in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library J.C.S 1380 / 15 BASIC DIRECTIVE FOR POST-SURRENDER MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN JAPAN PROPER RELATIONS BETWEEN ALLIED FORCES AND THE POPULATION OF JAPAN The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq , by Ray Salvatore Jennings May 2003 , Peaceworks No. 49 , United States Institute of Peace ( The PDF report contains a chapter on the occupation policies . ) Memories of War : The Second World War and Japanese Historical Memory in Comparative Perspective A sweet memory : My first encounter of an American soldier Hirata Tetsuo and John W. Dower , `` Japan 's Red Purge : Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought '' Zaibatsu Dissolution , Reparations and Administrative Guidance . `` Four Jap Prisons Open Their Doors '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Oct 10 , 1945 . `` Nippon Communists March Through Allied - Ruled Tokyo , Ask Removal of Jap Emperor '' . The Bulletin . Oct 10 , 1945 . `` Japanese Wave Red Banners In Tokyo Parade '' . Ottawa Citizen. Oct 10 , 1945 . `` REMOVE HIROHITO IS CRY OF FREED JAP COMMUNISTS '' . Toronto Daily Star . October 10 , 1945 . `` JAPS . SAY SACK EMPEROR '' . Examiner. 12 October 1945 . `` AMAZED TOKIO PEOPLE SEE COMMUNIST MARCH '' . The Telegraph . 11 October 1945 . `` Communist Crowds Voice Imperial Rule Opposition ; Nippons Band To Assail Reds '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Oct 10 , 1945 . `` Anti-Russian Organization Rises In Japan ; Red Liaison Officer Says That American Occupation Too Soft '' . Times Daily . Oct 9 , 1945 . `` TOKYO COMMUNISTS , KOREANS SHOUT OPPOSITION TO HIROHITO '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle. Oct 10 , 1945 . `` CHANGES IN JAPAN '' . Kalgoorie Miner. Oct 12 , 1945 . `` Reds Stage Parade , Ask Hirohito Ouster '' . Lodi News - Sentinel. Oct 11 , 1945 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the us leave japan after wwii | [
"The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power.[1] The country became a parliamentary democracy that recalled \"New Deal\" priorities of the 1930s by Roosevelt.[2] The occupation, codenamed Operation Blacklist,[3] was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's sovereignty – with the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands – was fully restored.\n"
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-3219793331492412736 | Petrichor | Petrichor - wikipedia Petrichor Jump to : navigation , search `` Scent of rain '' redirects here . For the play , see Scent of Rain . For other uses , see Scent of Rain ( disambiguation ) . `` Smell of rain '' redirects here . For the album , see The Smell of Rain . For the song by Phish , see Big Boat . For the song by Paul Kelly , see Life Is Fine . Rainfall Petrichor ( / ˈpɛtrɪkɔːr / ) is the earthy scent produced when rain falls on dry soil . The word is constructed from Greek πέτρα petra , meaning `` stone '' , and ἰχώρ īchōr , the fluid that flows in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology . The term was coined in 1964 by two Australian CSIRO researchers , Isabel Joy Bear and Richard G. Thomas , for an article in the journal Nature . In the article , the authors describe how the smell derives from an oil exuded by certain plants during dry periods , whereupon it is absorbed by clay - based soils and rocks . During rain , the oil is released into the air along with another compound , geosmin , a metabolic by - product of certain actinobacteria , which is emitted by wet soil , producing the distinctive scent ; ozone may also be present if there is lightning . In a follow - up paper , Bear and Thomas ( 1965 ) showed that the oil retards seed germination and early plant growth . In 2015 , MIT scientists used high - speed cameras to record how the scent moves into the air . The tests involved approximately 600 experiments on 28 different surfaces , including engineered materials and soil samples . When a raindrop lands on a porous surface , air from the pores forms small bubbles , which float to the surface and release aerosols . Such aerosols carry the scent , as well as bacteria and viruses from the soil . Raindrops that move at a slower rate tend to produce more aerosols ; this serves as an explanation for why the petrichor is more common after light rains . Some scientists believe that humans appreciate the rain scent because ancestors may have relied on rainy weather for survival . See also ( edit ) Geosmin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bear , Isabel Joy ; Thomas , Richard G. ( March 1964 ) . `` Nature of argillaceous odour '' . Nature . 201 ( 4923 ) : 993 -- 995 . Bibcode : 1964Natur. 201 ... 993B . doi : 10.1038 / 201993a0 . Jump up ^ Garg , Anu ( 2007 ) . The Dord , the Diglot , and an Avocado Or Two : The Hidden Lives and Strange Origins of Words . Penguin . p. 399 . ISBN 9780452288614 . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Daisy ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Storm Scents : It 's True , You Can Smell Oncoming Summer Rain : Researchers have teased out the aromas associated with a rainstorm and deciphered the olfactory messages they convey '' . Scientific American . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bear , Isabel Joy ; Thomas , Richard G. ( September 1965 ) . `` Petrichor and plant growth '' . Nature . 207 ( 5005 ) : 1415 -- 1416 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 207.1415 B . doi : 10.1038 / 2071415a0 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper - White , Macrina ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Here 's Why Rain Has That Distinctive Smell '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Chu , Jennifer ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` Rainfall can release aerosols , study finds '' . MIT News . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Palermo , Elizabeth ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Why Does Rain Smell Good ? '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Look up petrichor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Petrichor -- at `` A Word a Day '' From the Oxford English Dictionary Hansen , Joe , Where does the smell of rain come from ? , It 's Okay To Be Smart , PBS Digital Studios The Straight Dope : What 's that smell right before it rains ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrichor&oldid=804012193 '' Categories : Olfaction Precipitation Soil Rain Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français گیلکی 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 03 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name for the smell of rain | [
"Petrichor (/ˈpɛtrɪkɔːr/) is the earthy scent produced when rain falls on dry soil. The word is constructed from Greek πέτρα petra, meaning \"stone\", and ἰχώρ īchōr, the fluid that flows in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology."
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-8048471325409000316 | Greater-than sign | Greater - than sign - wikipedia Greater - than sign Jump to : navigation , search For the use of the `` > '' sign as punctuation , see Bracket § Angle brackets . Greater - than sign The greater - than sign is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values . The widely adopted form of two equal - length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the right , > , has been found in documents dated as far back as the 1560s . In typical mathematical usage , the greater - than sign is typically placed between the two values being compared and signals that the first number is greater than the second number . Examples of typical usage include 11⁄2 > 1 and 1 > − 2 . Since the development of computer programming languages , the greater - than sign and the less - than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Computing 2.1 Angle brackets 2.2 Programming language 2.3 Double greater - than sign 2.4 Triple greater - than sign 2.5 Greater - than sign with equals sign 2.6 Hyphen - minus with greater - than sign 2.7 Shell scripts 2.8 Spaceship operator 2.9 HTML 2.10 E-mail and the Internet 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The symbols < and > first appear in Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas ( The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving Algebraic Equations ) by Thomas Harriot ( 1560 -- 1621 ) , which was published posthumously in 1631 . The text states : `` Signum majoritatis ut a > b significet a majorem quam b '' and `` Signum minoritatis ut a < b significet a minorem quam b . '' According to historian Art Johnson ( page 144 ) , while Harriot was surveying North America , he saw a Native American with a symbol that resembled the greater - than sign both backwards and forwards ( > and < ) . Johnson says it is likely he developed the two symbols from this symbol . Computing ( edit ) The greater - than sign ( > ) is an original ASCII character ( hex 3E , decimal 62 ) . The character in Unicode is U + 003E > GREATER - THAN SIGN ( HTML & # 62 ; > ; ) ; this is inherited from the same value in ASCII . Apart from this , Unicode also has the following variants : U + 232A 〉 RIGHT - POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ( HTML & # 9002 ; &rang ; ) Angle brackets ( edit ) The greater - than sign is used for an approximation of the closing angle bracket ( ⟩ ) . ASCII does not have angular brackets . Programming language ( edit ) BASIC and C - family languages , ( including Java and C++ ) use the operator > to mean `` greater than '' . In Lisp - family languages , > is a function used to mean `` greater than '' . In Coldfusion and Fortran , operator . GT . means `` greater than '' . Double greater - than sign ( edit ) The double greater - than sign ( > > ) is used for an approximation of the much greater than sign ( ≫ ) . ASCII does not have the much greater - than sign . The double greater - than sign ( > > ) is also used for an approximation of the closing guillemet ( '' ) . In Java , C , and C++ , the operator > > is the right - shift operator . In C++ it is also used to get input from a stream , similar to the C functions getchar and fgets . In Haskell , the > > function is a monadic operator . It is used for sequentially composing two actions , discarding any value produced by the first . In that regard , it is like the statement sequencing operator in imperative languages , such as the semicolon in C . Triple greater - than sign ( edit ) The triple greater - than sign ( > > > ) is the unsigned right shift operator in JavaScript , and is the default Python prompt of the interactive shell , often seen for code examples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter ~ : $ python Python 2.7. 5 ( default , Mar 9 2014 , 22 : 15 : 05 ) ( GCC 4.2. 1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 ( clang - 500.0. 68 ) ) on darwin Type `` help '' , `` copyright '' , `` credits '' or `` license '' for more information. > > > print ( `` Hello World '' ) Hello World > > > Greater - than sign with equals sign ( edit ) The greater - than sign plus the equals sign ( > = ) is used for an approximation of the greater than or equal to sign ( ≥ , the opposite of ≤ ) . ASCII does n't have a greater - than - or - equal - to sign . In BASIC , Lisp - family languages , and C - family languages ( including Java and C++ ) , operator > = means `` greater than or equal to '' . In Sinclair BASIC it is encoded as a single - byte code point token . In Fortran , operator . GE . means `` greater than or equal to '' . In Bourne shell and Windows PowerShell , the operator - ge means `` greater than or equal to '' . Hyphen - minus with greater - than sign ( edit ) In some programming languages ( for example F# ) , the greater - than sign is used in conjunction with a hyphen - minus to create an arrow ( - > ) . Arrows like these could also be used in text where other arrow symbols are unavailable . In the R programming language , this can be used as the right assignment operator . In the C , C++ , and C# programming languages , this is used as a member access operator . Shell scripts ( edit ) In Bourne shell ( and many other shells ) , greater - than sign is used to redirect output to a file . Greater - than plus ampersand ( > & ) is used to redirect to a file descriptor . Spaceship operator ( edit ) Greater - than sign is used in the spaceship operator . HTML ( edit ) In HTML ( and SGML and XML ) , the greater - than sign is used at the end of tags . The greater - than sign may be included with > ; , while &ge ; produces the greater - than or equal to sign . E-mail and the Internet ( edit ) The greater - than sign is used to denote quotations in the e-mail and newsgroup formats , and this has been taken into use also in forums . It is also used before a sentence for a sense of implication . ( > implying ) See also ( edit ) Inequality ( mathematics ) Less - than sign Relational operator Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode Much - greater - than sign Guillemet Material conditional References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Art . `` History of Mathematical Symbols . '' Classic Math : History Topics for the Classroom . Dale Seymour Publications , 1994 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater-than_sign&oldid=841359563 '' Categories : Typographical symbols Mathematical symbols Inequalities Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who invented the greater than and less than sign | [
"The symbols first appear in Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas (The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving Algebraic Equations) by Thomas Harriot (1560–1621), which was published posthumously in 1631. The text states: \"Signum majoritatis ut a > b significet a majorem quam b\" and \"Signum minoritatis ut a significet a minorem quam b.\""
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"Thomas Harriot"
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-8492379786294510488 | List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics | List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics - wikipedia List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all - time records . For a season - by - season statistical breakdown , see List of Arsenal F.C. seasons . Thierry Henry became Arsenal 's record goalscorer in October 2005 . Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Holloway , London . The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before being renamed as Royal Arsenal , and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893 . In 1914 , the club 's name was shortened to Arsenal F.C. after moving to Highbury a year earlier . After spending their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies , Arsenal became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893 . In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1919 , the club was voted to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . Since that time , they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight . The club remained in the Football League until 1992 , when its First Division was superseded as English football 's top level by the newly formed Premier League , of which they were an inaugural member . The list encompasses the honours won by Arsenal at national , regional , county and friendly level , records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section itemises the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Arsenal players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . Attendance records at Highbury , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's home ground since 2006 , and Wembley Stadium , their temporary home for UEFA Champions League games between 1998 and 1999 , are also included . Arsenal have won 13 top - flight titles , and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins , with 13 . The club 's record appearance maker is David O'Leary , who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993 . Thierry Henry is Arsenal 's record goalscorer , scoring 228 goals in total . All figures are correct as of the match played on 22 October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours and achievements 1.1 EFL and Premier League 1.2 The FA 1.3 UEFA 1.4 County FAs 1.4. 1 London FA 1.4. 2 Kent County FA 1.5 Other 1.5. 1 Wartime 1.5. 2 Mid-season 1.5. 3 Pre-season 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.1. 1 Most appearances 2.2 Goalscorers 2.2. 1 Top goalscorers 2.3 International 2.4 Transfers 2.4. 1 Record transfer fees paid 2.4. 2 Record transfer fees received 3 Managerial records 4 Club records 4.1 Matches 4.1. 1 Firsts 4.1. 2 Record wins 4.1. 3 Record defeats 4.1. 4 Record consecutive results 4.2 Goals 4.3 Points 4.4 Attendances 5 European statistics 6 Global records 7 Footnotes 8 References Honours and achievements ( edit ) After Arsenal completed the only 38 - match season unbeaten , the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement . Arsenal 's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890 . The Kent Junior Cup , won by Royal Arsenal 's reserves , was the club 's first trophy , while the first team 's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup . Their first national senior honour came in 1930 , when they won the FA Cup . The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s , winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles . Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970 -- 71 season and twice repeated the feat , in 1997 -- 98 and 2001 -- 02 , as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992 -- 93 . In 2003 -- 04 , Arsenal recorded an unbeaten top - flight league season , something achieved only once before by Preston North End in 1888 -- 89 , who only had to play 22 games . To mark the achievement , a special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . Their most recent success came in 2017 , when they became the most successful club in FA Cup history with 13 titles . English Champions and FA Cups Timeline view discuss edit 1880 -- -- 1890 -- -- 1900 -- -- 1910 -- -- 1920 -- -- 1930 -- -- 1940 -- -- 1950 -- -- 1960 -- -- 1970 -- -- 1980 -- -- 1990 -- -- 2000 -- -- 2010 -- -- Outside FL Second tier WWI WWII 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🏆 English League Champions 🥇 FA Cup Winners Arsenal 's honours and achievements include the following : EFL and Premier League ( edit ) First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Runners - up ( 9 ) : 1925 -- 26 , 1931 -- 32 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Second Division ( until 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1987 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 League Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 ( record ) The FA ( edit ) FA Cup Winners ( 13 ) : 1929 -- 30 , 1935 -- 36 , 1949 -- 50 , 1970 -- 71 , 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( record ) Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1951 -- 52 , 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 2000 -- 01 FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 15 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1935 , 1936 , 1979 , 1989 , 1993 , 2003 , 2005 UEFA ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( European Cup before 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2005 -- 06 UEFA Europa League ( UEFA Cup before 2009 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 -- 94 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1979 -- 80 , 1994 -- 95 UEFA Super Cup ( European Super Cup before 1995 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1994 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 -- 70 County FAs ( edit ) London FA ( edit ) London Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 -- 91 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 London Challenge Cup Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 -- 22 , 1923 -- 24 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1957 -- 58 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 ( record ) Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1914 -- 15 , 1925 -- 26 , 1936 -- 37 , 1960 -- 61 , 1965 -- 66 London Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Kent County FA ( edit ) Kent Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Other ( edit ) Wartime ( edit ) London Wartime League Winners ( 2 ) : 1941 -- 42 , 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) South Regional Wartime League A Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 40 Football League War Cup Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 Football League Southern War Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) Mid-season ( edit ) Zenith Data Systems British Championship Winners ( 2 ) : 1953 , 1989 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1933 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1931 , 1933 , 1965 , 1966 ( shared record ) Southern Professional Floodlit Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 -- 59 ( shared record ) Jean Bernard - Levy Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1954 ( record ) Will Mather Manor House Hospital Memorial Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1949 , 1950 Mayor of Colchester 's Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 Bath Coronation Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1937 Footballers ' Battalion Charity Fund Match Winners ( 1 ) : 1915 London Professional Footballers ' Association Charity Fund Match Winners ( 5 ) : 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1914 ( record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1909 , 1913 Southern Professional Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1905 -- 06 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 Pre-season ( edit ) Emirates Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 ( record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 FAW Toyota Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2017 Audi Football Summit Shanghai Winners ( 1 ) : 2017 Super Match Winners ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2012 MLS All - Star Game Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 Premier League Asia Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2015 New York Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 Saitama City Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Indonesia Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust Challenge Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 ( shared ) Malaysia Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2012 Markus Liebherr Memorial Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 Eusébio Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2011 Amsterdam Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Herbert Chapman Memorial Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Maurice Lacroix Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2002 Wembley International Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 1988 , 1989 , 1994 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 United Bank International Soccer Festival Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 Caltex Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 ( record ) Zenith Data Systems Challenge Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1989 Bielefeld Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1984 City of Edinburgh Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1941 Norfolk & Norwich Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1935 Northampton Hospital Charity Shield Winners ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1932 Southend Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1920 -- 21 , 1921 -- 22 Metropolitan Hospital Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1920 -- 21 Player records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. players Appearances ( edit ) Most league appearances : David O'Leary , 558 Most FA Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most League Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most European appearances : Thierry Henry , 86 Youngest first - team player : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 177 days ( against Rotherham United , League Cup third round , 28 October 2003 ) Oldest first - team player : Jock Rutherford , 41 years 159 days ( against Manchester City , First Division , 20 March 1926 ) Most consecutive appearances : Tom Parker , 172 ( from 3 April 1926 to 26 December 1929 ) Most separate spells with the club : Hugh McDonald , 3 ( 1905 -- 06 ; 1908 -- 10 and 1912 -- 13 ) Most appearances ( edit ) Competitive matches only , includes appearances as substitute . Numbers in brackets indicate goals scored . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total O'Leary , David David O'Leary 1975 -- 1993 558 ( 11 ) 70 ( 1 ) 70 ( 2 ) 21 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) 722 ( 14 ) Adams , Tony Tony Adams 1983 -- 2002 504 ( 32 ) 54 ( 8 ) 59 ( 5 ) 48 ( 3 ) 4 ( 0 ) 669 ( 48 ) Armstrong , George George Armstrong 1961 -- 1977 500 ( 53 ) 60 ( 10 ) 35 ( 3 ) 26 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 621 ( 68 ) Dixon , Lee Lee Dixon 1988 -- 2002 458 ( 25 ) 54 ( 1 ) 45 ( 0 ) 57 ( 2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 619 ( 28 ) 5 Winterburn , Nigel Nigel Winterburn 1987 -- 2000 440 ( 8 ) 47 ( 0 ) 49 ( 3 ) 43 ( 1 ) 5 ( 0 ) 584 ( 12 ) 6 Seaman , David David Seaman 1990 -- 2003 405 ( 0 ) 48 ( 0 ) 38 ( 0 ) 69 ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 ) 564 ( 0 ) 7 Rice , Pat Pat Rice 1964 -- 1980 397 ( 12 ) 67 ( 1 ) 36 ( 0 ) 27 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 528 ( 13 ) 8 Storey , Peter Peter Storey 1965 -- 1977 391 ( 9 ) 51 ( 4 ) 37 ( 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 501 ( 17 ) 9 Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 379 ( 111 ) 44 ( 15 ) 34 ( 12 ) 24 ( 11 ) 0 ( 0 ) 481 ( 149 ) 10 Simpson , Peter Peter Simpson 1964 -- 1978 370 ( 10 ) 53 ( 1 ) 33 ( 3 ) 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 477 ( 15 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . Goalscorers ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Ted Drake , 44 goals ( in the 1934 -- 35 season ) Most league goals in a season : Ted Drake , 42 goals in the First Division , 1934 -- 35 Most goals in a 38 - game league season : Thierry Henry , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ) , Robin van Persie , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2011 -- 12 ) Most goals in a match : Ted Drake , 7 goals ( against Aston Villa , First Division , 14 December 1935 ) Youngest goalscorer : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 212 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , League Cup fourth round , 2 December 2003 ) Youngest hat - trick scorer : John Radford , 17 years , 315 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , First Division , 2 January 1965 ) Oldest goalscorer : Jock Rutherford , 39 years , 352 days ( against Sheffield United , First Division , 20 September 1924 ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Thierry Henry is the all - time top goalscorer for Arsenal . He passed Ian Wright 's eight - year record after scoring twice in a European tie against Sparta Prague in October 2005 . Henry was Arsenal 's leading goalscorer for seven consecutive seasons , from 1999 -- 2000 to 2005 -- 06 . Competitive matches only . Numbers in brackets indicate appearances made . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 2012 175 ( 258 ) 08 ( 26 ) 02 0 ( 3 ) 42 ( 86 ) 1 ( 4 ) 228 ( 377 ) Wright , Ian Ian Wright 1991 -- 1998 128 ( 221 ) 12 ( 16 ) 29 ( 29 ) 15 ( 21 ) 1 ( 1 ) 185 ( 288 ) Bastin , Cliff Cliff Bastin 1929 -- 1947 150 ( 350 ) 26 ( 42 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 4 ) 178 ( 396 ) Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 111 ( 379 ) 15 ( 44 ) 12 ( 34 ) 11 ( 24 ) 0 ( 0 ) 149 ( 481 ) 5 Brain , Jimmy Jimmy Brain 1923 -- 1931 125 ( 204 ) 14 ( 27 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 1 ) 139 ( 232 ) Drake , Ted Ted Drake 1934 -- 1945 124 ( 168 ) 12 ( 14 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 139 ( 184 ) 7 Lishman , Doug Doug Lishman 1948 -- 1956 125 ( 226 ) 10 ( 17 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 137 ( 244 ) 8 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie 2004 -- 2012 096 ( 193 ) 10 ( 17 ) 06 ( 12 ) 20 ( 53 ) 0 ( 2 ) 132 ( 278 ) 9 Hulme , Joe Joe Hulme 1926 -- 1938 107 ( 333 ) 17 ( 39 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 125 ( 374 ) 10 Jack , David David Jack 1928 -- 1934 113 ( 181 ) 10 ( 25 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 124 ( 208 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . International ( edit ) Caesar Jenkyns was the first Arsenal player to receive an international cap . This section refers only to caps won while an Arsenal player . First capped player : Caesar Jenkyns , for Wales against Scotland on 21 March 1896 First capped player for England : Jimmy Ashcroft , against Ireland on 17 February 1906 Most capped player : Thierry Henry with 81 caps Most capped player for England : Kenny Sansom with 77 caps First players to play in the World Cup finals : Dave Bowen and Jack Kelsey , for Wales against Hungary on 8 June 1958 First players to play in a World Cup for England : Graham Rix and Kenny Sansom against France on 16 June 1982 Most players from one club in an England starting line - up : 7 , against Italy -- the so - called `` Battle of Highbury '' on 14 November 1934 First player to play in a World Cup final : Emmanuel Petit for France against Brazil on 12 July 1998 First players to win a World Cup winners ' medal : Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( 1998 FIFA World Cup ) First players to play in a European Championship final : Thierry Henry and Patrick Vieira for France against Italy on 2 July 2000 First players to win a European Championship winners ' medal : Thierry Henry , Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( UEFA Euro 2000 ) First player to win a Copa América winners ' medal : Alexis Sánchez ( 2015 Copa América ) At 17 years and 75 days , Theo Walcott became the youngest player to earn an England cap , against Hungary on 30 May 2006 . Transfers ( edit ) For consistency , fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from the London Evening Standard 's contemporary reports of each transfer . Where the report mentions an initial fee potentially rising to a higher figure depending on contractual clauses being satisfied in the future , only the initial fee is listed in the tables . Record transfer fees paid ( edit ) Alexandre Lacazette , the club 's record signing # Fee Paid to For Date Notes Ref £ 45m Olympique Lyonnais Alexandre Lacazette 5 July 2017 A further £ 7m in add - ons . £ 38.2 m Real Madrid Mesut Özil 2 September 2013 A further £ 4.3 m in add - ons . £ 35m Valencia CF Shkodran Mustafi 30 August 2016 £ 33.8 m Borussia Mönchengladbach Granit Xhaka 25 May 2016 5 £ 31.7 m Barcelona Alexis Sánchez 10 July 2014 Record transfer fees received ( edit ) # Fee Received from For Date Notes Ref £ 40m Liverpool Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 31 August 2017 £ 29.8 m Barcelona Cesc Fàbregas 15 August 2011 A further £ 5.3 m in add - ons . £ 25m Barcelona Marc Overmars 28 July 2000 £ 25m Manchester City Emmanuel Adebayor 19 July 2009 5 £ 24m Manchester City Samir Nasri 24 August 2011 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. managers First full - time manager : Thomas Mitchell managed Arsenal from March 1897 to 1898 . Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger -- 7003771400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 44 days ( 1 October 1996 to present ) Shortest tenure as manager : Pat Rice -- 2 weeks , 3 days ( 13 September 1996 to 30 September 1996 ) Highest win percentage : Arsène Wenger , 57.65 % Lowest win percentage : Steve Burtenshaw , 27.27 % Club records ( edit ) Matches ( edit ) Firsts ( edit ) First match : Eastern Wanderers 0 -- 6 Royal Arsenal , friendly , 11 December 1886 First FA Cup match : Royal Arsenal 11 -- 0 Lyndhurst , first qualifying round , 5 October 1889 First Football League match : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 2 Newcastle United , Second Division , 2 September 1893 First match at Highbury : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 1 Leicester Fosse , Second Division , 6 September 1913 First League Cup match : Arsenal 1 -- 1 Gillingham , second round , 13 September 1966 First European match : Stævnet ( Copenhagen XI ) 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round , 25 September 1963 First home match at Wembley Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Panathinaikos , UEFA Champions League group stage , 30 September 1998 First match at the Emirates Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Ajax , testimonial match for Dennis Bergkamp , 22 July 2006 Record wins ( edit ) Record league win : 12 -- 0 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 March 1900 Record FA Cup win : 12 -- 0 against Ashford United , first qualifying round , 14 October 1893 Record League Cup win : 7 -- 0 against Leeds United , second round , 4 September 1979 Record European win : 7 -- 0 against Standard Liège , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup second round , 3 November 1993 7 -- 0 against Slavia Prague , UEFA Champions League group stage , 23 October 2007 Record defeats ( edit ) Record league defeat : 0 -- 8 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 December 1896 Record FA Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Sunderland , first round , 21 January 1893 0 -- 6 against Derby County , first round , 28 January 1899 0 -- 6 against West Ham United , third round , 5 January 1946 Record League Cup defeat : 0 -- 5 against Chelsea , fourth round , 11 November 1998 Record European defeat : 0 -- 4 against Milan , UEFA Champions League round of 16 , 15 February 2012 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League group stage , 4 November 2015 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 15 February 2017 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 7 March 2017 Record consecutive results ( edit ) Arsenal hold several English football records , including the longest unbeaten sequence in the top flight , with 49 . In the 2001 -- 02 season , en route to winning the title , the club had won their remaining 13 matches . A 2 -- 0 win against Birmingham City in the first match of the following season meant Arsenal broke the national record for the most consecutive league wins in the top division . Arsenal scored in all 55 league matches from between 19 May 2001 to 30 November 2002 and also hold the longest unbeaten away sequence in league football with 27 , from 5 April 2003 to 25 September 2004 . Record consecutive wins : 14 , from 12 September 1987 to 11 November 1987 Record consecutive league wins : 14 , from 10 February 2002 to 18 August 2002 Record consecutive wins coming from behind : 4 , from 11 February 2012 to 12 March 2012 Record consecutive defeats : 8 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive league defeats : 7 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive draws : 6 , from 3 March 1961 to 1 April 1961 Record consecutive matches without a defeat : 28 , from 9 April 2007 to 24 November 2007 Record consecutive league matches without a defeat : 49 , from 7 May 2003 to 16 October 2004 Record consecutive matches without a win : 19 , from 28 September 1912 to 15 January 1913 Record consecutive league matches without a win : 23 , from 28 September 1912 to 1 March 1913 Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 127 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Fewest league goals scored in a season : 26 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Most league goals conceded in a season : 86 in 42 matches , First Division , 1926 -- 27 and 1927 -- 28 Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 17 in 38 matches , Premier League , 1998 -- 99 Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Three points for a win : 90 in 38 matches , Premier League , 2003 -- 04 Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 18 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Three points for a win : 51 in 42 matches , Premier League , 1994 -- 95 Attendances ( edit ) This section applies to attendances at Highbury , where Arsenal played their home matches from 1913 to 2006 , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's present home , and Wembley Stadium , which acted as Arsenal 's home in the UEFA Champions League during the 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2000 seasons . Arsenal 's attendance figures since the move to the Emirates Stadium have been measured by tickets sold . Highest attendance at Highbury : 73,295 , against Sunderland , First Division , 9 March 1935 Lowest attendance at Highbury : 4,554 , against Leeds United , First Division , 5 May 1966 Highest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 60,161 , against Manchester United , Premier League , 3 November 2007 Lowest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 46,539 , against Shrewsbury Town , League Cup third round , 20 September 2011 Highest attendance Wembley Stadium : 73,707 , against Lens , UEFA Champions League group stage , 25 November 1998 Lowest attendance at Wembley Stadium : 71,227 , against AIK , UEFA Champions League group stage , 22 September 1999 On 17 January 1948 , a league - record attendance of 83,260 watched Manchester United play Arsenal at Maine Road . All of the top three attendances in league football occurred at Arsenal games . European Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Arsenal F.C. in European football Arsenal have won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 . They also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final in 2006 . Despite having never won the UEFA Champions League , Arsenal have set numerous records in the competition . Between 1998 -- 99 and the current season , 2016 -- 17 , they participated in nineteen successive seasons , a record only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to Arsenal 's first UEFA Champions League final and the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Arsenal were also the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Borussia Dortmund away from home , and both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 86 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Global records ( edit ) In August 1928 , Arsenal , alongside Chelsea , made history by becoming the first football clubs to wear numbered shirts . A year earlier the first ever live radio commentary of a football match took place , between Arsenal and Sheffield United . Arsenal played in the first match broadcast live on television , against their reserve counterparts in 1937 and have since participated in the world 's first live 3D and interactive football matches , both with Manchester United . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a record of all matches participated in by Arsenal , see the AISA Arsenal History Society 's line - ups database . For corroboration , multiple other sources exist . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , UEFA took over the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1971 and reformed it into the UEFA Cup ( now UEFA Europa League ) . As the official precursor to the UEFA Europa League , it is included here under UEFA . Jump up ^ The Sheriff of London Charity Shield was replaced by the FA Charity Shield ( now FA Community Shield ) in 1908 . Although it is the official precursor to the FA Community Shield , it is not included here under The Football Association because Arsenal only won the fundraising matches that followed the Sheriff of London Charity Shield 's 1931 revival . Jump up ^ Laurie Scott and George Eastham were called up to England squads ( 1950 , and 1962 and 1966 , respectively ) , but did not play . Jump up ^ George Eastham was retrospectively awarded a medal for being a non-playing member of England 's 1966 World Cup - winning side . Jump up ^ Unusually , Arsenal were forced to play two matches on the same day on 12 December 1896 ; while the first team took on Loughborough in the League , the reserves played Leyton in the FA Cup . The irony is that the reserves won handsomely , 5 -- 0 , whilst the seniors suffered Arsenal 's record league defeat . Additionally , Arsenal lost 0 -- 9 to Chelsea in a wartime London Combination match on 21 April 1916 , but this is not counted as an official first - class match . References ( edit ) General Harris , Jeff & Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Arsenal Who 's Who . London : Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Joy , Bernard ( 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! . London : GCR Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9559211 - 1 - 2 . McColl , Brian ( 2014 ) . A Record of British Wartime Football . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 84089 - 3 . Peters , Paul ( 2014 ) . Arsenal : The England Story . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 77255 - 3 . Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 2011 ) . Arsenal 125 : The Official Illustrated History 1886 -- 2011 . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 35871 - 2 . Specific Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2011 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ; Heneghan , Michael ; Orford , Stuart ; Culliton , Eoin ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888 -- 2016 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , Jason ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` Premier League football at 20 : 1992 , the start of a whole new ball game '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` 122 years ago today -- Arsenal 's first Silverware '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy . `` Arsenal first team line ups '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GGM 36 : Arsenal win their first major trophy '' . Arsenal F.C. 8 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1931 -- 1935 '' . Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1936 -- 1940 '' . Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double top Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2002 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal make history '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Special trophy for Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United broadcast live in 3D on Sky Sports '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ( hide ) Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Under - 23s / Academy Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery The Gooner Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arsenal_F.C._records_and_statistics&oldid=807652569 '' Categories : English football club statistics History of Arsenal F.C. Arsenal F.C. - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Македонски Polski Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 09 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has scored the most goals for arsenal | [
"Arsenal have won 13 top-flight titles, and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins, with 13. The club's record appearance maker is David O'Leary, who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993. Thierry Henry is Arsenal's record goalscorer, scoring 228 goals in total."
] | [
"Thierry Henry"
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-235590181457297957 | Fruit of the Loom | Fruit of the Loom - wikipedia Fruit of the Loom Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fruit of the Loom , Inc . Industry Retail Founded 1851 ; 166 years ago ( 1851 ) Warwick , Rhode Island , United States Founder Robert Knight Headquarters Bowling Green , Kentucky , United States Area served Worldwide Products Clothing , Underwear Parent Berkshire Hathaway ( since 2002 ) Subsidiaries Russell Brands Website www.fruit.com Fruit of the Loom is an American company that manufactures clothing , particularly underwear . The company 's world headquarters is in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Since 2002 it has been a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Company profile 2 History 3 References 4 External links Company profile ( edit ) Fruit of the Loom headquarters building in Bowling Green , Kentucky Fruit of the Loom is one of the largest manufacturers and marketers of men 's and boys ' underwear , women 's and girls ' underwear , printable T - shirts and fleece for the activewear industry , casualwear , women 's jeanswear and childrenswear . The company employs more than 32,400 people worldwide . Fruit of the Loom also controls another long - known underwear brand , B.V.D. ( Bradley , Voorhees , and Day ) . Other brands also manufactured and sold by the company are Funpals / FunGals , Screen Stars and Underoos . Brands once owned or marketed by Fruit of the Loom include Gitano , Munsingwear , Salem Sportswear , and Pro Player , which once had the naming rights to what is now Hard Rock Stadium ( originally Joe Robbie Stadium ) in Miami Gardens , Florida from 1996 to 2005 , despite bankruptcy by the parent company in 1999 . Hanes and Jockey are the main competitors of Fruit of the Loom . The company 's familiar logo comprising a red apple , leaves , green grapes , currants , and purple grapes forms a widely recognizable trademark . The company is a vertically integrated manufacturer . In TV commercials for the brand , actors play the roles of only four of the logo 's parts : the apple , green grapes , purple grapes , and leaves . The role of `` Apple '' is played by Rad Daly , and the `` Leaf '' was at one time played by Academy Award - winning actor F. Murray Abraham , and has been played by Gene Steichen since the Fruit Guys were re-introduced to the public in 2001 . `` Green Grapes '' is played by Richard Steven Horvitz . `` Purple Grapes '' is played by Wayne Wilderson . Robert Knight , founder of Fruit of the Loom Fruit of the Loom acquired Russell . Brands includes Russell Athletic , Brooks Running and Spalding among other names in athletic wear . History ( edit ) 1921 newspaper ad for Fruit of the Loom muslin fabric The Fruit of the Loom brand dates back to 1851 in Rhode Island when Robert Knight , a textile mill owner , visited his friend , Rufus Skeel . Skeel owned a small shop in Providence that sold cloth from Knight 's mill . Skeel 's daughter painted images of apples and applied them to the bolts of cloth . The ones with the apple emblems proved most popular . Mr. Knight thought the labels would be the perfect symbol for his trade name , Fruit of the Loom -- an expression referring to clothes , paralleling the phrase `` fruit of the womb '' meaning `` children '' , which can be traced back to use in the Bible ( Psalm 127 : 3 ) . In 1871 , just one year after the first trademark laws were passed by Congress , Knight received trademark number 418 for the brand `` Fruit of the Loom '' . Much of its athletic outerwear was sold under the `` Pro Player '' label , a now defunct division . The company was part of Northwest Industries , Inc. , until NWI was purchased by William F. Farley in 1985 and renamed Farley Industries , Inc . Farley served as president , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , and majority shareholder for 15 years . Fruit of the Loom 's sales revenue rose from approximately $500 million at the time of NWI 's purchase to roughly $2.5 billion nearly 15 years later . Debt financing , once seen as brilliant , proved difficult to manage even as sales revenue quintupled . On March 23 , 1987 , it sold its subsidiary General Battery to Exide Corporation . Fruit of the Loom filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1999 shortly after posting a net loss of $576.2 million . Its 66 million shares of outstanding common stock dropped in value from about $44 per share in early 1997 to just more than $1 by spring 2000 . Reasons for the bankruptcy are varied . A large debt load which was assumed in the 1980s , a common practice at the time , did not help . William F. Farley , the company 's former chairman , CEO , and chief operating officer ( COO ) , was forced out prior to bankruptcy in late 1999 , after having piloted the company into massive debt and unproductive business ventures , including structuring the company into an off - shore entity in the Cayman Islands to avoid taxes . The company was bought from bankruptcy by Berkshire Hathaway Corporation , controlled by investor Warren Buffett , who wanted the valuable brand . He agreed in January 2002 to purchase the company for approximately $835 million in cash . The deal was concluded on April 29 , 2002 . A condition of the purchase required that former COO and then interim CEO John Holland remain available to be the CEO for the company . The company purchased Russell Corporation , effectively taking the former competitor private , in a deal valued at $598.3 million that was completed August 1 , 2006 . The company announced the purchase of VF Corporation 's intimate apparel company named Vanity Fair Intimates for $350 million in cash on January 23 , 2007 . In 2010 , Rick Medlin was named president and CEO of Fruit of the Loom . Longtime CEO John Holland became the company 's chairman . In 2014 , the company closed its Jamestown ( Kentucky ) plant , which had once been the second manufacturing plant in the state , and laid off all 600 employees . The company said it was moving the plant 's operations to Honduras to reduce production costs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Loom '' . fotlinc.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why Fruit Of The Loom Is Designing More Than Just Undies '' . Fast Co Design . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northwest Industries Inc . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago , 2005 Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ company - news - fruit - of - the - loom. html Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Loom Files for Chapter 11 '' . Los Angeles Times . December 30 , 1999 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Chairman 's letter '' . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire agrees to buy Russell for $598.3 M in cash '' . MarketWatch. April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VF Corp. sells intimate apparel unit to Fruit of the Loom '' . MarketWatch . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . This company was renamed Vanity Fair Brands and is operated as a wholly owned subsidiary . Jump up ^ Maze , Brent ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` New CEO to lead Fruit The Alexander City Outlook '' . AlexCityOutlook.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estep , Bill ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jobs gone , Fruit of the Loom 's unpaid property tax bill remains in Russell County '' . Lexington Herald Leader . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beam , Adam ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Fruit of the Loom to close U.S. plant , move jobs to Honduras '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Associated Press . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Kentucky portal Companies portal Fashion portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fruit of the Loom . Fruit of the Loom underwear The Fruit of the Loom Guys Creator Farley looks for Congressional help November 1 , 1999 . Berkshire Hathaway Announcement of Fruit of the Loom Acquisition April 30 , 2002 . Buffett 's Berkshire to buy Russell April 17 , 2006 . Berkshire Hathaway Board of directors Warren Buffett ( Chairman and CEO ) Charlie Munger Howard Graham Buffett Susan Decker Bill Gates David Gottesman Charlotte Guyman Donald Keough Thomas Murphy Ronald Olson Walter Scott Jr . 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DKNY Dolce & Gabbana Emporio Armani Fruit of the Loom Hanes Hugo Boss Jockey International Joe Boxer Mundo Unico Munsingwear Pringle John Smedley 's Stanfield 's Under Armour XTG Extreme Game Bowling Green , Kentucky Subject areas Attractions Economy Education Geography History Media Parks People Sports Transportation Attractions Beech Bend Park Capitol Arts Center Greenwood Mall The Historic Railpark and Train Museum Houchens Industries -- L.T. Smith Stadium Lost River Cave National Corvette Homecoming National Corvette Museum Riverview at Hobson Grove Industry Bowling Green Assembly Plant Camping World Fruit of the Loom Holley Performance Products Houchens Industries Jr . Food Stores Minit Mart Foods Inc . Education Greenwood High School GEO International High School Lighthouse Academy High School South Warren High School Southcentral Kentucky Community and Technical College Warren Central High School Western Kentucky University Sports Bowling Green Ballpark Bowling Green Hot Rods E.A. Diddle Arena Nick Denes Field WKU Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers Newspapers The Daily News Park City Daily News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fruit_of_the_Loom&oldid=798237342 '' Categories : Berkshire Hathaway Lingerie brands Underwear brands Bowling Green , Kentucky Companies based in Kentucky Companies established in 1851 1851 establishments in Rhode Island Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 18 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the name fruit of the loom come from | [
"The Fruit of the Loom brand dates back to 1851 in Rhode Island[1][2] when Robert Knight, a textile mill owner, visited his friend, Rufus Skeel. Skeel owned a small shop in Providence that sold cloth from Knight's mill. Skeel's daughter painted images of apples and applied them to the bolts of cloth. The ones with the apple emblems proved most popular. Mr. Knight thought the labels would be the perfect symbol for his trade name, Fruit of the Loom – an expression referring to clothes, paralleling the phrase \"fruit of the womb\" meaning \"children\", which can be traced back to use in the Bible (Psalm 127:3)."
] | [
"Fruit of the Loom – an expression referring to clothes, paralleling the phrase \"fruit of the womb\" meaning \"children\", which can be traced back to use in the Bible (Psalm 127:3)"
] |
-6939341671823159062 | Tornado records | Tornado records - wikipedia Tornado records Jump to : navigation , search A map of the tornado paths in the 1974 Super Outbreak This article lists various tornado records . The most `` extreme '' tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado , which spread through parts of Missouri , Illinois , and Indiana on March 18 , 1925 . It is considered an F5 , though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era . It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles ( 352 km ) , longest duration at about 31⁄2 hours , and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph ( 117 km / h ) anywhere on Earth . In addition , it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities . It was also the third - costliest tornado in history at the time , but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized . When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation , it still ranks third today . The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur -- Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26 , 1989 , which killed approximately 1,300 people . In its history Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes kill more than 100 people , almost half of the total for the rest of the world . For 37 years , the most extensive tornado outbreak on record , in almost every category , was the 1974 Super Outbreak , which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and April 4 , 1974 . Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours , but an unprecedented number of them were violent ; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4 . During the peak of this outbreak there were 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time . More than 300 people , possibly as many as 330 , were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak . However , this record was later broken during the 2011 Super Outbreak , which resulted in 362 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tornado outbreaks 1.1 Most tornadoes in single 24 - hour period 1.2 Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak 1.3 Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane 2 Tornado casualties and damage 2.1 Deadliest single tornado in world history 2.2 Deadliest single tornado in US history 2.3 Most damaging tornado 3 Largest and most powerful tornadoes 3.1 Highest winds observed in a tornado 3.2 Longest damage path and duration 3.3 Longest path and duration tornado family 3.4 Largest path width 3.5 Highest forward speed 3.6 Greatest pressure drop 4 Early tornadoes 4.1 Earliest - known tornado in Europe 4.2 Earliest - known tornado in the Americas 4.3 First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present - day United States 5 Exceptional tornado droughts 5.1 Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5 6 Exceptional survivors 6.1 Longest distance carried by a tornado 7 Exceptional coincidences 7.1 Codell , Kansas 7.2 Tanner / Harvest , Alabama 7.3 Moore , Oklahoma 7.4 Jackson , Tennessee 7.5 Grand Island , Nebraska 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Tornado outbreaks ( edit ) Most tornadoes in single 24 - hour period ( edit ) The 2011 Super Outbreak was the most prolific tornado outbreak in USA history . It produced 362 tornadoes , with 218 of those in a single 24 - hour period on April 27 , including 11 EF4 and 4 EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak , of which 324 were tornado related . The outbreak helped smash the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 772 tornadoes , almost triple the prior record ( 267 in April 1974 ) . The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003 , which was also broken . The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3 -- 4 , 1974 , which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America , held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak for many years . Not only did it produce an exceptional number of tornadoes , but it was also an inordinately intense outbreak producing dozens of large , long - track tornadoes , including 7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes . More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other week in the tornado record . Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting , the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable . Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak ( edit ) Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring , but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall which is less consistent but can include exceptionally large and / or intense outbreaks . In 1992 , an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23 . This is also among the largest - known outbreaks in areal expanse . Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn , especially in October and November . Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane ( edit ) The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 118 from Hurricane Ivan in 2004 . Caution is advised comparing the raw number of counted tornadoes from recent decades to decades prior to the 1990s since more tornadoes that occur are now recorded than in the past . Tornado casualties and damage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths . 10 deadliest Canadian tornadoes Rank Location Date Deaths = 5 = 5 7 = 8 = 8 = 10 = 10 Regina , Saskatchewan Edmonton , Alberta Windsor -- Tecumseh , Ontario Pine Lake , Alberta Salaberry - de-Valleyfield , Quebec Windsor , Ontario Barrie , Ontario Sudbury , Ontario Sainte - Rose , Quebec Bouctouche , New Brunswick Portage la Prairie , Manitoba June 30 , 1912 July 31 , 1987 June 17 , 1946 July 14 , 2000 August 16 , 1888 April 3 , 1974 May 31 , 1985 August 20 , 1970 June 8 , 1953 August 6 , 1879 June 22 , 1922 ≥ 28 27 17 12 9 9 8 6 6 5 5 Source : Environment Canada ( PDF ) 10 deadliest American tornadoes Rank Name ( location ) Date Deaths 5 6 7 8 9 10 `` Tri-State '' ( Missouri , Illinois and Indiana ) Natchez , Mississippi St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois Tupelo , Mississippi Gainesville , Georgia Woodward , Oklahoma Joplin , Missouri Amite , Louisiana and Purvis , Mississippi New Richmond , Wisconsin Flint , Michigan March 18 , 1925 May 7 , 1840 May 27 , 1896 April 5 , 1936 April 6 , 1936 April 9 , 1947 May 22 , 2011 April 24 , 1908 June 12 , 1899 June 8 , 1953 695 317 255 216 203 181 158 143 117 116 Source : Storm Prediction Center 25 deadliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Name ( location ) Date Deaths 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - - - 13 14 15 16 17 - - - 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 `` Tri-State '' ( Missouri , Illinois and Indiana ) Natchez , Mississippi St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois Tupelo , Mississippi Gainesville , Georgia Woodward , Oklahoma Joplin , Missouri Amite , Louisiana and Purvis , Mississippi New Richmond , Wisconsin Flint , Michigan Waco , Texas Goliad , Texas Omaha , Nebraska Mattoon , Illinois Shinnston , West Virginia Marshfield , Missouri Gainesville and Holland , Georgia Poplar Bluff , Missouri Snyder , Oklahoma Worcester , Massachusetts Camanche , Iowa Natchez , Mississippi Starkville , Mississippi and Waco , Alabama Lorain and Sandusky , Ohio Udall , Kansas March 18 , 1925 May 6 , 1840 May 27 , 1896 April 5 , 1936 April 6 , 1936 April 9 , 1947 May 22 , 2011 April 24 , 1908 June 12 , 1899 June 8 , 1953 May 11 , 1953 May 18 , 1902 March 23 , 1913 May 26 , 1917 June 23 , 1944 April 18 , 1880 June 1 , 1903 May 9 , 1927 May 10 , 1905 June 9 , 1953 June 3 , 1860 April 24 , 1908 April 20 , 1920 June 28 , 1924 May 25 , 1955 695 317 255 216 203 181 158 143 117 116 114 114 103 101 100 99 98 98 97 94 92 91 88 85 80 Sources : Storm Prediction Center : The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes , SPC Annual U.S. Killer Tornado Statistics , Tornado Project 10 costliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Area affected Date Damage Adjusted Damage 5 6 7 8 9 10 Joplin , Missouri Tuscaloosa , Alabama Moore , Oklahoma Oklahoma City Metro , Oklahoma Hackleburg , Alabama Wichita Falls , Texas Omaha , Nebraska Washington , Illinois Lubbock , Texas Topeka , Kansas May 22 , 2011 April 27 , 2011 May 20 , 2013 May 3 , 1999 April 27 , 2011 April 10 , 1979 May 6 , 1975 November 17 , 2013 May 11 , 1970 June 8 , 1966 2800 2450 2000 1000 1290 400 250 935 250 250 3046 2665 2101 1468 1403 1348 1136 982 851 753 Source : Brooks , Harold E. ; C.A. Doswell ( Feb 2001 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 16 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 76 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0168 : NDFMTI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . 1 . These are the unadjusted damage totals in millions of US dollars . 2 . Raw damage totals adjusted for inflation , in millions of 2017 USD . 3 . A search of NCDC Storm Data indicates no tornadoes between 1999 and 2010 have caused more than $400 million in damage . Deadliest tornadoes by state State Location Date Deaths Alabama Many towns April 27 , 2011 72 Arizona San Xavier Mission Indian Village August 27 , 1964 Arkansas Fort Smith Warren January 11 , 1898 January 3 , 1949 55 Colorado Thurman August 10 , 1924 10 Connecticut Wallingford August 9 , 1878 34 Delaware Hartly July 21 , 1983 Florida Kissimmee February 22 , 1998 25 Georgia Gainesville April 6 , 1936 203 Idaho Ruebens June 7 , 1936 Illinois Many towns March 18 , 1925 613 Indiana Many towns March 18 , 1925 71 Iowa Dewitt / Camanche June 3 , 1860 92 Kansas Udall May 25 , 1955 82 Kentucky Louisville March 27 , 1890 76 Louisiana Gilliam May 13 , 1908 49 Maine Caribou August 11 , 1954 1 * Maryland La Plata November 9 , 1926 16 Massachusetts Worcester June 9 , 1953 94 Michigan Flint June 8 , 1953 115 Minnesota St. Cloud / Sauk Rapids April 14 , 1886 72 Mississippi Natchez May 7 , 1840 317 Missouri Joplin May 22 , 2011 158 Montana Reserve July 26 , 2010 2 * Nebraska Omaha March 23 , 1913 101 New Hampshire Corydon September 9 , 1821 6 New Jersey New Brunswick June 19 , 1835 5 New Mexico Clovis March 23 , 2007 2 * New York Smithfield July 8 , 2014 North Carolina Philadelphia February 19 , 1884 23 North Dakota Fargo June 20 , 1957 10 Ohio Lorain / Sandusky June 28 , 1924 85 Oklahoma Woodward April 9 , 1947 113 Oregon Long Creek June 3 , 1894 3 * Pennsylvania Many towns June 23 , 1944 26 South Carolina Aiken / Timmonsville April 30 , 1924 53 South Dakota Wilmot June 17 , 1944 8 Tennessee Henderson March 21 , 1952 38 Texas Goliad Waco May 18 , 1902 May 11 , 1953 114 Utah Salt Lake City August 11 , 1999 1 * Virginia Scott County May 2 , 1929 13 Washington Vancouver April 5 , 1972 6 West Virginia Many towns June 23 , 1944 100 Wisconsin New Richmond June 12 , 1899 117 Wyoming Wright August 12 , 2005 2 * Source : Tornado Project * Most recent tornado with this number of deaths . Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Rhode Island and Vermont are excluded from this list because they have no recorded tornadic deaths . Deadliest single tornado in world history ( edit ) On April 26 , 1989 in Bangladesh a massive tornado took at least 1,300 lives . Deadliest single tornado in US history ( edit ) The Tri-State Tornado of March 18 , 1925 killed 695 people in Missouri ( 11 ) , Illinois ( 613 ) , and Indiana ( 71 ) . The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak , with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley . Most damaging tornado ( edit ) Similar to fatalities , damage ( and observations ) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas . That is , destructive tornadoes are in a sense `` accidents '' of a large tornado striking a large population . In addition to population and changes thereof , comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation . The 1896 St. Louis -- East St. Louis tornado on May 27 , incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation , at an estimated $2.9 billion ( 1997 USD ) . In raw numbers , the Joplin tornado of May 22 , 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history , with damage totals near $2.8 billion ( 2011 USD ) . Until 2011 , the `` Bridge Creek - Moore tornado '' of May 3 , 1999 was the most damaging . Largest and most powerful tornadoes ( edit ) Highest winds observed in a tornado ( edit ) During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek -- Moore tornado on May 3 , 1999 in the southern Oklahoma City metro area , a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 302 ± 20 mph ( 486 ± 32 km / h ) momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100 m ( 330 ft ) above ground level . These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth . On May 31 , 2013 , a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno , Oklahoma . The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage ; however , after mobile radar data analysis was conducted , it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296 mph ( 476 km / h ) , second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado . Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 mph ( 486 km / h ) well above ground level and ≥ 291 mph ( 468 km / h ) below 10 m ( 33 ft ) with some subvortices moving at 175 mph ( 282 km / h ) . These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3 , 1999 . Despite the recorded windspeed , the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found , likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City . Winds were measured at 257 -- 268 mph ( 414 -- 431 km / h ) using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock , Oklahoma tornado during the April 26 , 1991 tornado outbreak in north - central Oklahoma . Though these winds are possibly indicative of an F5 strength tornado , this particular tornado 's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage . Thus it was rated an F4 . Longest damage path and duration ( edit ) The longest - known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado with a path length of 151 to 235 mi ( 243 to 378 km ) . For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of 219 mi ( 352 km ) over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series . Some very long track ( VLT ) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm , which are known as a tornado family . The Tri-State Tornado , however , appeared to have no gaps in the damage . A six - year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family . It also found that the tornado began 15 mi ( 24 km ) to the west and ended 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) farther east than previously known , bringing the total path to 235 mi ( 378 km ) . The 174 mi ( 280 km ) segment from central Madison County , Missouri to Pike County , Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the 151 mi ( 243 km ) segment from central Bollinger County , Missouri to western Pike County , Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado . Another significant tornado was found about 65 mi ( 105 km ) east - northeast of the end of aforementioned segment ( s ) of the Tri-State Tornado Family and is likely another member of the family . Its path length of 20 mi ( 32 km ) over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320 mi ( 510 km ) over about 51⁄2 hours . Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60 mi ( 97 km ) of the ( originally recognized ) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157 mi ( 253 km ) was seemingly continuous . Longest path and duration tornado family ( edit ) What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family , with a track of at least 293 miles ( 472 km ) on May 26 , 1917 from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana . It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon , Illinois . What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles ( 1,270 km ) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12 , 2006 as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence . It began in Noble County , Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County , Michigan , producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois . Largest path width ( edit ) Officially , the widest tornado on record is the El Reno , Oklahoma tornado of May 31 , 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) at its peak . This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaxPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph ( 476 km / h ) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5 . However , it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures , and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage . However , another possible contender for the widest tornado as measured by radar was the F4 Mulhall tornado in north - central Oklahoma which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak . The diameter of the maximum winds ( over 110 mph ( 49 m / s ) ) was over 5,200 feet ( 1,600 m ) as measured by a DOW radar . Although the tornado passed largely over rural terrain , the width of the wind swath capable of producing damage was as wide as 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) . The F4 Hallam , Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22 , 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado , surveyed at 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) wide . A similar size tornado struck Edmonson , Texas on May 31 , 1968 , when a damage path width between 2 to 3 miles ( 3.2 to 4.8 km ) was recorded from an F3 tornado . Highest forward speed ( edit ) Seventy - three miles per hour ( 117 km / h ) from the Tri-State Tornado ( other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed , but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado ) . Greatest pressure drop ( edit ) A pressure deficit of 100 millibars ( 2.95 inHg ) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester , South Dakota on June 24 , 2003 passed directly over an in - situ probe that storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras deployed . In less than a minute , the pressure dropped to 850 millibars ( 25.10 inHg ) , which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth 's surface when adjusted to sea level . On April 21 , 2007 , a 194 - millibar ( 5.73 inHg ) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia , Texas . The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia . The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations . There is a questionable and unofficial citizen 's barometer measurement of a 192 - millibar ( 5.67 inHg ) drop around Minneapolis in 1904 . Early tornadoes ( edit ) Earliest - known tornado in Europe ( edit ) The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Rosdalla , near Kilbeggan , Ireland on April 30 , 1054 . The earliest - known British tornado hit central London on October 23 , 1091 and was especially destructive . Earliest - known tornado in the Americas ( edit ) An apparent tornado is recorded to have struck Tlatelolco ( present day Mexico City ) , on August 21 , 1521 , two days before the Aztec capital 's fall to Cortés . Many other tornadoes are documented historically within the Basin of Mexico . First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present - day United States ( edit ) August 1671 - Rehoboth , Massachusetts July 8 , 1680 - Cambridge , Massachusetts - 1 dead Exceptional tornado droughts ( edit ) Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5 ( edit ) Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4 , 2007 , it had been 8 years and one day since the US had a confirmed F5 or EF5 tornado . The last confirmed F5 or EF5 had hit southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities during the May 3 , 1999 event . This is the longest interval without an F5 or EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950 . Exceptional survivors ( edit ) Longest distance carried by a tornado ( edit ) Matt Suter of Fordland , Missouri holds the record for the longest - known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado who lived to tell about it . On March 12 , 2006 he was carried 1,307 feet ( 398 m ) , 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) shy of one - quarter mile ( 400 m ) , according to National Weather Service measurements . Exceptional coincidences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Codell , Kansas ( edit ) The small town of Codell , Kansas , was hit by a tornado on the same date ( May 20 ) three consecutive years : 1916 , 1917 , and 1918 . The U.S. has about 100,000 thunderstorms a year ; less than one percent produce a tornado . The odds of this coincidence occurring again is extremely small . Tanner / Harvest , Alabama ( edit ) Tanner , a small town in northern Alabama , was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3 , 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 ( however , the rating is disputed and it may have been high - end F4 ) , demolishing what remained of the town . Thirty - seven years later , on April 27 , 2011 ( the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974 ) , Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama tornado , which produced high - end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town . The suburban community of Harvest , Alabama , just to the northeast , also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes , and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012 . Moore , Oklahoma ( edit ) The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore , Oklahoma was hit by tornadoes in 1973 , 1999 , 2003 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 , five of which were of F4 / EF4 strength or greater , although it was determined that the tornado in 2003 caused no F4 damage within Moore itself , but in areas to its northeast . The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5 , respectively . In total , about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890 , the most recent of which was an EF2 on March 25 , 2015 . Jackson , Tennessee ( edit ) The city of Jackson , Tennessee has been hit by an F4 / EF4 tornado three separate times , in 1999 , 2003 , and 2008 . Interestingly , all three of these tornadoes occurred after dark and were preceded or followed by a separate F3 / EF3 tornado that caused additional destruction in the Jackson area . Grand Island , Nebraska ( edit ) Grand Island , Nebraska was hit by seven tornadoes in 4 hours . See also ( edit ) Weather records List of tropical cyclone extremes Tornado myths List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of tornado - related deaths at schools List of tornadoes by calendar day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas P. ( July 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes 1680 -- 1991 : A Chronology and Analysis of Events . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Harold E. ; Doswell , Charles A III ( September 2000 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Paul , Bhuiyan ( 2004 ) . `` The April 2004 Tornado in North - Central Bangladesh : A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoxit , Lee R ; Chappell , Charles F ( October 1975 ) . `` Tornado Outbreak of April 3 -- 4 , 1974 ; Synoptic Analysis '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` April 2011 tornado information '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Russell ; H.E. Brooks ; J.T. Schaefer ( October 2004 ) . `` Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences : historic events and climatology ( 1875 - 2003 ) '' . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , MA : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ Edwards , Roger ( 2012 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes : A Review of Knowledge in Research and Prediction '' ( PDF ) . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 7 ( 6 ) : 3 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Tom ( 2000 ) . `` Tornadoes in Bangladesh '' . Worldwide Tornadoes . The Tornado Project . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tornado Facts for Kids - Tornado Information for Students and Kids Jump up ^ Tri-State Tornado information , facts and history . Jump up ^ Brooks , Harold E. ; Charles A. Doswell III ( February 2001 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 16 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 176 . Bibcode : 2001WtFor ... 16 ... 168B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0168 : NDFMTI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Joshua ( 2007 ) . `` Doppler On Wheels '' . Center for Severe Weather Research . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Jeff ; Bluestein , H.B. ( 2014 ) . `` Some Considerations for the Use of High - Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination '' . Weather Forecast . Bibcode : 2014WtFor ... 29 ... 799S . doi : 10.1175 / WAF - D - 14 - 00026.1 . Jump up ^ By , Forecast . `` Capital Weather Gang '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Wright , Celine ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Discovery Channel to air special for fallen ' Storm Chasers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Howard B. ; J.G. Ladue ; H. Stein ; D. Speheger ; W.P. Unruh ( August 1993 ) . `` Doppler Radar Wind Spectra of Supercell Tornadoes '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 121 ( 8 ) : 2200 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1993MWRv ... 121.2200 B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1993 ) 121 < 2200 : DRWSOS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Johns , Robert H. ; D.W. Burgess ; C.A. Doswell III ; M.S. Gilmore ; J.A. Hart ; S.F. Piltz ( 2013 ) . `` The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System '' . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3258 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Jason T. ( August 2007 ) . `` A detailed analysis of an extremely long - tracked supercell '' . Preprints of the 33rd Conference on Radar Meteorology . Cairns , Australia : American Meteorological Society and Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre . Jump up ^ `` Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding - May 31 , 2013 '' . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Event Details '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Joshua ; C. Alexander ; P. Robinson ; Y. Richardson ( January 2007 ) . `` Low - Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas '' . Bull . Am. Meteorol . Soc. 88 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 46 . Bibcode : 2007BAMS ... 88 ... 31W . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 88 - 1 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lee , Wen - Chau ; J. Wurman ( 2005 ) . `` Diagnosed Three - Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999 '' . J. Atmos . Sci. 62 ( 7 ) : 2379 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2005JAtS ... 62.2373 L . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3489. 1 . Jump up ^ `` May 1968 Storm Data '' . National Climatic Data Center . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Julian J. ; T.P. Samaras ; C.R. Young ( October 2004 ) . `` Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F - 4 tornado '' . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , Massachusetts : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Sea Level Air Pressure ( excluding tornadoes ) '' . World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive . Arizona State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cerveny , Randall S. ; J. Lawrimore ; R. Edwards ; C. Landsea ( 2007 ) . `` Extreme Weather Records : Compilation , Adjudication , and Publication '' . Bull . Am. Meteorol . Soc. 88 ( 6 ) : 853 -- 60 . Bibcode : 2007BAMS ... 88 ... 853C . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 88 - 6 - 853 . Jump up ^ Blair , Scott F. ; D.R. Deroche ; A.E. Pietrycha ( 2008 ) . `` In Situ Observations of the 21 April 2007 Tulia , Texas Tornado '' . Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 3 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , W. - C. ; J. Wurman ( Jul 2005 ) . `` The diagnosed structure of the Mulhall tornado '' . J. Atmos . Sci. 62 ( 7 ) : 2373 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2005JAtS ... 62.2373 L . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3489. 1 . Jump up ^ Samaras , Tim M. ( October 2004 ) . `` A historical perspective of In - Situ observations within Tornado Cores '' . Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , MA : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ British & European Tornado Extremes Jump up ^ Fuentes , Oscar Velasco ( November 2010 ) . `` The Earliest Documented Tornado in the Americas : Tlatelolco , August 1521 '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 91 ( 11 ) : 1515 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2010BAMS ... 91.1515 F . doi : 10.1175 / 2010BAMS2874. 1 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3258 - 2 . Jump up ^ Erck , Amy ( December 26 , 2005 ) . `` Answers archive : Tornado history , climatology '' . USA Today Weather . USA Today . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Baker , Tim . `` Tornado History '' . tornadochaser.net . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mo . Teen Survives Tornado , Confronts Media Storm '' . USA Today . March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HE SURVIVED A RIDE IN A TORNADO ! Archived 2012 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Climatology '' . A SEVERE WEATHER PRIMER : Questions and Answers about TORNADOES . Jump up ^ Fun Tornado Facts - Interesting and Fun Tornado Facts Jump up ^ `` Moore , Oklahoma Tornadoes ( 1890 - Present ) '' . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) More on tornadoes : Records , the Fujita scale , and our observations by Chuck Doswell Tornado Records from the Global Weather & Climate Extremes ( World Meteorological Organization ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tornado_records&oldid=822325619 '' Categories : Tornado Tornadoes Tornado - related lists Lists of weather records Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the deadliest tornado in the united states | [
"This article lists various tornado records. The most \"extreme\" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5, though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era. It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km), longest duration at about 3½ hours, and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph (117 km/h) anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities.[1] It was also the third-costliest tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.[2]"
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"the Tri-State Tornado"
] |
-1149934264024978565 | French colonization of the Americas | French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , rice sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan ) in Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short - lived French colony , the first in Acadia , on Saint Croix Island , presently part of the state of Maine , which was much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal , located in present - day Nova Scotia . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( Relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/ Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=815852354 '' Categories : French colonization of the Americas Former French colonies French colonial empire France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who founded the first french colony in north america | [
"In 1534, Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River. He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula. The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed, due to weather, disease, or conflict with other European powers. Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap-Rouge (Quebec City) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area. A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island, South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort, but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France. Fort Caroline established in present-day Jacksonville, Florida, in 1564, lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine. An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time. In 1599, a sixteen-person trading post was established in Tadoussac (in present-day Quebec), of which only five men survived the first winter. In 1604[2] Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short-lived French colony, the first in Acadia, on Saint Croix Island, presently part of the state of Maine, which was much plagued by illness, perhaps scurvy. The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal, located in present-day Nova Scotia."
] | [
"Jacques Cartier"
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7954263438595763674 | Alternative dispute resolution | Alternative dispute resolution - wikipedia Alternative dispute resolution This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alternative dispute resolution Arbitration Conciliation Mediation Negotiation Collaborative law Conflict resolution Dispute resolution Lawyer - supported mediation Party - directed mediation Restorative justice Alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ; known in some countries , such as India , as external dispute resolution ) includes dispute resolution processes and techniques that act as a means for disagreeing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation . It is a collective term for the ways that parties can settle disputes , with the help of a third party . Despite historic resistance to ADR by many popular parties and their advocates , ADR has gained widespread acceptance among both the general public and the legal profession in recent years . In fact , some courts now require some parties to resort to ADR of some type , usually mediation , before permitting the parties ' cases to be tried ( indeed the European Mediation Directive ( 2008 ) expressly contemplates so - called `` compulsory '' mediation ; this means that attendance is compulsory , not that settlement must be reached through mediation ) . Additionally , parties to merger and acquisition transactions are increasingly turning to ADR to resolve post-acquisition disputes . The rising popularity of ADR can be explained by the increasing caseload of traditional courts , the perception that ADR imposes fewer costs than litigation , a preference for confidentiality , and the desire of some parties to have greater control over the selection of the individual or individuals who will decide their dispute . Some of the senior judiciary in certain jurisdictions ( of which England and Wales is one ) are strongly in favour of this ( ADR ) use of mediation to settle disputes . Contents 1 Salient features 1.1 Benefits and disadvantages 1.2 Modern era 2 Country - specific examples 2.1 Roman Empire 2.2 Iceland 2.3 India 2.3. 1 Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996 2.3. 1.1 Arbitration 2.3. 1.2 Conciliation 2.3. 2 Lok Adalat 2.3. 2.1 Permanent Lok Adalat for public utility services 2.4 Pakistan 2.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.6 United Kingdom 2.7 U.S. Navy 3 Additional resources 3.1 Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution 3.2 Cornell University 's Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution 3.3 Fordham Law School 's Dispute Resolution Program 3.4 Harvard Program on Negotiation 3.5 Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution 3.6 CUNY Dispute Resolution Consortium 3.7 CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution 3.8 ICAR 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Salient features ( edit ) Alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ) is generally classified into at least four types : negotiation , mediation , collaborative law , and arbitration . Sometimes , conciliation is included as a fifth category , but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation . ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions , such as the UK . ADR traditions vary somewhat by country and culture . There are significant common elements which justify a main topic , and each country or region 's difference should be delegated to sub-pages . ADR is of two historic types . First , methods for resolving disputes outside of the official judicial mechanisms . Second , informal methods attached to or pendant to official judicial mechanisms . There are in addition free - standing and or independent methods , such as mediation programs and ombuds offices within organizations . The methods are similar , whether or not they are pendant , and generally use similar tool or skill sets , which are basically sub-sets of the skills of negotiation . ADR includes informal tribunals , informal mediative processes , formal tribunals and formal mediative processes . The classic formal tribunal forms of ADR are arbitration ( both binding and advisory or non-binding ) and private judges ( either sitting alone , on panels or over summary jury trials ) . The classic formal mediative process is referral for mediation before a court - appointed mediator or mediation panel . Structured transformative mediation as used by the U.S. Postal Service is a formal process . Classic informal methods include social processes , referrals to non-formal authorities ( such as a respected member of a trade or social group ) and intercession . The major differences between formal and informal processes are ( a ) pendency to a court procedure and ( b ) the possession or lack of a formal structure for the application of the procedure . For example , freeform negotiation is merely the use of the tools without any process . Negotiation within a labor arbitration setting is the use of the tools within a highly formalized and controlled setting . Calling upon an organizational ombudsman 's office is never , by itself , a formal procedure . ( Calling upon an organizational ombudsman is always voluntary ; by the International Ombudsman Association Standards of Practice , no one can be compelled to use an ombuds office . ) Organizational ombuds offices refer people to all conflict management options in the organization : formal and informal , rights - based and interest - based . But , in addition , in part because they have no decision - making authority , ombuds offices can , themselves , offer a wide spectrum of informal options . This spectrum is often overlooked in contemporary discussions of `` ADR '' . `` ADR '' often refers to external conflict management options that are important , but used only occasionally . An organizational ombuds office typically offers many internal options that are used in hundreds of cases a year . These options include : delivering respect , for example , affirming the feelings of a visitor , while staying explicitly neutral on the facts of a case , active listening , serving as a sounding board , providing and explaining information , one - on - one , for example , about policies and rules , and about the context of a concern , receiving vital information , one - on - one , for example , from those reporting unacceptable or illegal behavior , reframing issues , helping to develop and evaluate new options for the issues at hand , offering the option of referrals to other resources , to `` key people '' in the relevant department , and to managers and compliance offices , helping people help themselves to use a direct approach , for example , helping people collect and analyze their own information , helping people to draft a letter about their issues , coaching and role - playing , offering shuttle diplomacy , for example , helping employees and managers to think through proposals that may resolve a dispute , facilitating discussions , offering mediation inside the organization , `` looking into '' a problem informally , facilitating a generic approach to an individual problem , for example instigating or offering training on a given issue , finding ways to promulgate an existing policy , identifying and communicating throughout the organization about `` new issues '' , identifying and communicating about patterns of issues , working for systems change , for example , suggesting new policies , or procedures , following up with a visitor , following up on a system change recommendation . ( See Rowe , Mary , Informality -- The Fourth Standard of Practice , in JIOA , vol 5 , no 1 , ( 2012 ) pp 8 -- 17 . ) Informal referral to a co-worker known to help people work out issues is an informal procedure . Co-worker interventions are usually informal . Conceptualizing ADR in this way makes it easy to avoid confusing tools and methods ( does negotiation once a lawsuit is filed cease to be ADR ? If it is a tool , then the question is the wrong question ) ( is mediation ADR unless a court orders it ? If you look at court orders and similar things as formalism , then the answer is clear : court annexed mediation is merely a formal ADR process ) . Dividing lines in ADR processes are often provider driven rather than consumer driven . Educated consumers will often choose to use many different options depending on the needs and circumstances that they face . Finally , it is important to realize that conflict resolution is one major goal of all the ADR processes . If a process leads to resolution , it is a dispute resolution process . The salient features of each type are as follows : In negotiation , participation is voluntary and there is no third party who facilitates the resolution process or imposes a resolution . ( NB -- a third party like a chaplain or organizational ombudsperson or social worker or a skilled friend may be coaching one or both of the parties behind the scene , a process called `` Helping People Help Themselves '' -- see Helping People Help Themselves , in Negotiation Journal July 1990 , pp. 239 -- 248 , which includes a section on helping someone draft a letter to someone who is perceived to have wronged them . ) In mediation , there is a third party , a mediator , who facilitates the resolution process ( and may even suggest a resolution , typically known as a `` mediator 's proposal '' ) , but does not impose a resolution on the parties . In some countries ( for example , the United Kingdom ) , ADR is synonymous with what is generally referred to as mediation in other countries . In collaborative law or collaborative divorce , each party has an attorney who facilitates the resolution process within specifically contracted terms . The parties reach agreement with support of the attorneys ( who are trained in the process ) and mutually agreed experts . No one imposes a resolution on the parties . However , the process is a formalized process that is part of the litigation and court system . Rather than being an Alternative Resolution methodology it is a litigation variant that happens to rely on ADR like attitudes and processes . In arbitration , participation is typically voluntary , and there is a third party who , as a private judge , imposes a resolution . Arbitrations often occur because parties to contracts agree that any future dispute concerning the agreement will be resolved by arbitration . This is known as a ' Scott Avery Clause ' . In recent years , the enforceability of arbitration clauses , particularly in the context of consumer agreements ( e.g. , credit card agreements ) , has drawn scrutiny from courts . Although parties may appeal arbitration outcomes to courts , such appeals face an exacting standard of review . Beyond the basic types of alternative dispute resolutions there are other different forms of ADR : Case evaluation : a non-binding process in which parties present the facts and the issues to a neutral case evaluator who advises the parties on the strengths and weaknesses of their respective positions , and assesses how the dispute is likely to be decided by a jury or other adjudicator . Early neutral evaluation : a process that takes place soon after a case has been filed in court . The case is referred to an expert who is asked to provide a balanced and neutral evaluation of the dispute . The evaluation of the expert can assist the parties in assessing their case and may influence them towards a settlement . Family group conference : a meeting between members of a family and members of their extended related group . At this meeting ( or often a series of meetings ) the family becomes involved in learning skills for interaction and in making a plan to stop the abuse or other ill - treatment between its members . Neutral fact - finding : a process where a neutral third party , selected either by the disputing parties or by the court , investigates an issue and reports or testifies in court . The neutral fact - finding process is particularly useful for resolving complex scientific and factual disputes . Ombuds : third party selected by an institution -- for example a university , hospital , corporation or government agency -- to deal with complaints by employees , clients or constituents . An organizational ombudsman works within the institution to look into complaints independently and impartially . `` Alternative '' dispute resolution is usually considered to be alternative to litigation . It also can be used as a colloquialism for allowing a dispute to drop or as an alternative to violence . In recent years there has been more discussion about taking a systems approach in order to offer different kinds of options to people who are in conflict , and to foster `` appropriate '' dispute resolution . That is , some cases and some complaints in fact ought to go to formal grievance or to court or to the police or to a compliance officer or to a government IG . Other conflicts could be settled by the parties if they had enough support and coaching , and yet other cases need mediation or arbitration . Thus `` alternative '' dispute resolution usually means a method that is not the courts . `` Appropriate '' dispute resolution considers all the possible responsible options for conflict resolution that are relevant for a given issue . ADR can increasingly be conducted online , which is known as online dispute resolution ( ODR , which is mostly a buzzword and an attempt to create a distinctive product ) . It should be noted , however , that ODR services can be provided by government entities , and as such may form part of the litigation process . Moreover , they can be provided on a global scale , where no effective domestic remedies are available to disputing parties , as in the case of the UDRP and domain name disputes . In this respect , ODR might not satisfy the `` alternative '' element of ADR . Benefits and disadvantages ( edit ) ADR has several advantages over litigation : Suitable for multi-party disputes Lower costs Likelihood and speed of settlements Flexibility of process Parties ' control of process Parties ' choice of forum Practical solutions Wider range of issues can be considered Shared future interests may be protected Confidentiality Risk management However , ADR less suitable than litigation when there is : A need for precedent A need for court orders A need for interim orders A need for evidential rules A need for enforcement Power imbalance between parties Quasi-criminal allegations Complexity in the case Modern era ( edit ) Traditional people 's mediation has always involved the parties remaining in contact for most or all of the mediation session . The innovation of separating the parties after ( or sometimes before ) a joint session and conducting the rest of the process without the parties in the same area was a major innovation and one that dramatically improved mediation 's success rate . Traditional arbitration involved heads of trade guilds or other dominant authorities settling disputes . The modern innovation was to have commercial vendors of arbitrators , often ones with little or no social or political dominance over the parties . The advantage was that such persons are much more readily available . The disadvantage is that it does not involve the community of the parties . When wool contract arbitration was conducted by senior guild officials , the arbitrator combined a seasoned expert on the subject matter with a socially dominant individual whose patronage , good will and opinion were important . Private judges and summary jury trials are cost - and time - saving processes that have had limited penetration due to the alternatives becoming more robust and accepted . Country - specific examples ( edit ) Somalia -- -- - Somalia has cultural and historic mediation and justice system known as ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution which is informal justice system . is a kind of justice system which the arbiter makes to listen both side of dispute and them concludes the solution and both side will accept that decision of the mediator person . Ahmed Mohamed Abdullahi . Roman Empire ( edit ) Latin has a number of terms for mediator that predate the Roman Empire . Any time there are formal adjudicative processes it appears that there are informal ones as well . It is probably fruitless to attempt to determine which group had mediation first . Iceland ( edit ) Njáls saga is an Icelandic story of a mediator who was so successful that he eventually threatened the local power structure . It ends in tragedy with the unlawful burning of Njal alive in his home , the escape of a friend of the family , a mini-war and the eventual ending of the dispute by the intermarriage of the two strongest survivors . It illustrates that mediation was a powerful process in Iceland . India ( edit ) Alternative dispute resolution in India is not new and it was in existence even under the previous Arbitration Act , 1940 . The Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996 has been enacted to accommodate the harmonisation mandates of UNCITRAL Model . To streamline the Indian legal system the traditional civil law known as Code of Civil Procedure , ( CPC ) 1908 has also been amended and section 89 has been introduced . Section 89 ( 1 ) of CPC provides an option for the settlement of disputes outside the court . It provides that where it appears to the court that there exist elements , which may be acceptable to the parties , the court may formulate the terms of a possible settlement and refer the same for arbitration , conciliation , mediation or judicial settlement . Due to extremely slow judicial process , there has been a big thrust on Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms in India . While Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996 is a fairly standard western approach towards ADR , the Lok Adalat system constituted under National Legal Services Authority Act , 1987 is a uniquely Indian approach . A study on commercial dispute resolution in south India has been done by a think tank organization based in Kochi , Centre for Public Policy Research . The study reveals that the Court - annexed Mediation Centre in Bangalore has a success rate of 64 % , and its counterpart in Kerala has an average success rate of 27.7 % . Further , amongst the three southern states ( Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , and Kerala ) , Tamil Nadu is said to have the highest adoption of dispute resolution , Kerala the least . Arbitration and conciliation Act , 1996 ( edit ) Part I of this act formalizes the process of Arbitration and Part III formalizes the process of Conciliation . ( Part II is about Enforcement of Foreign Awards under New York and Geneva Conventions . ) Arbitration ( edit ) The process of arbitration can start only if there exists a valid Arbitration Agreement between the parties prior to the emergence of the dispute . As per Section 7 , such an agreement must be in writing . The contract regarding which the dispute exists , must either contain an arbitration clause or must refer to a separate document signed by the parties containing the arbitration agreement . The existence of an arbitration agreement can also be inferred by written correspondence such as letters , telex , or telegrams which provide a record of the agreement . An exchange of statement of claim and defense in which existence of an arbitration agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by other is also considered as valid written arbitration agreement . Any party to the dispute can start the process of appointing arbitrator and if the other party does not cooperate , the party can approach the office of Chief Justice for appointment of an arbitrator . There are only two grounds upon which a party can challenge the appointment of an arbitrator -- reasonable doubt in the impartiality of the arbitrator and the lack of proper qualification of the arbitrator as required by the arbitration agreement . A sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators so appointed constitute the Arbitration Tribunal . Except for some interim measures , there is very little scope for judicial intervention in the arbitration process . The arbitration tribunal has jurisdiction over its own jurisdiction . Thus , if a party wants to challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal , it can do so only before the tribunal itself . If the tribunal rejects the request , there is little the party can do except to approach a court after the tribunal makes an award . Section 34 provides certain grounds upon which a party can appeal to the principal civil court of original jurisdiction for setting aside the award . The period for filing an appeal for setting aside an award is over , or if such an appeal is rejected , the award is binding on the parties and is considered as a decree of the court . Conciliation ( edit ) Conciliation is a less formal form of arbitration . This process does not require an existence of any prior agreement . Any party can request the other party to appoint a conciliator . One conciliator is preferred but two or three are also allowed . In case of multiple conciliators , all must act jointly . If a party rejects an offer to conciliate , there can be no conciliation . Parties may submit statements to the conciliator describing the general nature of the dispute and the points at issue . Each party sends a copy of the statement to the other . The conciliator may request further details , may ask to meet the parties , or communicate with the parties orally or in writing . Parties may even submit suggestions for the settlement of the dispute to the conciliator . When it appears to the conciliator that elements of settlement exist , he may draw up the terms of settlement and send it to the parties for their acceptance . If both the parties sign the settlement document , it shall be final and binding on both . Note that in the US , this process is similar to mediation . However , in India , mediation is different from conciliation and is a completely informal type of ADR mechanism . Lok Adalat ( edit ) Etymologically , Lok Adalat means `` people 's court '' . India has had a long history of resolving disputes through the mediation of village elders . The current system of Lok Adalats is an improvement on that and is based on Gandhian principles . This is a non-adversarial system , whereby mock courts ( called Lok Adalats ) are held by the State Authority , District Authority , Supreme Court Legal Services Committee , High Court Legal Services Committee , or Taluk Legal Services Committee , periodically for exercising such jurisdiction as they thinks fit . These are usually presided by retired judge , social activists , or members of legal profession . It does not have jurisdiction on matters related to non-compoundable offences . While in regular suits , the plaintiff is required to pay the prescribed court fee , in Lok Adalat , there is no court fee and no rigid procedural requirement ( i.e. no need to follow process given by ( Indian ) Civil Procedure Code or Indian Evidence Act ) , which makes the process very fast . Parties can directly interact with the judge , which is not possible in regular courts . Cases that are pending in regular courts can be transferred to a Lok Adalat if both the parties agree . A case can also be transferred to a Lok Adalat if one party applies to the court and the court sees some chance of settlement after giving an opportunity of being heard to the other party . The focus in Lok Adalats is on compromise . When no compromise is reached , the matter goes back to the court . However , if a compromise is reached , an award is made and is binding on the parties . It is enforced as a decree of a civil court . An important aspect is that the award is final and can not be appealed , not even under Article 226 of the Constitution of India ( which empowers the litigants to file Writ Petition before High Courts ) because it is a judgement by consent . All proceedings of a Lok Adalat are deemed to be judicial proceedings and every Lok Adalat is deemed to be a Civil Court . Permanent Lok Adalat for public utility Services ( edit ) In order to get over the major drawback in the existing scheme of organisation of Lok Adalats under Chapter VI of the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 , in which if the parties do not arrive at any compromise or settlement , the unsettled case is either returned to the back to the court or the parties are advised to seek remedy in a court of law , which causes unnecessary delay in dispensation of justice , Chapter VI A was introduced in the Legal Services Authorities Act , 1987 , by Act No. 37 / 2002 with effect from 11 - 06 - 2002 providing for a Permanent Lok Adalat to deal with pre-litigation , conciliation and settlement of disputes relating to Public Utility Services , as defined u / sec. 22 A of the Legal Services Authorities Act , 1987 , at pre-litigation stage itself , which would result in reducing the work load of the regular courts to a great extent . Permanent Lok Adalat for Public Utility Services , Hyderabad , India The Lok Adalat is presided over by a sitting or retired judicial officer as the chairman , with two other members , usually a lawyer and a social worker . There is no court fee . If the case is already filed in the regular court , the fee paid will be refunded if the dispute is settled at the Lok Adalat . The procedural laws , and the Evidence Act are not strictly followed while assessing the merits of the claim by the Lok Adalat . Main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute should agree for settlement . The decision of the Lok Adalat is binding on the parties to the dispute and its order is capable of execution through legal process . No appeal lies against the order of the Lok Adalat . Lok Adalat is very effective in settlement of money claims . Disputes like partition suits , damages and matrimonial cases can also be easily settled before Lok Adalat as the scope for compromise through an approach of give and take is high in these cases . Lok Adalat is a boon to the litigant public , where they can get their disputes settled fast and free of cost . Pakistan ( edit ) The relevant laws ( or parlour provisions ) dealing with the ADR are summarised as under : S. 89 - A of the Civil Procedure Code , 1908 ( Indian but amended in 2002 ) read with Order X Rule 1 - A ( deals with alternative dispute resolution methods ) . The Small Claims and Minor Offences Courts Ordinance , 2002 . Sections 102 -- 106 of the Local Government Ordinance , 2001 . Sections 10 and 12 of the Family Courts Act , 1964 . Chapter XXII of the Code of Criminal Procedure , 1898 ( summary trial provisions ) . The Arbitration Act , 1940 ( Indian ) . Articles 153 -- 154 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( Council of Common Interest ) Article 156 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( National Economic Council ) Article 160 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( National Finance Commission ) Article 184 of the Constitution of Pakistan , 1973 ( Original Jurisdiction when federal or provincial governments are at dispute with one another ) Arbitration ( International Investment Disputes ) Act , 2011 Recognition and Enforcement ( Arbitration Agreements and Foreign Arbitral Awards ) Act , 2011 Sub-saharan Africa ( edit ) Before modern state law was introduced under colonialism , African customary legal systems mainly relied on mediation and conciliation . In many countries , these traditional mechanisms have been integrated into the official legal system . In Benin , specialised tribunaux de conciliation hear cases on a broad range of civil law matters . Results are then transmitted to the court of first instance where either a successful conciliation is confirmed or jurisdiction is assumed by the higher court . Similar tribunals also operate , in varying modes , in other francophone African countries . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , ADR is encouraged as a mean of resolving taxpayers ' disputes with Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs . In the regulated sectors , finance , telecoms and energy ADR providers exist . Outside of the regulated areas there are schemes in many sectors which provide schemes for voluntary membership . Two sets of regulations , in March and June 2015 , were laid in Parliament to implement the European Directive on alternative dispute resolution in the UK . U.S. navy ( edit ) SECNAVINST 5800.13 A established the DON ADR Program Office with the following missions : Coordinate ADR policy and initiatives ; Assist activities in securing or creating cost effective ADR techniques or local programs ; Promote the use of ADR , and provide training in negotiation and ADR methods ; Serve as legal counsel for in - house neutrals used on ADR matters ; and , For matters that do not use in - house neutrals , the program assists DON attorneys and other representatives concerning issues in controversy that are amenable to using ADR . The ADR Office also serves as the point of contact for questions regarding the use of ADR . The Assistant General Counsel ( ADR ) serves as the `` Dispute Resolution Specialist '' for the DON , as required by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 . Members of the office represent the DON 's interests on a variety of DoD and interagency working groups that promote the use of ADR within the Federal Government . Additional resources ( edit ) Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin program for Conflict resolution ( edit ) Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution is the seventh ranked alternative dispute resolution program in the country . The program includes : courses in negotiation , mediation , arbitration and dispute resolution processes ; out - of - the - classroom - applied learning and scholarship in Cardozo 's Mediation Clinic and Securities Arbitration Clinic ; the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution , a student - run triannual publication ; the Cardozo Dispute Resolution Society ; and a Certificate in Dispute Resolution , awarded to J.D. students who complete coursework , writing and service requirements . LL. M. students can also receive an LL. M. in Dispute Resolution and Advocacy . Cornell University 's Scheinman Institute on Conflict resolution ( edit ) Cornell 's ILR School has joined forces with Cornell 's Law School to present the country 's most comprehensive conflict resolution program focusing on workplace alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ) . The Martin and Laurie Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution mission is to educate the next generation of neutrals -- arbitrators , mediators and facilitators -- who can help resolve disputes between employers and employees , both unionized and non-unionized . The Institute provides training for undergraduate and graduate students , consultation and evaluation , and conducts research . It also offers courses in two - to five - day sessions designed for professionals who are interested in or practicing in the workplace dispute resolution field . These highly intensive and participatory courses are coordinated by Cornell ILR faculty and are held in the ILR School 's conference center in Manhattan and on the Ithaca campus . Participants can earn two certificates , Workplace Alternative Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management and Labor Arbitration . Fordham Law School 's dispute resolution program ( edit ) Fordham Law School 's Dispute Resolution program placed in the top 10 of U.S. News & World Report 's 2008 rankings of the best Dispute Resolution programs in the nation , according to the recently released rankings . Along with Fordham 's Clinical Training program , the Dispute Resolution program is the top - ranked specialty program at Fordham Law School . The Alternative Dispute Resolution program at Fordham combines an integrated agenda of teaching , scholarship , and practice in conflict resolution within the national and international communities . In addition to the classroom and clinical experience , the law school 's student - run Dispute Resolution Society competes in ABA - sponsored interschool competitions as well as international mediation and arbitration competitions . In 2008 the Society 's teams won the ABA Regional Negotiation Competition , placed third overall in the International Chamber of Commerce Commercial Mediation Competition in Paris , and reached the semifinals of the Willem C. Vis ( East ) International Commercial Arbitration Competition in Hong Kong . Additionally , Fordham 's Dispute Resolution Society hosts an annual symposium on current Dispute Resolution topics and also teaches a class on dispute resolution skills to seniors at the Martin Luther King , Jr . High School in New York City . Harvard program on negotiation ( edit ) `` The ( Harvard ) Program on Negotiation ( PON ) is a university consortium dedicated to developing the theory and practice of negotiation and dispute resolution . As a community of scholars and practitioners , PON serves a unique role in the world negotiation community . Founded in 1983 as a special research project at Harvard Law School , PON includes faculty , students , and staff from Harvard University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Tufts University . '' Harvard currently offers 12 - week courses on negotiation and mediation for participants from all disciplines and professions as well as weekend seminars taught by their professors . The Harvard PON program is currently ranked # 3 falling from # 2 last year according to the U.S. World and News Report , and has also remained among the top 10 schools over the last decade . Straus Institute for dispute resolution ( edit ) Pepperdine University School of Law 's Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution provides professional training and academic programs in dispute resolution including a Certificate , Masters in Dispute Resolution ( MDR ) and Masters of Law in Dispute Resolution ( LLM ) . Straus provides education to law and graduate students , as well as mid-career professionals in areas of mediation , negotiation , arbitration , international dispute resolution and peacemaking . The Straus Institute is ranked the number one dispute resolution school in the nation by US News and World Report . CUNY dispute resolution consortium ( edit ) The City University of New York Dispute Resolution Consortium ( CUNY DRC ) serves as an intellectual home to dispute - resolution faculty , staff and students at the City University of New York and to the diverse dispute - resolution community in New York City . At the United States ' largest urban university system , the CUNY DRC has become a focal point for furthering academic and applied conflict resolution work in one of the world 's most diverse cities . The CUNY DRC conducts research and innovative program development , has co-organized countless conferences , sponsored training programs , resolved a wide range of intractable conflicts , published research working papers and a newsletter . It also maintains an extensive database of those interested in dispute resolution in New York City , a website with resources for dispute resolvers in New York City and since 9 / 11 , the CUNY DRC assumed a leadership role for dispute - resolvers in New York City by establishing an extensive electronic mailing list , sponsoring monthly breakfast meetings , conducting research on responses to catastrophes , and managing a public awareness initiative to further the work of dispute resolvers . CPR Institute for dispute resolution ( edit ) The International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution , known as the CPR Institute , is a New York City membership - based nonprofit organization that `` promotes excellence and innovation in public and private dispute resolution '' . To this end , it serves as a `` primary multinational resource for avoidance , management , and resolution of business - related disputes '' . The CPR Institute was founded in 1979 as the Center for Public Resources by a coalition of leading corporate general counsel dedicated to identifying and applying appropriate alternative solutions to business disputes , thereby mitigating the extraordinary costs of lengthy court trials . Today , the CPR Institute is a nonprofit educational corporation existing under the New York state laws , and is tax exempt pursuant to Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code . It is governed by a board of directors , and its priorities and policies are guided in large part by consultation with an executive advisory committee . Its funding is primarily derived from the annual contributions of its member organizations , and from its mission - related programming . The various operations and activities that fulfill the Institute 's mission are captured in the acronym of its name : C : CPR convenes legal and business leadership to develop , and encourage the exchange of , best practices in avoiding , managing and resolving disputes . P : CPR publishes its own work and that of other like - minded organizations , making resources available to a global community of problem - solvers . R : CPR helps to resolve complex disputes among sophisticated parties , by devising rules , protocols and best practices , and by providing disputants with resources and consulting expertise in selecting appropriate methods and neutrals to assist in the dispute resolution process . Icar ( edit ) Established at George Mason as an alternative to a sociology program due to Virginia 's then policy against duplicating graduate schools , it was the nation 's first major dispute resolution graduate program . It has been a major success . See also ( edit ) Conflict resolution research Creative Peacebuilding Family therapy National Academy of Arbitrators Ombudsman Society of Construction Arbitrators Teen courts Turnaround ADR References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Australian Securities and Investments Commission - Complaints resolution schemes Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Asic.gov.au . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Litvak , Jeff ; Miller , Brent . `` Using Due Diligence and Alternative Dispute Resolutions to Resolve Post-Acquisition Disputes '' . Transaction Advisors . ISSN 2329 - 9134 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Totaro , Gianna. , `` Avoid court at all costs '' The Australian Financial Review Nov. 14 2008 . ( April 19 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Clift , Noel Rhys ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` The Phenomenon of Mediation : Judicial Perspectives and an Eye on the Future '' -- via papers.ssrn.com . Jump up ^ Taken with permission from a presentation by Stephen R. Marsh of `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott v. Avery , 5 House of Lords , 811 , 854 Jump up ^ Schwartz , David S. , `` Mandatory Arbitration and Fairness . '' 84 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1247 ( April 19 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution . `` Arbitration Appeal Procedure . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Know about Dispute Resolution : The Guide to Dispute Resolution Processes . '' American Bar Association . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lynch , J. `` ADR and Beyond : A Systems Approach to Conflict Management '' , Negotiation Journal , Volume 17 , Number 3 , July 2001 , Volume , p. 213 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 20 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' See You In Court '' Or `` See You Out Of Court '' ? A Burdened Judicial System ; Can ADR System Be An Answer ? ... '' Archived from the original on 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dominik Kohlhagen , ADR and Mediation : the Experience of French - Speaking Countries , Addis Abada , 2007 ( on ADR in Africa Archived 6 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ HMRC ' Tax disputes : Alternative Dispute Resolution ( ADR ) ' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . accessed 23 September 2015 Jump up ^ Cardozo School of Law 's Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution Archived 12 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Program on Negotiation ( PON ) Archived 23 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Pon.harvard.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best Dispute Resolution Programs Top Law Schools US News Best Graduate Schools Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution School of Law Pepperdine University Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Law.pepperdine.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 Ranked Dispute Resolution Program - Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution - School of Law - Pepperdine University '' . law.pepperdine.edu . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Law Schools Specialty Rankings : Dispute Resolution . '' U.S. World and News Report `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 24 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Lynch , J. `` ADR and Beyond : A Systems Approach to Conflict Management '' , Negotiation Journal , Volume 17 , Number 3 , July 2001 , Volume , p. 213 . Gary Born . `` International Commercial Arbitration '' ( 2009 Kluwer ) . William Ury , Roger Fisher , Bruce Patton . `` Getting to Yes '' ( 1981 Penguin Group ) . External links ( edit ) European Mediation Training for Practitioners of Justice - EMTPJ Party - Directed Mediation : Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals by Gregorio Billikopf , free complete book PDF download , at the University of California ( 3rd Edition , posted 24 March 2014 ) Party - Directed Mediation : Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals by Gregorio Billikopf , free complete book download , from Internet Archive ( 3rd Edition , multiple file formats including PDF , EPUB , and others ) Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution - CADR an institution provides training and accreditation for ADR practitioners . ADR International Register : ISO - based registration and certification for ADR practitioners such as arbitrators , conflictcoaches , mediators and negotiators . Jump up ^ `` Professional certified and registered ADR practitioners - ADR register '' . www.adr-register.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_dispute_resolution&oldid=854106633 '' Categories : Dispute resolution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2007 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Монгол 日本 語 Русский سنڌي ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 00 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the types of alternative dispute resolution | [
"Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n",
"Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n",
"Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n",
"Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. Sometimes, conciliation is included as a fifth category, but for simplicity may be regarded as a form of mediation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as Sharia courts within common law jurisdictions, such as the UK.\n"
] | [
"negotiation",
"mediation",
"collaborative law",
"arbitration"
] |
2020916821229021681 | 2018 NBA draft | 2018 NBA draft - wikipedia 2018 NBA draft 2018 NBA draft General information Date ( s ) June 21 , 2018 Time 7 : 00 pm ( EDT ) Location Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York Network ( s ) ( US ) ESPN , Yahoo Sports First selection Deandre Ayton , Phoenix Suns ← 2017 NBA draft 2019 → The 2018 NBA draft was held on June 21 , 2018 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur United States college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It was televised nationally by ESPN . This draft was the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . It would also be considered the final year where undrafted college underclassmen were forced to begin their professional careers early ; on August 8 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that players who declared for the NBA draft and were n't selected would have the opportunity to return to their school for at least another year . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history . They would use that selection on the Bahamian center Deandre Ayton from the nearby University of Arizona . This draft was also notable for its lack of draft - day trades involving NBA veterans . An average of more than five veterans per year were traded on the day of the last three drafts , but this draft was the first since 2003 in which no such trades were announced . Contents 1 Draft selections 2 Combine 3 Draft lottery 4 Eligiblity and entrants 4.1 Early entrants 4.1. 1 College underclassmen 4.1. 2 International players 4.2 Automatically eligible entrants 5 Trades involving draft picks 5.1 Pre-draft trades 5.2 Draft - day trades 6 Invited attendents 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Draft selections ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center Deandre Ayton was selected first overall by the Phoenix Suns . Marvin Bagley III was selected second by the Sacramento Kings . Luka Dončić was selected third by the Atlanta Hawks and was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . Jaren Jackson Jr. ( in white ) was selected fourth by the Memphis Grizzlies . Trae Young was selected fifth by the Dallas Mavericks and was traded to the Atlanta Hawks . Mohamed Bamba ( right ) was selected sixth by the Orlando Magic . Michael Porter Jr. , a top high school recruit , fell all the way down to the fourteenth pick , and was selected by the Denver Nuggets . * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - NBA Team Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Rnd . Pick Player Pos . Nationality Team School / club team Deandre Ayton Bahamas Phoenix Suns Arizona ( Fr . ) Marvin Bagley III PF United States Sacramento Kings Duke ( Fr . ) Luka Dončić PG / SG / SF Slovenia Atlanta Hawks ( traded to Dallas ) Real Madrid ( Spain ) Jaren Jackson Jr . PF United States Memphis Grizzlies Michigan State ( Fr . ) 5 Trae Young PG United States Dallas Mavericks ( traded to Atlanta ) Oklahoma ( Fr . ) 6 Mohamed Bamba United States Orlando Magic Texas ( Fr . ) 7 Wendell Carter United States Chicago Bulls Duke ( Fr . ) 8 Collin Sexton PG United States Cleveland Cavaliers ( from Brooklyn via Boston ) Alabama ( Fr . ) 9 Kevin Knox SF United States New York Knicks Kentucky ( Fr . ) 10 Mikal Bridges SF United States Philadelphia 76ers ( from L.A. Lakers via Phoenix ; traded to Phoenix ) Villanova ( Jr . ) 11 Shai Gilgeous - Alexander PG Canada Charlotte Hornets ( traded to the L.A. Clippers ) Kentucky ( Fr . ) 12 Miles Bridges SF United States Los Angeles Clippers ( from Detroit , traded to Charlotte ) Michigan State ( So . ) 13 Jerome Robinson SG United States Los Angeles Clippers Boston College ( Jr . ) 14 Michael Porter Jr . SF United States Denver Nuggets Missouri ( Fr . ) 15 Troy Brown Jr . SF United States Washington Wizards Oregon ( Fr . ) 16 Zhaire Smith SG United States Phoenix Suns ( from Miami ; traded to Philadelphia ) Texas Tech ( Fr . ) 17 Donte DiVincenzo SG United States Milwaukee Bucks Villanova ( So . ) 18 Lonnie Walker SG United States San Antonio Spurs Miami ( Fr . ) 19 Kevin Huerter SG United States Atlanta Hawks ( from Minnesota ) Maryland ( So . ) 20 Josh Okogie SG United States Nigeria Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Oklahoma City via Utah ) Georgia Tech ( So . ) 21 Grayson Allen SG United States Utah Jazz Duke ( Sr . ) 22 Chandler Hutchison SF / SG United States Chicago Bulls ( from New Orleans ) Boise State ( Sr . ) 23 Aaron Holiday PG United States Indiana Pacers UCLA ( Jr . ) 24 Anfernee Simons SG United States Portland Trail Blazers IMG Academy ( Bradenton , Florida ; HS Pg . ) 25 Moritz Wagner PF Germany Los Angeles Lakers ( from Cleveland via Portland and Cleveland ) Michigan ( Jr . ) 26 Landry Shamet PG United States Philadelphia 76ers Wichita State ( So . ) 27 Robert Williams PF United States Boston Celtics Texas A&M ( So . ) 28 Jacob Evans SG United States Golden State Warriors Cincinnati ( Jr . ) 29 Džanan Musa SF Bosnia and Herzegovina Brooklyn Nets ( from Toronto ) Cedevita Zagreb ( Croatia ) 30 Omari Spellman PF United States Atlanta Hawks ( from Houston via L.A. Clippers ) Villanova ( Fr . ) 31 Élie Okobo PG France Phoenix Suns Pau - Lacq - Orthez ( France ) 32 Jevon Carter PG United States Memphis Grizzlies West Virginia ( Sr . ) 33 Jalen Brunson PG United States Dallas Mavericks Villanova ( Jr . ) 34 Devonte ' Graham PG United States Atlanta Hawks ( traded to Charlotte ) Kansas ( Sr . ) 35 Melvin Frazier SF United States Orlando Magic Tulane ( Jr . ) 36 Mitchell Robinson United States New York Knicks ( from Chicago via Oklahoma City ) Chalmette HS ( Chalmette , Louisiana ; HS Sr . ) 37 Gary Trent Jr . SG United States Sacramento Kings ( traded to Portland ) Duke ( Fr . ) 38 Khyri Thomas SG United States Philadelphia 76ers ( from Brooklyn , traded to Detroit ) Creighton ( Jr . ) 39 Isaac Bonga SF Germany Philadelphia 76ers ( from New York , traded to the L.A. Lakers ) Frankfurt Skyliners ( Germany ) 40 Rodions Kurucs SF Latvia Brooklyn Nets ( from L.A. Lakers via Orlando and Toronto ) FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) 41 Jarred Vanderbilt SF United States Orlando Magic ( from Charlotte via Memphis and Phoenix , traded to Denver ) Kentucky ( Fr . ) 42 Bruce Brown Jr . SG United States Detroit Pistons Miami ( So . ) 43 Justin Jackson SF Canada Denver Nuggets ( from L.A. Clippers via Philadelphia and New York , traded to Orlando ) Maryland ( So . ) 44 Issuf Sanon PG Ukraine Washington Wizards Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia ) 45 Hamidou Diallo SG United States Brooklyn Nets ( from Milwaukee , traded to Oklahoma City via Charlotte ) Kentucky ( Fr . ) 46 De'Anthony Melton SG United States Houston Rockets ( from Miami via Memphis ) USC ( So . ) 47 Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk SG Ukraine Los Angeles Lakers ( from Denver via Utah and Chicago ) Kansas ( Sr . ) 48 Keita Bates - Diop SF United States Minnesota Timberwolves Ohio State ( Jr . ) 49 Chimezie Metu PF United States San Antonio Spurs USC ( Jr . ) 50 Alize Johnson PF United States Indiana Pacers Missouri State ( Sr . ) 51 Tony Carr PG United States New Orleans Pelicans ( previously from Chicago via New Orleans , Miami , and New Orleans ) Penn State ( So . ) 52 Vincent Edwards SF United States Utah Jazz ( traded to Houston ) Purdue ( Sr . ) 53 Devon Hall SG United States Oklahoma City Thunder Virginia ( Sr . ) 54 Shake Milton PG United States Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland via Denver , traded to Philadelphia ) SMU ( Jr . ) 55 Arnoldas Kulboka SF Lithuania Charlotte Hornets ( from Cleveland via Brooklyn and Philadelphia ) Orlandina Basket ( Italy ) 56 Ray Spalding PF United States Philadelphia 76ers ( traded to Dallas ) Louisville ( Jr . ) 57 Kevin Hervey PF United States Oklahoma City Thunder ( from Boston ) Texas - Arlington ( Sr . ) 58 Thomas Welsh United States Denver Nuggets ( from Golden State ) UCLA ( Sr . ) 59 George King SG United States Phoenix Suns ( from Toronto ) Colorado ( Sr . ) 60 Kostas Antetokounmpo SF / PF Greece Philadelphia 76ers ( from Houston , traded to Dallas ) Dayton ( Fr . ) Combine ( edit ) Main article : NBA Draft Combine The invitation - only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 16 to 20 . The on - court element of the combine took place on May 18 and 19 . A total of 69 players were invited for the NBA Draft Combine , with two top talents in Deandre Ayton and Luka Dončić declining invitations for the event this year , with the latter player being involved with the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four at the time . Both mystery man Mitchell Robinson and Chandler Hutchison would remove themselves from the event at the last minute , although two other players would enter the event instead of them , leaving the proper number of official participants at 69 . At the end of the draft deadline for international players , 12 players that entered the NBA Draft Combine that year ultimately withdrew from the NBA Draft , with 11 players returning to college and Brian Bowen planning on playing professionally before trying another NBA Draft instead . Draft lottery ( edit ) Main article : NBA draft lottery The NBA draft lottery took place during the playoffs on May 15 , 2018 . This year will be the last time it uses what was originally the updated system for the NBA draft lottery to upgrade draft odds for teams in the lower regions of the NBA . Starting in 2019 onward , the newer updated draft lottery will give the bottom 3 teams equal odds for the No. 1 pick , while some of the teams higher up the NBA draft would get an increased chance for a top - four pick instead of a top - three pick like in this year , thus hoping to discourage teams from potentially losing games on purpose for higher draft picks ( and potentially better talent in the process ) . There were also two tiebreakers involved for lottery odds this season ; the first involved the Dallas Mavericks having one more result favoring them having the No. 1 pick over Atlanta after splitting the odds together , while the second tiebreaker had the Chicago Bulls splitting odds with the Sacramento Kings , resulting in the Bulls having slightly better odds on their end in the process . Funnily enough , both of the teams mentioned that lost the tiebreakers would wind up being in the Top 3 at the end of the NBA draft lottery . Furthermore , the Hawks would trade their Top 3 selection to Dallas for their selection in the draft instead . Denotes the actual lottery result Team 2017 -- 18 record Lottery chances Lottery probabilities 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Phoenix Suns 21 -- 61 250 . 250 . 215 . 178 . 358 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 22 -- 60 199 . 199 . 188 . 171 . 319 . 124 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Dallas Mavericks 24 -- 58 138 . 138 . 142 . 145 . 238 . 290 . 045 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Atlanta Hawks 24 -- 58 137 . 137 . 142 . 145 . 085 . 323 . 155 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Orlando Magic 25 -- 57 88 . 088 . 096 . 106 -- . 262 . 359 . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- Chicago Bulls 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- . 440 . 331 . 045 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- Sacramento Kings 27 -- 55 53 . 053 . 060 . 070 -- -- -- . 573 . 226 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- Brooklyn Nets 28 -- 54 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 725 . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- New York Knicks 29 -- 53 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- Los Angeles Lakers 35 -- 47 11 . 011 . 013 . 016 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 . 089 . 002 . 000 -- Charlotte Hornets 36 -- 46 8 . 008 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 908 . 063 . 001 . 000 Detroit Pistons 39 -- 43 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 . 039 . 000 Los Angeles Clippers 42 -- 40 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 . 018 Denver Nuggets 46 -- 36 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 ^ 1 : The Brooklyn Nets ' pick was automatically conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers this year . ^ 2 : The Los Angeles Lakers ' pick was conveyed to the Philadelphia 76ers since the pick turned unprotected for them this year and was n't in the Nos. 2 - 5 range . ^ 3 : The Detroit Pistons ' pick was conveyed to the Los Angeles Clippers since it was outside the top 4 . Eligiblity and entrants ( edit ) Main article : Eligibility for the NBA draft The draft is conducted under the eligibility rules established in the league 's 2017 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) with its player 's union . The previous CBA that ended the 2011 lockout instituted no immediate changes to the draft , but called for a committee of owners and players to discuss future changes . All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players who are eligible for the 2018 draft must be born on or before December 31 , 1999 . Since the 2016 draft , the following rules , as implemented by the NCAA Division I council for that division , are : Declaration for the draft no longer results in automatic loss of college eligibility . As long as a player does not sign a contract with a professional team outside the NBA , or sign with an agent , he will retain college eligibility as long as he makes a timely withdrawal from the draft . NCAA players now have until 10 days after the end of the NBA Draft Combine to withdraw from the draft . Since the combine is held in mid-May , the current deadline is about five weeks after the previous mid-April deadline . NCAA players may participate in the draft combine , and are allowed to attend one tryout per year with each NBA team without losing college eligibility . NCAA players may now enter and withdraw from the draft up to two times without loss of eligibility . Previously , the NCAA treated a second declaration of draft eligibility as a permanent loss of college eligibility . The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility ( who , like players without college eligibility , can only attend by invitation ) . Early entrants ( edit ) Players who are not automatically eligible have to declare their eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . For the 2018 draft , the date fell on April 22 . After that date , `` early entry '' players are able to attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions . Under the CBA a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date , which is 10 days before the draft . Under current NCAA rules , players had until May 30 ( 10 days after the draft combine ) to withdraw from the draft and retain college eligibility . A player who has hired an agent forfeits his remaining college eligibility regardless of whether he is drafted . College underclassmen ( edit ) A record - high 236 underclassed draft prospects ( i.e. , players with remaining college eligibility ) had declared by the April 22 deadline , with 181 of these players being from college . The names listed here mean they have hired an agent , or have announced that they plan to do so before the night of the draft . At the end of the deadline , 77 players declared their intentions to enter the draft with an agent ( with one player announcing his entry after the deadline ) while 100 players announced their return to college for at least one more season . Meanwhile , Matur Maker , Brian Bowen , Micah Seaborn and Tavarius Shine did not enter the draft after letting their deadlines to retain college eligibility expire . These players instead decided to enter in 2019 via either the NBA G League or another professional league . / Deng Adel -- F , Louisville ( junior ) Rawle Alkins -- G , Arizona ( sophomore ) Mike Amius -- F , Western Carolina ( junior ) Kostas Antetokounmpo -- F , Dayton ( freshman ) Deandre Ayton -- C , Arizona ( freshman ) Marvin Bagley III -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Mohamed Bamba -- C , Texas ( freshman ) Keita Bates - Diop -- F , Ohio State ( junior ) Tashawn Berry -- G , Dakota College ( sophomore ) Leron Black -- F , Illinois ( junior ) Jordan Brangers -- G , South Plains College ( sophomore ) Mikal Bridges -- F , Villanova ( junior ) Miles Bridges -- F , Michigan State ( sophomore ) Bruce Brown Jr . -- G , Miami ( sophomore ) Troy Brown Jr . -- F , Oregon ( freshman ) Jalen Brunson -- G , Villanova ( junior ) Elijah Bryant -- G , BYU ( junior ) Tony Carr -- G , Penn State ( sophomore ) Wendell Carter -- F / C , Duke ( freshman ) Kameron Chatman -- G / F , Detroit ( junior ) Bryant Crawford -- G , Wake Forest ( junior ) Eric Davis -- G , Texas ( junior ) / Tyler Davis -- C , Texas A&M ( junior ) Marcus Derrickson -- F , Georgetown ( junior ) Hamidou Diallo -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) Donte DiVincenzo -- G , Villanova ( sophomore ) Dikembe Dixson -- F , UIC ( sophomore ) Trevon Duval -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Drew Eubanks -- F , Oregon State ( junior ) Jacob Evans -- G / F , Cincinnati ( junior ) Tremaine Fraiser -- G , Westchester CC ( sophomore ) Melvin Frazier -- G / F , Tulane ( junior ) / Wenyen Gabriel -- F , Kentucky ( sophomore ) Kaiser Gates -- F , Xavier ( junior ) Shai Gilgeous - Alexander -- G , Kentucky ( freshman ) D.J. Hogg -- F , Texas A&M ( junior ) Aaron Holiday -- G , UCLA ( junior ) Kevin Huerter -- G , Maryland ( sophomore ) DeAngelo Isby -- G / F , Utah State ( junior ) Jaren Jackson Jr . -- F , Michigan State ( freshman ) Justin Jackson -- F / G , Maryland ( sophomore ) Ismaila Kane -- F , Atlanta Metropolitan State College ( freshman ) Devonte Klines -- G , Montana State ( junior ) Kevin Knox -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Terry Larrier -- F , Connecticut ( junior ) Marquez Letcher - Ellis -- F , Nevada ( sophomore ) Makinde London -- F , Chattanooga ( junior ) Brandon McCoy -- C , UNLV ( freshman ) De'Anthony Melton -- G , USC ( sophomore ) Chimezie Metu -- F , USC ( junior ) Shake Milton -- G , SMU ( junior ) Max Montana -- F , San Diego State ( junior ) Doral Moore -- C , Wake Forest ( junior ) Malik Newman -- G , Kansas ( sophomore ) / Josh Okogie -- G , Georgia Tech ( sophomore ) Ajdin Penava -- F , Marshall ( junior ) Michael Porter Jr . -- F , Missouri ( freshman ) Jerome Robinson -- G , Boston College ( junior ) Mitchell Robinson -- C , Western Kentucky ( freshman ) Brandon Sampson -- G , LSU ( junior ) Corey Sanders -- G , Rutgers ( junior ) Collin Sexton -- G , Alabama ( freshman ) Landry Shamet -- G , Wichita State ( sophomore ) / Yankuba Sima -- F , Oklahoma State ( junior ) Anfernee Simons -- G , IMG Academy ( Postgraduate ) Fred Sims -- G , Chicago State ( junior ) Zhaire Smith -- G / F , Texas Tech ( freshman ) Ray Spalding -- F / C , Louisville ( junior ) Omari Spellman -- F / C , Villanova ( freshman ) Khyri Thomas -- G , Creighton ( junior ) Gary Trent Jr . -- G , Duke ( freshman ) Allonzo Trier -- G , Arizona ( junior ) Jarred Vanderbilt -- F , Kentucky ( freshman ) Moritz Wagner -- F , Michigan ( junior ) Lonnie Walker IV -- G , Miami ( freshman ) Robert Williams -- F / C , Texas A&M ( sophomore ) Trae Young -- G , Oklahoma ( freshman ) International players ( edit ) International players that had declared this year and did not previously declare in another prior year can drop out of the draft about 10 days before the draft begins on June 11 . Initially , there were 55 players who originally expressed interest in entering the 2018 draft , one of which was a player who came directly out of high school from Canada . However , by the end of the deadline , 43 of those players ( including the aforementioned Canadian high schooler ) would ultimately pull their names out of the draft , leaving only 11 true international players entering the NBA Draft this year ( the NBA link mentions LiAngelo Ball as an international player in the loosest sense of the word , but not Billy Preston there ) . Combining both the amount of players listed previously and both LiAngelo Ball and Billy Preston as now automatically eligible underclassmen under unique situations , the total amount of underclassmen rounds out to 90 overall players . Isaac Bonga -- G , Frankfurt Skyliners ( Germany ) Luka Dončić -- G / F , Real Madrid ( Spain ) Tryggvi Hlinason -- C , Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Michał Kolenda -- F , Trefl Sopot ( Poland ) Arnoldas Kulboka -- F , Betaland Capo d'Orlando ( Italy ) Rodions Kurucs -- F , FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) Džanan Musa -- F , Cedevita Zagreb ( Croatia ) Williams Narace -- SLUC Nancy Basket ( France ) Élie Okobo -- G , Élan Béarnais Pau - Lacq - Orthez ( France ) Issuf Sanon -- G , Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia ) Filip Zagrajski -- G , Vrijednosnice Osijek ( Croatia ) Automatically eligible entrants ( edit ) Players who do not meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They have completed four years of their college eligibility . If they graduated from high school in the U.S. , but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university , four years have passed since their high school class graduated . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA , anywhere in the world , and have played under that contract . Players who meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They are at least 22 years old during the calendar year of the draft . In terms of dates , players born on or before December 31 , 1996 are automatically eligible for the 2018 draft . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team not in the NBA within the United States , and have played under that contract . Other automatically eligible players Player Team Note Ref . LiAngelo Ball Vytautas Prienai -- Birštonas ( Lithuania ) Removed himself from UCLA in 2017 . Darin Johnson Delaware 87ers ( NBA G League ) Left Cal State Northridge in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Billy Preston Igokea Laktaši ( Bosnia & Herzegovina ) Removed himself from Kansas in 2018 . Maverick Rowan Lakeland Magic ( NBA G League ) Left NC State in 2017 ; playing professionally since 2017 -- 18 season . Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) Pre-draft trades ( edit ) Prior to the day of the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams below . ^ Jump up to : July 12 , 2013 : Brooklyn Nets to Boston Celtics Boston acquired Gerald Wallace , Kris Humphries , Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Joseph , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 first - round pick , the option to swap 2017 first - round picks , and a 2018 first - round pick Brooklyn acquired Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Jason Terry and D.J. White ; Brooklyn also acquired Boston 's 2017 second - round pick for compensation after the 2015 -- 16 season ended . August 30 , 2017 : Boston Celtics to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland acquired Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Ante Žižić , the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round pick , and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second - round pick ( latter pick added as compensation for Thomas ' failed physical ) Boston acquired Kyrie Irving ^ Jump up to : July 7 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired a 2013 first - round pick , a 2013 second - round pick , a 2014 second - round pick , and an unprotected 2018 first - round pick L.A. Lakers acquired Steve Nash February 19 , 2015 : Phoenix Suns to Philadelphia 76ers ( three - team trade with Milwaukee ) Philadelphia acquired the L.A. Lakers ' 2018 first - round pick from Phoenix Phoenix acquired Brandon Knight and Kendall Marshall from Milwaukee Milwaukee acquired Michael Carter - Williams from Philadelphia , Miles Plumlee and Tyler Ennis from Phoenix ^ Jump up to : January 29 , 2018 : Detroit Pistons to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanović , and a top - 4 protected 2018 first - round pick Detroit acquired Blake Griffin , Brice Johnson , and Willie Reed Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Miami Heat to Phoenix Suns ( three - team trade with New Orleans Pelicans ) Phoenix acquired John Salmons from New Orleans , Danny Granger , a top - 7 protected 2018 first - round pick , a 2021 unprotected first - round pick , and a traded player exception from Miami Miami acquired Goran Dragić and Zoran Dragić from Phoenix New Orleans acquired Norris Cole , Shawne Williams , Justin Hamilton , and cash considerations from Miami Jump up ^ February 10 , 2015 : Minnesota Timberwolves to Atlanta Hawks Atlanta acquired a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick Minnesota acquired Adreian Payne Jump up ^ February 19 , 2015 : Oklahoma City Thunder to Utah Jazz ( three - team trade with Detroit Pistons ) Utah acquired a 2017 second - round pick from Detroit , Kendrick Perkins , Grant Jerrett , the player rights to Tibor Pleiß , and a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick from Oklahoma City Oklahoma City acquired Enes Kanter and Steve Novak , D.J. Augustin , Kyle Singler , and a 2019 second - round pick from Detroit Detroit acquired Reggie Jackson June 30 , 2017 : Utah Jazz to Minnesota Timberwolves Minnesota acquired a lottery protected 2018 Oklahoma City first - round pick Utah acquired Ricky Rubio ^ Jump up to : February 1 , 2018 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Tony Allen , Jameer Nelson , Ömer Aşık , a top - 5 protected 2018 first - round pick , and the rights to swap 2021 second - round picks New Orleans acquired Nikola Mirotić and reacquired their 2018 second - round pick once again Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Portland Trail Blazers Portland acquired Anderson Varejão and a 2018 protected first - round pick Cleveland acquired a 2020 second round pick January 6 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland reacquired their rights to that 2018 protected first - round pick ( protections removed ) Portland acquired a 2017 first round pick February 8 , 2018 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Cleveland acquired Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . ^ Jump up to : July 13 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired DeMarre Carroll , a lottery protected 2018 first - round pick , and the worst 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers Toronto acquired Justin Hamilton Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Los Angeles Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Patrick Beverley , Sam Dekker , Montrezl Harrell , Darrun Hilliard , DeAndre Liggins , Lou Williams , Kyle Wiltjer , and a top - 3 protected 2018 first - round pick Houston acquired Chris Paul July 7 , 2017 : Los Angeles Clippers to Atlanta Hawks ( three - team trade with Denver Nuggets ) Atlanta acquired Jamal Crawford , Diamond Stone , a top - 3 protected 2018 Houston first - round pick and cash considerations from the L.A. Clippers L.A. Clippers acquired Danilo Gallinari from Denver Denver acquired the Washington Wizards ' 2019 second - round pick from Atlanta Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Chicago Bulls to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired Taj Gibson , Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second round pick Chicago acquired Joffrey Lauvergne , Anthony Morrow , and Cameron Payne September 25 , 2017 : Oklahoma City Thunder to New York Knicks New York acquired Enes Kanter , Doug McDermott , and Chicago 's 2018 second round pick Oklahoma City acquired Carmelo Anthony ^ Jump up to : December 11 , 2014 : Brooklyn Nets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Andrei Kirilenko , Jorge Gutiérrez , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between Cleveland and Brooklyn , a 2020 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired Brandon Davies and the Cleveland Cavaliers ' 2018 second - round pick ^ Jump up to : October 27 , 2014 : New York Knicks to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Travis Outlaw , the right to swap 2018 second - round picks between New York and the L.A. Clippers , and a 2019 second - round pick New York acquired Arnett Moultrie Jump up ^ June 20 , 2018 : Philadelphia 76ers to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired New York 's second - round pick Philadelphia acquired Chicago 's 2019 second - round pick from Los Angeles and cash considerations Jump up ^ August 10 , 2012 : Los Angeles Lakers to Orlando Magic ( four - team trade with Philadelphia and Denver ) Orlando acquired Arron Afflalo , Al Harrington , a 2013 second - round pick , and the worse of Denver 's and New York 's 2014 first - round picks from Denver ; Nikola Vučević , Maurice Harkless , and a 2015 conditional first - round pick that was conveyed in 2017 for the Sacramento Kings from Philadelphia ; Josh McRoberts , Christian Eyenga , a 2015 protected second - round pick , and the Lakers ' 2017 protected first - round pick ( converted to the Lakers ' 2017 second - round pick and 2018 second - round pick ) from the L.A. Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired Dwight Howard , Earl Clark , and Chris Duhon from Orlando Philadelphia acquired Jason Richardson from Orlando and Andrew Bynum from the L.A. Lakers Denver acquired Andre Iguodala from Philadelphia May 25 , 2017 : Orlando Magic to Toronto Raptors Toronto acquired the worse 2018 second - round pick between Orlando and the L.A. Lakers ; Orlando acquired the contractual release of Toronto general manager Jeff Weltman , whom the Magic immediately signed as their new president of basketball operations ^ Jump up to : February 16 , 2016 : Charlotte Hornets to Memphis Grizzlies ( three - team trade with Miami ) Memphis acquired P.J. Hairston , a 2018 second - round pick , and Brooklyn 's 2019 second - round pick from Charlotte ; Chris Andersen , a 2018 second - round pick , and a top - 55 protected 2019 second - round pick from Miami Charlotte acquired Courtney Lee and cash considerations from Memphis Miami acquired Brian Roberts from Charlotte Jump up ^ September 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Troy Daniels and a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 Phoenix second - round pick ( which would not be conveyed ) February 8 , 2018 : Phoenix Suns to Orlando Magic Orlando acquired a 2018 second - round pick for the middle choice between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Phoenix acquired Elfrid Payton Jump up ^ February 20 , 2014 : Los Angeles Clippers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Byron Mullens and a 2018 second - round pick ( which would later be swapped with the New York Knicks ) L.A. Clippers acquired a protected 2014 second - round pick ( which ultimately was n't conveyed ) ^ Jump up to : February 8 , 2018 : Denver Nuggets to Dallas Mavericks ( three - team trade with New York ) Dallas acquired Doug McDermott and the Portland Trail Blazers ' 2018 second - round pick from Dallas Denver acquired Devin Harris from Dallas and the L.A. Clippers ' 2018 second - round pick from New York New York acquired Emmanuel Mudiay from Denver Jump up ^ February 5 , 2018 : Milwaukee Bucks to Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn acquired Rashad Vaughn and a 2018 protected second - round pick Milwaukee acquired Tyler Zeller Jump up ^ June 22 , 2017 : Memphis Grizzlies to Houston Rockets Houston acquired the worst 2018 second - round pick between Charlotte , Memphis , and Miami Memphis acquired the draft rights to Dillon Brooks ^ Jump up to : July 10 , 2013 : Utah Jazz to Denver Nuggets ( three - team trade with Golden State ) Utah acquired a 2018 second - round pick from Denver , Andris Biedriņš , Richard Jefferson , Brandon Rush , a 2014 first - round pick , a 2016 second - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , a 2017 second - round pick , and cash considerations from Golden State ; Denver acquired Randy Foye from Utah and a 2018 second - round pick from Golden State ; Golden State acquired Andre Iguodala from Denver via sign - and - trade and Kevin Murphy from Utah Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : Utah Jazz to Chicago Bulls ( three - team trade with Atlanta ) Chicago acquired Justin Holiday from Atlanta and a 2018 second - round pick from Utah ; Utah acquired Shelvin Mack from Atlanta ; Atlanta acquired Kirk Hinrich from Chicago July 7 , 2016 : Chicago Bulls to Los Angeles Lakers L.A. Lakers acquired José Calderón , Denver 's 2018 second - round pick , and Chicago 's 2019 second - round pick ; Chicago acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 18 , 2016 : New Orleans Pelicans to Miami Heat Miami acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick New Orleans acquired Jarnell Stokes and cash considerations July 10 , 2016 : Miami Heat to New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans reacquired their own 2018 second - round pick ( protections removed ) Miami acquired Luke Babbitt September 1 , 2017 : New Orleans Pelicans to Chicago Bulls Chicago acquired Quincy Pondexter , a 2018 second - round pick , and cash considerations New Orleans acquired the player rights to Ater Majok Jump up ^ February 12 , 2017 : Portland Trail Blazers to Denver Nuggets Denver acquired Mason Plumlee , the least favorable 2018 second - round pick between Portland and Sacramento , and cash considerations Portland acquired Jusuf Nurkić and Memphis ' 2017 first - round pick Jump up ^ September 27 , 2014 : Cleveland Cavaliers to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Keith Bogans and a 2018 second - round pick Cleveland acquired a conditional 2015 second - round pick ( that ultimately was n't conveyed ) Jump up ^ June 25 , 2015 : Brooklyn Nets to Charlotte Hornets Charlotte acquired the least valuable 2018 second - round pick between Brooklyn and Cleveland , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Brooklyn acquired the draft rights to Juan Pablo Vaulet Jump up ^ July 14 , 2015 : Boston Celtics to Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City acquired a top - 55 protected 2018 second - round pick Boston acquired Perry Jones , a 2019 second - round pick , and cash considerations Jump up ^ February 23 , 2017 : Toronto Raptors to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Jared Sullinger , a 2017 second - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick Toronto acquired P.J. Tucker Jump up ^ June 28 , 2017 : Houston Rockets to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired a 2018 second - round pick and cash considerations Houston acquired Shawn Long Draft - day trades ( edit ) Draft - day trades occurred on June 21 , 2018 , the day of the draft . ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Atlanta Hawks to Dallas Mavericks Dallas acquired Atlanta 's first round pick ( No. 3 - Luka Dončić ) Atlanta acquired Dallas ' first round pick ( No. 5 - Trae Young ) and a protected 2019 first round selection ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Philadelphia 76ers to Phoenix Suns Phoenix acquired Philadelphia 's first round pick ( No. 10 - Mikal Bridges ) Philadelphia acquired Phoenix 's first round pick ( No. 16 - Zhaire Smith ) and the Miami Heat 's 2021 first round selection ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Charlotte Hornets to Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Clippers acquired Charlotte 's first round pick ( No. 11 - Shai Gilgeous - Alexander ) Charlotte acquired the Los Angeles Clippers ' first round pick ( No. 12 - Miles Bridges ) and two future second round selections Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Atlanta Hawks to Charlotte Hornets Charlotte acquired Atlanta 's second round pick Atlanta acquired Charlotte 's 2019 and 2023 second round selections Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Sacramento Kings to Portland Trail Blazers Portland acquired Sacramento 's second round pick Sacramento acquired two future second round selections and cash considerations Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Philadelphia 76ers to Detroit Pistons Detroit acquired Philadelphia 's second - round pick Philadelphia acquired two future second round selections ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Orlando Magic to Denver Nuggets Denver acquired Orlando 's second - round pick ( No. 41 - Jarred Vanderbilt ) Orlando acquired Denver 's second - round pick ( No. 43 - Justin Jackson ) and a future second round selection Jump up ^ June 21 , 2018 : Utah Jazz to Houston Rockets Houston acquired Utah 's second - round pick Utah acquired cash considerations ^ Jump up to : June 21 , 2018 : Dallas Mavericks to Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia acquired Dallas ' second round selection ( No 54 - Shake Milton ) Dallas acquired two of Philadelphia 's second round selections ( No. 56 - Ray Spalding and No. 60 - Kostas Antetokounmpo ) Invited attendents ( edit ) The NBA annually invites around 15 -- 20 players to sit in the so - called `` green room '' , a special room set aside at the draft site for the invited players plus their families and agents . When their names are called , the player leaves the room and goes up on stage . Other players who are not invited are allowed to attend the ceremony . They sit in the stands with the fans and walk up on stage when ( or if ) they are drafted . On June 15 , 2018 , 19 total players were announced as invites for the NBA Draft that year ( all of whom coming out of college this year ) , while potential top 3 pick Luka Dončić was initially not invited to the event due to the Liga ACB Finals potentially extending through the draft . On June 19th , ESPN reported that Dončić would attend the draft after all , following Real Madrid 's championship victory the previous night . The following players ( listed alphabetically ) have been confirmed as invites for the event this year : Deandre Ayton , Arizona Marvin Bagley III , Duke Mohamed Bamba , Texas Mikal Bridges , Villanova Miles Bridges , Michigan State Wendell Carter , Duke Donte DiVincenzo , Villanova Luka Dončić , Real Madrid ( Spain ) Shai Gilgeous - Alexander , Kentucky Aaron Holiday , UCLA Chandler Hutchison , Boise State Jaren Jackson Jr. , Michigan State Kevin Knox , Kentucky Michael Porter Jr. , Missouri Jerome Robinson , Boston College Collin Sexton , Alabama Zhaire Smith , Texas Tech Lonnie Walker , Miami Robert Williams , Texas A&M Trae Young , Oklahoma Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . Jump up ^ Josh Okogie was born in Nigeria , but raised in Atlanta . He also played for the Under - 19 U.S. National Team in 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Robinson tried to attend Western Kentucky University earlier the previous year , but left before attending a single practice there in order to train by himself until draft night . The last place he played for was at Chalmette High School as a proper high school senior . Jump up ^ While his official team was for the Brose Baskets in Germany , throughout the season , Kulboka was mainly loaned to the Orlandina Basket in Italy instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft Live ( Video ) '' . Yahoo Sports . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Draft Lottery leaving New York Area heading to Chicago '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncaa.org/about/flexibility-going-pro-and-getting-degree Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Mather , Victor ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` N.B.A. Draft Lottery 2018 : Phoenix Suns Get Top Pick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` How this draft sets up future trades and free agency '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks acquire draft rights to third - overall pick Luka Doncic '' . Mavs.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Cavs add 2nd - round pick from Celtics to complete Kyrie Irving - Isaiah Thomas trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Steve Nash headed to Lakers '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Brandon Knight in Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Add Ayton , Bridges , Okobo , King In 2018 NBA Draft '' . Suns.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hornets Acquire Draft Rights to Miles Bridges and Devonte ' Graham '' . Hornets.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons acquire Blake Griffin , Willie Reed , Brice Johnson from L.A. '' NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns trade Goran Dragic to Heat '' . ESPN.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WOLVES ACQUIRE FORWARD ADREIAN PAYNE FROM ATLANTA '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.startribune.com/wolves-take-georgia-tech-guard-josh-okogie-at-no-20/486217621/ Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Reggie Jackson dealt to Pistons '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PG Ricky Rubio acquired by Jazz for 2018 protected first - rounder '' . ESPN.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Chicago Bulls trade Nikola Mirotic to New Orleans Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Future First - Round Draft Pick , Anderson Varejao From Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire Unprotected 2017 First Round Pick from Cleveland '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . From Lakers '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BROOKLYN NETS ACQUIRE DEMARRE CARROLL AND DRAFT PICKS FROM TORONTO '' . NBA.com . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rockets Acquire Nine - Time All - Star Chris Paul '' . NBA.com . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Acquire First - Round Pick , Diamond Stone and Jamal Crawford '' . NBA.com . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Gibson , McDermott and Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Trade Carmelo Anthony To Oklahoma City '' . NBA.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TRAIL BLAZERS ACQUIRE DRAFT RIGHTS TO GARY TRENT JR '' . TrailBlazers.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Acquire Brandon Davies '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Acquire Draft Rights to Khyri Thomas and Select Bruce Brown Jr. in the 2018 Draft '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knicks Complete Trade with Philadelphia Jump up ^ Houghton , Matt ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` - Sixers trade No. 39 pick to Lakers for 2019 2nd - rounder , cash '' . NBC Sports Philadelphia . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire Six Players , Five Draft Picks in Howard Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors receive 2018 2nd - round pick for Weltman ; ca n't trade with Magic for a year '' . RaptorsRepublic . Raptors Republic Inc . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Acquire Lee from Memphis in 3 - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire Troy Daniels From Memphis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns acquire Elfrid Payton from Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Continue to Add Length in Second Round '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Draft Trade Tracker '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CLIPPERS FINALIZE TRADES WITH HAWKS AND 76ERS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks acquire Emmanual Mudiay in 3 - team trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BUCKS ACQUIRE TYLER ZELLER FROM BROOKLYN NETS '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies acquire draft rights to Ivan Rabb and Dillon Brooks '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Acquire Andre Iguodala from Denver Nuggets as Part of Three - Team Trade '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquire Shelvin Mack from Atlanta '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Jose Calderon to Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Trade Stokes to New Orleans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat acquire Luke Babbitt '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls acquire Quincy Pondexter & future draft pick from Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Acquire Two Players in 2018 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets trade Jusef Nurkic to Blazers for Mason Plumlee '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks acquire draft rights to Ray Spalding and Kostas Antetokounmpo '' . Mavs.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs Complete Trade with Philadelphia '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nets acquire Juan Pablo Vaulet from Hornets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Trade Exception and Protected Second Round Draft Pick '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors acquire Tucker from the Suns '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/complete-2018-nba-draft-combine-list-211843026.html Jump up ^ http://stats.nba.com/draft/combine-anthro/#!?sort=PLAYER_NAME&dir=-1 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` NCAA proposes new NBA draft rule to allow early entrants back in school '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nba.com/article/2018/04/24/nba-announces-early-entry-candidates-2018-nba-draft Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2018/06/04/100-early-entry-candidates-withdraw-nba-draft Jump up ^ https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2018/06/draft-decisions-antetokounmpo-bowen-kurucs-bonga.html Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2018/06/12/forty-three-international-early-entry-candidates-withdraw-nba-draft-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 1 '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Players Association . January 19 , 2017 . p. 273 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22930807/ex-ucla-player-liangelo-ball-declaring-nba-draftaft Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` NBA issues ' green room ' invitations '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/23845013/2018-nba-draft-luka-doncic-attend-draft-real-madrid-wins-title External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official site NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 2018 -- 19 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_draft&oldid=854644650 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NBA season National Basketball Association draft National Basketball Association lists June 2018 sports events in the United States 2018 in New York City 2018 in sports in New York ( state ) Basketball in New York City Sports in Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first draft pick in the 2018 nba | [
"2018 NBA draft\nGeneral informationDate(s)\nJune 21, 2018Time\n7:00 pm (EDT)Location\nBarclays Center, Brooklyn, New YorkNetwork(s) (US)\nESPN, Yahoo Sports[1]First selection\nDeandre Ayton, Phoenix Suns\n← 2017NBA draft2019 →"
] | [
"Deandre Ayton"
] |
3547944120599912551 | Box-spring | Box - spring - wikipedia Box - spring This article is about the frame used to support a mattress . For the spring in Yellowstone Park , see Box Spring . For other uses , see Box Springs . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Queen size box - spring on metal bed frame 8 - way hand - tied box spring A box - spring ( or divan in some countries ) is a type of bed base typically consisting of a sturdy wooden frame covered in cloth and containing springs . Usually the box - spring is placed on top of a wooden or metal bedframe that sits on the floor and acts as a brace , except in the UK where the divan is more often fitted with small casters . The box - spring is usually the same size as the much softer mattress that is placed on it . Working together , the box - spring and mattress ( with optional bed frame ) make up a bed . It is common to find a box - spring and mattress being used together without the support of a frame underneath , the box spring being mounted directly on casters standing on the floor . The purpose of the box - spring is threefold : to raise the mattress 's height , making it easier to get in and out of bed ; to absorb shock and reduce wear to the mattress ; and to create a flat and firm structure for the mattress to lie upon . The first rectangular spring - cushioned wire frames to support mattresses did not have wood rims or cloth covers . These were called bedsprings . More and more box - springs are being made out of wood , then covered in fabrics . Wood makes a better support system for the newer memory foam and latex mattresses . The newest design in box - springs is the folding box spring made of wood or metal , then covered in fabric which can fold in half and can be sent by shipping and courier companies . With the increasing height of mattresses , manufacturers now make box springs in different heights so that the mattress and box spring pair maintain a standard height . Standard `` high profile '' box springs are 9 inches ( 23 cm ) in height , whereas `` low profile '' box springs are between 5 and 5.5 inches ( 13 and 14 cm ) . Changing the thickness of the box spring and mattress require revisions to the mattress and box spring coil stiffness . This is often why box spring and mattress are matched and sold in pairs . Alternatives ( edit ) Box - spring beds are especially popular in North America and Western Europe . Alternatively , in Japan , futon mattresses are usually either placed on a bedframe or on the floor , without the use of springs . In Europe , wooden frames with a middle section consisting of springs held in place by wire ( to be put into the wooden bedframe as a unit ) used to be the standard for most of the 20th century . The springs have mostly been replaced by pre-bent wooden slats ( usually glulam made from beech or birch ) which are joined to the outer wooden frame by some form of flexible rubber bolt , shoe or socket . This lath floor provides suspension , allows the mattress to ventilate , and can be designed to be vertically adjustable in order to elevate the legs and / or the torso . A more simple approach is to join straight laths with a textile strap so that they can be rolled up for transport and placed right into the bedframe . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Box - spring . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Invention Machine and the Case of the Boxed - Up Box Spring '' . Xconomy . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Bedding Bed types ( Bed sizes ) Banig Bassinet Box - bed Bunk bed Cage bed Camp bed Canopy bed Couch bed Cradle ( bed ) Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Hospital bed Infant bed Kang bed - stove Lit a la turque Loft bed Charpai Murphy bed Petate Platform bed Sleigh bed Sofa bed Toddler bed Trundle bed Bed components Bed frame Bed sheet Bed skirt Cot side Footboard Headboard Mattresses Air mattress Featherbed Mattress pad Mattress protector Memory foam Orthopedic mattress Waterbed Bed bases Box - spring Bunkie board Blankets Afghan Comforter Duvet Duvet cover Electric blanket Hudson 's Bay point blanket Patchwork quilt Photo blanket Quilt Razai Security blanket Silk comforter Sleeping bag Pillows Acupressure pillow Bamboo wife Bolster Contour leg pillow Cushion Dakimakura Eye pillow Orthopedic pillow Sex pillow Speaker pillow Throw pillow Related items Bed warmer Couch Nightstand Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Box-spring&oldid=866190808 '' Categories : Bedding Furniture Upholstery Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is a box spring called in the uk | [
"A box-spring (or divan in some countries) is a type of bed base typically consisting of a sturdy wooden frame covered in cloth and containing springs. Usually the box-spring is placed on top of a wooden or metal bedframe that sits on the floor and acts as a brace, except in the UK where the divan is more often fitted with small casters. The box-spring is usually the same size as the much softer mattress that is placed on it. Working together, the box-spring and mattress (with optional bed frame) make up a bed. It is common to find a box-spring and mattress being used together without the support of a frame underneath, the box spring being mounted directly on casters standing on the floor. \n"
] | [
"divan"
] |
3326288261765971072 | Publishers Clearing House | Publishers Clearing House - wikipedia Publishers Clearing House Jump to : navigation , search Publishers Clearing House Type Private Industry Merchandising Founded 1953 ; 65 years ago ( 1953 ) Headquarters Jericho , New York , United States Key people Robin B. Smith ( chairman ) Andrew Goldberg ( president and CEO ) Revenue $840.6 million ( 2013 ) Number of employees 550 ( 2014 ) Website pch.com Publishers Clearing House ( PCH ) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes , and prize - based games . Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door - to - door magazine subscription sales by a single vendor offering multiple subscriptions by mail . It introduced its sweepstakes in 1967 . In the early 1990s , the company was the subject of concerns and legal actions regarding whether consumers were misled about their odds of winning the sweepstakes and whether purchases increased their chances . By 2010 , the company had reached settlements with all 50 states . The company acquired search company Blingo in 2006 , online gaming company Funtank in 2010 , and mobile marketing company Liquid Wireless in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Government regulation 1.2. 1 Lawsuits 1.3 Online development 2 Products 3 Sweepstakes 3.1 Odds of Winning 3.2 Prize Patrol 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington , New York , by Harold Mertz , a former manager of a door - to - door sales team for magazine subscriptions . The company started in Mertz 's basement with help from his wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce . Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz 's home in Long Island , New York , and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received . Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz 's basement into an office building and started hiring staff . When PCH moved its headquarters in 1969 , its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz community center . The company revenue had grown to US $ 50 million by 1981 , and $100 million by 1988 . In 1967 PCH started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales , based on the sweepstakes held by Reader 's Digest . The first prizes ranged from 25 cents to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning . After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings , prizes of $5,000 and eventually $250,000 were offered . PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974 . It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977 . Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers ( AFP ) to compete with PCH after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions . AFP and PCH competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas . When AFP increased their jackpot to $1 million , then to $10 million in 1985 , PCH raised its prizes to match . $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979 , $40 million by 1991 and $137 million by 2000 . In 1989 two members of its advertising team , Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane , started the Prize Patrol , a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home . The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series `` The Millionaire '' . In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the trash by city employees , reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner . PCH said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor . A class action ensued , which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win . Government regulation ( edit ) In the 1990s PCH and its primary competitor , AFP , experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances . This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000 , which regulates direct mail businesses . At the senate hearings regarding this Act , PCH said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances . The company said less than five percent of participants spend more than $300 . Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes . Industry sources estimated PCH 's response rates decreased by 7 - 12 percent and its sales volume by 22 to 30 percent in response to the bad publicity from the lawsuits . In 2000 , PCH laid off a quarter of its 800 - person work force . Lawsuits ( edit ) In 1994 PCH sent mailings telling recipients they were all `` finalists '' , which led to a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states . Later that year , PCH denied wrongdoing , but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices . Under the agreement , PCH said it would define terms like `` finalist '' and disclose the chances of winning . In 1997 , a contestant of competitor AFP flew to Tampa , Florida , thinking he had won , though he had not . The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies . PCH reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999 . In 2000 , another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states , after the company sent mass mailings that said `` You are a winner ! '' and used mock personalized checks . PCH agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future , and add a `` sweepstakes fact box '' to mailings . State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states . Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states . As part of the settlement , PCH was required to avoid terms like `` Guaranteed Winner , '' add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise wo n't increase their chances . PCH reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a `` compliance counsel . '' PCH apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year `` . PCH also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007 . In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the Attorneys General of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement . The company denied wrongdoing , but agreed to work with both an ombudsperson and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly . In April 2014 , an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that PCH had `` pushed the limits '' of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed . Online development ( edit ) PCH began selling merchandise in 1985 with two products . After a Hershey 's Chocolate Cookbook and a diet cookbook sold more than other products , the company began expanding into jewelry , media , collectibles , household products and others . The company also shifted its focus online . It began selling magazine subscriptions and merchandise on PCH.com in 1996 . In 2006 , it acquired Blingo Inc. , an ad - supported metasearch engine that was later re-branded as PCH Search and Win . PCH ran contests on Twitter , Facebook and Myspace . iPhone apps for slot games and trivia were developed . The company created online play - and - win sites like PCH Games ( formerly Candystand ) and PCHQuiz4Cash , with air - hockey and video poker games . In December 2010 , PCH acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com . In 2011 , PCH promoted a `` $5,000 every week for life '' sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com . The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company , Liquid Wireless . The company utilized , then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration ( through other websites ) to expand its customer base . In 2008 , a PCH spokesperson said the digital properties were intended to attract younger consumers . By 2013 , the internet had become PCH 's primary channel of interaction with consumers . The New York Times described the digital transition as `` part of an overall effort to collect information on Web users , show them advertisements and use the registration information for PCH 's mailing lists . '' Products ( edit ) A screenshot of PCHSearch&WIN.com PCH is a direct - marketing company that sells merchandise , magazine subscriptions and operates several prize - based websites . While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions , the majority of the company 's revenue now comes from merchandise . The company has been selling books , media , jewelry and other consumer items since the 1980s . PCH operates eight websites , including PCH Search and Win , PCH Lotto , PCH Games , PCH Save and Win , and Candystand . The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes . It 's estimated that companies like PCH keep 75 - 90 percent of the fees from the original subscription , while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals . PCH popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct - marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk - mail for advertising through mass - mailings . Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes . Frequent buyers can receive 30 - 40 mailings a year . Sweepstakes ( edit ) The Prize Patrol delivering an oversized check to a sweepstakes winner for $1 million plus $5,000 a week for life Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions , no purchase is necessary to enter or win . In 1995 , PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl . As of 2012 , $225 million in prizes have been distributed . Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life , or $10 million . Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500 , $1 million or $3 million . The larger cash prizes are paid in installments , typically with a balloon payment at 30 years , reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values . Sweepstakes scammers often pose as being from Publishers Clearing House and say that a cash payment is needed before they can deliver a prize . According to Chris Irving from PCH `` If you are contacted by anyone claiming to represent Publishers Clearing House and they request payment of any amount to collect a prize , do not send any money ... You have not heard from the real Publishers Clearing House . '' Odds of winning ( edit ) The odds of winning a PCH sweepstakes vary depending on the number of entries and what prize or sweepstakes is involved . According to the official rules , the estimated odds of winning the $1 million a year forever are one in 1.3 billion . As of 2017 , the odds of winning $15 million in Giveaway 8800 are 1 in 2.4 billion . Smaller prizes have better odds that may vary from one in 223 to one in 80,000 , depending on the prize . Prize Patrol ( edit ) The Prize Patrol surprises sweepstakes winners at their homes , work or other locations with cash prizes and captures the event on video . Since their introduction in 1989 , these reality TV - style videos of prize - winners surprised at their doorstep with checks for $1,000 to $10 million have been used in widely broadcast television commercials , and , more recently , in the company 's online acquisition efforts , websites and social media communications . In 2013 , a $5 million television campaign modified the traditional prize patrol commercial by digitally altering video from classic sitcoms like The Brady Bunch and Gilligan 's Island to show the prize patrol visiting characters in the show . The Prize Patrol has made in - person appearances or delivered prizes on TV programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Price Is Right . Their surprise winning moments have been spoofed by Jay Leno , Conan O'Brien and the cast of Saturday Night Live ; woven into the plots of movies such as Let 's Go to Prison , The Sentinel and Knight and Day ; and the subject of cartoon s . See also ( edit ) Companies portal New York portal List of New York companies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Stephanie ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` ADVERTISING ; Old - Line Magazine Sweepstakes Company Gets Digital '' . The New York Times . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Area 's Largest Privately Held Companies '' . Crain 's New York Business . November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo , Inc. ; Parent of Famous Prize Patrol Welcomes Blingo 's Rapidly Growing Internet ' Search and Win ' Site '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lammie , Rob ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` You may already be a winner ! The story of Publishers Clearing House '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saslow , Linda ( 20 January 1991 ) . `` It 's Sweepstakes Time , and It 's a Frenzy '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : International Directory of Company Histories , Vol. 64 . St. James Press , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Haire , Thomas ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` PCH Wins All Day Long '' . Response Magazine . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lester , Darrell ( October 27 , 2011 ) . The Naked Truth About Publishers Clearing House ( PDF ) . Pennywyse Press . ISBN 1935437429 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disappointed couple sues Publishers Clearing House '' . Associated Press . April 15 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : By , G.J. 1998 , Sweepstakes Industry May Not Be a WINNER ! , New York , N.Y. , United States , New York , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Mummert , Hallie ( November 2011 ) . `` Cover Story : Full Sweep '' . Target Marketing . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( July 25 , 1979 ) . `` Sweepstakes : Some do Hit the Jackpot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campanelli , Melissa ( June 26 , 2001 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo '' . Direct Marketing News . Jump up ^ Gelles , Jeff ( January 26 , 1997 ) . `` The $10 Million Prize Patrol : Myths and Truths '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publishers Contest Error Admitted '' . Associated Press . October 24 , 1992 . pp. A -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit sets off million - dollar alert '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Pae , Peter ( August 23 , 2000 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Loses $18 million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PCH Cleans House , Goes Virtual in Profit Play '' . Long Island Business News . February 18 , 2000 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , David ( August 25 , 1994 ) . `` Contest Offers Mislead Entrants Publishers Clearing House Pays $490,000 and Promises To Change Its Promotions '' . Bloomberg Business News ( via High Beam ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Sweepstakes firm , 14 states make deal '' . Associated Press . August 25 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That Big Magazine Contest Pays '' . Associated Press . August 25 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House to Spell Out Winning Chances '' . The Associated Press . August 21 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House to Pay $30 Million to Settle Suit '' . Associated Press . February 21 , 2000 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publishers Clearing House Strikes Deceptive - Practices Accord '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 2000 . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miller Announces $34 million sweepstakes settlement '' . Associated Press . December 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Elliot ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Prize Patrol Heads Over to AOL '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ulferts , Alisa ( June 27 , 2001 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House settles '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Clearing House '' . Direct Marketing News . December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pankratz , Howard ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House to pay for violation '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelham , Victoria ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House to increase protections against deceptive sweepstakes marketing '' . ABC15.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackman , Teresa ; Anne Yeager ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` $3.5 Million Publishers Clearing House Lawsuit Settled in Oregon '' . KGW . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` States settle Publishers Clearing House `` deceptive '' trade practices `` . Consumer Reports . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Consumer Reports Jump up ^ Macavinta , Courtney ( December 28 , 1999 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Rushes the Net , Grapples with Privacy '' . CNET . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Levere , Jane L. ( 1 December 1997 ) . `` Publishers Look to New Medium To Rekindle Sales in Older One '' . The New York Times . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Grant , `` How Search Engines Make Money '' , Search Engine Watch Jump up ^ Mickey , Bill ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Buys Mobile Lead - Gen Provider Liquid Wireless '' . Foliomag.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wauters , Robin ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Buys Funtank , Gaming Site Candystand.com '' . TechCrunch.com . Jump up ^ Publishers Clearing House Clears Coregistration Concerns By Eric Barkin Customer Relationship Management magazine July 2013 Page 52 ^ Jump up to : Rothenberg , Randall ( 31 January 1989 ) . `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS : ADVERTISING ; Read This and Win $10 Million ! ! '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hunds , Michael ( January 17 , 1988 ) . `` Mail that glitters is not necessarily gold '' . New York Times Service . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Span , Paula , `` Sweep Dreams , America ! , '' Washington Post , January 28 , 1993 , pp. C1 , C8 . Jump up ^ `` Non-buyer can win sweepstakes '' . Star - News . July 29 , 1979 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meier , Barry ( January 27 , 1996 ) . `` You 're All Finalist ! '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Grauschopf , Sandra ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wish you had won the last PCH SuperPrize ? Here 's another chance '' . About.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grauschopf , Sandra , Publishers Clearing House - $10 Million Giveaway Number 1170 EXPIRED , About.com , retrieved June 8 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Odds of Winning '' , Media FAQ , Publishers Clearing House , retrieved June 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Rules '' . Publishers Clearing House . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Grauschopf , Sandra , Top 7 Places to Report Sweepstakes Fraud , About.com , retrieved April 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Wood , David ( July 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scammers Channeling Publishers Clearing House '' . Consumer Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Contest Hoax Got Couple 's Hopes up '' . Associated Press . Associated Press . May 13 , 1994 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check url = value ( help ) , retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check url = value ( help ) , retrieved August 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Stuart ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Publishers Clearing House Imagines Handing a Big Check to Gilligan and Mike Brady '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Million - Dollar Moments '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Upping The Ante On Plinko ! The Price Is Right ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com : Price Is Right . April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maloni , J ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Full week of Plinko , chance to win 100K when PCH Prize Patrol visits The Price is Right '' . Niagara Frontier Publications . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PCH On TV Jay Leno Spoofs the PCH Prize Patrol ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com : PCHarchive . January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Conan O'Brien Promo with Jane ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com . January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live Publishers Clearing House Giveaway ( Video Clip ) . hulu.com . Jump up ^ Marder , Brian ( November 24 , 2006 ) . `` Let 's go to Prison ! Review '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Let 's Go To Prison Trailer ( Video Clip ) . youtube.com . October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Sentinel '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review Knight and Day '' . SunGazette.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivers , Patrick . `` Laramie Movie Scope Knight and Day '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Publishers_Clearing_House&oldid=822863512 '' Categories : Metasearch engines Direct marketing Companies based in Nassau County , New York Media companies established in 1953 1953 establishments in New York ( state ) Privately held companies based in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does publishers clearing house get their funding | [
"PCH is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise, magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites.[11] While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions,[1][13][35] the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise.[11] The company has been selling books, media, jewelry and other consumer items[4] since the 1980s.[8] PCH operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.[1][11]"
] | [
"merchandise"
] |
-2484627171863646796 | List of Stuck in the Middle episodes | List of Stuck in the Middle episodes - wikipedia List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Jump to : navigation , search Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series developed by Alison Brown and Linda Videtti Figueiredo and created by Alison Brown that premiered on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Stuck in the Store ( 2016 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Stuck in the Middle '' Jon Rosenbaum Story by : Alison Brown Teleplay by : Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 101 2.81 Harley struggles to get her siblings and parents to the park , where she is to receive a young inventor 's award . She looks to Ethan for help and encouragement that they will make it to the park , but Georgie has a basketball game and Rachel is serving at a soup kitchen . Harley worries the basketball game will not finish on time . Rachel decides to spend time with her boyfriend Cuff after her volunteer work , despite her parents ' admonitions . The Diaz family does eventually arrive at the park , though late for Harley 's award . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Brett Pierce as Cuff `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' Jon Rosenbaum Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 102 1.64 It is Harley 's 13th birthday , but it seems no one remembers . Harley believes her parents will feel guilty about forgetting her special day , and decides to use that `` guilt '' to get the best seat in the family car as a present -- the sweet seat , reserved for the oldest child , which is Rachel . To ensure she gets the sweet seat , and as soon as her siblings become aware of what day it is , Harley urges them to stay quiet about it for the rest of the day and distract Suzy and Tom from remembering . In trying to keep her birthday a secret , Harley endures demands from Daphne to keep quiet , as well as getting into trouble . Later that night , Georgie reminds Harley how precious celebrating birthdays with the family is becoming , as the older siblings will soon be leaving home . That prompts Harley to let go of her desire for the sweet seat and let the family know about her big day . As for that sweet seat , she can wait . `` Stuck with a Guy on the Couch '' David Kendall Denise Moss March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 104 1.67 When Suzy and Tom refuse to buy the children another tablet to replace the one they broke , Harley comes up with a plan to raise money for that tablet . She decides to rent the family couch to a stranger , picking up the idea from the Peters , who are renting a room in their house . With Ethan 's help , she books an Asian music student , Bai Hsu , to stay in the Diaz home for two nights . Bai 's accommodations are not exactly as he expects since the children are trying to keep Suzy and Tom from becoming suspicious . When Bai can not sleep in the Diaz home on the second night , Harley brings him to her father 's store , where he ends up sleeping by a raft . The next morning , Harley , Ethan and Georgie discover Bai and the raft are gone . Tom tells them he sold the raft to Bai , whom he recognized in selfies Rachel posted online . As Tom did not accept any additional money from Bai , Harley 's effort to fund the new tablet falls short . Meanwhile , the younger children attempt to raise money themselves by promoting frog wrestling . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Alex Shimizu as Bai Hsu , Kay Bess as Woman 's Voice `` Stuck at the Movies '' Jon Rosenbaum David McHugh & Matt Flanagan March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 103 1.73 While using her sure - fire way to get free stuff from companies through her `` feedback '' approach , Harley forgets she has a school science project due until her mother reminds her and wants to see that project . Meanwhile , Suzy is preoccupied with the family 's Wi - Fi bill and complains to their provider , but when she follows Harley 's system of company feedback by asking for free service and threatening cancellation , the Wi - Fi provider summarily cancels their service , which causes the children to become restless . To calm them down , Suzy and Tom decide to take the family to the movies . Harley figures she can come up with her project before the movie begins , while monitoring the seats she reserved for the family , but fails even after she manages to build something . The Diaz family ends up having a short stay at the theater as Suzy and Tom notice the movie they are watching is not G - rated . Harley finally settles on her project when Ethan shows her behind - the - scenes family moments he captured on his phone while at the theater ; she builds a film projector so the family can watch those moments . It does help them pass the time without Wi - Fi service , which Suzy hopes to get restored . Guest star : Matt Webb as Usher 5 5 `` Stuck in the Block Party '' David Kendall Allan Rice April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 105 1.59 The annual neighborhood block party is nearing , and Harley persuades her mother to let the family do the big activity for the event . To the shock of Ms. Peters , who is not keen on the seeing the Diaz family handle this responsibility , Suzy tells her the family is taking charge of the activity . Harley is left to come up with ideas and wants to do so undisturbed . She moves out of her bedroom and establishes her quiet space for thinking in a closet , leading Rachel and Georgie to fight for Harley 's space in the bedroom . The quietude deeply affects Harley 's creative mind , and the ideas she is able to muster lack any excitement . Harley realizes she needs the chaos from her siblings for inspiration . She tries to move back into her bedroom with Rachel and Georgie , but when her sisters disallow that , she has Daphne become their roommate . As Harley sees Daphne transport their sisters ' stuff out the bedroom window , it inspires Harley to build a roller coaster for the block party . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters 6 6 `` Stuck in the Slushinator '' Jon Rosenbaum Lance Whinery April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 106 1.64 At 13 , Harley has become old enough to work at her father 's marina store and is eager to do so . However , Tom refuses to give her that opportunity , fearing disaster such as what he experienced with Rachel , Ethan and Georgie , so Harley tries to convince him for her chance and succeeds . She wants to add a slushy machine to the store , but after her father disapproves its $500 price tag , she unveils her cost - efficient alternative , the slushinator , powered by bicycles which she hires Lewie and Beast to pedal . It provides a boost to Tom 's business , but the twins later decide they are done with slushy - making and want to do something else . After Harley gives the two incentive to return , the twins end up fighting , and their war is felt beyond the store . Harley eventually patches things up between the two . Though her slushinator is short - lived , her father commends her for not sinking his business and offers her the opportunity to continue working for him at the store . Meanwhile , Suzy wants the family to prepare for a church photo at the house , while Daphne takes care of what she believes is a cat . When it comes time for the photo , Daphne introduces the animal , which everyone discovers is actually a skunk . Guest star : Joel Steingold as Tony 7 7 `` Stuck in the Mother 's Day Gift '' Jon Rosenbaum Linda Videtti Figueiredo April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 107 1.53 Every Mother 's Day , Harley makes a gift for her mother , while her siblings simply step in to share credit for it without contributing . For this Mother 's Day , though , Harley wants the others to come up with their own presents . All their gift ideas fall short of expectation , but Harley and Georgie 's decision to get the family car professionally cleaned and detailed leads to panic when the car is not back in time . With her siblings ' help , Harley tries to investigate what happened to it , only to come up empty . When Suzy also wants to know what happened to the car , the children take responsibility for its missing . It turns out the car is fine , just parked somewhere else near the house all cleaned up , and Suzy is pleasantly surprised by its makeover . In the end , Harley does not mind her siblings sharing the credit with her on this Mother 's Day gift . 8 8 `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' Paul Hoen Denise Moss May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 108 1.34 With her three younger siblings at their grandmother 's with Suzy and her older siblings having plans , Harley gets a rare opportunity to do something on her own in the house . After getting her father 's permission , she decides to invite her friends over to an outdoor slumber party for a rare comet viewing . Ellie arrives early for the party , but Harley 's sleepover plans do not go smoothly as she deals with Rachel getting grounded , as well as Ethan and Georgie getting tricked at an event for unique basketball shoes . Also , as Harley goes out her bedroom window with Ellie to prepare for the comet 's arrival , before the other girls arrive , Ellie 's fear of heights causes her to accidentally lock her and Harley out on the roof . Harley tries different ways to get them out of the predicament without her father knowing . One of those ideas ends up distorting the Diaz family 's satellite dish , and since Tom was watching television , she gets caught and grounded . After Tom rescues the two girls , they witness the comet 's passing . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Farrah Mackenzie as Sweet Girl Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 9 9 `` Stuck with Mom 's New Friend '' Jon Rosenbaum Linda Videtti Figueiredo May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 110 1.41 While Tom is away at Georgie 's basketball tournament , Suzy runs the marina store . It worries Harley because her mother is hanging around her too much at the store . Harley and Ethan soon discover that Suzy 's lack of friends -- including not staying in touch with her old ones -- is causing her to cling a lot to the family , so the two use an online site to connect their mother with a new friend who also lives in Marshport . When they find one who is almost a perfect match , they are shocked that it is their own next door neighbor , Bethany Peters . As she and Suzy spend time together as friends , the Diaz children notice radical changes , such as healthy food , limited television time and no dangerous objects , none of which suits them . Attempting to return things to normal , Harley asks her mother to invite Ms. Peters to Daphne 's school play . Thanks to Rachel 's musical direction for the play with Daphne the center of attention , the play turns too wild for Bethany 's taste and effectively ends her brief friendship with Suzy . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 10 10 `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' Jon Rosenbaum David McHugh & Matt Flanagan June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) 111 1.55 With school on break , Cuff is spending a lot of time at the Diaz house with Rachel , which also leads to his hanging with the twins . This overwhelms Harley because he is invading her personal stuff and Ethan because Lewie and Beast start thinking of Cuff as their older brother . Harley decides to find a job for Cuff , who winds up working at her father 's marina store with her . Harley later tries to get him to quit by having him do a lot of unpleasant tasks around the store , but Cuff actually likes the work . When Rachel comes into the store to be with her boyfriend , he decides his job is more important , and it devastates Rachel . Cuff 's absence at the house affects the twins as well , and Ethan struggles to be the awesome older brother again in their eyes . Seeing Rachel miserable prompts Harley to talk to Cuff about winning Rachel back . In showing Rachel how much he loves her , Cuff ends up getting fired by Tom for defacing store merchandise . Guest star : Brett Pierce as Cuff Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 11 11 `` Stuck with a Winner '' Linda Mendoza Jess Pineda June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 112 1.32 With Georgie in her sports off - season , outside of basketball , soccer and softball , Harley tries to involve her in another sport during the break . Knowing Georgie 's tendency to score low when she plays , Harley gets her to try out for the golf team and invents a set of remote - controlled balls that will assure her a spot . When Georgie makes the team and starts feeling and acting like a winner , Harley tells her the truth about the golf balls and feels guilty about the cheating . Georgie eventually gives up on sports altogether and wants to become a regular teenage girl , but Harley reminds her how much the sports get the family involved , despite how bad she is . Meanwhile , Suzy challenges Rachel , Lewie , Beast and Daphne to cook dinner after they complain about her meals . After being successful with it once , Rachel and the twins are not thrilled with cooking all the time , so they prepare a less - than palatable meal to get out of it . Guest star : Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan Absent : Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 12 12 `` Stuck with No Rules '' Paul Hoen Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 109 1.30 While Harley is looking for parts for a snow machine she plans to build , her parents discover a gift certificate for a bed and breakfast trip , which Tom 's parents gave to them but is nearly expired . Harley sees that as an opportunity for the two to get away for the weekend and suggests Rachel be in charge . It takes a lot of convincing for Suzy and Tom to believe their 16 - year - old daughter is up to the job , but they go on their trip . Harley builds her snow machine and gives Rachel the opportunity to experience a ski vacation in the backyard ; the two share a rare but brief sister bond , which ends when Rachel invites her friends over as well as Cuff . Lewie and Beast tackle a list of `` don'ts '' by doing everything forbidden on that list , while Ethan and Georgie wrestle with Daphne over the television remote . None of them know their parents are watching every minute of the action at the house through their tablet , and they occasionally call . When the house becomes a mess , and Suzy and Tom phone they are coming home , Harley looks to Rachel to take charge . With Rachel 's leadership , the house gets clean in time . Guest star : Brett Pierce as Cuff 13 13 `` Stuck in the Harley Car '' Jon Rosenbaum Allan Rice July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 114 1.43 Ahead of Marshport 's tricentennial celebration , Harley invents a pedicab for Ethan 's tour business . When the slushy machine breaks down at the marina store , and Harley needs money to replace a part , she teams up with Ethan . Harley 's end of the business becomes a shuttle service and later expands into a daycare service . When Ethan finds out his tours were turned into babysitting rides , he quits and Harley continues solo . Although Harley is enjoying the money she is making from the pedicab venture , she misses her slushy business more and decides to fix the slushy machine . She turns the pedicab back over to Ethan for his tours , after which the two happen to spot singer Rachel Platten , the surprise celebrity guest for the tricentennial parade , who needs a ride to her float . Meanwhile , Georgie is selected to lead the parade by Mrs. Sullivan , who also helps get her in shape to walk the route , while Rachel and Daphne compete for Marshport queen . Georgie winds up directing the parade into the Diaz backyard . Special appearance by : Rachel Platten Guest stars : Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan , Eva Simone Fisher as Woman , Beau Dylan Hart as Kid 1 , Toby Grey as Kid 2 Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 14 14 `` Stuck in Lockdown '' Linda Mendoza Julia Ahumada Grob & Bryan Larrivee July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 113 1.38 Harley 's latest invention , an efficient laundry transport , leads to trouble . After Daphne uses the invention to transport herself downstairs and nearly gets hurt , she blames Harley when their mother checks on what happened . Suzy sends Harley to her room and puts her on `` lockdown '' , the severest form of punishment in the Diaz family . With Harley confined to her bedroom , Tom has Rachel and Georgie work at his marina store , while Harley looks to get back at her younger sister for always getting her in trouble . When she sees Daphne doing something suspicious in the backyard , she elicits Ethan 's help and sneaks out of her room . They are ready to bust Daphne as she sells her toys and other things to the neighbors , but when Harley finds out why , she realizes how much she has been neglecting her sister lately . Meanwhile , Rachel and Georgie are put on lockdown after Tom catches them throwing a party in the marina store . Harley manages to return to her bedroom , with her siblings ' help , before her older sisters join her in confinement . When Suzy sees evidence suggesting Harley snuck out , Daphne blames Ethan , but Harley comes clean ; Suzy adds Ethan to the lockdown . Daphne then gets herself in trouble to join her sisters and spend time with them . All the while , Lewie and Beast are on a week - long camping trip and manage to make it through one day before Suzy decides they have gotten into enough trouble and brings them home . Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz 15 15 `` Stuck without a Ride '' Jon Rosenbaum Lance Whinery July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 115 1.29 Harley needs to go to a music event in Boston , where an invention of hers is entered in a contest . Her mother is unable to drive her there , so she looks to Rachel , who has her learner 's permit , and asks her to take the driving test to get her license . Suzy finds out Rachel 's driving instructor , Phil , is someone she knew in high school . When Rachel fails her test , she and Harley wonder what happened in Phil and Suzy 's past that may have influenced his grading . Harley arranges for Phil to come over to the house so he and Suzy can shed light on their time together . As for Rachel 's driving test , it turns out Suzy is insecure about any of her children driving , so she asked Phil to fail her daughter even though Rachel had demonstrated to her mother that she is a good driver . Having been unfair to Rachel , Suzy asks Phil for a retest and he is able to schedule it before Harley 's trip . Meanwhile , Ethan is doing a buddy cop film and casts Lewie and Beast as the cops . During the filming , the twins happen to tamper with Harley 's invention ; when Harley shows Phil her invention , it malfunctions and Phil gets further endangered by the twins for the final scene of the film . Suzy ends up driving the family to Boston . Guest star : Gabriel Tigerman as Phil Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 16 16 `` Stuck in the Quinceañera '' Erika Kaestle Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 116 1.49 Georgie 's 15th birthday is days away , but she wants to have a simple party rather than her quinceañera , as she does not like being the center of attention . Though Harley is motivated to use her new `` Harleycam '' invention for the event , she reminds Georgie about the significance of this special day in the life of a Latina and convinces her to change her mind . Harley gets the rest of the family involved with the planning , but Georgie later backs out , still feeling uncomfortable about the occasion . When the family lets Georgie decide how she wants to celebrate her special day , and whom to invite , she is back on board , with her quinceañera in the Diaz backyard . However , the threat from a hurricane forces the family to turn the occasion into a simple , private celebration inside the Diaz house . With Georgie 's ankle getting hurt from the storm 's first gusts , the quinceañera 's traditional dance is in jeopardy of not occurring until Harley comes up with an idea . 17 17 `` Stuck in the Diaz of Our Lives '' Erika Kaestle Linda Videtti Figueiredo July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 117 2.06 Harley gets to appear on the television series Girl Power to highlight her accomplishments as an inventor . When Mischa and Ken , the two - person crew for the series , see Harley 's large family , they decide to go a different route and feature the family in a reality series called The Diaz of Our Lives . As the crew gets to know the family through filming , they make multiple changes such that the Diazes become displeased with the direction of the series and want to quit . Mischa reminds them that they are under contract , but when Harley shows footage of the crew 's plans , using the camera feature of her vacuum cleaner invention she first showcased on Girl Power , the crew calls off the reality series . Guest stars : Kim Shaw as Mischa , Paul Darrigo as Ken Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 18 `` Stuck in the Waterpark -- The Movie '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 201 -- 202 2.13 The Diaz family earns a free weekend vacation at Cannon Ball Cove after the waterpark installs Harley 's `` Dry - Through '' invention for a test run . The children have to convince Suzy and Tom that this vacation will not cause them grief , and sign a contract to that effect . When they arrive at the waterpark , a four - hour trip by car , they realize their hotel room is not large enough for them . Although the children complain about it , and Suzy and Tom are prepared to take them to Pilgrim Land instead , everyone agrees they have come this far and settle on staying . Harley and Rachel find a place to relax , taking over a cabana that another family gives up , while Georgie hesitates on trying the Doom Funnel ride , which Beast and Lewie are too short to try themselves . Ethan , who also wants to go on that ride but injures his right foot by stepping on a bee , spends his money on a ring toss event , impressing a girl named Hannah . As Harley , Rachel and later the rest of the children enjoy themselves in the cabana , Chester Torvilleton , the park 's supervisor , presents them with a bill totaling $800 , for drinks and treats they thought came free with the cabana . As Suzy and Tom are enjoying the free vacation , the children are not ready to tell their parents about the bill and decide to come up with a way to handle it . They persuade Mr. Torvilleton to forgive the bill , and he is willing to do so after seeing a sad Daphne , but Lewie and Beast ruin that . With the children 's options exhausted , Harley is faced with delivering the unpleasant news until she sees that she can pay off the bill if she and her family participate in the park 's annual `` aqualympics '' and win , the prize being $1,000 . They face a tough competitor in the Pillman family , a five - time champion whose patriarch Harley and Rachel met earlier when they were in the cabana ; Ethan discovers Hannah is also one of the Pillmans . The two families make it to the finals , and as they are about to go head - to - head in the rope tug - of - war , Harley realizes the value of her invention at the park , which no one was using . She has her family dry off in it while the Pillman family chooses to remain wet , the deciding factor which leads to the Diaz family winning . Guest stars : Gregg Binkley as Chester Torvilleton , Tom Parker as Mr. Pillman , Kate Tomlinson as Hannah , Corey Dorris as Malcolm , Christopher Chen as Fed Up Dad Note : This originally aired as a one - hour movie . Disney Channel has since aired it as two parts , the first as `` Stuck in the Waterpark '' , and the second as `` Stuck in the Aqualympics '' . 19 `` Stuck in a Commercial '' Joe Menendez Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 203 1.09 Tom has bought some ad time on television to promote his bait shop , but when Harley sees a commercial her father plans to submit , made eleven years ago , she feels embarrassed over what happened to her in the commercial and does not want everyone to see it . Knowing Ethan 's skill as a film maker , Harley proposes to make a new commercial for the shop , but also knowing Ethan 's tendency to quit whatever he sets out to do , she is willing to stick with the old commercial should the project fail . To ensure Ethan stays focused , she secretly monitors his filming activity while building a camera rig to use for the final part of the commercial . Difficulties arise while Ethan is filming , including Daphne 's being jinxed by Lewie and Beast , Rachel and Suzy 's trying to buy Adele concert tickets , and Georgie 's looking after her coach 's pet parrot Leo . It becomes a huge mess leading Ethan to quit , but Harley talks sense into him about not giving up . Even with the limited footage , Ethan puts together a commercial worthy of airing on television . Guest star : Audrey Wasilewski as Leo 20 `` Stuck in the School Photo '' Mike Mariano David McHugh & Matt Flanagan February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 204 1.37 When Suzy sees Harley , Rachel , Ethan and Georgie 's shocking school pictures , she wants to know the story behind them . The four teenagers recount what happened in school three weeks earlier , on picture day . Rachel wanted the right outfit for her picture and resorted to searching for a top in lost and found boxes , while Ethan celebrated the return of sloppy joe to the cafeteria menu , hoping a food fight would not erupt . Georgie was rejoicing about her recent success in a basketball game and wanted everything to happen exactly as it did that day . Meanwhile , Harley was looking forward to the scientific thrill of indoor skydiving after school , but her substitute teacher Mr. Delorco , known for giving detention to her older siblings , stood in her way . Harley did not want to become the latest Diaz to get into trouble with him , so her friend Ellie helped out . When they were around Mr. Delorco , each of them assumed the other 's identity , which ended up carrying over into their pictures because the teacher was present for those . Once the story is over , Suzy hears a knock on the door . Thinking that it is Ms. Peters , Suzy tells Harley , Rachel , Ethan , and Georgie to hide . Guest stars : Peter Breitmayer as Mr. Delorco , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Zach Timson as Chet , Bentley Green as Miles , Jamison Reeves as Photographer Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 21 `` Stuck in a Slushy War '' David Kendall Denise Moss February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 205 0.99 Harley hires Phil Durning to assist with her slushy business at the bait shop . Phil is in need of a job after he got fired from the department of motor vehicles , for a single bad review that Harley wrote after he failed Rachel on her driving test . When Phil starts working for Harley , he senses her discomfort about being his boss , but after Harley tells him to pursue his passion , he decides to open a competing slushy service on wheels . Meanwhile , Rachel is teaching Daphne proper etiquette and dress for a birthday party she has been invited to , and while Daphne goes along with Rachel 's advice at first , she comes to the party dressing and acting as herself . Phil becomes furious when he discovers Harley got him fired from his original job , and he works to steal customers away from Harley 's slushy business . Ethan and Harley come up with a plan to shut down Phil 's business , except they fail to think things through in developing the plan . Ultimately , Harley discovers Phil 's passion is to be an instructor for first - time drivers and encourages him to open his own driving school . Guest stars : Gabriel Tigerman as Phil , Brooke Singleton as Girl Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 22 5 `` Stuck in the Garage Sale '' Eric Dean Seaton Allan Rice March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 207 0.97 As the Diaz family prepares for their annual garage sale , Harley is not enthusiastic about it because she is always left to organize the event . She wants to call it off , but Ethan encourages her to hold the sale and deliberately make it a failure . After Tom tells Harley he and Suzy will double whatever money the family earns , she scraps Ethan 's plan and wants everyone to make as much money as possible , so they can reach their goal to buy an above - ground swimming pool . Lewie and Beast become so wound up in the process that they end up selling Harley 's invention bag . Seeing how much the bag means to Harley , her siblings work to get it back from the lady who bought it , and their effort cost them nearly all they made in the garage sale . Guest star : Carol Mansell as Fran Absent : Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 23 6 `` Stuck in the Diaz Easter '' Joe Menendez Lance Whinery April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 206 1.10 Harley wants Daphne to experience a traditional Diaz Easter and rallies her parents into getting it started on the eve of the holiday . When the children wake up the next morning , though , they see no Easter baskets . Suzy planned to put them together , but she is dealing with a cold and slept through the night . The family , except for Suzy , goes to Easter service at church , but during service , Tom is called to his bait shop because of a malfunctioning refrigerator and brings Ethan with him . With the way the holiday has started out , Daphne becomes disappointed that it will be just another Easter like the others she remembers . Though her other siblings feel the same way , Harley is not about to give up on her promise of a traditional celebration . She , Rachel and Georgie prepare dinner back at the house , while Lewie and Beast work on the Easter baskets , but the result turns into disaster . Meanwhile , the family is unaware that Daphne is still at church , and calls from Ms. Peters to tell them go ignored . When they finally realize where Daphne is , and see that she helped with organizing the Easter dinner at church , they are relieved and proud of what she did , and they also help out with the dinner . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters 24 7 `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' Mike Mariano Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 208 0.97 As Harley tries her virtual reality helmet in the attic , which is off - limits to the Diaz children , Lewie and Beast wonder what all the commotion is up there . When the two check on Harley , they discover their birth certificates to find they were born minutes apart on different dates . When Suzy and Tom find out , they promise the twins separate parties for their ninth birthdays in a few months . Lewie and Beast use Harley 's being in the attic as leverage to have her throw Beast a half - birthday party , and as the twins believe Ethan suggested it , Harley has him involved in organizing it as well . Lewie becomes unsatisfied with Harley and Ethan 's planning and decides to take over . Beast seems okay with Lewie 's ideas , but Harley makes Beast realize he should go with what he likes for his party , which leads to Lewie feeling left out . After Suzy and Tom see how Harley has made Beast 's party possible , they decide to clear space in the attic for her to use , until they find her virtual reality helmet already there . Meanwhile , Rachel is stressed over taking the SAT because she worries being distracted by boys who will also be taking the test , so she seeks Georgie 's help . Georgie finds herself distracted during the test after a boy gets her attention but she has no idea who . Guest stars : Adam Hochstetter as Wyatt , Matt Lowe as Dumpster Jack , Shana Gregory Williams as Proctor Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz 25 8 `` Stuck without Devices '' David Kendall David McHugh & Matt Flanagan April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 210 1.00 Suzy gets fed up when the children are not paying attention or helping her with the groceries , so she confiscates all their electronic devices and wants the family to come together without the technology - based distractions for two days . Lewie and Beast play a game designed to annoy other family members and manage to recruit Rachel into playing , with the loser doing the winner 's chores for a whole week , while Ethan uses his tech - free time as a magician but fails to impress Daphne , who stumps Ethan with her own magic . Harley and Georgie bond together doing Double Dutch as they did when they were younger , using an invention Harley built after Rachel became boy - crazy , but when Georgie 's response to a text from Wyatt leads him to come to the house to be with her , she pays more attention to him than to Harley . With Rachel , Lewie and Beast tied in their game , they decide to target Wyatt to break the tie , which turns into chaos in the backyard and ruins the picnic Suzy has planned . Realizing she got her point across to the children , Suzy decides to return the electronic devices to everyone except the twins , who were responsible for the backyard mess . Guest star : Adam Hochstetter as Wyatt Absent : Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 26 9 `` Stuck with a Boy Genius '' Victor Nelli Denise Moss April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 211 1.17 Rachel , Ethan and Georgie prepare for their spring formal at school . Harley has no interest in going or asking some guy she is not friends with , but when she receives a text from her friend Josh , who is a sophomore at a different high school and an inventor like Harley , her sisters suggest she ask him . After Josh accepts , Harley gets ready for her first formal . The two have never met face - to - face , so it comes as a huge surprise when Harley finds out Josh is only nine years old . While at the formal , Harley feels embarrassed being around him , until she sees an interesting gadget he invented and plays with it . Rachel informs Josh and Harley that they have been chosen as the formal 's king and queen , and wants to spare them from doing the spotlight dance , but Harley goes forward with it and gets her siblings and their dates involved in helping her put together a dance that will not attract attention to Josh 's age . Meanwhile , Lewie and Beast decide to camp in the backyard , and Suzy and Tom are not delighted about it . They send Daphne to camp with her brothers , attempting to get them to come inside . Guest stars : Adam Hochstetter as Wyatt , Caleb Brown as Josh , Robbie Davidson as Blake 27 10 `` Stuck with a Bad Influence '' Jon Rosenbaum Allan Rice June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) TBA 1.31 When Harley 's siblings refuse to try out her latest invention called the Grocer - Whee , she turns to Ellie to give it a test run , but Ellie worries she will get hurt . Knowing how sheltered Ellie 's life has become because of her mother , Harley works on being a good influence to her best friend by helping her through her fears . Eventually , the two ride the Grocer - Whee but end up taking out the Peters ' mailbox . Thinking Ellie 's punishment will be no big deal , Harley later feels guilty after Ellie tells her that she is being sent to boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother . With Daphne , Lewie , and Beast 's help , the two girls concoct a plan to convince Ms. Peters to change her mind , but she sees through their act . Still , Ms. Peters is made aware of her daughter 's feelings about Radistone Academy and cancels her enrollment . Harley is relieved , but after doing research on the school , she realizes Ellie should not pass up the opportunity and has to convince her to go , even though she will miss her . Meanwhile , Rachel joins Ethan 's film club at Tom 's bait shop , but Suzy and Tom do some investigating after seeing what actually goes on there . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz 28 11 `` Stuck in a Good Deed '' Melissa Kosar Denise Moss June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) TBA 1.04 Suzy and Harley volunteer for a day at the Golden Horizons retirement home . When they see what activities they do there , they choose to volunteer for more days , intending to take advantage of the amenities instead . With Suzy away from home , Ethan and Georgie are put on laundry duty , while Rachel babysits Daphne . Ethan and Georgie decide to leave the dirtiest of the clothes for their mother , who later presents them the opportunity to volunteer at Golden Horizons , which they refuse . When Ethan and Georgie see the commercial that initially inspired Suzy and Harley to help the elderly , they change their mind but are shocked to see their mother and sister getting massages . Upon hearing about a birthday party being thrown for the grumpy resident Mr. Kibbenshaw , Suzy and Harley are not thrilled to be a part of it , but they arrange for the party to take place at the park . Meanwhile , at the park , Rachel tries to get out of babysitting Daphne by joining a group of nannies who look after the children on a daily rotation . When Rachel is suddenly faced with the responsibility , on the day of Mr. Kibbenshaw 's party , she panics and the children run all over the place , leading to the party being ruined . Rachel gets grounded , while Ethan and Georgie are reprimanded for how they handled the dirty laundry . Guest stars : Davida Williams as Kelly , Tessa Harnetiaux as Natalie , P.L. Brown as Mr. Kibbenshaw , Richard Fancy as Larry Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 29 12 `` Stuck Dancing with My Dad '' Carlos Gonzalez Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) TBA 1.00 Harley seeks Troy Havana to finance her latest invention , the floor finder , and asks Rachel to drive her to Boston , where he is holding a meet - and - greet . After having no success talking to Troy , Harley finds out he will be at the Dancing with My Dad auditions in Boston , and after noticing her father and Daphne have some dancing chemistry , she asks them to take part as contestants on the show . Though not initially on board , Tom changes his mind after hearing his sports idol Brady Rice will be there . Tom and Daphne audition and secure a spot in the competition , while Harley tracks down Troy , who also happens to be a contestant with his daughter Savannah . Troy shows interest in Harley 's invention , but when his offer includes the condition that her father and sister not compete , Harley not only rejects the offer but is also determined to see Troy lose . Meanwhile , Lewie and Beast are working on over 100 different ways to use peanut butter . One of those uses causes Daphne to get injured right before the dancing competition begins , resulting in Harley taking Daphne 's place . In the end , Tom and Harley score better than Troy and Savannah , but finish second to Brady Rice and his daughter . Guest star : Laird Macintosh as Troy Havana Absent : Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 30 13 `` Stuck in a Gold Medal Performance '' David Kendall Lance Whinery June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 209 1.33 Rachel has joined the spirit squad at school and looks to Harley to come up with something creative for the basketball games . Harley decides on a laser light show and quickly develops a controller for it , which malfunctions and catches fire when she exhibits it at school . Though Harley promises Rachel she will fix the problem in time for a pep rally , she fears the controller will malfunction again and ends up bailing . Meanwhile , Georgie meets Olympic gold medalist Laurie Hernandez at a signing in Boston and , through talk about their Latina heritage , persuades Laurie to visit her home for dinner . Georgie feels she is lacking in the customs , dances and language , but she tries to get her parents to make an authentic meal for Laurie , who decides to stop in Marshport and visit the Diaz home . At dinner , Rachel fumes over Harley 's no - show at the pep rally , while the meal is too spicy for Laurie 's taste . Georgie and Harley learn about persevering through failure as Laurie recounts her rougher times as a gymnast to them . At the next school basketball game , Harley 's laser light show runs smoothly , and the crowd gets to see some gymnastics from Laurie as a bonus . Special guest star : Laurie Hernandez as herself Guest star : Jaida - Iman Benjamin as Traci Absent : Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz 31 14 `` Stuck in a New Room '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 220 1.34 Using her eavesdropping invention , Harley overhears her parents talking about cleaning out the attic and turning it into a bedroom . She initially wants to keep this to herself , but Georgie gets Harley to share what she heard . Despite Georgie 's intent to keep this news secret , word spreads to the rest of her siblings . With the exception of Daphne , who is not interested in giving up her current bedroom arrangement , the children attempt to convince their parents about why they deserve the attic space . Suzy and Tom call a family meeting and find out that Harley eavesdropped on their conversation in the attic , leading them to drop their plans . With the help of her siblings , Harley comes up with a proposal to decide who gets the attic , and the children offer to clean out the attic as well . They settle on a battle of boys vs. girls , with the two genders agreeing to a series of backyard competitions . When figuring out what kind of competitions , going on what they cleaned out from the attic , they make use of Harley 's past inventions . Ultimately , the competitions fail to produce a winner , but the children agree to make the attic space a family game room . 32 15 `` Stuck with a Dangerous House '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 214 1.08 Harley , Rachel and Georgie are planning to attend a night concert on the pier , but after their parents tell them no , concerned over their safety , Harley reveals that Daphne 's playhouse upstairs has been recalled for an unsafe roof . Suzy and Tom remove the playhouse , forcing Daphne to sleep in her sisters ' room and disrupt their lives . Harley figures out a way to make the playhouse safe but finds out it has been discarded , so she , Rachel and Georgie are looking for a store that sells the kind Daphne had . They discover a toy store in Marshport with only one but worry the store owner will not sell it to them because of the family 's history at that store . Although the girls successfully manage to purchase the new playhouse , they realize Daphne had memories with the old one in the form of various dents to it . Feeling sad , Harley discovers from Ethan that the old playhouse is in a nearby dumpster , so she , Rachel and Georgie recover the parts to it and put it back together for Daphne . Meanwhile , Ethan is directing Lewie and Beast 's online channel called `` Trash Twins '' , but the twins realize eating food from the garbage is harder than they imagined , even to impress Dumpster Jack . Guest stars : Matt Lowe as Dumpster Jack , Aaron Krebs as Duncan Gloverman 33 16 `` Stuck with a New Friend '' Erika Kaestle Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 219 1.13 Harley meets a new student at school named Sophie , whom she eventually befriends despite an incident that ruins both of their entries for the Marshport Extreme Science Games . They decide to work together on another project for the contest , but when Sophie wants to come over to the Diaz house , Harley worries their friendship will suffer because of her siblings . After finding out Sophie likes Ethan , she expects Ethan to be kind and thoughtful to her , unlike her other friends . When Ethan misses a movie date with Sophie , though , Harley wants him to show that he regrets it , but ends up regretting her part in helping him do so after Sophie is humiliated . To save her friendship with Sophie , Harley decides to take charge of their entry at the science games when she inadvertently puts a prop in the wrong place . Meanwhile , Rachel discovers a traffic ticket in the mail , believing it to be for her mother when it is actually for her . To avoid paying a $500 fine and going to traffic school , Rachel schemes to fool Suzy into thinking she ran a red light in Rhode Island , with Lewie and Beast 's help , but it backfires when she finds out . Guest stars : Talitha Bateman as Sophie , Bryan Coffee as Einstein Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 34 17 `` Stuck in a Merry Scary '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 221 1.18 Halloween is Harley 's favorite holiday as her inventive mind gives her an edge in scaring her family every year . When Harley selects Rachel in the Halloween `` Secret Scarer '' , she is faced with her biggest challenge yet , but is determined to scare her . A werewolf head in the microwave and spooky hands in Rachel 's closet fail to do so , leading Harley to go all out with a bathroom shocker . Not only is Rachel frightened by it , but she also hurts her leg and needs to go to the hospital . This forces Harley to take Daphne trick - or - treating , but Daphne bails on her . Meanwhile , Ethan coaxes Lewie and Beast out of trick - or - treating to serve as security for their `` Haunted Hang '' in the backyard , to protect it from vandalism and prevent a neighbor from claiming the best haunted display . When Harley returns home and sees the Haunted Hang vandalized , she does not realize what is about to happen to her . The entire family manages to frighten her good disguised as pumpkin - headed creatures as payback for all the times she has gotten them . It turns out they had some tricks up their sleeve : they rigged the Secret Scarer draw so Harley would pick Rachel , and Rachel actually faked her injury . 35 18 `` Stuck with a Hook , Line and Sinker '' Julian Petrillo Jessica Charles & Miguel Ian Raya October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 217 1.10 Colt Bailey , a celebrity fisherman , comes to Marshport for a fishing tournament . Because he signs up late for the competition , he is looking for a place to stay with all the hotels booked . When he offers to pay a large sum , Harley decides to rent out the house to him , and Rachel , Ethan and Georgie offer to help out . Their plan is to save up for a trip to Hawaii , which always eludes them because of the deeds of the younger Diaz siblings . Tom gets sold on the plan with Suzy and the three youngest children away . With Colt staying at the house , Tom and the older children head on a camping trip , which turns out to be an uncomfortable stay at Tom 's store because of the stormy weather . Colt asks for a number of accommodations , including a home security system , fresh bait , someone to look after his dog , and an organized kitchen without any fish products . Harley , Rachel , Ethan and Georgie try to make those accommodations work , but it becomes a disaster , which blows any savings toward the Hawaii trip . Guest star : Morgan West as Colt Bailey Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz 36 19 `` Stuck in the Babysitting Nightmare '' David Kendall David McHugh & Matt Flanagan October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 218 1.27 When the Morelands need a new babysitter for their triplets , Harley feels she is ready for the job based on her experience with Daphne , Lewie and Beast . She gets an opportunity to show she can handle the babysitting duty full - time when Suzy and Tom attend a neighborhood association meeting next door at Bethany Peters ' house , and Rachel heads to a beach party with Ethan and Georgie . The younger siblings usually look forward to Harley 's babysitting since she makes it fun for them , but when she does things differently , they decide to give her a true test of the job . Meanwhile , Rachel , Ethan and Georgie deal with a flat tire on the car while navigating to the beach party , but Ethan runs into trouble himself trying to replace the tire . Suzy and Tom get offended at the neighborhood meeting after Bethany details every little problem she has seen with the Diaz family . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Greg Rogstad as Oscar 37 20 `` Stuck in the Diaz Awards '' Leslie Kolins Small Bryan Larrivee October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 213 1.31 In this clip show , the fifth annual Diaz Awards have arrived . Each year , the Diaz family looks back at their achievements , surprises and disappointments , and the children are awarded in various categories . Whoever wins in the most categories picks up the Diaz of the Year trophy . Harley has never won the Diaz of the Year and is hoping to change her luck , but she falls behind all of her other siblings early in the ceremony . Eventually , she pulls off a winning streak to take the lead in the tally , two ahead of Lewie and Beast with two categories to go . The twins end up taking those remaining categories and force a tiebreaker , which also goes to them . Harley painfully accepts her defeat , but Ethan informs her of a special award not based on votes , unlike the other awards handed out . Because of her overall contribution to the family , Harley is named the Most Valuable Diaz . Special guest star : Laurie Hernandez as herself Guest stars : Peter Breitmayer as Mr. Delorco , Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Alex Shimizu as Bai Hsu , Jaida - Iman Benjamin as Traci , Kay Bess as Woman 's Voice Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 `` Stuck at Christmas -- The Movie '' David Kendall Linda Videtti Figueiredo December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 3 - 99 1.36 As the Diaz family prepares their home for Christmas , Harley needs to know how long to steam pasteles and winds up calling Abuela to find out . Harley is hoping Abuela will ask whether the family will spend Christmas with her in Florida , but when the question does not come up , Harley is prompted to bring the family there . They initially take a plane to Florida , but when a storm in the flight 's path causes the plane to land in Columbus , Ohio , they settle on two small , uncomfortable rental cars to continue their journey . The discomfort is short - lived as Harley spots a huge tour bus belonging to a rock band that is not around to claim it . With Tom having a license to drive that kind of vehicle , the family continues their trip in the bus and decorates it for the holiday . Daphne suddenly realizes her doll `` Deathnee '' is missing , which Harley traces back to the rental cars , so the family tracks down the doll , while Suzy confiscates the children 's electronic devices which had distracted them when the doll went missing . The family ends up at a camp where they meet another family with a little girl named Joyanne , who has Deathnee and is not about to give her up . Georgie makes a deal with Joyanne , getting back Deathnee in exchange for toys she collected for a toy drive . As the Diaz family gets ready to leave , Tom sees a penny he hopes will bring good luck , but as he picks it up , the contents of his pouch , which includes their money , credit cards and electronic devices , falls into the camp fire . Adding to the misery , the bus later breaks down , with the impact causing Harley 's glass ornament for Abuela to break . Hoping to reach Abuela 's by Christmas , the Diaz family turns to a repairman named Buddy Burtz , whom Harley discovers is a middle child just like her , often ignored by his brothers . With the backlog at the Burtz repair shop , Tom offers to pay double to get the bus fixed , while Suzy attempts to withdraw the necessary funds from the bank , which falls through . Harley finds out that Buddy 's brothers are taking part in an annual holiday race known as the Iron Elf but are not interested in having Buddy on their team due to his fear in one event the year he took part . Harley strikes a deal with Buddy , having him compete with her family in the race , and if they win , he will fix the bus for free . Buddy ends up facing the event he struggled with before , but with Harley believing he will overcome his fear , he succeeds , helping the Diaz family pull out the victory . Harley gives the trophy to Buddy , while the children donate the presents they won on Georgie 's request . Sticking to his end of the deal , Buddy prepares to work on the bus , with his brothers offering to help . The Diaz family makes it to Florida in time , and they surprise Abuela with their visit . She surprises them by celebrating the holiday on the beachside . Guest stars : Olga Merediz as Abuela , Steve Monroe as Buddy Burtz , Stephen Kramer Glickman as Benny , Judy Kain as Mrs. McDoogan , Eileen O'Connell as Marla , Ron G as Rental Agent , Troy Blendell as Roger , Chloe Perrin as Joyanne , Patrick Faucette as Cop Note : Ronni Hawk is not included in the opening credits of this special , and does not appear . Note : This originally aired as a one - hour movie . Disney Channel has since aired it as two parts , the first as `` Stuck in a Christmas Road Trip '' , and the second as `` Stuck in a Christmas Race '' . 39 `` Stuck with Rachel 's Secret '' Jon Rosenbaum Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBA 1.16 When Rachel starts acting unusually generous , her siblings become suspicious . Harley and Georgie later find out that during Rachel 's Christmas trip to France , she applied to a fashion internship at a university there and got accepted . The internship starts much sooner than the family was expecting Rachel to leave for college , and she needs the support of her siblings to help with breaking the news to Suzy and Tom , but Daphne and the twins are not on board . With some trickery from Rachel , Ethan takes the three youngsters to the mall and ends up getting a makeup job after displaying his knowledge about it to a store customer , while the other three are reminded about Rachel anywhere they go in the makeup store . Meanwhile , Rachel tells Suzy and Tom about her internship , but they are not convinced she is ready to go so soon and recall a large list of promises she failed to deliver on . They change their mind after she proves she can deliver on those promises , which got fulfilled with her siblings ' help . As Harley and Georgie prepare for Rachel 's leaving , they hear from her that she missed the enrollment deadline at the school and is not going , but later find out she actually withdrew her application . Upon questioning her , they realize she is afraid to leave but they help her through it . After an emotional goodbye at the airport , the family wonders who will take over Rachel 's spot in the car , the sweet seat , but not even Harley is ready to do so . Special guest star : Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz Guest stars : Briana Lane as Jayden , Alana Baer as Chloe , Anissa Borrego as Girl 40 `` Stuck with a Diaz Down '' Mike Mariano David McHugh & Matt Flanagan January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBA 1.07 With the Diaz family missing Rachel , they look to Georgie to fill her shoes as the oldest sibling , and Harley attempts to prepare her for a number of situations that could arise . Unable to deal with the pressure of this responsibility , Georgie panics and Harley finds herself stepping into the job . When faced with resolving two problems her other siblings bring up -- Ethan 's struggles dating Chloe , and how Lewie and Daphne should handle Beast after he reveals the truth about Rachel 's `` blackmail book '' -- Harley winds up giving the wrong advice . Both Harley and Georgie realize it is better to just be themselves when tackling the problems of their siblings , and Georgie manages things all right doing just that . In the final scene , Harley and Georgie have an encounter with a boy named Aidan , whose ball was accidentally shot through their bedroom window . Guest stars : Joshua Bassett as Aidan , Alana Baer as Chloe 41 `` Stuck in Camp Chaos '' Eric Dean Seaton Lance Whinery February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) TBA 1.07 With Ellie on winter break from Radistone Academy for a week , Harley wants to do something fun with her during that time . As the two brainstorm different ideas , they settle on running a camp for youngsters in the Diaz backyard , which Harley hopes will also fund something special for her upcoming quinceañera . As this would keep Daphne , Lewie , and Beast occupied , Suzy is okay with the idea as long as it does not disturb her . Daphne has no interest in the camp , so Harley has Georgie keep an eye on Daphne . Meanwhile , Harley has to deal with another problem , not involving her siblings : her new neighbor Aidan , who is also Ellie 's cousin and a lacrosse player . His hitting balls into and over the fence separating the Diaz and Peters backyards is disrupting camp activities . Harley tries to be diplomatic by getting him to stop while she is conducting camp , but he refuses to cooperate . Things get worse when Aidan changes the fence 's location , placing it deeper into the Diaz backyard and causing Harley to retaliate as Ellie wants no part of it . When her campers , including Lewie and Beast , bring the fence down , it is enough to disturb Suzy , who shuts the camp down and leaves Harley to clean up the mess . While cleaning up , Harley rekindles her friendship with Ellie who helps her clean up as Harley whispers the something special in her ear . Harley realizes this is only the beginning with Aidan , who shows up in one of her classes at school and plans to be around for the whole semester . Guest stars : Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Joshua Bassett as Aidan , Antonio Raul Corbo as Hunter Absent : Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz 42 5 `` Stuck with Harley 's Bethany '' David Kendall Allan Rice February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) TBA 1.01 Harley 's dislike of Aidan continues to consume her as it is now affecting her at school . She asks her mother for tips on how to deal with him , knowing her long - term battle with Bethany is similar . Suzy tells Harley to simply agree with Aidan , as that is what she does to avoid arguments with Bethany . The method appears to work at first , while Harley and Aidan work together near the restored fence between their backyards , but when Aidan messes up Harley 's delivery of the school 's announcements , it becomes a battleground that everyone at school witnesses , with Harley accidentally broadcasting her argument with Aidan over the PA system . Suzy and Bethany also hear the two bickering , since they are volunteering at the school 's bake sale , and they start to argue once Harley brings up how she has been coping with Aidan using Suzy 's `` yes for no distress '' technique . Meanwhile , Ethan is trying to get new subscribers for his web channel by filming a new segment starring Lewie and Beast at Tom 's store , but when they see the segment is a failure and are no longer allowed to film in the store , they go to the bake sale and end up capturing Suzy and Bethany 's arguing on camera . Harley tries another method to cope with Aidan , developing special earplugs to keep herself from hearing his boasts . Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , Joshua Bassett as Aidan Absent : Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz 43 6 `` Stuck in a Nice Relationship '' TBA TBA March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA TBD 44 7 `` Stuck with Horrible Helpers '' TBA TBA March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBA TBD 45 8 `` Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery '' TBA TBA March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBA TBD 46 9 `` Stuck in a Besties Battle '' TBA TBA March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA TBD Stuck in the store ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Stuck in the Store is a Stuck in the Middle special that aired on Disney Channel on December 16 , 2016 , consisting of six 2 -- 4 - minute shorts . No . Title Original air date `` Operation : Mega Mart '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) As the Diaz family prepares to shop at Mega Mart , its store manager Rodney is keeping an eye on them as they have two strikes against them for past mischief . With a third strike , he can ban the family from the store and highlight them on the store 's wall of shame . If the children can avoid getting into trouble , Suzy and Tom are promising each of them a family - sized pizza . Harley develops a way to communicate with her siblings around the store , using Tom 's old cell phones which also serve as a source for live - streaming . `` Operation : Discount '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ethan disguises himself as a Mega Mart employee named Boris and helps an old lady carry a giant teddy bear for her grandniece 's birthday party . Meanwhile , Lewie and Beast are sampling some barbecue chicken tenders and each decide to sample one for Ethan . The twins get busted by Rodney for oversampling . Absent : Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz , Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz `` Operation : Cake '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Georgie tries an unsuccessful move to get lettuce for Harley which ends with her crashing into a box of pillows . Daphne sees a huge cake and decides to take ownership by sitting on it as part of her `` You butt it , you buy it . '' Rodney gets hold of both Georgie and Daphne . Absent : Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz , Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz `` Operation : Fame '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Rachel uses a store camera to broadcast herself across Mega Mart and to The Squad . Rodney sees her and attempts to grab the camera from her , but the camera breaks and Rodney rips his pants . It is the third strike Rodney was looking for to ban the Diaz family from Mega Mart . Absent : Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz , Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz 5 `` Operation : Break Out '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Harley and Ethan , as Boris , organize an attempt to get their siblings out of confinement . They distract Rodney briefly , but he spots the Diaz children trying to escape . 6 `` Operation : Escape '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Harley makes one last effort to divert Rodney 's attention so the entire family can leave the store unscathed . Rodney catches up to them though and bans them . When Suzy confronts him about his customer relations , pointing out she was watching the children 's live streams as they were getting caught , Rodney retracts his ban . Harley and her siblings celebrate , only to realize they will not be getting any pizza because Suzy reminded them that she watched their live streams . This disappoints the children and Tom . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stuck in the Middle Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Stuck in the Middle '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Stuck in the Middle Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 5.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 5.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 7.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 7.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 7.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stuck in the Middle Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Jump up ^ `` Stuck in the Middle : Stuck in the Waterpark '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck in the Middle : Stuck in the Aqualympics '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ( hide ) Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Stuck_in_the_Middle_episodes&oldid=825556373 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia | who plays louie in stuck in the middle | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle [1][2]\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [1][2]\nProd.\ncode [1][3]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Stuck in the Middle\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nStory by : Alison Brown\nTeleplay by : Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo\nFebruary 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)\n101\n2.81[4]\n\n\n\nHarley struggles to get her siblings and parents to the park, where she is to receive a young inventor's award. She looks to Ethan for help and encouragement that they will make it to the park, but Georgie has a basketball game and Rachel is serving at a soup kitchen. Harley worries the basketball game will not finish on time. Rachel decides to spend time with her boyfriend Cuff after her volunteer work, despite her parents' admonitions. The Diaz family does eventually arrive at the park, though late for Harley's award.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Brett Pierce as Cuff\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Stuck in the Sweet Seat\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nErika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy\nMarch 11, 2016 (2016-03-11)\n102\n1.64[5]\n\n\nIt is Harley's 13th birthday, but it seems no one remembers. Harley believes her parents will feel guilty about forgetting her special day, and decides to use that \"guilt\" to get the best seat in the family car as a present—the sweet seat, reserved for the oldest child, which is Rachel. To ensure she gets the sweet seat, and as soon as her siblings become aware of what day it is, Harley urges them to stay quiet about it for the rest of the day and distract Suzy and Tom from remembering. In trying to keep her birthday a secret, Harley endures demands from Daphne to keep quiet, as well as getting into trouble. Later that night, Georgie reminds Harley how precious celebrating birthdays with the family is becoming, as the older siblings will soon be leaving home. That prompts Harley to let go of her desire for the sweet seat and let the family know about her big day. As for that sweet seat, she can wait.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Stuck with a Guy on the Couch\"\nDavid Kendall\nDenise Moss\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\n104\n1.67[6]\n\n\n\nWhen Suzy and Tom refuse to buy the children another tablet to replace the one they broke, Harley comes up with a plan to raise money for that tablet. She decides to rent the family couch to a stranger, picking up the idea from the Peters, who are renting a room in their house. With Ethan's help, she books an Asian music student, Bai Hsu, to stay in the Diaz home for two nights. Bai's accommodations are not exactly as he expects since the children are trying to keep Suzy and Tom from becoming suspicious. When Bai cannot sleep in the Diaz home on the second night, Harley brings him to her father's store, where he ends up sleeping by a raft. The next morning, Harley, Ethan and Georgie discover Bai and the raft are gone. Tom tells them he sold the raft to Bai, whom he recognized in selfies Rachel posted online. As Tom did not accept any additional money from Bai, Harley's effort to fund the new tablet falls short. Meanwhile, the younger children attempt to raise money themselves by promoting frog wrestling.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Alex Shimizu as Bai Hsu, Kay Bess as Woman's Voice\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Stuck at the Movies\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nDavid McHugh & Matt Flanagan\nMarch 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)\n103\n1.73[7]\n\n\n\nWhile using her sure-fire way to get free stuff from companies through her \"feedback\" approach, Harley forgets she has a school science project due until her mother reminds her and wants to see that project. Meanwhile, Suzy is preoccupied with the family's Wi-Fi bill and complains to their provider, but when she follows Harley's system of company feedback by asking for free service and threatening cancellation, the Wi-Fi provider summarily cancels their service, which causes the children to become restless. To calm them down, Suzy and Tom decide to take the family to the movies. Harley figures she can come up with her project before the movie begins, while monitoring the seats she reserved for the family, but fails even after she manages to build something. The Diaz family ends up having a short stay at the theater as Suzy and Tom notice the movie they are watching is not G-rated. Harley finally settles on her project when Ethan shows her behind-the-scenes family moments he captured on his phone while at the theater; she builds a film projector so the family can watch those moments. It does help them pass the time without Wi-Fi service, which Suzy hopes to get restored.\nGuest star: Matt Webb as Usher\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Stuck in the Block Party\"\nDavid Kendall\nAllan Rice\nApril 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)\n105\n1.59[8]\n\n\n\nThe annual neighborhood block party is nearing, and Harley persuades her mother to let the family do the big activity for the event. To the shock of Ms. Peters, who is not keen on the seeing the Diaz family handle this responsibility, Suzy tells her the family is taking charge of the activity. Harley is left to come up with ideas and wants to do so undisturbed. She moves out of her bedroom and establishes her quiet space for thinking in a closet, leading Rachel and Georgie to fight for Harley's space in the bedroom. The quietude deeply affects Harley's creative mind, and the ideas she is able to muster lack any excitement. Harley realizes she needs the chaos from her siblings for inspiration. She tries to move back into her bedroom with Rachel and Georgie, but when her sisters disallow that, she has Daphne become their roommate. As Harley sees Daphne transport their sisters' stuff out the bedroom window, it inspires Harley to build a roller coaster for the block party.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Stuck in the Slushinator\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLance Whinery\nApril 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)\n106\n1.64[9]\n\n\n\nAt 13, Harley has become old enough to work at her father's marina store and is eager to do so. However, Tom refuses to give her that opportunity, fearing disaster such as what he experienced with Rachel, Ethan and Georgie, so Harley tries to convince him for her chance and succeeds. She wants to add a slushy machine to the store, but after her father disapproves its $500 price tag, she unveils her cost-efficient alternative, the slushinator, powered by bicycles which she hires Lewie and Beast to pedal. It provides a boost to Tom's business, but the twins later decide they are done with slushy-making and want to do something else. After Harley gives the two incentive to return, the twins end up fighting, and their war is felt beyond the store. Harley eventually patches things up between the two. Though her slushinator is short-lived, her father commends her for not sinking his business and offers her the opportunity to continue working for him at the store. Meanwhile, Suzy wants the family to prepare for a church photo at the house, while Daphne takes care of what she believes is a cat. When it comes time for the photo, Daphne introduces the animal, which everyone discovers is actually a skunk.\nGuest star: Joel Steingold as Tony\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Stuck in the Mother's Day Gift\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLinda Videtti Figueiredo\nApril 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)\n107\n1.53[10]\n\n\nEvery Mother's Day, Harley makes a gift for her mother, while her siblings simply step in to share credit for it without contributing. For this Mother's Day, though, Harley wants the others to come up with their own presents. All their gift ideas fall short of expectation, but Harley and Georgie's decision to get the family car professionally cleaned and detailed leads to panic when the car is not back in time. With her siblings' help, Harley tries to investigate what happened to it, only to come up empty. When Suzy also wants to know what happened to the car, the children take responsibility for its missing. It turns out the car is fine, just parked somewhere else near the house all cleaned up, and Suzy is pleasantly surprised by its makeover. In the end, Harley does not mind her siblings sharing the credit with her on this Mother's Day gift.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Stuck in Harley's Comet\"\nPaul Hoen\nDenise Moss\nMay 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)\n108\n1.34[11]\n\n\n\nWith her three younger siblings at their grandmother's with Suzy and her older siblings having plans, Harley gets a rare opportunity to do something on her own in the house. After getting her father's permission, she decides to invite her friends over to an outdoor slumber party for a rare comet viewing. Ellie arrives early for the party, but Harley's sleepover plans do not go smoothly as she deals with Rachel getting grounded, as well as Ethan and Georgie getting tricked at an event for unique basketball shoes. Also, as Harley goes out her bedroom window with Ellie to prepare for the comet's arrival, before the other girls arrive, Ellie's fear of heights causes her to accidentally lock her and Harley out on the roof. Harley tries different ways to get them out of the predicament without her father knowing. One of those ideas ends up distorting the Diaz family's satellite dish, and since Tom was watching television, she gets caught and grounded. After Tom rescues the two girls, they witness the comet's passing.\nGuest stars: Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Farrah Mackenzie as Sweet Girl\nAbsent: Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz, Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz, Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Stuck with Mom's New Friend\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLinda Videtti Figueiredo\nMay 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)\n110\n1.41[12]\n\n\n\nWhile Tom is away at Georgie's basketball tournament, Suzy runs the marina store. It worries Harley because her mother is hanging around her too much at the store. Harley and Ethan soon discover that Suzy's lack of friends—including not staying in touch with her old ones—is causing her to cling a lot to the family, so the two use an online site to connect their mother with a new friend who also lives in Marshport. When they find one who is almost a perfect match, they are shocked that it is their own next door neighbor, Bethany Peters. As she and Suzy spend time together as friends, the Diaz children notice radical changes, such as healthy food, limited television time and no dangerous objects, none of which suits them. Attempting to return things to normal, Harley asks her mother to invite Ms. Peters to Daphne's school play. Thanks to Rachel's musical direction for the play with Daphne the center of attention, the play turns too wild for Bethany's taste and effectively ends her brief friendship with Suzy.\nGuest stars: Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters\nAbsent: Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Stuck with My Sister's Boyfriend\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nDavid McHugh & Matt Flanagan\nJune 3, 2016 (2016-06-03)\n111\n1.55[13]\n\n\n\nWith school on break, Cuff is spending a lot of time at the Diaz house with Rachel, which also leads to his hanging with the twins. This overwhelms Harley because he is invading her personal stuff and Ethan because Lewie and Beast start thinking of Cuff as their older brother. Harley decides to find a job for Cuff, who winds up working at her father's marina store with her. Harley later tries to get him to quit by having him do a lot of unpleasant tasks around the store, but Cuff actually likes the work. When Rachel comes into the store to be with her boyfriend, he decides his job is more important, and it devastates Rachel. Cuff's absence at the house affects the twins as well, and Ethan struggles to be the awesome older brother again in their eyes. Seeing Rachel miserable prompts Harley to talk to Cuff about winning Rachel back. In showing Rachel how much he loves her, Cuff ends up getting fired by Tom for defacing store merchandise.\nGuest star: Brett Pierce as Cuff\nAbsent: Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz\n\n\n11\n11\n\"Stuck with a Winner\"\nLinda Mendoza\nJess Pineda\nJune 10, 2016 (2016-06-10)\n112\n1.32[14]\n\n\n\nWith Georgie in her sports off-season, outside of basketball, soccer and softball, Harley tries to involve her in another sport during the break. Knowing Georgie's tendency to score low when she plays, Harley gets her to try out for the golf team and invents a set of remote-controlled balls that will assure her a spot. When Georgie makes the team and starts feeling and acting like a winner, Harley tells her the truth about the golf balls and feels guilty about the cheating. Georgie eventually gives up on sports altogether and wants to become a regular teenage girl, but Harley reminds her how much the sports get the family involved, despite how bad she is. Meanwhile, Suzy challenges Rachel, Lewie, Beast and Daphne to cook dinner after they complain about her meals. After being successful with it once, Rachel and the twins are not thrilled with cooking all the time, so they prepare a less-than palatable meal to get out of it.\nGuest star: Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan\nAbsent: Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz\n\n\n12\n12\n\"Stuck with No Rules\"\nPaul Hoen\nErika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy\nJune 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)\n109\n1.30[15]\n\n\n\nWhile Harley is looking for parts for a snow machine she plans to build, her parents discover a gift certificate for a bed and breakfast trip, which Tom's parents gave to them but is nearly expired. Harley sees that as an opportunity for the two to get away for the weekend and suggests Rachel be in charge. It takes a lot of convincing for Suzy and Tom to believe their 16-year-old daughter is up to the job, but they go on their trip. Harley builds her snow machine and gives Rachel the opportunity to experience a ski vacation in the backyard; the two share a rare but brief sister bond, which ends when Rachel invites her friends over as well as Cuff. Lewie and Beast tackle a list of \"don'ts\" by doing everything forbidden on that list, while Ethan and Georgie wrestle with Daphne over the television remote. None of them know their parents are watching every minute of the action at the house through their tablet, and they occasionally call. When the house becomes a mess, and Suzy and Tom phone they are coming home, Harley looks to Rachel to take charge. With Rachel's leadership, the house gets clean in time.\nGuest star: Brett Pierce as Cuff\n\n\n13\n13\n\"Stuck in the Harley Car\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nAllan Rice\nJuly 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)\n114\n1.43[16]\n\n\n\nAhead of Marshport's tricentennial celebration, Harley invents a pedicab for Ethan's tour business. When the slushy machine breaks down at the marina store, and Harley needs money to replace a part, she teams up with Ethan. Harley's end of the business becomes a shuttle service and later expands into a daycare service. When Ethan finds out his tours were turned into babysitting rides, he quits and Harley continues solo. Although Harley is enjoying the money she is making from the pedicab venture, she misses her slushy business more and decides to fix the slushy machine. She turns the pedicab back over to Ethan for his tours, after which the two happen to spot singer Rachel Platten, the surprise celebrity guest for the tricentennial parade, who needs a ride to her float. Meanwhile, Georgie is selected to lead the parade by Mrs. Sullivan, who also helps get her in shape to walk the route, while Rachel and Daphne compete for Marshport queen. Georgie winds up directing the parade into the Diaz backyard.\nSpecial appearance by: Rachel Platten\nGuest stars: Jill Basey as Mrs. Sullivan, Eva Simone Fisher as Woman, Beau Dylan Hart as Kid 1, Toby Grey as Kid 2\nAbsent: Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz, Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz, Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz\n\n\n14\n14\n\"Stuck in Lockdown\"\nLinda Mendoza\nJulia Ahumada Grob & Bryan Larrivee\nJuly 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)\n113\n1.38[17]\n\n\n\nHarley's latest invention, an efficient laundry transport, leads to trouble. After Daphne uses the invention to transport herself downstairs and nearly gets hurt, she blames Harley when their mother checks on what happened. Suzy sends Harley to her room and puts her on \"lockdown\", the severest form of punishment in the Diaz family. With Harley confined to her bedroom, Tom has Rachel and Georgie work at his marina store, while Harley looks to get back at her younger sister for always getting her in trouble. When she sees Daphne doing something suspicious in the backyard, she elicits Ethan's help and sneaks out of her room. They are ready to bust Daphne as she sells her toys and other things to the neighbors, but when Harley finds out why, she realizes how much she has been neglecting her sister lately. Meanwhile, Rachel and Georgie are put on lockdown after Tom catches them throwing a party in the marina store. Harley manages to return to her bedroom, with her siblings' help, before her older sisters join her in confinement. When Suzy sees evidence suggesting Harley snuck out, Daphne blames Ethan, but Harley comes clean; Suzy adds Ethan to the lockdown. Daphne then gets herself in trouble to join her sisters and spend time with them. All the while, Lewie and Beast are on a week-long camping trip and manage to make it through one day before Suzy decides they have gotten into enough trouble and brings them home.\nAbsent: Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz, Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz\n\n\n15\n15\n\"Stuck without a Ride\"\nJon Rosenbaum\nLance Whinery\nJuly 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)\n115\n1.29[18]\n\n\n\nHarley needs to go to a music event in Boston, where an invention of hers is entered in a contest. Her mother is unable to drive her there, so she looks to Rachel, who has her learner's permit, and asks her to take the driving test to get her license. Suzy finds out Rachel's driving instructor, Phil, is someone she knew in high school. When Rachel fails her test, she and Harley wonder what happened in Phil and Suzy's past that may have influenced his grading. Harley arranges for Phil to come over to the house so he and Suzy can shed light on their time together. As for Rachel's driving test, it turns out Suzy is insecure about any of her children driving, so she asked Phil to fail her daughter even though Rachel had demonstrated to her mother that she is a good driver. Having been unfair to Rachel, Suzy asks Phil for a retest and he is able to schedule it before Harley's trip. Meanwhile, Ethan is doing a buddy cop film and casts Lewie and Beast as the cops. During the filming, the twins happen to tamper with Harley's invention; when Harley shows Phil her invention, it malfunctions and Phil gets further endangered by the twins for the final scene of the film. Suzy ends up driving the family to Boston.\nGuest star: Gabriel Tigerman as Phil\nAbsent: Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz\n\n\n16\n16\n\"Stuck in the Quinceañera\"\nErika Kaestle\nErika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy\nJuly 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)\n116\n1.49[19]\n\n\nGeorgie's 15th birthday is days away, but she wants to have a simple party rather than her quinceañera, as she does not like being the center of attention. Though Harley is motivated to use her new \"Harleycam\" invention for the event, she reminds Georgie about the significance of this special day in the life of a Latina and convinces her to change her mind. Harley gets the rest of the family involved with the planning, but Georgie later backs out, still feeling uncomfortable about the occasion. When the family lets Georgie decide how she wants to celebrate her special day, and whom to invite, she is back on board, with her quinceañera in the Diaz backyard. However, the threat from a hurricane forces the family to turn the occasion into a simple, private celebration inside the Diaz house. With Georgie's ankle getting hurt from the storm's first gusts, the quinceañera's traditional dance is in jeopardy of not occurring until Harley comes up with an idea.\n\n\n17\n17\n\"Stuck in the Diaz of Our Lives\"\nErika Kaestle\nLinda Videtti Figueiredo\nJuly 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)\n117\n2.06[20]\n\n\n\nHarley gets to appear on the television series Girl Power to highlight her accomplishments as an inventor. When Mischa and Ken, the two-person crew for the series, see Harley's large family, they decide to go a different route and feature the family in a reality series called The Diaz of Our Lives. As the crew gets to know the family through filming, they make multiple changes such that the Diazes become displeased with the direction of the series and want to quit. Mischa reminds them that they are under contract, but when Harley shows footage of the crew's plans, using the camera feature of her vacuum cleaner invention she first showcased on Girl Power, the crew calls off the reality series.\nGuest stars: Kim Shaw as Mischa, Paul Darrigo as Ken\n\n"
] | [
"Nicolas Bechtel"
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7990978570943986727 | Urinary system | Urinary system - wikipedia Urinary system This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Urinary System 1 . Human urinary system : 2 . Kidney , 3 . Renal pelvis , 4 . Ureter , 5 . Urinary bladder , 6 . Urethra . ( Left side with frontal section ) 7 . Adrenal gland Vessels : 8 . Renal artery and vein , 9 . Inferior vena cava , 10 . Abdominal aorta , 11 . Common iliac artery and vein Transparent : 12 . Liver , 13 . Large intestine , 14 . Pelvis Urinary system in the male . Urine flows from the kidneys via the ureters into the bladder where it is stored . When urinating , urine flows through the urethra ( longer in males , shorter in females ) to exit the body Details Identifiers Latin Systema urinarium MeSH D014551 TA A08. 0.00. 000 FMA 7159 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The urinary system , also known as the renal system , consists of the kidneys , ureters , bladder , and the urethra . Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons . The purpose of the renal system is to eliminate waste from the body , regulate blood volume and blood pressure , control levels of electrolytes and metabolites , and regulate blood pH . The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein . Following filtration of blood and further processing , wastes ( in the form of urine ) exit the kidney via the ureters , tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder , where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination ( voiding ) . The female and male urinary system are very similar , differing only in the length of the urethra . Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood . The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder , where it is stored . During urination , the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . 800 -- 2,000 milliliters ( mL ) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human . This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Microanatomy 2 Function 2.1 Urine formation 2.1. 1 Regulation of concentration and volume 2.2 Urination 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion . In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides . The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney , the nephrons . Urine then flows through the nephrons , through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts . These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces , followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis . From here , urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter , transporting urine into the urinary bladder . The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder . In males , the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder , continues through the external urethral orifice , and then becomes the prostatic , membranous , bulbar , and penile urethra . Urine exits through the external urethral meatus . The female urethra is much shorter , beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the urinary system Microanatomy ( edit ) See also : Urothelium Under microscopy , the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called urothelium , a type of transitional epithelium . Unlike the epithelial lining of most organs , transitional epithelium can flatten and distend . Urothelium covers most of the urinary system , including the renal pelvis , ureters , and bladder . Function ( edit ) The main functions of the urinary system and it 's components are to Regulate blood volume and composition ( e.g. sodium , potassium and calcium ) Regulate blood pressure . Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood . Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney . Helps synthesize calcitrol the ( active form of Vitamin D ) . Stores waste product ( mainly urea and uric acid ) before it and other products are removed from the body . Urine formation ( edit ) Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 -- 2 litres ( L ) per day , depending on state of hydration , activity level , environmental factors , weight , and the individual 's health . Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention . Polyuria is a condition of excessive urine production ( > 2.5 L / day ) . Oliguria when < 400 mL ( millilitres ) are produced , and anuria one of < 100 mL per day . The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys . In a healthy human the kidney receives between 12 and 30 % of cardiac output , but it averages about 20 % or about 1.25 L / min . The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood , reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine . In the first part of the nephron , Bowman 's capsule filters blood from the circulatory system into the tubules . Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane . The filtrate includes water , small molecules , and ions that easily pass through the filtration membrane . However larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells are prevented from passing through the filtration membrane . The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the glomerular filtration rate or GFR and amounts to 180 litres per day . About 99 % of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1 % becomes urine . The urinary system is regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone , aldosterone , and parathyroid hormone . Regulation of concentration and volume ( edit ) The urinary system is under influence of the circulatory system , nervous system , and endocrine system . Aldosterone plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney . It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate . Reabsorption of sodium results in retention of water , which increases blood pressure and blood volume . Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals . Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and vasoconstriction . Vasopressin regulates the body 's retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron . Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney 's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane . Urination ( edit ) Main article : Urination Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . In healthy humans ( and many other animals ) , the process of urination is under voluntary control . In infants , some elderly individuals , and those with neurological injury , urination may occur as an involuntary reflex . Physiologically , micturition involves coordination between the central , autonomic , and somatic nervous systems . Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center , periaqueductal gray , and the cerebral cortex . In placental mammals the male ejects urine through the penis , and the female through the vulva . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Urologic disease Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system . Diseases of the kidney tissue are normally treated by nephrologists , while disease of the urinary tract are treated by urologists . Gynecologists may also treat female urinary incontinence . Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function . For instance it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension . Diabetes also can have a direct effect in urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetes . Urinary incontinence can result from a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles caused by factors such as pregnancy , childbirth , aging and being overweight . Pelvic floor exercises known as Kegel exercises can help in this condition by strengthening the pelvic floor . There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable . In children the condition is called enuresis . Some cancers also target the urinary system , including bladder cancer , kidney cancer , uteral cancer , and urethral cancer . Due to the role and location of these organs , treatment is often complicated . See also ( edit ) Major systems of the human body Medicine portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. Dugdale , David ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Female urinary tract '' . MedLine Plus Medical Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Caldwell HK , Young WS III , Lajtha A , Lim R ( 2006 ) . `` Oxytocin and Vasopressin : Genetics and Behavioral Implications '' ( PDF ) . Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology : Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides ( 3rd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . pp. 573 -- 607 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 30348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nielsen S , Chou CL , Marples D , Christensen EI , Kishore BK , Knepper MA ( February 1995 ) . `` Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels to plasma membrane '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 ( 4 ) : 1013 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.4. 1013 . PMC 42627 . PMID 7532304 . Jump up ^ Baba , T ; Murabayashi , S ; Tomiyama , T ; Takebe , K ( 1990 ) . `` Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function '' . The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine . 161 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 8 . doi : 10.1620 / tjem. 161.311 . PMID 2256104 . Jump up ^ `` Peripheral Neuropathy '' . Patient UK . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of : The Urinary System The Wikibook Anatomy and Physiology of Animals has a page on the topic of : Urinary System Library resources about Urinary system Resources in your library Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans GND : 4023494 - 0 NDL : 00563231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinary_system&oldid=826597924 '' Categories : Urinary system Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 00 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which structure in the urinary system carries urine to the bladder | [
"Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body."
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-6065577283976164125 | Cape of Good Hope SPCA | Cape of Good Hope SPCA - Wikipedia Cape of Good Hope SPCA hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cape of Good Hope SPCA Founded 20 May 1872 ( 1872 - 05 - 20 ) Founder Mr Beebers Focus Animals Location Grassy Park , Cape Town , South Africa Region Western Cape CEO Allan Perrins Chairman Phil Snijman Patron Helen Zille Affiliations NSPCA Website capespca.co.za Established in 1872 , the Cape of Good Hope SPCA ( Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country . A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation , the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals ( RSPCA ) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa ( NSPCA ) , as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization . Contents 1 History 2 Mobile Clinics 3 Charity Shop fire 2014 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Cape of Good Hope SPCA was founded on 20 May 1872 , becoming the founder society of the SPCA movement and animal welfare in South Africa . Mobile clinics ( edit ) The Cape of Good Hope SPCA Mobile Clinic programme operates in informal settlements and impoverished communities around Cape Town , the mobile units provide primary veterinary care and educate owners about responsible pet care . Dipping , de-worming and vaccinating are among the vital services they provide . Animals in need of sterilisation -- and those that are ill or injured -- are transported to The Cape of Good Hope SPCA Animal Hospital for further treatment , and returned to their owners afterwards . On 24 August 2015 , the first Mobile Clinic operating in Gugulethu was launched . This was made possible by resident Thamsanqa Paliso , who approached Proportional Representation ( PR ) Councillor Constance Leputhing , of Ward 44 , to arrange with the Cape of Good Hope SPCA to launch the Mobile Clinic in the area . Charity shop fire 2014 ( edit ) On 14 November 2014 , the Cape of Good Hope SPCA Charity Shop burned down in what was a suspected arson attack . The fire could not be contained by fire - fighters , and subsequently the entire charity shop that consisted of three Wendy houses were destroyed . See also ( edit ) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals National Council of SPCAs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SPCA CAPE OF GOOD HOPE - ACT FOR ANIMALS '' . spca-ct.co.za . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPCA CAPE OF GOOD HOPE - ACT FOR ANIMALS '' . spca-ct.co.za . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dog clinic comes to their aid '' . News24 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town SPCA charity shop gutted by fire '' . News24 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) capespca.co.za Cape of Good Hope SPCA on Facebook This article about an organisation in South Africa is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_of_Good_Hope_SPCA&oldid=839330309 '' Categories : Animal welfare organisations based in South Africa Organizations established in 1872 1872 establishments in the Cape Colony South African organisation stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from August 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the spca established in south africa | [
"Established in 1872, the Cape of Good Hope SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) in Cape Town is the founding society of the SPCA movement in South Africa and is the oldest animal welfare organisation in the country. A registered non-profit organisation and Public Benefit Organisation, the society is affiliated to the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA) and are Executive Members of the National Council of SPCAs South Africa (NSPCA), as well as a member of the World Animal Protection organization.[1]\n"
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"1872"
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4669575957006805430 | Northern Ireland | Northern Ireland - wikipedia Northern Ireland Jump to : navigation , search For the electoral constituency , see Northern Ireland ( European Parliament constituency ) . Northern Ireland Tuaisceart Éireann ( Irish ) Norlin Airlann ( Ulster Scots ) Location of Northern Ireland ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the United Kingdom ( green ) Status Country ( constituent unit ) Capital and largest city Belfast 54 ° 36 ′ N 5 ° 55 ′ W / 54.600 ° N 5.917 ° W / 54.600 ; - 5.917 Languages English Regional languages Irish Ulster - Scots Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 98.28 % White 1.06 % Asian 0.20 % Black 0.46 % other Sovereign state Legal jurisdiction United Kingdom Northern Ireland Government Consociational devolved legislature within unitary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II First Minister Vacant Deputy First Minister Vacant Parliament of the United Kingdom Secretary of State James Brokenshire House of Commons 18 MPs ( of 650 ) Legislature Northern Ireland Assembly Devolution Government of Ireland Act 3 May 1921 Constitution Act 18 July 1973 Northern Ireland Act 17 July 1974 Northern Ireland Act 19 November 1998 Area Total 14,130 km ( 5,460 sq mi ) Population 2017 estimate 1,870,451 2011 census 1,810,863 Density 132 / km ( 341.9 / sq mi ) GVA 2015 estimate Total £ 34 billion Per capita £ 18,584 GDP ( PPP ) 2014 estimate Total € 41 billion Per capita € 22,400 GDP ( nominal ) 2014 estimate Total € 42 billion Per capita € 23,400 Currency Pound sterling ( GBP ; £ ) Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 44 ISO 3166 code GB - NIR The official flag of Northern Ireland is the Union Jack de jure . However , the Ulster Banner was used by the Parliament of Northern Ireland from 1953 to 1973 and is still used by some organisations and entities , and is seen as the unofficial flag of the region by unionists but its use is controversial . See Flag of Northern Ireland for more . ^ Northern Ireland has no official language . English serves as the de facto language of government and diplomacy and has been established through precedent . Irish and Ulster Scots are officially recognised by Her Majesty 's Government as minority languages . ^ + 44 is always followed by 28 when calling landlines . The code is 028 within the UK and 048 from the Republic of Ireland where it is treated as a local call . Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann ( ˈt̪ɣuəʃcəɾɣt̪ɣ ˈeːɾjən̪ɣ ) ( listen ) ; Ulster - Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north - east of the island of Ireland , variously described as a country , province or region . Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30 % of the island 's total population and about 3 % of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to `` put forward views and proposals '' with `` determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments '' . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland David Trimble called a `` cold house '' for Catholics . In the late 1960s , conflict between state forces and chiefly Protestant unionists on the one hand , and chiefly Catholic nationalists on the other , erupted into three decades of violence known as the Troubles , which claimed over 3,500 lives and caused over 50,000 casualties . The 1998 Good Friday Agreement was a major step in the peace process , including the decommissioning of weapons , although sectarianism and religious segregation still remain major social problems , and sporadic violence has continued . Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland . After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles , its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s . The initial growth came from the `` peace dividend '' and the links which increased trade with the Republic of Ireland , continuing with a significant increase in tourism , investment and business from around the world . Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17.2 % in 1986 , dropping to 6.1 % for June -- August 2014 and down by 1.2 percentage points over the year , similar to the UK figure of 6.2 % . 58.2 % of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year . Prominent artists and sportspeople from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison , Rory McIlroy , Joey Dunlop , Wayne McCullough and George Best . Some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish ( e.g. , poet Seamus Heaney and actor Liam Neeson ) while others prefer to identify as British ( e.g. actor Kenneth Branagh ) . Cultural links between Northern Ireland , the rest of Ireland , and the rest of the UK are complex , with Northern Ireland sharing both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom . In many sports , the island of Ireland fields a single team , a notable exception being association football . Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games , and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Partition of Ireland 1.2 Northern Ireland 1.2. 1 The Troubles 1.2. 2 Peace process 2 Politics 2.1 Background 2.2 Governance 2.3 Descriptions 2.4 Alternative names 2.4. 1 Unionist 2.4. 2 Nationalist 2.4. 3 Other 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Counties 4 Economy 5 Transportation 6 Demographics 6.1 Religion 6.2 Citizenship and identity 6.3 Languages 6.3. 1 English 6.3. 2 Irish 6.3. 3 Ulster Scots 6.3. 4 Sign languages 7 Culture 7.1 Symbols 8 Sport 8.1 Field sports 8.1. 1 Association football 8.1. 2 Rugby union 8.1. 3 Cricket 8.1. 4 Gaelic games 8.2 Golf 8.3 Snooker 8.4 Motor sports 8.5 Rugby league 8.6 Professional wrestling 9 Education 10 Wildlife 11 Media and communications 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History See also : History of Ireland and Ulster § History Cannon on Derry 's city walls The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century . The English - controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542 , but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary . Following Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale , though , the region 's Gaelic , Roman Catholic aristocracy fled to continental Europe in 1607 and the region became subject to major programmes of colonialism by Protestant English ( mainly Anglican ) and Scottish ( mainly Presbyterian ) settlers . A rebellion in 1641 by Irish aristocrats against English rule resulted in a massacre of settlers in Ulster in the context of a war breaking out between England , Scotland and Ireland fuelled by religious intolerance in government . Victories by English forces in that war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland . In Northern Ireland , the victories of the Siege of Derry ( 1689 ) and the Battle of the Boyne ( 1690 ) in this latter war are still celebrated by some Protestants ( both Anglican and Presbyterian ) . Scrabo Tower , County Down Following the victory of 1691 , and contrary to the terms of the Treaty of Limerick , after the Pope who had been allied to William of Orange recognised James II as continuing king of Great Britain and Ireland in place of William , a series of penal laws was passed by the Anglican ruling class in Ireland . Their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and , to a lesser extent , the Presbyterian community . In the context of open institutional discrimination , the 18th century saw secret , militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks . These events escalated at the end of the century following an event known as the Battle of the Diamond , which saw the supremacy of the Anglican and Presbyterian Peep o'Day Boys over the Catholic Defenders and leading to the formation of the Anglican Orange Order . A rebellion in 1798 led by the cross-community Belfast - based Society of the United Irishmen and inspired by the French Revolution sought to break the constitutional ties between Ireland and Britain and unite Irish people of all religions . Following this , in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws ( and to prevent the spread of French - style republicanism to Ireland ) , the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain pushed for the two kingdoms to be merged . The new state , formed in 1801 , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , was governed from a single government and parliament based in London . Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies . It is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch - Irish Americans now living in the US . Partition of Ireland Main article : Partition of Ireland Signing of the Ulster Covenant in 1912 in opposition to Home Rule During the 19th century , legal reforms started in the late 18th century continued to remove statutory discrimination against Catholics , and progressive programmes enabled tenant farmers to buy land from landlords . By the close of the century , autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom , known as Home Rule , was regarded as highly likely . In 1912 , after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords , Home Rule became a near - certainty . A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911 , which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned . The House of Lords veto had been the unionists ' main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted , because the majority of members of the House of Lords were unionists . In response , opponents to Home Rule , from Conservative and Unionist Party leaders such as Bonar Law and Dublin - based barrister Sir Edward Carson to militant working class unionists in Ireland , threatened the use of violence . In 1914 , they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers ( UVF ) , a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule . Unionists were in a minority in Ireland as a whole , but in the northern province of Ulster they were a very large majority in County Antrim and County Down , small majorities in County Armagh and County Londonderry and a substantial minority in the rest of the province . These four counties , as well as County Fermanagh and County Tyrone , would later constitute Northern Ireland . Most of the remaining 26 counties which later became the Republic of Ireland were overwhelmingly majority - nationalist . During the Home Rule Crisis the possibility was discussed of a `` temporary '' partition of these six counties from the rest of Ireland . In 1914 , the Third Home Rule Bill received Royal Assent as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 . However , its implementation was suspended before it came into effect because of the outbreak of the First World War , and the Amending Bill to partition Ireland was abandoned . The war was expected to last only a few weeks but in fact lasted four years . By the end of the war ( during which the 1916 Easter Rising had taken place ) , the Act was seen as unimplementable . Public opinion among nationalists had shifted during the war from a demand for home rule to one for full independence . In 1919 , David Lloyd George proposed a new bill be established by the cabinet 's Walter Long Committee on Ireland , which by adopting findings of his ( Lloyd George 's ) inconclusive 1917 - 18 Irish Convention would divide Ireland into two Home Rule areas : twenty - six counties being ruled from Dublin and six being ruled from Belfast . Straddling these two areas would be a shared Lord Lieutenant of Ireland who would appoint both governments and a Council of Ireland , which Lloyd George believed would evolve into an all - Ireland parliament . Events overtook the government . In the general election of 1918 , the pro-independence Sinn Féin won 73 of the 105 parliamentary seats in Ireland and unilaterally established the First Dáil , an extrajudicial parliament in Ireland . Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in 1921 under the terms of Lloyd George 's Government of Ireland Act 1920 during the Anglo - Irish War between Irish republican and British forces . The war ended on 6 December 1921 , with the signing of the Anglo - Irish Treaty , which created the Irish Free State . Under the terms of the treaty , Northern Ireland would become part of the Free State unless the government opted out by presenting an address to the king , although in practice partition remained in place . Northern Ireland Main article : History of Northern Ireland The Coat of Arms of Northern Ireland used between 1924 and 1973 Opening of Stormont in 1932 As expected , the Houses of the Parliament of Northern Ireland resolved on 7 December 1922 ( the day after the establishment of the Irish Free State ) to exercise its right to opt out of the Free State by making an address to the King . The text of the address was : Most Gracious Sovereign , We , your Majesty 's most dutiful and loyal subjects , the Senators and Commons of Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled , having learnt of the passing of the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 , being the Act of Parliament for the ratification of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland , do , by this humble Address , pray your Majesty that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland . Shortly afterwards , the Boundary Commission was established to decide on the territorial boundaries between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland . Owing to the outbreak of civil war in the Free State , the work of the commission was delayed until 1925 . Leaders in Dublin expected a substantial reduction in the territory of Northern Ireland , with nationalist areas moving to the Free State . However the commission 's report recommended only that some small portions of land should be ceded from Northern Ireland to the Free State and even that a small amount of land should be ceded from the Free State to Northern Ireland . To prevent argument , this report was suppressed and , in exchange for a waiver to the Free State 's obligations to the UK 's public debt and the dissolution of the Council of Ireland ( sought by the Government of Northern Ireland ) , the initial six - county border was maintained with no changes . In June 1940 , to encourage the neutral Irish state to join with the Allies , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill indicated to the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera that the United Kingdom would push for Irish unity , but believing that Churchill could not deliver , de Valera declined the offer . The British did not inform the Government of Northern Ireland that they had made the offer to the Dublin government , and De Valera 's rejection was not publicised until 1970 . The Ireland Act 1949 gave the first legal guarantee that the region would not cease to be part of the United Kingdom without the consent of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The Troubles Main article : The Troubles The Troubles , which started in the late 1960s , consisted of about thirty years of recurring acts of intense violence during which 3,254 people were killed with over 50,000 casualties . From 1969 to 2003 there were over 36,900 shooting incidents and over 16,200 bombings or attempted bombings associated with The Troubles . The conflict was caused by the disputed status of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom and the discrimination against the Irish nationalist minority by the dominant unionist majority . From 1967 to 1972 the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( NICRA ) , which modelled itself on the US civil rights movement , led a campaign of civil resistance to anti-Catholic discrimination in housing , employment , policing , and electoral procedures . The franchise for local government elections included only rate - payers and their spouses , and so excluded over a quarter of the electorate . While the majority of disenfranchised electors were Protestant , but Catholics were over-represented since they were poorer and had more adults still living in the family home . Responsibility for Troubles - related deaths between 1969 and 2001 NICRA 's campaign , seen by many unionists as an Irish republican front , and the violent reaction to it , proved to be a precursor to a more violent period . As early as 1969 , armed campaigns of paramilitary groups began , including the Provisional IRA campaign of 1969 -- 1997 which was aimed at the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the creation of a United Ireland , and the Ulster Volunteer Force , formed in 1966 in response to the perceived erosion of both the British character and unionist domination of Northern Ireland . The state security forces -- the British Army and the police ( the Royal Ulster Constabulary ) -- were also involved in the violence . The British government 's position is that its forces were neutral in the conflict , trying to uphold law and order in Northern Ireland and the right of the people of Northern Ireland to democratic self - determination . Republicans regarded the state forces as combatants in the conflict , pointing to the collusion between the state forces and the loyalist paramilitaries as proof of this . The `` Ballast '' investigation by the Police Ombudsman has confirmed that British forces , and in particular the RUC , did collude with loyalist paramilitaries , were involved in murder , and did obstruct the course of justice when such claims had been investigated , although the extent to which such collusion occurred is still hotly disputed . As a consequence of the worsening security situation , autonomous regional government for Northern Ireland was suspended in 1972 . Alongside the violence , there was a political deadlock between the major political parties in Northern Ireland , including those who condemned violence , over the future status of Northern Ireland and the form of government there should be within Northern Ireland . In 1973 , Northern Ireland held a referendum to determine if it should remain in the United Kingdom , or be part of a united Ireland . The vote went heavily in favour ( 98.9 % ) of maintaining the status quo . Approximately 57.5 % of the total electorate voted in support , but only 1 % of Catholics voted following a boycott organised by the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) . Peace process Main article : Northern Ireland peace process The Troubles were brought to an uneasy end by a peace process which included the declaration of ceasefires by most paramilitary organisations and the complete decommissioning of their weapons , the reform of the police , and the corresponding withdrawal of army troops from the streets and from sensitive border areas such as South Armagh and Fermanagh , as agreed by the signatories to the Belfast Agreement ( commonly known as the `` Good Friday Agreement '' ) . This reiterated the long - held British position , which had never before been fully acknowledged by successive Irish governments , that Northern Ireland will remain within the United Kingdom until a majority of voters in Northern Ireland decides otherwise . The Constitution of Ireland was amended in 1999 to remove a claim of the `` Irish nation '' to sovereignty over the entire island ( in Article 2 ) , a claim qualified by an acknowledgement that Ireland could only exercise legal control over the territory formerly known as the Irish Free State . First Minister Ian Paisley ( DUP ) center , his deputy Martin McGuinness ( Sinn Féin ) left , and Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond right in 2008 . The new Articles 2 and 3 , added to the Constitution to replace the earlier articles , implicitly acknowledge that the status of Northern Ireland , and its relationships within the rest of the United Kingdom and with the Republic of Ireland , would only be changed with the agreement of a majority of voters in each jurisdiction . This aspect was also central to the Belfast Agreement which was signed in 1998 and ratified by referendums held simultaneously in both Northern Ireland and the Republic . At the same time , the British Government recognised for the first time , as part of the prospective , the so - called `` Irish dimension '' : the principle that the people of the island of Ireland as a whole have the right , without any outside interference , to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent . The latter statement was key to winning support for the agreement from nationalists . It established a devolved power - sharing government within Northern Ireland , which must consist of both unionist and nationalist parties . These institutions were suspended by the British Government in 2002 after Police Service of Northern Ireland ( PSNI ) allegations of spying by people working for Sinn Féin at the Assembly ( Stormontgate ) . The resulting case against the accused Sinn Féin member collapsed . On 28 July 2005 , the Provisional IRA declared an end to its campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of its arsenal . This final act of decommissioning was performed in accordance with the Belfast Agreement of 1998 , and under the watch of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning and two external church witnesses . Many unionists , however , remain sceptical . The International Commission later confirmed that the main loyalist paramilitary groups , the UDA , UVF and the Red Hand Commando , had decommissioned what is thought to be all of their arsenals , witnessed by a former archbishop and a former top civil servant . Politicians elected to the Assembly at the 2003 Assembly election were called together on 15 May 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 for the purpose of electing a First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland and choosing the members of an Executive ( before 25 November 2006 ) as a preliminary step to the restoration of devolved government . Following the election held on 7 March 2007 , devolved government returned on 8 May 2007 with Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) leader Ian Paisley and Sinn Féin deputy leader Martin McGuinness taking office as First Minister and deputy First Minister , respectively . In its white paper on Brexit the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Belfast Agreement . With regard to Northern Ireland 's status , it said that the UK Government 's `` clearly - stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland 's current constitutional position : as part of the UK , but with strong links to Ireland '' . Politics Main article : Politics of Northern Ireland Background The main political divide in Northern Ireland is between unionists , who wish to see Northern Ireland continue as part of the United Kingdom , and nationalists , who wish to see Northern Ireland unified with the Republic of Ireland , independent from the United Kingdom . These two opposing views are linked to deeper cultural divisions . Unionists are predominantly Ulster Protestant , descendants of mainly Scottish , English , and Huguenot settlers as well as Gaels who converted to one of the Protestant denominations . Nationalists are overwhelmingly Catholic and descend from the population predating the settlement , with a minority from the Scottish Highlands as well as some converts from Protestantism . Discrimination against nationalists under the Stormont government ( 1921 -- 1972 ) gave rise to the civil rights movement in the 1960s . While some unionists argue that discrimination was not just due to religious or political bigotry , but also the result of more complex socio - economic , socio - political and geographical factors , its existence , and the manner in which nationalist anger at it was handled , were a major contributing factor to the Troubles . The political unrest went through its most violent phase between 1968 and 1994 . In 2007 , 36 % of the population defined themselves as unionist , 24 % as nationalist and 40 % defined themselves as neither . According to a 2015 opinion poll , 70 % express a long - term preference of the maintenance of Northern Ireland 's membership of the United Kingdom ( either directly ruled or with devolved government ) , while 14 % express a preference for membership of a united Ireland . This discrepancy can be explained by the overwhelming preference among Protestants to remain a part of the UK ( 93 % ) , while Catholic preferences are spread across a number of solutions to the constitutional question including remaining a part of the UK ( 47 % ) , a united Ireland ( 32 % ) , Northern Ireland becoming an independent state ( 4 % ) , and those who `` do n't know '' ( 16 % ) . Official voting figures , which reflect views on the `` national question '' along with issues of candidate , geography , personal loyalty and historic voting patterns , show 54 % of Northern Ireland voters vote for unionist parties , 42 % vote for nationalist parties and 4 % vote `` other '' . Opinion polls consistently show that the election results are not necessarily an indication of the electorate 's stance regarding the constitutional status of Northern Ireland . Most of the population of Northern Ireland are at least nominally Christian , mostly Roman Catholic and Protestant denominations . Many voters ( regardless of religious affiliation ) are attracted to unionism 's conservative policies , while other voters are instead attracted to the traditionally leftist Sinn Féin and SDLP and their respective party platforms for democratic socialism and social democracy . For the most part , Protestants feel a strong connection with Great Britain and wish for Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom . Many Catholics however , generally aspire to a United Ireland or are less certain about how to solve the constitutional question . In the 2015 survey by Northern Ireland Life and Times , 47 % of Northern Irish Catholics supported Northern Ireland remaining a part of the United Kingdom , either by direct rule ( 6 % ) or devolved government ( 41 % ) . Protestants have a slight majority in Northern Ireland , according to the latest Northern Ireland Census . The make - up of the Northern Ireland Assembly reflects the appeals of the various parties within the population . Of the 108 Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) , 56 are unionists and 40 are nationalists ( the remaining 12 are classified as `` other '' ) . Governance Main articles : Elections in Northern Ireland and Northern Ireland law Parliament Buildings at Stormont , Belfast , seat of the assembly . Since 1998 , Northern Ireland has had devolved government within the United Kingdom . The UK Government and UK Parliament are responsible for reserved and excepted matters . Reserved matters comprise listed policy areas ( such as civil aviation , units of measurement , and human genetics ) that Parliament may devolve to the Northern Ireland Assembly some time in the future . Excepted matters ( such as international relations , taxation and elections ) are never expected to be considered for devolution . On all other governmental matters , the Northern Ireland Executive together with the 108 - member Northern Ireland Assembly may legislate for and govern Northern Ireland . Devolution in Northern Ireland is dependent upon participation by members of the Northern Ireland executive in the North / South Ministerial Council , which co-ordinates areas of co-operation ( such as agriculture , education and health ) between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Additionally , `` in recognition of the Irish Government 's special interest in Northern Ireland '' , the Government of Ireland and Government of the United Kingdom co-operate closely on non-devolved matters through the British - Irish Intergovernmental Conference . Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly are by single transferable vote with six representatives ( Member of the Legislative Assembly , MLAs ) elected from 18 parliamentary constituencies . Eighteen representatives to the lower house of the UK parliament ( Members of Parliament , MPs ) are elected from the same constituencies using the first - past - the - post system . However , not all of these take their seats . Sinn Féin MPs , currently five , refuse to take the oath to serve the Queen that is required before MPs are allowed to take their seats . In addition , the upper house of the UK parliament , the House of Lords , currently has some 25 appointed members from Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland itself forms a single constituency for elections to the European Parliament . The Northern Ireland Office represents the UK government in Northern Ireland on reserved matters and represents Northern Ireland 's interests within the UK Government . Additionally , the Republic 's government also has the right to `` put forward views and proposals '' on non-devolved matters in relation to Northern Ireland . The Northern Ireland Office is led by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , who sits in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland is a distinct legal jurisdiction , separate from the two other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom ( England and Wales , and Scotland ) . Northern Ireland law developed from Irish law that existed before the partition of Ireland in 1921 . Northern Ireland is a common law jurisdiction and its common law is similar to that in England and Wales . However , there are important differences in law and procedure between Northern Ireland and England and Wales . The body of statute law affecting Northern Ireland reflects the history of Northern Ireland , including Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , the Northern Ireland Assembly , the former Parliament of Northern Ireland and the Parliament of Ireland , along with some Acts of the Parliament of England and of the Parliament of Great Britain that were extended to Ireland under Poynings ' Law between 1494 and 1782 . Descriptions There is no generally accepted term to describe what Northern Ireland is : province , region , country or something else . The choice of term can be controversial and can reveal the writer 's political preferences . This has been noted as a problem by several writers on Northern Ireland , with no generally recommended solution . Owing in part to the way in which the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , came into being , there is no legally defined term to describe what Northern Ireland ' is ' . There is also no uniform or guiding way to refer to Northern Ireland amongst the agencies of the UK government . For example , the websites of the Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the UK Statistics Authority describe the United Kingdom as being made up of four countries , one of these being Northern Ireland . Other pages on the same websites refer to Northern Ireland specifically as a `` province '' as do publications of the UK Statistics Authority . The website of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency also refers to Northern Ireland as being a province as does the website of the Office of Public Sector Information and other agencies within Northern Ireland . Publications of HM Treasury and the Department of Finance and Personnel of the Northern Ireland Executive , on the other hand , describe Northern Ireland as being a `` region of the UK '' . The UK 's submission to the 2007 United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names defines the UK as being made up of two countries ( England and Scotland ) , one principality ( Wales ) and one province ( Northern Ireland ) . Unlike England , Scotland and Wales , Northern Ireland has no history of being an independent country or of being a nation in its own right . Some writers describe the United Kingdom as being made up of three countries and one province or point out the difficulties with calling Northern Ireland a country . Authors writing specifically about Northern Ireland dismiss the idea that Northern Ireland is a `` country '' in general terms , and draw contrasts in this respect with England , Scotland and Wales . Even for the period covering the first 50 years of Northern Ireland 's existence , the term country is considered inappropriate by some political scientists on the basis that many decisions were still made in London . The absence of a distinct nation of Northern Ireland , separate within the island of Ireland , is also pointed out as being a problem with using the term and is in contrast to England , Scotland , and Wales . Many commentators prefer to use the term `` province '' , although that is also not without problems . It can arouse irritation , particularly among nationalists , for whom the title province is properly reserved for the traditional province of Ulster , of which Northern Ireland comprises six out of nine counties . The BBC style guide is to refer to Northern Ireland as a province , and use of the term is common in literature and newspaper reports on Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom . Some authors have described the meaning of this term as being equivocal : referring to Northern Ireland as being a province both of the United Kingdom and of the traditional country of Ireland . `` Region '' is used by several UK government agencies and the European Union . Some authors choose this word but note that it is `` unsatisfactory '' . Northern Ireland can also be simply described as `` part of the UK '' , including by UK government offices . Alternative names Main article : Alternative names for Northern Ireland Many people inside and outside Northern Ireland use other names for Northern Ireland , depending on their point of view . Disagreement on names , and the reading of political symbolism into the use or non-use of a word , also attaches itself to some urban centres . The most notable example is whether Northern Ireland 's second city should be called `` Derry '' or `` Londonderry '' . Choice of language and nomenclature in Northern Ireland often reveals the cultural , ethnic and religious identity of the speaker . The first Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland , Seamus Mallon , was criticised by unionist politicians for calling the region the `` North of Ireland '' while Sinn Féin has been criticised in a Dublin newspaper for referring to the `` Six Counties '' . Those who do not belong to any group but lean towards one side often tend to use the language of that group . Supporters of unionism in the British media ( notably The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Express ) regularly call Northern Ireland `` Ulster '' . Some media outlets in the Republic use `` North of Ireland '' , `` the North '' , or ( less often ) the `` Six Counties '' . Government and cultural organisations in Northern Ireland often use the word `` Ulster '' in their title ; for example , the University of Ulster , the Ulster Museum , the Ulster Orchestra , and BBC Radio Ulster . Although some news bulletins since the 1990s have opted to avoid all contentious terms and use the official name , Northern Ireland , the term `` the North '' remains commonly used by broadcast media in the Republic . For Northern Ireland 's second largest city , broadcasting outlets which are unaligned to either community and broadcast to both use both names interchangeably , often starting a report with `` Londonderry '' and then using `` Derry '' in the rest of the report . However , within Northern Ireland , print media which are aligned to either ideology ( the Belfast Telegraph and News Letter are unionist in outlook while the Irish News is nationalist ) generally use their preferred term . British newspapers with unionist leanings , such as The Daily Telegraph , usually use unionist language . However the more left - wing Guardian recommends in its style guide using `` Derry '' and `` County Derry '' , and `` not Londonderry '' . The division in nomenclature is sometimes seen in the names of organisations associated with either side of the political divide , but there are exceptions . In Gaelic games , followed mainly by nationalists , the GAA county is `` Derry '' , but in sports followed mainly by unionists , clubs tend to avoid the use of `` Londonderry '' in favour of more precise locales ( Glendermott Cricket Club ) or neutral terms ( Foyle Hockey Club ) . `` Derry '' is also used in the names of both the Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic dioceses , and by one of the largest Protestant fraternal societies , the Apprentice Boys of Derry . There is no agreement on how to decide on a name . When the nationalist - controlled local council voted to rename the city `` Derry '' , unionists objected , stating that as it owed its city status to a Royal Charter , only a charter issued by the Queen could change the name . The Queen has not intervened on the matter and thus the council is now called the Derry City Council while the city is still officially Londonderry . Nevertheless , the council has printed two sets of stationery -- one for each term -- and its policy is to reply to correspondence using whichever term the original sender used . Unionist Ulster , strictly speaking , refers to the province of Ulster , of which six of nine historical counties are in Northern Ireland . The term `` Ulster '' is widely used by unionists and the British press as shorthand for Northern Ireland , and is also favoured by Ulster nationalists . In the past , calls have been made for Northern Ireland 's name to be changed to Ulster . This proposal was formally considered by the Government of Northern Ireland in 1937 and by the UK Government in 1949 but no change was made . The Province refers to the historic Irish province of Ulster but today is used by some as shorthand for Northern Ireland . The BBC , in its editorial guidance for Reporting the United Kingdom , states that `` the Province '' is an appropriate secondary synonym for Northern Ireland , while `` Ulster '' is not . It also suggests that `` people of Northern Ireland '' is preferred to `` British '' or `` Irish '' , and the term `` mainland '' should be avoided in reference to Great Britain in relation to Northern Ireland . Nationalist North of Ireland -- used to avoid using the name given by the British - enacted Government of Ireland Act 1920 . The Six Counties ( na Sé Chontae ) -- the Republic of Ireland is similarly described as the Twenty - Six Counties . Some of the users of these terms contend that using the official name of the region would imply acceptance of the legitimacy of the Government of Ireland Act . The Occupied Six Counties -- used by some republicans . The Republic , whose legitimacy is similarly not recognised by republicans opposed to the Belfast Agreement , is described as the `` Free State '' , referring to the Irish Free State , which gained independence ( as a Dominion ) in 1922 . British - Occupied Ireland -- Similar in tone to the Occupied Six Counties , this term is used by more dogmatic republicans , such as Republican Sinn Féin , who still hold that the Second Dáil was the last legitimate government of Ireland and that all governments since have been foreign - imposed usurpations of Irish national self - determination . Other Norn Iron or `` Norniron '' -- is an informal and affectionate local nickname used by both nationalists and unionists to refer to Northern Ireland , derived from the pronunciation of the words `` Northern Ireland '' in an exaggerated Ulster accent ( particularly one from the greater Belfast area ) . The phrase is seen as a lighthearted way to refer to Northern Ireland , based as it is on regional pronunciation . It often refers to the Northern Ireland national football team . Geography and climate Main articles : Geography of Ireland and Geography of the United Kingdom Köppen climate types of Northern Ireland Lough Neagh Northern Ireland was covered by an ice sheet for most of the last ice age and on numerous previous occasions , the legacy of which can be seen in the extensive coverage of drumlins in Counties Fermanagh , Armagh , Antrim and particularly Down . The centrepiece of Northern Ireland 's geography is Lough Neagh , at 151 square miles ( 391 km ) the largest freshwater lake both on the island of Ireland and in the British Isles . A second extensive lake system is centred on Lower and Upper Lough Erne in Fermanagh . The largest island of Northern Ireland is Rathlin , off the north Antrim coast . Strangford Lough is the largest inlet in the British Isles , covering 150 km ( 58 sq mi ) . Hare 's Gap , Mourne Mountains There are substantial uplands in the Sperrin Mountains ( an extension of the Caledonian mountain belt ) with extensive gold deposits , granite Mourne Mountains and basalt Antrim Plateau , as well as smaller ranges in South Armagh and along the Fermanagh -- Tyrone border . None of the hills are especially high , with Slieve Donard in the dramatic Mournes reaching 850 metres ( 2,789 ft ) , Northern Ireland 's highest point . Belfast 's most prominent peak is Cavehill . The Giant 's Causeway , County Antrim The volcanic activity which created the Antrim Plateau also formed the eerily geometric pillars of the Giant 's Causeway on the north Antrim coast . Also in north Antrim are the Carrick - a-Rede Rope Bridge , Mussenden Temple and the Glens of Antrim . Marble Arch Caves The Lower and Upper River Bann , River Foyle and River Blackwater form extensive fertile lowlands , with excellent arable land also found in North and East Down , although much of the hill country is marginal and suitable largely for animal husbandry . The valley of the River Lagan is dominated by Belfast , whose metropolitan area includes over a third of the population of Northern Ireland , with heavy urbanisation and industrialisation along the Lagan Valley and both shores of Belfast Lough . The whole of Northern Ireland has a temperate maritime climate , rather wetter in the west than the east , although cloud cover is persistent across the region . The weather is unpredictable at all times of the year , and although the seasons are distinct , they are considerably less pronounced than in interior Europe or the eastern seaboard of North America . Average daytime maximums in Belfast are 6.5 ° C ( 43.7 ° F ) in January and 17.5 ° C ( 63.5 ° F ) in July . The highest maximum temperature recorded was 30.8 ° C ( 87.4 ° F ) at Knockarevan , near Garrison , County Fermanagh on 30 June 1976 and at Belfast on 12 July 1983 . The lowest minimum temperature recorded was − 18.7 ° C ( − 1.7 ° F ) at Castlederg , County Tyrone on 23 December 2010 . Counties Main article : Counties of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland consists of six historic counties : County Antrim , County Armagh , County Down , County Fermanagh , County Londonderry , County Tyrone . These counties are no longer used for local government purposes ; instead there are eleven districts of Northern Ireland which have different geographical extents . These were created in 2015 , replacing the twenty - six districts which previously existed . Mussenden Temple , County Londonderry Although counties are no longer used for local governmental purposes , they remain a popular means of describing where places are . They are officially used while applying for an Irish passport , which requires one to state one 's county of birth . The name of that county then appears in both Irish and English on the passport 's information page , as opposed to the town or city of birth on the United Kingdom passport . The Gaelic Athletic Association still uses the counties as its primary means of organisation and fields representative teams of each GAA county . The original system of car registration numbers largely based on counties still remains in use . In 2000 , the telephone numbering system was restructured into an 8 digit scheme with ( except for Belfast ) the first digit approximately reflecting the county . The county boundaries still appear on Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Maps and the Phillips Street Atlases , among others . With their decline in official use , there is often confusion surrounding towns and cities which lie near county boundaries , such as Belfast and Lisburn , which are split between counties Down and Antrim ( the majorities of both cities , however , are in Antrim ) . Economy Main articles : Economy of Northern Ireland and Transport in Northern Ireland Goliath crane of Harland & Wolff in Belfast . Northern Ireland has traditionally had an industrial economy , most notably in shipbuilding , rope manufacture and textiles , but most heavy industry has since been replaced by services , primarily the public sector . Government subsidies account for 20 % of the economy 's revenue . Seventy percent of the economy 's revenue comes from the service sector . Apart from the public sector , another important service sector is tourism , which rose to account for over 1 % of the economy 's revenue in 2004 . Tourism has been a major growth area since the end of the Troubles . Key tourism attractions include the historic cities of Derry , Belfast and Armagh and the many castles in Northern Ireland . More recently , the economy has benefited from major investment by many large multi-national corporations into high tech industry . These large firms are attracted by government subsidies and the skilled workforce in Northern Ireland . The local economy has seen contraction during the Great Recession . In response , the Northern Ireland Assembly has sent trade missions abroad . The Executive wishes to gain taxation powers from London , to align Northern Ireland 's corporation tax rate with the unusually low rate of the Republic of Ireland . Transportation Main article : Transport in Northern Ireland An NIR C3K railcar Northern Ireland has underdeveloped transport infrastructure , with most infrastructure concentrated around Greater Belfast , Greater Derry and Craigavon . Northern Ireland is served by three airports -- Belfast International near Antrim , George Best Belfast City integrated into the railway network at Sydenham in East Belfast , and City of Derry in County Londonderry . Major sea ports at Larne and Belfast carry passengers and freight between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Passenger railways are operated by Northern Ireland Railways . With Iarnród Éireann ( Irish Rail ) , Northern Ireland Railways co-operates in providing the joint Enterprise service between Dublin Connolly and Belfast Central . The whole of Ireland has a mainline railway network with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) , which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs . The only preserved line of this gauge is the Downpatrick and County Down Railway . Main railway lines linking to and from Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station and Belfast Central are : The Derry Line and the Portrush Branch . The Larne Line The Bangor Line The Portadown Line Main motorways are : M1 connecting Belfast to the south and west , ending in Dungannon M12 connecting the M1 to Portadown M2 connecting Belfast to the north . An unconnected section of the M2 also by - passes Ballymena M22 connecting the M2 to near Randalstown M3 connecting the M1 and M2 in Belfast with the A2 dual carriageway to Bangor M5 connecting Belfast to Newtownabbey The cross-border road connecting the ports of Larne in Northern Ireland and Rosslare Harbour in the Republic of Ireland is being upgraded as part of an EU - funded scheme . European route E01 runs from Larne through the island of Ireland , Spain and Portugal to Seville . Demographics Main articles : Demography of Northern Ireland , People of Northern Ireland , and Religion in Northern Ireland Religion in Northern Ireland -- 2011 Religion Percent Protestant 41.6 % Roman Catholic 40.8 % No religion / Not stated 16.9 % Non-Christian religions 0.8 % 2011 census : differences in proportions of those who are , or were brought up , either Catholic or Protestant / Other Christians The population of Northern Ireland has risen yearly since 1978 . The population in 2011 was 1.8 million , having grown 7.5 % over the previous decade from just under 1.7 million in 2001 . This constitutes just under 3 % of the population of the UK ( 62 million ) and just over 28 % of the population of the island of Ireland ( 6.3 million ) . The population of Northern Ireland is almost entirely white ( 98.2 % ) . In 2011 , 88.8 % of the population were born in Northern Ireland , with 4.5 % born in Britain , and 2.9 % born in the Republic of Ireland . 4.3 % were born elsewhere ; triple the amount there were in 2001 . Most are from Eastern Europe and Lithuania and Latvia . The largest non-white ethnic groups were Chinese ( 6,300 ) and Indian ( 6,200 ) . Black people of various origins made up 0.2 % of the 2011 population and people of mixed ethnicity made up 0.2 % . Religion At the 2011 census , 41.5 % of the population identified as Protestant / non-Roman Catholic Christian , the biggest of these denominations being the Presbyterian Church ( 19 % ) , the Church of Ireland ( 14 % ) and the Methodist Church ( 3 % ) , 41 % as Roman Catholic , and 0.8 % as non-Christian , while 17 % identified with no religion or did not state one . In terms of community background ( i.e. religion or religion brought up in ) , 48 % of the population came from a Protestant background , 45 % from a Catholic background , 0.9 % from non-Christian backgrounds , and 5.6 % from non-religious backgrounds . Cities and towns by population Belfast Derry # Settlement Population Metro population Lisburn Newry Belfast 276,705 579,726 Derry 83,652 90,663 Lisburn 71,403 Newtownabbey 62,022 5 Bangor 58,368 6 Greater Craigavon 57,651 7 Castlereagh 54,636 8 Ballymena 28,704 9 Newtownards 27,795 10 Newry 27,300 Citizenship and identity Further information : British nationality law and Irish nationality law Map of predominant national identity in the 2011 census In the 2011 census in Northern Ireland respondents gave their national identity as follows . National identity All Religious affiliation Catholic Protestant and other Christian Non - Christian None British 48.4 % 12.9 % 81.6 % 50.1 % 55.9 % Irish 28.4 % 57.2 % 3.9 % 12.4 % 14.0 % Northern Irish 29.4 % 30.7 % 26.9 % 18.0 % 35.2 % English , Scottish , or Welsh 1.6 % 0.8 % 1.5 % 2.9 % 5.2 % All other 3.4 % 4.4 % 1.0 % 29.1 % 7.1 % Several studies and surveys carried out between 1971 and 2006 have indicated that , in general , most Protestants in Northern Ireland see themselves primarily as British , whereas a majority of Roman Catholics regard themselves primarily as Irish . This does not however account for the complex identities within Northern Ireland , given that many of the population regard themselves as `` Ulster '' or `` Northern Irish '' , either as a primary or secondary identity . Overall , the Catholic population is somewhat more ethnically diverse than the more homogeneous Protestant population . 83.1 % of Protestants identified as `` British '' or with a British ethnic group ( English , Scottish , or Welsh ) in the 2011 Census , whereas only 3.9 % identified as `` Irish '' . Meanwhile , 13.7 % of Catholics identified as `` British '' or with a British ethnic group . A further 4.4 % identified as `` all other '' , which are largely immigrants , for example from Poland . A 2008 survey found that 57 % of Protestants described themselves as British , while 32 % identified as Northern Irish , 6 % as Ulster and 4 % as Irish . Compared to a similar survey carried out in 1998 , this shows a fall in the percentage of Protestants identifying as British and Ulster , and a rise in those identifying as Northern Irish . The 2008 survey found that 61 % of Catholics described themselves as Irish , with 25 % identifying as Northern Irish , 8 % as British and 1 % as Ulster . These figures were largely unchanged from the 1998 results . People born in Northern Ireland are , with some exceptions , deemed by UK law to be citizens of the United Kingdom . They are also , with similar exceptions , entitled to be citizens of Ireland . This entitlement was reaffirmed in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement between the British and Irish governments , which provides that : ... it is the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British , or both , as they may so choose , and accordingly ( the two governments ) confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland . Map of most commonly held passport As a result of the Agreement , the Constitution of the Republic of Ireland was amended . The current wording provides that people born in Northern Ireland are entitled to be Irish citizens on the same basis as people from any other part of the island . Neither government , however , extends its citizenship to all persons born in Northern Ireland . Both governments exclude some people born in Northern Ireland , in particular persons born without one parent who is a British or Irish citizen . The Irish restriction was given effect by the twenty - seventh amendment to the Irish Constitution in 2004 . The position in UK nationality law is that most of those born in Northern Ireland are UK nationals , whether or not they so choose . Renunciation of British citizenship requires the payment of a fee , currently £ 229 . In the 2011 census in Northern Ireland respondents stated that they held the following passports . Passport All usual residents Religion or religion brought up in Catholic Protestant and other Christian Other Religions None No passport 18.9 % 19.2 % 18.5 % 9.9 % 20.2 % United Kingdom 59.1 % 38.4 % 77.8 % 56.0 % 65.2 % Ireland 20.8 % 40.5 % 4.1 % 10.0 % 7.2 % Other 3.4 % 4.5 % 1.1 % 29.2 % 9.4 % Languages Main article : Languages of Northern Ireland Approximate boundaries of the current and historical English / Scots dialects in Ulster . South to north , the colour bands represent Hiberno - English , South - Ulster English , Mid-Ulster English and the three traditional Ulster Scots areas . The Irish - speaking Gaeltacht is not shown . English is spoken as a first language by almost all of the Northern Ireland population . It is the de facto official language and the Administration of Justice ( Language ) Act ( Ireland ) 1737 prohibits the use of languages other than English in legal proceedings . Under the Good Friday Agreement , Irish and Ulster Scots ( an Ulster dialect of the Scots language , sometimes known as Ullans ) , are recognised as `` part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland '' . Two all - island bodies for the promotion of these were created under the Agreement : Foras na Gaeilge , which promotes the Irish language , and the Ulster Scots Agency , which promotes the Ulster Scots dialect and culture . These operate separately under the aegis of the North / South Language Body , which reports to the North / South Ministerial Council . The British government in 2001 ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Irish ( in Northern Ireland ) was specified under Part III of the Charter , with a range of specific undertakings in relation to education , translation of statutes , interaction with public authorities , the use of placenames , media access , support for cultural activities and other matters . A lower level of recognition was accorded to Ulster Scots , under Part II of the Charter . English Main article : Mid-Ulster English The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowland Scots language . There are supposedly some minute differences in pronunciation between Protestants and Catholics , the best known of which is the name of the letter h , which Protestants tend to pronounce as `` aitch '' , as in British English , and Catholics tend to pronounce as `` haitch '' , as in Hiberno - English . However , geography is a much more important determinant of dialect than religious background . Irish Percentage of people aged 3 + claiming to have some ability in Irish in the 2011 census Main articles : Irish language in Northern Ireland and Ulster Irish The Irish language ( Irish : an Ghaeilge ) , or Gaelic , is a native language of Ireland . It was spoken predominantly throughout what is now Northern Ireland before the Ulster Plantations in the 17th century and most place names in Northern Ireland are anglicised versions of a Gaelic name . Today , the language is often associated with Irish nationalism ( and thus with Catholics ) . However , in the 19th century , the language was seen as a common heritage , with Ulster Protestants playing a leading role in the Gaelic revival . In the 2011 census , 11 % of the population of Northern Ireland claimed `` some knowledge of Irish '' and 3.7 % reported being able to `` speak , read , write and understand '' Irish . In another survey , from 1999 , 1 % of respondents said they spoke it as their main language at home . The dialect spoken in Northern Ireland , Ulster Irish , has two main types , East Ulster Irish and Donegal Irish ( or West Ulster Irish ) , is the one closest to Scottish Gaelic ( which developed into a separate language from Irish Gaelic in the 17th century ) . Some words and phrases are shared with Scots Gaelic , and the dialects of east Ulster -- those of Rathlin Island and the Glens of Antrim -- were very similar to the dialect of Argyll , the part of Scotland nearest to Ireland . And those dialects of Armagh and Down were also very similar to the dialects of Galloway . Use of the Irish language in Northern Ireland today is politically sensitive . The erection by some district councils of bilingual street names in both English and Irish , invariably in predominantly nationalist districts , is resisted by unionists who claim that it creates a `` chill factor '' and thus harms community relationships . Efforts by members of the Northern Ireland Assembly to legislate for some official uses of the language have failed to achieve the required cross-community support , and the UK government has declined to legislate . There has recently been an increase in interest in the language among unionists in East Belfast . Ulster Scots Percentage of people aged 3 + claiming to have some ability in Ulster Scots in the 2011 census Main article : Ulster Scots dialects Ulster Scots comprises varieties of the Scots language spoken in Northern Ireland . For a native English speaker , `` ( Ulster Scots ) is comparatively accessible , and even at its most intense can be understood fairly easily with the help of a glossary . '' Along with the Irish language , the Good Friday Agreement recognised the dialect as part of Northern Ireland 's unique culture and the St Andrews Agreement recognised the need to `` enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language , heritage and culture '' . Approximately 2 % of the population claim to speak Ulster Scots . However , the number speaking it as their main language in their home is negligible , with only 0.9 % of 2011 census respondents claiming to be able to speak , read , write and understand Ulster - Scots . 8.1 % professed to have `` some ability '' however . Sign languages Main articles : Northern Ireland Sign Language , Irish Sign Language , and British Sign Language The most common sign language in Northern Ireland is Northern Ireland Sign Language ( NISL ) . However , because in the past Catholic families tended to send their deaf children to schools in Dublin where Irish Sign Language ( ISL ) is commonly used , ISL is still common among many older deaf people from Catholic families . Irish Sign Language ( ISL ) has some influence from the French family of sign language , which includes American Sign Language ( ASL ) . NISL takes a large component from the British family of sign language ( which also includes Auslan ) with many borrowings from ASL . It is described as being related to Irish Sign Language at the syntactic level while much of the lexicon is based on British Sign Language ( BSL ) and American Sign Language . As of March 2004 the British Government recognises only British Sign Language and Irish Sign Language as the official sign languages used in Northern Ireland . Culture Main article : Culture of Northern Ireland An Orange march Northern Ireland shares both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom . Those of Catholic background tend to identity more with Irish culture , and those of Protestant background more with British culture . This has caused the two communities to become pillarised . Parades are a prominent feature of Northern Ireland society , more so than in the rest of Ireland or in Britain . Most are held by Protestant fraternities such as the Orange Order , and Ulster loyalist marching bands . Each summer , during the `` marching season '' , these groups have hundreds of parades , deck streets with British flags , bunting and specially - made arches , and light large towering bonfires . The biggest parades are held on 12 July ( The Twelfth ) . There is often tension when these activities take place near Catholic neighbourhoods , which sometimes leads to violence . Since the end of the Troubles , Northern Ireland has witnessed rising numbers of tourists . Attractions include cultural festivals , musical and artistic traditions , countryside and geographical sites of interest , public houses , welcoming hospitality and sports ( especially golf and fishing ) . Since 1987 public houses have been allowed to open on Sundays , despite some opposition . The Ulster Cycle is a large body of prose and verse centring on the traditional heroes of the Ulaid in what is now eastern Ulster . This is one of the four major cycles of Irish mythology . The cycle centres on the reign of Conchobar mac Nessa , who is said to have been king of Ulster around the 1st century . He ruled from Emain Macha ( now Navan Fort near Armagh ) , and had a fierce rivalry with queen Medb and king Ailill of Connacht and their ally , Fergus mac Róich , former king of Ulster . The foremost hero of the cycle is Conchobar 's nephew Cúchulainn . Symbols See also : Northern Ireland flags issue The logo for the Northern Ireland assembly is based on the flower of the flax plant . The unionist Ulster Banner on the foreground , with a republican Irish flag in the background on the left , in Derry Northern Ireland comprises a patchwork of communities whose national loyalties are represented in some areas by flags flown from flagpoles or lamp posts . The Union Jack and the former Northern Ireland flag are flown in many loyalist areas , and the Tricolour , adopted by republicans as the flag of Ireland in 1916 , is flown in some republican areas . Even kerbstones in some areas are painted red - white - blue or green - white - orange , depending on whether local people express unionist / loyalist or nationalist / republican sympathies . The official flag is that of the state having sovereignty over the territory , i.e. the Union Flag . The former Northern Ireland flag , also known as the `` Ulster Banner '' or `` Red Hand Flag '' , is a banner derived from the coat of arms of the Government of Northern Ireland until 1972 . Since 1972 , it has had no official status . The Union Flag and the Ulster Banner are used exclusively by unionists . UK flags policy states that in Northern Ireland , `` The Ulster flag and the Cross of St Patrick have no official status and , under the Flags Regulations , are not permitted to be flown from Government Buildings . '' The Irish Rugby Football Union and the Church of Ireland have used the Saint Patrick 's Saltire or `` Cross of St Patrick '' . This red saltire on a white field was used to represent Ireland in the flag of the United Kingdom . It is still used by some British army regiments . Foreign flags are also found , such as the Palestinian flags in some nationalist areas and Israeli flags in some unionist areas . The United Kingdom national anthem of `` God Save the Queen '' is often played at state events in Northern Ireland . At the Commonwealth Games and some other sporting events , the Northern Ireland team uses the Ulster Banner as its flag -- notwithstanding its lack of official status -- and the Londonderry Air ( usually set to lyrics as Danny Boy ) , which also has no official status , as its national anthem . The national football team also uses the Ulster Banner as its flag but uses `` God Save The Queen '' as its anthem . Major Gaelic Athletic Association matches are opened by the Irish national anthem , `` Amhrán na bhFiann ( The Soldier 's Song ) '' , which is also used by most other all - Ireland sporting organisations . Since 1995 , the Ireland rugby union team has used a specially commissioned song , `` Ireland 's Call '' as the team 's anthem . The Irish national anthem is also played at Dublin home matches , being the anthem of the host country . Northern Irish murals have become well - known features of Northern Ireland , depicting past and present events and documenting peace and cultural diversity . Almost 2,000 murals have been documented in Northern Ireland since the 1970s . Sport Main article : Sport in Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland , sport is popular and important in the lives of many people . Sports tend to be organised on an all - Ireland basis , with a single team for the whole island . The most notable exception is association football , which has separate governing bodies for each jurisdiction . Field sports Association football George Best , Northern Irish international footballer and 1968 Ballon d'Or The Irish Football Association ( IFA ) serves as the organising body for association football in Northern Ireland , with the Northern Ireland Football League ( NIFL ) responsible for the independent administration of the three divisions of national domestic football , as well as the Northern Ireland Football League Cup . The highest level of competition within Northern Ireland are the NIFL Premiership and the NIFL Championship . However , many players from Northern Ireland compete with clubs in England and Scotland . NIFL clubs are semi-professional or Intermediate. NIFL Premiership clubs are also eligible to compete in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League with the league champions entering the Champions league second qualifying round and the 2nd placed league finisher , the European play - off winners and the Irish Cup winners entering the Europa League second qualifying round.No clubs have ever reached the group stage . Despite Northern Ireland 's small population , the national team qualified for the World Cup in 1958 , 1982 and 1986 , making it to the quarter - finals in 1958 and 1982 and made it the first knockout round in the European Championships in 2016 . Rugby Union The six counties of Northern Ireland are among the nine governed by the Ulster branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union , the governing body of rugby union in Ireland . Ulster is one of the four professional provincial teams in Ireland and competes in the Pro14 and European Cup . It won the European Cup in 1999 . In international competitions , the Ireland national rugby union team 's recent successes include four Triple Crowns between 2004 and 2009 and a Grand Slam in 2009 in the Six Nations Championship . Cricket Northern Ireland plays as the Ireland cricket team which represents both Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland . The Ireland Cricket team is a full member of the International Cricket Council , having been granted Test status and full membership ( along with Afghanistan ) by the ICC in June , 2017 . They are currently able to compete in Test cricket , the highest level of competitive cricket in the international arena and they are one of the twelve full - member countries under the ICC . Ireland is the current champion of the ICC Intercontinental Cup . One of Ireland 's regular international venues is Stormont in Belfast . Gaelic Games Gaelic games include Gaelic football , hurling ( and camogie ) , handball and rounders . Of the four , football is the most popular in Northern Ireland . Players play for local clubs with the best being selected for their county teams . The Ulster GAA is the branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association that is responsible for the nine counties of Ulster , which include the six of Northern Ireland . These nine county teams participate in the Ulster Senior Football Championship , Ulster Senior Hurling Championship , All - Ireland Senior Football Championship and All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship . Recent successes for Northern Ireland teams include Armagh 's 2002 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship win and Tyrone 's wins in 2003 , 2005 and 2008 . Golf Prominent Northern Irish golfer Rory McIlroy Perhaps Northern Ireland 's most notable successes in professional sport have come in golf . Northern Ireland has contributed more major champions in the modern era than any other European country , with three in the space of just 14 months from the US Open in 2010 to The Open Championship in 2011 . Notable golfers include Fred Daly ( winner of The Open in 1947 ) , Ryder Cup players Ronan Rafferty and David Feherty , leading European Tour professionals David Jones , Michael Hoey ( a winner on Tour in 2011 ) and Gareth Maybin , as well as three recent major winners Graeme McDowell ( winner of the US Open in 2010 , the first European to do so since 1970 ) , Rory McIlroy ( winner of four majors ) and Darren Clarke ( winner of The Open in 2011 ) . Northern Ireland has also contributed several players to the Great Britain and Ireland Walker Cup team , including Alan Dunbar and Paul Cutler who played on the victorious 2011 team in Scotland . The Golfing Union of Ireland , the governing body for men 's and boy 's amateur golf throughout Ireland and the oldest golfing union in the world , was founded in Belfast in 1891 . Northern Ireland 's golf courses include the Royal Belfast Golf Club ( the earliest , formed in 1881 ) , Royal Portrush Golf Club , which is the only course outside Great Britain to have hosted The Open Championship , and Royal County Down Golf Club ( Golf Digest magazine 's top - rated course outside the United States ) . Snooker Northern Ireland has produced two world snooker champions ; Alex Higgins , who won the title in 1972 and 1982 , and Dennis Taylor , who won in 1985 . The highest - ranked Northern Ireland professional on the world circuit presently is Mark Allen from Antrim . The sport is governed locally by the Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association who run regular ranking tournaments and competitions . Motor sports Although Northern Ireland lacks an international automobile racecourse , two Northern Irish drivers have finished inside the top two of Formula One , with John Watson achieving the feat in 1982 and Eddie Irvine doing the same in 1999 . The largest course and the only MSA - licensed track for UK - wide competition is Kirkistown . Rugby League The Ireland national rugby league team has participated in the Emerging Nations Tournament ( 1995 ) , the Super League World Nines ( 1996 ) , the World Cup ( 2000 and 2008 ) , European Nations Cup ( since 2003 ) and Victory Cup ( 2004 ) . The Ireland A rugby league team compete annually in the Amateur Four Nations competition ( since 2002 ) and the St Patrick 's Day Challenge ( since 1995 ) . Professional Wrestling In 2007 , after the closure of UCW ( Ulster Championship Wrestling ) which was a wrestling promotion , PWU formed , standing for Pro Wrestling Ulster . The wrestling promotion features championships , former WWE superstars and local independent wrestlers . Events and IPPV 's throughout Northern Ireland . Education Main article : Education in Northern Ireland Queen 's University Belfast Unlike most areas of the United Kingdom , in the last year of primary school many children sit entrance examinations for grammar schools . Integrated schools , which attempt to ensure a balance in enrolment between pupils of Protestant , Roman Catholic and other faiths ( or none ) , are becoming increasingly popular , although Northern Ireland still has a primarily de facto religiously segregated education system . In the primary school sector , forty schools ( 8.9 % of the total number ) are integrated schools and thirty - two ( 7.2 % of the total number ) are Irish language - medium schools . The main universities in Northern Ireland are Queen 's University Belfast and Ulster University , and the distance learning Open University which has a regional office in Belfast . Wildlife Algae / seaweed. 356 species of marine algae have been recorded in the north - east of Ireland . As Counties Londonderry , Antrim and Down are the only three counties of Northern Ireland with a shoreline this will apply to all Northern Ireland . 77 species are considered rare having been recorded rarely . Media and Communications Broadcasting House , Belfast , home of BBC Northern Ireland The BBC has a division called BBC Northern Ireland with headquarters in Belfast . As well as broadcasting standard UK - wide programmes , BBC NI produces local content , including a news break - out called BBC Newsline . The ITV franchise in Northern Ireland is Ulster Television ( UTV ) . The state - owned Channel 4 and the privately owned Channel 5 also broadcast in Northern Ireland . Access is available to satellite and cable services . All Northern Ireland viewers must obtain a UK TV licence to watch live television transmissions . RTÉ , the national broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland , is available over the air to most parts of Northern Ireland via reception overspill and via satellite and cable . Since the digital TV switchover , RTÉ One , RTÉ2 and the Irish - language channel TG4 , are now available over the air on the UK 's Freeview system from transmitters within Northern Ireland . Although they are transmitted in standard definition , a Freeview HD box or television is required for reception . As well as the standard UK - wide radio stations from the BBC , Northern Ireland is home to many local radio stations , such as Cool FM , CityBeat , and Q102. 9 . The BBC has two regional radio stations which broadcast in Northern Ireland , BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle . The Belfast Telegraph is the leading newspaper , and UK and Irish national newspapers are also available . There is a range of local newspapers such as the News Letter and the Irish News . Northern Ireland uses the same telecommunications and postal services as the rest of the United Kingdom at standard domestic rates and there are no mobile roaming charges between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . People in Northern Ireland who live close to the border with the Republic of Ireland may inadvertently switch over to the Irish mobile networks , causing international roaming fees to be applied . Calls from landlines in Northern Ireland to numbers in the Republic of Ireland are charged at the same rate as those to numbers in Great Britain , while landline numbers in Northern Ireland can similarly be called from the Republic of Ireland at domestic rates , using the 048 prefix . See also Northern Ireland portal United Kingdom portal Outline of Northern Ireland Outline of the United Kingdom References Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Census 2011 Output '' . NISRAcensus /. 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Countries of the UK '' . Office for National Statistics . Office for National Statistics ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population Clock Northern Ireland ( an assumption of population change after 30 June 2014 ) '' . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( NISRA ) . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency ( December 2012 ) . `` Census 2011 Key Statistics for Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Office for National Statistics . `` Regional gross value added ( income approach ) , UK : 1997 to 2015 , December 2015 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eurostat . `` Regional GDP -- GDP per capita in the EU in 2014 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Ian , Cullen , . `` Regional Gross Value Added ( Income Approach ) -- Office for National Statistics '' . Jump up ^ Tuaisceart Éireann . DFA.ie . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistic of the United Kingdom '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : S. Dunn ; H. Dawson ( 2000 ) , An Alphabetical Listing of Word , Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict , Lampeter : Edwin Mellen Press , One specific problem -- in both general and particular senses -- is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself : in the general sense , it is not a country , or a province , or a state -- although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet : the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction , but this might change . ^ Jump up to : J. Whyte ; G. FitzGerald ( 1991 ) , Interpreting Northern Ireland , Oxford : Oxford University Press , One problem must be adverted to in writing about Northern Ireland . This is the question of what name to give to the various geographical entities . These names can be controversial , with the choice often revealing one 's political preferences ... some refer to Northern Ireland as a ' province ' . That usage can arouse irritation particularly among nationalists , who claim the title ' province ' should be properly reserved to the four historic provinces of Ireland - Ulster , Leinster , Munster , and Connacht . If I want to a label to apply to Northern Ireland I shall call it a ' region ' . Unionists should find that title as acceptable as ' province ' : Northern Ireland appears as a region in the regional statistics of the United Kingdom published by the British government . ^ Jump up to : D. Murphy ( 1979 ) , A Place Apart , London : Penguin Books , Next -- what noun is appropriate to Northern Ireland ? ' Province ' wo n't do since one - third of the province is on the wrong side of the border . ' State ' implies more self - determination than Northern Ireland has ever had and ' country ' or ' nation ' are blatantly absurd . ' Colony ' has overtones that would be resented by both communities and ' statelet ' sounds too patronizing , though outsiders might consider it more precise than anything else ; so one is left with the unsatisfactory word ' region ' . Jump up ^ Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ; Government of Ireland ( 1998 ) , Northern Ireland Peace Agreement ( The Good Friday Agreement ) Jump up ^ `` Standing up for Northern Ireland '' . Ulster Unionist Party . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Jenkin , 1997 , Rethinking ethnicity : arguments and explorations , SAGE Publications : London : `` In Northern Ireland the objectives of contemporary nationalists are the reunification of Ireland and the removal of British government . '' Jump up ^ Peter Dorey , 1995 , British politics since 1945 , Blackwell Publishers : Oxford : `` Just as some Nationalists have been prepared to use violence in order to secure Irish reunification , so some Unionists have been prepared to use violence in order to oppose it . '' Jump up ^ `` Strategy Framework Document : Reunification through Planned Integration : Sinn Féin 's All Ireland Agenda '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2006 . Sinn Féin . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Summaries : Constitutional Issues '' . Social Democratic and Labour Party . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself ? '' . Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey . 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAIN : Sutton Index of Deaths '' . Jump up ^ `` CAIN : Northern Ireland Society -- Security and Defence '' . Jump up ^ `` The troubles were over , but the killing continued . Some of the heirs to Ireland 's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance . '' Jack Holland : Hope against History : The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland . Henry Holt & Company , 1999 , p. 221 ; ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6087 - 1 Jump up ^ McCourt , Malachy ( 2004 ) . History of Ireland . New York : MJF Books , Fine Communications . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60671 - 037 - 1 . Jump up ^ Department of Enterprise , Trade , and Investment : Full Economic Overview , 15 October 2014 Archived 7 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Larry Elliott . `` UK unemployment rate falls to lowest level since 2008 financial crisis '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lundy 's Day : Thousands attend ' peaceful ' Londonderry parade '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Thernstrom , Stephan ( 1980 ) . Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups . Harvard University Press . p. 896 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 37512 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Born Fighting : How the Scots - Irish Shaped America '' . Powells.com. 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gwynn , Stephen ( 2009 ) ( 1923 ) . `` The birth of the Irish Free State '' . The History of Ireland . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 15514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Colin ( 2002 ) . Devolution in Britain Today . Manchester University Press . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6076 - 1 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland became a distinct region of the United Kingdom , by Order in Council on 3 May 1921 ( Statutory Rules & Orders published by authority ( SR&O ) 1921 , No. 533 ) . Its constitutional roots remain the Act of Union , two complementary Acts , one passed by the Parliament of Great Britain , the other by the pre-1801 Parliament of Ireland . Jump up ^ Martin , Ged ( 1999 ) . `` The Origins of Partition '' . In Anderson , Malcolm ; Bort , Eberhard . The Irish Border : History , Politics , Culture . Liverpool University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0853239517 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbons , Ivan ( 2015 ) . The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State , 1918 -- 1924 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 107 . ISBN 1137444088 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stormont Papers -- View Volumes '' . Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Irish Treaty , sections 11 , 12 '' . Nationalarchives.ie. 6 December 1921 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Irish Relations , 1939 -- 41 : A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy and Military Restraint '' in Twentieth Century British History ( Oxford Journals , 2005 ) , ISSN 1477 - 4674 Jump up ^ Malcolm Sutton 's book , `` Bear in Mind These Dead : An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland 1969 -- 1993 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- The Troubles -- Violence '' . Jump up ^ `` CAIN : Northern Ireland Society -- Security and Defence '' . Jump up ^ `` The Cameron Report -- Disturbances in Northern Ireland ( 1969 ) '' . cain.ulst.ac.uk . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ History of sectarianism in NI Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , gale.cengage.com ; accessed 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard English , `` The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland , 1967 -- 72 '' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present , Oxford University Press , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 , pp. 75 -- 90 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Ballast report : `` ... the Police Ombudsman has concluded that this was collusion by certain police officers with identified UVF informants . '' Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Northern Ireland votes for union '' . BBC News . 9 March 1973 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary debate : `` The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone , by agreement between the two parts respectively , to exercise their right of self - determination on the basis of consent , freely and concurrently given , North and South , to bring about a united Ireland , if that is their wish . '' Jump up ^ `` Securocrat sabotage exposed '' . Jump up ^ `` Bear in Mind These Dead '' . Jump up ^ `` UDA confirm guns decommissioned '' BBC news ; retrieved 29 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Act 2006 ( c. 17 ) '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ( BBC ) Jump up ^ HM Government The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union ; Cm 9417 , February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Professor John H. Whyte paper on discrimination in Northern Ireland '' . Cain.ulst.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CAIN website key issues discrimination summary '' . Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 5 October 1968 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lord Scarman , `` Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969 : Report of Tribunal of Inquiry '' Belfast : HMSO , Cmd 566 ( known as the Scarman Report ) . Jump up ^ `` Ark survey , 2007 . Answer to the question `` Generally speaking , do you think of yourself as a unionist , a nationalist or neither ? '' `` . Ark.ac.uk. 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Answers to the question `` Do you think the long - term policy for Northern Ireland should be for it ( one of the following ) '' Jump up ^ NILT survey , 2015 . Answers to the question `` Do you think the long - term policy for Northern Ireland should be for it to ( one of the following '' ) , ark.ac.uk ; accessed 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NI Life and Times Survey -- 2009 : NIRELND2 '' . Ark.ac.uk. 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` countries within a country '' . The official site of the Prime Minister 's Office . 2003 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Countries of the UK '' . Beginners ' Guide to UK Geography . UK Statistics Authority . 11 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . The top - level division of administrative geography in the UK is the 4 countries -- England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Example : `` ' Normalisation ' plans for Northern Ireland unveiled '' . Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . 1 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . or `` 26 January 2006 '' . Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . 1 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Example : Office for National Statistics ( 1999 ) , Britain 2000 : the Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom , London : The Stationery Office or Office for National Statistics ( 1999 ) , UK electoral statistics 1999 , London : Office for National Statistics Jump up ^ `` The Population of Northern Ireland '' . Northern Ireland Statistical Research Agency . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Example : `` Background -- Northern Ireland '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . or `` Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( and other primary legislation for Northern Ireland ) '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Fortnight , 1992 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ David Varney December ( 2007 ) , Review of Tax Policy in Northern Ireland , London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office Jump up ^ Department of Finance and Personnel ( 2007 ) , The European Sustainable Competitiveness Programme for Northern Ireland , Belfast : Northern Ireland Executive Jump up ^ United Kingdom ( 2007 ) , `` Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) , Report by Governments on the Situation in their Countries on the Progress Made in the Standardization of Geographical Names Since the Eight Conferences , New York : United Nations , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 , retrieved 29 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : A. Aughey & D. Morrow ( 1996 ) , Northern Ireland Politics , London : Longman Jump up ^ P. Close ; D. Askew ; Xin X . ( 2007 ) , The Beijing Olympiad : The Political Economy of a Sporting Mega-Event , Oxon : Routledge ^ Jump up to : Global Encyclopedia of Political Geography , 2009 Jump up ^ M Crenshaw ( 1985 ) , `` An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism '' , Orbis , 29 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ P Kurzer ( 2001 ) , Markets and moral regulation : cultural change in the European Union , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ J Morrill , ed. ( 2004 ) , The promotion of knowledge : lectures to mark the Centenary of the British Academy 1992 -- 2002 , Oxford : Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : F. Cochrane ( 2001 ) , Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo - Irish Agreement , Cork : Cork University Press Jump up ^ W.V. Shannon ( 1984 ) , K. ; nbsp ; M. Cahill , eds. , The American Irish Revival : A Decade of the Recorder , Associated Faculty Press Jump up ^ R. Beiner ( 1999 ) , Theorizing Nationalism , Albany : State University of New York Press Jump up ^ Independent.ie ( 2 July 1998 ) . `` Sunday Independent article on Mallon and the use of `` Six Counties '' `` . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Peterkin , Tom ( 31 January 2006 ) . `` Example of Daily Telegraph use of `` Ulster '' in text of an article , having used `` Northern Ireland '' in the opening paragraph `` . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian style guide '' . The Guardian . UK . 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Examples of usage of this term include Radio Ulster , Ulster Orchestra and RUC ; political parties such as the Ulster Unionist Party ' ; paramilitary organisations including the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force ; and political campaigns such as `` Ulster Says No '' and `` Save Ulster from Sodomy '' . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Reports of the Parliament of Northern Ireland , Volume 20 ( 1937 ) and The Times , 6 January 1949 ; C.M. 1 ( 49 ) -- UK Cabinet meeting held on 12 January 1949 . C.M. 1 ( 49 ) . -- See also Alternative names for Northern Ireland Jump up ^ `` Editorial Policy , Guidance Note '' . BBC . n.d . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . `` The term `` province '' is often used synonymously with Northern Ireland and it is normally appropriate to make secondary references to `` the province '' . '' Jump up ^ `` Sinn Féin usage of `` Six Counties '' `` . Sinn Féin. 14 August 1969 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Brendan O'Brien ( 1999 ) . The Long War : The IRA and Sinn Féin . Syracuse University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 815 - 60597 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs -- The Irish Freedom Committee TM '' . Irish Freedom Committee . 6 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2005 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrew Sanders ( 2011 ) . Inside the IRA : Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy . Edinburgh University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 748 - 68812 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert William White ( 2006 ) . Ruairí Ó Brádaigh : The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary . Edinburgh University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34708 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Horgan ( 2011 ) . Terrorism Studies : A Reader . Routledge . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 45504 - 6 . Jump up ^ How much do you know about ' Norn Iron ' ? , British Embassy Ashgabat Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ; Murray , Ewan ; Hytner , David ; Burnton , Simon ; Glendenning , Barry ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` World Cup qualifiers : 10 talking points from the weekend 's action '' . theguardian.com . UK : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland : climate '' . Met Office . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office : UK climate : December 2010 '' . Met Office . January 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Many Nationalists use the name County Derry . Wikipedia policy is to use Londonderry for the county and Derry for the city . The name usage does not indicate an endorsement for either community 's opinions . Jump up ^ `` New ' super councils ' begin work in Northern Ireland '' . The Irish Times . 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Key Stats bulletin '' ( PDF ) . NISRA. 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NI migrant population triples in decade , says study '' . BBC News . 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2011 Jump up ^ `` Statistical Classification and Delineation of Settlements '' ( PDF ) . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency . February 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Part of Belfast metropolitan area Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 '' . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Breen , R. , Devine , P. and Dowds , L. ( editors ) , 1996 : ISBN 0 - 86281 - 593 - 2 . Chapter 2 ' Who Wants a United Ireland ? Constitutional Preferences among Catholics and Protestants ' by Richard Breen ( 1996 ) , in , Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland : The Fifth Report Retrieved 24 August 2006 ; Summary : In 1989 -- 1994 , 79 % Protestants replied `` British '' or `` Ulster '' , 60 % of Catholics replied `` Irish . '' Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 1999 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : NINATID Summary : 72 % of Protestants replied `` British '' . 68 % of Catholics replied `` Irish '' . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey . Module : Community Relations . Variable : BRITISH . Summary : 78 % of Protestants replied `` Strongly British . '' Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 1999 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : IRISH Summary : 77 % of Catholics replied `` Strongly Irish . '' Jump up ^ Institute of Governance , 2006 `` National identities in the UK : do they matter ? '' Briefing No. 16 , January 2006 ; Retrieved from `` IoG_Briefing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 August 2006 . ( 211 KB ) on 24 August 2006 . Extract : `` Three - quarters of Northern Ireland 's Protestants regard themselves as British , but only 12 per cent of Northern Ireland 's Catholics do so . Conversely , a majority of Catholics ( 65 % ) regard themselves as Irish , whilst very few Protestants ( 5 % ) do likewise . Very few Catholics ( 1 % ) compared to Protestants ( 19 % ) claim an Ulster identity but a Northern Irish identity is shared in broadly equal measure across religious traditions . '' Details from attitude surveys are in Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ `` L219252024 -- Public Attitudes to Devolution and National Identity in Northern Ireland '' . University of York Research Project 2002 -- 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland : Constitutional Proposals and the Problem of Identity , by J.R. Archer The Review of Politics , 1978 Jump up ^ Joseph Ruane and Jennifer Todd . `` Chapter 7 > A changed Irish nationalism ? The significance of the Belfast Agreement of 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 2008 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : IRISH '' . Ark.ac.uk. 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey , 1998 ; Module : Community Relations , Variable : IRISH '' . Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003 . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Department of the Taoiseach '' . Taoiseach.gov.ie . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Border Agency website '' . Ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk. 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 October 2011 . ( 204 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Council of Europe Charter monitoring report , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Markku Filppula ( 2005 ) . Dialects across borders . John Benjamins Publishing Co , Amsterdam . p. 90 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , James G. ( 1997 ) . Irish Records : Sources for Family and Local History . Flyleaf Press . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 916489 - 76 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES Survey : What is the main language spoken in your own home ? Jump up ^ `` Frequently - Asked Questions about the Irish Language '' . Ultach . Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The Local Government ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1995 ( No. 759 ( N.I. 5 ) ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Keenan , Dan ( 9 January 2014 ) . `` Loyalists line up to learn cúpla focail at language classes in heart of east Belfast '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Aodan Mac Poilin , 1999 , `` Language , Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland '' in Ulster Folk Life Vol. 45 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2006 . ( 131 KB ) Jump up ^ Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES Survey : Do you yourself speak Ulster - Scots ? Jump up ^ Janzen , Terry ( 2005 ) . Topics in Signed Language Interpreting : Theory And Practice . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company . pp. 256 & 265 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 1669 - X . OCLC 60742155 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sign Language '' . Department of Culture , Arts and Leisure . Archived from the original on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Murphy announces recognition for sign language '' . Northern Ireland Office . 30 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . I am pleased to announce formal recognition for both British and Irish Sign Languages in Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Parades and Marches -- A Summary of the Issue . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dominic . Orange Parades : The Politics of Ritual , Tradition and Control . Pluto Press , 2000 . p. 130 Jump up ^ `` NI talks issues explained : flags , parades , the past and welfare reform '' . BBC News , 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Information Office . `` Northern Ireland Assembly logo '' . Niassembly.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Alan O'Day , ed. ( 1987 ) , Reactions To Irish Nationalism , 1865 -- 1914 , London : Hambledon Press , With the Rising of 1916 a break took place in national symbolism which was most visibly manifested in the national flag and the anthem which the young Irish nation accepted . The demise of the Parliamentary Party stands in direct parallel to the just as rapidly diminishing power of its symbols . The green flag and ' God save Ireland ' began to be discredited as symbols of constitutional nationalism and , instead , the symbols of revolutionary nationalism gained popularity as the majority of the Irish people identified itself with the political aims of the Easter revolutionaries . The use of symbols made apparent that the occurrences of 1916 initiated a new epoch in Irish history much in the same as the Union of 1801 and the Famine of 1845 -- 8 did . Both the national flag and the national anthem of present - day Ireland drive origins directly from the Rising . At first it still appeared as if the revolutionaries would take over the old symbols because on the roof of their headquarters , the Dublin General Post Office , a green flag with the harp was hoisted next to the republican tricolour although with the inscription ' Irish Republic ' . Even ' Got save Ireland ' was sung by the revolutionaries during Easter week . But after the failure of the Rising and the subsequent executions of the leading revolutionaries the tricolour and ' The Soldier 's Song ' became more and more popular as symbols of the rebellion . Jump up ^ Vandals curbed by plastic edging BBC News , 25 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Rule 2000 No. 347 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The Union Flag and Flags of the United Kingdom House of Commons Library , 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Northern Irish flags from the World Flag Database . Jump up ^ Dowd , Vincent ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Israel and the Palestinians : The Irish connection '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sport , Nationalism and Globalization : European and North American Perspectives by Alan Bairner ( ISBN 978 - 0791449127 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Sport , Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland by John Sugden and Alan Bairner ( ISBN 978 - 0718500184 ) , p60 Jump up ^ `` FIFA.com : Northern Ireland , Latest News '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2005 . Jump up ^ John Sugden & Scott Harvie ( 1995 ) . `` Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland 3.2 Flags and Anthems '' . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Berlin ( 29 December 2004 ) . `` Long Unsung Teams Live up to Anthems : Rugby Union '' . International Herald Tribune via HighBeam Research . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . the band played Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika and Die Stem for the Springboks and `` Soldier 's Song '' , the national anthem that is otherwise known as Amhran na bhFiann , and `` Ireland 's Call '' , the team 's official rugby anthem . ^ Jump up to : How do other sports in the island cope with the situation ? The Herald , 3 April 2008 Jump up ^ Gagne , Matt ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` Northern Ireland 's Graeme McDowell wins U.S. Open at Pebble Beach , ends European losing streak '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Donegan at Congressional ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` US Open 2011 : Remarkable Rory McIlroy wins by eight shots Sport '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Redmond , John ( 1997 ) . The Book of Irish Golf . Pelican Publishing Company . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of the Rest : A World Of Great Golf '' . Golf Digest . 2009 . p. 2 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kirkistown , motor racing circuit '' . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Culture Northern ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Pro Wrestling Ulster '' . Culture Northern Ireland . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morton , O. 1994 . Marine Algae of Northern Ireland . Ulster Museum . ISBN 0 - 900761 - 28 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Freeview on Divis TV transmitter ukfree.tv -- independent free digital TV advice '' . ukfree.tv . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Over forty years of Irish TV History '' . Irish TV . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ and TG4 on Freeview HD in Northern Ireland '' . Advanced Television . 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Newspapers '' . World-newspapers.com . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mail Customer Service -- Offering help and advice '' ... royalmail.com . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT in Northern Ireland At home '' . Btnorthernireland.com . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Southgate Amateur Radio Club . `` Comreg and Ofcom publish first report on cross-border telecoms issues '' . Southgatearc.org . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calling Northern Ireland -- Use the 048 code to call fixed - line numbers '' . Commission for Communications Regulation. 1 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Further reading Jonathan Bardon , A History of Ulster ( Blackstaff Press , Belfast , 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 85640 - 476 - 4 Brian E. Barton , The Government of Northern Ireland , 1920 -- 1923 ( Athol Books , 1980 ) Paul Bew , Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson The State in Northern Ireland , 1921 -- 72 : Political Forces and Social Classes , Manchester ( Manchester University Press , 1979 ) Tony Geraghty ( 2000 ) . The Irish War . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7117 - 4 . Robert Kee , The Green Flag : A History of Irish Nationalism ( Penguin , 1972 -- 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 029165 - 2 Osborne Morton , Marine Algae of Northern Ireland ( Ulster Museum , Belfast , 1994 ) , ISBN 0 - 900761 - 28 - 8 Henry Patterson , Ireland Since 1939 : The Persistence of Conflict ( Penguin , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84488 - 104 - 8 P. Hackney ( ed . ) Stewart 's and Corry 's Flora of the North - east of Ireland 3rd edn . ( Institute of Irish Studies , Queen 's University of Belfast , 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 85389 - 446 - 9 ( HB ) External links Find more aboutNorthern Irelandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Northern Ireland Executive ( Northern Ireland devolved government ) Northern Ireland Office ( UK central government ) Discover Northern Ireland ( Northern Ireland Tourist Board ) Geographic data related to Northern Ireland at OpenStreetMap Northern Ireland articles History Annals of Ulster Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Tyrone 's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did northern ireland become its own country | [
"Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922, the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom.[15] Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain. However, a significant minority, mostly Catholics, were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule.[16][17][18][19] Today, the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish, while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned.[20]"
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"1921"
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-7533410482363192754 | Italy at the FIFA World Cup | Italy at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Italy at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Italy 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final . Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup , having won four titles ( 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) , just one fewer than Brazil . The team was present in 18 out of the 21 tournaments , reaching six finals , a third place and a fourth place . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup record 1.1 Winning World Cups 1.2 By Match 1.3 Record by Opponent 2 World Cup Finals 2.1 1934 World Cup Final v Czechoslovakia 2.2 1938 World Cup Final v Hungary 2.3 1970 World Cup Final v Brazil 2.4 1982 World Cup Final v West Germany 2.5 1994 World Cup Final v Brazil 2.6 2006 World Cup Final v France 3 Player appearances 4 Top goalscorers 5 Awards and Records 5.1 Team Awards 5.2 Individual Awards 6 Refereeing 7 See also 8 References 9 External links FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place FIFA World Cup record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter 1934 Champions 1st 5 0 12 1938 Champions 1st 0 0 11 5 1950 Group Stage 7th 0 1954 10th 0 6 7 1958 Did Not Qualify 1962 Group Stage 9th 1966 9th 0 1970 Runners - up 2nd 6 10 8 Group Stage 10th 5 1978 Fourth Place 4th 7 9 6 1982 Champions 1st 7 0 12 6 1986 Round of 16 12th 5 6 1990 Third Place 3rd 7 6 0 10 1994 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 5 1998 Quarter Final 5th 5 0 8 2002 Round of 16 15th 5 5 2006 Champions 1st 7 5 0 12 Group Stage 26th 0 5 2014 22nd 0 2018 Did Not Qualify 2022 TBD Total 4 Titles 18 / 21 83 45 21 17 128 77 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show Italy 's World Cup record First Match Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( 27 May 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Biggest Win Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( 27 May 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Biggest Defeat Switzerland 4 -- 1 Italy ( 23 June 1954 ; Basel , Switzerland ) Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy ( 21 June 1970 ; Mexico City , Mexico ) Best Result Champions in 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , and 2006 Worst Result Group Stage in 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 2010 and 2014 Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Winning Goal Scorer ( s ) 1934 Vittorio Pozzo Gianpiero Combi Raimundo Orsi , Angelo Schiavio 1938 Vittorio Pozzo Giuseppe Meazza Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) , Silvio Piola ( 2 ) 1982 Enzo Bearzot Dino Zoff Paolo Rossi , Marco Tardelli , Alessandro Altobelli 2006 Marcello Lippi Fabio Cannavaro Marco Materazzi , Fabio Grosso ( decisive penalty ) By Match ( edit ) Italy 's score listed first World Cup Round Opponent Score Venue Scorers 1934 Round of 16 United States 7 -- 1 Rome Schiavio ( 3 ) , Orsi ( 2 ) , Ferrari , Meazza Quarter - finals Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Florence Ferrari Spain 1 -- 0 Florence Meazza Semi-finals Austria 1 -- 0 Milan Guaita Final Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Rome Orsi , Schiavio 1938 Round of 16 Norway 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Marseille Ferraris , Piola Quarter - finals France 3 -- 1 Paris Piola ( 2 ) , Colaussi Semi-finals Brazil 2 -- 1 Marseille Colaussi , Meazza Final Hungary 4 -- 2 Paris Colaussi ( 2 ) , Piola ( 2 ) 1950 Group stage Sweden 2 -- 3 São Paulo Carapellese , Muccinelli Paraguay 2 -- 0 São Paulo Carapellese , Pandolfini 1954 Group stage Switzerland 1 -- 2 Lausanne Boniperti Belgium 4 -- 1 Lugano Pandolfini , Galli , Frignani , Lorenzi Switzerland 1 -- 4 Basel Nesti 1962 Group stage West Germany 0 -- 0 Santiago & -- Chile 0 -- 2 Santiago & -- Switzerland 3 -- 0 Santiago Bulgarelli ( 2 ) , Mora 1966 Group stage Chile 2 -- 0 Sunderland A. Mazzola , Barison Soviet Union 0 -- 1 Sunderland & -- North Korea 0 -- 1 Middlesbrough & -- 1970 Group stage Sweden 1 -- 0 Toluca Domenghini Uruguay 0 -- 0 Puebla & -- Israel 0 -- 0 Toluca & -- Quarter - finals Mexico 4 -- 1 Toluca Riva ( 2 ) , Guzmán ( o.g. ) , Rivera Semi-finals West Germany 4 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Mexico City Boninsegna , Burgnich , Riva , Rivera Final Brazil 1 -- 4 Mexico City Boninsegna Group stage Haiti 3 -- 1 Munich Rivera , Benetti , Anastasi Argentina 1 -- 1 Stuttgart Perfumo ( o.g. ) Poland 1 -- 2 Stuttgart Capello 1978 Group stage France 2 -- 1 Mar del Plata Rossi , Zaccarelli Hungary 3 -- 1 Mar del Plata Rossi , Bettega , Benetti Argentina 1 -- 0 Buenos Aires Bettega Second round West Germany 0 -- 0 Buenos Aires & -- Austria 1 -- 0 Buenos Aires Rossi Netherlands 1 -- 2 Buenos Aires Brandts ( o.g. ) Third place play - off Brazil 1 -- 2 Buenos Aires Causio 1982 Group stage Poland 0 -- 0 Vigo & -- Peru 1 -- 1 Vigo Conti Cameroon 1 -- 1 Vigo Graziani Second round Argentina 2 -- 1 Barcelona Tardelli , Cabrini Brazil 3 -- 2 Barcelona Rossi ( 3 ) Semi-finals Poland 2 -- 0 Barcelona Rossi ( 2 ) Final West Germany 3 -- 1 Madrid Rossi , Tardelli , Altobelli 1986 Group stage Bulgaria 1 -- 1 Mexico City Altobelli Argentina 1 -- 1 Puebla Altobelli South Korea 3 -- 2 Puebla Altobelli ( 2 ) , Cho K.R. ( o.g. ) Round of 16 France 0 -- 2 Mexico City & -- 1990 Group stage Austria 1 -- 0 Rome Schillaci United States 1 -- 0 Rome Giannini Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Rome Schillaci , R. Baggio Round of 16 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Rome Schillaci , Serena Quarter - finals Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Rome Schillaci Semi-finals Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 pen . ) Naples Schillaci Third place play - off England 2 -- 1 Bari R. Baggio , Schillaci 1994 Group stage Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 East Rutherford & -- Norway 1 -- 0 East Rutherford D. Baggio Mexico 1 -- 1 Washington , D.C. Massaro Round of 16 Nigeria 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Foxborough R. Baggio ( 2 ) Quarter - finals Spain 2 -- 1 Foxborough D. Baggio , R. Baggio Semi-finals Bulgaria 2 -- 1 East Rutherford R. Baggio ( 2 ) Final Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 2 -- 3 pen . ) Pasadena & -- 1998 Group stage Chile 2 -- 2 Bordeaux Vieri , R. Baggio Cameroon 3 -- 0 Montpellier Vieri ( 2 ) , Di Biagio Austria 2 -- 1 Saint - Denis Vieri , R. Baggio Round of 16 Norway 1 -- 0 Marseille Vieri Quarter - finals France 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 pen . ) Saint - Denis & -- 2002 Group stage Ecuador 2 -- 0 Sapporo Vieri ( 2 ) Croatia 1 -- 2 Ibaraki Vieri Mexico 1 -- 1 Ōita Del Piero Round of 16 South Korea 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Daejeon Vieri 2006 Group stage Ghana 2 -- 0 Hanover Pirlo , Iaquinta United States 1 -- 1 Kaiserslautern Gilardino Czech Republic 2 -- 0 Hamburg Materazzi , Inzaghi Round of 16 Australia 1 -- 0 Kaiserslautern Totti Quarter - finals Ukraine 3 -- 0 Hamburg Toni ( 2 ) , Zambrotta Semi-finals Germany 2 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Dortmund Grosso , Del Piero Final France 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 pen . ) Berlin Materazzi Group stage Paraguay 1 -- 1 Cape Town De Rossi New Zealand 1 -- 1 Nelspruit Iaquinta Slovakia 2 -- 3 Johannesburg Di Natale , Quagliarella 2014 Group stage England 2 -- 1 Manaus Marchisio , Balotelli Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Recife & -- Uruguay 0 -- 1 Natal & -- Record by Opponent ( edit ) FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent Wins Draws Losses Total Goals Scored Goals Conceded Argentina 0 5 6 Australia 0 0 0 Austria 0 0 5 Belgium 0 0 Brazil 5 7 9 Bulgaria 0 Cameroon 0 Chile Costa Rica 0 0 0 Croatia 0 0 Czech Republic 0 0 0 Czechoslovakia 0 0 Ecuador 0 0 0 England 0 0 France 5 6 5 Germany 0 5 9 Ghana 0 0 0 Haiti 0 0 Hungary 0 0 7 Israel 0 0 0 0 Mexico 0 6 Netherlands 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 North Korea 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 Paraguay 0 Peru 0 0 Poland Republic of Ireland 0 Slovakia 0 0 South Korea 0 Soviet Union 0 0 0 Spain 0 Sweden 0 Switzerland 0 5 6 Ukraine 0 0 0 United States 0 9 Uruguay World Cup Finals ( edit ) 1934 World Cup final v Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Final With temperatures around 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia . 10 June 1934 17 : 00 CEST Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia Orsi 81 ' Schiavio 95 ' Report Puč 71 ' Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Attendance : 55,000 Referee : Ivan Eklind GK Gianpiero Combi ( c ) RB Eraldo Monzeglio LB Luigi Allemandi RH Attilio Ferraris CH Luis Monti LH Luigi Bertolini OR Enrique Guaita IR Giuseppe Meazza IL Giovanni Ferrari OL Raimundo Orsi CF Angelo Schiavio Manager : Vittorio Pozzo GK František Plánička ( c ) RB Josef Čtyřoký LB Ladislav Ženíšek RH Rudolf Krčil CH Štefan Čambal LH Josef Košťálek OR Antonín Puč IR Oldřich Nejedlý IL František Svoboda OL František Junek CF Jiří Sobotka Manager : Karel Petrů 1938 World Cup final v hungary ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Final After a difficult route to the final , defeating hosts France in the quarter - finals and Brazil in the semis , Italy was the first team to win the World Cup title on foreign ground . Also , it was the first of only two times in World Cup history that a team successfully defended their title . 19 June 1938 17 : 00 ( WEST ) Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Colaussi 6 ' , 35 ' Piola 16 ' , 82 ' Report Titkos 8 ' Sárosi 70 ' Stade Olympique de Colombes , Paris Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Georges Capdeville GK Aldo Olivieri RB Alfredo Foni LB Pietro Rava RH Pietro Serantoni LH Ugo Locatelli CH Michele Andreolo IR Giuseppe Meazza ( c ) IL Giovanni Ferrari OR Amedeo Biavati CF Silvio Piola OL Gino Colaussi Manager : Vittorio Pozzo GK Antal Szabó RB Sándor Bíró LB Gyula Polgár RH Gyula Lázár LH Antal Szalay CH György Szűcs IR Gyula Zsengellér IL Jenő Vincze OR Pál Titkos CF György Sárosi ( c ) OL Ferenc Sas Manager : Alfréd Schaffer 1970 World Cup final v Brazil ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Final In 1970 , the Brazilian team featured superstars like Pelé , Rivelino , Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto and were considered favourites for the title . Particularly in the second half , the Italians were outclassed by the Brazilians passing play . 21 June 1970 12 : 00 UTC − 6 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Pelé 18 ' Gérson 66 ' Jairzinho 71 ' Carlos Alberto 86 ' Report Boninsegna 37 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 107,412 Referee : Rudi Glöckner GK Félix DF Carlos Alberto ( c ) DF Brito DF Piazza DF 16 Everaldo MF 5 Clodoaldo MF 8 Gérson FW 7 Jairzinho FW 9 Tostão FW 10 Pelé FW 11 Rivelino Manager : Mário Zagallo GK Enrico Albertosi DF Tarcisio Burgnich DF 5 Pierluigi Cera DF 8 Roberto Rosato DF Giacinto Facchetti ( c ) MF 10 Mario Bertini 75 ' MF 13 Angelo Domenghini MF 16 Giancarlo De Sisti FW 15 Sandro Mazzola FW 11 Luigi Riva FW 20 Roberto Boninsegna 84 ' Substitutions : MF 18 Antonio Juliano 75 ' MF 14 Gianni Rivera 84 ' Manager : Ferruccio Valcareggi 1982 World Cup final v West Germany ( edit ) Italy played three draws in the first group stage in a worrisome start to the tournament , proceeding ahead of Cameroon only on number of goals scored . However , the Italians continued to defeat Brazil , Argentina and a strong Polish side over the course of the tournament and faced West Germany in the final in Madrid . Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty in the goalless first half , but the dominant Italian side eventually built up a 3 - 0 lead and won by 3 - 1 in the end , securing their third World Cup trophy . 11 July 1982 20 : 00 CEST Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Rossi 57 ' Tardelli 69 ' Altobelli 81 ' Report Breitner 83 ' Estadio Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 90,000 Referee : Arnaldo Cézar Coelho GK Dino Zoff ( c ) SW 7 Gaetano Scirea CB 6 Claudio Gentile CB 5 Fulvio Collovati RWB Giuseppe Bergomi LWB Antonio Cabrini DM 13 Gabriele Oriali 73 ' RM 16 Bruno Conti 31 ' CM 14 Marco Tardelli LW 19 Francesco Graziani 7 ' CF 20 Paolo Rossi Substitutions : GK 12 Ivano Bordon MF 10 Giuseppe Dossena MF 11 Giampiero Marini MF 15 Franco Causio 89 ' FW 18 Alessandro Altobelli 7 ' 89 ' Manager : Enzo Bearzot GK Harald Schumacher SW 15 Uli Stielike 73 ' RB 20 Manfred Kaltz CB Karlheinz Förster LB 5 Bernd Förster RM 6 Wolfgang Dremmler 61 ' 62 ' CM Paul Breitner LM Hans - Peter Briegel RW 11 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( c ) 70 ' LW 7 Pierre Littbarski 88 ' CF 8 Klaus Fischer Substitutions : GK 21 Bernd Franke DF 12 Wilfried Hannes MF 10 Hansi Müller 70 ' MF 14 Felix Magath FW 9 Horst Hrubesch 62 ' Manager : Jupp Derwall 1994 World Cup final v Brazil ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Final The 1994 final was the first ever to be decided on penalties after goalless 120 minutes . Italian captain Franco Baresi missed the very first penalty , and Roberto Baggio the decisive last one . Italy became the first team to lose two World Cup finals against the same opponent . July 17 , 1994 12 : 35 PDT Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Report Penalties Márcio Santos Romário Branco Dunga 3 -- 2 Baresi Albertini Evani Massaro R. Baggio Rose Bowl , Pasadena Attendance : 94,194 Referee : Sándor Puhl GK Cláudio Taffarel RB Jorginho 21 ' CB 13 Aldair CB 15 Marcio Santos LB 6 Branco CM 5 Mauro Silva CM 8 Dunga ( c ) AM 17 Mazinho 4 ' AM 9 Zinho 106 ' CF 11 Romário CF 7 Bebeto Substitutions : DF 14 Cafu 87 ' 21 ' FW 21 Viola 106 ' Manager : Carlos Alberto Parreira GK Gianluca Pagliuca RB 8 Roberto Mussi 35 ' CB 6 Franco Baresi ( c ) CB 5 Paolo Maldini LB Antonio Benarrivo RM 14 Nicola Berti CM 13 Dino Baggio 95 ' CM 11 Demetrio Albertini 42 ' LM 16 Roberto Donadoni CF 10 Roberto Baggio CF 19 Daniele Massaro Substitutes : DF Luigi Apolloni 41 ' 35 ' MF 17 Alberigo Evani 95 ' Manager : Arrigo Sacchi 2006 World Cup final v France ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Final Italian defender Marco Materazzi was involved in all three outstanding moments of the first 120 minutes : He conceded the penalty that was converted by Zinedine Zidane early in the game , equalised with a powerful header soon after , and provoked Zidane in a manner that lead to the French captain being sent off . He also scored in the penalty - shootout that was to follow . It was only the second time a World Cup final was decided on penalties , again involving Italy after the 1994 final lost to Brazil . 9 July 2006 20 : 00 Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France Materazzi 19 ' Report Zidane 7 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Pirlo Materazzi De Rossi Del Piero Grosso 5 -- 3 Wiltord Trezeguet Abidal Sagnol Olympiastadion , Berlin Attendance : 69,000 Referee : Horacio Elizondo GK Gianluigi Buffon RB 19 Gianluca Zambrotta 5 ' CB 5 Fabio Cannavaro ( c ) CB 23 Marco Materazzi LB Fabio Grosso RM 16 Mauro Camoranesi 86 ' CM 8 Gennaro Gattuso CM 21 Andrea Pirlo LM 20 Simone Perrotta 61 ' SS 10 Francesco Totti 61 ' CF 9 Luca Toni Substitutions : MF Daniele De Rossi 61 ' FW 15 Vincenzo Iaquinta 61 ' FW 7 Alessandro Del Piero 86 ' Manager : Marcello Lippi GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 19 Willy Sagnol 12 ' CB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 William Gallas LB Éric Abidal CM Patrick Vieira 56 ' CM 6 Claude Makélélé 76 ' RW 22 Franck Ribéry 100 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane ( c ) 110 ' LW 7 Florent Malouda 111 ' CF 12 Thierry Henry 107 ' Substitutions : MF 18 Alou Diarra 56 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 100 ' FW 11 Sylvain Wiltord 107 ' Manager : Raymond Domenech Player Appearances ( edit ) Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups , trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus ( 25 ) and Miroslav Klose ( 24 ) . This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy . Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon is one of only three players who have been part of five FIFA World Cup squads . No . Name Matches World Cups Paolo Maldini 23 1990 , 1994 , 1998 and 2002 Antonio Cabrini 18 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Gaetano Scirea 18 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Fabio Cannavaro 18 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 5 Dino Zoff 17 1974 , 1978 and 1982 6 Giuseppe Bergomi 16 1982 , 1986 , 1990 and 1998 Roberto Baggio 16 1990 , 1994 and 1998 8 Paolo Rossi 14 1978 and 1982 Gianluigi Buffon 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 10 Claudio Gentile 13 1978 and 1982 Marco Tardelli 13 1978 and 1982 Gianluca Zambrotta 13 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Two Italians were awarded the Golden Boot for best goalscorer at a FIFA World Cup : Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990 with 6 goals each . No . Name Goals World Cups Paolo Rossi 9 1978 ( 3 ) and 1982 ( 6 ) Roberto Baggio 9 1990 ( 2 ) , 1994 ( 5 ) and 1998 ( 2 ) Christian Vieri 9 1998 ( 5 ) and 2002 ( 4 ) Salvatore Schillaci 6 1990 5 Silvio Piola 5 1938 Alessandro Altobelli 5 1982 ( 1 ) and 1986 ( 4 ) 7 Angelo Schiavio 1934 Gino Colaussi 1938 9 Raimundo Orsi 1934 Giuseppe Meazza 1934 ( 2 ) and 1938 ( 1 ) Luigi Riva 1970 Gianni Rivera 1970 ( 2 ) and 1974 ( 1 ) Awards and Records ( edit ) Team Awards ( edit ) World Champions 1934 World Champions 1938 World Champions 1982 World Champions 2006 Second Place 1970 Second Place 1994 Third Place 1990 Individual Awards ( edit ) Golden Ball award Golden Ball 1934 : Giuseppe Meazza Golden Ball 1982 : Paolo Rossi Golden Ball 1990 : Salvatore Schillaci Silver Ball 1938 : Silvio Piola Silver Ball 1978 : Paolo Rossi Silver Ball 1994 : Roberto Baggio Silver Ball 2006 : Fabio Cannavaro Bronze Ball 2006 : Andrea Pirlo Golden Boot award Golden Boot 1982 : Paolo Rossi Golden Boot 1990 : Salvatore Schillaci Silver Boot 1934 : Angelo Schiavio Silver Boot 1938 : Silvio Piola Silver Boot 1998 : Christian Vieri Other individual awards Golden Glove 1982 : Dino Zoff ( oldest Golden Glove winner ) Golden Glove 2006 : Gianluigi Buffon Best Young Player Award 1978 : Antonio Cabrini Man of the Match Award 2006 : Andrea Pirlo Refereeing ( edit ) Three World Cup finals have been officiated by representatives of the Italian football federation , only English referees have had the honour more often ( four times ) . The 1978 final between Argentina and the Netherlands has been led by Sergio Gonella , who had already officiated the European Championship final two years earlier . The other referees are Pierluigi Collina in 2002 , and Nicola Rizzoli in 2014 . The Italian referee with the most World Cup matches , however , is Roberto Rosetti , who has been in charge of six matches total in 2006 and 2010 . See also ( edit ) Italy at the UEFA European Football Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 2007 - 06 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy -- France '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Campionati Mondiali : Presenze '' ( World Cup : Appearances ) ( in Italian ) . Italia1910 . Jump up ^ `` Campionati Mondiali : Gol fatti '' ( World Cup : Goals scored ) ( in Italian ) . Italia1910 . External links ( edit ) Italian Football Federation official website FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930 -- 2002 . FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930 -- 2002 FIFA official site Italy FIFA World Cup squads Italy squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) GK Cavanna GK Combi ( c ) GK Masetti DF Allemandi DF Caligaris DF Monzeglio DF Rosetta MF Bertolini MF Castellazzi MF Ferraris MF Monti MF Pizziolo MF Varglien FW Arcari FW Borel FW Demaria FW Ferrari FW Guaita FW Guarisi FW Meazza FW Orsi FW Schiavio Coach : Pozzo Italy squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) GK Ceresoli GK Masetti GK Olivieri DF Foni DF Monzeglio DF Rava MF Andreolo MF Chizzo MF Donati MF Genta MF Locatelli MF Olmi MF Perazzolo MF Serantoni FW Bertoni FW Biavati FW Colaussi FW Ferrari FW Ferraris FW Meazza ( c ) FW Pasinati FW Piola Coach : Pozzo Italy squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Casari GK Moro GK Sentimenti DF Annovazzi DF Blason DF Fattori DF Furiassi DF Giovannini MF Magli MF Mari MF Parola MF Remondini MF Tognon FW Amadei FW Boniperti FW Campatelli FW Cappello FW Caprile FW Carapellese ( c ) FW Lorenzi FW Muccinelli FW Pandolfini Coach : Novo Italy squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Ghezzi 2 Vincenzi 3 Giacomazzi 4 Neri 5 Tognon 6 Nesti 7 Muccinelli 8 Pandolfini 9 Galli 10 Cappello 11 Lorenzi 12 Viola 13 Magnini 14 Cervato 15 Mari 16 Ferrario 17 Segato 18 Pivatelli 19 Boniperti ( c ) 20 Gratton 21 Frignani 22 Costagliola Coach : Czeizler Italy squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 Losi 3 Radice 4 Salvadore 5 Maldini 6 Trapattoni 7 Mora 8 Maschio 9 Altafini 10 Sívori 11 Menichelli 12 Mattrel 13 Albertosi 14 Rivera 15 Sormani 16 Robotti 17 Pascutti 18 David 19 Janich 20 Tumburus 21 Ferrini 22 Bulgarelli Coach : Mazza & Ferrari Italy squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Albertosi 2 Anzolin 3 Barison 4 Bulgarelli 5 Burgnich 6 Facchetti 7 Fogli 8 Guarneri 9 Janich 10 Juliano 11 Landini 12 Leoncini 13 Lodetti 14 Mazzola 15 Meroni 16 Pascutti 17 Perani 18 Pizzaballa 19 Rivera 20 Rizzo 21 Rosato 22 Salvadore ( c ) Coach : Fabbri Italy squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Albertosi 2 Burgnich 3 Facchetti ( c ) 4 Poletti 5 Cera 6 Ferrante 7 Niccolai 8 Rosato 9 Puia 10 Bertini 11 Riva 12 Zoff 13 Domenghini 14 Rivera 15 Mazzola 16 De Sisti 17 Vieri 18 Juliano 19 Gori 20 Boninsegna 21 Furino 22 Prati Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Zoff 2 Spinosi 3 Facchetti ( c ) 4 Benetti 5 Morini 6 Burgnich 7 Mazzola 8 Capello 9 Chinaglia 10 Rivera 11 Riva 12 Albertosi 13 Sabadini 14 Bellugi 15 Wilson 16 Juliano 17 Re Cecconi 18 Causio 19 Anastasi 20 Boninsegna 21 Pulici 22 Castellini Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 Bellugi 3 Cabrini 4 Cuccureddu 5 Gentile 6 Maldera 7 Manfredonia 8 Scirea 9 Antognoni 10 Benetti 11 Pecci 12 Conti 13 P. Sala 14 Tardelli 15 Zaccarelli 16 Causio 17 C. Sala 18 Bettega 19 Graziani 20 Pulici 21 Rossi 22 Bordon Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi 4 Cabrini 5 Collovati 6 Gentile 7 Scirea 8 Vierchowod 9 Antognoni 10 Dossena 11 Marini 12 Bordon 13 Oriali 14 Tardelli 15 Causio 16 Conti 17 Massaro 18 Altobelli 19 Graziani 20 Rossi 21 Selvaggi 22 Galli Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Galli 2 Bergomi 3 Cabrini 4 Collovati 5 Nela 6 Scirea ( c ) 7 Tricella 8 Vierchowod 9 Ancelotti 10 Bagni 11 Baresi 12 Tancredi 13 De Napoli 14 Di Gennaro 15 Tardelli 16 Conti 17 Vialli 18 Altobelli 19 Galderisi 20 Rossi 21 Serena 22 Zenga Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Zenga 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi ( c ) 4 De Agostini 5 Ferrara 6 Ferri 7 Maldini 8 Vierchowod 9 Ancelotti 10 Berti 11 De Napoli 12 Tacconi 13 Giannini 14 Marocchi 15 Baggio 16 Carnevale 17 Donadoni 18 Mancini 19 Schillaci 20 Serena 21 Vialli 22 Pagliuca Coach : Vicini Italy squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pagliuca 2 Apolloni 3 Benarrivo 4 Costacurta 5 Maldini 6 Baresi ( c ) 7 Minotti 8 Mussi 9 Tassotti 10 R. Baggio 11 Albertini 12 Marchegiani 13 D. Baggio 14 Berti 15 Conte 16 Donadoni 17 Evani 18 Casiraghi 19 Massaro 20 Signori 21 Zola 22 Bucci Coach : Sacchi Italy squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Toldo 2 Bergomi 3 P. Maldini ( c ) 4 Cannavaro 5 Costacurta 6 Nesta 7 Pessotto 8 Torricelli 9 Albertini 10 Del Piero 11 D. Baggio 12 Pagliuca 13 Cois 14 Di Biagio 15 Di Livio 16 Di Matteo 17 Moriero 18 R. Baggio 19 Inzaghi 20 Chiesa 21 Vieri 22 Buffon Coach : C. Maldini Italy squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon 2 Panucci 3 Maldini ( c ) 4 Coco 5 Cannavaro 6 Zanetti 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Inzaghi 10 Totti 11 Doni 12 Abbiati 13 Nesta 14 Di Biagio 15 Iuliano 16 Di Livio 17 Tommasi 18 Delvecchio 19 Zambrotta 20 Montella 21 Vieri 22 Toldo 23 Materazzi Coach : Trapattoni Italy squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Buffon 2 Zaccardo 3 Grosso 4 De Rossi 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 Barzagli 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Toni 10 Totti 11 Gilardino 12 Peruzzi 13 Nesta 14 Amelia 15 Iaquinta 16 Camoranesi 17 Barone 18 Inzaghi 19 Zambrotta 20 Perrotta 21 Pirlo 22 Oddo 23 Materazzi Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon 2 Maggio 3 Criscito 4 Chiellini 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 De Rossi 7 Pepe 8 Gattuso 9 Iaquinta 10 Di Natale 11 Gilardino 12 Marchetti 13 Bocchetti 14 De Sanctis 15 Marchisio 16 Camoranesi 17 Palombo 18 Quagliarella 19 Zambrotta 20 Pazzini 21 Pirlo 22 Montolivo 23 Bonucci Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini 4 Darmian 5 Motta 6 Candreva 7 Abate 8 Marchisio 9 Balotelli 10 Cassano 11 Cerci 12 Sirigu 13 Perin 14 Aquilani 15 Barzagli 16 De Rossi 17 Immobile 18 Parolo 19 Bonucci 20 Paletta 21 Pirlo 22 Insigne 23 Verratti Coach : Prandelli Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Italy national football team General Italian Football Federation History Managers Captains Kits Venues Home venues Statistics All - time record Records and statistics Head to head World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Results 1910 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 89 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- 2029 Unofficial matches Players All - time players World Cup and European Championship squads Other categories World Cups Summary 1934 1938 1950 1954 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 European Championships Summary 1968 1972 1980 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Central European International Cup Mundialito U.S. Cup 1976 U.S.A. Bicentennial Cup Tournament 1985 Ciudad de México Cup Tournament Culture Rivalry with Brazil Rivalry with France Rivalry with Germany Rivalry with Spain Noted matches Catenaccio Zona mista Contribution by club Inter Milan Juventus ( Nazio - Juve Blocco - Juve ) A.C. Milan Other FIGC teams B team C team Olympic team U23 team U21 team U20 team U19 team U18 team U17 team U16 team U15 team Women Futsal Beach soccer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854994566 '' Categories : Italy at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 05 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times has itay won the world cup | [
"Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup, having won four titles (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), just one fewer than Brazil. The team was present in 18 out of the 21 tournaments, reaching six finals, a third place and a fourth place.\n"
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7084978130711995873 | Munmun Dutta | Munmun Dutta - Wikipedia Munmun Dutta This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Munmun Dutta Dutta at Colors Indian telly awards Nationality Indian Occupation Actress , model Years active 2004 -- present Known for Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Munmun Dutta is an Indian film and television actress and model . She plays Babita Iyer in the long - running Hindi sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early Life and Education 2 Other works 3 Television 4 Filmography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Dutta completed a Masters degree in English . While living in Pune , Dutta participated in fashion shows . She came to Mumbai and had her acting debut in Zee TV 's 2004 serial Hum Sab Baraati . Her first film role was in Kamal Haasan 's Mumbai Express . In 2006 , she appeared in the film Holiday . She also expressed her desire to become a doctor . Other works ( edit ) Dutta has been actively involved in social causes . Recently , she wrote an open letter to the Indian Education System criticizing education patterns of India . She has also been sponsoring education for her hair dresser 's daughter and also her house - help . Television ( edit ) 2004 Hum Sab Baraati 2008 -- present Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah as Babita Krishnan Iyer Filmography ( edit ) Mumbai Express ( 2005 ) Holiday ( 2006 ) Dhinchak Enterprise ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Main article : List of Hindi television actresses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taarak Mehta celebrates 1000 episodes . Times of India . 10 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` MUNMUN DUTTA OPENS UP ABOUT THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING TAARAK MEHTA KA OOLTAH CHASHMAH ; COMES OUT IN SUPPORT OF GURCHARAN SINGH ( SODHI ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revealed ! You will be shocked to know the education qualifications of'Taarak Mehta star cast '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-still-want-to-become-a-doctor-Munmun-Dutta/articleshow/37079980.cms Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehtas-babita-aka-munmun-dutta-writes-open-letter-to-the-education-system-read-here/articleshow/59616543.cms External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munmun Dutta . Munmun Dutta on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munmun_Dutta&oldid=815248461 '' Categories : Living people Indian film actresses Indian television actresses Female models from Mumbai Bengali people Actresses in Hindi television Actresses in Hindi cinema 21st - century Indian actresses Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2014 Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English BLP articles lacking sources from February 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी मैथिली नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 18 : 08 . About Wikipedia | who plays babita in taarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah | [
"Munmun Dutta is an Indian film and television actress and model.[1] She plays Babita Iyer in the long-running Hindi sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.[2]"
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-9221550310307780814 | Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government | Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government - wikipedia Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Department overview Formed May 2006 Jurisdiction England Headquarters 2 Marsham Street , London , England Annual budget £ 28.1 billion ( current ) & £ 3.5 billion ( capital ) for 2011 - 12 Minister responsible The Rt . Hon . James Brokenshire MP , Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government Department executive Melanie Dawes , Permanent Secretary Website www.gov.uk/dclg United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament relating to the EU Statutory Instruments English law Reserved matters Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Legislative Consent Motion Scotland Government Parliament Act of the Scottish Parliament Scottish statutory instrument Scottish law Wales Government National Assembly Act of the National Assembly for Wales Welsh law Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland law London Executive Mayor Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG or MoHoCoLoGo ) is the UK Government department for housing , communities and local government in England . It was established in May 2006 and is the successor to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister , established in 2001 . Its headquarters is located at 2 Marsham Street , London . It was renamed to add Housing to its title and changed to a ministry in January 2018 . There are corresponding departments in the Scottish Government , the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive , responsible for communities and local government in their respective jurisdictions . Contents 1 Ministers 2 History and responsibilities 2.1 Responsibilities 3 Bodies sponsored by MHCLG 3.1 Executive agencies 3.2 Non-departmental public bodies 4 Devolution 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Ministers ( edit ) The MHCLG 's ministers are as follows : Minister Rank Portfolio The Rt Hon . James Brokenshire MP Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government Overall leadership of the Ministry , Troubled Families Kit Malthouse MP Minister of State for Housing and Planning Housing , Ebbsfleet , planning policy , neighbourhood planning , lead minister on the Housing Bill , planning casework , London Jake Berry MP Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for the Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth Northern Powerhouse , city deals , European Regional Development Fund , Enterprise Zones and Local Enterprise Partnerships , building regulations , supporting minister on the Devolution Bill , planning casework Rishi Sunak MP Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Local Government Local Government policy and finances , adult social care , local government pensions and interventions policy , troubled families , parks / green space Heather Wheeler MP Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Housing and Homelessness Homelessness and rough sleeping , private - rented sector , Housing Ombudsman and redress , leasehold reform , voluntary right - to - buy , home buying process reform , domestic abuse and refuges , supported housing , The Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State Departmental business in the House of Lords , local government finance and policy , integration and faith , High Speed Rail 2 ( HS2 ) , Travellers , supporting the Secretary of State on City Deals and Troubled Families , women and equalities ( supporting the Department for Education in the House of Lords ) The Permanent Secretary is Melanie Dawes who took up her post on 1 March 2015 . Henry Smith was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government on 26 May 2015 . History and responsibilities ( edit ) MHCLG was formed in July 2001 as part of the Cabinet Office with the title Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) , headed by the then Deputy Prime Minister , John Prescott . In May 2002 the ODPM became a separate department after absorbing the local government and regions portfolios from the defunct Department for Transport , Local Government and the Regions . The ODPM was criticised in some quarters for adding little value and the Environmental Audit Committee had reported negatively on the department in the past . During the 5 May 2006 reshuffle of Tony Blair 's government , it was renamed and Ruth Kelly succeeded David Miliband to become the first Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government at the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) . In January 2018 , as part of Theresa May 's Cabinet Reshuffle , the department was renamed the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . Responsibilities ( edit ) The Ministry is responsible for UK Government policy in the following areas , mainly in England : building regulations community cohesion decentralisation fire services and community resilience housing local government planning race equality the Thames Gateway urban regeneration On its creation it also assumed the community policy function of the Home Office . Ministers have since established the Commission on Integration and Cohesion , and the now separate Government Equalities Office which is now part of the Department for Education . Bodies sponsored by MHCLG ( edit ) Executive agencies ( edit ) Planning Inspectorate Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre The department also was previously responsible for two other agencies . On 18 July 2011 Ordnance Survey was transferred to the Department for Business , Innovation and Skills and on 28 February 2013 the Fire Service College was sold to Capita . Non-departmental public bodies ( edit ) In January 2007 , Ruth Kelly announced proposals to bring together the delivery functions of the Housing Corporation , English Partnerships and parts of the Department for Housing , Communities and Local Government to form a new unified housing and regeneration agency , the Homes and Communities Agency ( renamed Homes England in 2018 ) . Initially announced as Communities England , it became operational in December 2008 . This also includes the Academy for Sustainable Communities. 2008 was also the year that the department along with the Local Government Association produced the National Improvement and Efficiency Strategy which led to the creation of nine Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnerships ( RIEPs ) with devolved funding of £ 185m to drive sector - led improvement for councils . Devolution ( edit ) Its main counterparts in the devolved nations of the UK are as follows . Scotland Communities Directorates Learning and Justice Directorates Northern Ireland Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister ( civil resilience , community cohesion , race relations ) Department of the Environment ( local government , planning ) Department of Finance and Personnel ( building regulations ) Department of Health , Social Services and Public Safety ( fire services ) Department for Social Development ( housing , urban regeneration ) Wales Welsh Government Department for Local Government and Public Services See also ( edit ) United Kingdom budget Council house Energy efficiency in British housing Flag protocol Homes and Communities Agency Local Resilience Forum English Partnerships Housing Corporation Housing estate Social Exclusion Task Force Local Government Association Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnership References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budget 2011 ( PDF ) . London : HM Treasury . 2011 . p. 48 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hansard 22 January 2018 column 19 Jump up ^ `` Our ministers '' . GOV.UK . Department for Communities and Local Government . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Dawes announced as new DCLG permanent secretary -- Civil Service World '' . www.civilserviceworld.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Environmental report slams ODPM over sustainable code '' . Building . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Knight , Sam ( 5 May 2006 ) . `` Prescott loses his dream home the megadepartment '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Government ministers and responsibilities -- GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Ordnance Survey becomes part of Department for Business Innovation and Skills '' . Jump up ^ `` Fire Service College sold to Capita '' . 28 February 2013 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ National Improvement and Efficiency Strategy Archived 27 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Local Government Channel Communities UK YouTube channel United Kingdom Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Headquarters : 2 Marsham Street Ashdown House Ministers Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government Minister of State for Regional Economic Development and Co-ordination Minister of State for Housing and Planning Parliamentary Under Secretaries of State Executive agencies Planning Inspectorate Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre Non-departmental public bodies Commission for Local Administration in England ( Local Government Ombudsmen ) Homes and Communities Agency Category Departments of Her Majesty 's Government Ministerial Attorney General 's Office Cabinet Office Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Department for Education Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Department for Exiting the European Union Department for International Development Department for International Trade Department for Transport Department for Work and Pensions Department of Health and Social Care Foreign and Commonwealth Office Her Majesty 's Treasury Home Office Ministry of Defence Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Ministry of Justice Northern Ireland Office Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Office of the Leader of the House of Commons Office of the Leader of the House of Lords Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland Office of the Secretary of State for Wales UK Export Finance Non-ministerial Charity Commission for England and Wales Competition and Markets Authority Crown Prosecution Service Food Standards Agency Forestry Commission Government Actuary 's Department Government Legal Department Her Majesty 's Land Registry Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs National Crime Agency National Savings and Investments Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation Office of Rail and Road Ordnance Survey Serious Fraud Office Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The National Archives UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment Water Services Regulation Authority Category Commons Construction industry of the United Kingdom Construction Economy of the United Kingdom companies consultancies and support services Amec Foster Wheeler Amey Arcadis Architecture firms Arup Atkins Faithful + Gould Buro Happold Capita CH2M Hill Cundall Davis Langdon Elliott Wood Expedition Engineering Flint & Neill Gifford Hoare Lea Interserve Mace Mitie Mott MacDonald Mouchel RPS Scott Wilson Sweett Group WSP house builders current Barratt Bellway Berkeley Bloor Boot Bovis Countryside Properties Crest Nicholson Keepmoat Lend Lease McCarthy & Stone Miller Muir Persimmon Redrow Taylor Wimpey Telford Homes United House defunct Ashtons Beazer Broseley Bryant Homes Comben Homes George Wimpey Ideal Homes Jelsons McLean Homes Taylor Woodrow Westbury William Leech Wilson Bowden integrated construction current Balfour Beatty BAM Nuttall Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Clugston Costain Galliford Try Gleeson Interserve Keller Group Kier Laing O'Rourke Lend Lease Mace Morgan Sindall J. 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Trollope & Colls suppliers current Aggregate Industries Artex Ashtead Brogan Buildbase Celotex Cemex UK Hanson Hope Cement HSS Hire Jewson Kingspan Kingspan Off - Site London Brick Mero - Schmidlin Pilkington RMD Kwikform Saint Gobain SIG Speedy Hire Tarmac Tarmac Building Products Tata Steel Europe Travis Perkins Wolseley defunct Blue Circle Industries Redland RMC Group Tarmac Group government and regulatory bodies Department for Communities and Local Government Department for Business , Innovation and Skills Health & Safety Executive Local planning authority Planning Inspectorate Chief Construction Adviser to UK Government industry bodies British Constructional Steelwork Association BSRIA Build UK Building Research Establishment Chartered Institute of Building Civil Engineering Contractors Association Construction Clients ' Group Construction Industry Council CIRIA CITB Constructing Excellence Electrical Safety Council Federation of Master Builders Home Builders Federation Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers National Access and Scaffolding Confederation National Federation of Builders National Federation of Demolition Contractors National House Building Council Refined Bitumen Association Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Building Federation SELECT ( Electrical Contractors ' Association of Scotland ) Society of Construction Arbitrators Specialist Engineering Contractors Group Strategic Forum for Construction sustainability Association for Environment Conscious Building BREEAM Code for Sustainable Homes EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Good Homes Alliance UK Green Building Council other British Construction Industry Awards Building Building regulations in the United Kingdom Building regulations approval Construction News Development control in the United Kingdom New Civil Engineer Planning permission Town and country planning in the United Kingdom Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government&oldid=851973994 '' Categories : Ministerial departments of the United Kingdom Government Local government in England Department for Communities and Local Government 2006 establishments in the United Kingdom 2006 establishments in England Housing ministries Spatial planning ministries Ministries established in 2006 Governance of England Local government ministries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 19 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the minister of local government and housing | [
"\n\nMinister\n\nRank\n\nPortfolio\n\n\nThe Rt Hon. James Brokenshire MP\n\nSecretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government\n\nOverall leadership of the Ministry, Troubled Families\n\n\nKit Malthouse MP\n\nMinister of State for Housing and Planning\n\nHousing, Ebbsfleet, planning policy, neighbourhood planning, lead minister on the Housing Bill, planning casework, London\n\n\nJake Berry MP\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth\n\nNorthern Powerhouse, city deals, European Regional Development Fund, Enterprise Zones and Local Enterprise Partnerships, building regulations, supporting minister on the Devolution Bill, planning casework\n\n\nRishi Sunak MP\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government\n\nLocal Government policy and finances, adult social care, local government pensions and interventions policy, troubled families, parks/green space\n\n\nHeather Wheeler MP\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Housing and Homelessness\n\nHomelessness and rough sleeping, private-rented sector, Housing Ombudsman and redress, leasehold reform,voluntary right-to-buy, home buying process reform, domestic abuse and refuges, supported housing,\n\n\nThe Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth\n\nParliamentary Under-Secretary of State\n\nDepartmental business in the House of Lords, local government finance and policy, integration and faith, High Speed Rail 2 (HS2), Travellers, supporting the Secretary of State on City Deals and Troubled Families, women and equalities (supporting the Department for Education in the House of Lords)\n"
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"The Rt Hon. James Brokenshire"
] |
4862642155077942675 | Cypress Hill | Cypress Hill - wikipedia Cypress Hill Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Cypress Hills . Cypress Hill Cypress Hill performing at Bonnaroo in 2006 Background information Also known as DVX ( Devastating Vocal Excellence ) Origin South Gate , California , U.S. Genres Hip hop , rap rock Years active 1988 -- present Labels Ruffhouse Columbia Priority EMI Website cypresshill.com Members B - Real DJ Muggs Sen Dog Eric Bobo Cypress Hill is an American hip hop music group from South Gate , California . Cypress Hill was the first Latino American hip hop recording group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums , selling over 20 million albums worldwide . They are considered to be among the main progenitors of West Coast rap and hip hop in the early 1990s , being critically acclaimed for their first four albums . The band has also advocated for medical and recreational use of cannabis in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation ( 1988 ) 1.2 Early works and mainstream success ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1.3 Continued career ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 1.4 Till Death Do Us Part ( 2003 -- 07 ) 1.5 Departure from Sony and Rise Up ( 2008 -- present ) 2 Style 2.1 Rapping 2.2 Production 3 Discography 4 Awards and nominations 5 Members 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Senen Reyes ( also known as Sen Dog ) and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes ( also known as Mellow Man Ace ) are brothers born in Pinar del Río , Cuba . In 1971 , their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba . They initially lived in South Gate , California . In 1988 , the two brothers teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud ( also known as DJ Muggs , previously in a rap group named 7A3 ) and Louis Freese ( also known as B - Real ) to form a hip - hop group named DVX ( Devastating Vocal Excellence ) . The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career , and changed their name to Cypress Hill , after a street in South Gate . Early works and mainstream success ( 1989 -- 95 ) ( edit ) After recording a demo in 1989 , Cypress Hill signed a record deal with Ruffhouse Records . Their self - titled first album was released in August 1991 . The lead single was the double A-side `` The Phuncky Feel One '' / `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio . The other two singles released from the album were `` Hand on the Pump '' and `` Latin Lingo '' , the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics . The success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone . Cypress Hill contributed the song `` Shoot ' Em Up '' to the soundtrack of the movie Juice . The group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992 . Germany 1998 Black Sunday , the group 's second album , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1993 , recording the highest Soundscan for a rap group up until that time . Also , with their debut still in the charts , they became the first rap group to have two albums in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 at the same time . With `` Insane in the Brain '' becoming a crossover hit , the album went triple platinum in the U.S. and sold about 3.25 million copies . The band headlined the Soul Assassins tour with House of Pain and Funkdoobiest as support , then performed on a college tour with Rage Against the Machine and Seven Year Bitch . In 1993 , Cypress Hill also had two tracks on the Judgment Night soundtrack , teaming up with Pearl Jam ( without singer Eddie Vedder ) on the track `` Real Thing '' and Sonic Youth on `` I Love You Mary Jane '' . The group later played at Woodstock 94 , introducing new member Eric Bobo , son of Willie Bobo and formerly a percussionist with the Beastie Boys . Rolling Stone magazine named the group as the best rap group in their music awards voted by critics and readers . Cypress Hill played at Lollapalooza for two successive years , topping the bill in 1995 . They also appeared on the `` Homerpalooza '' episode of The Simpsons . Prior to Bobo joining the crew , Panchito `` Ponch '' Gomez sat in as a percussionist when not acting . Their third album III : Temples of Boom was released in 1995 , the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA . Cypress Hill also contributed a track `` I Wanna Get High '' to the High Times sponsored Hempilation album to support NORML . Continued career ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Sen Dog took a break from the band to form a Los Angeles - based rap rock band , SX - 10 . Meanwhile , in 1996 , Cypress Hill appeared on the first Smokin ' Grooves tour , featuring Ziggy Marley , The Fugees , Busta Rhymes and A Tribe Called Quest . The band also released a nine track EP Unreleased and Revamped with rare mixes . In 1997 , band members focused on their solo careers . Muggs released Soul Assassins : Chapter 1 featuring contributions from Dr. Dre , KRS - One , Wyclef Jean and Mobb Deep . B - Real appeared with Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J and Method Man on `` Hit Em High '' from the multi-platinum Space Jam Soundtrack . He also appeared with RBX , Nas and KRS - One on `` East Coast Killer , West Coast Killer '' from Dr. Dre 's Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath album , and contributed to an album entitled The Psycho Realm with the band of the same name . Though the focus that year was not on group efforts , the band played Smokin ' Grooves with George Clinton and Erykah Badu . Cypress Hill released IV in 1998 which went gold in the US , on the backs of hit singles `` Tequila Sunrise '' and `` Dr. Greenthumb '' . Sen Dog also released the Get Wood sampler as part of SX - 10 on the label Flip . In 1999 , Cypress Hill helped with the PC crime video game Kingpin : Life of Crime . Three of the band 's songs from the 1998 IV album were in the game ( `` 16 Men Till There 's No Men Left '' , `` Checkmate '' and `` Lightning Strikes '' ) . B - Real also did voice work for some of the game 's characters . Also in 1999 , the band released a greatest - hits album in Spanish , Los grandes éxitos en español . In 2000 , Cypress Hill then fused genres with their fifth album , Skull & Bones , which was a two - disc album . The first disc , `` Skull '' was composed of rap tracks while `` Bones '' explored further the group 's forays into rock . The album reached the Top 5 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 in Canada . The first single was `` Rock Superstar '' for rock radio and `` Rap Superstar '' for urban radio . Following the release of the album , Cypress Hill ( along with MxPx ) landed a slot opening for The Offspring on the Conspiracy of One tour . The band also released Live at the Fillmore , a concert disc recorded at the Fillmore ( in San Francisco ) in 2000 . Cypress Hill continued their experimentation with rock on the Stoned Raiders album in 2001 . However , its sales were a disappointment , as the disc did not even reach the top 50 of the US album charts . In 2001 , the group appeared in the film How High . Till Death Do US part ( 2003 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Cypress Hill recorded `` Just Another Victim '' for WWE as a theme song for Tazz . At the time , WWE was using original music for almost all of the wrestlers . The band released Till Death Do Us Part on March 23 , 2004 . The album saw the band experiment with reggae especially on the lead single `` What 's Your Number '' . The track features Tim Armstrong of Rancid on guitar and backup vocals . It is based on the classic song `` The Guns of Brixton '' on The Clash 's London Calling and has proven to be a success on the modern rock charts . However , the album represented a further departure from the signature sound of their first four albums . The album also features appearances by Damian Marley , son of Bob Marley , Prodigy of Mobb Deep and producers the Alchemist and Fredwreck . In 2004 , the song `` How I Could Just Kill A Man '' was included in the popular video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas created by Rockstar Games , playing on West Coast hip hop radio station Radio Los Santos . In December 2005 a best of compilation album titled Greatest Hits From the Bong was released including nine hits from previous albums and two new tracks . The group 's next album was tentatively scheduled for an early 2007 release . In the summer of 2006 , B - Real appeared on Snoop Dogg 's single `` Vato '' , which was produced by Pharrell Williams . In 2007 Cypress Hill toured with their full line up as a part of the Rock the Bells tour , held by Guerilla Union , B Simm , and headlined with Public Enemy , Wu - Tang Clan , Nas , and a reunited Rage Against the Machine . Departure from sony and Rise up ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 25 , 2008 , Cypress Hill performed at a benefit concert at the House of Blues Chicago , where a majority of the proceeds went to the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness . In August 2009 , a new song by Cypress Hill , titled `` Get ' Em Up '' , was made available on iTunes . The song is featured on the Madden NFL 2010 video game . In November 2009 , a new version of the Guns N ' Roses classic `` Paradise City '' performed by Cypress Hill , Slash and Fergie was made available as a bonus track to Slash 's single `` Sahara '' from Slash 's solo album Slash . Cypress Hill 's eighth studio album Rise Up , features contributions from Everlast , Tom Morello , Daron Malakian , Pitbull , Marc Anthony and Mike Shinoda . The album was released on Priority Records / EMI Entertainment , as the group was signed to the label by new Creative Chairman Snoop Dogg on January 15 , 2010 . The album was released on April 20 , 2010 . The album 's introduction single , `` It Ai n't Nothin ' '' was released as a free download from the group 's official website . The song `` Rise Up '' was featured at WWE 's pay - per - view , Elimination Chamber , as the official theme song for that event , and was released as the third single for the album , with `` Armada Latina '' being fourth . The song also appeared in the trailer of the movie The Green Hornet . Cypress Hill commenced its Rise Up tour in Philadelphia on April 10 , 2010 . Julio G had replaced DJ Muggs for the tour . Muggs had been absent due to working on several other projects , including separate albums with B - Real and Sen Dog . The group was supposed to stop in Tucson , Arizona but canceled the show in protest of the recent immigration legislation . At the Rock en Seine festival in Paris on August 27 , 2010 they said in an interview that they would wait and see what happens with the legislation before going back there . Cypress Hill performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2010 , on August 28 at Leeds and August 29 at Reading . On June 5 , 2012 , Cypress Hill and dubstep artist Rusko released a collaborative EP entitled Cypress X Rusko . Also in 2012 , Cypress Hill collaborated with Deadmau5 on his sixth studio album Album Title Goes Here , lending vocals on `` Failbait '' . On August 2017 , Cypress Hill 's `` Ai n't going out like that '' was featured as a trailer soundtrack for Netflix 's Narcos Season 3 . Style ( edit ) Rapping ( edit ) One of the band 's most striking aspects is B - Real 's exaggeratedly high - pitched nasal vocals . In the book Check the Technique , B - Real describes his nasal style , saying his rapping voice is `` high and annoying ... the nasal style I have was just something that I developed ... my more natural style was n't so pleasing to DJ Muggs and Sen Dog 's ears '' and talking about the nasal style in the book How to Rap , B - Real says , `` you want to stand out from the others and just be distinct ... when you got something that can separate you from everybody else , you got ta use it to your advantage . '' In the film Art of Rap , B - Real credits the Beastie Boys as an influence when developing his rapping style . Sen Dog 's voice is deeper , more violent and often shouted alongside the rapping ; his vocals are often emphasized by adding another background / choir voice to say them . Sen Dog 's style is in contrast to B - Real 's , who says , `` Sen 's voice is so strong , '' and `` it all blends together '' when they are both on the same track . Both B - Real and Sen Dog started writing lyrics in both Spanish and English and B - Real was inspired to start writing raps from watching Sen Dog and Mellow Man Ace writing their lyrics , and originally B - Real was going to just be the writer for the group rather than a rapper . Their lyrics are noted for bringing a `` cartoonish '' approach to violence by Peter Shapiro and Allmusic . Production ( edit ) The sound and groove of their music , produced by Muggs , has spooky sounds and stoned aesthetic ; with its bass - heavy rhythms and odd sample loops ( `` Insane in the Brain '' has a pitched - altered horse neigh looped in its chorus ) , it carries a psychedelic value , which lessened in the later albums . For using rock / metal instrumentation the band is sometimes classified as a rap rock / rap metal group . The double album Skull & Bones consists of a pure rap album ( `` Skull '' ) and an entire CD of rap / rock / nu metal songs ( `` Bones '' ) . In the live album Live at The Fillmore some of the old classics are played in a rock / metal version , with Sen Dog 's band SX - 10 and Eric Bobo playing the rock instrument . While the first album and Black Sunday follow a more minimalistic and funky sound , III ( Temples of Boom ) has a very dark , spooky atmosphere and heavy beats , sometimes approaching hardcore rap . IV introduced more diverse sounds on the beats while maintaining the hardcore edge . The first albums are mostly influenced by psychedelic music , but the band eventually got closer to modern rap as it is today while still experimenting with rock from time to time , like on `` Skull and Bones '' and `` Stoned Raiders '' . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Cypress Hill discography Cypress Hill ( 1991 ) Black Sunday ( 1993 ) Cypress Hill III : Temples of Boom ( 1995 ) Cypress Hill IV ( 1998 ) Skull & Bones ( 2000 ) Stoned Raiders ( 2001 ) Till Death Do Us Part ( 2004 ) Rise Up ( 2010 ) Elephants on Acid ( 2018 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominated work Award Result 1994 `` Insane in the Brain '' Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo Nominated 1995 `` I Ai n't Goin ' Out Like That '' Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo Nominated `` Throw Your Set in the Air '' Best Rap Performance by a Group or Duo Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominated work Award Result 1994 `` Insane in the Brain '' Best Rap Video Nominated Members ( edit ) Current Louis `` B - Real '' Freese -- lead vocals ( 1988 -- present ) Lawrence `` DJ Muggs '' Muggerud -- turntables , samples ( 1988 -- 2004 ; 2014 -- present ) Senen `` Sen Dog '' Reyes -- vocals ( 1988 -- present ) Eric `` Bobo '' Correa -- drums , percussion ( 1993 -- present ) Former Ulpiano `` Mellow Man Ace '' Reyes -- vocals ( 1988 ) Farid `` Fredwreck '' Nassar -- turntables , samples ( 2004 -- 07 ) Timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://whiplash.net/materias/biografias/038946-cypresshill.html ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul , 2009 , How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC , Chicago Review Press , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Hill , Cypress . `` High Times and the High Times Mag Cover '' . Rap Genius . ^ Jump up to : `` Cypress Hill - Biography '' . Whiplash . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Program : Cypress Hill '' . RIAA . Jump up ^ `` SX10 tocara hoy en el DanZoo '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : La Jornada . May 24 , 2003 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cypress Hill To Perform At Benefit of Homelessness in youth dance event for euphoria and aid relief '' . Theblackspotlight.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 2010 Soundtrack Revealed '' . Bleacher Report , Inc. 2009 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cypress Hill to Return With Help From Slash , Tom Morello and Mike Shinoda '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Roman ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Snoop Dogg Signs Cypress Hill To Priority '' . Infinity , Allhiphop.com , Inc . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cypress Hill - Love the snails and the dope , but not Arizona 's law RFI '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ RJ Cubarrubia ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) . `` EP Premiere : Deadmau5 , ' The Veldt ' Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Brian . Check The Technique : Liner Notes For Hip - Hop Junkies . New York : Villard / Random House , 2007 , pp. 122 - 123 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Peter , 2005 , The Rough Guide To Hip - Hop , 2nd Edition , Penguin , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` New Cypress Hill Album `` Elephants On Acid '' `` . External links ( edit ) Official website Cypress Hill on Weave Cypress Hill B - Real Sen Dog DJ Muggs Eric Bobo Mellow Man Ace Studio albums Cypress Hill Black Sunday Cypress Hill III : Temples of Boom Cypress Hill IV Skull & Bones Stoned Raiders Till Death Do Us Part Rise Up Compilations Los grandes éxitos en español Greatest Hits from the Bong Super Hits Collections Strictly Hip Hop : The Best of Cypress Hill Live albums Live at the Fillmore EPs Unreleased and Revamped Stash Singles `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' `` The Phuncky Feel One '' `` Hand on the Pump '' `` Latin Lingo '' `` Insane in the Brain '' `` When the Shit Goes Down '' `` I Ai n't Goin ' Out Like That '' `` Lick a Shot '' `` Throw Your Set in the Air '' `` Illusions '' `` Boom Biddy Bye Bye '' `` Dr. Greenthumb '' `` ( Rap ) Superstar '' `` ( Rock ) Superstar '' `` Highlife '' `` Ca n't Get the Best of Me '' `` Trouble '' `` Lowrider '' `` What 's Your Number ? '' `` Rise Up '' `` Armada Latina '' Related articles Discography Kush ( band ) Soul Assassins DJ Muggs Solo albums Dust Bass For Your Face With Soul Assassins Soul Assassins I Soul Assassins II Soul Assassins : Intermission Vs. Series Grandmasters ( with Gza ) Legend of the Mask and the Assassin ( with Sick Jacken & Cynic ) Pain Language ( with Planet Asia ) Kill Devil Hills ( with Ill Bill ) Collaboration albums Juxtapose ( with Tricky & Dame Grease ) Related articles Cypress Hill Production discography VIAF : 126849669 LCCN : n92039502 ISNI : 0000 0001 2248 2707 GND : 3063996 - 7 SUDOC : 157863077 BNF : cb13964044z ( data ) MusicBrainz : 51508c1f - 8d07 - 4a00 - 9cf1 - 26c570fe7b78 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_Hill&oldid=835110406 '' Categories : Cypress Hill Cannabis music Priority Records artists Columbia Records artists West Coast hip hop groups American cannabis activists Hispanic and Latino American rappers People from South Gate , California Musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1988 Rappers from Los Angeles 1988 establishments in California Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did cypress hill get their name from | [
"Senen Reyes (also known as Sen Dog) and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (also known as Mellow Man Ace) are brothers born in Pinar del Río, Cuba. In 1971, their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba. They initially lived in South Gate, California. In 1988, the two brothers teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud (also known as DJ Muggs, previously in a rap group named 7A3) and Louis Freese (also known as B-Real) to form a hip-hop group named DVX (Devastating Vocal Excellence). The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, and changed their name to Cypress Hill, after a street in South Gate.[4]"
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"after a street in South Gate"
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2708470801456248380 | Brittany Hodges | Brittany Hodges - wikipedia Brittany Hodges Jump to : navigation , search Brittany Hodges Lauren Woodland as Brittany Hodges The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Vanessa Evigan ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Lauren Woodland ( 2000 -- 18 ) Duration 1999 -- 2005 2018 First appearance December 1 , 1999 Last appearance March 29 , 2018 Created by Kay Alden Introduced by William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1999 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Former ; guest Profile Other names Brittany Marsino Marilyn Occupation Lawyer Entertainer Home New York City ( show ) Family Family Hodges Father Frederick Hodges Mother Anita Hodges Husband Bobby Marsino ( 2005 ) Raul Guittierez ( 2010 -- ) Sons Joshua Marsino Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . Brittany was introduced on December 1 , 1999 by former executive producer Edward J. Scott . The role was first portrayed by actress Vanessa Lee Evigan . Evigan departed on February 25 , 2000 after a three - month stint , and was replaced by Lauren Woodland , who debuted on March 7 . Brittany 's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez ( David Lago ) and J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) . Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual . Brittany began working at a club owned by Bobby Marsino as a stripper and later a singer , for which she created the stage alter - ego Marilyn . Woodland enjoyed working on this storyline because she is an entertainer in real life . She eventually married Bobby and they had a child together . Bobby died in an accident and Brittany left town on November 2 , 2005 . The character was well - received ; three years after her departure , Luke Kerr of Zap2It said that he missed when the character was on , and he wrote that , `` It 's really too bad that Lauren was n't snapped up by another soap after leaving Y&R . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) Vanessa Lee Evigan originated the role of Brittany on December 1 , 1999 , and portrayed the role on a recurring status until February 25 , 2000 . The role was recast with Lauren Woodland . Woodland first aired in March 2000 . She was absent from the series from February to March 2003 when she was in contract negotiations . Dan Kroll of the website SoapCentral noted that Sharon Case , also blonde , who plays Sharon Newman was also in the middle of intense contract negotiations , and that the show could `` lose two of its high - profile blonde actresses . '' That April , it was announced that the actress had opted for a three - year contract . Woodland last appeared in the role of Brittany on November 2 , 2005 ; the character left following her husband 's death . Woodland was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal . In February 2018 , it was reported that Woodland would be returning as Brittany to commemorate with the show 's 45th anniversary . Woodland returned on March 28 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) Three years into her duration on the series , Woodland said that Brittany `` Started off as this manipulative and very sexual person who would do whatever it took to get what she wanted . '' She explained that Brittany has always been a `` complicated '' person but everyone was `` able to see that a lot of that behavior came from her insecurities '' along with the bad relationship she had with her family , including her parents Frederick ( John Martin ) and Anita Hodges ( Mitzi Kapture ) . In November 2002 , Candace Havens of Zap2It wrote that Brittany had always `` been a bit of a schemer '' until she found `` true love '' with the `` handsome '' Raul Guittierez ( David Lago ) . Woodland stated that Raul is the `` First person to give her the love and attention she needs , and she has fallen in love with him because of it . After the car crash , she blamed herself and did n't think she was worthy of his love , but he showed her how much he truly cared about her . '' However , the relationship did n't work out in the end . Another man Brittany was involved with was J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) . Woodland was thrilled when she found out that her character would be a stripper , because she was an entertainer herself . Nancy Reichardt of Oakland Tribune noted that the storyline was `` complete with choreographed song - and - dance routines '' , the reason for the actress being excited . Woodland explained that `` I always wanted to do musical theater '' which is why this was a great opportunity . She forms an on - stage alter ego , Marilyn , named after Marilyn Monroe . Her father Frederick attended the club , allured by the new sensation `` Marilyn '' but is horrified to find out that she is his own daughter . Brittany became involved with the owner of the club she stripped at , Bobby Marsino ( John Enos III ) . She asked Bobby if she could pursue her real passion at the club , singing , instead of stripping , to which he accepted . They became engaged , although she still had feelings for Raul . She became engaged to Bobby and was shocked when Raul moved on with another women . The show 's special eight - thousandth episode was the wedding between Brittany and Bobby . Storylines ( edit ) In 1999 , Brittany Hodges introduced as part of the new teen scene at Walnut Grove Academy . She was the snobby rich girl , the daughter of a wealthy banker ; she was often neglected by her parents . At the time , Brittany had a rich boyfriend , J.T. She soon dumped J.T. when she snagged Billy Abbott ( David Tom ) , an Abbott heir . Brittany was n't a good influence on Billy , who was trying to make his place in his family 's company by pretending to be a party boy . Billy got alcohol poisoning at a party thrown by J.T. , and neither J.T. nor Brittany attempted to call the ambulance for fear of getting in trouble themselves . Billy 's friend Raul came in time to save him , but his mother , Jill Abbott ( Jess Walton ) , lost respect for Brittany when she did n't help her son . At the Junior Prom , Brittany realized that Billy was attracted to Mackenzie Browning ( Ashley Bashioum ) , after they won Prom King and Queen . Brittany and Billy were chosen for the Glo By Jabot Kids campaign , and she used the opportunity to keep Billy for herself . She staged making love to Billy in order for Mac to walk in on them . Billy did n't remember anything , but the truth eventually came out when J.T. accidentally revealed it . Billy and Mac continued to be drawn to one another , and Brittany was left alone , plotting for revenge . Mac began talking to Billy in an Internet chat room under an alias in order to get him to admit to his feelings for her . Brittany found out , and she put Mac 's real name on the website . Brittany revealed that Mac was a runaway , but her plan was foiled when Mac 's mother , Amanda Browning ( Denice Duff ) , came to Genoa City . Brittany named her stripper alter ego `` Marilyn '' after Marilyn Monroe . Brittany began to spend more time with Raul , who was unlike Brittany 's other friends because he did not come from a wealthy background . Brittany shoplifted a sweater for Raul to give to his mother for Christmas . She also helped him with his college applications that he was reluctant to complete . Then , Brittany got the lead role in the school play , Much Ado About Nothing . Raul stepped in to play the male lead when J.T. did n't show up to play his role . Brittany and Raul 's feelings culminated when they shared a kiss backstage at the play . Later , Raul supported Brittany when her parents did n't come to see her . In a turn of events , Brittany then dumped Raul after she became afraid by the feeling of being in love . She started dating J.T. again in order to hurt Raul . Raul 's ex-girlfriend , Rianna Miner ( Alexis Thorpe ) , returned to town just in time for prom , and she persuaded Brittany and Raul to start dating . After prom , the couple made love at a campsite . Their lives took different paths when they accepted colleges in different towns . Before they went to school , they got into a car accident where Brittany was driving drunk . She came out of the accident unscathed while Raul was paralyzed for several months . Raul blamed Brittany for the accident , and he told her to go to college and leave him alone . Brittany refused to leave Genoa City , and she stayed with Raul while he recovered . When Brittany and Raul reunited , Brittany 's parents , Anita and Frederick , did n't approve of their relationship . They cut Brittany off from their money , and she was forced to live in a cheap apartment with Raul . One night , burglars came into the apartment and held Brittany captive . Luckily , Billy Abbott and Raul arrived in time to save her . After the break - in , Brittany and Raul both moved back in with their families for a short while . During that time , Raul turned down his scholarship from an out - of - town college in order to stay with Brittany and work part - time in Genoa City . Then , Brittany and Raul moved into an apartment with Billy and Mac , who were engaged at the time . In a turn of events , Billy and Mac left town after they were led to believe that they were first cousins . Raul and Brittany rented Mac 's room to J.T. in order to make some money . The peaceful life started to bother Brittany , and she started working as a singer , under the name of `` Marilyn '' , at a club owned by Bobby . She refused to strip , but the crown encouraged her to , and she gave in . She got a lot of money for her performances , and she loved the attention that she was getting . J.T. followed her to work one day , and he discovered what she had been doing . Raul soon found out the truth , and he broke up with Brittany , who thought that Raul would accept her new job . Soon , Brittany and Bobby began to have romantic feelings for each other . Then , Brittany 's father went to the club with some of his clients . After discovering Brittany there , he teamed up with Raul in order to get the club shut down . They were successful for a short while , but the club eventually opened again . Bobby Marsino was involved in the mob , and his mobster friends wanted revenge on Brittany 's father for shutting the club down . They punished him by electrocuting Brittany when she touched her stripper pole on stage . The right side of her face was severely burned , and Raul and Bobby stayed with her during her recovery . In the end , Brittany found comfort in Bobby , and she left Raul behind . Bobby decided to reopen the club as a cabaret called Marilyn 's just for Brittany . His mobster friends were angry with him , but Bobby had the last laugh when he wore a wire to get them to confess to their crimes . They were eventually sent to jail . Meanwhile , Raul found Brittany a plastic surgeon to fix her scars , and he later left town after Brittany rejected him . In 2005 , Brittany and Bobby got married at the Chancellor Estate with her parents reluctantly in attendance . After the wedding , Brittany 's father gave Bobby a large check and a threat to take care of his little girl . Then , they disowned their daughter . After the wedding , the newlyweds moved into the Newman Ranch while Bobby 's condo was being renovated . During their stay , Bobby became close to Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) . Brittany forced him to move somewhere else away from Nikki . Then , Brittany found out that she was pregnant . Due to complications from her pregnancy , Bobby borrowed money from the mob to pay for Brittany 's medical bills . They planned on naming their son Joshua after Bobby 's late brother . Before the birth , Bobby and Brittany began to receive anonymous baby gifts that were really from the mob . In order to protect the baby , Brittany told the public that J.T. was the father of the baby . Also , she and Bobby staged a split to throw the mob off course . Nikki found out about Bobby and Brittany 's secret , and she was kidnapped by the mob . Bobby rescued Nikki , and J.T. took Brittany to the Newman Ranch for protection , where she gave birth to her son , Joshua Marsino . Mac helped deliver the baby , who was two months premature . Bobby was forced into the Witness Protection Program , and Brittany moved into the Chancellor Estate with baby Joshua , J.T. and Mac . Later , Brittany was able to see Bobby , under heavy security protection , for a short while . Then , she waited for months to hear from him again . Eventually , Brittany received the tragic news that Bobby was killed by a hit - and - run . Distraught , Brittany left Genoa City with Joshua , and they moved back in with her parents in New York City . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' The Young and the Restless ' ' recap ( Dec 01 , 00 ) '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` David Lago Emmy Nomination Scene , 2005 '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woodland re-signs , Case still in doubt The Young and the Restless @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : About the Actors Lauren Woodland The Young and the Restless @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Toby ( April 20 , 2003 ) . `` PILOTS SPARKLE WITH SOAP STARS '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Media Services . p. 6 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Young and the Restless ' ' recap ( Nov 05 , 05 ) '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Mohammad ( May 19 , 2004 ) . `` Stardom Beckons to Teen '' . Dayton Daily News . Cox Enterprises . p. 1 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Lauren Woodland Returns to The Young and The Restless '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Havens , Candace ( November 10 , 2002 ) . `` Woodland character reveals new personality '' . The Free Lance - Star . The Free Lance -- Star Publishing Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thad Luckinbill '' . Buddy TV . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy M. ( June 21 , 2003 ) . `` ' Y&R ' star glad to bump , grind '' . Oakland Tribune . MediaNews Group . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Plot Lines '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . September 14 , 2003 . p. 10 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( April 24 , 2004 ) . `` Curtis Helps Doc Out of a Jam on ' As the World Turns ' '' . Lakeland Ledger . Halifax Media Group . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves , Sell ( August 2 , 2004 ) . `` Summary of soaps '' . Beaver Country Times . Calkins Media . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spoofing Politics , In Matchless ' SNL ' Style , ' Presidential Bash ' Will Poke Fun at Candidate Debates from 3 Decades '' . The Charlotte Observer . The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 2004 . p. 5 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josh Griffith , Jill Farren Phelps ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` # 10041 : Encore '' . The Young and the Restless . Season 40 . CBS . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Brittany Hodges profile - Soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittany_Hodges&oldid=834505590 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays brittany on young and the restless | [
"Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Brittany was introduced on December 1, 1999 by former executive producer Edward J. Scott.[1] The role was first portrayed by actress Vanessa Lee Evigan. Evigan departed on February 25, 2000 after a three-month stint, and was replaced by Lauren Woodland, who debuted on March 7. Brittany's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez (David Lago) and J.T. Hellstrom (Thad Luckinbill). Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual.",
"Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Brittany was introduced on December 1, 1999 by former executive producer Edward J. Scott.[1] The role was first portrayed by actress Vanessa Lee Evigan. Evigan departed on February 25, 2000 after a three-month stint, and was replaced by Lauren Woodland, who debuted on March 7. Brittany's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez (David Lago) and J.T. Hellstrom (Thad Luckinbill). Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual."
] | [
"Vanessa Lee Evigan",
"Lauren Woodland"
] |
41605841806132530 | Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell | Tremors : a Cold Day in Hell - Wikipedia Tremors : a Cold Day in Hell Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell Directed by Don Michael Paul Produced by Mike Elliott Screenplay by John Whelpley Based on Characters by S.S. Wilson Brent Maddock Ron Underwood Starring Jamie Kennedy Tanya van Graan Jamie - Lee Money Michael Gross Music by Frederik Wiedmann Brain Mantia Cinematography Hein de Vos Edited by Cameron Hallenbeck Production company Universal 1440 Entertainment Distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment Release date May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell ( also known as Tremors 6 or Tremors 6 : A Cold Day in Hell ) is a 2018 direct - to - video monster film directed by Don Michael Paul . It is the sixth film in the Tremors series of monster films . On September 20 , 2016 , Michael Gross announced on his official Facebook page that the film was in development . Filming commenced in late January 2017 . The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray , as well as on Netflix on May 1 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical Response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In Canada 's Nunavut Territory , a team of young researchers collecting ice core samples of glaciers is attacked by a Graboid . After brushing off a tax agent , Burt Gummer ( Michael Gross ) and his son Travis Welker ( Jamie Kennedy ) are asked by Dr. Rita Sims and a young Graboid hunter Valerie McKee to investigate . Their plane is attacked by an Ass Blaster , but Burt and Travis make it to the facility . They learn that Arctic heat conditions have made the area prime for Graboids . Burt suspects their research neighbors at DARPA are developing bio-weapons out of the Graboids . When an Ass Blaster attacks the facility , Burt rescues a researcher but experiences an episode and collapses . He learns that he has been infected by a parasite based on Graboid venom , and that they need to extract the antibodies from a live Graboid . As Graboids continue to kill off researchers and staff , several members of the group try to make their way from the lab to the generator area where the pilot Mac is repairing the plane , and the facilities manager Swackhamer has created a makeshift underground electric fence . Others head for the communications tower and to turn off a drill that has automatically activated . With his own research team attacked , Agent Cutts of DARPA joins Burt 's group , revealing that his team was more interested in extracting the melted water and not fashioning bio-weapons . He agrees to Burt and Travis 's conditions that the government remove the tax liens from their place in Perfection and exempt them from paying property taxes hereforth . The group eventually use a storage container to trap one of the Graboids , spearing it from the side to hold it into place , and cutting off its front tentacles . Travis reaches in the graboid 's mouth and draws venom using a syringe on its internal gland sac , which is then used to save Burt . Cutts gives the Gummers the paperwork freeing them from taxes , but they blow up the last Graboid before Cutts gets any ideas of really using it as a bio-weapon . Cast ( edit ) Michael Gross as Burt Gummer , the only resident left in the apparently abandoned and demolished Perfection , Nevada . Burt resides in and runs Chang 's Market which appears to be all that 's left of the town . Jamie Kennedy as Travis B. Welker , Burt 's son who works as a filmmaker . Tanya van Graan as Dr. Rita Sims , the lead researcher at Boite Canyon Arctic Research Facility Jamie - Lee Money as Valerie McKee , a Graboid expert and a student intern at the facility . She is the daughter of Valentine McKee ( Kevin Bacon ) and Rhonda LeBeck ( Finn Carter ) from the first Tremors film . Kiroshan Naidoo as Hart Hansen , a researcher in geomorphology Keeno Lee Hector as Aklark , Valerie and Rita 's assistant , a local to the area Rob van Vuuren as Swackhamer , facility manager Adrienne Pearce as Mac , the pilot who flew Burt and Travis in Francesco Nassimbeni as Dr. Charles Ferezze , a cowardly researcher who wants to get out of the area by any means possible Paul du Toit as Mr. Cutts , a DARPA agent in charge of the neighboring facility Christie Peruso as Geo - Tech Vargas , a researcher Jay Anstey as Dr. D , a researcher Filming ( edit ) The crew had originally intended to shoot in the mountains of Bulgaria , but after the country had endured one of its largest blizzards , they opted to return to South Africa . Filming took place in the Cape Town area which is where Tremors 5 was filmed . The opening scene was filmed in the desert made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques . The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the area . Having worked on the previous film series , the crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Tim Janson of The SciFi Movie Page gave the film 2 stars out of 5 saying , `` While none of the Tremors sequels ( nor the one prequel ) have ever been able to hold a candle to the original , A Cold Day in Hell is definitely one to miss . This sleep - inducing bore fest can not even be saved by Burt 's over-the - top arrogance and crankiness . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gross , Michael ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Happening ! '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tremors 6 ' Will Begin Filming in South Africa Next Week '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell , ' Out Today , is Already on Netflix ! - Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tremors : A Cold Day In Hell Blu - ray + DVD Review '' . The Corner Penthouse . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Michael Gross talks `` TREMORS : A COLD DAY IN HELL '' and a possible `` TREMORS 7 '' - Rue Morgue `` . www.rue-morgue.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell - Frozen Tundra - Bonus Clip - Own it now on Blu - ray , DVD & Digital '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Janson , Tim ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Tomb Raider ( review ) '' . SciFi Movie Page . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell on IMDb Tremors Films Tremors ( 1990 ) Tremors 2 : Aftershocks ( 1996 ) Tremors 3 : Back to Perfection ( 2001 ) Tremors 4 : The Legend Begins ( 2004 ) Tremors 5 : Bloodlines ( 2015 ) Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell ( 2018 ) Television Tremors : The Series ( 2003 ) Characters Burt Gummer Graboid Miscellaneous Perfection , Nevada Tremors : The Game Films directed by Don Michael Paul Half Past Dead ( 2002 ) The Garden ( 2006 ) Who 's Your Caddy ? ( 2007 ) Lake Placid : The Final Chapter ( 2012 ) Company of Heroes ( 2013 ) Taken : The Search for Sophie Parker ( 2013 ) Jarhead 2 : Field of Fire ( 2014 ) Sniper : Legacy ( 2014 ) Tremors 5 : Bloodlines ( 2015 ) Kindergarten Cop 2 ( 2016 ) Sniper : Ghost Shooter ( 2016 ) Death Race : Beyond Anarchy ( 2018 ) Tremors : A Cold Day in Hell ( 2018 ) Scorpion King : Book of Souls ( 2018 ) This article about a science - fiction horror film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tremors:_A_Cold_Day_in_Hell&oldid=854437346 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 direct - to - video films 2010s monster movies Tremors ( franchise ) Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Direct - to - video action films Direct - to - video science fiction films Direct - to - video sequel films Films set in Nunavut Films set in the Arctic Films shot in South Africa Climate change films Films directed by Don Michael Paul Science fiction horror film stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 10 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | tremors a cold day in hell filming location | [
"The crew had originally intended to shoot in the mountains of Bulgaria, but after the country had endured one of its largest blizzards, they opted to return to South Africa.[5] Filming took place in the Cape Town area which is where Tremors 5 was filmed. The opening scene was filmed in the desert made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques.[4][6] The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the area.[5] Having worked on the previous film series, the crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes.[5]\n"
] | [
"in the Cape Town area"
] |
-5467022680404303503 | Cape to Cairo Railway | Cape to Cairo railway - wikipedia Cape to Cairo railway This is the current revision of this page , as edited by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 02 , 30 July 2017 ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 02 , 30 July 2017 by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rhodes Colossus : Caricature of Cecil John Rhodes , after he announced plans for a telegraph line and railroad from Cape Town to Cairo . Under British control or influence , 1914 This map shows the chain of colonies from the Cape to Cairo through which the railroad would run . From 1916 , Tanganyika Territory was added filling in the gap . Overview of routes discussed . Not all links displayed were finished . Boarding Cape to Cairo Railway in the Belgian Congo , c. 1900 - 1915 . Crossing at Victoria Falls The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail . This plan was initiated at the end of the 19th century , during the time of Western colonial rule , largely under the vision of Cecil Rhodes , in the attempt to connect adjacent African possessions of the British Empire through a continuous line from Cape Town , South Africa to Cairo , Egypt . While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation , a major part is missing between northern Sudan and Uganda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Missed completion 3 Current links 3.1 Northern section 3.2 Uganda railway 3.3 TAZARA link 3.4 Kidatu connection 3.5 Southern section 4 Road 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Construction ( edit ) Imperialist and entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in securing the southern states of the continent for the British Empire and envisioned a continuous `` red line '' of British dominions from north to south . A railway would be a critical element in this scheme to unify the possessions , facilitate governance , enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or conduct war , help settlement and enable intra - and extra-continental goods trade . The construction of this project presented a major technological challenge . France had a somewhat rival strategy in the late 1890s to link its western and eastern African colonies , namely Senegal to Djibouti . Southern Sudan and Ethiopia were in the way , but France sent expeditions in 1897 to establish a protectorate in southern Sudan and to find a route across Ethiopia . The scheme foundered when a British flotilla on the River Nile confronted the French expedition at the point of intersection between the French and British routes , leading to the Fashoda Incident and eventual French retreat . The Portuguese considered an Angola to Mozambique railway to link west with east and produced the `` Pink Map '' representing their claims to sovereignty in Africa ( to link Angola and Mozambique ) . Opposition to British rule in South Africa was settled after the First and Second Boer Wars ( ended 1902 but only incorporating its two states into a union Republic in 1910 ) . Missed completion ( edit ) British interests had to overcome obstacles of geography and climate , and the competing imperial schemes of the French and Portuguese mentioned above and of the Germans . In 1891 , Germany secured the strategically critical territory of German East Africa , which along with the mountainous rainforest of the Belgian Congo precluded the building of a Cape - to - Cairo railway . In 1916 during World War I British and British Indian soldiers won the Tanganyika Territory from the Germans and after the war the British continued to rule the territory , which was a League of Nations mandate from 1922 . The continuous line of colonies was complete . The British Empire possessed the political power to complete the Cape to Cairo Railway , but economics , including the Great Depression of the 1930s , prevented its completion before World War II . After World War II , the decolonisation of Africa and the establishment of independent countries removed the colonial rationale for the project and increased the project 's difficulty , effectively ending the project . Current links ( edit ) Northern section ( edit ) Egypt has a rail system that as early as 1854 connected Alexandria and Cairo , and that currently goes as far south as Aswan . In Egypt the railway is 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge . After a ferry link up on the Nile , the railway continues in Sudan from Wadi Halfa to Khartoum at the 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge ; see Northern Africa Railroad Development . This part of the system was started by Lord Kitchener in 1897 when he subjugated the Mahdist uprising . Further railway links go south , the most southern point being Wau . A large part of the Sudanese railway network is currently in disrepair due to political turmoil . Uganda railway ( edit ) Main article : Uganda Railway East Africa has a network of narrow gauge 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) railways that historically grew from ports on the Indian Ocean and went westward , built in parallel under British and German colonial rule . The furthest string north was the Uganda Railway . Eventually these networks were linked , so that today there is a continuous rail connection between Kampala , Uganda , on Lake Victoria to the coastal cities of Mombasa in Kenya and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania . Up to the break - up of the East African Community in 1977 , these companies operated as East African Railways , but operate today as different national companies : the Uganda Railways Corporation Uganda railways corporation 's assets were sold over 13 years ago when government failed to run the corporation , as the cost of running it was greater than the returns . Today , railway business in Uganda is run by Rift Valley Railways of Kenya , the Kenya Railways Corporation , and the Tanzania Railways Corporation . TAZARA link ( edit ) Main article : TAZARA Railway From Dar es Salaam , a 1,860 km link to Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia was completed after six years by workers and with main funding by China in 1976 . This Tanzania - Zambia - Railway ( TAZARA ) was built to connect landlocked Zambia and its mineral wealth to a port on the Indian Ocean , independent from port connections in South Africa , a frequent rival economic competitor in the mining sectors or Mozambique , at that time Portuguese - controlled territory . Not intended in the grand picture of the Cape to Cairo Railway , the TAZARA fills a critical link . This connection is the 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) gauge of the southern part of Africa . Kidatu connection ( edit ) In 1998 , a transshipment hub was built at Kidatu in southern Tanzania to connect the metre gauge Central Line ( Tanzania ) with the Cape gauge TAZARA line . This also shortened the distance . Southern section ( edit ) The southern section was completed during British rule before the First World War and has an interconnecting system of national railways using the Cape - gauge of 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) . Construction started from Cape Town and went parallel to the Great North Road to Kimberley , through a part of Botswana to Bulawayo . From this junction the link proceeds further north , today operated by the National Railways of Zimbabwe , to the Zambezi crossing . The Victoria Falls Bridge was completed in 1905 . The connection is picked up by Zambia Railways and continues to Kapiri Mposhi which is the transition point to the TAZARA link to Tanzania . Road ( edit ) The Court Treatt expedition , an attempt to travel from Cape to Cairo by road , was made in 1924 using two cars . The Cape to Cairo Road was planned to roughly connect the same countries . That plan was updated with the Cairo -- Cape Town Highway plan , large sections of which are paved and passable . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Cape to Cairo ( disambiguation ) Cape to Cairo Red Line Cairo -- Cape Town Highway Northern Africa Railroad Development Scramble for Africa Fashoda Incident East African Railway Master Plan Lamu Port and Lamu - Southern Sudan - Ethiopia Transport Corridor -- 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MALLINSON , HARRIET ( http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3843096/Doors-flying-open-70mph-trains-no-timetable-Chris-Tarrant-reveals-inside-track-hair-raising-Extreme-Railway-Journeys-TV-series.html ) . `` Chris Tarrant looks back at filming new Extreme Railway Journeys show '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` CAPETOWN TO CAIRO BY MOTOR . '' . The Brisbane Courier . National Library of Australia . 29 August 1924 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Freeman , Lewis R. ( January 1915 ) . `` Rhodes 's `` All Red '' Route : The Effect Of The War On The Cape - To - Cairo And The Control Of A Continent `` . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXIX : 327 -- 355 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Sölch , Werner ( 1985 ) . Kap - Kairo : Eisenbahnen zwischen Ägypten und Südafrika . Düsseldorf : Alba Verlag . ISBN 3 - 87094 - 101 - 4 . ( in German ) Tabor , George , The Cape to Cairo Railway & River Routes ( 2003 ) , London : Genta . ISBN 0 - 9544847 - 0 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The trip from Cairo to Kenya in 1935 Rovos Rail luxury tours from Cape Town to Cairo Lamu Nadapal map -- 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_to_Cairo_Railway&oldid=793067225 '' Categories : Rail transport in Africa British colonisation in Africa International railway lines History of Africa Unfinished buildings and structures Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with German - language external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lingála Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 12 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wanted to create a railroad from cape town to cairo | [
"The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail. This plan was initiated at the end of the 19th century, during the time of Western colonial rule, largely under the vision of Cecil Rhodes, in the attempt to connect adjacent African possessions of the British Empire through a continuous line from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation, a major part is missing between northern Sudan and Uganda.[1]"
] | [
"Cecil Rhodes"
] |
2380110212759577745 | Halfpenny (British decimal coin) | Halfpenny ( British decimal coin ) - wikipedia Halfpenny ( British decimal coin ) Jump to : navigation , search For the pre-decimal halfpenny coin , see Halfpenny ( British pre-decimal coin ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Halfpenny United Kingdom Value 0.005 pound sterling Mass 1.78 g Diameter 17.14 mm Thickness 1 mm Edge plain Composition bronze Years of minting 1971 -- 1984 Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Arnold Machin Design date 1971 Reverse Design St Edward 's Crown Designer Christopher Ironside Design date 1971 The British decimal halfpenny ( 1 / 2p ) coin was introduced in February 1971 , at the time of decimalisation , and was worth one two - hundredth of a pound sterling . It was ignored in banking transactions , which were carried out in units of 1p . The decimal halfpenny had the same value as 1.2 pre-decimal pence , and was introduced to enable the prices of some low - value items to be more accurately translated to the new decimal currency . The possibility of setting prices including an odd half penny also made it more practical to retain the pre-decimal sixpence in circulation ( with a value of 2 1 / 2 new pence ) alongside the new decimal coinage . The halfpenny coin 's obverse featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II ; the reverse featured an image of St Edward 's Crown . It was minted in bronze ( like the 1p and 2p coins ) . It was the smallest decimal coin in both size and value . The size was in proportion to the 1p and 2p coins . It soon became Britain 's least favourite coin . The Treasury had continued to argue that the halfpenny was important in the fight against inflation ( preventing prices from being rounded up ) . The coin was demonetised and withdrawn from circulation in December 1984 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Mintages 3 Proposed quarter penny coin 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) The reverse of the coin , designed by Christopher Ironside , was a representation of St Edward 's Crown , with the numeral `` 1 / 2 '' below the crown , and either NEW PENNY ( 1971 -- 1981 ) or HALF PENNY ( 1982 -- 1984 ) above the crown . Only one design of obverse was used on the halfpenny coin . The inscription around the portrait on the obverse was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 19xx , where 19xx was the year of minting . Both sides of the coin are encircled by dots , a common feature on coins , known as beading . As on all decimal coins produced before 1984 , the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse ; in this portrait the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . Mintages ( edit ) Annual number of coins released into general circulation ( excludes proof sets ) 1971 ~ 1,394,188,251 1972 ~ In proof sets only 1973 ~ 365,680,000 1974 ~ 365,448,000 1975 ~ 197,600,000 1976 ~ 412,172,000 1977 ~ 66,368,000 1978 ~ 59,532,000 1979 ~ 219,132,000 1980 ~ 202,788,000 1981 ~ 46,748,000 1982 ~ 190,752,000 1983 ~ 7,600,000 1984 ~ In proof sets only Proposed quarter penny coin ( edit ) A decimal quarter - penny coin ( to be struck in aluminium ) was also proposed ( which would have allowed the pre-decimal threepence to continue to circulate with a value of 1 1 / 4 new pence ) , but was never produced . See also ( edit ) Halfpenny ( Irish decimal coin ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 1984 : Halfpenny coin to meet its maker , BBC News Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK - Bronze '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Michael , Michael ( 2013 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins - 1901 - 2000 . Krause Publications . p. 990 . ISBN 1440229627 . Jump up ^ `` The Change to Decimal Coinage '' , Tony Clayton External links ( edit ) British Halfpenny pictures CoinWiki - Decimal Half Pennies Coins from United Kingdom : Half Penny Online Coin Club ( hide ) British coinage Decimal 1 / 2p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( 1 / 16 d ) Third farthing ( 1 / 12 d ) Half farthing ( 1 / 8d ) Farthing ( 1 / 4d ) Halfpenny ( 1 / 2d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( 1 1 / 2d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halfpenny_(British_decimal_coin)&oldid=828840023 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Currency introduced in 1971 Decimalisation Half - cent coins Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 01 : 58 . About Wikipedia | when did half pennies stop being legal tender | [
"The halfpenny coin's obverse featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II; the reverse featured an image of St Edward's Crown. It was minted in bronze (like the 1p and 2p coins). It was the smallest decimal coin in both size and value. The size was in proportion to the 1p and 2p coins. It soon became Britain's least favourite coin.[1] The Treasury had continued to argue that the halfpenny was important in the fight against inflation (preventing prices from being rounded up).[1] The coin was demonetised and withdrawn from circulation in December 1984.[1]"
] | [
"December 1984"
] |
-8601193530311682538 | Weather satellite | Weather satellite - wikipedia Weather satellite Jump to : navigation , search GOES - 8 , a United States weather satellite of the meteorological - satellite service The weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth . Satellites can be polar orbiting , covering the entire Earth asynchronously , or geostationary , hovering over the same spot on the equator . Meteorological satellites see more than clouds and cloud systems . City lights , fires , effects of pollution , auroras , sand and dust storms , snow cover , ice mapping , boundaries of ocean currents , energy flows , etc . Other types of environmental information are collected using weather satellites . Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna . Smoke from fires in the western United States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored . Other environmental satellites can detect changes in the Earth 's vegetation , sea state , ocean color , and ice fields . For example , the 2002 Prestige oil spill off the northwest coast of Spain was watched carefully by the European ENVISAT , which , though not a weather satellite , flies an instrument ( ASAR ) which can see changes in the sea surface . El Niño and its effects on weather are monitored daily from satellite images . The Antarctic ozone hole is mapped from weather satellite data . Collectively , weather satellites flown by the U.S. , Europe , India , China , Russia , and Japan provide nearly continuous observations for a global weather watch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Observation 2.1 Visible spectrum 2.2 Infrared spectrum 3 Types 3.1 Geostationary 3.2 Polar orbiting 3.2. 1 DMSP 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links HISTORY ( edit ) The first television image of Earth from space from the TIROS - 1 weather satellite in 1960 A mosaic of photographs of the United States from the ESSA - 9 weather satellite , taken on June 26 , 1969 As early as 1946 , the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed . This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets . By 1958 , the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard ( developed by the Army Signal Corps ) were created . The first weather satellite , Vanguard 2 , was launched on February 17 , 1959 . It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance , but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data . The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather - related experiments . The first weather satellite to be considered a success was TIROS - 1 , launched by NASA on April 1 , 1960 . TIROS operated for 78 days and proved to be much more successful than Vanguard 2 . TIROS paved the way for the Nimbus program , whose technology and findings are the heritage of most of the Earth - observing satellites NASA and NOAA have launched since then . Beginning with the Nimbus 3 satellite in 1969 , temperature information through the tropospheric column began to be retrieved by satellites from the eastern Atlantic and most of the Pacific Ocean , which led to significant improvements to weather forecasts . The ESSA and NOAA polar orbiting satellites followed suit from the late 1960s onward . Geostationary satellites followed , beginning with the ATS and SMS series in the late 1960s and early 1970s , then continuing with the GOES series from the 1970s onward . Polar orbiting satellites such as QuikScat and TRMM began to relay wind information near the ocean 's surface starting in the late 1970s , with microwave imagery which resembled radar displays , which significantly improved the diagnoses of tropical cyclone strength , intensification , and location during the 2000s and 2010s . Observation ( edit ) Observation is typically made via different ' channels ' of the electromagnetic spectrum , in particular , the visible and infrared portions . Some of these channels include : Visible and Near Infrared : 0.6 -- 1.6 μm -- for recording cloud cover during the day Infrared : 3.9 -- 7.3 μm ( water vapor ) , 8.7 -- 13.4 μm ( thermal imaging ) Visible spectrum ( edit ) Visible - light images from weather satellites during local daylight hours are easy to interpret even by the average person ; clouds , cloud systems such as fronts and tropical storms , lakes , forests , mountains , snow ice , fires , and pollution such as smoke , smog , dust and haze are readily apparent . Even wind can be determined by cloud patterns , alignments and movement from successive photos . Infrared spectrum ( edit ) The thermal or infrared images recorded by sensors called scanning radiometers enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types , to calculate land and surface water temperatures , and to locate ocean surface features . Infrared satellite imagery can be used effectively for tropical cyclones with a visible eye pattern , using the Dvorak technique , where the difference between the temperature of the warm eye and the surrounding cold cloud tops can be used to determine its intensity ( colder cloud tops generally indicate a more intense storm ) . Infrared pictures depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream which are valuable to the shipping industry . Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea . Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted . Using color - digitized techniques , the gray shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information . Types ( edit ) The geostationary Himawari 8 satellite 's first true - color composite PNG image Each meteorological satellite is designed to use one of two different classes of orbit : geostationary and polar orbiting . Geostationary ( edit ) `` geostationary meteorological satellite '' redirects here . For the Japanese satellites called `` Geostationary Meteorological Satellite '' , see Himawari ( satellite ) . Geostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator at altitudes of 35,880 km ( 22,300 miles ) . Because of this orbit , they remain stationary with respect to the rotating Earth and thus can record or transmit images of the entire hemisphere below continuously with their visible - light and infrared sensors . The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily weather presentation as single images or made into movie loops . These are also available on the city forecast pages of www.noaa.gov ( example Dallas , TX ) . Several geostationary meteorological spacecraft are in operation . The United States has three in operation ; GOES - 12 , GOES - 13 , and GOES - 15 . GOES - 12 , previously designated GOES - East and now used for South America , is located at 60 degrees west . GOES - 13 took over the role of GOES - East on April 14 , 2010 and is located at 75 degrees west . GOES - 11 was GOES - West over the eastern Pacific Ocean until it was decommissioned December 2011 and replaced by GOES - 15 . Russia 's new - generation weather satellite Elektro - L No. 1 operates at 76 ° E over the Indian Ocean . The Japanese have the MTSAT - 2 located over the mid Pacific at 145 ° E and the Himawari 8 at 140 ° E. The Europeans have four in operation , Meteosat - 8 ( 3.5 ° W ) and Meteosat - 9 ( 0 ° ) over the Atlantic Ocean and have Meteosat - 6 ( 63 ° E ) and Meteosat - 7 ( 57.5 ° E ) over the Indian Ocean . China currently has three Fengyun ( 风云 ) geostationary satellites ( FY - 2E at 86.5 ° E , FY - 2F at 123.5 ° E , and FY - 2G at 105 ° E ) operated . India also operates geostationary satellites called INSAT which carry instruments for meteorological purposes . Polar orbiting ( edit ) Computer - controlled motorized parabolic dish antenna for tracking LEO weather satellites . Polar orbiting weather satellites circle the Earth at a typical altitude of 850 km ( 530 miles ) in a north to south ( or vice versa ) path , passing over the poles in their continuous flight . Polar orbiting weather satellites are in sun - synchronous orbits , which means they are able to observe any place on Earth and will view every location twice each day with the same general lighting conditions due to the near - constant local solar time . Polar orbiting weather satellites offer a much better resolution than their geostationary counterparts due their closeness to the Earth . The United States has the NOAA series of polar orbiting meteorological satellites , presently NOAA 17 and NOAA 18 as primary spacecraft , NOAA 15 and NOAA 16 as secondary spacecraft , NOAA 14 in standby , and NOAA 12 . Europe has the Metop - A and Metop - B satellites operated by EUMETSAT . Russia has the Meteor and RESURS series of satellites . China has FY - 3A , 3B and 3C. India has polar orbiting satellites as well . DMSP ( edit ) Turnstile antenna for reception of 137 MHz LEO weather satellite transmissions The United States Department of Defense 's Meteorological Satellite ( DMSP ) can `` see '' the best of all weather vehicles with its ability to detect objects almost as ' small ' as a huge oil tanker . In addition , of all the weather satellites in orbit , only DMSP can `` see '' at night in the visual . Some of the most spectacular photos have been recorded by the night visual sensor ; city lights , volcanoes , fires , lightning , meteors , oil field burn - offs , as well as the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis have been captured by this 450 - mile - high space vehicle 's low moonlight sensor . At the same time , energy use and city growth can be monitored since both major and even minor cities , as well as highway lights , are conspicuous . This informs astronomers of light pollution . The New York City Blackout of 1977 was captured by one of the night orbiter DMSP space vehicles . In addition to monitoring city lights , these photos are a life saving asset in the detection and monitoring of fires . Not only do the satellites see the fires visually day and night , but the thermal and infrared scanners on board these weather satellites detect potential fire sources below the surface of the Earth where smoldering occurs . Once the fire is detected , the same weather satellites provide vital information about wind that could fan or spread the fires . These same cloud photos from space tell the firefighter when it will rain . Some of the most dramatic photos showed the 600 Kuwaiti oil fires that the fleeing Army of Iraq started on February 23 , 1991 . The night photos showed huge flashes , far outstripping the glow of large populated areas . The fires consumed millions of gallons of oil ; the last was doused on November 6 , 1991 . Uses ( edit ) Snowfield monitoring , especially in the Sierra Nevada , can be helpful to the hydrologist keeping track of available snowpack for runoff vital to the watersheds of the western United States . This information is gleaned from existing satellites of all agencies of the U.S. government ( in addition to local , on - the - ground measurements ) . Ice floes , packs and bergs can also be located and tracked from weather space craft . Even pollution whether it is nature - made or man - made can be pinpointed . The visual and infrared photos show effects of pollution from their respective areas over the entire earth . Aircraft and rocket pollution , as well as condensation trails , can also be spotted . The ocean current and low level wind information gleaned from the space photos can help predict oceanic oil spill coverage and movement . Almost every summer , sand and dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa drifts across the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean . GOES - EAST photos enable meteorologists to observe , track and forecast this sand cloud . In addition to reducing visibilities and causing respiratory problems , sand clouds suppress hurricane formation by modifying the solar radiation balance of the tropics . Other dust storms in Asia and mainland China are common and easy to spot and monitor , with recent examples of dust moving across the Pacific Ocean and reaching North America . In remote areas of the world with few local observers , fires could rage out of control for days or even weeks and consume millions of acres before authorities are alerted . Weather satellites can be a tremendous asset in such situations . Nighttime photos also show the burn - off in gas and oil fields . Atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles have been taken by weather satellites since 1969 . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Earth observation satellite List of Earth observation satellites Geostationary orbit Low Earth orbit Satellite temperature measurements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NESDIS . Satellites . Retrieved on July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NOAA . NOAA Satellites , Scientists Monitor Mt . St. Helens for Possible Eruption . Retrieved on July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Janice Hill ( 1991 ) . Weather From Above : America 's Meteorological Satellites . Smithsonian Institution . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 394 - X . Jump up ^ `` VANGUARD - A HISTORY , CHAPTER 12 , SUCCESS - AND AFTER '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Launches Camera Weather Satellite '' . The Fresno Bee . AP and UPI. April 1 , 1960 . pp. 1a , 4a . Jump up ^ National Environmental Satellite Center ( January 1970 ) . `` SIRS and the Improved Marine Weather Forecast '' . Mariners Weather Log . Environmental Science Services Administration . 14 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ EUMETSAT -- MSG Spectrum ( PDF ) Jump up ^ EUMETSAT -- MFG Payload Jump up ^ A.F. Hasler , K. Palaniappan , C. Kambhammetu , P. Black , E. Uhlhorn , and D. Chesters . High - Resolution Wind Fields within the Inner Core and Eye of a Mature Tropical Cyclone from GOES 1 - min Images . Retrieved on 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea . Subject : H1 ) What is the Dvorak technique and how is it used ? Retrieved on January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Service , US Department of Commerce , NOAA , National Weather . `` National Weather Service '' . Jump up ^ `` GOES 12 Spacecraft Status Summary '' . NOAA Satellite and Information Service . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GOES 13 Spacecraft Status Summary '' . NOAA Satellite and Information Service . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GOES 15 Spacecraft Status Summary '' . NOAA Satellite and Information Service . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 卫星 运行 '' ( Satellite Operation ) . National Satellite Meteorological Center of CMA ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann K. Cook ( July 1969 ) . `` The Breakthrough Team '' ( PDF ) . ESSA World . Environmental Satellite Services Administration : 28 -- 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meteorological satellites . Theory Ralph E. Taggard ( 1994 ) . Weather satellite handbook ( 5th edition ) . Newington , CT : American Radio Relay League . ISBN 0 - 87259 - 448 - 3 . Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Dr. Verner Suomi ( `` father of the geostationary satellite '' ) biography Interpreting Satellite Images -- Suomi Virtual Museum Physical Characteristics of Geostationary and Polar - Orbiting weather satellites NOAA Economics & Social Benefits of POES Data Near realtime composite of satellite image of the Earth by Intellicast International weather satellite viewer Online geostationary weather satellite viewer with 2 months of archived data . Earth at night by NASA EUMETSAT -- the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites NASA Langley Cloud and Radiation Research Near real - time and archived satellite imagery and cloud products . ISCCP Global ISCCP B1 Browse System ( GIBBS ) http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/gibbs/ Government policy Geostationary Weather Satellites : Progress Made , but Weaknesses in Scheduling , Contingency Planning , and Communicating with Users Need To Be Addressed : Report to the Committee on Science , Space , and Technology , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office Polar Weather Satellites : NOAA Identified Ways to Mitigate Data Gaps , but Contingency Plans and Schedules Require Further Attention : Report to the Committee on Science , Space , and Technology , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office Orbital meteorological and remote sensing systems Concepts Defense Weather Satellite System Earth observation satellite Geographic information system ( GIS ) Weather satellite NISAR ICESat - 2 Current projects Earth Observing System ( EOS ) GPM TRMM Landsat 7 QuikSCAT Terra ACRIMSAT NMP / EO - 1 Jason - 1 OSTM / Jason - 2 Jason - 3 Meteor 3M - 1 / Sage III GRACE Aqua SORCE Aura CloudSat CALIPSO NPOESS Megha - Tropiques SARAL IRS ESSP Aquarius Landsat 8 SMAP A-train satellites Aqua Aura CALIPSO CloudSat GCOM - W1 ( Shizuku ) OCO - 2 Copernicus programme Sentinel - 1 Sentinel - 2 Sentinel - 3 Sentinel - 4 Sentinel - 5 Precursor Sentinel - 5 Geostationary meteorological satellites Elektro - L Fengyun - 2 GOES INSAT Meteosat Himawari - 8 Other satellites CBERS COSMO - SkyMed DMSP DMC EROS Fengyun - 3 GOSAT ( Ibuki ) Landsat MetOp Meteor POES RADARSAT - 2 RapidEye Resurs - P SMOS SPOT TerraSAR - X THEOS Former projects Completed ADEOS ( Midori ) ADEOS II ( Midori 2 ) COSMIC ( FORMOSAT - 3 ) Envisat ERS FORMOSAT - 1 FORMOSAT - 2 Geosat GMS ( Himawari ) ICESat IKONOS JERS - 1 ( Fuyo - 1 ) Nimbus PARASOL QuickBird RADARSAT - 1 Seasat SeaWiFS TIROS TOPEX / Poseidon UARS Vanguard Failed OCO Glory Cancelled NMP / EO - 3 Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Portal WikiProject NDL : 00566013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weather_satellite&oldid=809781358 '' Categories : Weather satellites American inventions 1959 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first weather satellite launched into space | [
"As early as 1946, the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed. This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets. By 1958, the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard (developed by the Army Signal Corps) were created.[3] The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959.[4] It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance, but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather-related experiments.[3]"
] | [
"February 17, 1959"
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-5933436404677513692 | Music of Cuba | Music of Cuba - wikipedia Music of Cuba Music of Cuba General topics Related articles Genres Afro Afro - Cuban jazz Bolero ( filin ) Canción Chachachá Charanga Conga Contradanza ( habanera ) Criolla Cubatón Danzón Descarga Guajira Guaracha Hip hop Mambo Mozambique Nueva trova Pachanga Pilón Pregón Punto guajiro Rock Rumba ( guaguancó , columbia , yambú , batá - rumba , guarapachangueo ) Son ( montuno ) Songo Timba Trova Specific forms Religious music Abakuá Arará Iyesá Makuta Palo Santería Yuka Traditional music Changüí Coros de clave Kiribá Nengón Tumba francesa Media and performance Music awards Beny Moré Award Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem La Bayamesa Regional music Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba and the Dutch Antilles Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Louisiana Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands The music of Cuba , including its instruments , performance and dance , comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European ( especially Spanish ) music . Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres , Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world . For instance , the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar ( tres ) , melody , harmony , and lyrical traditions with Afro - Cuban percussion and rhythms . Almost nothing remains of the original native traditions , since the native population was exterminated in the 16th century . Since the 19th century Cuban music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world . It has been perhaps the most popular form of regional music since the introduction of recording technology . Cuban music has contributed to the development of a wide variety of genre and musical styles around the globe , most notably in Latin America , the Caribbean , West Africa and Europe . Examples include rhumba , Afro - Cuban jazz , salsa , soukous , many West African re-adaptations of Afro - Cuban music ( Orchestra Baobab , Africando ) , Spanish fusion genres ( notably with flamenco ) , and a wide variety of genres in Latin America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 18th and 19th centuries 3 20th - century classical and art music 4 21st - century classical and art music 5 Electroacoustic music in Cuba 6 Classical guitar in Cuba 6.1 From the 16th to the 19th century 6.2 20th century and beyond 6.3 Modern Cuban Guitar School 6.4 New generations 7 Classical piano in Cuba 8 Classical violin in Cuba 8.1 From the 16th to the 18th century 8.2 From the 18th to the 19th century 8.3 From the 20th to the 21st century 8.4 21st century 9 Opera in Cuba 9.1 The 19th century 9.2 From 1901 to 1959 9.3 From 1960 to present time 10 Musicology in Cuba 11 Popular music 11.1 Hispanic heritage 12 Música campesina ( peasant music ) 12.1 Punto guajiro 12.2 Zapateo 12.3 Guajira 12.4 Criolla 13 African heritage 13.1 Origins of Cuban African groups 13.2 Subsequent organization 13.3 African sacred music in Cuba 13.4 Yoruba and Congolese rituals 13.5 Clave 13.6 Cuban Carnival 13.7 Tumba francesa 14 Contradanza 15 Danza 16 Habanera 17 Danzón 18 Danzonete 19 Guaracha 20 Musical theatre 21 Zarzuela 22 Bufo theatre 23 Other theatrical forms 24 The Black Curros ( Negros Curros ) 25 Rumba 26 Rumba and guaracha 27 Urban rumba 28 Coros de Clave 29 Rural rumba 29.1 Characteristics of the rural rumba 30 Proto - son 30.1 Nengón 30.2 Changüí 30.3 Sucu - Sucu 31 Trova 31.1 Bolero 31.2 Canción 32 Tropical waltz 33 Son 34 Cuban jazz 34.1 Early Cuban jazz bands 35 Afro - Cuban jazz 36 Diversification and popularization 36.1 Cuban music enters the United States 36.2 1940s and ' 50s 36.2. 1 The big band era 36.2. 2 Cuban music in the US 37 Mambo 38 Chachachá 39 Filin 40 1960s and 70s 40.1 Revolutionary Cuba and Cuban exiles 40.2 Salsa 40.3 Nueva Trova 41 1980s to the present 41.1 Timba 41.2 Revival projects 41.3 Hip hop 41.4 Cubatón 42 Rock music in Cuba 43 References 44 Sources 45 External links Overview ( edit ) Large numbers of African slaves and European , mostly Spanish , immigrants came to Cuba and brought their own forms of music to the island . European dances and folk musics included zapateo , fandango , paso doble and retambico . Later , northern European forms like minuet , gavotte , mazurka , contradanza , and the waltz appeared among urban whites . There was also an immigration of Chinese indentured laborers later in the 19th century . Ancient print of colonial Havana Fernando Ortiz , the first great Cuban folklorist , described Cuba 's musical innovations as arising from the interplay ( ' transculturation ' ) between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spaniards from different regions such as Andalusia and Canary Islands . The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland . The most important instruments were the drums , of which there were originally about fifty different types ; today only the bongos , congas and batá drums are regularly seen ( the timbales are descended from kettle drums in Spanish military bands ) . Also important are the claves , two short hardwood batons , and the cajón , a wooden box , originally made from crates . Claves are still used often , and wooden boxes ( cajones ) were widely used during periods when the drum was banned . In addition , there are other percussion instruments in use for African - origin religious ceremonies . Chinese immigrants contributed the corneta china ( Chinese cornet ) , a Chinese reed instrument still played in the comparsas , or carnival groups , of Santiago de Cuba . The great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their guitar , but even more important was the tradition of European musical notation and techniques of musical composition . Hernando de la Parra 's archives give some of our earliest available information on Cuban music . He reported instruments including the clarinet , violin and vihuela . There were few professional musicians at the time , and fewer still of their songs survive . One of the earliest is Ma Teodora , supposed to be related to a freed slave , Teodora Ginés of Santiago de Cuba , who was famous for her compositions . The piece is said to be similar to 16th - , 17th - and 18th - century Spanish popular songs and dances . Cuban music has its principal roots in Spain and West Africa , but over time has been influenced by diverse genres from different countries . Important among these are France ( and its colonies in the Americas ) , and the United States . Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries . It contributed not only to the development of jazz and salsa , but also to the Argentine tango , Ghanaian high - life , West African Afrobeat , Dominican Bachata and Merengue , Colombian Cumbia and Spanish Nuevo flamenco and to the Arabo - Cuban music ( Hanine Y Son Cubano ) developed by Michel Elefteriades in the 1990s . The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba 's music . Polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African music , as melody is part of European music . Also , in African tradition , percussion is always joined to song and dance , and to a particular social setting . The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized . This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time , and by the 20th century , elements of African belief , music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Manuel Saumell Among internationally heralded composers of the `` serious '' genre can be counted the Baroque composer Esteban Salas y Castro ( 1725 -- 1803 ) , who spent much of his life teaching and writing music for the Church . He was followed in the Cathedral of Santiago de Cuba by the priest Juan París ( 1759 -- 1845 ) . París was an exceptionally industrious man , and an important composer . He encouraged continuous and diverse musical events . Aside from rural music and Afro - Cuban folk music , the most popular kind of urban Creole dance music in the 19th century was the contradanza , which commenced as a local form of the English country dance and the derivative French contredanse and Spanish contradanza . While many contradanzas were written for dance , from the mid-century several were written as light - classical parlor pieces for piano . The first distinguished composer in this style was Manuel Saumell ( 1818 -- 1870 ) , who is sometimes accordingly hailed as the father of Cuban creole musical development . According to Helio Orovio , `` After Saumell 's visionary work , all that was left to do was to develop his innovations , all of which profoundly influenced the history of Cuban nationalist musical movements . '' Ignacio Cervantes In the hands of his successor , Ignacio Cervantes Kawanagh , the piano idiom related to the contradanza achieved even greater sophistication . Cervantes was called by Aaron Copland a `` Cuban Chopin '' because of his Chopinesque piano compositions . Cervantes ' reputation today rests almost solely upon his famous forty - one Danzas Cubanas , which Carpentier said , `` ... occupy the place that the Norwegian Dances of Grieg or the Slavic Dances of Dvořák occupy in the musics of their respective countries '' . Cervantes ' never - finished opera , Maledetto , is forgotten . In the 1840s , the habanera emerged as a languid vocal song using the contradanza rhythm . ( Non-Cubans sometimes called Cuban contradanzas `` habaneras . '' ) The habanera went on to become popular in Spain and elsewhere . The Cuban contradanza / danza was also an important influence on the Puerto Rican danza , which went on to enjoy its own dynamic and distinctive career lasting through the 1930s . In Cuba , in the 1880s the contradanza / danza gave birth to the danzón , which effectively superseded it in popularity . Laureano Fuentes ( 1825 -- 1898 ) came from a family of musicians and wrote the first opera to be composed on the island , La hija de Jefté ( Jefte 's daughter ) . This was later lengthened and staged under the title Seila . His numerous works spanned all genres . Gaspar Villate ( 1851 -- 1891 ) produced abundant and wide - ranging work , all centered on opera . José White ( 1836 -- 1918 ) , a mulatto of a Spanish father and an Afrocuban mother , was a composer and a violinist of international merit . He learned to play sixteen instruments , and lived , variously , in Cuba , Latin America and Paris . His most famous work is La bella cubana , a habanera . L.M. Gottschalk During the middle years of the 19th century , a young American musician came to Havana : Louis Moreau Gottschalk ( 1829 -- 1869 ) , whose father was a Jewish businessman from London , and his mother a white creole of French Catholic background . Gottschalk was brought up mostly by his black grandmother and nurse Sally , both from Saint - Domingue . He was a piano prodigy who had listened to the music and seen the dancing in Congo Square , New Orleans from childhood . His period in Cuba lasted from 1853 to 1862 , with visits to Puerto Rico and Martinique squeezed in . He composed many creolized pieces , such as the habanera Bamboula , Op. 2 ( Danse de negres ) ( 1845 ) , the title referring to a bass Afro - Caribbean drum ; El cocoye ( 1853 ) , a version of a rhythmic melody already present in Cuba ; the contradanza Ojos criollos ( Danse cubaine ) ( 1859 ) and a version of María de la O , which refers to a Cuban mulatto singer . These numbers made use of typical Cuban rhythmic patterns . At one of his farewell concerts he played his Adiós a Cuba to huge applause and shouts of ' bravo ! ' Unfortunately , his score for the work has not survived . In February 1860 Gottschalk produced a huge work La nuit des tropiques in Havana . The work used about 250 musicians and a choir of 200 singers plus a tumba francesa group from Santiago de Cuba . He produced another huge concert the following year , with new material . These shows probably dwarfed anything seen in the island before or since , and no doubt were unforgettable for those who attended . 20th - century classical and art music ( edit ) `` Amadeo Roldán ( 1900 -- 1939 ) and Alejandro García Caturla ( 1906 -- 1940 ) were Cuba 's symphonic revolutionaries ( though ) their music is rarely played today '' . They both played a part in Afrocubanismo : the movement in black - themed Cuban culture with origins in the 1920s , and extensively analysed by Fernando Ortiz . Roldan , born in Paris to a Cuban mulatta and a Spanish father , came to Cuba in 1919 and became the concert - master ( first - chair violin ) of the new Orquesta Sinfónica de La Habana in 1922 . There he met Caturla , at sixteen a second violin . Roldan 's compositions included Overture on Cuban themes ( 1925 ) , and two ballets : La Rebambaramba ( 1928 ) and El milagro de Anaquille ( 1929 ) . There followed a series of Ritmicas and Poema negra ( 1930 ) and Tres toques ( march , rites , dance ) ( 1931 ) . In Motivos de son ( 1934 ) he wrote eight pieces for voice and instruments based on the poet Nicolás Guillén 's set of poems with the same title . His last composition was two Piezas infantiles for piano ( 1937 ) . Roldan died young , at 38 , of a disfiguring facial cancer ( he had been an inveterate smoker ) . Alejandro García Caturla After his student days , Caturla lived all his life in the small central town of Remedios , where he became a lawyer to support his growing family . His Tres danzas cubanas for symphony orchestra was first performed in Spain in 1929 . Bembe was premiered in Havana the same year . His Obertura cubana won first prize in a national contest in 1938 . Caturla was murdered at 34 by a young gambler . Gonzalo Roig ( 1890 -- 1970 ) , was a major force in the first half of the century . A composer and orchestral director , he qualified in piano , violin and composition theory . In 1922 he was one of the founders of the National Symphony Orchestra , which he conducted . In 1927 he was appointed Director of the Havana School of Music . As a composer he specialized in the zarzuela , a musical theatre form , very popular up to World War II . In 1931 he co-founded a bufo company ( comic theatre ) at the Marti Theatre in Havana . He was the composer of the most well - known Cuban zarzuela , Cecilia Valdés , based on the famous 19th - century novel about a Cuban mulata . It was premiered in 1932 . He founded various organizations and wrote frequently on musical topics . One of the greatest Cuban pianist / composers of the 20th century was Ernesto Lecuona ( 1895 -- 1963 ) . Lecuona composed over six hundred pieces , mostly in the Cuban vein , and was a pianist of exceptional quality . He was a prolific composer of songs and music for stage and film . His works consisted of zarzuela , Afro - Cuban and Cuban rhythms , suites and many songs that became Latin standards . They include Siboney , Malagueña and The Breeze And I ( Andalucía ) . In 1942 his great hit Always in my heart ( Siempre en mi Corazon ) was nominated for an Oscar for Best Song ; it lost out to White Christmas . The Ernesto Lecuona Symphonic Orchestra performed the premiere of Lecuona 's Black Rhapsody in the Cuban Liberation Day Concert at Carnegie Hall on 10 October 1943 . José Ardévol , Harold Gramatges , Alejo Carpentier Founded in 1942 under the guidance of José Ardévol ( 1911 -- 1981 ) , a Catalan composer established in Cuba since 1930 , the `` Grupo de Renovación Musical '' served as a platform for a group of young composers to develop a proactive movement with the purpose of improving and literally renovating the quality of the Cuban musical environment . During its existence from 1942 to 1948 , the group organized numerous concerts at the Havana Lyceum in order to present their avant - garde compositions to the general public and fostered within its members the development of many future conductors , art critics , performers and professors . They also started a process of investigation and reevaluation of the Cuban music in general , discovering the outstanding work of Carlo Borbolla and promoting the compositions of Saumell , Cervantes , Caturla and Roldán . The `` Grupo de Renovación Musical '' included the following composers : Hilario González , Harold Gramatges , Julián Orbón , Juan Antonio Cámara , Serafín Pro , Virginia Fleites , Gisela Hernández , Enrique Aparicio Bellver , Argeliers León , Dolores Torres and Edgardo Martín . Other contemporary Cuban composers that were little or no related at all to the `` Groupo de Renovación Musical '' were : Aurelio de la Vega , Joaquín Nin - Culmell , Alfredo Diez Nieto and Natalio Galán . Although , in Cuba , many composers have written both classical and popular creole types of music , the distinction became clearer after 1960 , when ( at least initially ) the regime frowned on popular music and closed most of the night - club venues , whilst providing financial support for classical music rather than creole forms . From then on most musicians have kept their careers on one side of the invisible line or the other . After the Cuban Revolution in 1959 , a new crop of classical musicians came onto the scene . The most important of these is guitarist Leo Brouwer , who made significant innovations in classical guitar , and is currently the director of the Havana Symphonic Orchestra . His directorship in the early 1970s of the Cuban Institute of Instrumental and Cinematographic Arts ( ICAIC ) was instrumental in the formation and consolidation of the nueva trova movement . Other important composers from the early post-revolution period that began in 1959 were : Carlos Fariñas and Juan Blanco , a pioneer of `` concrete '' and `` electroacoustic music '' in Cuba . Left row , top to bottom : Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Carlos Malcolm , Juan Piñera . Right row , top to bottom : Flores Chaviano , Magali Ruiz , Danilo Avilés . Closely following the early post-revolution generation , a group of young composers started to attract the attention of the public that attended classical music concerts . Most of them had obtained degrees in reputable Schools outside the country thanks to scholarships granted by the government , like Sergio Fernández Barroso ( also known as Sergio Barroso ) , that received a post-graduate degree from the Superior Academy of Music in Prague , and Roberto Valera , who studied with Witold Rudziński and Andrzej Dobrowolski in Poland . Three other composers belong to this group : Calixto Alvarez , Carlos Malcolm and Hector Angulo . During the early 1970s , a group of musicians and composers , most of them graduated from the National School of Arts and the Havana Conservatory , gathered around an organization recently created by the government as the junior section of UNEAC ( National Writers and Artist 's Union of Cuba ) , the `` Brigada Hermanos Saíz . '' Some of its member were composers Juan Piñera ( nephew of the renowned Cuban writer Virgilio Piñera ) , Flores Chaviano , Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz , Danilo Avilés , Magaly Ruiz and Efraín Amador Piñero . Other contemporary composers less involved with the organization were José María Vitier , Julio Roloff , Jorge López Marín and José Loyola . Tania León After the Cuban Revolution ( 1959 ) , many future Cuban composers emigrated at a very young age and developed most of their careers outside the country . Within this group are the composers Tania León , Orlando Jacinto García , Armando Tranquilino , Odaline de la Martinez , José Raul Bernardo , Jorge Martín ( composer ) and Raul Murciano . 21st - century classical and art music ( edit ) During the last decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century a new generation of composers emerged into the Cuban classical music panorama . Most of them received a solid musical education provided by the official arts school system created by the Cuban government and graduated from the Instituto Superior de Arte ( ISA ) . Some of those composers are Louis Franz Aguirre , Ileana Pérez Velázquez , Keila María Orozco , Viviana Ruiz , Fernando ( Archi ) Rodríguez Alpízar , Yalil Guerra , Eduardo Morales Caso , Ailem Carvajal Gomez. , Irina Escalante Chernova. and Evelin Ramón . All of them have emigrated and currently live and work in other countries . Electroacoustic music in Cuba ( edit ) Juan Blanco was the first Cuban composer to create an electroacoustic piece in 1961 . This first composition , titled `` Musica Para Danza '' , was produced with just an oscillator and three common tape recorders . As a result of the enormous scarcity generated by the Cuban Revolution since its origins in 1959 , access to the necessary technological resources to produce electroacoustic music was always very limited for anyone interested . For this reason , it was not until 1969 that another Cuban composer , Sergio Barroso , dedicated himself to the creation of electroacoustic musical compositions . In 1970 , Juan Blanco began to work as a music advisor for the Department of Propaganda of ICAP ( Insituto Cubano de Amistad con Los Pueblos ) . In this capacity , he created electroacoustic music for all the audiovisual materials produced by ICAP . After nine years working without restitution , Blanco finally obtained financing to set up an Electroacoustic Studio to be used for his work . He was appointed as Director of the Studio , but under the condition that he should be the only one to use the facility . After a few months , and without asking for permission , he opened the Electroacoustic Studio to all composers interested in working with electroacoustic technology , thus creating the ICAP Electroacoustsic Music Workshop ( TIME ) , where he himself provided training to all participants . In 1990 , the ICAP Workshop changed its name to Laboratorio Nacional de Música Electroacústica ( LNME ) and its main objective was to support and promote the work of Cuban electroaocustic composers and sound artists . Some years later , another electroacoustic music studio was created at the Instituto Superior de Arte ( ISA ) . The Estudio de Música Electroacústica y por Computadoras ( EMEC ) , currently named Estudio Carlos Fariñas de Arte Musical ( Carlos Fariñas Studio of Musical Electroacoustic Art ) , is intended to provide electroacoustic music training to the composition students during the last years of their careers . After 1970 , Cuban composers such as Leo Brouwer , Jesús Ortega , Carlos Fariñas and Sergio Vitier began also creating electroacoustic pieces ; and in the 1980s a group of composers that included Edesio Alejandro , Fernando ( Archi ) Rodríguez Alpízar , Marietta Véulens , Mirtha de la Torre , Miguel Bonachea and Julio Roloff , started receiving instruction and working at the ICAP Electroacoustic Studio . A list of Cuban composers that have utilized elecotroacoustics technology include Argeliers León , Juan Piñera , Roberto Valera , José Loyola , Ileana Pérez Velázquez and José Angel Pérez Puentes . Most Cuban composers that established their residence outside Cuba have worked with electroacoustic technology . These include composers Aurelio de la Vega , Armando Tranquilino , Tania León , Orlando Jacinto García , Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz , Ailem Carvajal and Irina Escalante Chernova . Classical guitar in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Classical Guitar in Cuba From the 16th to the 19th century ( edit ) The guitar ( as it is known today or in one of its historical versions ) has been present in Cuba since the discovery of the island by Spain . As early as the 16th century , a musician named Juan Ortiz , from the village of Trinidad , is mentioned by famous chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo as `` gran tañedor de vihuela y viola '' ( a great performer of the `` vihuela '' - a guitar ancestor - and the viol ) . Another `` vihuelista '' , Alonso Morón from Bayamo , is also mentioned in the Spanish conquest chronicles during the 16th century . A disciple of famous Spanish guitarist Dionisio Aguado , José Prudencio Mungol was the first Cuban guitarist trained in the Spanish guitar tradition . In 1893 he performed at a much acclaimed concert in Havana , after returning from Spain . Mungol actively participated in the musical life of Havana and was a professor at the Hubert de Blanck conservatory . 20th century and beyond ( edit ) Severino López was born in Matanzas . He studied guitar in Cuba with Juan Martín Sabio and Pascual Roch , and in Spain with renowned Catalan guitarist Miguel Llobet . Severino López is considered the initiator in Cuba of the guitar school founded by Francisco Tárrega in Spain . Clara Romero ( 1888 - 1951 ) , founder of the modern Cuban School of Guitar , studied in Spain with Nicolás Prats and in Cuba with Félix Guerrero . She inaugurated the guitar department at the Havana Municipal Conservatory in 1931 , where she also introduced the teachings of the Cuban folk guitar style . She created the Guitar Society of Cuba ( Sociedad Guitarrística de Cuba ) in 1940 , and also the `` Guitar '' ( Guitarra ) magazine , with the purpose of promoting the Society 's activities . She was the professor of many Cuban guitarists including her son Isaac Nicola and her daughter Clara ( Cuqui ) Nicola . After studying with his mother , Clara Romero , at the Havana Municipal Conservatory , Isaac Nicola ( 1916 -- 1997 ) continued his training in Paris with Emilio Pujol , a disciple of Francisco Tárrega . He also studied the vihuela with Pujol and researched about the guitar 's history and literature . Modern Cuban guitar School ( edit ) Leo Brouwer After the Cuban revolution in 1959 , Isaac Nicola and other professors such as Marta Cuervo , Clara ( Cuqui ) Nicola , Marianela Bonet and Leopoldina Núñez were integrated to the national music schools system , where a unified didactical method was implemented . This was a nucleus for the later development of a national Cuban Guitar School with which a new generation of guitarists and composers collaborated . Maybe the most important contribution to the modern Cuban guitar technique and repertoire comes from Leo Brouwer ( born 1939 ) . The grandson of Ernestina Lecuona , sister of Ernesto Lecuona , Brouwer began studying the guitar with his father and after some time continued with Isaac Nicola . He taught himself harmony , counterpoint , musical forms and orchestration before completing his studies at the Juilliard School and the University of Hartford . New generations ( edit ) Renowned Cuban guitar professor Isaac Nicola surrounded by his disciples . From left to right Flores Chaviano , Efraín Amador , Carlos Molina , Mario Daly , Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Roberto Kessel and José Angel Pérez Puentes . Since the 1960s , several generations of guitar performers , professors and composers have been formed under the Cuban Guitar School at educational institutions such as the Havana Municipal Conservatory , the National School of Arts , and the Instituto Superior de Arte . Others , such as Manuel Barrueco , a concertist of international renown , developed their careers outside the country . Among many other guitarists related to the Cuban Guitar School are Carlos Molina , Sergio Vitier , Flores Chaviano , Efraín Amador Piñero , Armando Rodriguez Ruidiaz , Martín Pedreira , Lester Carrodeguas , Mario Daly , José Angel Pérez Puentes and Teresa Madiedo . A younger group includes guitarists Rey Guerra , Aldo Rodríguez Delgado , Pedro Cañas , Leyda Lombard , Ernesto Tamayo , Miguel Bonachea , Joaquín Clerch and Yalil Guerra . Classical piano in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Classical piano in Cuba Ernesto Lecuona After its arrival in Cuba at the end of the 18th century , the pianoforte ( commonly called piano ) rapidly became one of the favorite instruments among the Cuban population . Along with the humble guitar , the piano accompanied the popular Cuban `` guarachas '' and `` contradanzas '' ( derived from the European Country Dances ) at salons and ballrooms in Havana and all over the country . As early as in 1804 , a concert program in Havana announced a vocal concert `` accompanied at the fortepiano by a distinguished foreigner recently arrived '' ... and in 1832 , Juan Federico Edelmann ( 1795 - 1848 ) , a renowned pianist , son of a famous Alsatian composer and pianist , arrived in Havana and gave a very successful concert at the Teatro Principal . Encouraged by the warm welcome , Edelmann decided to stay in Havana , and he was very soon promoted to an important position within the Santa Cecilia Philharmonic Society . In 1836 , he opened a music store and publishing company . One of the most prestigious Cuban musicians , Ernesto Lecuona ( 1895 - 1963 ) , began studying piano with his sister Ernestina and continued with Peyrellade , Saavedra , Nin and Hubert de Blanck . A child prodigy , Lecuona gave a concert , at just five , at the Círculo Hispano . When he graduated from the National Conservatory , he was awarded the First Prize and the Gold Medal of his class by unanimous decision of the board . He is by far the Cuban composer of greatest international recognition and his contributions to the Cuban piano tradition are considered exceptional . Classical violin in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Classical violin in Cuba From the 16th to the 18th century ( edit ) We can find a representation of the bowed strings family in Cuba 's history since a very early stage , because during the 16th century a musician from the Ville of Trinidad , named Juan Ortiz , is mentioned by the chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo as a `` great performer of `` vihuela '' and `` viola '' ( Viol ) . The renaissance viol is the direct ancestor of the modern Italian violins , which began to become popular since the 16th century . On February 8 , 1764 , Esteban Salas y Castro , the new Chapel Master , arrived at the Santiago de Cuba Cathedral . To fulfill his musical duties , Salas counted with a small vocal - instrumental group that included two violins . After the arrival in Santiago de Cuba , in 1793 , of numerous colonists that fled from the slave revolt in Saint Domingue , `` someone named Karl Rischer and a Madame Clarais , that had brought with them a clavichord , founded an orchestra comprised of : flute , oboe , clarinet , trumpet , three horns , three violins , viola , two violoncellos and percussion ... '' . From the 18th to the 19th century ( edit ) During the transition from the 18th to the 19th centuries , the Havanese Ulpiano Estrada ( 1777 -- 1847 ) offered violin lessons and conducted the Teatro Principal orchestra from 1817 to 1820 . Apart from his activity as a violinist , Estrada kept a very active musical career as a conductor of numerous orchestras , bands and operas , and composing many contradanzas and other dance pieces , such as minuets and valses . José Vandergutch , Belgian violinist , arrived at Havana along with his father Juan and brother Francisco , also violinists . They returned at a later time to Belgium , but José established his permanent residence in Havana , where he acquired great recognition . Vandergutch offered numeorus concerts as a soloist and accompanied by several orchestras , around the mid-19th century . He was a member of the Classical Music Association and also a Director of The `` Asociación Musical de Socorro Mutuo de La Habana . '' Within the universe of the classical Cuban violin during the 19th century , there are two outstanding Masters that may be considered among the greatest violin virtuosos of all times ; they are José White Lafitte y Claudio Brindis de Salas Garrido . José White in 1856 , after receiving ana award from the Conservatoire de Paris After receiving his first musical instruction from his father , the virtuoso Cuban violinist José White Lafitte ( 1835 -- 1918 ) offered his first concert in Matanzas on March 21 , 1854 . In that presentation he was accompanied by the famous American pianist and composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk , whom encouraged him to further his musical instruction in Paris , and also collected funds for that purpose . José White studied musical composition in the Conservatoire de Paris from 1855 to 1871 . Just ten months after his arrival he received the First Price in the violin category on the Conservatorie 's contest and was highly praised by Gioachino Rossini . At a later time he was a professor of the renowned violinists George Enescu and Jacques Thibaud . From 1877 to 1889 , White was appointed as Director of the Imperial Conservatory in Rio de Janeiro , Brasil , where he also served as court musician of the Emperor Pedro II . At a later time he returned to Paris where he stayed until his death . The famous violin named `` Swan 's song '' was his preferred instrument and his most famous composition is the Habanera `` La bella cubana '' . White also composed many other pieces , including a concert for violin and orchestra . Claudio José Domingo Brindis de Salas y Garrido , called the `` Black `` Paganini '' posing with his famous Stradivarius Claudio José Domingo Brindis de Salas y Garrido ( 1852 -- 1911 ) was a renowned Cuban vilinist , son of the also famous violinist , double - bassist and conductor Claudio Brindis de Salas ( 1800 - 1972 ) , which conducted one of the most popular orchestras of Havana during the first half of the 19th century , named `` La Concha de Oro '' ( The Golden Conch ) . Claudio José surpassed the fame and expertise of his father and came to acquire international recognition . Claudio Brindis de Salas Garrido began his musical studies with his father and continued with Maestros José Redondo and the Belgian José Vandergutch . He offered his first concert in Havana in 1863 , in which Vandegutch participated as accompanist . The famous pianist and composer Ignacio Cervantes also participated in that event . According with the contemporary critique , Brindis de Salas was considered one of the most outstanding violinists of his time at an international level . Alejo Carpentier referred to him as : `` The most outstanding black violinist from the 19th century ... something without any precedent in the musical history of the continent ... '' . The French government named him member of the Légion d'Honneur , and gave him a nobility title of `` Baron '' . In Buenos Aires he received a genuine Stradivarius , and while living in Berlin he married a German lady , was named Chamber Musician of the Emperor and received an honorary citizenship from that country . Brindis de Salas died poor and forgotten in 1911 from tuberculosis , in Buenos Aires , Argentina . In 1930 his remains were transferred to Havana with great honors . Another outstanding Cuban violinist from the 19th century was Rafael Díaz Albertini ( 1857 -- 1928 ) . He studied violin with José Vandergutch and Anselmo López ( 1841 - 1858 ) , well known Havanese violinist that was dedicated also to music publishing . In 1870 , Albertini travelled to Paris with the purpose of perfecting his technique with famous violinist Jean - Delphin Alard , and in 1875 received First Price in the Paris Contest , in which he subsequently participated as a Juror . He toured extensively through the world , accompanied some times by prestigious Masters such as Hugo Wolf and Camille Saint - Saëns . In 1894 he made presentations , along with Ignacion Cervantes , through the most important cities of Cuba . A list of prominent Cuban violinist from the second half of the 19th century and the first of the 20th may include : Manuel Muñoz Cedeño ( b . 1813 ) , José Domingo Bousquet ( b . 1823 ) , Carlos Anckermann ( b . 1829 ) , Antonio Figueroa ( b . 1852 ) , Ramón Figueroa ( b . 1862 ) , Juan Torroella ( b. 1874 ) , Casimiro Zertucha ( b . 1880 ) , Joaquín Molina ( b . 1884 ) , Marta de La Torre ( 1888 ) , Catalino Arjona ( b . 1895 ) and Diego Bonilla ( 1898 - ) . From the 20th to the 21st century ( edit ) During the first half of the 20th century the name of Amadeo Roldán stands out ( 1900 -- 1939 ) , because apart from an excellent violinist , professor and conductor , Roldán is considered one of the most important Cuban composers of all times . After his graduation at the Conservatoire de Paris in 1935 with just 16 years old , the renowned Cuban violinist Ángel Reyes ( 1919 -- 1988 ) developed a very successful career as a soloist and also accompanied by prestigious orchestras of many countries . He established his residence in the United States at a very young age , obtained an award in the Ysaÿe Contest in Brussels and was a professor at the Michigan and Northwestern Universities , until his retirement in 1985 . Eduardo Hernández Asiaín ( 1911 - 2010 ) was born in Havana , began his musical studies at a very early age and offered his first concert with just seven years old . When he was 14 , he obtained the First Award at the Municipal Conservatory of Havana and was appointed as Concertino of the Havana Symphony Orchestra . In 1932 , he travelled to Madrid to further his musical education with professors Enrique Fernández Arbós and Antonio Fernández Bordas . Since 1954 , Hernández Asiaín performed as a soloist with the orchestras from the Pasdeloup Concert Society and the Radiodiffusion française in Paris , the `` Orquesta Nacional de España '' , the `` Orquesta Sinfónica de Bilbao '' , the `` Orquesta de Cámara de Madrid '' and the `` Orquesta Sinfónica y de Cámara de San Sebastián '' , of which he is the founder . In 1968 , he was appointed as First Violin of the `` Cuarteto Clásico '' of RTVE , participating with pianist Isabel Picaza González in the `` Quinteto Clásico de RNE '' , with which he offered concerts and made numerous recordings in Spain and other countries . He also toured extensively through the US . Other prominent Cuban violinists from the first half of the 20th century are : Robero Valdés Arnau ( 1919 - 1974 ) , Alberto Bolet and Virgilio Diago . After 1959 , already in the post revolutionary period , stands out a Cuban violinist that has made a substantial contribution , not just to the development of the violin and the bowed string instruments , but also to the national musical culture in general . Evelio Tieles began to study music in Cuba with his father , Evelio Tieles Soler , when he was just seven years old , and continued at a later time with professor Joaquín Molina . Between 1952 and 1954 , Tieles studied violin in Paris , France , with Jacques Thibaud and René Benedetti . In 1955 he returned to Paris and studied at the National Superior Music Conservatory in that city , and in 1958 , he continued his musical training at Conservatorio Tchaikovsky in Moscú , where he was a disciple of renowned violinists David Oistrakh and Igor Oistrakh . Tieles graduated in 1963 and by recommendation of the Conservatory he pursued his master 's degree from 1963 to 1966 , with the same mentioned professors . Tieles received also professional training from the prestigious violinists Henryk Szeryng and Eduardo Hernández Asiaín . Evelio Tieles has offered numerous presentations as a concert performer , in a duo with his brother , pianist Cecilio Tieles , or accompanied by the Cuban National Symphony Orchestra and other symphonic and chamber ensembles . He has performed along with prestigious conductors such as Thomas Sanderling , Boris Brott , Enrique González Mántici y Manuel Duchesne Cuzán , among others . Tieles has established his residence in Spain since 1984 , and he teaches violin in the Vila - Seca Conservatory , in the province of Tarragona , where he has been appointed as `` Professor Emeritus '' . He has also served at the Superior Conservatory of the Barcelona Lyceum as Chief of the Chamber Music Department ( 1991 -- 1998 ) , Head of the Division of Bowed String Instruments ( 1986 - 2002 ) and Academic Director ( 2000 -- 2002 ) . Apart from his outstanding career as a concert performer and professor , during the Post-Revolutionary period , Tieles promoted and organized in Cuba the bowed string instruments training , fundamentally for the violin . Another prominent violinist is professor Alla Tarán ( 1941 ) . She was formed as a violinist in her native Ukraine and worked as a professor of Chamber Ensemble Practice . Tarán established her residence in Cuba since 1969 . Alfredo Muñoz ( 1949 ) began studying the violin at Conservatorio Orbon in Havana , Cuba , and subsequently continued at the National School of Arts and the Instituto Superior de Arte ( ISA ) . He joined the National Symphony Orchestra as a violinist in 1972 and since then has been very active as a soloist and a member of the White Trio , in Cuba and abroad . He is currently a professor at the Instituto Superior de Artes ( ISA ) . Other Cuban violinists that have developed their careers between the 20th and the 21st century are : Armando Toledo ( 1950 ) , Julián Corrales ( 1954 ) , Miguel del Castillo and Ricardo Jústiz . 21st century ( edit ) Already at the beginning of the 21st century the violinists Ilmar López - Gavilán , Mirelys Morgan Verdecia , Ivonne Rubio Padrón , Patricia Quintero and Rafael Machado are worthy of note . Opera in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Opera in Cuba Opera has been present in Cuba since the latest part of the 18th century , when the first full - fledged theater , called Coliseo , was built . Since then to present times , the Cuban people have highly enjoyed opera , and many Cuban composers have cultivated the operatic genre , sometimes with great success at an international level . The 19th century ( edit ) The first documented operatic event in Havana took place in 1776 . That presentation was mentioned in a note published in the newspaper Diario de La Habana on December 19 , 1815 : `` ... Today , Wednesday 19th of the current , if the weather allows , the new tragic opera of merit in three acts that contains 17 pieces of music , titled Dido Abandoned will be performed ( ... ) This is one of the premiere dramas from the French theater . In Italy , the one composed by renowned Metastasio deserved a singular applause , and was sung in this city on October 12 , 1776 . '' Cristóbal Martínez Corrés was the first Cuban opera composer , but his Works , such as El diablo contrabandista and Don papanero were never premiered and have n't been preserved until the present time . Born in Havana , in 1822 , composer and pianist Martínez Corrés established his residence together with his family in France when he was just nine years old ; and at a later tame they went to Italy . Due to his premature death , a third opera named Safo , never surpassed an early creative stage . Martínez Corrés died in Genoa , in 1842 . Gaspar Villate y Montes was born in Havana , in 1851 and since an early age he showed a great musical talent . As a child , he began to study piano with Nicolás Ruiz Espadero and in 1867 , when he was just 16 years old , he composed his first opera on a drama by Victor Hugo , titled Angelo , tirano de Padua . A year later , at the beginning of the 1868 war , he travelled to the United States with his family and upon his return to Havana in 1871 he wrote another opera called Las primeras armas de Richelieu . Villate travelled to France with the purpose to continue his music studies in the Paris Conservatory , where he received classes from François Bazin , Victorien de Joncieres and Adolphe Danhauser . He composed numerous instrumental pieces such as contradanzas , habaneras , romances and waltzes , and in 1877 he premiered with great audience acclaim his opera Zilia in Paris , which was presented in Havana in 1881 . Since then , Villate focused his efforts mainly in opera and composed pieces such as La Zarina and Baltazar , premiered at La Haya and Teatro Real de Madrid respectively . It is known that he worked on an opera with a Cuban theme called Cristóbal Colón , but its manuscript has been lost . Villate died in Paris in 1891 , soon after starting to compose a lyrical drama called Lucifer , from which some fragments have been preserved . From 1901 to 1959 ( edit ) Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes was born in Havana , in 1874 , within an artistic family ; his father was a writer and his mother a pianist and singer . He began his musical studies at Conservatorio Hubert de Blanck and at a later time took classes from Carlos Anckermann . He received also a Law Degree in 1894 . When Sánchez de Fuentes was just 18 years old , he composed the famous Habanera `` Tú '' , which became an extraordinary international success . Alejo Carpentier said it was : `` the most famous Habanera '' . On October 26 , 1898 , Sánchez de Fuentes premiered at the Albisu Theater in Havana his first opera called Yumuri , based on the Island 's colonization theme . In it , an aborigine princess falls in love with a handsome Spanish conqueror , which abducts her at the wedding ceremony with another indigenous character . At the end , while escaping , both suffer a tragic death during an earthquake . Sánchez de Fuentes would go on to compose another five operas : El Náufrago ( 1901 ) , Dolorosa ( 1910 ) , Doreya ( 1918 ) , El Caminante ( 1921 ) and Kabelia ( 1942 ) . From 1960 to present time ( edit ) One of the most active and outstanding composers of his generation , Sergio Fernández Barroso ( also known as Sergio Barroso ) ( 1946 ) , is the author of an opera called La forma del camino , which also possesses the complementary title of s - XIV - 69 ( which means Siglo XIV -- 1969 ) . With an approximate duration of 60 minutes , this piece utilizes as a script a story from the Popol Vuh ( the sacred text of the Maya culture ) about the mythic brothers Hunahpu and Ixbalanqué . The score includes soloists and a choir of nine mixed voices , accompanied by an instrumental group and an electro - acoustic quadraphonic system . The scene requires a stage elevated over the choir spatial position , which members wear dinner jackets , in opposition to the more casual attire of the soloists . All singers wear Indian masks . Most recently the work of two young Cuban composers stand out , Jorge Martín ( composer ) and Louis Franz Aguirre . Jorge Martín ( 1959 ) was born in Santiago de Cuba and established his residence in the US at a very young age . He studied musical composition at the Yale and Columbia Universities . He has composed thre lyric pieces : Beast and Superbeast , a series of four operas in one act each , based on short stories by Saki ; Tobermory , opera in one act that obtained first prize in the Fifth Biennial of the National Opera Association ( USA ) , and has been presented in several cities of the United States ; and Before Night Falls , an opera based on the famous autobiography of the Cuban novelist , playwright and poet Reinaldo Arenas , renowned dissident from the Fidel Castro government . Louis Franz Aguirre ( 1968 ) is currently one of the most prolific and renowned Cuban composers at an international level . His catalog includes four operatic works : Ebbó ( 1998 ) , premiered on January 17 , 1999 , at the Brotfabrik Theater in Bonn , Germany ; Ogguanilebbe ( Liturgy of the divine word ) ( 2005 ) , premiered in the Salla dil Parlamento d'il Castello di Udine , Italy . Yo el Supremo ( Comic play with Dictator in one Act ) , premiered on October 27 , 2015 in the Teatro Galileo , Madrid , Spain and The way the dead love ( Theogony : an operatic manifest ) , commissioned by the Lydenskab Ensemble and financed by KODA , Denmark . Premiered on February 24 , 2017 in Godsbanen , Aarhus , Denmark , as part of the Århus European Capital of Culture 2017 . Musicology in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Musicology in Cuba Alejo Carpentier Throughout the years , the Cuban nation has developed a wealth of musicological material created by numerous investigators and experts on this subject . The work of some authors who provided information about the music in Cuba during the 19th century was usually included in chronicles covering a more general subject . The first investigations and studies specifically dedicated to the musical art and practice did not appear in Cuba until the beginning of the 20th century . A list of important personalities that have contributed to musicological studies in Cuba includes Fernando Ortiz , Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes , Alejo Carpentier , Argeliers León , Maria Teresa Linares , Pablo Hernández Balaguer , Alberto Muguercia and Zoila Lapique . A second generation of musicologists formed after de Cuban revolution of 1959 include : Zoila Gómez , Victoria Elí , Alberto Alén Pérez , Rolando Antonio Pérez Fernández and Leonardo Acosta . Popular music ( edit ) Hispanic heritage ( edit ) It is obvious that the first popular music played in Cuba after the Spanish conquest was brought by the Spanish conquerors themselves , and was most likely borrowed from the Spanish popular music in vogue during the 16th century . From the 16th to the 18th century some danceable songs that emerged in Spain were associated to Hispanic America , or considered as been originated in America . Some of these songs with picturesque names such as Sarabande , Chaconne , Zambapalo , Retambico and Gurrumbé , among others , shared a common trait , its characteristic rhythm called Hemiola or Sesquiáltera ( in Spain ) . Vertical hemiola . Play ( help info ) This rhythm has been described as the alternation or superposition of a duple meter and a triple meter ( 6 / 8 + 3 / 4 ) , and its utilization was widespread in the Spanish territory since at least the 13th century , where it appears in one of the Cantigas de Santa María ( Como poden per sas culpas ) . Hemiola or Sesquiáltera is also a typical rhythm within the African musical traditions , both from the North of the Continent as from the South . Therefore , it is quite probable that the original song - dances brought by the Spanish to America already included elements from the African culture with which the black slaves that arrived to the Island were familiar ; and they further utilized them in order to create new creole genres . The well known Son de la Ma Teodora , an ancient Cuban song , as well as the first Cuban autochthonous genres , Punto and Zapateo , show the Sesquiáltera rhythm on their accompaniment , which greatly associate those genres to the Spanish song - dances from the 16th to the 18th centuries . Música campesina ( peasant music ) ( edit ) Cuban rural landscape It seems that Punto and Zapateo Cubano were the first autoconous musical genres of the Cuban nation . Although the first printed sample of a Cuban Creole Zapateo ( Zapateo Criollo ) was not published until 1855 in the `` Álbum Regio of Vicente Díaz de Comas '' , it is possible to find references about the existence of those genres since long time before . Its structural characteristics have survived almost unaltered through a period of more than two hundred years and they are usually considered the most typically Hispanic Cuban popular music genres . Cuban musicologists María Teresa Linares , Argeliers León and Rolando Antonio Pérez coincide in thinking that Punto and Zapateo are based on Spanish dance -- songs ( such as chacone and sarabande ) that arrived first at the most important population centers such as Havana and Santiago de Cuba and then spread throughout the surrounding rural areas where they were adopted and modified by the peasant ( campesino ) population at a later time . Punto guajiro ( edit ) Punto guajiro or Punto Cubano , or simply Punto is a sung genre of Cuban music , an improvised poetic - music art that emerged in the western and central regions of Cuba during the 17th century . Although Punto appears to come from an Andalusian origin , it is a true Cuban genre because of its creole modifications . Punto is played by a group with various types of plucked string instruments : the tiple ( a treble guitar currently in disuse ) , the Spanish guitar , the Cuban tres , and the laúd . The word punto refers to the use of a plucked technique ( punteado ) , rather than strumming ( rasgueado ) . Also some percussion instruments have been utilized such as the clave , the güiro and the guayo ( a metallic scraper ) . Singers gather themselves in contending teams , and improvise their lines . They sing fixed melodies called `` tonadas '' which are based on a meter of ten strophe verses called `` décimas '' , with intervals between stanzas to give the singers some time to prepare the next verse . Early compositions were sometimes recorded and published , as were the names of some of the singers and composers . Beginning around 1935 , Punto reached a peak of popularity on Cuban radio . Punto was one of the first Cuban genres recorded by American companies at the beginning of the 20th century , but at a later time the interest decayed and little effort was made to continue recording the live radio performances . A fan of this genre , stenographer Aida Bode , wrote down many verses as they were broadcast and finally , in 1997 , her transcriptions were published in book form . Celina González and Albita Rodríguez both sang Punto at the beginning of their careers , proving that the genre is still alive . Celina had one of the great voices in popular music , and her supporting group Campo Alegre was outstanding . For aficionados , however , Indio Naborí ( Sabio Jesús Orta Ruiz , b . 30 September 1922 ) is the greatest name in Punto for his `` decima '' poetry , which he wrote daily for the radio and newspapers . He is also a published author with several collections of his poetry , much of which has a political nueva trova edge . Zapateo ( edit ) Main article : Zapateo Cuban güiro Zapateo is a typical dance of the Cuban `` campesino '' or `` guajiro , '' of Spanish origin . It is a dance of pairs , involving tapping of the feet , mostly performed by the male partner . Illustrations exist from previous centuries and today it survives cultivated by Folk Music Groups as a fossil genre . It was accompanied by tiple , guitar and güiro , in combined 6 / 8 and 3 / 4 rhythm ( hemiola ) , accented on the first of every three quavers . Guajira ( edit ) Main article : Guajira ( music ) A genre of Cuban song similar to the Punto cubano and the Criolla . It contains bucolic countryside lyrics , similar to décima poetry . Its music shows a mixture of 6 / 8 and 3 / 4 rhythms Hemiola . According to Sánchez de Fuentes , its first section is usually presented in a minor key , and its second section in its direct major relative key . The term Guajira is now used mostly to describe a slow dance music in 4 / 4 time , a fusion of the Guajira ( music ) and the Son ( called Guajira - Son ) . Singer and guitarist Guillermo Portabales was the most outstanding representative of this genre . Criolla ( edit ) Main article : Criolla Criolla is a genre of Cuban music which is closely related to the music of the Cuban Coros de Clave and a genre of Cuban popular music called Clave. ( 1 ) The Clave became a very popular genre in the Cuban vernacular theater and was created by composer Jorge Anckermann based on the style of the Coros de Clave . The Clave served , in turn , as a model for the creation of a new genre called Criolla . According to musicologist Helio Orovio , `` Carmela '' , the first Criolla , was composed by Luis Casas Romero in 1909 , which also created one of the most famous Criollas of all times , `` El Mambí ''. ( 2 ) African heritage ( edit ) Main article : Music of African Heritage in Cuba Origins of Cuban African groups ( edit ) Clearly , the origin of African groups in Cuba is due to the island 's long history of slavery . Compared to the US , slavery started in Cuba much earlier and continued for decades afterwards . Cuba was the last country in the Americas to abolish the importation of slaves , and the second last to free the slaves . In 1807 the British Parliament outlawed slavery , and from then on the British Navy acted to intercept Portuguese and Spanish slave ships . By 1860 the trade with Cuba was almost extinguished ; the last slave ship to Cuba was in 1873 . The abolition of slavery was announced by the Spanish Crown in 1880 , and put into effect in 1886 . Two years later , Brazil abolished slavery . Subsequent organization ( edit ) The roots of most Afro - Cuban musical forms lie in the cabildos , self - organized social clubs for the African slaves , separate cabildos for separate cultures . The cabildos were formed mainly from four groups : the Yoruba ( the Lucumi in Cuba ) ; the Congolese ( Palo in Cuba ) ; Dahomey ( the Fon or Arará ) . Other cultures were undoubtedly present , more even than listed above , but in smaller numbers , and they did not leave such a distinctive presence . Cabildos preserved African cultural traditions , even after the abolition of slavery in 1886 . At the same time , African religions were transmitted from generation to generation throughout Cuba , Haiti , other islands and Brazil . These religions , which had a similar but not identical structure , were known as Lucumi or Regla de Ocha if they derived from the Yoruba , Palo from Central Africa , Vodú from Haiti , and so on . The term Santería was first introduced to account for the way African spirits were joined to Catholic saints , especially by people who were both baptized and initiated , and so were genuinely members of both groups . Outsiders picked up the word and have tended to use it somewhat indiscriminately . It has become a kind of catch - all word , rather like salsa in music . African sacred music in Cuba ( edit ) All these African cultures had musical traditions , which survive erratically to the present day , not always in detail , but in general style . The best preserved are the African polytheistic religions , where , in Cuba at least , the instruments , the language , the chants , the dances and their interpretations are quite well preserved . In what other American countries are the religious ceremonies conducted in the old language ( s ) of Africa ? They certainly are in Lucumí ceremonies , though of course , back in Africa the language has moved on . What unifies all genuine forms of African music is the unity of polyrhythmic percussion , voice ( call - and - response ) and dance in well - defined social settings , and the absence of melodic instruments of an Arabic or European kind . Yoruba and Congolese rituals ( edit ) Main articles : Yoruba people , Lucumi religion , Kongo people , Palo ( religion ) , and Batá Religious traditions of African origin have survived in Cuba , and are the basis of ritual music , song and dance quite distinct from the secular music and dance . The religion of Yoruban origin is known as Lucumí or Regla de Ocha ; the religion of Congolese origin is known as Palo , as in palos del monte . There are also , in the Oriente region , forms of Haitian ritual together with its own instruments , music etc . Clave ( edit ) Main article : clave ( rhythm ) 3 - 2 clave and 2 - 3 clave written in cut - time The clave rhythmic pattern is used as a tool for temporal organization in Afro - Cuban music , such as rumba , conga de comparsa , son , mambo ( music ) , salsa , Latin jazz , songo and timba . The five - stroke clave pattern ( distributed in groups of 3 + 2 or 2 + 3 beats ) represents the structural core of many Afro - Cuban rhythms . Just as a keystone holds an arch in place , the clave pattern holds the rhythm together in Afro - Cuban music . The clave pattern originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions , where it serves essentially the same function as it does in Cuba . The pattern is also found in the African diaspora musics of Haitian Vodou drumming and Afro - Brazilian music . The clave pattern is used in North American popular music as a rhythmic motif or ostinato , or simply a form of rhythmic decoration . Cuban carnival ( edit ) Main article : Cuban Carnival In Cuba , the word comparsa refers to the `` Cabildos de Nación '' neighbourhood groups that took part in the carnival authorized by the Spanish government on the Three Kings Day ( Día de Reyes ) during the colonial period . Conga is of African origin , and derives from street celebrations of the African spirits . The distinction is blurred today , but in the past the congas have been prohibited from time to time . Carnival as a whole was banned by the revolutionary government for many years , and still does not take place with the regularity of old . Conga drums are played ( along with other typical instruments ) in comparsas of all kinds . Santiago de Cuba and Havana were the two main centers for street carnivals . Two types of dance music ( at least ) owe their origin to comparsa music : Conga : an adaptation of comparsa music and dance for social dances . Eliseo Grenet may be the person who first created this music , but it was the Lecuona Cuban Boys who took it around the world . The conga became , and perhaps still is , the best - known Cuban music and dance style for non-latins . Mozambique is a comparsa - type dance music developed by Pello el Afrokan ( Pedro Izquierdo ) in 1963 . It had a brief period of high popularity , peaked in 1965 , and was soon forgotten . Apparently , to make it work properly , it needed 16 drums plus other percussion and dancers ... Tumba francesa ( edit ) Main article : Tumba francesa Immigrants from Haiti settled in Oriente and established their style of music , called Tumba Francesa , which uses its own type of drum , dance and song . It embodies one of the oldest and most tangible links to the Afro - Haitian heritage of Cuba 's Oriente province and developed from an eighteenth - century fusion of music from Dahomey in West Africa and traditional French dances . This fossil genre survives to the present day in Santiago de Cuba and Haiti , performed by specialized folk ensembles . Contradanza ( edit ) Main article : Contradanza The Contradanza is an important precursor of several later popular dances . It arrived in Cuba in the late 18th century from Europe where it had been developed first as the English country dance , and then as the French contradanse . The origin of the word is a corruption of the English term `` country dance '' . Manuel Saumell wrote over fifty contradanzas ( in 2 / 4 or 6 / 8 time ) , in which his rhythmic and melodic inventiveness was astonishing . The Contradanza is a communal sequence dance , with the dance figures conforming to a set pattern . The selection of figures for a particular dance was usually set by a master of ceremonies or dance leader . There were two parts of 16 bars each , danced in a line or square format . The tempo and style of the music was bright and fairly fast . The earliest Cuban creole composition of a Contradanza appeared published in Havana in 1803 and was named San Pascual bailón . This version shows for the first time the well known rhythm of `` Tango '' or `` Habanera '' which differentiates it from the European contradance . The Cubans developed a number of creolized version , such as the `` paseo '' , `` cadena '' , `` sostenido '' and `` cedazo '' . This creolization is an early example of the influence of the African traditions in the Caribbean . Most of the musicians were black or mulatto ( even early in the 19th century there were many freed slaves and mixed race persons living in Cuban towns ) . `` The women of Havana have a furious taste for dancing ; they spend entire nights elevated , agitated , crazy and pouring sweat until they fall spent . '' Rhythm of Tango or Habanera . Play ( help info ) The contradanza supplanted the minuet as the most popular dance until from 1842 on , it gave way to the habanera , a quite different style . Danza ( edit ) This genere , the offspring of the contradanza , was also danced in lines or squares . It was also a brisk form of music and dance in double or triple time . A repeated 8 - bar paseo was followed by two 16 - bar sections called the primera and segunda . One famous composer of danzas was Ignacio Cervantes , whose forty - one danzas cubanas were a landmark in musical nationalism . This type of dance was eventually replaced by the danzón , which was , like the habanera , much slower and more sedate . Habanera ( edit ) Main article : Habanera ( music ) The habanera developed out of the contradanza in the early 19th century . Its great novelty was that it was sung , as well as played and danced . Written in 2 / 4 meter , the Habanera is characterized by an expressive and languid melodious development and its characteristic rhythm called `` Habanera Rhythm . '' The dance style of the habanera is slower and more stately than the danza . By the 1840s habaneras were written , sung , and danced in Mexico , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and Spain . Since about 1900 the habanera has been a relic dance ; but the music has a period charm , and there are some famous compositions , such as Tú from Eduardo Sánchez de Fuentes , which has been recorded in many versions . Versions of habanera - type compositions have appeared in the music of Ravel , Bizet , Saint - Saëns , Debussy , Fauré , Albeniz . The rhythm is similar to that of the tango , and some believe the habanera is the musical father of the tango . Danzón ( edit ) Main articles : Danzón and Charanga ( Cuba ) Orquesta Enrique Peña . Peña seated left , Barreto ( violin ) and Urfé ( clarinet ) The European influence on Cuba 's later musical development is represented by danzón , an elegant musical form that was once more popular than the Son in Cuba . It is a descendent of the creollized Cuban contradanza . The danzón marks the change from the communal sequence dance style of the late 18th century to the couple dances of later times . The stimulus for this was the success of the once - scandalous walz , where couples danced facing each other , independently from other couples and not as part of a pre-set structure . The danzón was the first Cuban dance to adopt such methods , though there is a difference between the two dances . The walz is a progressive ballroom dance where couples move round the floor in an anti-clockwise direction ; the danzón is a ' pocket - handkerchief ' dance where a couple stays within a small area of the floor . The danzón was developed by Miguel Faílde in Matanzas , the official date of origin being 1879 . Failde 's was an orquesta típica , a form derived from military bands , using brass , kettle - drums etc . The later development of the charanga was more suited to the indoor salon and is an orchestral format still popular today in Cuba and some other countries . The charanga uses double bass , cello , violins , flute , piano , paila criolla and güiro . This change in instrumental set - up is illustrated in Early Cuban bands . Charanga de Antonio ( Papaíto ) Torroella ( 1856 -- 1934 ) From time to time in its ' career ' , the danzón acquired African influences in its musical structure . It became more syncopated , especially in its third part . The credit for this is given to José Urfé , who worked elements of the son into the last part of the danzón in his composition El bombin de Barreto ( 1910 ) . Both the danzón and the charanga line - up have been strongly influential in later developments . The danzón was exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America , especially Mexico . It is now a relic , both in music and in dance , but its highly orchestrated descendents live on in charangas that Faílde and Urfé would likely not recognize . Juan Formell has had a huge influence through his reorganization of first Orquesta Revé , and later Los Van Van . Danzonete ( edit ) Early Danzons were purely instrumental . The first to introduce a vocal part in a Danzón was Aniceto Díaz ( in 1927 in Matanzas ) , that was called Rompiendo la rutina , thereby creating a new genre called the Danzonete . Later , the black singer Barbarito Diez joined the charanga of Antonio María Romeu in 1935 and , over the years , recorded eleven albums of Danzonetes . All later forms of the Danzón have included vocals . Guaracha ( edit ) Main article : Guaracha María Teresa Vera & Rafael Zequeira On January 20 , 1801 , Buenaventura Pascual Ferrer published a note in a newspaper called `` El Regañón de La Habana , '' in which he refers to certain chants that `` run outside there through vulgar voices '' . Between them he mentioned a `` guaracha '' named `` La Guabina '' , about which he says : `` in the voice of those that sings it , tastes like any thing dirty , indecent or disgusting that you can think about ... '' At a later time , in an undetermined date , `` La Guabina '' appears published between the first musical scores printed in Havana at the beginning of the 19th century . According to the commentaries published in `` El Regañón de La Habana '' , it can be concluded that those `` guarachas '' were very popular within the Havana population at that time , because in the same previously mentioned article the author says : `` ... but most importantly , what bothers me most is the liberty with which a number of chants are sung throughout the streets and town homes , where innocence is insulted and morals offended ... by many individuals , not just of the lowest class , but also by some people that are supposed to be called well educated ... '' Therefore , it can be said that those `` guarachas '' of a very audacious content , were apparently already sung within a wide social sector of the Havana population . According to Alejo Carpentier ( quoting Buenaventura Pascual Ferrer ) , at the beginning of the 19th century there were held in Havana up to fifty dance parties every day , where the famous `` guaracha '' was sung and danced , among other popular pieces . The guaracha is a genre of rapid tempo and comic or picaresque lyrics . It originated at the end of the 18th century , and during the early 20th century was still often played in the brothels and other places in Havana . The lyrics were full of slang , and dwelt on events and people in the news . Rhythmically , guaracha exhibits a series of rhythm combinations , such as 6 / 8 with 2 / 4 . Many of the early trovadores , such as Manuel Corona ( who worked in a brothel area of Havana ) , composed and sang guarachas as a balance for the slower boleros and canciones . The satirical lyric content also fitted well with the son , and many bands played both genres . In the mid-20th century the style was taken up by the conjuntos and big bands as a type of up - tempo music . Today it seems no longer to exist as a distinct musical form ; it has been absorbed into the vast maw of Salsa . Singers who can handle the fast lyrics and are good improvisors are called guaracheros or guaracheras . Musical theatre ( edit ) Main article : Cuban musical theatre Adolfo Colombo From the 18th century ( at least ) to modern times , popular theatrical formats used , and gave rise to , music and dance . Many famous composers and musicians had their careers launched in the theatres , and many famous compositions got their first airing on the stage . In addition to staging some European operas and operettas , Cuban composers gradually developed ideas that better suited their audience . Recorded music was to be the couduit for Cuban music to reach the world . The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the Alhambra , Adolfo Colombo . Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917 . The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776 . The first Cuban - composed opera appeared in 1807 . Theatrical music was hugely important in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century ; its significance only began to wane with the change in political and social weather in the second part of the 20th century . Radio , which began in Cuba in 1922 , helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists . Zarzuela ( edit ) Main article : Zarzuela Zarzuela is a small - scale light operetta format . Starting off with imported Spanish content ( List of zarzuela composers ) , it developed into a running commentary on Cuba 's social and political events and problems . Zarzuela has the distinction of providing Cuba 's first recordings : the soprano Chalía Herrera ( 1864 -- 1968 ) made , outside Cuba , the first recordings by a Cuban artist . She recorded numbers from the zarzuela Cadíz in 1898 on unnumbered Bettini cylinders . Rita Montaner in 1938 during shooting of El romance del palmar Zarzuela reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century . A string of front - rank composers such as Gonzalo Roig , Eliseo Grenet , Ernesto Lecuona and Rodrigo Prats produced a series of hits for the Regina and Martí theatres in Havana . Great stars like the vedette Rita Montaner , who could sing , play the piano , dance and act , were the Cuban equivalents of Mistinguett and Josephine Baker in Paris . Some of the best known zarzuelas are La virgen morena ( Grenet ) , La Niña Rita ( Grenet and Lecuona ) , María la O , El batey , Rosa la China ( all Lecuona ) ; Gonzalo Roig with La Habana de noche ; Rodrigo Prats with Amalia Batista and La perla del caribe ; and above all , Cecilia Valdés ( the musical of the most famous Cuban novel of the 19th century , with music by Roig and script by Prats and Agustín Rodríguez ) . Artists who were introduced to the public in the lyric theatre include Caridad Suarez , María de los Angeles Santana , Esther Borja and Ignacio Villa , who had such a round , black face that Rita Montaner called him Bola de Nieve ( ' Snowball ' ) . However the most famous and undeniably most talented ( the Madonna of her times ) was Maruja Gonzalez . Born from Spanish parents in the Mexican locality of Mérida , Yucatán in 1904 , she died in Miami in 1999 . Maruja González Linares travelled from Cuba to the US at a very young age . She studied vocal techniques in Cuba , where she made her debut in 1929 as a lyrical singer in the Company of Maestro Ernesto Lecuona . Maruja González performed in several theaters of Havana before going on a tour through the United States and upon her return to Havana she sang La Bayadere and the Merry Widow in the same city . At the beginning of the 30s , she signed a number of contracts in Latin America and in Spain . She married Perico Suarez . The Cuban Revolution caught her abroad and she never returned to her country . Bufo theatre ( edit ) Cuban bufo theatre is a form of comedy , ribald and satirical , with stock figures imitating types that might be found anywhere in the country . Bufo had its origin around 1800 - 15 as an older form , tonadilla , began to vanish from Havana . Francisco Covarrubias the ' caricaturist ' ( 1775 -- 1850 ) was its creator . Gradually , the comic types threw off their European models and became more and more creolized and Cuban . Alongside , the music followed . Argot from slave barracks and poor barrios found its way into lyrics that are those of the guaracha : Una mulata me ha muerto ! Y no prenden a esa mulata ? Como ha de quedar hombre vivo si no prenden a quien mata ! La mulata es como el pan ; se debe comer caliente , que en dejandola enfriar ni el diablo le mete el diente ! ( A mulata 's done for me ! What 's more , they do n't arrest her ! How can any man live If they do n't take this killer ? A mulatta is like fresh bread You got ta eat it while it 's hot If you leave it till it 's cool Even the devil ca n't get a bite ! ) The `` guaracha '' occupied a predominant place within the development of vernacular theater in Cuba , which appearance at the beginning of the 19th century coincides with the emergence of the first autochthonous Cuban musical genres , the `` guaracha '' and the `` contradanza . '' . Since 1812 , Francisco Covarrubias ( considered as the father of the Bufo Theater ) gradually substituted in his theatrical pieces the typical characters of the Spanish `` tonadilla escénica '' with creole characters such as `` guajiros '' , `` monteros '' , `` carreteros '' or `` peones '' . Those structural transformations were also associated to certain changes in the musical background of the pieces . Thus , the Spanish genres such as `` jácaras '' , `` tiranas '' , `` boleras '' or `` villancicos '' , were substituted by `` guarachas '' , `` décimas '' and `` canciones cubanas . '' Other theatrical forms ( edit ) Vernacular theatre of various types often includes music . Formats rather like the British Music Hall , or the American Vaudeville , still occur , where an audience is treated to a potpourri of singers , comedians , bands , sketches and speciality acts . Even in cinemas during the silent movies , singers and instrumentalists appeared in the interval , and a pianist played during the films . Bola de Nieve and María Teresa Vera played in cinemas in their early days . Burlesque was also common in Havana before 1960 . The black curros ( negros curros ) ( edit ) Negro Curro Juan Cocuyo In reference to the emergence of the Guaracha and , at a later time , also of the Urban Rumba in Havana and Matanzas , it is important to mention an important and picturesque social sector called Black Curros ( Negros Curros ) . Composed of free blacks that had arrived from Seville on an undetermined date , this group was integrated to the population of free blacks and mulattos that lived in the marginal zones of the city of Havana . José Victoriano Betancourt a Cuban `` costumbrista '' writer from the 19th century described them as follows : `` ... they ( the curros ) had a peculiar aspect , and was enough to look at them to recognize them as curros : their long hunks of kinky braids , falling over their face and neck like big millipedes , their teeth cut ( sharp and pointed ) to the carabalí style , their fine embroidered cloth shirts , their pants , almost always white , or with colored stripes , narrow at the waist and very wide in the legs ; the canvas shoes , cut low with silver buckles , the short jacket with pointed tail , the exaggerated straw hat , with black hanging silk tassles , and the thick gold hoops that they wore in their ears , from which they hung harts and padlocks of the same metal , forming an ornament that only they wear ; ... those were the curros of El Manglar ( The mangrove neighborhood ) ... '' The curro was dedicated to laziness , theft and procuring , while his companion , the curra , also called `` mulata de rumbo '' , exercised the prostitution in Cuba . According to Carlos Noreña , she was well known for the use of burato shawls of meticulous work and plaited fringes , for which they used to pay from nine to ten ounces of gold `` , as well as by the typical clacking ( chancleteo ) they produced with their wooden slippers . But the Curros also provided entertainment , including songs and dances to the thousands of Spanish men that came to the Island every year in the ships that followed the `` Carrera de Indias '' , a route established by the Spanish Crown for their galleons in order to avoid attacks from pirates and privateers , and stayed for months until they returned to the Port of Seville . Being subject to the influence of both the Spanish and the African culture from birth , they are supposed to have played an important role in the creolization of the Spanish song - dances original proto - type ( copla - estribillo ) that originated the Cuban Guaracha . The Black curro and the Mulata de Rumbo ( Black Curra ) disappeared since the mid 19th century by integrating to the Havana general population , but their picturesque images survived in social prototypes manifested in the characters of the Bufo Theater . The famous `` Mulatas de Rumbo '' ( mulatto characters ) Juana Chambicú and María La O , as well as the black `` cheches '' ( bullies ) José Caliente `` who rips in half those who oppose him , '' Candela , `` negrito that flies and cuts with the knife , '' as well as the Black Curro Juán Cocuyo , were strongly linked to the characteristic image of the Black Curro and to the ambiance of the Guaracha and the Rumba . Rumba ( edit ) Main articles : Rumba and Cuban rumba The word Rumba is an abstract term that has been applied with different purposes to a wide variety of subjects for a very long time . From a semantic point of view , the term rumba is included in a group of words with similar meaning such as conga , milonga , bomba , tumba , samba , bamba , mambo , tambo , tango , cumbé , cumbia and candombe . All of them denote a Congolese origin due to the utilization of sound combinations such as , mb , ng and nd , that are typical of the Niger - Congo linguistic complex . Maybe the most ancient and general of its meanings is that of a feast or `` holgorio '' . As far as the second half of the 19th century , this word can be found used several times to represent a feast in a short story called `` La mulata de rumbo '' , from the Cuban folklorist Francisco de Paula Gelabert : `` ... I have more enjoyment and fun in a rumbita with those of my color and class ... '' , or `` Leocadia was going to bed , as I was telling you , nothing less than at twelve noon , when one of his friends from the rumbas arrived , along with another young man that he wanted to introduce to her ... '' According to Alejo Carpentier `` ... it is significant that the word rumba have passed to the Cuban language as a synonym of holgorio , lewd dance , merrymaking with low class women ( mujeres del rumbo ) . '' As an example , In the case of the Yuka , Makuta and Changüí feasts in Cuba , as well as the Milonga and the Tango in Argentina , the word rumba was originally utilized to nominate a festive gathering ; and after some time it was used to name the musical and dance genres that were played at those gatherings . Among many others , some ultizations of the term `` rumba include a cover - all term for faster Cuban music which started in the early 1930s with The Peanut Vendor . This term was replaced during the 70s by salsa , which is also a cover - all term for marketing the Cuban music and other Hispano - Caribbean genres to non-Cubans . In the international Latin - American dance syllabus rumba is a misnomer for the slow Cuban rhythm more accurately called bolero - son . Rumba and guaracha ( edit ) Some scholars have pointed out that in reference to the utilization of the terms rumba and guaracha , there is possibly a case of synonymy , or the use of two different words to denominate the same thing . According to María Teresa Linares : `` ... during the first years of the 20th century , there were used at the end of the vernacular ( Bufo ) theater plays some musical fragments that the authors sang , and that were called closing rumba ( rumba final ) ... '' and she continues explaining that those ( rumbas ) `` ... were certainly guarachas . '' The musical pieces used to close those plays may have been indistinctly called rumbas or guarachas , because those terms did n't denote any generic or structural difference between them . Linares also said in reference to this subject : `` Some recordings of guarachas and rumbas have been preserved that do not differentiate between them in the guitar parts -- when it was a small group , duo or trio , or by the theater orchestra or a piano . The labels of the recordings stated : dialogue and rumba ( diálogo y rumba ) . '' Urban rumba ( edit ) Main article : Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) Rumba drummer Urban rumba ( also called Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) ) , is an amalgamation of several African drumming and dance traditions , combined with Spanish influences . According to Cuban musicologist Argeliers León : `` In the feast that constituted a rumba concurred , therefore , determined African contributions , but also converged other elements from Hispanic roots , that were already incorporated to the expressions that appeared in the new population emerging in the Island . '' Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) is a secular musical style from the docks and the less prosperous areas of Havana and Matanzas . A the beginning , rumba musicians used a trio of wooden boxes ( cajones ) to play , that were substituted at a later time by drums , similar in appearance to conga drums . The treble drum is called `` quinto '' , the medium range drum is called `` macho or tres - dos '' ( three - two ) , because its essential rhythm is based on the Cuban clave pattern , and the bass drum is called `` hembra o salidor , '' because it usually began or `` broke in '' ( rompía ) the rumba . In the Rumba ensemble they also utilize two sticks or spoons to beat over a hollow piece of bamboo called `` guagua '' or `` catá , '' as well as the Cuban Claves , the Güiro and some rattles from bantu origin called `` nkembi '' . The vocal part of the rumba corresponds to a modified version of the ancient Spanish style of `` copla - estribillo '' ( quatrain - refrain ) , including a `` montuno '' section that one may consider an expanded or developed `` refrain '' that constitute an independent section which include the call and response style , so typical of the African traditions . Rumba drummers From the many rumba styles that began to appear during the end of the 19th century called `` Spanish times '' ( Tiempo'españa ) , such as tahona , jiribilla , palatino and resedá , three basic Rumba forms have survived : the Columbia , the guaguancó and the yambú . The Columbia , played in 6 / 8 time , is often as a solo dance performed only by a male performer . It is fast and swift and also includes aggressive and acrobatic moves . The guaguancó is danced by a pair of one man and one woman . The dance simulates the man 's pursuit of the woman . The yambú , now a relic , featured a burlesque imitation of an old man walking with a stick . All forms of rumba are accompanied by song or chants . Rumba ( de solar o de cajón ) is today a fossil genre usually seen in Cuba in performances of professional groups . There are also amateur groups based on Casas de Cultura ( Culture Centers ) , and on work groups . Like all aspects of life in Cuba , dance and music are organised by the state through Ministries and their various committees . Coros de clave ( edit ) Main article : Coros de Clave Coros de Clave were popular choral groups that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century in Havana and other Cuban cities . The Cuban government only allowed black people , slaves or free , to cultivate their cultural traditions within the boundaries of certain mutual aid societies , which were founded during the 16th century . According to David H. Brown , those societies , called Cabildos , `` provided in times of sickness and death , held masses for deceased members , collected funds to buy nation - brethren out of slavery , held regular dances and diversions on Sundays and feast days , and sponsored religious masses , processions and dancing carnival groups ( now called comparsas ) around the annual cycle of Catholic festival days . '' Within the Cabildos of certain neighborhoods from Havana , Matanzas , Sancti Spíritus and Trinidad , some choral groups were founded during the 19th century that organized competitive activities , and in some occasions were visited by local authorities and neighbors that gave them money and presents . Those choral societies were called Coros de Clave , probably after the instrument that used to accompany their performances , the Cuban Claves . The accompaniment of the choirs also included a guitar and the percussion was executed over the sound box of an American banjo from which the strings were removed , due to the fact that African drums performance was strictly forbidden in Cuban cities . The style of the Coros de Clave music , and particulally its rhythm , originated at a later time a popular song genre called Clave , which most probable served as the original prototype for the creation of the Criolla genre . Both genres , the Clave and the Criolla became very popular within the Cuban vernacular theater repertoire . Rural rumba ( edit ) Cuban rural landscape In a similar way as the first Spanish song - dances spread from the cities to the countryside , also the characteristics of the Cuban Guaracha , that enjoyed great popularity in Havana , began to spread to the rural areas in an undetermined time during the 19th century . This process was not difficult at all if one considers how close one to the other were the urban and the rural areas in Cuba at that time . That was why the Cuban peasants ( guajiros ) began to include in their parties called `` guateques '' or `` changüís '' , and in feasts such as the `` fiestas patronales '' ( patron saint celebrations ) and the `` parrandas '' , some Rumbitas ( little rumbas ) that were very similar to the urban Guarachas , which binary meter contrasted with the ternary beat of their traditional `` tonadas '' and `` zapateos '' . Those little rural rumbas have been called by renowned musicologist Danilo Orozco `` proto - sones '' , `` soncitos primigenios '' , `` rumbitas '' , `` nengones '' or `` marchitas , '' and some of them , such as : Caringa , Papalote , Doña Joaquina , Anda Pepe and the Tingotalango have been preserved until the present time . The Rumbitas were considered as Proto - sones ( primeval Sones ) , because of the evident analogy that its structural components show with the Son , which emerged in Havana during the first decades of the 20th century . The Rumbitas may be considered as the original prototype of this popular genre . According to musicologist Virtudes Feliú , those Rumbitas appeared in cities and towns throughout the entire territory of the Island , such as : Ciego de Ávila , Sancti Espíritus , Cienfuegos , Camagüey , Puerta de Golpe in Pinar del Río and Bejucal in Havana , as well as Remedios in Villa Clara and Isla de Pinos ( Pines Island ) . There are many references to the Cuban Independence Wars ( 1868 - 1898 ) , related to the rural Rumbitas , in the Eastern region of the country as well as in the Western region and Isla de Pinos , which suggest that their emergence took place approximately during the second half of the 19th century . The rural Rumbitas included a greater number of African characteristics in comparison with the Cuban Guaracha , due to the gradual integration of free Afro - Cuban citizens to the rural environment . Since the 16th century , thanks to a government approved program called `` manumisión '' , the black slaves were allowed to pay for their freedom with their own savings . Therefore , a larger number of free blacks were dedicated to the manual labors in the fields than in the cities and some of them were also able to become proprietaries of land and slaves . Characteristics of the rural rumba ( edit ) Tres cubano One of the most salient characteristics of the rural Rumbitas was its own form , very similar to the African typical song structure . In this case , the entire piece was based on a single musical fragment or phrase of short duration that was repeated , with some variations , time and time again ; often alternating with a choir . This style was called `` Montuno '' ( literally `` from the countryside '' ) due to its rural origin . Marímbula Another characteristic of the new genre was the superposition of different rhythmic patterns simultaneously executed , similarly to the way it is utilized in the Urban Rumba , which is also a common trait of the African musical tradition . Those layers or `` franjas de sonoridades '' according to Argeliers León , were assigned to different instruments that were gradually incorporated to the group . Therefore , the ensemble grew from the traditional Tiple and Güiro , to a one that included : guitar , `` bandurria '' , Cuban lute , claves , and other instruments such as the `` tumbandera '' , the `` marímbula '' , the `` botija '' , the bongoes , the common `` machete '' ( cutlass ) and the accordion . Some important musical functions were assigned to the sonority layers , such as the : `` Time Line '' or Clave Rhythm performed by the claves , a `` 1 - eighth note + 2 - sixteenth notes '' rhythm played by the güiro or the machete , the patterns of the `` guajeo '' by the Tres ( instrument ) , the improvisation on the bongoes and the anticipated bass on the `` tumbandera '' or the `` botija '' . Proto - son ( edit ) The origin of the Cuban son can be traced to the rural rumbas , called proto - sones ( primeval sones ) by musicologist Danilo Orozco . They show , in a partial or embryonic form , all the characteristics that at a later time were going to identify the Son style : The repetition of a phrase called montuno , the clave pattern , a rhythmic counterpoint between different layers of the musical texture , the guajeo from the Tres , the rhythms from the guitar , the bongoes and the double bass and the call and response style between soloist and choir . According to Radamés Giro : at a later time the refrain ( estribillo ) or montuno was tied to a quatrain ( cuarteta -- copla ) called regina , which was how the peasants from the Eastern side of the country called the quatrain . In this way , the structure refrain -- quatrain -- refrain appears at a very early stage in the Son Oriental , like in one of the most ancient Sones called `` Son de Máquina '' ( Machine Son ) which comprises three reginas with its correspondent refrains . During an investigative project about the Valera - Miranda family ( old Soneros ) conducted by Danilo Orozco in the region of Guantánamo , he recorded a sample of Nengón , which is considered an ancestor of the Changüí . It shows the previously mentioned refrain -- quatrain -- refrain structure . In this case , the several repetitions of the refrain constitute a true `` montuno . '' Refrain : Yo he nacido para ti nengón , yo he nacido para ti nengón , yo he nacido para ti Nengón ... ( I was born for you Nengón ... ) Nengón ( edit ) The `` Nengón '' is considered a Proto - Son , precursor of the Changüí and also of the Oriental Son . Its main characteristic is the alternance of improvised verses between a soloist and a choir . The Nengón is played with Tres , Guitar , Güiro and Tingotalango or Tumbandera . Changüí ( edit ) Main article : Changüí Changüí is a type of son from the eastern provinces ( area of Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo ) , formerly known as Oriente . It shares relevant characteristics with the Oriental Son in regard to rhythms , instruments and choral refrains ; and at the same time it shows certain original elements . Changüí exists today in the form of half - a-dozen small groups , mostly from Guantanamo . The instrumentation is similar to that of the early Son groups who set up in Havana before 1920 . These son groups , for example , the early Sexteto Boloña and Sexteto Habanero , used either marimbulas or botijas as bass instruments before they changed over to the double bass , musically a more flexible instrument . It is an open question whether today Changüí is still a genuinely distinctive music , or simply an archaic form of Son artificially preserved by state support . Some modern orchestras , such as Orquesta Revé , have claimed Changüí as their main influence . Whether this is accurate , or not , is unclear . Sucu - Sucu ( edit ) We can also find in Isla de Pinos , at the opposite Western side of the Island a primeval Proto - Son called Sucu - Sucu , which also shows the same structure of the Oriental Proto - Sones . According to Maria Teresa Linares , In the Sucu - Sucu the music is similar to a Son Montuno in its formal , melodic , instrumental and harmonic structure . A soloist alternates with a choir and improvises on a quatrain or a `` décima . '' The instrumental group initiates an introduction to which the instruments gradually incorporates , beginning with the Tres . The introduction of eight measures is followed by the refrain by the choir that alternates with the soloist several times . Trova ( edit ) Main article : Trova In the 19th century here grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians , troubadors , who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar . They were of great importance as composers , and their songs have been transcribed for all genres of Cuban music Pepe Sánchez , born José Sánchez ( 1856 -- 1918 ) , is known as the father of the trova style and the creator of the Cuban bolero . He had no formal training in music . With remarkable natural talent , he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down . As a result , most of these numbers are now lost for ever , though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples transcribed them . His first bolero , Tristezas , is still remembered today . He also created advertisement jingles before radio was born . He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him . Guarionex & Sindo Garay The first , and one of the longest - lived , was Sindo Garay ( 1867 -- 1968 ) . He was an outstanding composer of trova songs , and his best have been sung and recorded many times . Garay was also musically illiterate -- in fact , he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 -- but in his case not only were scores recorded by others , but there are recordings . Garay settled in Havana in 1906 , and in 1926 joined Rita Montaner and others to visit Paris , spending three months there . He broadcast on radio , made recordings and survived into modern times . He used to say `` Not many men have shaken hands with both José Martí and Fidel Castro ! '' José ' Chicho ' Ibáñez ( 1875 -- 1981 ) was even longer - lived than Garay . Ibáñez was the first trovador to specialize in the son ; he also sang guaguancós and pieces from the abakuá . The composer Rosendo Ruiz ( 1885 -- 1983 ) was another long - lived trovador . He was the author of a well - known guitar manual . Alberto Villalón ( 1882 -- 1955 ) , and Manuel Corona ( 1880 -- 1950 ) were of similar stature . Garay , Ruiz , Villalón and Corona are known as the four greats of the trova , though the following trovadores are also highly regarded . Patricio Ballagas ( 1879 -- 1920 ) ; María Teresa Vera ( 1895 -- 1965 ) , Lorenzo Hierrezuelo ( 1907 -- 1993 ) , Ñico Saquito ( Antonio Fernandez : 1901 -- 1982 ) , Carlos Puebla ( 1917 -- 1989 ) and Compay Segundo ( Máximo Francisco Repilado Muñoz : 1907 -- 2003 ) were all great trova musicians . El Guayabero ( Faustino Oramas : 1911 -- 2007 ) was the last of the old trova . Trova musicians often worked in pairs and trios , some of them exclusively so ( Compay Segundo ) . As the sexteto / septeto / conjunto genre grew many of them joined in the larger groups . And let 's not forget the Trio Matamoros , who worked together for most of their lives . Matamoros was one of the greats . Bolero ( edit ) Main articles : Bolero § Cuba , and Trova This is a song and dance form quite different from its Spanish namesake . It originated in the last quarter of the 19th century with the founder of the traditional trova , Pepe Sánchez . He wrote the first bolero , Tristezas , which is still sung today . The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova musician 's repertoire . Rosendo Ruiz , Manuel Corona , Sindo Garay & Alberto Villalon Originally , there were two sections of 16 bars in 2 / 4 time separated by an instrumental section on the Spanish guitar called the pasacalle . The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable , and led to many variants . Typical was the introduction of sychopation leading to the bolero - moruno , bolero - beguine , bolero - mambo , bolero - cha . The bolero - son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba , and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly - named ' rumba ' . The Cuban bolero was exported all over the world , and is still popular . Leading composers of the bolero were Sindo Garay , Rosendo Ruiz , Carlos Puebla , and Agustín Lara ( Mexico ) . Canción ( edit ) Main article : Canción Canción means ' song ' in Spanish . It is a popular genre of Latin American music , particularly in Cuba , where many of the compositions originate . Its roots lie in Spanish , French and Italian popular song forms . Originally highly stylized , with `` intricate melodies and dark , enigmatic and elaborate lyrics '' The canción was democratized by the trova movement in the latter part of the 19th century , when it became a vehicle for the aspirations and feelings of the population . Canción gradually fused with other forms of Cuban music , such as the bolero . Tropical waltz ( edit ) The waltz ( El vals ) arrived in Cuba by 1814 . It was the first dance in which couples were not linked by a communal sequence pattern . It was , and still is , danced in 3 / 4 time with the accent on the first beat . It was originally thought scandalous because couples faced each other , held each other in the ' closed ' hold , and , so to speak , ignored the surrounding community . The waltz entered all countries in the Americas ; its relative popularity in 19th - century Cuba is hard to estimate . Indigenous Cuban dances did not use the closed hold with couples dancing independently until the danzón later in the century , though the guaracha might be an earlier example . The waltz has another characteristic : it is a ' travelling ' dance , with couples moving round the arena . In Latin dances , progressive movement of dancers is unusual , but does occur in the conga , the samba and the tango . The Tropical waltz was performed in a slower tempo and frequently included a sung melody with a text . Those texts usually referred to the beauties of the Cuban countryside , the longing of the Siboneyes ( Cuban aboriginee ) and other creole themes . With accents on its three beats , its melody was fluid and composed of equal value notes . It was similar to many other songs in which the melody was treated in a syllabic way , where the first beat was not stressed by a brief anacrusis but had a tendency to move toward the second beat like in the peasant ( guajiro ) song . Son ( edit ) Main article : Son ( music ) Guitar and Tres Son cubano is a style of music and dance that originated in Cuba and gained worldwide popularity during the 1930s . Son combines the structure and traits of the Spanish canción with Afro - Cuban stylistic and percussion instruments elements . The Cuban Son is one of the most influential and widespread forms of Latin American music : its derivatives and fusions , especially salsa , have spread across the world . The Son , said Cristóbal Díaz , is the most important genre of Cuban music , and the least studied . It can fairly be said that son is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina , or the samba to Brazil . In addition , it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin - American music . Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions . Its most characteristic instruments are the Cuban instrument known as the tres , and the well - known double - headed bongó ; these are present from the start to the present day . Also typical are the claves , the Spanish guitar , the double bass ( replacing the early botija or marímbula ) , early on the cornet or trumpet and finally the piano . In spite of a traditional tendency to attribute the origin of Cuban Son to the Eastern region of Cuba ( Oriente ) , most recently , some musicologists have shown a more inclusive stance . Although Alejo Carpentier , Emilio Grenet and Cristóbal Díaz Ayala support the `` Eastern origin '' theory , Argeliers León does n't mention anything about it in his pivotal work `` Del Canto y el Tiempo '' , as well as María Teresa Linares in `` The Music between Cuba and Spain . '' Ramadamés Giro states about this subject : `` If Son was an artistic phenomenon that was developing since the second half of the 19th century -- and not just in the old Oriente ( Eastern ) province - , it is logical to suppose , but not to affirm , that long before 1909 it was heard in the Capital City ( Havana ) because of the aforementioned reasons ... '' It was in Havana where the encounter of the rural rumba and the urban rumba , that had been developing separately during the second half of the 19th century , took place . The guaracheros and rumberos that used to play with the Tiple and the Guiro finally met other Rumberos that sang and danced accompanied by the wooden box ( cajón ) and the Cuban Clave , and the result was the fusion of both styles in a new genre called Son . Around 1910 the Son most likely adopted the clave rhythm from the Havana - based rumba , which had been developed in the late 19th century in Havana and Matanzas . The mass popularization of Son music led to an increased valorization of Afro - Cuban street culture and of the artists who created it . It also opened the door for other music genres with Afro - Cuban roots to become popular in Cuba and throughout the world . Cuban jazz ( edit ) The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years , but it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the US . Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands , but a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings . Migrations and visits to and from the US and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept musicians in the two countries in touch . In the first part of the 20th century , there were close relations between musicians in Cuba and those in New Orleans . The orchestra leader in the famous Tropicana Club , Armando Romeu Jr , was a leading figure in the post-World War II development of Cuban jazz . The phenomenon of cubop and the jam sessions in Havana and New York organized by Cachao created genuine fusions that influence musicians today . A key historian of early Cuban jazz is Leonardo Acosta . Others have explored the history of jazz and Latin jazz more from the U.S. perspective . Early Cuban jazz bands ( edit ) Jazz Band Sagua , 1920s The Jazz Band Sagua was founded in Sagua la Grande in 1914 by Pedro Stacholy ( director & piano ) . Members : Hipólito Herrera ( trumpet ) ; Norberto Fabelo ( cornet ) ; Ernesto Ribalta ( flute & sax ) ; Humberto Domínguez ( violin ) ; Luciano Galindo ( trombone ) ; Antonio Temprano ( tuba ) ; Tomás Medina ( drum kit ) ; Marino Rojo ( güiro ) . For fourteen years they played at the Teatro Principal de Sagua . Stacholy studied under Antonio Fabré in Sagua , and completed his studies in New York , where he stayed for three years . The Cuban Jazz Band was founded in 1922 by Jaime Prats in Havana . The personnel included his son Rodrigo Prats on violin , the great flautist Alberto Socarrás on flute and saxophone and Pucho Jiménez on slide trombone . The line - up would probably have included double bass , kit drum , banjo , cornet at least . Earlier works cited this as the first jazz band in Cuba , but evidently there were earlier groups . In 1924 Moisés Simons ( piano ) founded a group which played on the roof garden of the Plaza Hotel in Havana , and consisted of piano , violin , two saxes , banjo , double bass , drums and timbales . Its members included Virgilio Diago ( violin ) ; Alberto Soccarás ( alto saz , flute ) ; José Ramón Betancourt ( tenor sax ) ; Pablo O'Farrill ( d. bass ) . In 1928 , still at the same venue , Simons hired Julio Cueva , a famous trumpeter , and Enrique Santiesteban , a future media star , as vocalist and drummer . These were top instrumentalists , attracted by top fees of $8 a day . During the 1930s , several bands played Jazz in Havana , such as those of Armando Romeu , Isidro Pérez , Chico O'Farrill and Germán Lebatard . Their most important contribution was its own instrumental format itself , which introduced the typical Jazz sonority to the Cuban audience . Another important element within this process were the arrangements of Cuban musicians such as Romeu , O'Farrill , Bebo Valdés , Peruchín Jústiz and Leopoldo `` Pucho '' Escalante . Afro - Cuban jazz ( edit ) Main article : Afro - Cuban jazz Machito and his sister Graciella Grillo Afro - Cuban jazz is the earliest form of Latin jazz and mixes Afro - Cuban clave - based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation . Afro - Cuban jazz first emerged in the early 1940s , with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo `` Machito '' in the band Machito and his Afro - Cubans , based in New York City . In 1947 the collaborations of bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie with Cuban percussionist Chano Pozo brought Afro - Cuban rhythms and instruments , most notably the tumbadora and the bongo , into the East Coast jazz scene . Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music , such as Dizzy 's and Pozo 's `` Manteca '' and Charlie Parker 's and Machito 's `` Mangó Mangüé '' , were commonly referred to as `` Cubop '' , short for Cuban bebop ... During its first decades , the Afro - Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba itself . In the early 1970s , the Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna and later Irakere brought Afro - Cuban jazz into the Cuban music scene , influencing new styles such as songo . Diversification and popularization ( edit ) Cuban music enters the United States ( edit ) In 1930 , Don Azpiazú had the first million - selling record of Cuban music : The Peanut Vendor ( El Manisero ) , with Antonio Machín as the singer . This number had been orchestrated and included in N.Y. theatre by Azpiazú before recording , which no doubt helped with the publicity . The Lecuona Cuban Boys became the best - known Cuban touring ensemble : they were the ones who first used the conga drum in their conjunto , and popularized the conga as a dance . Xavier Cugat at the Waldorf Astoria was highly influential . In 1941 Desi Arnaz popularized the comparsa drum ( similar to the conga ) in the U.S with his performances of Babalú . There was a real ' rumba craze ' at the time . Later , Mario Bauza and Machito set up in New York and Miguelito Valdés also arrived there . 1940s and ' 50s ( edit ) In the 1940s , Chano Pozo formed part of the bebop revolution in jazz , playing conga with Dizzy Gillespie and Machito in New York City . Cuban jazz had started much earlier , in Havana , in the period 1910 -- 1930 . Conjunto of Arsenio Rodríguez Arsenio Rodríguez , one of Cuba 's most famous tres players and conjunto leaders , emphasised the son 's African roots by adapting the guaguancó style , and by adding a cowbell and conga to the rhythm section . He also expanded the role of the tres as a solo instrument . In the late 1930s and 40s , the danzonera Arcaño y sus Maravillas incorporated more syncopation and added a montuno ( as in son ) , transforming the music played by charanga orchestras . The big band era ( edit ) The big band era arrived in Cuba in the 1940s , and became a dominant format that survives . Two great arranger - bandleaders deserve special credit for this , Armando Romeu Jr. and Damaso Perez Prado . Armando Romeu Jr. led the Tropicana Cabaret orchestra for 25 years , starting in 1941 . He had experience playing with visiting American jazz groups as well as a complete mastery of Cuban forms of music . In his hands the Tropicana presented not only Afrocuban and other popular Cuban music , but also Cuban jazz and American big band compositions . Later he conducted the Orquesta Cubana de Musica Moderna . Damaso Perez Prado had a number of hits , and sold more 78s than any other Latin music of the day . He took over the role of pianist / arranger for the Orquesta Casino de la Playa in 1944 , and immediately began introducing new elements into its sound . The orchestra began to sound more Afrocuban , and at the same time Prado took influences from Stravinsky , Stan Kenton and elsewhere . By the time he left the orchestra in 1946 he had put together the elements of his big band mambo. : `` Above all , we must point out the work of Perez Prado as an arranger , or better yet , composer and arranger , and his clear influence on most other Cuban arrangers from then on . '' Benny Moré , considered by many as the greatest Cuban singer of all time , was in his heyday in the 1950s . He had an innate musicality and fluid tenor voice , which he colored and phrased with great expressivity . Although he could not read music , Moré was a master of all the genres , including son montuno , mambo , guaracha , guajira , cha cha cha , afro , canción , guaguancó , and bolero . His orchestra , the Banda Gigante , and his music , was a development -- more flexible and fluid in style -- of the Perez Prado orchestra , which he sang with in 1949 -- 1950 . Cuban music in the US ( edit ) Three great innovations based on Cuban music hit the US after World War II : the first was Cubop , the latest latin jazz fusion . In this , Mario Bauza and the Machito orchestra on the Cuban side and Dizzy Gillespie on the American side were prime movers . The rumbustious conguero Chano Pozo was also important , for he introduced jazz musicians to basic Cuban rhythms . Cuban jazz has continued to be a significant influence . The mambo first entered the United States around 1950 , though ideas had been developing in Cuba and Mexico City for some time . The mambo as understood in the United States and Europe was considerably different from the danzón - mambo of Orestes `` Cachao '' Lopez , which was a danzon with extra syncopation in its final part . The mambo -- which became internationally famous -- was a big band product , the work of Perez Prado , who made some sensational recordings for RCA in their new recording studios in Mexico City in the late 1940s . About 27 of those recordings had Benny Moré as the singer , though the best sellers were mainly instrumentals . The big hits included `` Que rico el mambo '' ( Mambo Jambo ) ; `` Mambo No. 5 '' ; `` Mambo # 8 '' ; `` Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) '' . The later ( 1955 ) hit `` Patricia '' was a mambo / rock fusion . Mambo of the Prado kind was more a descendent of the son and the guaracha than the danzón . In the U.S. the mambo craze lasted from about 1950 to 1956 , but its influence on the bugaloo and salsa that followed it was considerable . Celia Cruz Violinist Enrique Jorrín invented the chachachá in the early 1950s . This was developed from the danzón by increased syncopation . The chachachá became more popular outside Cuba when the big bands of Perez Prado and Tito Puente produced arrangements that attracted American and European audiences . Along with `` Nuyoricans '' Ray Barretto and Tito Puente and others , several waves of Cuban immigrants introduced their ideas into US music . Among these was Celia Cruz , a guaracha singer . Others were active in Latin jazz , such as percussionist Patato Valdés of the Cuban - oriented `` Tipíca ' 73 '' , linked to the Fania All - Stars . Several former members of Irakere have also become highly successful in the US , among them Paquito D'Rivera and Arturo Sandoval . Tata Güines , a famous conguero , moved to New York City in 1957 , playing with jazz players such as Dizzy Gillespie , Maynard Ferguson , and Miles Davis at Birdland . As a percussionist , he performed with Josephine Baker and Frank Sinatra . He returned to Cuba in 1959 after Fidel Castro came to power in the Cuban Revolution , which he helped fund with contributions from his earnings as a musician . Mambo ( edit ) Main article : Mambo ( music ) Mambo is a musical genre and dance style that developed originally in Cuba . The word `` Mambo '' , similarly to other afroamerican musical denominations as conga , milonga , bomba , tumba , samba , bamba , bamboula , tambo , tango , cumbé , cumbia and candombe , denote an African origin , particularly from Congo , due to the presence of certain characteristic combinations of sounds , such as mb , ng and nd , which belong to the Niger - Congo linguistic complex . The earliest roots of the Cuban Mambo can be traced to the `` Danzón de Nuevo Ritmo '' ( Danzón with a new rhythm ) made popular by the orchestra `` Arcaño y sus Maravillas '' conducted by famous bandleader Antonio Arcaño . He was the first to denominate a section of the popular Cuban Danzón as a `` Mambo . '' It was Arcaño 's cellist , Orestes López , who created the first Danzón called `` Mambo '' ( 1938 ) . In this piece , some syncopated motives , taken from the Son style , were combined with improvised flute passages . Pianist and arranger from Matanzas , Cuba , Dámaso Pérez Prado ( 1927 ) established his residence in Havana at the beginning of the 1940s and began to work at night clubs and orchestras , such as Paulina Alvarez 's and Casino de La Playa . In 1949 he traveled to Mexico looking for job opportunities and achieved great success with a new style , to which he assigns a name that had been already utilized by Antonio Arcaño , the `` Mambo . '' Perez Prado 's style differed from the previous `` Mambo '' concept . The new style possessed a greater influence from the North - American Jazz band music , and an expanded instrumentation consisting of four or five trumpets , four of five saxophones , double bass , drum set , maracas , cowbell , congas and bongoes . The new `` Mambo '' included a catchy counterpoint between the trumpets and the saxophones , that impulsed the body to move along with the rhythm , stimulated at the end of each musical phrase by a characteristic deep throat sound expression . Prado 's recordings were meant for the Latin American and U.S. Latino markets , but some of his most celebrated mambos , such as `` Mambo No. 5 '' and `` Que Rico el Mambo '' , quickly crossed over to the United States . Chachachá ( edit ) Main article : Cha - cha - chá ( music ) Cha - Cha rhythm . Chachachá is a genre of Cuban music . It has been a popular dance music which developed from the Danzón - mambo in the early 1950s , and became widely popular throughout the entire world . Chachachá is a Cuban music genre whose creation has been traditionally attributed to Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín , which began his career playing for the charanga band Orquesta América . According to the testimony of Enrique Jorrín , he composed some `` Danzones '' in which the musician of the orchestra had to sing short refrains , and this style was very successful . In the Danzón `` Constancia '' he introduced some montunos and the audience was motivated to join in singing the refrains . Jorrín also asked the members of the orchestra to sing in unison so the lyrics may be heard more clearly and achieve a greater impact in the audience . That way of singing also helped to mask the poor singing skills of the orchestra members . Since its inception , Chachachá music had a close relationship with the dancer 's steps . The well - known name Chachachá came into being with the help of the dancers at the Silver Star Club in Havana . When the dance was coupled to the rhythm of the music , it became evident that the dancer 's feet were making a peculiar sound as they grazed the floor on three successive beats . It was like an onomatopoeia that sounded as : Chachachá . From this peculiar sound , a music genre was born which motivated people from around the world to dance at its catchy rhythm . Typical piano accompaniment to a cha - cha - chá ( Orovio 1981 : 132 ) According to Olavo ALén : `` During the 1950s , Chachachá maintained its popularity thanks to the efforts of many Cuban composers who were familiar with the technique of composing danzones and who unleashed their creativity on the Chachachá '' , such as Rosendo Ruiz , Jr . ( `` Los Marcianos '' and `` Rico Vacilón '' ) , Félix Reina ( `` Dime Chinita , '' `` Como Bailan Cha - cha - chá los Mexicanos '' ) , Richard Egűes ( `` El Bodeguero '' and `` La Cantina '' ) and Rafael Lay ( `` Cero Codazos , Cero Cabezazos '' ) . The Chachachá was first presented to the public through the instrumental medium of the charanga , a typical Cuban dance band format made up of a flute , strings , piano , bass and percussion . The popularity of the Chachachá also revived the popularity of this kind of orchestra . Filín ( edit ) Main article : Filin ( music ) Filin was a Cuban fashion of the 1940s and 1950s , influenced by popular music in the US . The word is derived from feeling . It describes a style of post-microphone jazz - influenced romantic song ( crooning ) . Its Cuban roots were in the bolero and the canción . Some Cuban quartets , such as Cuarteto d'Aida and Los Zafiros , modelled themselves on U.S. close - harmony groups . Others were singers who had heard Ella Fitzgerald , Sarah Vaughan and Nat King Cole . Filín singers included César Portillo de la Luz , José Antonio Méndez , who spent a decade in Mexico from 1949 to 1959 , Frank Domínguez , the blind pianist Frank Emilio Flynn , and the great singers of boleros Elena Burke and the still - performing Omara Portuondo , who both came from the Cuarteto d'Aida . The filín movement originally had a place every afternoon on Radio Mil Diez . Some of its most prominent singers , such as Pablo Milanés , took up the banner of the Nueva Trova . 1960s and 70s ( edit ) Modern Cuban music is known for its relentless mixing of genres . For example , the 1970s saw Los Irakere use batá in a big band setting ; this became known as son - batá or batá - rock . Later artists created the mozambique , which mixed conga and mambo , and batá - rumba , which mixed rumba and batá drum music . Mixtures including elements of hip hop , jazz and rock and roll are also common , like in Habana Abierta 's rockoson . Revolutionary Cuba and Cuban exiles ( edit ) Tropicana stage The triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 signalled the emigration of many musicians to Puerto Rico , Florida and New York , and in Cuba artists and their work came under the protection ( and control ) of the Socialist state , and the monopoly state - owned recording company EGREM . The Castro government abolished copyright laws in Cuba , closed many of the venues where popular music used to be played ( e.g. night clubs ) , and so indirectly threw many musicians out of work . This undoubtedly had deleterious effects on the evolution of popular music and dance . Pianist Bebo Valdés Many young musicians now studied classical music and not popular music . All musicians employed by the state were given academic courses in music . In Cuba , the Nueva Trova movement ( including Pablo Milanés ) reflected the new leftist ideals . The state took over the lucrative Tropicana Club , which continued as a popular attraction for foreign tourists until 1968 , when it was closed along with many other music venues ( and later reopened with the rebirth of tourism ) . Tourism was almost non-existent for three decades . Traditional Cuban music could be found in local Casas de la Trova . Musicians , if in work , were full - time and paid by the state after graduating from a conservatory . The collapse of the USSR in 1991 , and the loss of its support for Cuba changed the situation quite a bit . Tourism became respectable again , and so did popular music for their entertainment . Musicians were even allowed to tour abroad and earn a living outside the state - run system . Famous artists from the Cuban exile include Celia Cruz and the whole conjunto she sang with , the Sonora Matancera . ' Patato ' ( Carlos Valdes ) , Cachao , La Lupe , Arturo Sandoval , Willy Chirino , Hansel y Raul , La Palabra , Paquito D'Rivera , Bebo Valdés and Gloria Estefan are some others . Many of these musicians , especially Cruz , became closely associated with the anti-revolutionary movement , and as ' unpersons ' have been omitted from the standard Cuban reference books , and their subsequent musical recordings are never on sale in Cuba . Salsa ( edit ) Main article : Salsa music Rubén Blades Salsa was the fourth innovation based on Cuban music to hit the US , and differed in that it was initially developed in the US , not in Cuba . Because Cuba has so many indigenous types of music there has always been a problem in marketing the ' product ' abroad to people who did not understand the differences between rhythms that , to a Cuban , are quite distinct . So , twice in the 20th century , a kind of product label was developed to solve this problem . The first occasion was in the 1930s after `` The Peanut Vendor '' became an international success . It was called a ' rumba ' even though it really had nothing to do with genuine rumba : the number was obviously a son pregon . The label ' rumba ' was used outside Cuba for years as a catch - all for Cuban popular music . Musicians at the Hotel Nacional , Havana . October 2002 The second occasion happened during the period 1965 -- 1975 in New York City , as musicians of Cuban and Puerto - Rican origin combined to produce the great music of the post Cha - cha - cha period . This music acquired the label of ' salsa ' . No - one really knows how this happened , but everyone recognised what a benefit it was to have a common label for son , mambo , guaracha , guajira , guaguancó , etc . Cubans and non Cubans , such as Tito Puente , Rubén Blades and many experts of the Cuban music and salsa have always said `` Salsa is just another name for Cuban , music . Tito Puentes once said , now they call it Salsa , later they may call it Stir Fry , but to me it will alway be Cuban Music '' ; but over time salsa bands worked in other influences . For example , in the late 1960s Willie Colón developed numbers that made use of Brazilian rhythms . New York radio programmes offered ' salsarengue ' as a further combination . You look at a band of the 1940s playing Cuban music and you will see the same exact instruments in Salsa Music . Later still ' Salsa romantica ' was the label for an especially sugary type of bolero . Even when , Benny Moré , Perez Prado the greatest Sonero that ever existed , was singing Boleros with a salsa cadence in the 1940s . It was not until the 1950s that Cuban music became popular for Puerto Rican bands . Plena , Bomba an other styles or music were popular at the time in Puerto Rico . Many famous Puerto Rican musicians went to learn the music styles of Cubans in the 1930s and 1940s , and it was not until the arrival of Castro in 1959 and the Cuban music stopped its exportation to the world , that Puerto Ricans in New York were able to be greatly noticed , but what is known as Salsa today , was brought to New York in the 1920s and 1930s by Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo , this last one was discovered by Dizzy Gillespie as he was one of the greatest percussionist that ever lived . The question of whether or not salsa is anything more than Cuban music has been argued over for more than thirty years . Initially , not much difference could be seen . Later it became clear that not only was New York salsa different from popular music in Cuba , but salsa in Venezuela , Colombia and other countries could also be distinguished . It also seems clear that salsa has receded from the great position it achieved in the late 1970s . The reasons for this are also much disputed . Nueva trova ( edit ) Main articles : Nueva trova and Trova A local musical house , Casa de la Trova , at Santiago de Cuba Paralleling nueva canción in Latin America is the Cuban Nueva trova , which dates from about 1967 / 68 , after the Cuban Revolution . It differed from the traditional trova , not because the musicians were younger , but because the content was , in the widest sense , political . Nueva trova is defined by its connection with Castro 's revolution , and by its lyrics , which attempt to escape the banalities of life by concentrating on socialism , injustice , sexism , colonialism , racism and similar issues . Silvio Rodríguez and Pablo Milanés became the most important exponents of this style . Carlos Puebla and Joseíto Fernández were long - time old trova singers who added their weight to the new regime , but of the two only Puebla wrote special pro-revolution songs . Nueva trova had its heyday in the 1970s , but was already declining before the fall of the Soviet Union . Examples of non-political styles in the nueva trova movement can be found , for example , Liuba María Hevia whose lyrics are focused on more traditional subjects such as love and solitude , sharing with the rest a highly poetical style . On the other side of the spectrum , Carlos Varela is famous in Cuba for his open criticism of some aspects of Castro 's revolution . The nueva trova , initially so popular , suffered both inside Cuba , perhaps from a growing disenchantment with one - party rule , and externally , from the vivid contrast with the Buena Vista Social Club film and recordings . Audiences round the world have had their eyes opened to the extraordinary charm and musical quality of the older forms of Cuban music . By contrast , topical themes that seemed so relevant in the 1960s and 1970s now seem dry and passé . Even `` Guantanamera '' has been damaged by over-repetition in less skilled hands . All the same , those pieces of high musical and lyrical quality , among which Puebla 's `` Hasta siempre , Comandante '' stands out , will probably last as long as Cuba lasts . 1980s to the present ( edit ) Son remains the basis of most popular forms of modern Cuban music . Son is represented by long - standing groups like Septeto Nacional , which was re-established in 1985 , Orquesta Aragón , Orquesta Ritmo Oriental and Orquesta Original de Manzanillo . Sierra Maestra , is famous for having sparked a revival in traditional son in the 1980s . Nueva trova still has influence , but the overtly political themes of the 1960s are well out of fashion . Meanwhile , Irakere fused traditional Cuban music with jazz , and groups like NG La Banda , Orishas and Son 14 continued to add new elements to son , especially hip hop and funk , to form timba music ; this process was aided by the acquisition of imported electronic equipment . There are still many practitioners of traditional son montuno , such as Eliades Ochoa , who have recorded and toured widely as a result of interest in the son montuno after the Buena Vista Social Club success . Europe - based Cuban female singer - songwriter Addys Mercedes merged her roots of Son and Filin with elements of urban , rock and pop - music , reaching mainstream airplay charts in Germany . In the 1990s , increased interest in world music coincided with the post-Soviet Union periodo especial in Cuba , during which the economy began opening up to tourism . Orquesta Aragón , Charanga Habanera and Cándido Fabré y su Banda have been long - time players in the charanga scene , and helped form the popular timba scene of the late 1990s . The biggest award in modern Cuban music is the Beny Moré Award . Timba ( edit ) Main article : Timba Cubans have never been content to hear their music described as salsa , even though it is crystal clear that this was a label for their music . Since the early 1990s Timba has been used to describe popular dance music in Cuba , rivaled only lately by Reggaetón . Though derived from the same roots as salsa , Timba has its own characteristics , and is intimately tied to the life and culture of Cuba , and especially Havana . As opposed to salsa , whose roots are strictly from Son and the Cuban conjunto bands of the 1940s and 1950s , Timba represents a synthesis of many folkloric ( rumba , guaguancó , batá drumming and the sacred songs of santería . ) , and popular sources ( even taking inspiration from non Afro Cuban musical genres such as rock , jazz and funk ) . According to Vincenzo Perna , author of Timba : The Sound of the Cuban Crisis , timba needs to be spoken of because of its musical , cultural , social , and political reasons ; its sheer popularity in Cuba , its novelty and originality as a musical style , the skill of its practitioners , its relationship with both local traditions and the culture of the black Diaspora , its meanings , and the way its style brings to light the tension points within society . In addition to timbales , timba drummers make use of the drum - set , further distinguishing the sound from that of mainland salsa . The use of synthesised keyboard is also common . Timba songs tend to sound more innovative , experimental and frequently more virtuosic than salsa pieces ; horn parts are usually fast , at times even bebop influenced , and stretch to the extreme ranges of all instruments . Bass and percussion patterns are similarly unconventional . Improvisation is commonplace . Revival projects ( edit ) Main articles : Afro - Cuban All Stars and Buena Vista Social Club Cuban bandleader and musician Juan de Marcos González Several projects gained international attention in the 1990s due to their revival of traditional music styles such as the son cubano of the septeto and the conjunto era . Founded in 1976 , Sierra Maestra ( band ) was one of the first revivalist groups in Cuba . In 1995 , Juan de Marcos González , director and tres player of Sierra Maestra , was contacted by Nick Gold ( head of World Circuit Records ) to record a traditional Cuban album featuring African musicians . In the end , the African musicians could not make it to Havana , so the project became a 100 % Cuban affair featuring veteran Cuban musicians such as Rubén González , Ibrahim Ferrer , Compay Segundo and Omara Portuondo . It spawned two bands , both of which involved American guitarist Ry Cooder : Afro - Cuban All Stars and Buena Vista Social Club . Both bands recorded their debut albums , A Toda Cuba le Gusta and Buena Vista Social Club , respectively , in March 1996 . The release of the latter in September 1997 was a true watershed event . The album became a worldwide hit , selling millions of copies and turning established musicians into globally renowned figures . Guitarist Eliades Ochoa Buena Vista resulted in several follow - up recordings and spawned a film of the same name , as well as tremendous interest in other Cuban groups . In subsequent years , dozens of singers and conjuntos made recordings for foreign labels and toured internationally . The conclusion some have drawn is that the wholesale closure of popular music venues ( after the revolution ) , which threw many musicians out of work , and subsequent control by state committees , damaged the development of Cuban popular music . Hip hop ( edit ) Hip hop grew steadily more popular in Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s through Cuba 's Special Period . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the Cuban economy went into decline . Poverty became more widespread and visible in Cuba . In the 1990s , some Cubans started to protest this situation by means of rap and hip - hop . During this period of economic crisis , which the country 's poor and black populations especially hard , hip hop became a way for the country 's Afro - descended population to embrace their blackness and articulate a demand for racial equality for black people in Cuba . The idea of blackness and black liberation was not always compatible with the goals of the Cuban government , which was still operating under the idea that a raceless society was the correct realization of the Cuban Revolution . When hip - hop emerged , the Cuban government opposed the vulgar image that rappers portrayed , but later accepted that it might be better to have hip - hop under the influence of the Ministry of Culture as an authentic expression of Cuban Culture . Rap music in Cuba is heavily influenced by the country 's pre-existing musical traditions , such as salsa and rumba . In some ways , hip hop is tolerated by the government of Cuba and performers are provided with venues and equipment by the government . The Cuban rap and hip - hop scene sought out the involvement of the Ministry of Culture in the production and promotion of their music , which would otherwise have been impossible to accomplish . After the Cuban government provided lukewarm endorsement , the Cuban Rap Agency provided the Cuban rap scene , in 2002 , with a state - sponsored record label , magazine , and Cuba 's own hip - hop festival . The government gives rap and hip - hop groups time on mass media outlets in return for hip - hop artists limiting self - expression and presenting the government in a positive way . Rappers who explicitly speak about race or racism in Cuba are still under scrutiny by the government . The government recognizes that hip - hop is growing in Cuba , and would be difficult to eliminate . Cubatón ( edit ) Main article : Cubatón Like Spanish reggae from Panama is a new genre for the Cubans but by 2012 was so massively popular that `` the face of Cuban pop music '' was considered to be Cuban reggae ( cubatón ) singer , Osmani García `` La Voz '' . The advent of web software helped to distribute music unofficially . Both lyrics and dance movements have been criticised . Reggaeton musicians such as responded by making songs that defended their music . Despite their efforts , the Ministry of Culture has ruled that reggaeton is not to be used in teaching institutions , parties and at discos , and in 2011 restricted its airplay after massive popularity of García 's `` Chupi Chupi '' , which referred to oral sex . Other popular cubatón artists include Eddy K and Gente de Zona ( `` People from the ' Hood '' ) . Rock music in Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Rock music in Cuba Gorki Águila , leader of the Cuban rock band Porno para Ricardo The musical interaction between Cuba and the US is ancient . Already in the 18th century , during the Spanish rule of Louisiana ( 1763 -- 1803 ) , the Havanese orchestras and bands offered concerts in New Orleans and in the 19th century the Cuan contradanza was very popular in the US . At the beginning of the 20th century , the first jazz bands were created in Cuba , in the style of the American groups . The `` Sagua '' Jaz Band was founded in Sagua la Grande in 1914 by Pedro Stacholy ( conductor and pianist ) . The group played during 14 years at the `` Teatro Principal de Sagua . The strong influenece of the American music on the Cuban younger generations gave way to the beginning of the soloists and groups of Rock and roll in Cuba during the 1950s . Many Cuban artists sang versions of American songs translated to Spanish , as it was also happening in Mexico . The launching of the group Los LLopis represented the entrance in a new stage for the Cuban music , that of the generation and amplification of the sound by electroacoustic devices ; because in the sound composition of this group one can observe a novel element of great importance , the inclusion of an electric guitar . In 1961 other artists emerged such as Dany Puga , called the King of Twist , and bands such as Los Satélites , Los Diablos Melódicos and Los Enfermos del Rock , as well as Los Halcones and Los Huracanes from Marianao . The vocal quartet Los Zafiros was another successful group from the beginning of the sixties . Founded in 1961 , it was influenced by the Doo - Wop style of The Platters , The Diamonds and other American groups , and counted on a repertoire consisting of ballads , calypsos and bossanovas , as well as songs with a slow rock ad bolero rhythms . At that time , the popular group Los Astros , led by the singer and guitarist Raúl Gómez , was threatened by pressures exerted by the Fidel Castro regime over the rock groups , which were considered as a form of `` ideological diversionism '' and actively opposed in all its manifesations . Its style , strongly influenced by the Brithish Invasion groups , as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones , was labelled as `` deviant '' and consequently repressed without any hesitation . Since then , the Revolutionary government of Cuba began to implement an absolute control over all aspects of the Cuban society , including , of course , all cultural expressions . Around 1965 , the Revolutionary government implemented a strategy to substitute the foreign products that the young people preferred , with others that better matched their official guidelines ; and as a result of this strategy , a new radio program called Nocturno was broadcast in 1966 , which initial musical theme was `` La chica de la valija '' ( Girl with a suitcase ) from the Italian sax player Fausto Papetti . The program presented modern songs , giving priority to the European repertoire in Spanish language of soloists and groups such as : Los Mustang , Los Bravos , Los Brincos , Juan y Junior , Rita Pavone , Massiel , Nino Bravo , Leonardo Fabio , Salvatore Adamo and Raphael , and some Cuban groups as Los Zafiros and Los Dan . The ban against rock music was lifted in 1966 , but rock fans continued to be marginalized by the communist establishment , and watched over with suspicion as `` counter-revolutionaries '' . Actually , rock music began to be heard in Havana during the seventies , in a radio program from Radio Marianao called Buenas Tardes Juventud . That program presented groups such as The Rolling Stones , The Beatles , Dave Clark Five , The Animals , Grand Funk , Rare Earth , Led Zeppelin , Jimi Hendrix , Elvis Presley , Neil Sedaka and Paul Anka . At the beginning of the eighties , that radio station joined Radio Ciudad de La Habana . In 1979 , a three - day music festival called Havana Jam ' 79 took place at the Karl Marx Theater , in Havana , Cuba , where a group of rock artists that included Billy Joel and Stephen Stills performed . In the 1980s , a heavy metal band called Venus was formed by Roberto Armada in Municipio Playa . They achieved much success and created a headbanger following among the Cuban youth . Punk rock was introduced in Cuba in the late 1980s and gained a cult - type following among a minority of the youth . During the nineties , rock and roll in Cuba was still an underground phenomenon . In Havana , the `` Ciudad de La Habana '' radio station presented several programs showing the most recent tendencies on that type of music around the world . Juan Camacho , an old musician and radio host had a morning program called Disco Ciudad . El programa de Ramón was also a successful radio show . Some bands from that period were Gens , Zeus and Los Tarsons . In 2001 , the Welsh group Manic Street Preachers was invited to perform in Cuba , and Fidel castro attended its concert along with other government authorities . In 2004 , Castro gave a speech honoring the Birthday of John Lennon , whose music , as a member of The Beatles and as a soloist , was banned in Cuba for a very long time . A bronze statue of Lennon was placed in a Havanese well known park , and it became a notoriety because of becoming a victim of constant vandalism from passers by that frequently stole its bronze spectacles . At the same time that the government was showing a more indulgent attitude toward the foreign rock groups , as part of an international campaign which purpose was to achieve an opening in the commercial transactions and investments of the US and Europe in Cuba , it continued to implement an inflexible repression against any form of internal dissidence . This was the case of the rocker Gorki Águila and his group Porno para Ricardo . In August 2008 , Águila was arrested under charges of dangerousness , a law that allows the authorities to detain people whom they think are likely to commit crimes , even when they have not yet committed them . More recently , Rick Wakeman , Sepultura and Audioslave performed in Havana , and The Rolling Stones offered a historic concert that has become the most outstanding rock event since the beginning of the Revolutionary period in 1959 . A new phenomenon occurred in 2013 when several Cuban metal bands begin to emigrate to the United States , creating a parallel scene with the bands Agonizer , Escape , Ancestor , Hipnosis , Suffering Tool and Chlover References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orovio , H. Cuban Music from A to Z . Duke University Press Books , 2004 . Jump up ^ They were the Taíno , a Neolithic people in Oriente , the Siboney people in the center of the island and the Guanahatabeys , primitive hunter - gatherers in the West . The Arawaks were a people from mainland South America . The style of religion , music and dance of these Indian groups is called areíto , but was never recorded and is virtually lost today . Only a few Cubans show features of Indian descent . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fernando 1952 . Los instrumentos de la musica Afrocubana. 5 volumes , La Habana . Jump up ^ Discussed in more detail by Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . p84 et seq Jump up ^ `` National Geographic '' . NationalGeographic.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fernando 1950 . La Afrocania de la musica folklorica de Cuba . La Habana , revised ed 1965 . Jump up ^ Hernández Balaguer , Pablo 1987 . Los villacicos , cantadas y pastorelas de Esteban Salas . La Habana . ^ Jump up to : Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3186 - 1 A biographical dictionary of Cuban music , artists , composers , groups and terms . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . Jump up ^ Manuel , Peter , 2009 . `` Cuba : From Contradanza to Danzón , '' in Creolizing Contradance in the Caribbean , edited by Peter Manuel . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 734 - 3 . Jump up ^ Starr , S. Frederick 1995 . Bamboula ! The life and times of Louis Moreau Gottschalk . Oxford , N.Y. p. 24 Jump up ^ Starr , S. Frederick 1995 . Bamboula ! The life and times of Louis Moreau Gottschalk . Oxford , N.Y. p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . Jump up ^ Canizares , Dulcila 1999 . Gonzalo Roig , hombre y creador . La Habana , Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . p. 184 Jump up ^ Martinez , Orlando 1989 . Ernesto Lecuona . La Habana , Cuba . ^ Jump up to : Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . Jump up ^ Harvard Dictionary of Music , p. 216 . https://books.google.com/books?id=TMdf1SioFk4C&pg=PA216&dq=Carlo+Borbolla+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xFf0T-fYJo2H2AXH dnRBg&ved = 0CDYQ6AEwAA # v = onepage&q = Carlo % 20Borbolla % 20Harvard % 20Dictionary % 20of % 20Music&f = false Jump up ^ EcuRed . Grupo de Renovación Musical . http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Grupo_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Musical ^ Jump up to : De la Vega , Aurelio . Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- History of Concert Music . http://www.americancomposers.org/cubahistory.htm Jump up ^ Papers . Latinamerican library at Tulane University . Galan , Natalio ( 1917 - 1985 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cubanosfamosos.com . Juan Pedro Blanco Rodríguez . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 ... Jump up ^ electrocd.com . Artist / / Sergio Barroso . http://www.electrocd.com/en/bio/barroso_se/ Jump up ^ Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- Artists & Composers . http://www.americancomposers.org/cubabios.htm#VALERA Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio . Cuban Music from A to Z. p 11 . https://books.google.com/books?id=XGzKzOH9vawC&pg=PA11 Jump up ^ EcuRed . Carlos Malcolm http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Carlos_Malcolm Jump up ^ cubanow.net . The incredible story of `` Guantanamera . '' http://www.tempcubanow.cult.cu/pages/articulo.php?sec=17&t=2&item=9407 Jump up ^ Kapcia , Anthony . Havana : The making of Cuban culture . https://books.google.com/books?id=mhHyhaIlRx4C&pg=PA147 ^ Jump up to : Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- Artists & Composers . http://www.americancomposers.org/cubabios.htm Jump up ^ De la Vega , Aurelio . Sonidos de las Américas : Cuba -- History of Concert Music. http://www.americancomposers.org/cubahistory.htm Jump up ^ http://La Archived 2014 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . obra compositiva de Louis Franz Aguirre . Una inusual confluencia sonora de ritos y culturas . www.euskomedia.org/PDFAnlt/musiker/18/18117139.pdf Jump up ^ Laboratorio Nacional de Musica Electroacustica . Fernando `` Archi '' Rodriguez Alpizar . http://www.electroacustica.cult.cu/index.php?view=article&catid=48%3Acompositores&id=60%3Afernando-qarchiq-rodriguez&option=com_content&Itemid=59&lang=en Jump up ^ Eduardo Morales - Caso . Discogs : http://www.discogs.com/artist/4399060-Eduardo-Morales-Caso Jump up ^ Ailem Carvajal Gomez . EcuRed : http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Ailem_Carvajal_G%C3%B3me Jump up ^ EcuRed : https://www.ecured.cu/Irina_Escalante_Chernova Jump up ^ Juan Blanco , the LNME and the electroacoustic music in Cuba . http://www.electroacustica.cult.cu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71%3Ajuan-blanco-el-lnme-y-la-musica-electroacustica-en - Jump up ^ http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1996.051%7Cp . 166 ^ Jump up to : Giro , Radamés . Leo Brouwer y la guitarra en Cuba . Editorial Letras cubanas . La Habana , Cuba , 1986 . p. 17 Jump up ^ ( Giro , p. 23 -- 24 ) ^ Jump up to : Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ ( Giro , p. 41 - 43 ) Jump up ^ ( Giro , p. 53 -- 54 ) Jump up ^ Music in Miami . Meet the artists and musicians . http://www.musicinmiami.net/about_us Jump up ^ González Rubiera , Vicente . La guitarra y su técnica . Editorial Letras Cubanas . La Habana , Cuba , 1985 . Jump up ^ Ramírez , Marta María . Cuba : The Cuban Guitar School . SEMlac reports 7 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Carpentier , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés ( 1986 ) . Leo Brouwer y la guitarra en Cuba . Letras cubanas . La Habana , Cuba . p. 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carapentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La música en Cuba . Letreas cubanas . La Habana , Cuba . p. 62 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carapentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La música en Cuba . Letreas cubanas . La Habana , Cuba . p. 100 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 75 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 224 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josephine Wright , `` Violinist José White in Paris , 1855 - 1875 '' , in Black Music Research Journal , Vol. 10 , No. 2 , Fall 1990 . Jump up ^ Miguel Ficher , et al. , Latin American Classical Composers , Scarecrow Press , 1996 , p. 373 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 229 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 1981 . Diccionario de la música cubana . La Habana . p. 60 Jump up ^ Guillén , Nicolás 1935 . Brindis de Salas : el rey de las octavas . La Habana . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés 2007 . Diccionario encyclopédico de la música en Cuba . vol 1 , La Havana . p. 161 Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . p162 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 35 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 69 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 177 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Eduardo Hernández Asiaín '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 136 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evelio Tieles -- Cuban Music from A to Z '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelio Tieles Ferrer - Ecurred '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evelio Tieles -- Música de Concierto '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alla Tarán '' , biografía en el sitio web Ecured . Consultado el 30 de junio de 2016 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 145 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ González , Jorge Antonio : La composición operística en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba , 1986 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo : La música en Cuba , Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 , pp. 207 -- 210 . Jump up ^ ( Orovio , p. 196 ) Jump up ^ ( Carpentier , p. 221 ) Jump up ^ ( González , p. 253 - 271 ) Jump up ^ ( González , p. 302 ) Jump up ^ ( González , p. 557 ) Jump up ^ Cintas foundation : Jorge Martín : http://www.cintasfoundation.org/fellows/composers Jump up ^ Valdés Cantero , Alicia , Determined women ready to succeed . The international Journal of Cuban studies , 2 December 2008 . http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/i18088_3.pdf Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La Musica en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , Ciudad de La Habana . p. 49 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The origin of Cuban music . Myths and realities '' . academia.edu . p. 19 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwabena Nketia , J.H. ( 1974 ) . The Music of Africa . W.W. Norton and Co. p. 128 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pérez Fernández , Rolando ( 1986 ) . La binarización de los ritmos ternarios africanos en América Latina . Ediciones Casa de Las Américas . p. 68 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The origin of Cuban music . Myths and realities '' . academia.edu . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Linares , Núñez , María Teresa , Faustino ( 1998 ) . La música entre Cuba y España . Fundacion Autor . p. 55 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` La música campesina cubana '' . La Jiribilla . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roy , Maya ( 2002 ) . Cuban Music . Princeton & London . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned ( 2004 ) . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Bode Hernández , German . Décimas rescatadas del aire y del olvido . Chicago : Sublette , Cuba and its Music . p. 489 . Jump up ^ Naborí , Valiente , Indio , Angel ( 1977 ) . Décimas para la Historia . La controversia del siglo en verso improvisado . Las Palmas de Gran Canaria . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p101 Jump up ^ Sánchez de Fuentes , Eduardo , 1923 . El folklore en la música cubana . La Habana . p56 Jump up ^ Detailed references in Thomas , Hugh 1971 . Cuba , or the pursuit of freedom . Eyre & Spottiswoode , London ; Thomas , Hugh 1997 . The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440 - 1870 . Picador , London ; Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo Chicago . part III AfroCuba , p157 et seq . Jump up ^ Palo is a word derived from the Ki - Kongo mpali , meaning witchcraft . Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p159 Jump up ^ Gerhard Kubik cited by Agawu , Kofi ( 2006 : 1 - 46 ) . `` Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis ? Comparing Perspectives on the ' Standard Pattern ' of West African Rhythm '' Journal of the American Musicological Society v. 59 , n . 1 . Jump up ^ Peñalosa , David ( 2009 : 81 ) . The Clave Matrix ; Afro - Cuban Rhythm : Its Principles and African Origins . Redway , CA : Bembe Inc . ISBN 1 - 886502 - 80 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p296 Jump up ^ `` Contre - dance , - danse , contra - dance '' . Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd ed . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . ( since access to the OED online is not free , the relevant excerpt is provided ) `` Littré 's theory , that there was already in 17th c. a French contre - danse with which the English word was confused and ran together , is not tenable ; no trace of the name has been found in French before its appearance as an adaptation of the English . But new dances of this type were subsequently brought out in France , and introduced into England with the Frenchified form of the name . '' Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music . Chicago , p133 reporting the Countess of Merlin writing in 1840 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 58 Jump up ^ Sanchez de Fuentes , Eduardo 1923 . El folk - lor en la musica cubana . La Habana . p17 - 25 Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1998 . Cuando sali de La Habana : cien anos de musica cubana por el mundo . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p. 19 et seq . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio ( 2004 ) . Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. p. 106 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guerra R. 2000 . Eros baila : danza y sexualidad . La Habana . Jump up ^ Failde , Osvalde Castillo 1964 . Miguel Faílde : créador musical del Danzón . Consejo Nacional de Cultura , La Habana . Jump up ^ Urfé , Odilio 1965 . El danzón . La Habana . ^ Jump up to : Linares , María teresa : La guaracha cubana . Imagen del humor criollo . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 ... ^ Jump up to : Carpentier , ALejo . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , 1979 . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Jump up ^ Canizares , Dulcila 2000 . San Isidro 1910 : Alberto Yarini y su epocha . La Habana . Jump up ^ Fernandez Robaina , Tomas 1983 . Recuerdos secretos de los mujeres publicas . La Habana . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . p. 101 Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . p193 et seq . Colombo 's last two recordings were in 1929 ( Catalog of Cristóbal Díaz collection at Florida International University library ) Jump up ^ Leal , Rine 1986 . Teatro del siglo XIX . La Habana . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . Fundación Musicalia , San Juan P.R. pp. 49 and 297 Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 42 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los curros del manglar '' . El Artista , tomo I , núm. 21 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Noreña , Carlos : Los negros curros '' . Costumbristas cubanos del siglo XIX , Selección , prólogo , cronología y bibliografía Salvador Bueno . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 46 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La música en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Linares , María Teresa . La guaracha cubana . Imagen del humor criollo . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 51 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Paula Gelabert , Francisco : La mulata de rumbo , Costumbristas cubanos del siglo XIX , Selección , prólogo , cronología y bibliografía Salvador Bueno , Retrieved : August 25 , 2010 , http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/68060620217137506322202/p0000011.htm#55 Jump up ^ Carpentier , Alejo ( 1979 ) . La Musica en Cuba . Editorial Letras Cubanas , Ciudad de La Habana . p. 193 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Linares , Núñez , María Teresa , Faustino ( 1998 ) . La música entre Cuba y España . Fundacion Autor . p. 113 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ León , Argeliers ( 1981 ) . Del canto y del tiempo . La Habana , Cuba : Editorial Pueblo y Educación . p. 139 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Linares , Núñez , María Teresa , Faustino ( 1998 ) . La música entre Cuba y España . Fundacion Autor . pp. 278 -- 279 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ León , Argeliers ( 1981 ) . Del canto y del tiempo . Editorial Pueblo y Educación . La Habana , Cuba . p. 29 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Décima y Rumba '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 191 Jump up ^ Daniel , Yvonne 1995 . Rumba : dance and social change in contemporary Cuba . Indiana University Press , Bloomington , Indiana . Jump up ^ Daniel , Yvonne 1995 . Rumba : dance and social change in contemporary Cuba . Indiana . Includes a chart on the Ministry of Culture dance organisation , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Brown , David H. : Santería enthroned , The University of Chicago Press , Chicago 2003 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Youtube - Tonadas Trinitarias ( 1974 ) Director - Hector Veitia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os--Qom3CfI . Consultado 12 / 03 / 16 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned : Cuba and its music . Chicago Review Press , Inc. , 2004 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 55 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo ( 2004 ) . De los complejos genéricos y otras cuestiones . En : Otra visión de la música popular cubana . La Habana . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 56 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feliú , Virtudes ( 2004 ) . La fiesta . Fiestas populares tradicionales de Cuba . IADAP , Instituto andino de artes populares . pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 58 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Las fiestas de origen hispánico en Cuba '' . Sala de conferencias sobre cultura hispano - cubana . p. 58 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El ascenso social del negro en la cuba colonial '' . Duharte Jiménez , Rafael . p. 31 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 60 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 61 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El complejo del Son '' . Universidad de Chile . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 63 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 74 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés ( 1998 ) . La trova tradicional cubana . Panorama de la música popular cubana . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba . p. 199 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 75 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Music Styles '' . Jon Griffin . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Danilo ( 1997 ) . The influence of family traditions in Cuban music , Cuba in Washington . Smithsonian Folkways . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Corason CD CORA121 Ahora si ! Here comes Changui . Jump up ^ Linares , María Teresa ( 1970 ) . El sucu - sucu en Isla de Pinos . Academia de Ciencias de Cuba , La Habana . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Canizares , Dulcila 1995 . La trova tradicional . 2nd ed , La Habana . ^ Jump up to : Orovio , Helio 1995 . El bolero latino . La Habana . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . p253 gives a verse on Cola marca Palma Real Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p195 . Jump up ^ de Leon , Carmela 1990 . Sindo Garay : memorias de un trovador . La Habana . Garay 's life story as told in his nineties ; includes a 16 - page appendix listing his compositions . Jump up ^ date of death from the program of LatinBeat 2003 , Film Society of the Lincoln Center , New York . Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . p. 112 gives 1987 as the date of death ; earlier date here preferred on grounds of probability . Jump up ^ Rodrígeuz Domíngues , Ezequiel . El Trio Matamoros : trienta y cinco anos de música popular . La Habana . Jump up ^ Loyola Fernandez , Jose 1996 . El ritmo en bolero : el bolero en la musica bailable cubana . Huracan , Rio Piedras P.R. Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 1992 . 300 boleros de oro . Mexico City . Jump up ^ García Marcano , José Francisco 1994 . Siempre bolero . Donal Guerra , Valencia . Jump up ^ Restrepo Duque , Hernán 1992 . Lo que cantan los boleros . Columbia . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 42 Jump up ^ Leon , Argeliers 1964 . Musica folklorica cubana . Biblioteca Nacional José Martí , La Habana . p. 185 Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés : Panorama de la música popular cubana . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p203 . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . Fundación Musicalia , San Juan P.R. p317 Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando . El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . pp. 77 -- 79 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés : Los Motivos del son . Panorama de la música popular cubana . Editorial Letras Cubanas , La Habana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ `` Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades '' . academia.edu . p. 90 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peñalosa ( 2009 : 83 ) The Clave Matrix ; Afro - Cuban Rhythm : Its Principles and African Origins . Redway , CA : Bembe Inc . ISBN 1 - 886502 - 80 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moore , R. `` Afrocubanismo and Son . '' The Cuba Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Ed . Chomsky , Carr , and Smorkaloff . Durham : Duke University Press , 2004 . 198 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Acosta , Leonardo 2003 . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Transl . Daniel S. Whitesell . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. ^ Jump up to : Giro Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . Extensive essay on Cuban jazz in vol 2 , p261 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , John Storm 1979 . The Latin tinge : the influence of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , John Storm 1999 . Latin jazz : the first of the fusions , 1880s to today . Schirmer , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Isabelle Leymarie 2002 . Cuban fire : the story of salsa and Latin jazz . Continuum , London . ^ Jump up to : Schuller , Gunther 1986 . Early jazz : its roots and musical development . Oxford , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Giro Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . vol 2 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 1981 . Diccionario de la música cubana . La Habana . p306 Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo : Otra visión de la música popular cubana , Ediciones museo de la música , Habana , Cuba , 2014 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Raul A. ( 2006 ) . From Afro - Cuban rhythms to Latin jazz . University of California Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780520939448 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Leonardo ( 2003 : 59 ) . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 158834147X Jump up ^ Giro , Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . Vol 1 , p79 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned : Cuba and its music . Chicago Review Press , Inc. , 2004 , p. 395 Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned : Cuba and its music . Chicago Review Press , Inc. , 2004 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 . p. 63 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 . p. 20 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p. 187 Jump up ^ Lowinger , Rosa and Ofelia Fox 2005 . Tropicana nights : the life and times of the legendary Cuban nightclub . Harcourt , Orlando FL . Jump up ^ See , for example the number Llora in Memories of Cuba : Orquesta Casino de la Playa ( 1937 - 1944 ) Tumbao TCD - 003 , and the numbers La ultima noche , Guano seco and Ten jabon in Orlando Guerra ' Cascarita ' , El Guarachero , con la Orchesta Casino de la Playa . Tumbao TCD - 033 . Jump up ^ Consult Tumbao TCD - 006 Kuba Mambo ; Tumbao TCD - 010 El Barbaro del Ritmo ; Tumbao TCD - 013 Go Go Mambo Jump up ^ RCA Victor LP 1459 Latin Satin : Perez Prado and his orchestra offered a number of Latin standards in chachachá style . Jump up ^ Boadle , Anthony ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Tata Güines ; percussionist called ' King of the Congas ' - The Boston Globe '' . www.boston.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Garcia , David F. ( 2006 ) . `` Going Primitive to the Movements and Sounds of Mambo '' . The Musical Quarterly . 89 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 523 . doi : 10.1093 / musqtl / gdm006 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio : Cuban music from A to Z . Tumi Music Ltd . Bath , U.K. , 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal : Música cubana , del Areyto a la Nueva Trova , Ediciones Universal , Miami Florida , 1993 . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : Los sonidos de la música cubana . Evolución de los formatos instrumentales en Cuba . https://www.academia.edu/18302881/Los_sonidos_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_cubana._Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_formatos_instrumentales_en_Cuba . p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ León , Javier F. `` Mambo . '' Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture . Ed . Cordelia Chávez Candelaria , Arturo J. Aldama , Peter J. García , Alma Alvarez - Smith . 2 vols . Connecticut : Praeger , 2004 : 510 Jump up ^ Blatter , Alfred ( 2007 ) . Revisiting music theory : a guide to the practice , p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97440 - 2 . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio. 1981 . Diccionario de la Música Cubana . La Habana , Editorial Letras Cubanas . ISBN 959 - 10 - 0048 - 0 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Sanchez - Coll , Israel ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Enrique Jorrín '' . Conexión Cubana . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Alén Rodríguez , Olavo. 1994 . De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa . La Habana , Ediciones ARTEX . Jump up ^ Alén Rodríguez , Olavo. 1994 . De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa . La Habana , Ediciones ARTEX , p. 87 Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Juan Formell in Padura Fuentes , Leonardo 2003 . Faces of salsa : a spoken history of the music . Translated by Stephen J. Clark . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. p. 69 Jump up ^ A word coined by George Orwell , see Nineteen Eighty - Four Jump up ^ At last Cruz has been recognized in a Cuban work of reference : Giro Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . La Habana . The Cruz entry is in volume 2 . Jump up ^ Diaz Ayala , Cristobal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Chano Pozo meets Dizzy Gillespie '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Andy Montañez Murio Chano Pozo '' . YouTube . 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John Storm 1979 . The Latin tinge : the impact of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford . Jump up ^ Steward , Sue 1991 . Salsa : musical heartbeat of Latin America . Thames & Hudson , London . Jump up ^ Calvo Ospina , Hernando 1995 . Salsa ! Havana heat , Bronx beat . Latin American Bureau . Jump up ^ Rondon , César Miguel 2008 . The book of salsa : a chronicle of urban music from the Caribbean to New York City . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z. p151 Jump up ^ Cristóbal Díaz selected two nueva trova numbers for his list of 50 canciones cubanas en el repertorio popular internacional : they are `` Unicornio azul '' ( Silvio Rodríguez ) and `` Yolanda '' ( Pablo Milanés ) : Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1998 . Cuando sali de la Habana 1898 - 1997 : cien anos de musica cubana por el mundo . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. p. 221 Jump up ^ `` Addys Mercedes - Addys Mercedes '' . www.AddysMercedes.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cuban Music from A to Z , by Helio Orovio , p210 ( Duke University Press , Durham 2004 ) Jump up ^ West - Duran , Alan . `` A Resonant Rum for the Ears : Afro - Cuban Music . '' Journal of Popular Music Studies 20.1 ( 2008 ) : 79 - 91 . Jump up ^ 1967 - , Perry , Marc D. , . Negro soy yo : hip hop and raced citizenship in neoliberal Cuba . Durham . ISBN 9780822358855 . OCLC 903675195 . Jump up ^ Perry , Marc D. ( 2016 ) . Negro soy yo : hip hop and raced citizenship in neoliberal Cuba . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 9780822358855 . OCLC 903675195 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN.com - Cuban hip - hop : The rebellion within the revolution - Nov. 25 , 2002 '' . archives.cnn.com. 2002 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Baker G : `` Hip Hop Revolucion : Nationalizing Rap in Cuba '' . Ethnomusicology 49 # 3 p. 399 . Jump up ^ Thurston , J : `` Cuban Rap Agency pushes smart subcultural rap to the margins '' , `` The Tartan Online '' , 30 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Gates , Henry Louis ( 2011 ) . Black in Latin America . New York : New York University Press . p. 219 . ISBN 9780814738184 . OCLC 692291843 . Jump up ^ `` Considerado actualmente como el exponente más popular de Cuba '' in `` Osmani García `` La Voz '' llega el lunes a Miami `` , La Nación Dominicana , March 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fairley , Jan . ' Como hacer el amor con ropa ' ( How to make love with your clothes on ) : dancing regeton and gender in Cuba . Jump up ^ Jorge Smith Simo ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` The History of Rock in Cuba '' . Cubanow . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los Sonidos de la Música cubana -- Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz -- Academia.edu - https://www.academia.edu/18302881/Los_sonidos_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_cubana._Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_formatos_instrumentales_en_Cuba Jump up ^ Nocturno : http://radionocturno.com/ : Consultado : 07 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Monografias.com , alejandro77_89 , . `` Dictadura y cultura : El régimen de Fidel Castro - Monografias.com '' . www.Monografias.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cubanet - Society - The History of Rock in Cuba `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Manics make history in Cuba '' . 16 February 2001 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 -- via news.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ Cuba punk rocker spared jail term . Jump up ^ `` Cuba rocks to concert by US band '' . 7 May 2005 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 -- via news.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/rolling-stones-play-march-25-show-havana-becoming-145105833.html Jump up ^ `` '' ¡ Libertad ! `` : Cuban Metal Bands Get Their First Taste Of Freedom '' . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Sources ( edit ) The works below are reliable sources for all aspects of traditional Cuban popular music . Spanish titles indicate those that have not been translated into English . Acosta , Leonardo 1987 . From the drum to the synthesiser . Martí , Havana , Cuba . Articles written from 1976 to 1982 . Acosta , Leonardo 2003 . Cubano be , cubano bop : one hundred years of jazz in Cuba . Transl . Daniel S. Whitesell . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. Outstanding review by former conjunto trumpeter . Betancur Alvarez , Fabio 1993 . Sin clave y bongó no hay son : música afrocubano y confluencias musicales de Colombia y Cuba . Antioqia , Medellín , Colombia . Blanco , Jesús 1992 . 80 años del son y soneros en el Caribe . Caracas . Cabrera , Lydia 1958 . La sociedád secreta Abakuá . Colección del Chicerekú , La Habana . Calderon , Jorge 1983 . Maria Teresa Vera . La Habana . Calvo Ospina , Hernando 1995 . Salsa ! Havana heat , Bronx beat . Latin American Bureau . Cañizares , Dulcila 1995 . La trova tradicional . 2nd ed , La Habana . Cañizares , Dulcila 1999 . Gonzalo Roig , hombre y creador . Carpentier , Alejo 2001 ( 1945 ) . Music in Cuba . Minneapolis MN . A standard work on the history of Cuban music up to 1940 . Chediak , Natalio 1998 . Diccioanrio del jazz latino . Fundacion Author , Barcelona . Collazo , Bobby 1987 . La ultima noche que pase contigo : 40 anos de fanandula Cubana . Cubanacan , Puerto Rico . Depestre Catony , Leonardo 1989 . Homenaje a la musica cubana . Oriente , Santiago de Cuba . Biographies of Abelardo Barroso , Joseíto Fernández , Paulina Alvarez , Roberto Faz and Pacho Alonso . Depestre Catony , Leonardo 1990 . Cuatro musicos de una villa . Letras Cubanas , La Habana . Biographies of four musicians from Guanabacoa : Ernesto Lecuona , Rita Montaner , Bola de Nieve and Juan Arrondo . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1981 . Música cubana del Areyto a la Nueva Trova . 2nd rev ed , Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Excellent history up to the 1960s , with a chapter on Cuban music in the US . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1988 . Si te quieres por el pico divertir : historia del pregón musical latinoamericano . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Music based on street - sellers cries ; title is taken from lyricof Peanut Vendor . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1994 . Cuba canta y baila : discografía de la música cubana 1898 -- 1925 . Fundación Musicalia , San Juan P.R. A vital research tool . Díaz Ayala , Cristóbal 1998 . Cuando sali de la Habana 1898 - 1997 : cien anos de musica cubana por el mundo . Cubanacan , San Juan P.R. Failde , Osvalde Castillo 1964 . Miguel Faílde : créador musical del Danzón . Consejo Nacional de Cultura , La Habana . Fairley , Jan. 2000 . Troubadours old and new , and ¡ Que rico bailo yo ! How well I dance . In S. Broughton and M. Ellingham , with J. McConnachie and O. Duane , ( eds ) World Music , Vol. 2 : Latin & North America , Caribbean , India , Asia and Pacific p386 - 413 . Rough Guides , Penguin . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 Fajardo , Ramon 1993 . Rita Montaner . La Habana . Fajardo , Ramon 1997 . Rita Montaner : testimonio de una epoca . La Habana . Fernandez Robaina , Tomas 1983 . Recuerdos secretos de los mujeres publicas . La Habana . Galan , Natalio 1983 . Cuba y sus sones . Pre-Textos , Valencia . Giro , Radamés ( ed ) 1993 . El mambo . La Habana . Nine essays by Cuban musicians and musicologists . Giro , Radamés ( ed ) 1998 . Panorama de la musica popular Cubana . Letras Cubanas , La Habana . Reprints some important essays on Cuban popular music . Giro , Radamés 2007 . Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba . 4 vols , La Habana . An invaluable source . Grenet , Emilio 1939 . Popular Cuban music . Havana . Leal , Rine 1986 . Teatro del siglo XIX . La Habana . Leon , Carmela de 1990 . Sindo Garay : memoria de un trovador . La Habana . Leon , Argeliers 1964 . Musica folklorica cubana . Biblioteca Nacional José Martí , La Habana . Leymarie , Isabelle ( 1998 ) . Cuba : La Musique des dieux . Paris : Éditions du Layeur . ISBN 2911468163 . Leymarie , Isabelle ( 2002 ) . Cuban Fire : The Story of salsa and Latin jazz . New York : Continuum . ISBN 0826455867 . Leymarie , Isabelle ( 2003 ) . La Música cubana : Cuba . Barcelona : Océano . ISBN 8449424097 . Linares , María Teresa 1970 . La música popular . La Habana , Cuba . Illustrated introduction . Linares , María Teresa 1981 . La música y el pueblo . La Habana , Cuba . Lowinger , Rosa and Ofelia Fox 2005 . Tropicana nights : the life and times of the legendary Cuban nightclub . Harcourt , Orlando FL . Fox ( 1924 -- 2006 ) was the wife of the owner . Loyola Fernandez , Jose 1996 . El ritmo en bolero : el bolero en la musica bailable cubana . Huracan , Rio Piedras . Manuel , Peter ( ed ) 1991 . Essays on Cuban music : North America and Cuban perspectives . Lanham MD . Manuel , Peter , with K. Bilby and M. Largey. 2006 . Caribbean currents : Caribbean music from rumba to reggae 2nd ed . Temple University . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 463 - 7 Martinez , Orlando 1989 . Ernesto Lecuona . La Habana , Cuba . Naser , Amín E. 1985 . Benny Moré : perfil libre . La Habana , Cuba . Orovio , Helio 1995 . El bolero latino . La Habana . Orovio , Helio 2004 . Cuban music from A to Z . Revised by Sue Steward . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3186 - 1 A biographical dictionary of Cuban music , artists , composers , groups and terms . Duke University , Durham NC ; Tumi , Bath . Ortiz , Fernando 1950 . La Afrocania de la musica folklorica de Cuba . La Habana , revised ed 1965 . Ortiz , Fernando 1951 . Los bailes y el teatro de los negros en el folklore de Cuba . Letras Cubanas , La Habana . Continuation of the previous book ; contains transcriptions of percussion innotation and lyrics of toques and cantos a los santos variously in Lucumi and Spanish . Ortiz , Fernando 1952 . Los instrumentos de la musica Afrocubana. 5 volumes , La Habana . Padura Fuentes , Leonardo 2003 . Faces of salsa : a spoken history of the music . Translated by Stephen J. Clark . Smithsonian , Washington , D.C. Interviews with top musicians , recorded in the 1989 -- 1993 era . Peñalosa , David 2009 . The clave matrix ; Afro - Cuban rhythm : its principles and African origins . Redway , CA : Bembe Inc . ISBN 1 - 886502 - 80 - 3 . Pérez Sanjuro , Elena 1986 . Historia de la música cubana . Miami . Perna , Vincenzo 2005 . `` Timba , the Sound of the Cuban Crisis '' . Ashgate , Aldershot , UK - Burlington , US Pichardo , Esteban 1835 ( repr 1985 ) . Diccionario provincial casi razionado de voces y frases cubanos . La Habana . Includes contemporary explanations of musical and dance names . Roberts , John Storm 1979 . The Latin tinge : the impact of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford . One of the first on this theme ; still excellent . Roberts , John Storm 1999 . Latin jazz : the first of the fusions , 1880s to today . Schirmer , N.Y. Rodríguez Ruidíaz , Armando : El origen de la música cubana . Mitos y realidades . Academia.edu , 2015 . Rodríguez Domíngues , Ezequiel . El Trio Matamoros : trienta y cinco anos de música popular . La Habana . Rondon , César Miguel 2008 . The book of salsa : a chronicle of urban music from the Caribbean to New York City . University of North Carolina Press . Roy , Maya 2002 . Cuban music : from son and rumba to the Buena Vista Social Club and timba cubana . Latin American Bureau / Wiener . Steward , Sue 1991 . Salsa : musical heartbeat of Latin America . Thames & Hudson , London . Highly illustrated . Sublette , Ned 2004 . Cuba and its music : from the first drums to the mambo . Chicago . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 516 - 8 First of two planned volumes , covers up to March 1952 . Sweeney , Philip 2001 . The Rough Guide to Cuban music : the history , the artists , the best CDs . Rough Guides , London . Small format . Thomas , Hugh 1971 . Cuba , or the pursuit of freedom . Eyre & Spottiswoode , London . Revised and abridged edition 2001 , Picador , London . The abridged edition , a slim - line 1151 pages , has shortened the section of Cuba 's early history . The standard work in English . Thomas , Hugh 1997 . The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440 - 1870 . Picador , London . 925 pages . Urfé , Odilio 1965 . El danzón . La Habana . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) BBC Radio 3 Audio ( 60 minutes ) : Santiago de Cuba and Son Music . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . BBC Radio 3 Audio ( 60 minutes ) : Changai and Decimas Music . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . BBC Radio 3 Audio ( 60 minutes ) : Matanzas , birthplace of rumba and danzon . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . ( in French ) Audio clips : Traditional music of Cuba . Musée d'ethnographie de Genève . Accessed November 25 , 2010 . 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Cubans Americans Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French German Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jews Koreans Lebanese Mexicans Spanish White People By name Desi Arnaz Fulgencio Batista Leo Brouwer Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Celia Cruz Ibrahim Ferrer Osmani García Máximo Gómez Elián González Nicolás Guillén José Martí Pablo Milanés Omara Portuondo Silvio Rodríguez Compay Segundo Félix Varela By occupation Architects Artists Athletes baseball players Painters abstract Writers women Category Music of the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Music of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Music of the Caribbean Bahamas Bermuda Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Lesser Antilles Puerto Rico Turks and Caicos Islands Music of Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Martinique Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico United States : Tejano Uruguay Venezuela Andean Central America Category WikiProject Hispanophone music Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Spain Uruguay Venezuela Western Sahara Cuban musical forms , genres and styles bembé bolero cha - cha - chá changüí columbia conga criolla danzón danzonete dengue filin guaguancó guaracha guajira habanera mambo mozambique pacá pachanga pilón pregón punto guajiro son son montuno songo timba yambú Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Cuba&oldid=850563645 '' Categories : Cuban music Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2018 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the most popular music in cuba | [
"Son remains the basis of most popular forms of modern Cuban music. Son is represented by long-standing groups like Septeto Nacional, which was re-established in 1985, Orquesta Aragón, Orquesta Ritmo Oriental and Orquesta Original de Manzanillo. Sierra Maestra, is famous for having sparked a revival in traditional son in the 1980s. Nueva trova still has influence, but the overtly political themes of the 1960s are well out of fashion. Meanwhile, Irakere fused traditional Cuban music with jazz, and groups like NG La Banda, Orishas and Son 14 continued to add new elements to son, especially hip hop and funk, to form timba music; this process was aided by the acquisition of imported electronic equipment. There are still many practitioners of traditional son montuno, such as Eliades Ochoa, who have recorded and toured widely as a result of interest in the son montuno after the Buena Vista Social Club success. Europe-based Cuban female singer-songwriter Addys Mercedes merged her roots of Son and Filin with elements of urban, rock and pop-music, reaching mainstream airplay charts in Germany.[226]\n"
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-379924181920797593 | Seattle–Bainbridge ferry | Seattle -- Bainbridge ferry - wikipedia Seattle -- Bainbridge ferry Jump to : navigation , search Seattle -- Bainbridge Island ferry Ferry Wenatchee en route to Bainbridge Island . Waterway Puget Sound Transit type Jumbo Mark - II - class ferry Route Seattle -- Bainbridge Island Authority Washington State Ferries ( 1951 -- present ) System length 8.6 miles Travel time 30 - 35 minutes ( 2015 ) Yearly ridership 6,320,820 passengers ( 2015 ) Connections at Winslow Kitsap Transit , Clallam Transit SR 305 Connections at Seattle King County Water Taxi Pioneer Square station King County Metro , Sound Transit Express SR 519 The Seattle -- Bainbridge ferry is a ferry route across Puget Sound between Seattle and Bainbridge Island , Washington . The route was called the Seattle -- Winslow ferry before the city of Winslow annexed the rest of the island and changed its name . Since 1951 the only ferries employed on the route have belonged to the Washington state ferry system , currently the largest ferry system in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Current status 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) This ferry route is 8.6 miles long , with terminals at Colman Dock in Seattle and , on Bainbridge Island , at Winslow . Near the Winslow terminal is the main shipyard for the Washington State Ferry system . History ( edit ) Before ferries were dominant on Puget Sound , the route was served by passenger and freight - carrying steamboats . The wooden steamship Florence K served the route for the Eagle Harbor Transportation Co. , until 1915 when the company put the new steamer Bainbridge on the route , and shifted Florence K to the Seattle -- Port Washington route . In 1949 , the Chippewa served on the route , except during summers , when Chippewa was transferred to the Anacortes - Sidney route . From 1951 to 1968 , the main ferry on the route was the Illahee which ran along with the Quinault ( 1951 - 1953 ) , Evergreen State ( 1954 - 1959 ) , and Tillikum ( 1959 - 1968 ) , with the steam ferry San Mateo occasionally running as an extra boat . In 1968 , with increasing demand exceeding vehicle capacity , Tillikum and Illahee were reassigned to the Edmonds - Kingston route , and replaced by the Super Class boats Kaleetan and Elwha , both with capacities of 2,500 passengers and 160 ( originally ) automobiles . In 1972 - 1973 the Super Class vessels were displaced by the Jumbo class Spokane and Walla Walla , which remained in Bainbridge Island service until they were displaced in turn by the Jumbo Mark II Class vessels Tacoma and Wenatchee in 1997 - 1998 . Current status ( edit ) Assigned to the route as of September 2017 were the Jumbo Mark II class ferries Tacoma and Wenatchee , each with a capacity of 2,500 passengers and a maximum of 202 vehicles . Seattle 's waterfront from the Bainbridge Island ferry as it approaches the Seattle ferry terminal at Colman Dock See also ( edit ) Ferries in Washington State Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Demoro , Harre , The Evergreen Fleet , pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Newell , ed. , H.W. McCurdy Marine History , at 90 , 254 , 326 , 351 , 372 , 425 , and 593 . Jump up ^ Kline and Bayless , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Washington State Ferries , `` Summer 2016 Sailing Schedule '' . Jump up ^ `` Wenatchee '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . References ( edit ) Demoro , Harre , The Evergreen Fleet -- A Pictoral History of Washington State Ferries , Golden West Books , San Marino CA ( 1971 ) ISBN 0 - 87095 - 037 - 1 Kline , Mary S. , and Bayless , G.A. , Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound , Bayless Books , Seattle , WA ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 914515 - 00 - 4 Newell , Gordon R. ed. , H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest , Superior Publishing , Seattle WA ( 1966 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Washington State Ferries at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Washington State Ferries ( hide ) Routes Anacortes -- San Juan Islands Edmonds -- Kingston Fauntleroy -- Vashon -- Southworth Mukilteo -- Clinton Point Defiance -- Tahlequah Port Townsend -- Coupeville Seattle -- Bainbridge Seattle -- Bremerton Terminals Colman Dock ( Seattle ) Current fleet Jumbo Mark - II - class MV Tacoma MV Wenatchee MV Puyallup Jumbo - class MV Spokane MV Walla Walla Super-class MV Hyak MV Kaleetan MV Yakima MV Elwha Olympic - class MV Tokitae MV Samish MV Chimacum MV Suquamish ( under construction ) Issaquah 130 - class MV Cathlamet MV Chelan MV Issaquah MV Kitsap MV Kittitas Issaquah - class MV Sealth Evergreen State - class MV Tillikum Kwa - di Tabil - class MV Chetzemoka MV Salish MV Kennewick Retired fleet Steel Electric - class MV Enetai MV Illahee MV Klickitat MV Nisqually MV Quinault MV Willapa Wood Electric - class MV Chetzemoka ( 1927 ) MV Kehloken MV Klahanie Southern Pacific Class SS San Mateo SS Shasta Skansie Class MV Skansonia Anderson Class MV Kitsap ( 1925 ) MV Vashon Governor Class MV Olympic MV Rhododendron Evergreen State - class MV Evergreen State MV Klahowya Skagit Kalama - class MV Kalama MV Skagit Passenger - Only Fast Ferry - class MV Chinook MV Snohomish No Class MV Chippewa MV Crosline MV Hiyu MV Kalakala MV Kulshan MV Leschi MV Rosario MV Tyee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle -- Bainbridge_ferry&oldid = 798922057 '' Categories : Ferry routes in western Washington ( state ) Transportation in King County , Washington Water transport in Seattle History of King County , Washington Transportation in Kitsap County , Washington History of Kitsap County , Washington Bainbridge Island , Washington Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long is the ferry from bainbridge to seattle | [
"This ferry route is 8.6 miles long, with terminals at Colman Dock in Seattle and, on Bainbridge Island, at Winslow. Near the Winslow terminal is the main shipyard for the Washington State Ferry system.[1]"
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"8.6 miles"
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-394189916930119577 | Duck (cricket) | Duck ( cricket ) - wikipedia Duck ( cricket ) In cricket , a duck is a batsman 's dismissal for a score of zero . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Significant ducks 3 Variations 4 Pair 5 The Primary Club 6 See also 7 References Origin of the term ( edit ) The term is a shortening of the term `` duck 's egg '' , the latter being used long before Test cricket began . When referring to the Prince of Wales ' ( the future Edward VII ) score of nought on 17 July 1866 , a contemporary newspaper wrote that the Prince `` retired to the royal pavilion on a ' duck 's egg ' `` . The name is believed to come from the shape of the number `` 0 '' being similar to that of a duck 's egg , as in the case of the American slang term `` goose - egg '' popular in baseball and the tennis term `` love , '' derived from French l'oeuf ( `` the egg '' ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary still cites `` duck 's egg '' as an alternative version of the term . Significant ducks ( edit ) The first duck in a Test match was made in the very first Test , between Australia and England at Melbourne in March 1877 , when Ned Gregory was caught by Andrew Greenwood off the bowling of James Lillywhite . As of 2017 , the record for the most ducks in Test cricket is held by West Indies player Courtney Walsh , who was out for nought on 43 occasions , while the overall first - class record is 156 , set by Worcestershire and England player Reg Perks . One particularly high - profile example of a duck came in 1948 , when Don Bradman was playing his final Test match for Australia , against England at The Oval . In Australia 's first innings , Bradman was bowled for a duck by Eric Hollies , causing his Test average to fall from 101.39 to 99.94 ; had he scored just four runs , his average would have been 100 . As things turned out , Australia won the match by an innings , and so Bradman did not get to bat a second time ( had he batted , he would have needed at least 104 runs if dismissed or at least four runs if not out to get his average back to 100 ) . In the first Test of Australia 's tour of India in 1986 , with the cumulative scores tied , Indian tailender Maninder Singh was trapped LBW by Greg Matthews for a four ball duck , ensuring just the second tied Test in Test Cricket history . Indian all - rounder Ajit Agarkar earned the unfortunate nickname `` Bombay Duck '' after being dismissed for ducks five consecutive times in test matches against Australia . In a 1913 match against Glastonbury , Huish and Langport 's batsmen all scored ducks for a total of zero runs . A similar occurrence in indoor cricket happened in 2016 , when Bapchild Cricket Club were dismissed for zero against Christ Church University . On January 30 , 2017 tailender Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) became the first player to be dismissed for a diamond duck in a partnership of more than fifty runs . He was run out at the non-striker's end without facing a delivery . Variations ( edit ) There are several variations used to describe specific types of duck . The usage or prevalence of many of these terms vary regionally , with one term having different meanings in different parts of the world . Even within commentary from ESPN Cricinfo or individual cricket board websites , there is no uniform application of some of these terms . Players who are dismissed by the first ball they face are said to have been dismissed for a golden duck . This term is applied uniformly throughout the cricket world . A batsman who is dismissed without facing a ball ( most usually run out from the non-striker's end , but alternatively stumped or run out off a wide delivery ) is said to be out for a diamond duck , but in some regions that term has an alternative definition . An opening batsman who is dismissed on the first ball of a team 's innings is said to be out for a diamond duck , platinum duck or royal duck , depending upon the regional usage . Pair ( edit ) To be dismissed for nought in both innings of the same two - innings match is to be dismissed for a pair , because the two noughts together are thought to resemble a pair of spectacles ; the longer form is occasionally used . To be dismissed first ball in both innings ( i.e. , two golden ducks ) is to suffer the indignity of making a king pair . The primary Club ( edit ) Main article : Primary Club A `` golden duck '' is also known as a `` primary '' . In 1955 several young members of Beckenham Cricket Club in Kent who had been dismissed first ball that season , formed a club dedicated to supporting a charity to help blind cricketers . The Primary Club has grown into an international charity making annual donations in excess of £ 100,000 to a variety of schools and clubs for the blind and partially sighted . Their patron is former England and Kent cricketer Derek Underwood MBE . Membership is open to any player who has been dismissed first ball in any game of cricket . Funds are raised through the selling of ties which should be worn on the Saturday of a Test match . See also ( edit ) Hat trick , the dismissal of three batsmen from three consecutive balls Names for the number 0 in English Pairs in test and first - class cricket Golden sombrero , an equally inglorious batting feat in baseball Daddles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : LONDON from THE DAILY TIMES CORRESPONDENT , 25 July 1866 can be viewed at Paper 's past Jump up ^ `` duck '' . AskOxford.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England in 1876 / 77 '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tests -- Most Ducks in Career '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most Ducks in First - Class Cricket '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Don Bradman '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` No more Bombay Duck '' . The Sun . 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Frindall , Bill ( 2009 ) . Ask Bearders . BBC Books . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84607 - 880 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Ducks all round : the cricket team that was all out for nought '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket team bowled out for zero in Kent indoor game '' . BBC Sport. 2016 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket explained '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Victorian Cricket Association Umpires and Scorers Association Association Newsletter , Vol. 15 No. 5 , 2008 -- 2009 season , p11 Jump up ^ `` cricket.com.au Twenty20 Match Commentary '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` A diamond duck ? Simon Katich 's howler was as rare as a sighting of Quackula ... '' Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Diamond duck places Katich in select Ashes club '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ All Today 's Yesterdays -- South Africa 's first home Test for 22 years Jump up ^ Sailesh S. Radha , Five Days in White Flannels : A Trivia Book on Test Cricket , p46 , ( AuthorHouse ) ISBN 1 - 4389 - 2469 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Middlesex facing innings defeat at Lord 's '' . Middlesex County Cricket Club . 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blofeld , Henry ( 18 August 2003 ) . `` CRICKET : Smith has the class and character to revive England '' . The Independent . FindArticles . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Conversely , Graham Gooch made a pair of spectacles in his first Test , against Australia . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck_(cricket)&oldid=840355301 '' Categories : Cricket terminology Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Pages using Template : Post-nominals with missing parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | achievement of a cricketer out first ball for zero in both innings | [
"To be dismissed for nought in both innings of the same two-innings match is to be dismissed for a pair,[18] because the two noughts together are thought to resemble a pair of spectacles; the longer form is occasionally used.[19] To be dismissed first ball in both innings (i.e., two golden ducks) is to suffer the indignity of making a king pair.[11]"
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-2133281056446283490 | Juliet O'Hara | Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm . Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=821118398 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia | psych episode where shawn and juliet start dating | [
"\n\"Romeo and Juliet and Juliet\" (5.01) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it. Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him, involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs. Juliet gives him information, but does not return to the SBPD. Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper, Teno Tan. He is easily outmatched, but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed. They thank each other and agree to hug, but Lassiter interrupts. Shawn calls for a rain check.\n\"Feet Don't Kill Me Now\" (5.02) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case. Their partnership does not hold up, as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus, as does Juliet with Lassiter. Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners.\n\"Shawn 2.0\" (5.08) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend's wedding, but \"criminal profiler\" Declan Rand beats him to the punch. Juliet offers to reschedule, but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced. Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan, whom Gus dubs \"Shawn 2.0\" because of their similarities. Like Shawn, Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father. Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself. Like he has the entire episode, Declan beats Shawn, making his confession to Juliet first. She forgives Declan and they go for coffee, leaving Shawn unable to say anything.\n\"One, Maybe Two, Ways Out\" (5.09) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan, of which Shawn is very jealous. Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself. After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia's capture, Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he cannot be happy without her, though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship. Juliet is visibly affected by his words. After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody, Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan's residence. Declan tells them to make their visit quick, as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone. Gus, intrigued by this, follows Declan upstairs. Shawn is left alone in the foyer, at which point Juliet enters the room, surprised to see him. She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan's computer, but he does not rat out Declan for helping. Shawn wishes her a great four days off, but she corrects that it is two weeks, visibly upsetting him. He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation, and tells her to take many mental photographs. As Shawn starts going off on a tangent, Juliet abruptly kisses him. She then pulls back, and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss. Declan and Gus return, and Shawn, too stunned to make any witty remarks, simply wishes them a good vacation. Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave, and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door. Juliet is left standing in the foyer, alone.\n\"Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part\" (5.10) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada. Before Shawn leaves, his father advises him to speak with Juliet, as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing. Shawn asks after her at the station, but Buzz tells him she already has her passport. Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States, to Shawn's visible shock, and he asks Juliet to talk. Later, Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan, but Shawn cannot talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside, resulting in Jules walking away upset. At the end of the episode, Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is, with the answer \"Grabbin' a muffin\". He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean, but she is still upset, claiming they missed their moment. Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met, he has thought about replacing his motorcycle, a beloved symbol of freedom, with a car. They kiss passionately, but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook. Then, they move to a gift shop, where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a \"slut\". They then go to a car, and are once more interrupted by a cop. Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky.\n\"In Plain Fright\" (5.11) - At the beginning of the episode,t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple.\n\"Dual Spires\" (5.12) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found, and where the only cell service zone in the town is. When Juliet shows up unexpectedly. Shawn distracts Gus by saying, \"Dude, labradoodle!\", and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss.\n\"Yang 3 in 2D\" (5.16) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn (now her boyfriend) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim. When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin's house, she is the first to get Yang out of confinement, and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police, Jules agrees. Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn, and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house. Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house. Shawn is saved, and after Yang gets her picture, she says to Shawn, \"Catch up with you later, Mr. Spencer.\" After finishing his statement on the Yin case, Shawn goes looking for Jules, and finds her in the interrogation room. She says she cannot finish her statement because it is like \"marking the time 'til the next crazy rolls in.\" To that, Shawn replies that he is there for her and will \"always protect her\", and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand. He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips. The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship.\n"
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"\"In Plain Fright\" (5.11)"
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-4246046573034260499 | Galápagos Islands | Galápagos islands - wikipedia Galápagos islands Jump to : navigation , search `` Galápagos '' redirects here . For other uses , see Galápagos ( disambiguation ) . Galápagos Islands Geography Location Pacific Ocean Coordinates 0 ° 40 ′ S 90 ° 33 ′ W / 0.667 ° S 90.550 ° W / - 0.667 ; - 90.550 Coordinates : 0 ° 40 ′ S 90 ° 33 ′ W / 0.667 ° S 90.550 ° W / - 0.667 ; - 90.550 Total islands 21 Major islands 18 Area 7,880 km ( 3,040 sq mi ) Highest elevation 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) Highest point Volcán Wolf Administration Ecuador Province Galápagos Capital city Puerto Baquerizo Moreno Demographics Population 26,640 ( 2012 ) Pop . density 3 / km ( 8 / sq mi ) Additional information Time zone GALT ( UTC - 6 ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Galápagos Islands Type Natural Criteria vii , viii , ix , x Designated 1978 ( 2nd session ) Reference no . Region Latin America and the Caribbean Extension 2001 and 2003 Endangered 2007 -- 2010 The Galápagos Islands ( official name : Archipiélago de Colón , other Spanish name : Las Islas Galápagos , Spanish pronunciation : ( las ˈiɦla ɣaˈlapaɣo ) ) , part of the Republic of Ecuador , are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere , 906 km ( 563 mi ) west of continental Ecuador . The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle , as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by means of natural selection . The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador , the Galápagos National Park , and the Galápagos Marine Reserve . The principal language on the islands is Spanish . The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000 . The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535 , when Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the Bishop of Panamá , was surprised with this undiscovered land during a voyage to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro . De Berlanga eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them . The group of islands was shown and named in Abraham Ortelius 's atlas published in 1570 . The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley , who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen . These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert Fitzroy , and in Darwin 's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle . The new Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832 , and subsequently gave them official Spanish names . The older names remained in use in English language publications , including Herman Melville 's The Encantadas of 1854 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Physical geography 2.1 Main islands 2.2 Minor islands 3 Climate 4 History 4.1 Pre-Columbian era 4.2 European voyages 4.3 Ecuadorian Galápagos 5 Politics 6 Demographics 7 Travel 8 Environmental protection policy 8.1 Environmental threats 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) See also : Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands Volcanism has been continuous on the Galapagos Islands for at least 20 Myr , and perhaps even longer . The mantle plume beneath the east - ward moving Nazca Plate ( 51 km / myr ) has given rise to a 3 km thick platform under the island chain and seamounts . Besides the Galapagos Archipelago , other key tectonic features in the region include the Northern Galapagos Volcanic Province between the archipelago and the Galapagos Spreading Center ( GSC ) 200 km to the north at the boundary of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate . This spreading center truncates into the East Pacific Rise on the west and is bounded by the Cocos Ridge and Carnegie Ridge in the east . Furthermore , the Galapagos Hotspot is at the northern boundary of the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province while the Easter Hotspot is on the southern boundary . The Galapagos Archipelago is characterized by numerous contemporaneous volcanoes , some with plume magma sources , others from the asthenosphere , possibly due to the young and thin oceanic crust . The GSC caused structural weaknesses in this thin lithosphere leading to eruptions forming the Galapagos Platform . Fernandina and Isabela in particular are aligned along these weaknesses . Lacking a well - defined rift zone , the islands have a high rate of inflation prior to eruption . Sierra Negra on Isabela Island experienced a 240 cm uplift between 1992 and 1998 , most recent eruption in 2005 , while Fernandina on Fernandina Island indicated an uplift of 90 cm , most recent eruption in 2009 . Alcedo on Isabela Island had an uplift of greater than 90 cm , most recent eruption in 1993 . Additional characteristics of the Galapagos Archipelago are closer volcano spacing , smaller volcano sizes , and larger calderas . For instance , Isabela Island includes 6 major volcanoes , Ecuador , Wolf , Darwin , Alcedo , Sierra Negraa and Cerro Azul , with most recent eruptions ranging from 1813 to 2008 . The neighboring islands of Santiago and Fernandina last erupted in 1906 and 2009 , respectively . Overall , the 9 active volcanoes in the archipelago have erupted 24 times between 1961 and 2011 . The shape of these volcanoes is that of an `` overturned soup bowl '' as opposed to the `` overturned saucer plate '' of the Hawaiian Islands . The Galapagos shape is due to the pattern of radial and circumferential fissure , radial on the flanks , but circumferential near the caldera summits . It is the circumferential fissures which give rise to stacks of short lava flows . The volcanoes at the west end of the archipelago are in general , taller , younger , have well developed calderas , and are mostly composed of tholeiitic basalt , while those on the east are shorter , older , lack calderas , and have a more diverse composition . The ages of the islands , from west to east are 0.05 Ma for Fernandina , 0.65 Ma for Isabela , 1.10 Ma for Santiago , 1.7 Ma for Santa Cruz , 2.90 Ma for Santa Fe , and 3.2 Ma for San Cristobal . The calderas on Sierra Negra and Alcedo have active fault systems . The Sierra Negra fault is associated with a sill 2 km below the caldera . The caldera on Fernandina experienced the largest basaltic volcano collapse in history , with the 1968 phreatomagmatic eruption . Fernandina has also been the most active volcano since 1790 , with recent eruptions in 1991 , 1995 , 2005 , and 2009 , and the entire surface has been covered in numerous flows since 4.3 Ka . The western volcanoes have numerous tuff cones . Physical geography ( edit ) The islands are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean , 973 km ( 605 mi ) off the west coast of South America . The closest land mass is that of mainland Ecuador , the country to which they belong , 926 km / 500 nmi to the east . Orthographic projection centred over the Galápagos . School of scalloped hammerheads , Wolf Island , Galápagos Islands Grapsus grapsus on the rocks . Satellite photo of the Galápagos islands overlaid with the names of the visible main islands . Isabela seen from Spot Satellite . Waved albatrosses on Española . Galápagos marine iguana . Main Street on San Cristóbal Island . Play media An animated tour of the Galápagos . Play media NASA oceanographer Gene Carl Feldman reflects on his unique perspective on this region . The islands are found at the coordinates 1 ° 40'N -- 1 ° 36 'S , 89 ° 16 ' -- 92 ° 01'W . Straddling the equator , islands in the chain are located in both the northern and southern hemispheres , with Volcán Wolf and Volcán Ecuador on Isla Isabela being directly on the equator . Española Island , the southernmost islet of the archipelago , and Darwin Island , the northernmost one , are spread out over a distance of 220 km ( 137 mi ) . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) considers them wholly within the South Pacific Ocean , however . The Galápagos Archipelago consists of 7,880 km ( 3,040 sq mi ) of land spread over 45,000 km ( 17,000 sq mi ) of ocean . The largest of the islands , Isabela , measures 2,250 sq mi / 5,827 km and makes up close to three - quarters of the total land area of the Galápagos . Volcán Wolf on Isabela is the highest point , with an elevation of 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level . The group consists of 18 main islands , 3 smaller islands , and 107 rocks and islets . The islands are located at the Galapagos Triple Junction . The archipelago is located on the Nazca Plate ( a tectonic plate ) , which is moving east / southeast , diving under the South American Plate at a rate of about 2.5 inches ( 6.4 cm ) per year . It is also atop the Galápagos hotspot , a place where the Earth 's crust is being melted from below by a mantle plume , creating volcanoes . The first islands formed here at least 8 million and possibly up to 90 million years ago . While the older islands have disappeared below the sea as they moved away from the mantle plume , the youngest islands , Isabela and Fernandina , are still being formed , with the most recent volcanic eruption in April 2009 where lava from the volcanic island Fernandina started flowing both towards the island 's shoreline and into the center caldera . Main islands ( edit ) The 18 main islands ( each having a land area at least 1 km ) of the archipelago ( with their English names ) shown alphabetically : Baltra ( South Seymour ) Island -- Baltra is a small flat island located near the centre of the Galápagos . It was created by geological uplift . The island is very arid , and vegetation consists of salt bushes , prickly pear cacti and palo santo trees . Until 1986 , Baltra ( Seymour ) Airport was the only airport serving the Galápagos . Now , there are two airports which receive flights from the continent ; the other is located on San Cristóbal Island . Private planes flying to Galápagos must fly to Baltra , as it is the only airport with facilities for planes overnight . On arriving in Baltra , all visitors are immediately transported by bus to one of two docks . The first dock is located in a small bay , where the boats cruising Galápagos await passengers . The second is a ferry dock , which connects Baltra to the island of Santa Cruz . During the 1940s , scientists decided to move 70 of Baltra 's land iguanas to the neighboring North Seymour Island as part of an experiment . This move proved unexpectedly useful when the native iguanas became extinct on Baltra as a result of the island 's military occupation in World War II . During the 1980s , iguanas from North Seymour were brought to the Charles Darwin Research Station as part of a breeding and repopulation project , and in the 1990s , land iguanas were reintroduced to Baltra . As of 1997 , scientists counted 97 iguanas living on Baltra ; 13 of which had hatched on the islands . Bartolomé ( Bartholomew ) Island -- Bartolomé Island is a volcanic islet just off the east coast of Santiago Island in the Galápagos Islands group . it is one of the `` younger '' islands in the Galápagos archipelago . This island , and neighbouring Sulivan Bay on Santiago ( James ) island , are named after lifelong friend of Charles Darwin , Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan , who was a lieutenant aboard HMS Beagle . Today Sulivan Bay is often misspelled Sullivan Bay . This island is one of the few that are home to the Galápagos penguin which is the only wild penguin species to live on the equator . The green turtle is another animal that resides on the island . Darwin ( Culpepper ) Island -- This island is named after Charles Darwin . It has an area of 1.1 km ( 0.4 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 168 m ( 551 ft ) . Here fur seals , frigates , marine iguanas , swallow - tailed gulls , sea lions , whales , marine turtles , and red - footed and Nazca boobies can be seen . Española ( Hood ) Island -- Its name was given in honor of Spain . It also is known as Hood , after Viscount Samuel Hood . It has an area of 60 km ( 23 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 206 m ( 676 ft ) . Española is the oldest island at around 3.5 million years , and the southernmost in the group . Due to its remote location , Española has a large number of endemic species . It has its own species of lava lizard , mockingbird , and Galápagos tortoise . Española 's marine iguanas exhibit a distinctive red coloration change between the breeding season . Española is the only place where the waved albatross nests . Some of the birds have attempted to breed on Genovesa ( Tower ) Island , but unsuccessfully . Española 's steep cliffs serve as the perfect runways for these birds , which take off for their ocean feeding grounds near the mainland of Ecuador and Peru . Española has two visitor sites . Gardner Bay is a swimming and snorkelling site , and offers a great beach . Punta Suarez has migrant , resident , and endemic wildlife , including brightly colored marine iguanas , Española lava lizards , hood mockingbirds , swallow - tailed gulls , blue - footed boobies , Nazca boobies , red - billed tropicbirds , Galápagos hawks , three species of Darwin 's finches , and the waved albatross . Fernandina ( Narborough ) Island -- The name was given in honor of King Ferdinand II of Aragon , who sponsored the voyage of Columbus . Fernandina has an area of 642 km ( 248 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 1,494 m ( 4,902 ft ) . This is the youngest and westernmost island . On 13 May 2005 , a new , very eruptive process began on this island , when an ash and water vapor cloud rose to a height of 7 km ( 23,000 ft ) and lava flows descended the slopes of the volcano on the way to the sea . Punta Espinosa is a narrow stretch of land where hundreds of marine iguanas gather , largely on black lava rocks . The famous flightless cormorants inhabit this island , as do Galápagos penguins , pelicans , Galápagos sea lions and Galápagos fur seals . Different types of lava flows can be compared , and the mangrove forests can be observed . Floreana ( Charles or Santa María ) Island -- It was named after Juan José Flores , the first President of Ecuador , during whose administration the government of Ecuador took possession of the archipelago . It is also called Santa Maria , after one of the caravels of Columbus . It has an area of 173 km ( 67 sq mi ) and a maximum elevation of 640 m ( 2,100 ft ) . It is one of the islands with the most interesting human history , and one of the earliest to be inhabited . Flamingos and green sea turtles nest ( December to May ) on this island . The patapegada or Galápagos petrel , a sea bird which spends most of its life away from land , is found here . At Post Office Bay , where 19th century whalers kept a wooden barrel that served as a post office , mail could be picked up and delivered to its destinations , mainly Europe and the United States , by ships on their way home . At the `` Devil 's Crown '' , an underwater volcanic cone and coral formations are found . Genovesa ( Tower ) Island -- The name is derived from Genoa , Italy , the birthplace of Christopher Columbus . It has an area of 14 km ( 5.4 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 76 m ( 249 ft ) . This island is formed by the remaining edge of a large caldera that is submerged . Its nickname of `` the bird island '' is clearly justified . At Darwin Bay , frigatebirds and swallow - tailed gulls , the only nocturnal species of gull in the world , can be seen . Red - footed boobies , noddy terns , lava gulls , tropic birds , doves , storm petrels and Darwin finches are also in sight . Prince Philip 's Steps is a bird - watching plateau with Nazca and red - footed boobies . There is a large Palo Santo forest . Isabela ( Albemarle ) Island -- This island was named in honor of Queen Isabela . With an area of 4,640 km ( 1,792 sq mi ) , it is the largest island of the Galápagos . Its highest point is Volcán Wolf , with an altitude of 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) . The island 's seahorse shape is the product of the merging of six large volcanoes into a single land mass . On this island , Galápagos penguins , flightless cormorants , marine iguanas , pelicans and Sally Lightfoot crabs abound . At the skirts and calderas of the volcanoes of Isabela , land iguanas and Galápagos tortoises can be observed , as well as Darwin finches , Galápagos hawks , Galápagos doves and very interesting lowland vegetation . The third - largest human settlement of the archipelago , Puerto Villamil , is located at the southeastern tip of the island . It is the only island to have the equator run across it . It is also the only place in the world where a penguin can be in its natural habitat in the Northern Hemisphere . North Seymour Island in the Galápagos ; Daphne Island is in the distance . Marchena ( Bindloe ) Island -- Named after Fray Antonio Marchena , it has an area of 130 km ( 50 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) . Galápagos hawks and sea lions inhabit this island , and it is home to the Marchena lava lizard , an endemic animal . North Seymour Island -- Its name was given after an English nobleman , Lord Hugh Seymour . It has an area of 1.9 km ( 0.7 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 28 m ( 92 ft ) . This island is home to a large population of blue - footed boobies and swallow - tailed gulls . It hosts one of the largest populations of frigate birds . It was formed from geological uplift . Pinzón ( Duncan ) Island -- Named after the Pinzón brothers , captains of the Pinta and Niña caravels , it has an area of 18 km ( 7 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) . Pinta ( Louis ) Island -- Named after the Pinta caravel , it has an area of 60 km ( 23 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 777 m ( 2,549 ft ) . Sea lions , Galápagos hawks , giant tortoises , marine iguanas , and dolphins can be seen here . Pinta Island was home to the last remaining Pinta tortoise , called Lonesome George . He was moved from Pinta Island to the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island , where scientists attempted to breed from him . However , Lonesome George died in June 2012 without producing any offspring . Rábida ( Jervis ) Island -- It bears the name of the convent of Rábida , where Columbus left his son during his voyage to the Americas . It has an area of 4.9 km ( 1.9 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 367 m ( 1,204 ft ) . The high amount of iron contained in the lava at Rábida gives it a distinctive red colour . White - cheeked pintail ducks live in a saltwater lagoon close to the beach , where brown pelicans and boobies have built their nests . Until recently , flamingos were also found in the lagoon , but they have since moved on to other islands , likely due to a lack of food on Rábida . Nine species of finches have been reported in this island . San Cristóbal ( Chatham ) Island -- It bears the name of the patron saint of seafarers , `` St. Christopher '' . Its English name was given after William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham . It has an area of 558 km ( 215 sq mi ) and its highest point rises to 730 m ( 2395 ft ) . This is the first island in the Galápagos Archipelago Charles Darwin visited during his voyage on the Beagle . This islands hosts frigate birds , sea lions , giant tortoises , blue - and red - footed boobies , tropicbirds , marine iguanas , dolphins and swallow - tailed gulls . Its vegetation includes Calandrinia galapagos , Lecocarpus darwinii , and trees such as Lignum vitae . The largest freshwater lake in the archipelago , Laguna El Junco , is located in the highlands of San Cristóbal . The capital of the province of Galápagos is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno , which lies at the southern tip of the island , and is close to San Cristóbal Airport . From an aircraft flying out of Baltra Island ( on the right ) and the Santa Cruz ( on the left ) , the Itabaca Channel is the waterway between the islands . Santa Cruz ( Indefatigable ) Island -- Given the name of the Holy Cross in Spanish , its English name derives from the British vessel HMS Indefatigable . It has an area of 986 km ( 381 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 864 m ( 2834 ft ) . Santa Cruz hosts the largest human population in the archipelago , the town of Puerto Ayora . The Charles Darwin Research Station and the headquarters of the Galápagos National Park Service are located here . The GNPS and CDRS operate a tortoise breeding centre here , where young tortoises are hatched , reared , and prepared to be reintroduced to their natural habitat . The Highlands of Santa Cruz offer exuberant flora , and are famous for the lava tunnels . Large tortoise populations are found here . Black Turtle Cove is a site surrounded by mangroves , which sea turtles , rays and small sharks sometimes use as a mating area . Cerro Dragón , known for its flamingo lagoon , is also located here , and along the trail one may see land iguanas foraging . Santa Fe ( Barrington ) Island -- Named after a city in Spain , it has an area of 24 km ( 9 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 259 m ( 850 ft ) . Santa Fe hosts a forest of Opuntia cactus , which are the largest of the archipelago , and Palo Santo . Weathered cliffs provide a haven for swallow - tailed gulls , red - billed tropic birds and shear - waters petrels . Santa Fe species of land iguanas are often seen , as well as lava lizards . Santiago ( San Salvador , James ) Island -- Its name is equivalent to Saint James in English ; it is also known as San Salvador , after the first island discovered by Columbus in the Caribbean Sea . This island has an area of 585 km ( 226 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 907 m ( 2976 ft ) . Marine iguanas , sea lions , fur seals , land and sea turtles , flamingos , dolphins and sharks are found here . Pigs and goats , which were introduced by humans to the islands and have caused great harm to the endemic species , have been eradicated ( pigs by 2002 ; goats by the end of 2006 ) . Darwin finches and Galápagos hawks are usually seen , as well as a colony of fur seals . At Sulivan Bay , a recent ( around 100 years ago ) pahoehoe lava flow can be observed . Wolf ( Wenman ) Island -- This island was named after the German geologist Theodor Wolf . It has an area of 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 253 m ( 830 ft ) . Here , fur seals , frigatebirds , Nazca and red - footed boobies , marine iguanas , sharks , whales , dolphins and swallow - tailed gulls can be seen . The most famous resident is the vampire finch , which feeds partly on blood pecked from other birds , and is only found on this island . Minor islands ( edit ) Daphne Major -- A small island directly north of Santa Cruz and directly west of Baltra , this very inaccessible island appears , though unnamed , on Ambrose Cowley 's 1684 chart . It is important as the location of multidecade finch population studies by Peter and Rosemary Grant . South Plaza Island ( Plaza Sur ) -- It is named in honor of a former president of Ecuador , General Leonidas Plaza . It has an area of 0.13 km ( 0.05 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 23 m ( 75 ft ) . The flora of South Plaza includes Opuntia cactus and Sesuvium plants , which form a reddish carpet on top of the lava formations . Iguanas ( land , marine and some hybrids of both species ) are abundant , and large numbers of birds can be observed from the cliffs at the southern part of the island , including tropic birds and swallow - tailed gulls . Nameless Island -- A small islet used mostly for scuba diving . Roca Redonda -- An islet approximately 25 km ( 16 mi ) northwest of Isabela . Herman Melville devotes the third and fourth sketches of The Encantadas to describing this islet ( which he calls `` Rock Rodondo '' ) and the view from it . Climate ( edit ) These satellite maps show chlorophyll concentration ( which corresponds with the abundance of phytoplankton ) during El Niño ( top ) and La Niña ( lower ) . Blue represents low concentrations , yellow , orange and red indicate high concentrations . Currents that normally fertilize the phytoplankton reverse during El Niño , resulting in barren oceans . These same currents are strengthened by La Niña , resulting in an explosion of ocean life . The bottom image shows sea surface temperature , cool upwelling waters are coloured purple . Thriving phytoplankton populations are indicated by high chlorophyll concentrations ( top image ) , coloured green , and yellow . Images acquired on 2 March 2009 . Although the islands are located on the Equator , the Humboldt Current brings cold water to them , causing frequent drizzles during most of the year . The weather is periodically influenced by the El Niño events , which occur about every 3 -- 7 years and are characterized by warm sea surface temperatures , a rise in sea level , greater wave action , and a depletion of nutrients in the water . During the season known as the garúa ( June to November ) , the temperature by the sea is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) , a steady and cold wind blows from south and southeast , frequent drizzles ( garúas ) last most of the day , and dense fog conceals the islands . During the warm season ( December to May ) , the average sea and air temperature rises to 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , there is no wind at all , there are sporadic , though strong , rains and the sun shines . Weather changes as altitude increases in the large islands . Temperature decreases gradually with altitude , while precipitation increases due to the condensation of moisture in clouds on the slopes . There is a large range in precipitation from one place to another , not only with altitude , but also depending on the location of the islands , and also with the seasons . The following table corresponding to the wet 1969 shows the variation of precipitation in different places of Santa Cruz Island : Location Charles Darwin Station Devine Farm Media Luna Altitude 6 m 320 m 620 m January 23.0 mm 78.0 mm 172.6 mm February 16.8 mm 155.2 mm 117.0 mm March 249.0 mm 920.8 mm 666.7 mm April 68.5 mm 79.5 mm 166.4 mm May 31.4 mm 214.6 mm 309.8 mm June 16.8 mm 147.3 mm 271.8 mm July 12.0 mm 42.2 mm 135.6 mm August 3.8 mm 13.7 mm 89.5 mm September 18.5 mm 90.9 mm 282.6 mm October 3.2 mm 22.6 mm 96.5 mm November 11.0 mm 52.8 mm 172.7 mm December 15.7 mm 84.1 mm 175.3 mm TOTALS 469.7 mm 1901.7 mm 2656.4 mm The precipitation also depends on the geographical location . During March 1969 , the precipitation over Charles Darwin Station , on the southern coast of Santa Cruz was 249.0 mm ( 9.80 in ) , while on Baltra Island , the precipitation during the same month was only 137.6 mm ( 5.42 in ) . This is because Baltra is located behind Santa Cruz with respect to the prevailing southerly winds , so most of the moisture gets precipitated in the Santa Cruz highlands . There are significant changes in precipitation from one year to another , too . At Charles Darwin Station , the precipitation during March 1969 was 249.0 mm ( 9.80 in ) , but during March 1970 , it was only 1.2 mm ( 0.05 in ) . On the larger islands , the pattern of generally wet highlands and drier lowlands impacts the flora . The vegetation in the highlands tends to be green and lush , with tropical woodland in places . The lowland areas tend to have arid and semi-arid vegetation , with many thorny shrubs and cacti , and almost bare volcanic rock elsewhere . History ( edit ) Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) According to a 1952 study by Thor Heyerdahl and Arne Skjølsvold , remains of potsherds and other artifacts from several sites on the islands suggest visitation by South American peoples in pre-Columbian era . The group located an Inca flute and shards from more than 130 pieces of ceramics , which were later identified as pre-Incan . However , no remains of graves , ceremonial vessels and constructions have ever been found , suggesting no permanent settlement occurred before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century . It is not clear who the first visitors to the islands were , but they were probably sailors blown off course or people on hapless fishing boats blown out to sea . Most of them were likely unimpressed by the lack of fresh water on the islands . Whether the Incas ever made it here is disputed ; in 1572 , Spanish chronicler Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa claimed that Topa Inca Yupanqui , the second Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire had visited the archipelago , but there is little evidence for this , and many experts consider it a far - fetched legend , especially since the Incas were not seafaring people . The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis nigra ) is the largest living species of tortoise ; this one is from the Island of Santa Cruz . European voyages ( edit ) European discovery of the Galápagos Islands occurred when Spaniard Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the fourth Bishop of Panama , sailed to Peru to settle a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his lieutenants . De Berlanga 's vessel drifted off course when the winds diminished , and his party reached the islands on 10 March 1535 . Adult Galápagos sea lion resting on a park bench in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno The Galápagos Islands first appeared on the maps of Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius , in about 1570 . The islands were named `` Insulae de los Galopegos '' ( Islands of the Tortoises ) in reference to the giant tortoises found there . The first English captain to visit the Galápagos Islands was Richard Hawkins , in 1593 . Until the early 19th century , the archipelago was often used as a hideout by mostly English pirates who attacked Spanish galleons carrying gold and silver from South America to Spain . As described in 1684 . In 1793 , James Colnett described the flora and fauna of Galápagos , and suggested the islands could be used as base for the whalers operating in the Pacific Ocean . He drew the first accurate navigation charts of the islands . Whalers and maritime fur traders killed and captured thousands of the Galápagos tortoises to extract their fat . The tortoises could be kept on board ship as a means of providing of fresh protein , as these animals could survive for several months on board without any food or water . The hunting of the tortoises was responsible for greatly diminishing , and in some cases eliminating , certain species . Along with whalers came the fur - seal hunters , who brought the population of this animal close to extinction . The first known permanent human resident on Galápagos was Patrick Watkins , an Irish sailor who was marooned on the Island Floreana from 1807 to 1809 . According to later accounts , Watkins managed to survive by hunting , growing vegetables and trading with visiting whalers , before finally stealing an open boat and navigating to Guayaquil . In 1818 the Nantucket whaleship Globe , under Captain George Washington Gardner , discovered a `` mother lode '' of sperm whales some thousand miles west of the South American coast approximately at the equator . He returned to Nantucket in 1820 with more than 2000 barrels of sperm whale oil and the news of his discovery . This led to an influx of whaleships to exploit the new whaling ground and the Galápagos Islands became a frequent stop for the whalers both before and after visiting what came to be known as the Offshore Grounds . This led to the establishment in the Galápagos Islands of a kind of unofficial `` post office '' where whaleships stopped to pick up and drop off letters as well as for provisioning and repairing . In October 1820 , the whaleship Essex , out of Nantucket , stopped at the Galápagos for these purposes on its way to the Offshore Grounds . On what was then known as Charles Island , while most of the crew were hunting tortoises one crewmember , English boatsteerer Thomas Chappel , for reasons still unclear , lit a fire which quickly burned out of control . Some of the tortoise hunters had a narrow escape and had to run a gauntlet of fire to get back to the ship . Soon almost the entire island was in flames . Crewmembers reported that after a day of sailing away they could still see the flames against the horizon . One crewmember who returned to the Galápagos several years afterward described the entire island as still a blackened wasteland . Ecuadorian Galápagos ( edit ) Ecuador annexed the Galápagos Islands on 12 February 1832 , naming them the Archipelago of Ecuador . This new name added to several names that had been , and are still , used to refer to the archipelago . The first governor of Galápagos , General José de Villamil , brought a group of convicts to populate the island of Floreana , and in October 1832 , some artisans and farmers joined them . The voyage of the Beagle brought the survey ship HMS Beagle , under captain Robert FitzRoy , to the Galápagos on 15 September 1835 to survey approaches to harbours . The captain and others on board , including his companion , the young naturalist Charles Darwin , made observations on the geology and biology on Chatham , Charles , Albemarle and James islands before they left on 20 October to continue on their round - the - world expedition . Primarily a geologist at the time , Darwin was impressed by the quantity of volcanic craters they saw , later referring to the archipelago as `` that land of craters . '' His study of several volcanic formations over the 5 weeks he stayed in the islands , led to several important geological discoveries , including the first , correct explanation for how volcanic tuff is formed . Darwin noticed the mockingbirds differed between islands , though he thought the birds now known as Darwin 's finches were unrelated to each other , and did not bother labelling them by island . Nicholas Lawson , acting Governor of Galápagos for the Republic of the Equator , met them on Charles Island , and as they walked to the prison colony , Lawson told Darwin the tortoises differed from island to island . Towards the end of the voyage , Darwin speculated that the distribution of the mockingbirds and the tortoises might `` undermine the stability of Species '' . When specimens of birds were analysed on his return to England , it was found that many apparently different kinds of birds were species of finches , which were unique to islands . These facts were crucial in Darwin 's development of his theory of natural selection explaining evolution , which was presented in The Origin of Species . José Valdizán and Manuel Julián Cobos tried a new colonization , beginning the exploitation of a type of lichen found in the islands ( Roccella portentosa ) used as a coloring agent . After the assassination of Valdizán by some of his workers , Cobos brought from the continent a group of more than a hundred workers to San Cristóbal Island , and tried his luck at planting sugar cane . He ruled his plantation with an iron hand , which led to his assassination in 1904 . In 1897 , Antonio Gil began another plantation on Isabela Island . Over the course of a whole year , from September 1904 , an expedition of the Academy of Sciences of California , led by Rollo Beck , stayed in the Galápagos collecting scientific material on geology , entomology , ornithology , botany , zoology and herpetology . Another expedition from that Academy was done in 1932 ( Templeton Crocker Expedition ) to collect insects , fish , shells , fossils , birds and plants . For a long time during the early 1900s and at least through 1929 , a cash strapped Ecuador had reached out for potential buyers of the islands to alleviate financial troubles at home . The US had repeatedly expressed its interest in buying the islands for military use as they were positioned strategically guarding the Panama Canal . Besides the United States , Japan , Germany and Chile also expressed interest in establishing bases in the islands at the turn of the century . Chile had previously acquired the Straits of Magellan and Easter Island for strategic reasons and lieutenant Gregorio Santa Cruz argued in 1903 that possessing an island in equatorial waters , like the Galápagos , would be of great benefit since the geopolitical situation of Chile was expected to drastically change when the Panama Canal opened . Another benefit would be to widen the security radius of Chile . In the 1920s and 1930s , a small wave of European settlers arrived in the islands . There occurred a series of unsolved disappearances on the island of Floreana in the 1930s among the largely European expatriate residents at the time . The Galápagos Affair : Satan Came to Eden is a 2013 feature - length documentary film about the same . Ecuadorian laws provided all colonists with the possibility of receiving twenty hectares each of free land , the right to maintain their citizenship , freedom from taxation for the first ten years in Galápagos , and the right to hunt and fish freely on all uninhabited islands where they might settle . The first European colonists to arrive were Norwegians who settled briefly on Floreana , before moving on to San Cristobal and Santa Cruz . A few years later , other colonists from Europe , America and Ecuador started arriving on the islands , seeking a simpler life . Descendants of the Norwegian Kastdalen family and the German Angermeyer still live on the islands . During World War II , Ecuador authorized the United States to establish a naval base in Baltra Island , and radar stations in other strategic locations . Baltra was established as a United States Army Air Force base . Baltra was given the name of `` Beta Base '' along with `` Alpha Base '' in Nicaragua and `` Gamma Base '' in Salinas ( continental Ecuador ) . The Crews stationed at Baltra and the aforementioned locations established a geographic triangle of protection in charge of patrolling the Pacific for enemy submarines , and also provided protection for the Panama Canal . After the war , the facilities were given to the government of Ecuador . Today , the island continues as an official Ecuadorian military base . The foundations and other remains of the US base can still be seen as one crosses the island . In 1946 , a penal colony was established in Isabela Island , but it was suspended in 1959 . The marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ) Galápagos Islands Santa Cruz -- swimming in Puerto Ayora The Galápagos became a national park in 1959 , and tourism started in the 1960s , imposing several restrictions upon the human population already living on the island . However , opportunities in the tourism , fishing , and farming industries attracted a mass of poor fishermen and farmers from mainland Ecuador . In the 1990s and 2000s , violent confrontations between parts of the local population and the Galápagos National Park Service occurred , including capturing and killing giant tortoises and holding staff of the Galápagos National Park Service hostage to obtain higher annual sea cucumber quotas . Politics ( edit ) Flag of the Galápagos Province Water taxi on Puerto Ayora , Galápagos Main article : Galápagos Province The islands are administered by a provincial government . It was made a province by presidential decree by President Guillermo Rodríguez Lara on 18 February 1973 . The province is divided into cantons , each covering certain islands . The capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno . Demographics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The largest ethnic group is composed of Ecuadorian Mestizos , the mixed descendants of Spanish colonists and indigenous Native Americans , who arrived mainly in the last century from the continental part of Ecuador . There is also a large number of whites , mostly of Spanish descent . Some descendants of the early European and American colonists on the islands also still remain on the islands . In 1959 , approximately 1,000 to 2,000 people called the islands their home . In 1972 a census in the archipelago recorded a population of 3,488 . By the 1980s , this number had risen to more than 15,000 people , and in 2010 there were 25,124 people in the Galápagos . Five of the islands are inhabited : Baltra , Floreana , Isabela , San Cristobal and Santa Cruz . Travel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Options for flying into the Galápagos are limited to two islands : San Cristobal ( San Cristóbal Airport ) and Baltra ( Seymour Airport ) . Private aircraft must use Baltra as it is the airport equipped with overnight plane accommodations . Seymour Airport on Baltra was recently renovated ( 2012 -- 2013 ) to accommodate larger planes . Until 1969 the only way to visit was on a private or chartered vessel . There was no regular air service until Forrest Nelson 's Hotel Galápagos began the first organized tours in April 1969 . Soon other travel companies brought in tour ships and yachts , and local fishermen began converting their wooden boats for rudimentary cruising with guests . These vessels were the main source of overnight accommodations in the Galápagos . Today there are about 85 yachts and ships equipped for overnight guests . In 2006 the Baltra military governed island , was opened up to limited overnight camping . Baltra also requires permits by the military government for overnight stays on the beach . Other inhabited islands also allow camping on the beaches designated as `` recreational '' use to the locals . All of these camping permits are limited to number of people and nights , with most nights not to exceed three . Land based hotels are opening on the inhabited islands of San Cristobal , Santa Cruz , Floreana and Isabela . By 2012 , more than half the visitors to Galápagos made their tours using day boats and these small hotels . Restaurants , easy access and economy make this an attractive travel option . The cruise tours are still the best way to see all the complex environment and wildlife of the islands . There are only 116 visitor sites in the Galápagos : 54 land sites and 62 scuba - diving or snorkeling sites . Small groups are allowed to visit in 2 - to 4 - hour shifts only , to limit impact on the area . All groups are accompanied by licensed guides . Environmental protection Policy ( edit ) See also : Galápagos wildlife and Galápagos National Park Pelecanus occidentalis , Tortuga Bay Marine iguana Blue - footed booby Galápagos tortoise on Santa Cruz Island ( Galápagos ) Grapsus grapsus in the Galápagos Juvenile Galápagos penguin before banding Bottlenose dolphins jumping off the islands Though the first protective legislation for the Galápagos was enacted in 1930 and supplemented in 1936 , it was not until the late 1950s that positive action was taken to control what was happening to the native flora and fauna . In 1955 , the International Union for the Conservation of Nature organized a fact - finding mission to the Galápagos . Two years later , in 1957 , UNESCO , in cooperation with the government of Ecuador , sent another expedition to study the conservation situation and choose a site for a research station . In 1959 , the centenary year of Charles Darwin 's publication of The Origin of Species , the Ecuadorian government declared 97.5 % of the archipelago 's land area a national park , excepting areas already colonised . The Charles Darwin Foundation ( CDF ) was founded the same year . The core responsibility of CDF , an international nongovernmental organization ( NGO ) constituted in Belgium , is to conduct research and provide the research findings to the government for effective management of Galápagos . CDF 's research efforts began with the establishment of the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island in 1964 . During the early years , conservation programs , such as eradication of introduced species and protection of native species , were carried out by research station personnel . Now much of that work is accomplished by the Galápagos National Park Service using the research findings and methodologies developed by CDF . In 1986 , the 70,000 square kilometers ( 27,000 sq mi ) of ocean surrounding the islands was declared a marine reserve , second in size only to Australia 's Great Barrier Reef . In 1990 , the archipelago became a whale sanctuary . UNESCO recognised the islands in 1978 as a World Heritage Site and in 1985 , as a biosphere reserve . This was later extended in December 2001 to include the marine reserve . In July 2010 , the World Heritage Committee agreed to remove the Galápagos Islands from its list of precious sites endangered by environmental threats or overuse . Noteworthy species include : Galápagos land iguanas , Conolophus spp . Marine iguana , Amblyrhynchus cristatus , the only iguana feeding in the sea Galápagos tortoise ( Galápagos giant tortoise ) , Chelonoidis nigra , known as galápago in Spanish , it gave the name to the islands Galápagos green turtle , Chelonia mydas agassisi , a subspecies of the green turtle Sea cucumbers , the cause of environmental battles with fishermen over quotas of this expensive Asian delicacy Flightless cormorant , Phalacrocorax harrisi Great frigatebird and magnificent frigatebird Blue - footed booby , Sula nebouxii , popular among visitors for their large blue feet which they show off in courtship Galápagos penguin , Spheniscus mendiculus , the only living tropical penguin Waved albatross , Phoebastria irrorata , the only living tropical albatross Galápagos hawk , Buteo galapagoensis , the islands ' main scavenger ( at the top of the food chain ) and `` environmental police '' Four endemic species of Galápagos mockingbirds , the first species Darwin noticed to vary from island to island Thirteen endemic species of tanagers , popularly called Darwin 's finches . Among them is the sharp - beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis which is sometimes called the `` vampire finch '' for its blood - sucking habits , and the tool - using woodpecker finch , Camarhynchus pallidus Galápagos sea lions , Zalophus wollebaeki , closely related to the California sea lion , but smaller Two endemic genera of cacti , each with a single species : Jasminocereus thouarsii , the candelabra cactus , and Brachycereus nesioticus , the lava cactus Environmental threats ( edit ) Introduced plants and animals , such as feral goats , cats , and cattle , brought accidentally or willingly to the islands by humans , represent the main threat to Galápagos . Quick to reproduce and with no natural predators , these alien species decimated the habitats of native species . The native animals , lacking natural predators on the islands , are defenseless to introduced predators . There are over 700 introduced plant species today . There are only 500 native and endemic species . This difference is creating a major problem for the islands and the natural species that inhabit them . These plants have invaded large areas and eliminated endemic species in the humid zones of San Cristobal , Floreana , Isabela and Santa Cruz . Some of the most harmful introduced plants are the guayaba or guava ( Psidium guajava ) , avocado ( Persea americana ) , cascarilla ( Cinchona pubescens ) , balsa ( Ochroma pyramidale ) , hill raspberry ( Rubus niveus ) , various citrus ( orange , grapefruit , lemon ) , floripondio , higuerilla ( Ricinus communis ) trees and the elephant grass , Pennisetum purpureum . Many species were introduced to the Galápagos by pirates . Thor Heyerdahl quoted documents that mention the Viceroy of Peru , knowing that British pirates ate the goats that they themselves had released in the islands , ordered dogs to be freed there to eliminate the goats . Also , when colonization of Floreana by José de Villamil failed , he ordered the goats , donkeys , cattle and other animals from the farms in Floreana be transferred to other islands for the purpose of later colonization . Non-native goats , pigs , dogs , rats , cats , mice , sheep , horses , donkeys , cows , poultry , ants , cockroaches , and some parasites inhabit the islands today . Dogs and cats attack the tame birds and destroy the nests of birds , land tortoises , and marine turtles . They sometimes kill small Galápagos tortoises and iguanas . Pigs are even more harmful , covering larger areas and destroying the nests of tortoises , turtles and iguanas , as well as eating the animals ' native food . Pigs also knock down vegetation in their search for roots and insects . This problem abounds in Cerro Azul volcano and Isabela , and in Santiago , pigs may be the cause of the disappearance of the land iguanas that were so abundant when Darwin visited . The black rat ( Rattus rattus ) attacks small Galápagos tortoises when they leave the nest , so in Pinzón they stopped the reproduction for a period of more than 50 years ; only adults were found on that island . Also , where the black rat is found , the endemic rat has disappeared . Cattle and donkeys eat all the available vegetation and compete with native species for the scarce water . In 1959 , fishermen introduced one male and two female goats to Pinta island ; by 1973 , the National Park service estimated the population of goats to be over 30,000 individuals . Goats were also introduced to Marchena in 1967 and to Rabida in 1971 . A goat eradication program , however , cleared the goats from Pinta and Santiago and most of the goat population from Isabela . In fact , by 2006 all feral pigs , donkeys and non-sterile goats had been eliminated from Santiago and Isabela , the largest islands with the worst problems due to non-native mammals . Six species of small non-native vertebrates have established self - sufficient populations in Galapagos and may become invasive : Fowler 's snouted tree frog Scinax quinquefasciatus , common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus , mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris , dwarf gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus , Peters ' leaf - toed gecko Phyllodactylus reissii , and smooth - billed ani Crotophaga ani . Domestic fowl Gallus gallus holds feral populations , which may have self - sufficient populations , but evidence is unclear . The fast - growing poultry industry on the inhabited islands has been cause for concern from local conservationists , who fear domestic birds could introduce disease into the endemic wild bird populations . The Galápagos marine sanctuary is under threat from a host of illegal fishing activities , in addition to other problems of development . The most pressing threat to the Marine Reserve comes from local , mainland and foreign fishing targeting marine life illegally within the Reserve , such as sharks ( hammerheads and other species ) for their fins , and the harvest of sea cucumbers out of season . Development threatens both land and sea species . The growth of both the tourism industry and local populations fuelled by high birth rates and illegal immigration threaten the wildlife of the Archipelago . The grounding of the oil tanker Jessica in 2001 and the subsequent oil spill brought this threat to world attention . In 2007 , UNESCO put the Galápagos Islands on their List of World Heritage in Danger because of threats posed by invasive species , unbridled tourism and overfishing . On 29 July 2010 , the World Heritage Committee decided to remove the Galápagos Islands from the list because the Committee found significant progress had been made by Ecuador in addressing these problems . On 28 January 2008 , Galápagos National Park official Victor Carrion announced 53 sea lions ( 13 pups , 25 youngsters , 9 males and 6 females ) were killed at the Galápagos Islands nature reserve on Pinta , with their heads caved in . In 2001 , poachers killed 35 male sea lions . The Galápagos Islands were short - listed as a candidate to be one of the New7Wonders of Nature by the New7Wonders of Nature Foundation . As of February 2009 , the archipelago was ranked first in Group B , the category for islands . The islands ' biodiversity is under threat from several sources . The human population is growing at an unsustainable rate of 8 % per year ( 1995 ) . Introduced species have caused damage , and in 1996 a US $5 million , five - year eradication plan commenced in an attempt to rid the islands of introduced species such as goats , rats , deer , and donkeys . Except for the rats , the project was essentially completed in 2006 . Rats have only been eliminated from the smaller Galapagos Islands of Rábida and Pinzón . El Niño has adversely affected the marine ecosystem . In January 2001 , an oil slick from a stranded tanker threatened the islands , but winds and shifting ocean currents helped disperse the oil before much damage was done . The 1997 -- 98 El Niño adversely affected wildlife in the waters surrounding the islands , as the waters were 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) warmer than normal . Corals and barnacles suffered , hammerhead sharks were driven away , and most of the island 's seabirds failed to breed in 1997 -- 98 . The mortality rate of marine iguanas rose as the green algae they feed on was replaced by inedible red algae . During the 1982 -- 83 El Niño , 70 % of the marine iguanas starved to death because of this . See also ( edit ) List of birds of the Galápagos Islands List of animals in Galápagos Islands Albatross Foundation USA Galápagos National Park Galápagos hotspot Galápagos Province Darwin 's Arch Johanna Angermeyer , author of various books featuring the Galápagos Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Censo 2010 '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Discovery , Darwin and Evolution Jump up ^ Mittlestaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Harpp , Karen ; Graham , David ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Introduction , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 1 -- 3 , 42 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Harpp , Karen ; Hall , Paul ; Jackson , Matthew ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Galapagos and Easter : A Tale of Two Hotspots , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 9781118852415 . ^ Jump up to : Geist , Dennis ; Bergantz , George ; Chadwick , William ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Galapagos Magma Chambers , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 9781118852415 . ^ Jump up to : Poland , Michael ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai'i and the Galapagos , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 5 -- 21 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Merlen , Godfrey ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Plate Tectonics , Evolution , and the Survival of Species : A Modern Day Hotspot , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 122 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Kurz , Mark ; Rowland , Scott ; Curtice , Joshua ; Saal , Alberto ; Naumann , Terry ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano : A New Chronology at the Galapagos Hotspot Center , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 41 -- 44 , 49 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Islands . '' The Columbia Encyclopedia . New York : Columbia University Press , 2015 Jump up ^ Pearson , David L. , David W. Middleton ( 1999 ) . The New Key to Ecuador and the Galápagos ( 3rd ed . ) . Berkeley : Ulysses Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , W.M. ( 2 October 1997 ) . `` A Brief Introduction to the Geology of the Galápagos '' . Cornell University Earth and Atmospheric Sciences . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , B. ; Breckheimer , I. ; McCleary , A. ; Guzmán - Ramirez , L. ; Caplow , S. ; Jones - Smith , J. & Walsh , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Using stylized agent - based models for population -- environment research : a case study from the Galápagos Islands '' . Population & Environment. 31 ( 4 ) : 279 -- 287 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 010 - 0110 - 4 . PMC 2881671 . PMID 20539752 . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galápagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Vinueza , L. ; Branch , G. ; Branch , M. ; Bustamante , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Top - down herbivory and bottom - up El Niño effects on Galápagos rocky - shore communities '' . Ecological Monographs. 76 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 131 . doi : 10.1890 / 04 - 1957 . ^ Jump up to : Heyerdahl , Thor ; & Skjolsvold , Arne ( 1956 ) . `` Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands '' , Memoirs 12 , Society for American Archaeology . Jump up ^ Lundh , Jacob ( 1995 ) . `` A brief account of some early inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island . '' In Noticias de Galápagos No. 55 . Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands . Jump up ^ Cho , Lisa ( 2005 ) Moon Galápagos Islands . Avalon Travel Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 163121151X . Jump up ^ Stewart , Paul D. ( 2006 ) . Galápagos : the islands that changed the world . Yale University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael Hume ( 1993 ) . Galápagos , a natural history . University of Calgary Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 07 - 0 . Jump up ^ Latorre , Octavio ( 1995 ) . `` Los tesoros escondidos de las Islas Galapagos '' ( PDF ) . Noticias de Galapagos ( in Spanish ) ( 55 ) : 66 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , D. ( 1822 ) Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean . Kessinger Publishing . Jump up ^ Tarnmoor , Salvator R. ( Herman Melville ) ( 1854 ) Encantadas or the Enchanted Isles . Putnam 's Monthly Magazine of American Literature , Science , and Art . March -- May 1854 . Jump up ^ Perry , Roger ; The Galapagos Islands ; 1972 ; Dodd , Mead & Company , New York p. 44 ISBN 978 - 0 - 396 - 06576 - 0 Jump up ^ Nickerson , T. ( c. 1876 ) Account of the Ship Essex Sinking , 1819 -- 1821 . Holograph ms. in the Thomas Nickerson Collection , 1819 -- 1876 , Folder 1 . Nantucket , Massachusetts : Nantucket Historical Society . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galapagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Niles Eldredge ( Spring 2006 ) . `` VQR -- Confessions of a Darwinist '' . The Virginia Quarterly Review . pp. 32 -- 53 . Retrieved 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Who Inspired Darwin '' . ThorNews . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keynes , Richard ed. ( 2000 ) . Charles Darwin 's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . June -- August 1836 , 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ `` May Sell Galapagos '' . from `` The United Press '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 21 January 1929 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Ferenc ( 1999 ) . `` ¿ la guantánamo del océano pacífco ? la rivalidad de los ee . uu. , alemania , Japón y chile por la adquisición de las islas galápagos antes de la I guerra mundial '' . El modelo militar prusiano y las fuerzas armadas de Chile 1885 - 1945 ( in Spanish ) . pécs , Hungary : University Press . pp. 71 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Tapia , Claudio ( 2009 ) . La creación de un área de influencia en América del Sur . Las relaciones políticas , económicas y militares de Chile con Ecuador y Paraguay ( 1883 - 1914 ) ( Ph. D . ) ( in Spanish ) . instituto de estudios avanzados , Universidad de Santiago de Chile . Jump up ^ See Michael Morris , `` The Strait of Magellan '' , Martinus Nijhoff Publisher , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0181 - 1 , pages 62 and 63 Jump up ^ Garay Vera , Cristián ( 2011 ) . `` La imaginación territorial chilena y la apoteosis de la armada de chile 1888 - 1940 . Otra mirada a los límites `` Naturales '' `` . Revista Enfoques ( in Spanish ) . IX ( 15 ) : 75 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Lund , J.P. Galápagos : A Brief History . galapagos.to Jump up ^ Hoff , S. ( 1985 ) . Drømmen om Galápagos . Oslo : Grøndahl & Sønn Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Conservation '' . galapagos.com . Jump up ^ Stutz , Bruce D. ( 1995 ) . `` The sea cucumber war '' . Audubon. 97 ( 3 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia. ( 2009 ) `` Darwin and the Galapagos : Evolution of a Legacy '' . World Heritage No. 54 Jump up ^ `` Galápagos no longer on List of World Heritage in Danger -- News Watch '' . Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feral dogs and cats in Galápagos '' . Petsaspests.blogspot.com.es . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Henry ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Invasive species : The 18 - km rat trap : Nature News & Comment '' . Nature.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Invasive Species '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Isabela '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Isabela : When Slaughtering 250,000 Goats Meant Saving A Species '' . All That Is Interesting . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Cisneros - Heredia , Diego F ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Non-native small terrestrial vertebrates in the Galapagos '' . PeerJ Preprints . doi : 10.7287 / peerj. preprints. 26563v1 . ISSN 2167 - 9843 . Jump up ^ Cisneros - Heredia , Diego F. ( 2018 ) . Understanding Invasive Species in the Galapagos Islands . Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands . Springer , Cham . pp. 95 -- 139 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 67177 - 2_7 . ISBN 9783319671765 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Lindsey A ; Stier , Adrian C ; Fietz , Katharina ; Montero , Ignacio ; Gallagher , Austin J ; Bruno , John F ( 2013 ) . `` Illegal shark fishing in the Galápagos marine reserve '' ( PDF ) . Marine Policy . 39 : 317 -- 321 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpol. 2012.12. 005 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage in Danger List '' . UNESCO World Heritage . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Committee inscribes the Tombs of Buganda Kings ( Uganda ) and removes Galápagos Islands ( Ecuador ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS , Sea lions massacred in Galápagos '' . BBC News . 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ New 7 Wonders of the World : Live Ranking Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Post-Rat Eradication and Monitoring on Pinzón '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Islands '' in The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide ( 2010 ) . Abington : Helicon . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Galapagos Islands '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Juan ( 1973 ) . Galápagos , Archipiélago del Ecuador . ( Quito , Ecuador ) . Comprehensive monograph by a former officer of Galápagos National Park , financed by the World Wildlife Fund and the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galapagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ( 1 ) . Heyerdahl , Thor ; & Skjolsvold , Arne ( 1956 ) . Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands , Memoirs 12 , Society for American Archaeology . Müller , Bodo ; & Stolt , Matthias ( 2003 ) . Galápagos Die verwunschenen Inseln . ( BLV ) . ISBN 3 - 86108 - 909 - 2 . Quammen , David ( 1996 ) . The Song of the Dodo . Touchstone , New York . Romero , Simon ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` To Protect Galápagos , Ecuador Limits a Two - Legged Species '' . The New York Times . Perry , Roger ( 1972 ) . The Galapagos Islands . ( Dodd , Mead & Company ) . Short history illustrated with photographs and a map by a former director of Charles Darwin Research Station . Wittmer , Margret ( 2013 ) . Floreana : A Woman 's Pilgrimage to the Galápagos . ( Moyer Bell Limited ) . Memoir written by the matriarch of the first family to successfully inhabit Floreana , after settling there in 1932 . 2013 paperback edition ISBN 978 - 1 - 55921 - 399 - 8 ( originally published by the Travel Book Club in 1961 ) External links ( edit ) Ecuador portal Latin America portal Islands portal Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Galapagos Islands . Media related to Galapagos at Wikimedia Commons Galapagos Islands travel guide from Wikivoyage Galápagos National Park `` Galápagos Islands xeric scrub '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Islas Galápagos Galápagos geology , with general information on the Galápagos Islands Places adjacent to Galápagos Islands Central America Pacific Ocean Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Galápagos Islands Pacific Ocean Ecuador Pacific Ocean Eastern Pacific Islands Oceanic islands located between Polynesia and the Americas , sorted by country , from north to south ( continental islands not included ) Mexico Guadalupe Island Rocas Alijos Revillagigedo Islands Socorro ( San Tomás ) San Benedicto Roca Partida Clarión ( Santa Rosa ) France Clipperton Island Costa Rica Cocos Island Colombia Malpelo Island Ecuador Galápagos Islands Chile Desventuradas Islands Juan Fernández Islands Robinson Crusoe Alejandro Selkirk Santa Clara Galápagos Islands Main islands Baltra Island Bartolomé Island Darwin Island Española Island Fernandina Island Floreana Island Genovesa Island Isabela Island Marchena Island North Seymour Island Pinzón Island Pinta Island Rábida Island San Cristóbal Island Santa Cruz Island Santa Fe Island Santiago Island Wolf Island Minor islands Daphne Major Isla Guy Fawkes Nameless Island Roca Redonda South Plaza Island VIAF : 144179675 LCCN : n82058890 GND : 4071538 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Galápagos_Islands&oldid = 835604040 '' Categories : Galápagos Islands Geography of Galápagos Province Biodiversity hotspots Biosphere reserves of Ecuador Surfing locations in Ecuador Ecoregions Endemic regions Hotspot volcanoes Islands of Ecuador Seabird colonies States and territories established in 1973 Volcanic groups Volcanoes of Ecuador Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands World Heritage Sites in Ecuador Tourist attractions in Galápagos Province Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 errors : missing author or editor Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the galápagos islands are part of what country quizlet | [
"The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón, other Spanish name: Las Islas Galápagos, Spanish pronunciation: [las ˈiʱla ɣaˈlapaɣo]), part of the Republic of Ecuador, are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere, 906 km (563 mi) west of continental Ecuador. The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection."
] | [
"the Republic of Ecuador"
] |
1795031103252758886 | Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) | Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Dancing with the Stars Genre Reality competition Based on Strictly Come Dancing Directed by Alex Rudzinzki ( 2005 -- 16 ) Phil Heyes ( 2016 -- ) Presented by Tom Bergeron Erin Andrews Brooke Burke - Charvet Samantha Harris Lisa Canning Judges Len Goodman Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Julianne Hough Narrated by Alan Dedicoat Country of origin United States No. of seasons 26 No. of episodes 426 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ashley Edens - Shaffer Joe Sungkur Rob Wade Production location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Running time 40 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Worldwide Productions Endemol Shine North America Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) -- present External links Website Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that season 27 would premiere on September 24 , 2018 and its spinoff Dancing with the Stars : Juniors would premiere on October 7 , 2018 . The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise , tours , and spin - offs 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel ( edit ) The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for seasons 25 and 26 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Rashad Jennings , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , David Ross , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline ( edit ) Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Tom Bergeron Lisa Canning Samantha Harris Brooke Burke - Charvet Erin Andrews Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Len Goodman Julianne Hough Harold Wheeler Ray Chew Couples ( edit ) See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 296 celebrities have appeared in the 26 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season Currently participating show Professional dancer Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Alan Bersten N / A Debbie Gibson Mirai Nagasu Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin N / A Allison Holker N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne N / A Anna Demidova N / A Michael Irvin N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey N / A Gary Busey N / A Artem Chigvintsev N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Jamie Anderson Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin N / A Buzz Aldrin N / A Brandon Armstrong N / A Brian Fortuna N / A Shandi Finnessey N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley N / A Chelsie Hightower N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens N / A Corky Ballas N / A Cloris Leachman N / A Florence Henderson N / A Damian Whitewood N / A Pamela Anderson N / A Derek Hough N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner N / A Dmitry Chaplin N / A Holly Madison Mýa N / A Petra Nemcova N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner N / A Geraldo Rivera N / A Elena Grinenko N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler N / A Emma Slater N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Johnny Damon Fabian Sanchez N / A Marlee Matlin N / A Gleb Savchenko N / A Lisa Vanderpump N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Arike Ogunbowale Henry Byalikov N / A Diana Nyad N / A Inna Brayer N / A Ted McGinley N / A Jenna Johnson N / A Jake T. Austin N / A Adam Rippon Jesse DeSoto N / A Shanna Moakler N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray N / A Julianne Hough N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks N / A Karina Smirnoff N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie N / A Keo Motsepe N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Jennie Finch Kym Johnson - Herjavec N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher N / A Robert Herjavec N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono N / A Lindsay Arnold N / A Victor Ortiz N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman N / A Priscilla Presley N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson N / A Sabrina Bryan N / A Paula Deen N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley N / A Meryl Davis N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey N / A Mark Ballas N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant N / A Lindsey Stirling N / A Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox N / A Peta Murgatroyd N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey N / A Sasha Farber N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Tonya Harding Sharna Burgess N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Josh Norman Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples N / A Tristan MacManus N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper N / A Tyne Stecklein N / A Bill Nye N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen N / A Witney Carson N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Chris Mazdzer Dance troupe and musicians ( edit ) In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 26 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Morgan Larson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Lindsay Arnold , Alan Bersten , Sharna Burgess , Henry Byalikov , Witney Carson , Brittany Cherry , Dasha Chesnokova , Artem Chigvintsev , Sasha Farber , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Jenna Johnson , Kiril Kulish , Tristan MacManus , Keo Motsepe , Kiki Nyemchek , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Gleb Savchenko , Emma Slater and Julz Tocker . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner show Troupe members Dancers Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Artur Adamski Brandon Armstrong Lindsay Arnold Alan Bersten Sharna Burgess Henry Byalikov Witney Carson Dasha Chesnokova Brittany Cherry Artem Chigvintsev Oksana Dmytrenko Hayley Erbert Sasha Farber Shannon Holtzapffel Dennis Jauch Jenna Johnson Kiril Kulish Morgan Larson Tristan MacManus Keo Motsepe Peta Murgatroyd Kiki Nyemchek Sonny Fredie Pedersen Gleb Savchenko Emma Slater Britt Stewart Julz Tocker Nicole Volynets Ted Volynets For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On February 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview ( edit ) Season Number of Duration dates Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher & Lindsay Arnold Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Frankie Muniz & Witney Carson 26 10 April 30 -- May 21 , 2018 Adam Rippon & Jenna Johnson Josh Norman & Sharna Burgess Tonya Harding & Sasha Farber 27 September 24 Youngest male winner at age 23 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 51 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure ( edit ) In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the The Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 , 23 and 25 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 , 24 and 26 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information ( edit ) Payment ( edit ) On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals ( edit ) The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance ( edit ) Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes ( edit ) 100th episode ( edit ) The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode ( edit ) In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode ( edit ) The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode ( edit ) The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special ( edit ) On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes ( edit ) In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired on March 20 , 2017 . Records ( edit ) Average ( edit ) This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 26 Champion Adam Rippon Jenna Johnson 27.67 18 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 26 Champion Adam Rippon Jenna Johnson 40 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 42 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 43 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater Perfect scores ( edit ) This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( team dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 9 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 25 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Alfonso Ribeiro Janel Parrish Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Lindsey Stirling Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 23 23 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place 4th Place 6th Place Champion 3rd Place Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Sadie Robertson Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Nyle DiMarco Ginger Zee Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Peta Murgatroyd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Champion 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place 3rd Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Rob Kardashian Ricki Lake Donald Driver Maria Menounos Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Alexandra Raisman Elizabeth Berkley Lauren James Maslow Charlie White Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Carlos PenaVega Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Frankie Muniz Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Derek Hough Karina Smirnoff Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber Witney Carson 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 26 26 26 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 7th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 8th Place 3rd Place 5th Place 7th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Champion Runner - up 3rd Place Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Jennie Garth Sabrina Bryan Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Emmitt Smith Sabrina Bryan Jack Osbourne Tamar Braxton Andy Grammer Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Adam Rippon Josh Norman Tonya Harding Alec Mazo Edyta Śliwińska Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Mark Ballas Edyta Śliwińska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy Jenna Johnson Sharna Burgess Sasha Farber Shawn Johnson danced her Paso doble / Tango fusion dance with Mark Ballas instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . James Hinchcliffe danced his Viennese Waltz with Jenna Johnson instead of his partner Sharna Burgess due to her being injured . Nastia Liukin danced her Jive and Quickstep with Sasha Farber instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . For the switch - up week , Alexa PenaVega got a perfect score with Derek Hough instead of her original partner Mark Ballas . Professionals with perfect scores ( edit ) 46 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Lindsay Arnold 14 : Karina Smirnoff 13 : Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 5 : Sasha Farber 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe , Jenna Johnson Merchandise , tours , and spin - offs ( edit ) Cardio dance dvds ( edit ) A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book ( edit ) A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs ( edit ) The first Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars : Juniors spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers . In January 2018 , ABC stated that Dancing with the Stars : Juniors is still in the works , but did n't develop as quickly they hoped it would . Athletes Edition aired in its place , with Juniors slated to air that summer . In May 2018 , it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7 , 2018 . Tours ( edit ) An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2014 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , `` Dancing with the Stars Live ! : Dance All Night '' was announced . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A fourth tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and began on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina , performing 71 shows and ending in Los Angeles . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a The New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , Dancing with the Stars is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season No. of episodes First aired Last aired TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Viewership ranking Viewers ( million ) Date Viewers ( million ) Date Viewers ( million ) 6 June 1 , 2005 13.50 Season Finale : July 6 , 2005 22.40 2004 -- 05 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 16.80 15 January 5 , 2006 17.50 Final Performances : February 23 , 2006 17.70 2005 -- 06 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 7 18.64 Season Finale : February 26 , 2006 ( Sun ) 27.20 Friday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 15 16.67 20 September 12 , 2006 20.20 Final Performances : November 14 , 2006 26.80 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 20.70 Season Finale : November 15 , 2006 27.50 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 19.40 20 March 19 , 2007 21.80 Final Performances : May 21 , 2007 20.20 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 5 20.00 Season Finale : May 22 , 2007 23.00 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 9 18.20 5 21 September 24 , 2007 21.20 Final Performances : November 26 , 2007 24.20 2007 -- 08 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.67 Season Finale : November 27 , 2007 24.90 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 5 19.56 6 21 March 17 , 2008 21.10 Final Performances : May 19 , 2008 19.20 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.58 Season Finale : May 20 , 2008 20.12 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 8 18.03 7 21 September 22 , 2008 21.30 Final Performances : November 24 , 2008 21.10 2008 -- 09 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.77 Season Finale : November 25 , 2008 20.58 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 16.31 8 21 March 9 , 2009 22.82 Final Performances : May 18 , 2009 19.20 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.77 Season Finale : May 19 , 2009 20.30 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 16.31 9 21 September 21 , 2009 17.79 Final Performances : November 23 , 2009 20.40 2009 -- 10 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.73 Season Finale : November 24 , 2009 19.29 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 10 15.30 10 19 March 22 , 2010 24.19 Final Performances : May 24 , 2010 19.36 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.73 Season Finale : May 25 , 2010 18.40 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 10 15.30 11 20 September 20 , 2010 21.30 Final Performances : November 22 , 2010 23.70 2010 -- 11 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.93 Season Finale : November 23 , 2010 24.13 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 18.61 12 19 March 21 , 2011 22.65 Final Performances : May 23 , 2011 22.90 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.93 Season Finale : May 24 , 2011 21.42 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 18.61 13 20 September 19 , 2011 19.03 Final Performances : November 21 , 2011 19.61 2011 -- 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 5 18.24 Season Finale : November 22 , 2011 19.45 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 16.08 14 19 March 19 , 2012 18.79 Final Performances : May 21 , 2012 16.84 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 5 18.24 Season Finale : May 22 , 2012 17.75 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 16.08 15 All - Stars 19 September 24 , 2012 14.11 Final Performances : November 26 , 2012 16.30 2012 -- 13 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 7 14.85 Season Finale : November 27 , 2012 16.73 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 11 13.78 16 20 March 18 , 2013 17.06 Final Performances : May 20 , 2013 14.97 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 7 14.85 Season Finale : May 21 , 2013 15.20 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 11 13.78 17 12 September 16 , 2013 16.04 Final Performances : November 25 , 2013 14.61 2013 -- 14 Monday 8 : 00 pm 5 15.20 Season Finale : November 26 , 2013 ( Tues ) 14.75 18 12 March 17 , 2014 15.44 Final Performances : May 19 , 2014 15.66 Season Finale : May 20 , 2018 ( Tues ) 15.07 19 15 September 15 , 2014 13.64 Final Performances : November 24 , 2014 14.87 2014 -- 15 Monday 8 : 00 pm 9 14.73 Season Finale : November 25 , 2014 15.98 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 4 episodes ) 38 10.82 20 14 March 16 , 2015 14.16 Final Performances : May 18 , 2015 14.35 Monday 8 : 00 pm 9 14.73 Season Finale : May 19 , 2015 13.49 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 4 episodes ) 38 10.82 21 14 September 14 , 2015 13.13 Final Performances : November 23 , 2015 13.29 2015 -- 16 Monday 8 : 00 pm 8 13.44 Season Finale : November 24 , 2015 13.49 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 3 episodes ) 22 11 March 21 , 2016 12.46 Final Performances : May 23 , 2016 12.34 Monday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : May 24 , 2016 ( Tues ) 10.49 23 15 September 12 , 2016 12.19 Final Performances : November 21 , 2016 11.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 Season Finale : November 22 , 2016 10.97 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 4 episodes ) 24 11 March 20 , 2017 12.09 Final Performances : May 22 , 2017 10.54 Monday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : May 23 , 2017 ( Tues ) 8.91 25 12 September 18 , 2017 10.71 Final Performances : November 20 , 2017 10.08 2017 -- 18 22 10.60 Season Finale : November 21 , 2017 9.20 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2 episodes ) 26 Athletes April 30 , 2018 8.48 Season Finale : May 21 , 2018 8.77 Monday 8 : 00 pm Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( edit ) show Category Nominee ( s ) Result 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( edit ) show Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also ( edit ) Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . People . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : ' Roseanne ' Spinoff ' The Conners ' Sets Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars Archived 2008 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s '' . tviv.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maynard , John ( July 13 , 2005 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 -- 06 United States network television schedule '' . ^ Jump up to : Skerry , Kath ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` 2006 - 07 Primetime Ratings '' . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Primetime Performance - 2008 May Sweep / 2007 - 08 TV Season '' . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Top 20 Shows of the Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CBS HAS 7 OF THE TOP 10 SCRIPTED PROGRAMS FOR THE THIRD STRAIGHT WEEK '' . CBS PressExpress . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TV by the Numbers . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Brooke Burke Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars / NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode List : Dancing with the Stars '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Finals : Lie to Me Adjusted Down ; Hawaii Five - 0 Up ; No Change for ' Chuck ' '' . TV by the Numbers . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing , ' ' Castle ' ' You Deserve It ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike and Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Bones ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic . `` TV Debra Lee Stepping Down As BET Networks Chairman / CEO Tommy Wirkola Blumhouse Film Tommy Wirkola & Blumhouse In Business On ' Intruders ' Show Dogs Box Office ' Show Dogs ' Getting Re-Cut Amid Backlash Over Scenes Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goodwin Games ' & ' Motive ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Mom ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final TV Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Maya Rudolph Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice , , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' / ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ; Hipes , Patrick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dancing with the Stars on IMDb Dancing with the Stars at TV.com Dancing with the Stars ratings at TV by the Numbers `` List of Dancing with the Stars Episodes '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes 27 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. 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"Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1, 2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing. The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season eighteen.[2][3] Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine[4] and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen.[5] On July 24, 2018, it was announced that season 27 would premiere on September 24, 2018 and its spinoff Dancing with the Stars: Juniors would premiere on October 7, 2018.[6]\n"
] | [
"September 24, 2018"
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3998812587601730305 | Hank Gathers | Hank Gathers - wikipedia Hank Gathers Jump to : navigation , search Hank Gathers Gathers in 1989 ( 1967 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1967 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania March 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 04 ) ( aged 23 ) Los Angeles , California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Career information High school Dobbins Technical ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) College USC ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Loyola Marymount ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Position Forward Number 44 Career highlights and awards Consensus second - team All - American ( 1990 ) Second - team All - American -- USBWA ( 1989 ) Third - team All - American -- AP , UPI ( 1989 ) WCC Player of the Year ( 1989 ) NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 1989 ) NCAA Division I rebounding leader ( 1989 ) 3 × First - team All - WCC ( 1988 -- 1990 ) 2 × WCC Tournament MVP ( 1988 , 1989 ) No. 44 retired by Loyola Marymount Eric `` Hank '' Gathers ( February 11 , 1967 -- March 4 , 1990 ) was an American college basketball star at Loyola Marymount University who collapsed and died during a game . He was the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season . He originally played at the University of Southern California , but transferred with teammate Bo Kimble to LMU after his freshman year . Gathers was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and was listed as 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) height . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school 2 College career 2.1 USC 2.2 Loyola Marymount 3 Heart condition and death 4 Legacy 5 Awards and records 5.1 Awards 5.2 Records 5.3 Achievements 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links High school ( edit ) Gathers played prep ball with Kimble at Dobbins Technical High School in Philadelphia with the pair leading the team to the Public League City championship in 1985 . College career ( edit ) USC ( edit ) Both Gathers and Kimble were recruited to the University of Southern California by Head Coach Stan Morrison and his top assistant , David Spencer . They were joined by high school All - American , Tom Lewis , and Rich Grande as the `` Four Freshmen '' star recruiting class . Following an 11 - 17 season coaching USC , Morrison and Spencer were fired after the 1985 - 86 season was over , despite winning the Pac - 10 Conference the previous year . It was reported that the players would not remain unless certain conditions were met , including having a say in the next coaching staff . USC hired George Raveling as the next head coach of the Trojans . Raveling gave the players a deadline to respond whether they would remain on the team . When they did not respond , he revoked the scholarships of Gathers , Kimble , and Lewis . Raveling 's controversial statement was , `` You ca n't let the Indians run the reservation , '' he said . `` You 've got to be strong , too . Sometimes you have to tell them that they have to exit . '' Kimble and Gathers transferred together from USC to Loyola Marymount . Lewis transferred to Pepperdine . Grande remained at USC . Loyola Marymount ( edit ) Due to NCAA regulations , Gathers and Kimble could not play in the season following their transfer . They helped lead the Lions to a 28 -- 4 record in 1987 -- 88 . Gathers led the team that year in both scoring and rebounding , averaging 22.5 points and 8.7 rebounds per game , and he was named to the All - West Coast Conference ( WCC ) first team and was awarded the WCC Tournament Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Gathers became the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season , averaging 32.7 points and 13.7 rebounds per game . He was named WCC Player of the Year and again won the WCC Tournament MVP . On December 30 , 1988 , he scored a career - high 49 points along with 26 rebounds in a 130 -- 125 win over Nevada . As a senior in 1989 -- 90 , he was a candidate for player of the year and had been projected as an NBA lottery pick . Gathers ' head coach while at LMU , Paul Westhead , had instituted an extraordinarily fast - paced game plan . On offense , the Lions took numerous three - point shots , and typically shot the ball within 10 seconds of gaining possession ; their defense was a full court press designed to force their opponents into a frenzied up - and - down game . Gathers ' teams led Division I in scoring in 1988 ( 110.3 points per game ) , 1989 ( 112.5 ) , and 1990 ( 122.4 ) . LMU 's 122.4 point per game in 1990 is still a record as of April 2012 . As of April 2012 , Loyola Marymount held the five highest combined score games in Division I history . Four of the five occurred during Gathers ' career , including a record 331 in the 181 -- 150 win over United States International University on January 31 , 1989 . At 6'7 '' and 210 pounds , Gathers was Loyola Marymount 's strongest inside player . He had a high field goal percentage because he seldom shot from beyond 10 feet . He used his power and quickness for follow - up baskets and scoring on fast breaks . `` I do n't care much about the points , '' said Gathers . `` In fact , I should lead the nation in scoring because of my rebounding . Anybody can score 30 points a night if that 's what he 's concentrating on . But rebounding is special because it comes from the heart . '' Heart condition and death ( edit ) On December 9 , 1989 , Gathers collapsed at an LMU home game against UC Santa Barbara . He was found to have an abnormal heartbeat ( exercise - induced ventricular tachycardia ) , and was prescribed a beta blocker , Inderal . However , Gathers felt that the medication adversely affected his play , and his dosage was gradually cut back . After missing three games , he struggled with his play for weeks after returning . His play recovered in a nationally televised game against LSU on February 3 , 1990 , when he scored 48 points along with 13 rebounds while being guarded by future NBA first - round draft picks Stanley Roberts and Shaquille O'Neal in a 148 -- 141 overtime loss . Afterward , the Lions won seven of their next eight games , and Gathers recorded a career - high 30 rebounds against Saint Mary 's . As the West Coast Conference ( WCC ) Tournament neared , Gathers did not show up for repeated appointments to test if the reduced medication was still suppressing the arrhythmias . It was suspected Gathers was not taking any dosage on game days . On Sunday , March 4 , 1990 , in Los Angeles , he collapsed again with 13 : 34 left in the first half of the WCC tournament semifinal game against the Portland Pilots . He had just scored a dunk on an alley - oop pass from point guard Terrell Lowery that put the Lions up 25 -- 13 . He collapsed a yard or two away from Pilots point guard Erik Spoelstra . He attempted to get up , telling the trainers , `` I do n't want to lay down ! '' Shortly after , he stopped breathing . Gathers was pronounced dead at a nearby hospital at 6 : 55 PM PST . He was 23 years old . Minutes after Gathers was taken to the hospital , the WCC commissioner suspended the game indefinitely . ESPN broadcast graphic footage of Gathers ' collapse on SportsCenter ; the network was at the game recording advance footage for the championship game it was scheduled to televise the next night . Late that night , the WCC canceled the tournament and awarded Loyola the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament due to its WCC regular season title . An autopsy found that he suffered from a heart - muscle disorder , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . Gathers ' family later filed a $32.5 - million lawsuit charging negligence . Loyola Marymount settled out of court for $1.4 million , while the cardiologist who treated Gathers settled for $1 million . Legacy ( edit ) Loyola Marymount was placed in the West Region as the # 11 seed in that season 's NCAA tournament . During LMU 's subsequent run to the Elite Eight before falling to eventual national champion UNLV , Kimble -- a right - handed player -- shot his first free throw of each game left - handed in memory of Gathers , who , while naturally right - handed , was a poor free - throw shooter and had , for a time , attempted to shoot left - handed . Kimble made all three attempts ( he did not have any free - throw attempts in the Sweet 16 win over Alabama ) ; from that point onward , and deep into his professional career , Kimble continued to honor Gathers by taking his first free throws left - handed . Gathers was named a consensus second team All - America and first team All - WCC selection for the season . He finished his career averaging 28.0 points and making 59 percent of his field goals , which were both school records as of 2010 . He also averaged 11.1 rebounds for his career . He was voted WCC Player of the Decade for the 1980s . In 1992 , Gathers ' life was dramatized in a TV movie , Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story , with Victor Love starring as Gathers . Gersten Pavilion , LMU 's on - campus athletics facility , is known to Lions fans as `` Hank 's House '' , although that is not part of its official name . His number 44 jersey was retired by LMU in 2000 . On January 29 , 2005 , the entire 1989 -- 90 team was inducted into the Loyola Marymount 's Hall of Fame during halftime of a 63 -- 46 win over cross-town rival Pepperdine . Gathers ' mother , Lucille Gathers Cheeseboro , also attended the ceremony . Gathers ' nephew D.J. Rivera was the top scoring America East Conference player during his 2008 - 09 season with Binghamton University . That season , the Binghamton Bearcats won the America East and for the first time earned a bid to the NCAA tournament . Gathers ' nephew Jordan Gathers played three seasons at St. Bonaventure University from 2011 to 2014 . He was forced to sit out the 2014 -- 15 season due to hip surgery , and earned a bachelor 's degree at St. Bonaventure in 2015 . He completed one final season of college play at Butler University in 2015 -- 16 as a graduate transfer . As a freshman , Gathers was a member of the 2011 -- 12 SBU team that won the Atlantic 10 Conference tournament , earning the Bonnies their first appearance in the NCAA Tournament since 2000 . Gathers was part of the storyline in the ESPN film Guru of Go about Westhead , part of their 30 for 30 series . Gathers ' death reemerged in national news wires during the 2016 NBA Playoffs when Kimble , interviewed for the celebrity gossip website TMZ.com , urged that Miami Heat star Chris Bosh retire for health reasons . Bosh has been suffering from blood clotting issues that forced him to miss the last several months of both the 2014 -- 15 and 2015 -- 16 seasons , as well as the entirety of the 2016 -- 17 season . While Bosh felt that he was healthy enough to continue playing , Kimble disagreed : There are so many other things he could do with his life . Hank Gathers had the same thing , Hank could have been a comedian , and actor or did speaking engagements . It 's not worth the risk . I would just say absolutely not , do n't do it . If Hank had the ability to do it again he would n't have paid the ultimate price ... I am sure ( Bosh ) has children and they are going to need their father around as much as possible . TMZ also interviewed Gathers ' brother Derrick , who agreed with Kimble that Bosh should retire . Awards and records ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) 1989 WCC Player of the Year 2 × WCC Tournament MVP ( 1988 , 1989 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 1990 ) 3 × First - team All - WCC ( 1988 , 1989 , 1990 ) 2 × All - WCC Tournament ( 1988 , 1989 ) Records ( edit ) WCC Career points ( 2,490 ) Field goals made , career ( 1,037 ) Field goals made , season ( 419 ) Free throws attempted , career ( 745 ) Free throws attempted , season ( 315 ) LMU Career scoring average ( 28.0 ) Field goals made , game ( 24 ) Field goals attempted , game ( 37 ) Field goal percentage , career (. 590 ) Rebounds , game ( 29 ) Achievements ( edit ) 1989 NCAA Division I Scoring Champion 1989 NCAA Division I Rebounding Champion See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howard - Cooper , Scott ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` The death of Hank Gathers : High school mourns distant symbol of pride : Philadelphia : Dobbins Tech , which won a city championship with Kimble and Gathers , has a special feeling of loss . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Randy - Un-Raveling at USC : A Failure to Communicate . Los Angeles Times , May 13 , 1986 Jump up ^ Florence , Mal - Freshmen Make Sweet Music in USC Victory . Los Angeles Times , January 18 , 1986 . `` The young players -- Hank Gathers , Tom Lewis , Bo Kimble and Rich Grande -- all contributed Saturday afternoon as USC beat Arizona State , 81 - 72 , at the Sports Arena . '' Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill - Raveling Leaves Iowa To Take Reins At USC . Philadelphia Daily News , March 28 , 1986 Jump up ^ Florence , Mal Taken From 3 USC Freshmen : Lewis , Gathers and Kimble Receive Word From Raveling . Los Angeles Times , April 15 , 1986 Jump up ^ Sands , Vernon - At Least , If Raveling Gives a Hoot , Then So Does His USC Team . Los Angeles Times , April 5 , 1986 Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` The death of Hank Gathers : Spencer sold USC on work ethic of a Philadelphia kid '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hersch , Hank ( February 13 , 1989 ) . `` Gathers ' round The Rim '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Loyola Marymount Athletics ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Loyola Marymount University Men 's Basketball Media Almanac '' . LMULions.com . p. 135 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Loyola 2010 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Maxey , Wendell ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Hank Gathers ' legacy endures 20 years after tragic on - court death '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Nick ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` Hank Gathers ' Star Shone Bright On and Off Basketball Court '' . Los Angeles Times . McClathcy News Service . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NCAA ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records - Division I Records '' . NCAA.org . NCAA . p. 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA 2010 , p. 5 Jump up ^ NCAA 2010 , pp. 28 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Eggers , Kerry ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Remembering Hank Gathers '' . The Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Rick . `` 62 : Hank Gathers collapses , dies of a heart condition '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Steven ( April 19 , 1992 ) . `` The Pride of the Lions : Film follows the life of Loyola 's Hank Gathers until his ' Final Shot ' two years ago '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` The Mystery Guest Has Arrived '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ From the ESPN 30 for 30 film `` Guru of Go '' , premiered April 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ 25 Years Later : The Night Hank Gathers Collapsed . ESPN.com . March 4 , 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 00 : 12 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola 's Gathers Collapses , Dies '' . Los Angeles Times . March 5 , 1990 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( March 6 , 1990 ) . `` This Was a Story That Was Tough to Watch , and Difficult to Cover '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Jim ; Stewart , Larry ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Other Reactions : WCC Cancels Tournament ; TV 's Footage Is Dramatic '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( June 22 , 1990 ) . `` No Settlement in Gathers Suits : Litigation : Family attorney seeks videotape from ESPN to support case and is refused . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( March 31 , 1992 ) . `` Loyola Settles Lawsuit by Gathers ' Mother : Jurisprudence : She receives $545,000 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Maryann ( September 10 , 1992 ) . `` Gathers Lawsuit Is Dismissed : Jurisprudence : Case against two doctors ends when family members do n't appear to testify '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Gary ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Memorable Moment No. 4 : Bo 's lefty tribute is right on target '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` NCAA Men 's Basketball Records ( Award Winners ) '' . p. 137 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Loyola 2010 , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story ( 1992 ) '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Drooz , Alan ( March 7 , 1990 ) . `` As in His Life , Gathers Stirs Ovations : Memorial : Family , friends fill Gersten Pavilion to pay tribute to the late Loyola Marymount star . '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hank Gathers lives on in his house '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Eric ( January 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lion Hearts Soar on a Special Night at Loyola '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Binghamton 's Rivera makes his case against the tide '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . March 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball Bios : 5 - Jordan Gathers '' . Butler Bulldogs . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Allan ( April 2 , 2010 ) , `` 30 for 30 , ' Guru of Go ' : Paul Westhead , Hank Gathers and Bo Kimble , together again '' , The Star - Ledger , archived from the original on March 8 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Bo Kimble to Chris Bosh : Time to Retire ; NBA Ai n't Worth Dying For '' . TMZ.com . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West Coast Conference ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Men 's Basketball Guide '' . p. 77 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Keiderling , Kyle ( 2010 ) . Heart of a Lion : The Life , Death and Legacy of Hank Gathers . Morningstar Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778996 - 8 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hank Gathers . LMU Lions bio Hank Gathers at Find a Grave Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story at the Internet Movie Database ESPN `` 30 for 30 '' : The Guru of Go at the Internet Movie Database Remembering a fallen Lion , 20 years later Stan Hochman : Hank Gathers still touching friends , strangers 20 years after his death Poole : Hank Gathers had heart until he died , 20 years ago Thursday Remembering Hank Gathers : Our coverage from that tragic day March 4 , 1990 : Hank Gathers collapses , a day I will never forget as a reporter Twenty Years After : Hank Gathers Stirs Memories for His Family Links to related articles 1990 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Derrick Coleman Chris Jackson Larry Johnson Gary Payton Lionel Simmons Second Team Hank Gathers Kendall Gill Bo Kimble Alonzo Mourning Rumeal Robinson Dennis Scott Doug Smith West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1953 : Sears 1954 : None selected 1955 : Sears 1956 : Russell 1957 : Farmer 1958 : Farmer & Wright 1959 : Doss & Wright 1960 : Grote 1961 : Meschery 1962 : Dinnel & Gray 1963 : Gray 1964 : Johnson 1965 : Johnson 1966 : Swagerty 1967 : Swagerty 1968 : Adelman 1969 : Awtrey 1970 : Awtrey 1971 : Gianelli 1972 : Stewart 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Oleynick 1975 : Sobers 1976 : Leite 1977 : Cartwright 1978 : Cartwright 1979 : Cartwright 1980 : Rambis 1981 : Dailey 1982 : Dailey 1983 : Phillips & Suttle 1984 : Stockton 1985 : Polee 1986 : Polee 1987 : Thompson 1988 : Middlebrooks 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Christie 1992 : Christie 1993 : D. Jones 1994 : Brown 1995 : Nash 1996 : Nash 1997 : Garnett 1998 : Hendrix 1999 : Schraeder 2000 : K. Jones 2001 : Calvary 2002 : Dickau 2003 : Stepp 2004 : Stepp 2005 : Turiaf 2006 : Morrison 2007 : Denison & Raivio 2008 : Pargo 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bouldin 2011 : McConnell 2012 : Dellavedova 2013 : Olynyk 2014 : Haws 2015 : Pangos 2016 : Collinsworth 2017 : Williams - Goss NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders 1951 : Beck 1952 : Hannon 1953 : Conlin 1954 : Quimby 1955 : Slack 1956 : Holup 1957 : Baylor 1958 : Ellis 1959 : Wright 1960 : Wright 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Silas 1964 : Pelkington 1965 : Kimball 1966 : Ware 1967 : Cunningham 1968 : Walk 1969 : Haywood 1970 : Gilmore 1971 : Gilmore 1972 : Washington 1973 : Washington 1974 : Barnes 1975 : Irving 1976 : Pellom 1977 : Mosley 1978 : K. Williams 1979 : Davis 1980 : Smith 1981 : Watson 1982 : Thompson 1983 : McDaniel 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Lane 1988 : Miller 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Bonner 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jones 1993 : Kidd 1994 : Lambert 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Mann 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Perryman 1999 : McGinnis 2000 : Phillip 2001 : Marcus 2002 : Bishop 2003 : Hunter 2004 : Millsap 2005 : Millsap 2006 : Millsap 2007 : Jones - Jennings 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Parakhouski 2011 : Faried 2012 : Anosike 2013 : Anosike 2014 : A. Williams 2015 : A. Williams 2016 : Mockevičius 2017 : Delgado NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders Unofficial 1936 : Luisetti 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Jaworski 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Modzelewski 1941 : Modzelewski 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Calverley 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Mikan 1947 : Lacy Official 1948 : Wier 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Mlkvy 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Wallace 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Burgess 1962 : McGill 1963 : Werkman 1964 : Komives 1965 : Barry 1966 : Schellhase 1967 : Walker 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Lamar 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Fogle 1975 : McCurdy 1976 : Rogers 1977 : F. Williams 1978 : F. Williams 1979 : Butler 1980 : Murphy 1981 : Fredrick 1982 : Kelly 1983 : Kelly 1984 : Jakubick 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Bailey 1987 : Houston 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Bradshaw 1992 : Roberts 1993 : Guy 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Granger 1997 : Jones 1998 : Jones 1999 : Young 2000 : Alexander 2001 : McCollum 2002 : Conley 2003 : Douglas 2004 : Clark 2005 : Clark 2006 : Morrison 2007 : R. Williams 2008 : R. Williams 2009 : Curry 2010 : Coleman 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Hamilton 2013 : Green 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Harvey 2016 : Daniel 2017 : Keene Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hank_Gathers&oldid=800274845 '' Categories : 1967 births 1990 deaths African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players from Pennsylvania Deaths from cardiomyopathy Filmed deaths in sports Loyola Marymount Lions men 's basketball players Power forwards ( basketball ) Sports deaths in California Sportspeople from Philadelphia USC Trojans men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the basketball player that died on the court | [
"Eric \"Hank\" Gathers (February 11, 1967 – March 4, 1990) was an American college basketball star at Loyola Marymount University who collapsed and died during a game. He was the second player in NCAA Division I history to lead the nation in scoring and rebounding in the same season. He originally played at the University of Southern California, but transferred with teammate Bo Kimble to LMU after his freshman year. Gathers was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was listed as 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) height."
] | [
"Eric \"Hank\" Gathers"
] |
-6826901117939899811 | Explorer 1 | Explorer 1 - Wikipedia Explorer 1 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. satellite . For the Iranian Explorer - 1 rocket , see Kavoshgar - 1 . For other uses , see Explorer ( disambiguation ) . Explorer 1 Explorer 1 in its orbital configuration , with the launch vehicle 's fourth stage attached Mission type Earth science Operator Army Ballistic Missile Agency Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 COSPAR ID 1958 - 001A SATCAT no . 00004 Mission duration 111 days Spacecraft properties Manufacturer Jet Propulsion Laboratory Launch mass 13.97 kilograms ( 30.8 lb ) 80.75 inches ( 205.1 cm ) length 6.00 inches ( 15.2 cm ) diameter Power 60 watts Start of mission Launch date February 1 , 1958 , 03 : 48 ( 1958 - 02 - 01UTC03 : 48Z ) UTC Rocket Juno I RS - 29 Launch site Cape Canaveral LC - 26A End of mission Last contact May 23 , 1958 ( 1958 - 05 - 24 ) Decay date March 31 , 1970 Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime MEO Semi-major axis 7,832.2 kilometers ( 4,866.7 mi ) Eccentricity 0.140 Perigee 358 kilometers ( 222 mi ) Apogee 2,550 kilometers ( 1,580 mi ) Inclination 33.24 ° Period 114.8 minutes RAAN 334.6171 degrees Argument of perigee 311.5310 degrees Mean anomaly 48.3249 degrees Mean motion 16.275 Epoch 31 March 1970 , 00 : 50 : 24 UTC Revolution no . 58402 Instruments Cosmic - Ray Detector Micrometeorite Detector Satellite Drag Atmospheric Density Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States , launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year . The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year ; the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 and 2 , beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations . Explorer 1 was launched on January 31 , 1958 at 22 : 48 Eastern Time ( equal to February 1 , 03 : 48 UTC ) atop the first Juno booster from LC - 26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex , Florida . It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt , returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months . It remained in orbit until 1970 , and has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series . Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 4 , and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 , the forerunner to the modern International Designator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Spacecraft design 3 Science payload 4 Flight 5 Results 6 Legacy 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal , called Project Orbiter , to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year . The proposal , using a military Redstone missile , was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the Navy 's Project Vanguard , using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature . Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on October 4 , 1957 , the initial Project Orbiter program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union . Explorer 1 was designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , while a Jupiter - C rocket was modified by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency ( ABMA ) to accommodate a satellite payload ; the resulting rocket known as the Juno I . The Jupiter - C design used for the launch had already been flight - tested in nose cone reentry tests for the Jupiter IRBM , and was modified into Juno I. Working closely together , ABMA and JPL completed the job of modifying the Jupiter - C and building Explorer 1 in 84 days . However , before work was completed , the Soviet Union launched a second satellite , Sputnik 2 , on November 3 , 1957 . The U.S. Navy 's attempt to put the first U.S. satellite into orbit failed with the launch of the Vanguard TV3 on December 6 , 1957 . Spacecraft design ( edit ) Explorer 1 is mated to its booster at LC - 26 Explorer 1 was designed and built by the California Institute of Technology 's JPL under the direction of Dr. William H. Pickering . It was the second satellite to carry a mission payload ( Sputnik 2 was the first ) . The total weight of the satellite was 13.37 kilograms ( 30.80 lb ) , of which 8.3 kg ( 18.3 lb ) were instrumentation . In comparison , the first Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 weighed 83.6 kg ( 184 lb ) . The instrument section at the front end of the satellite and the empty scaled - down fourth - stage rocket casing orbited as a single unit , spinning around its long axis at 750 revolutions per minute . Data from the scientific instruments was transmitted to the ground by two antennas . A 60 milliwatt transmitter fed a dipole antenna consisting of two fiberglass slot antennas in the body of the satellite operating on 108.03 MHz , and four flexible whips forming a turnstile antenna were fed by a 10 milliwatt transmitter operating on 108.00 MHz . Because of the limited space available and the requirements for low weight , the payload instrumentation was designed and built with simplicity and high reliability in mind , using germanium and silicon transistors in its electronics . A total of 29 transistors were used in Explorer 1 , plus additional ones in the Army 's micrometeorite amplifier . Electrical power was provided by mercury chemical batteries that made up approximately 40 percent of the payload weight . The external skin of the instrument section was sandblasted stainless steel with white stripes . Several other color schemes had been tested , resulting in backup articles , models , and photographs showing different configurations , including alternate white and green striping and blue stripes alternating with copper . The final coloration was determined by studies of shadow -- sunlight intervals based on firing time , trajectory , orbit , and inclination . Explorer 1 schematic Science payload ( edit ) Play media Universal Newsreel about the satellite The Explorer 1 payload consisted of the Iowa Cosmic Ray Instrument without a tape data recorder which was not modified in time to make it onto the spacecraft . The real - time data received on the ground was therefore very sparse and puzzling showing normal counting rates and no counts at all . The later Explorer 3 mission , which included a tape data recorder in the payload , provided the additional data for confirmation of the earlier Explorer 1 data . The scientific instrumentation of Explorer 1 was designed and built under the direction of Dr. James Van Allen of the University of Iowa containing : Anton 314 omnidirectional Geiger - Müller tube , designed by Dr. George Ludwig of Iowa 's Cosmic Ray Laboratory , to detect cosmic rays . It could detect protons with E > 30 MeV and electrons with E > 3 MeV . Most of the time the instrument was saturated ; Five temperature sensors ( one internal , three external and one on the nose cone ) ; Acoustic detector ( crystal transducer and solid - state amplifier ) to detect micrometeorite ( cosmic dust ) impacts . It responded to micrometeorite impacts on the spacecraft skin in such a way that each impact would be a function of mass and velocity . Its effective area was 0.075 m and the average threshold sensitivity was 2.5 × 10 g cm / s ; Wire grid detector , also to detect micrometeorite impacts . It consisted of 12 parallel connected cards mounted in a fiberglass supporting ring . Each card was wound with two layers of enameled nickel alloy wire with a diameter of 17 μm ( 21 μm with the enamel insulation included ) in such way that a total area of 1 cm by 1 cm was completely covered . If a micrometeorite of about 10 μm impacted , it would fracture the wire , destroy the electrical connection , and thus record the event . Flight ( edit ) The Juno I rocket was launched January 31 , 1958 , putting Explorer 1 into orbit with a perigee of 358 kilometers ( 222 mi ) and an apogee of 2,550 kilometers ( 1,580 mi ) having a period of 114.8 minutes . At about 1 : 30 a.m. ET , after confirming that Explorer 1 was indeed in orbit , a news conference was held in the Great Hall at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington , DC to announce it to the world . Mercury batteries powered the high - power transmitter for 31 days and the low - power transmitter for 105 days . Explorer 1 stopped transmission of data on May 23 , 1958 when its batteries died , but remained in orbit for more than 12 years . It reentered the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean on March 31 , 1970 after more than 58,000 orbits . Results ( edit ) William Hayward Pickering , James Van Allen , and Wernher von Braun display a full - scale model of Explorer 1 at a crowded news conference in Washington , DC after confirmation the satellite was in orbit . Explorer 1 changed rotation axis after launch . The elongated body of the spacecraft had been designed to spin about its long ( least - inertia ) axis but refused to do so , and instead started precessing due to energy dissipation from flexible structural elements . Later it was understood that on general grounds , the body ends up in the spin state that minimizes the kinetic rotational energy for a fixed angular momentum ( this being the maximal - inertia axis ) . This motivated the first further development of the Eulerian theory of rigid body dynamics after nearly 200 years -- to address this kind of momentum - preserving energy dissipation . Sometimes the instrumentation would report the expected cosmic ray count ( approximately 30 counts per second ) but sometimes it would show a peculiar zero counts per second . The University of Iowa ( under James Van Allen ) noted that all of the zero counts per second reports were from an altitude of more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) over South America , while passes at 500 km ( 310 mi ) would show the expected level of cosmic rays . Later , after Explorer 3 , it was concluded that the original Geiger counter had been overwhelmed ( `` saturated '' ) by strong radiation coming from a belt of charged particles trapped in space by the Earth 's magnetic field . This belt of charged particles is now known as the Van Allen radiation belt . The discovery was considered to be one of the outstanding discoveries of the International Geophysical Year . The acoustic micrometeorite detector detected 145 impacts of cosmic dust in 78,750 seconds . This calculates to an average impact rate of 8.0 × 10 impacts m s over the twelve - day period ( 29 impacts per hour per square meter ) . Legacy ( edit ) Explorer 1 was the first of the long - running Explorer program . A follow - up to the first mission , Explorer - 1 ( PRIME ) , was successfully launched aboard a Delta II rocket in late October , 2011 . The PRIME was built using modern satellite construction techniques . The orbiting satellite was a backup , since the initial Explorer - 1 PRIME , launched on March 4 , 2011 , failed to reach orbit due to a problem in the launch vehicle . An identically constructed flight backup of Explorer 1 is on display in the Smithsonian Institution 's National Air and Space Museum , Milestones of Flight Gallery in Washington , DC . Launch Pad 26 was deactivated in 1963 , and was designated for use as a museum in 1964 , the Air Force Space and Missile Museum . Here too , a full - scale Explorer 1 is on display , but this one is a mockup . The satellite 's legacy is having been the first orbital object sent to return scientific data . Its launch happened to be 100 years to the day that the SS Great Eastern was launched . This ship was much larger than anything that came before it , and it was big enough to accomplish the task of laying out the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable . Both events served to more closely knit the world together . Gallery ( edit ) Explorer 1 statistics and orbital diagram Officials with Explorer 1 model at Redstone Arsenal , including Maj. Gen. John Medaris ( 3rd from left ) , Walter Haeussermann , Wernher von Braun and Ernst Stuhlinger Explorer 1 mated to Juno I booster Explorer 1 and Juno I booster in gantry at LC - 26 Close - up of Explorer 1 atop Juno I booster Launch of Explorer 1 on January 31 , 1958 Preliminary satellite tracking tests in a field near JPL Trajectory calculations were done by hand by this group of women . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garber , Steve ( October 10 , 2007 ) . `` Explorer - I and Jupiter - C '' . NASA . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Dickson , Sputnik : The Launch of the Space Race . ( Toronto : MacFarlane Walter & Ross , 2001 ) , 190 . Jump up ^ Yost , Charles W. ( 1963 - 09 - 06 ) . Registration data for United States Space Launches ( PDF ) . United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matt Bille and Erika Lishock , The First Space Race : Launching the World 's First Satellites , Texas A&M University Press , 2004 , Chapter 5 Jump up ^ `` Project Vanguard -- Why It Failed to Live Up to Its Name '' . Time . October 21 , 1957 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age '' . NASA History . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin Green , Constance ; Lomask , Milton ( 1970 ) . `` Chapter 11 : from Sputnik I to TV - 3 '' . Vanguard -- A History . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Explorer - I and Jupiter - C '' . Data Sheet . Department of Astronautics , National Air and Space Museum , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jr. , W.E. ( April 1960 ) . `` Space Telemetry Systems '' ( fee required ) . Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers . IEEE. 48 ( 4 ) : 685 -- 690 . doi : 10.1109 / JRPROC. 1960.287448 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The First Transistors in Space -- Personal Reflections by the Designer of the Cosmic Ray Instrumentation Package for the Explorer I Satellite '' . A Transistor Museum Interview with Dr. George Ludwig . The Transistor Museum . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmic - Ray Detector '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Micrometeorite Detector '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Manring , Edward R. ( January 1959 ) . `` Micrometeorite Measurements from 1958 Alpha and Gamma Satellites '' . Planetary and Space Science . Great Britain : Pergamon Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 31 . Bibcode : 1959P&SS ... 1 ... 27M . doi : 10.1016 / 0032 - 0633 ( 59 ) 90019 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Explorer 1 First U.S. Satellite -- Fast Facts '' . JPL , NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Trajectory Details '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration Explorer 1 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Naugle ( 2008 ) . `` Discovering Earth 's Radiation Belts : Remembering Explorer 1 and 3 '' . NASA History . American Geological Union . 89 ( 39 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zadunaisky , Pedro E. ( October 1960 ) . `` The Orbit of Satellite 456 Alpha ( Explorer I ) during the First 10500 Revolutions '' . SAO Special Report . Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory . 50 . Bibcode : 1960SAOSR ... 50 ... Z . Jump up ^ Efroimsky , Michael ( August 2001 ) . `` Relaxation of wobbling asteroids and comets -- theoretical problems , perspectives of experimental observation '' ( fee required ) . Planetary and Space Science . Elsevier . 49 ( 9 ) : 937 -- 955 . Bibcode : 2001P&SS ... 49 ... 937E . arXiv : astro - ph / 9911072 . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 01 ) 00051 - 4 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Efroimsky , Michael ( March 2002 ) . `` Euler , Jacobi , and missions to comets and asteroids '' ( fee required ) . Advances in Space Research . Elsevier . 29 ( 5 ) : 725 -- 734 . Bibcode : 2002AdSpR ... 29 ... 725E . arXiv : astro - ph / 0112054 . doi : 10.1016 / S0273 - 1177 ( 02 ) 00017 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dubin , Maurice ( January 1960 ) . `` IGY Micrometeorite Measurements '' ( fee required ) . Space Research -- Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium . Amsterdam : North - Holland Publishing Company . 1 ( 1 ) : 1042 -- 1058 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Evelyn Boswell ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` MSU 's twin satellite to launch Oct. 28 on NASA rocket '' . Space Science and Engineering Laboratory . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Launch Complex 26 Blockhouse Jump up ^ Explorer I Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The First Explorer '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- JPL Ground Antenna '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Explorer 1 . NASA images and videos of Explorer 1 and other early satellites Data Sheet , Department of Astronautics , National Air and Space Museum , Smithsonian Institution A film clip `` Army Explorers in Space ( 1958 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive A film clip `` Atlas In Orbit . Radios Ike 's Message Of Peace To World , 1958 / 12 / 22 ( 1958 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Army Satellites is available for free download at the Internet Archive Lecture with detailed evaluation of the Explorer 1 rotation anomaly Explorers program Explorer Explorer 1 5 6 ( S - 2 ) 7 ( S - 1a ) 8 S - 56 9 ( S - 56A ) 10 11 ( S - 15 ) 14 ( EPE - B ) 17 ( AE - A ) 19 30 ( Solrad 8 ) 32 ( AE - B ) 33 ( IMP - D ) 34 35 ( IMP - E ) 37 ( Solrad 9 ) 39 42 ( Uhuru ) 44 ( Solrad 10 ) 48 ( SAS B) 49 ( RAE - B ) 52 ( Hawkeye 1 ) 53 ( SAS C ) 56 ( ISEE - 1 ) 57 ( IUE ) 58 ( HCMM ) 59 ( ICE ) 61 ( Magsat ) 62 ( DE-1 ) 63 ( DE-2 ) 64 ( SME ) 66 ( COBE ) 67 ( EUVE ) 68 ( SAMPEX ) MIDEX 50 ( IMP - 8 ) 69 ( RXTE ) 71 ( ACE ) 77 ( FUSE ) 78 ( IMAGE ) 80 ( WMAP ) 84 ( Swift ) 85 thru 89 ( THEMIS ) 92 ( WISE ) ICON TESS SMEX 68 ( SAMPEX ) 70 ( FAST ) 73 ( TRACE ) 74 ( SWAS ) 75 ( WIRE ) 81 ( RHESSI ) 83 ( GALEX ) 90 ( AIM ) 91 ( IBEX ) 93 ( NuSTAR ) 94 ( IRIS ) UNEX 72 ( SNOE ) 82 ( CHIPSat ) MO 79 ( HETE - 2 ) CINDI Suzaku TWINS Hitomi GOLD NICER International INTEGRAL Italics indicates probes that failed to deploy or otherwise malfunctioned indicate missions yet to launch . NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI SWIFT THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists List of astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Commons Portal ← 1957 Orbital launches in 1958 1959 → Explorer 1 Unnamed Explorer 2 Vanguard 1 Explorer 3 ISZ D - 1 No. 1 Unnamed Sputnik 3 Unnamed Unnamed Pilot - 1 Explorer 4 Pilot - 2 Pioneer 0 Pilot - 3 Explorer 5 Pilot - 4 Pilot - 5 Pilot - 6 Luna E-1 No. 1 Unnamed Pioneer 1 Luna E-1 No. 2 Beacon Pioneer 2 Luna E-1 No. 3 Pioneer 3 SCORE Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Explorer_1&oldid=796683169 '' Categories : Spacecraft launched in 1958 1958 in the United States Artificial satellites formerly orbiting Earth Explorers program ( NASA ) Individual spacecraft in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution First artificial satellite of a country Spacecraft which reentered in 1970 First events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with Internet Archive links Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 13 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first satellite put in space | [
"The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal, called Project Orbiter, to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year. The proposal, using a military Redstone missile, was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the Navy's Project Vanguard, using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature.[4][5] Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the initial Project Orbiter program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union.[6]"
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"October 4, 1957"
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-3177596771152721471 | Death row | Death row - wikipedia Death row Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Death row ( disambiguation ) . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Death row is a special section of a prison that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of capital crimes . The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` been on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . It is then up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If the jury agrees on death , the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which may continue for several years . Opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoner 's isolation and uncertainty over his or her fate constitute a form of mental cruelty and that especially long - time death row inmates are liable to become mentally ill , if they are not already . This is referred to as the death row phenomenon . In extreme cases some inmates may attempt to commit suicide . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Death row locations in the United States 2 Other countries 3 See also 4 References 5 External links United States ( edit ) United States Penitentiary , Terre Haute houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. federal government San Quentin State Prison houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of California Allan B. Polunsky Unit houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of Texas Louisiana State Penitentiary , which houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Louisiana The Mississippi State Penitentiary , which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Mississippi Oklahoma State Penitentiary , which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the state of Oklahoma In the United States , prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time - consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction . The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010 , including a 22 % jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009 . In 2010 , a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months ( roughly 15 years ) between sentencing and execution . Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution . There were 3,125 people on death row in the United States on January 1 , 2013 . Since 1977 , the states of Texas ( 464 ) , Virginia ( 108 ) and Oklahoma ( 94 ) have executed the most death row inmates . As of 2010 , California ( 683 ) , Florida ( 390 ) , Texas ( 330 ) and Pennsylvania ( 218 ) housed more than half of all inmates pending on death row . As of 2008 , the longest - serving prisoner on death row in the US who has been executed was Jack Alderman who served over 33 years . He was executed in Georgia in 2008 . However , Alderman only holds the distinction of being the longest - serving executed inmate so far . A Florida inmate , Gary Alvord , arrived on Florida 's death row in 1974 . On April 9 , 2013 , Alvord had been on death row for exactly 39 years when he died on May 19 , 2013 from a brain tumor , having been longer on death row than any other United States inmate . The oldest prisoner on death row in the United States was Leroy Nash , age 94 , in Arizona . He died of natural causes on February 12 , 2010 . Death row locations in the United States ( edit ) See also : Capital punishment in the United States Men 's death row Women 's death row Civilian Federal United States Penitentiary , Terre Haute , Terre Haute , Indiana Federal Medical Center , Carswell , Fort Worth , Texas Military United States Disciplinary Barracks , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas Naval Consolidated Brig , Miramar , San Diego , California State Men 's death row Women 's death row Alabama Holman Correctional Facility , Atmore and William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility , Bessemer Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women Arizona Arizona State Prison Complex - Eyman Arizona State Prison Complex - Perryville Arkansas Varner Unit McPherson Unit California San Quentin State Prison Central California Women 's Facility Colorado No designated death row Currently all DR prisoners are at Sterling Correctional Facility Colorado Women 's Correctional Facility Delaware James T. Vaughn Correctional Center Delores J. Baylor Women 's Correctional Institution Florida Union Correctional Institution and Florida State Prison Lowell Correctional Institution Annex Georgia Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison , Butts County Arrendale State Prison , Habersham County Idaho Idaho Maximum Security Institution , Boise Pocatello Women 's Correctional Center , Pocatello Indiana Indiana State Prison , Michigan City Indiana Women 's Prison , Indianapolis Kansas El Dorado Correctional Facility , El Dorado Topeka Correctional Facility , Topeka Kentucky Kentucky State Penitentiary , Eddyville Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women , Peewee Valley Louisiana Louisiana State Penitentiary , unincorporated West Feliciana Parish Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women , St. Gabriel Mississippi Mississippi State Penitentiary , Sunflower County Central Mississippi Correctional Facility Missouri Potosi Correctional Center Women 's Eastern Reception , Diagnostic and Correctional Center Montana Montana State Prison , Deer Lodge Montana Women 's Prison , Billings Nebraska Tecumseh State Correctional Institution , Tecumseh Nebraska Correctional Center for Women , York Nevada Ely State Prison , Ely Florence McClure Women 's Correctional Center , North Las Vegas New Hampshire New Hampshire State Prison for Men , Concord New Hampshire State Prison for Women , Goffstown New Mexico Penitentiary of New Mexico , Santa Fe County New Mexico Women 's Correctional Facility , Grants North Carolina Central Prison , Raleigh North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women , Raleigh Ohio Chillicothe Correctional Institution , Chillicothe , Ohio State Penitentiary , Youngstown and Franklin Medical Center , Columbus Ohio Reformatory for Women , Marysville Oklahoma Oklahoma State Penitentiary , McAlester Mabel Bassett Correctional Center , Oklahoma City Oregon Oregon State Penitentiary , Salem Coffee Creek Correctional Facility , Wilsonville Pennsylvania SCI - Greene , Franklin Township and Skippack Township ( SCI Graterford ) SCI - Muncy , Clinton Township South Carolina Lieber Correctional Institution , Ridgeville Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution , Columbia South Dakota South Dakota State Penitentiary , Sioux Falls South Dakota Women 's Prison , Pierre Tennessee Riverbend Maximum Security Institution , Nashville and Morgan County Correctional Complex , Wartburg Tennessee Prison for Women , Nashville Texas Polunsky Unit , West Livingston Mountain View Unit , Gatesville Utah Utah State Prison , Draper Central Utah Correctional Facility , Gunnison Virginia Sussex I State Prison , Sussex County Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women , Troy Washington Washington State Penitentiary , Walla Walla Washington Corrections Center for Women , Gig Harbor Wyoming Wyoming State Penitentiary , Rawlins Wyoming Women 's Center , Lusk Notes : Naval Consolidated Brig , Miramar is the only facility in the United States Department of Defense designated to house female Level III inmates . Other countries ( edit ) When the United Kingdom had capital punishment , sentenced inmates were given one appeal . If that appeal was found to involve an important point of law it was taken up to the House of Lords , and if the appeal was successful , at that point the sentence was changed to life in prison . The Home Secretary in the United Kingdom had the power to exercise the Sovereign 's royal prerogative of mercy to grant a reprieve on execution and change the sentence to life imprisonment . In some Caribbean countries that still authorize execution , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the ultimate court of appeals . It has upheld appeals by prisoners who have spent several years under sentence of death , stating that it does not desire to see the death row phenomenon emerge in countries under its jurisdiction . See also ( edit ) Live from Death Row The Green Mile The Chamber Dead Man Walking Capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row in the United States List of exonerated death row inmates Execution chamber List of wrongful convictions in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Justice : Capital Punishment , 2010 Figures '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice Jump up ^ http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf Jump up ^ Jack Alderman Executed Jump up ^ `` A man too crazy to be executed '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Oldest US death row inmate dies aged 94 '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Special Confinement Unit Opens at USP Terre Haute . '' Federal Bureau of Prisons . July 13 , 1999 . Retrieved on October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , John . `` Lisa Montgomery gets death penalty for killing pregnant woman . '' Associated Press at the Southeast Missourian . Friday April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 3 , 2010 . `` Department of Justice spokesman Don Ledford said Montgomery will likely be sent to the Federal Medical Center Carswell in Fort Worth , Texas , a women 's correctional facility that has medical services for inmates . '' Jump up ^ `` Lisa M Montgomery . '' Federal Bureau of Prisons . Retrieved on October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Johnson . '' Federal Bureau of Prisons . Retrieved on October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 . '' Alabama Department of Corrections. 33 / 84 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` which also included a cellblock for 20 death row inmates . '' Jump up ^ `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 . '' Alabama Department of Corrections. 21 / 84 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` Donaldson has a death row unit with a capacity of 24 inmates . '' Jump up ^ `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 . '' Alabama Department of Corrections. 45 / 84 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` Tutwiler also has a death row , '' ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Information and Frequently Asked Questions . '' Arizona Department of Corrections . Retrieved on February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State Capitol Week in Review . '' State of Arkansas . June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . `` Executions are carried out in the Cummins Unit , which is adjacent to Varner . '' Jump up ^ Haddigan , Michael . `` They Kill Women , Do n't They ? '' Arkansas Times . April 9 , 1999 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Capital Punishment in California Archived July 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' California Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . `` All male prisoners on condemned status are housed at a maximum - security custody level in three units at San Quentin State Prison . Females are housed in a maximum - security unit at Central California Women 's Facility in Chowchilla . '' Jump up ^ `` Death Row FAQ . '' ( Archive ) Colorado Department of Corrections . Retrieved on April 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Fact Sheet . '' Delaware Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Fact Sheet . '' Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison . '' Georgia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inmates Under Death Sentence January 1 , 2012 Changes to UDS Population During 2011 . '' ( Archive ) Georgia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrouquere , Brett . `` Inmate challenges sedatives used in lethal injections Wilson also claims state does n't provide enough information to inmates . '' The Harlan Daily Enterprise . November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved on September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky State Penitentiary Prepares For 165th Execution . '' WLKY . Retrieved on September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life After Death Row . '' CBS News . April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . `` Rideau was sent to Louisiana 's Angola Prison , where he spent a decade waiting to be executed . '' Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women . '' Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division of Institutions State Prisons . '' Mississippi Department of Corrections. April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved on May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lombardi , George , Richard D. Sluder , and Donald Wallace . `` The Management of Death - Sentenced Inmates : Issues , Realities , and Innovative Strategies . '' Missouri Department of Corrections. 8 - 9 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Organization . '' Nevada Department of Corrections . Retrieved on September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lone woman on Nevada 's death row dies in prison . '' Associated Press at North County Times . January 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row and Death Watch . '' North Carolina Department of Correction . Retrieved on September 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CCI death row receives final inmates . '' Chillicothe Gazette . Retrieved on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capital Punishment in Oregon . '' Oregon Department of Corrections . Retrieved on December 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Penalty FAQ . '' Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 2 ( 2 / 4 ) . Retrieved on July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Death Row / Capital Punishment . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graham ( Camille Griffin ) Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . `` The institution also functions as a major special management unit with the ability to house female death row inmates and county safekeepers . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Facts . '' Tennessee Department of Correction . Retrieved on August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` West Livingston CDP , Texas Archived June 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved on May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Row Facts Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Retrieved on August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sussex I State Prison . '' Virginia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DOC Appoints New Warden at Sussex I State Prison . '' Virginia Department of Corrections . March 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Death Row / Execution Facts . '' My FOX DC . Tuesday November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women ( female institution ) . '' Virginia Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capital Punishment in Washington State . '' Washington Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Capital Punishment '' . External links ( edit ) Death Row Conditions : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . 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theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject NDL : 01181020 Criminal justice portal Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_row&oldid=839287311 '' Categories : Prisoners sentenced to death Capital punishment Penology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2015 USA - centric Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Türkçe 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long is an inmate on death row | [
"In the United States, prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time-consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction. The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010, including a 22% jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months (roughly 15 years) between sentencing and execution.[1] Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution.[2]"
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"an average of 178 months (roughly 15 years) between sentencing and execution"
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934066890238366419 | Verne Troyer | Verne Troyer - wikipedia Verne Troyer Jump to : navigation , search Verne Troyer Troyer at the Supanova Pop Culture Expo Sydney , Australia in 2012 Verne Jay Troyer January 1 , 1969 Sturgis , Michigan , U.S. April 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) ( aged 49 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Alcohol poisoning Occupation Actor comedian stunt performer Years active 1994 -- 2018 Height 2 ft 8 in ( 81 cm ) Weight 35 lb ( 16 kg ) Spouse ( s ) Genevieve Gallen ( m . 2004 ; annulled 2004 ) Partner ( s ) Brittney Powell ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Signature Verne Jay Troyer ( January 1 , 1969 -- April 21 , 2018 ) was an American actor , comedian , and stunt performer best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers film series . He was notable for having been only 2 ft 8 in ( 81 cm ) tall , the result of cartilage -- hair hypoplasia ; this made him one of the shortest men in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Troyer was born in Sturgis , Michigan , the son of Susan , a factory worker , and Reuben Troyer , a repair technician . He had two siblings , Davon and Deborah . He stated that his parents `` never treated me any different than my other average - sized siblings . I used to have to carry wood , feed the cows and pigs and farm animals '' . Troyer was initially raised Amish , but his parents left the faith when he was a child . During his childhood , Troyer spent much time visiting Amish relatives in Centreville , Michigan . He graduated from Centreville High School in 1987 and a plaque was dedicated to him in 2003 . Career ( edit ) Troyer 's film career began when a former president of Little People of America contacted him , looking for someone of a `` certain size '' to serve as a stunt double for the infant character `` Baby Bink '' in John Hughes ' film Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) . He gained further work as a stunt double with some minor comedic roles in several films of the 1990s , including Dunston Checks In , Jingle All the Way ( both 1996 ) , Men in Black ( 1997 ) , and My Giant ( 1998 ) . Troyer first met with Jay Roach to discuss portraying Mini-Me in the Austin Powers series , directed by Roach and starring co-creator Mike Myers , before filming for the series ' second film began . Myers was impressed with Troyer 's performance , rewriting the script for Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 1999 ) to give Mini-Me more screen time and remove the character 's death . Troyer reprised the role three years later in Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) , and collaborated again with Myers on The Love Guru ( 2008 ) . After reaching a large audience as Mini-Me , Troyer portrayed the goblin Griphook in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) , and played the role of Percy in Terry Gilliam 's fantasy film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) . He also made several appearances as himself in reality television series , including The Surreal Life ( 2005 ) , Welcome to Sweden ( 2007 ) , and the sixth series of the British Celebrity Big Brother ( 2009 ) . Personal life ( edit ) He reportedly married model Genevieve Gallen on February 22 , 2004 , but filed for an annulment the next day . Though the couple 's engagement was much reported , Troyer and his attorney denied that the pair ever had any formal wedding plans , saying that Gallen had fabricated the story for her own financial gain . On June 25 , 2008 , a private home video was leaked of Troyer and his former live - in girlfriend , Ranae Shrider , having sex . The video , filmed in 2008 in Beverly Hills , California , and Shrider 's hometown of Fort Cobb , Oklahoma , was leaked to the public by Shrider and TMZ . Kevin Blatt , the man responsible for brokering the deal for Paris Hilton 's sex tape in 2003 , tried to sell the video . Troyer , through his long - time attorney , Ed McPherson , sued TMZ , Blatt , and online rental company SugarDVD , for invasion of privacy and copyright infringement . In May 2015 , Troyer , his girlfriend Brittney Powell , and her son Tyson appeared on Celebrity Wife Swap , where she switched places with Hines Ward 's wife . In early April 2018 , Troyer was admitted to a hospital after an incident in his home . He had previously been admitted to rehab to undergo treatment for alcoholism . Death ( edit ) On April 21 , 2018 , Troyer died at the age of 49 . No cause was immediately released . His death was reported as a possible suicide to the coroner , who found very high alcohol levels in his body , suggesting and later confirming alcohol poisoning as the cause . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) Baby 's Day Out Baby Bink 's stunt double Dunston Checks In Jingle All the Way Little Santa Pinocchio 's Revenge Pinocchio 's Miniature Double 1997 Volcano 1997 Men in Black Alien Son 1997 Wishmaster Creature Stage # 1 1997 RocketMan 1998 My Giant Wrestler 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Wee Waiter Billed as `` Verne J. Troya '' 1998 The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald : Scared Silly Sundae 1998 Mighty Joe Young Baby Joe 1999 Here Lies Lonely Virgil 1999 Instinct Gorilla Performer 1999 Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me Mini-Me 2000 Bit Players Marty Rosenthal 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Band Member 2001 Bubble Boy Dr Phreak 2001 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Griphook Voice by Warwick Davis 2002 Run for the Money Attila 2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Mini-Me 2003 Pauly Shore Is Dead Himself 2007 Postal Himself 2008 The Love Guru Coach Punch Cherkov 2008 College Himself 2009 The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus Percy 2012 Keith Lemon : The Film Archimedes 2015 Trailer Park Boys : Drunk , High , and Unemployed : Live in Austin Himself 2015 Gnome Alone The Gnome 2018 Hipsters , Gangsters , Aliens and Geeks TBA Post-production Television ( edit ) Year ( s ) Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 1995 -- 1996 Masked Rider Ferbus 1999 -- 2000 Shasta McNasty Verne 2000 Jack of All Trades Napoleon Bonaparte 2002 Sabrina the Teenage Witch Angus 2003 Boston Public Taylor Prentice 2 episodes Karroll 's Christmas Spike 2005 The Girls Next Door Himself episode `` Fight Night '' 2005 The Surreal Life Himself 2006 Bo ! in the USA 2007 The Surreal Life : Fame Games Himself 2007 Welcome to Sweden Himself 2008 -- 2015 Celebrity Juice Himself 2008 The Smoking Gun Presents : World 's Dumbest ... Commentator 2008 The Podge and Rodge Show Himself 2009 Celebrity Big Brother Himself 2009 Friday Night with Jonathan Ross Himself 2009 The Paul O'Grady Show Himself 2009 WWE Raw Guest host 2013 Lemon La Vida Loca Himself 2013 Legit Himself 2014 BGO.com TV Campaign 2014 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Himself Season 10 , episode 3 2014 Through the Keyhole Himself 2015 Celebrity Wife Swap Himself 2017 Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : USA Himself Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 2016 Let It Die Jackal X References ( edit ) Jump up ^ As stated by Troyer during interview on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer : ' Mini Me ' actor reportedly hospitalised after suffering seizure at Heart of Texas Comic Con in Waco '' . News Corp Australia . March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer Biography ( 1969 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` vernetroyer comments on I am Verne Troyer , AMA ! ! ! '' . Reddit.com . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Sarah ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Verne Troyer : my family values '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer respects the Amish lifestyle '' . The Arizona Republic . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tunison , John ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Verne Troyer , Michigan native who starred as Mini-Me , dead at 49 '' . M Live . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer Opens Up About Being Called the M - Word As a Child -- and How He Physically Defended Himself Against a Bully '' . People . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer : from Mini-Me to Celebrity Big Brother '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer biography and filmography - Verne Troyer movies '' . Tribute . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Mini-Me : From stunt double to popular clone - July 30 , 2002 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ OWN ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` Why ' Austin Powers ' Changed Its Original Tragic Ending For Mini-Me '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Powers Movies ' Mini-Me , Verne Troyer , Dies '' . The New York Times . April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer : a life in pictures '' . Guardian.com. 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Big Brother Eviction '' . BBC . 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mini-Me Actor Challenges Model 's Marriage '' . Jump up ^ Sherri L. Shaulis ( 2008 - 07 - 03 ) . `` AVN Exclusive : Verne Troyer 's Ex Discusses Sex Tape , Relationship , More '' . AVN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Isola , Laurie ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Troyer in Sex Tape Scandal '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` '' Mini-Me '' actor Verne Troyer sues over sex tape `` . Reuters . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer And Girlfriend Brittney on Celebrity Wife Swap '' . DailyENews . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Me actor Verne Troyer in hospital after alleged incident '' . Sky News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Actor Verne Troyer in hospital '' . BBC News . 2018 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer treated for alcoholism '' . BBC News . 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ CNN , Steve Almasy , . `` Verne Troyer , ' Mini-Me ' in Austin Powers films , dies at 49 '' . cnn.com . Jump up ^ Ferré - Sadurní , Luis ( 21 April 2018 ) . `` Verne Troyer , Mini-Me in Austin Powers Movies , Dies at 49 '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Mini-Me actor Verne Troyer dies at 49 '' . 22 April 2018 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer 's Death ' Possible Suicide ' : ' Very High Level of Alcohol in His System , ' Says Coroner '' . People . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer 's death may be the latest suicide for Hollywood 's community of little people '' . Fox News . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farewell , Mini-Me ! Verne Troyer Passes Away at 49 '' . Ai n't It Cool News . April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Austin Powers ' star Verne Troyer dies at age 49 '' . Press - Republican . 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer List of Movies and TV Shows '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Will ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Austin Powers Actor Verne Troyer Hospitalized After Apparent Suicide Attempt '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne J. Troyer '' . BFI . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sundae the Dog '' . Weasyl . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Lies Lonely ( 1999 ) '' . LetterBoxD . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , Andrew ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Verne Troyer , Mini-Me from ' Austin Powers ' films , has died '' . APNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verne Troyer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` American Tokusatsu Shows : Masked Rider '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fight Night '' . The Girls Next Door . Season 1 . Episode 5 . August 28 , 2005 . E ! . Jump up ^ `` Bo ! In The USA - Cast , Crew and Credits '' . TV.com . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Claire ( 22 April 2018 ) . `` Mike Myers Pays Tribute To Verne Troyer '' . LADbible . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Verne Troyer Then & Now ! '' . Stanton Daily . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Podge and Rodge Show Season 4 , Episode 23 '' . HSB Noticias . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lemon La Vida Loca '' . ITV . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ bgo.com TV advertisement featuring Verne Troyer from bgo.com Jump up ^ `` CAST PlayStation ® 4 用 サバイバル アクション ゲーム -- Let It Die '' . letitdie.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Verne Troyer on IMDb Verne Troyer interview , Movieset.com ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) GND : 1061577236 LCCN : no2008095996 VIAF : 78593565 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verne_Troyer&oldid=843217926 '' Categories : 1969 births 2018 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Michigan Actors with dwarfism American male film actors American male television actors American stunt performers People from Centreville , Michigan People from Sturgis , Michigan American Amish people Alcohol - related deaths in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played mini-me in the austin power movies | [
"Verne Jay Troyer (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, and stunt performer best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers film series. He was notable for having been only 2 ft 8 in (81 cm) tall, the result of cartilage–hair hypoplasia;[1][2] this made him one of the shortest men in the world."
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"Verne Jay Troyer"
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-7675604477174702784 | Love Canal | Love Canal - wikipedia Love Canal Jump to : navigation , search Love Canal Superfund site ( 2012 ) Geography City Niagara Falls County Niagara County State New York Coordinates 43 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 56 ′ 56 '' W / 43.080518 ° N 78.948956 ° W / 43.080518 ; - 78.948956 Coordinates : 43 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 56 ′ 56 '' W / 43.080518 ° N 78.948956 ° W / 43.080518 ; - 78.948956 Love Canal Information CERCLIS ID NYD000606947 Contaminants Various chemicals Responsible parties Hooker Chemical Company Progress Proposed December 30 , 1983 Listed September 8 , 1984 Construction completed September 29 , 1998 Deleted September 30 , 2004 List of Superfund sites Love Canal is a neighborhood within Niagara Falls , New York . The neighborhood is infamously known as the location of a 70 - acre ( 28 ha ) landfill that became the epicenter of a massive environmental pollution disaster harming the health of hundreds of residents , culminating in an extensive Superfund cleanup operation . Originally intended as a model planned community , Love Canal served as a residential area before being purchased by Hooker Chemical Company , now , Occidental Chemical Corporation . After its sale , under threat of eminent domain , to the local school district , Love Canal attracted national attention for the public health problem originated from the massive dumping of toxic waste on the grounds . This event displaced numerous families , leaving them with long - standing health issues and symptoms of high white blood cell counts and leukemia . Subsequently , the federal government passed the Superfund law . The resulting Superfund cleanup operation demolished the neighborhood , wrapping up in 2004 . New York State Health Department Commissioner at the time , David Axelrod , called the Love Canal incident a `` national symbol of a failure to exercise a sense of concern for future generations '' . The Love Canal incident was especially significant as a situation where the inhabitants `` overflowed into the wastes instead of the other way around '' . The University at Buffalo University Archives houses a number of primary documents , photographs , and news clippings pertaining to the Love Canal environmental disaster ; many items have been digitized and are viewable online . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Early history 3 Love Canal disaster 3.1 Pre-disaster state of town 3.2 Hooker Chemical Company 3.3 Sale of the site 3.4 Construction of the 93rd Street School and the 99th Street School 3.5 Usage by the schools 3.6 Leadup and Discovery 3.6. 1 Contaminants 3.7 Consequences 3.7. 1 Activism 3.7. 1.1 Activism Tactics 3.7. 1.2 Role of Community Organizations 3.7. 2 Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal Homeowners ' Association 3.7. 3 Federal response 3.7. 4 Health effects 3.8 Aftermath 3.8. 1 Evacuation 3.8. 2 Litigation and compensation 3.8. 3 Remediation 3.8. 4 Analysis 3.9 Conclusion 3.10 Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Love Canal is a neighborhood located in the city of Niagara Falls in the northwestern region of New York state . The neighborhood covers 36 square blocks in the far southeastern corner of the city , stretching from the 93rd street making up the western border to the 100th street in the east border and the 103rd street in the northeast . Bergholtz Creek defines the north border with the Niagara River marking the southern border one - quarter mile ( 400 m ) away . The LaSalle Expressway splits an uninhabited portion of the south from the north . The canal covers 16 acres ( 6.5 ha ) of land in the central eastern portion . Early history ( edit ) In 1890 , William T. Love , an ambitious entrepreneur from the Western Railroad Corporation , envisioned a perfect urban area called `` Model City '' . He prepared plans to construct a community of parks and residences on the banks of Lake Ontario , believing it would serve the area 's burgeoning industries with much - needed hydroelectricity . He gave his name to the ensuing project , envisioning a perfect urban area . After 1892 , Love 's plan incorporated a shipping lane that would bypass the Niagara Falls . Love quickly lined up backing from financial banks and giants in New York City , Chicago , and England . In October 1893 , the first factory opened for business . In May 1894 , work on the canal had begun . Steel companies and other manufacturers lined up for the chance of opening plants along the Love Canal . He began digging the canal and built a few streets and houses . However , the Panic of 1893 caused investors to drop sponsorship of the project . In addition , Congress passed a law barring the removal of water from the Niagara River , to preserve Niagara Falls . Only one mile ( 1.6 km ) of the canal was dug , about 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide and 10 -- 40 feet ( 3 -- 12 m ) deep , stretching northward from the Niagara River . However , the Panic of 1907 proved economically disastrous as Love had to abandon the project . The deathblow came with the development of the transmission of electrical power economically over great distances by means of an alternating current . No longer was it necessary for the industry to locate near the source of electrical power . Love 's financial backers deserted him , and the last piece of the properties owned by his corporation was subjected to mortgage foreclosure and sold at public auction in 1910 . With the project abandoned , the canal gradually filled with water . The local children swam there in the summer and skated during the winter . In the 1920s , the canal became a dump site for the City of Niagara Falls , with the city regularly unloading its municipal refuse into the landfill . Industry and tourism grew steadily throughout the first half of the 20th century due to a high demand for industrial products and the increased mobility of people to travel . Paper , rubber , plastics , petrochemicals , carbon insulators , and abrasives composed the city 's major industries . This prosperity would end by the late 1960s as aging industrial plants moved to less expensive locations . Love Canal disaster ( edit ) Pre-disaster state of town ( edit ) At the time of the dump 's closure in 1952 , Niagara Falls was entering an economic boom , and the population began expanding dramatically , growing by 33 % in twenty years ( 1940 - 1960 ) from 78,020 to 102,394 . Hooker chemical company ( edit ) By the turn of the 1940s , Hooker Chemical Company was searching for a place to dispose its large quantity of chemical waste . The Niagara Power and Development Company granted permission to Hooker in 1942 to dump wastes into the canal . The canal was drained and lined with thick clay . Into this site , Hooker began placing 55 - US - gallon ( 210 l ) metal or fiber barrels . In 1947 , Hooker bought the canal and the 70 - foot - wide ( 21 m ) banks on either side of the canal . It subsequently converted it into a 16 - acre ( 6.5 ha ) landfill . In 1948 , the City of Niagara Falls ended self - sufficient disposal of refuse and Hooker Chemical became the sole user and owner of the site . In early 1952 , when it became apparent that the site would likely be developed for construction , Hooker ceased use of Love Canal as a dumpsite . During its 10 - year lifespan , the landfill served as the dumping site of 21,800 short tons ( 19,800 t ) of chemicals , mostly composed of products such as `` caustics , alkalines , fatty acid and chlorinated hydrocarbons resulting from the manufacturing of dyes , perfumes , and solvents for rubber and synthetic resins '' . These chemicals were buried at a depth of twenty to twenty - five feet ( 6 to 7.5 m ) . Upon its closure , the canal was covered with a clay seal to prevent leakage . Over time , vegetation settled and began to grow atop the dump site . By the 1950s , the city of Niagara Falls was experiencing a population boom . With a growing population , the Niagara Falls City School District needed land to build new schools and attempted to purchase the property from Hooker Chemical . The population reached over 98,000 by the 1950 census . Sale of the site ( edit ) In March 1951 , the school board prepared a plan showing a school being built over the canal and listing condemnation values for each property that would need to be acquired . In March 1952 , the superintendent of Niagara Falls School Board approached Hooker with regard to purchasing the Love Canal property for the purpose of constructing a new school . Following this initial approach , in an internal company memo dated March 27 , 1952 , Bjarne Klaussen , Hooker 's vice president , wrote to the works manager that `` it may be advisable to discontinue using the Love Canal property for a dumping ground . '' In April 1952 , after discussing the sale of the land with Ansley Wilcox II , Hooker 's in - house legal counsel , Klaussen then wrote to the company president , R.L. Murray , suggesting that the sale could alleviate them from future liabilities for the buried chemicals : The more we thought about it , the more interested Wilcox and I became in the proposition , and finally came to the conclusion that the Love Canal property is rapidly becoming a liability because of housing projects in the near vicinity of our property . A school , however , could be built in the center unfilled section ( with chemicals underground ) . We became convinced that it would be a wise move to turn this property over to the schools provided we could not be held responsible for future claims or damages resulting from underground storage of chemicals . While the school board condemned some nearby properties , Hooker agreed to sell its property to the school board for $1 . Hooker 's letter to the board agreeing to enter into negotiations noted that `` in view of the nature of the property and the purposes for which it has been used , it will be necessary for us to have special provisions incorporated into the deed with respect to the use of the property and other pertinent matters . '' However , the board rejected the company 's proposal that the deed requires the land to be used for park purposes only , with the school itself to be built nearby . As `` a means of avoiding liability by relinquishing control of the site '' , Hooker deeded the site to the school board in 1953 for $1 with a liability limitation clause . The sale document signed on April 28 , 1953 , included a seventeen - line caveat purporting to release the company from all legal obligations should lawsuits arise in the future . Prior to the delivery of this instrument of conveyance , the grantee herein has been advised by the grantor that the premises above described have been filled , in whole or in part , to the present grade level thereof with waste products resulting from the manufacturing of chemicals by the grantor at its plant in the City of Niagara Falls , New York , and the grantee assumes all risk and liability incident to the use thereof . It is therefore understood and agreed that , as a part of the consideration for this conveyance and as a condition thereof , no claim , suit , action or demand of any nature whatsoever shall ever be made by the grantee , its successors or assigns , against the grantor , its successors or assigns , for injury to a person or persons , including death resulting therefrom , or loss of or damage to property caused by , in connection with or by reason of the presence of said industrial wastes . It is further agreed as a condition hereof that each subsequent conveyance of the aforesaid lands shall be made subject to the foregoing provisions and conditions . Critics of Hooker 's actions believe that , in the words of Craig E. Colton and Peter N. Skinner , `` Hooker assigned the board with a continuing duty to protect property buyers from chemicals when the company itself accepted no such ' moral obligation ' . '' Moreover , the transfer effectively ended what provision of security and maintenance for the hazardous waste had existed before and placed all responsibility in clearly unqualified hands . It was this attempt to evade their responsibility , Colten and Skinner contend , that would `` ultimately come back to haunt not only Hooker but all other chemical producers in the United States through the strict liability provisions of Superfund legislation . '' On the other hand , Eric Zeusse writes that Hooker 's decision to sell the property rather than allowing the school board to condemn it stemmed from a desire to document its warnings . `` Had the land been condemned and seized , says Hooker , the company would have been unable to air its concerns to all future owners of the property . It is difficult to see any other reason for what it did . '' Not long after having taken control of the land , the Niagara Falls School Board proceeded to develop the land , including construction activity that substantially breached containment structures in a number of ways , allowing previously trapped chemicals to seep out . The resulting breaches combined with particularly heavy rainstorms released and spread the chemical waste , leading to a public health emergency and an urban planning scandal . In what became a test case for liability clauses , Hooker Chemical was found to be `` negligent '' in their disposal of waste , though not reckless in the sale of the land . The dumpsite was discovered and investigated by the local newspaper , the Niagara Falls Gazette , from 1976 through the evacuation in 1978 . Hooker Electrochemical Quit Claim Deed to Board of Education Construction of the 93rd Street school and the 99th Street school ( edit ) Despite the disclaimer , the School Board began construction of the `` 99th Street School '' in its originally intended location . In January 1954 , the school 's architect wrote to the education committee informing them that during excavation , workers discovered two dump sites filled with 55 - US - gallon ( 210 l ; 46 imp gal ) drums containing chemical wastes . The architect also noted it would be `` poor policy '' to build in that area since it was not known what wastes were present in the ground , and the concrete foundation might be damaged . The school board then moved the school site eighty to eighty - five feet ( 24 to 26 m ) further north . The kindergarten playground also had to be relocated because it was directly on top of a chemical dump . Upon completion in 1955 , 400 children attended the school , and it opened along with several other schools that had been built to accommodate students . That same year , a twenty - five - foot area crumbled exposing toxic chemical drums , which then filled with water during rainstorms . This created large puddles that children enjoyed playing in . In 1955 , a second school , the 93rd Street School , was opened six blocks away . Usage by the schools ( edit ) In 1957 , the City of Niagara Falls constructed sewers for a mixture of low - income and single family residences to be built on lands adjacent to the landfill site . The school district had sold the remaining land , resulting in homes constructed by private developers , as well as the Niagara Falls Housing Authority . In total , 800 private houses and 240 low - income apartments were constructed . The sale came despite the warning of a Hooker attorney , Arthur Chambers , that , as paraphrased in the minutes of a board meeting , `` due to chemical waste having been dumped in that area , the land was not suitable for construction where underground facilities would be necessary . He stated that his company could not prevent the Board from selling the land or from doing anything they wanted to with it but , however , it was their intent that this property be used for a school and for parking . He further stated that they feel the property should not be divided for the purpose of building homes and hoped that no one will be injured . '' While building the gravel sewer beds , construction crews broke through the clay seal , breaching the canal walls . Specifically , the local government removed part of the protective clay cap to use as fill dirt for the nearby 93rd Street School , and punched holes in the solid clay walls to build water lines and the LaSalle Expressway . This allowed the toxic wastes to escape when rainwater , no longer kept out by the partially removed clay cap , washed them through the gaps in the walls . Hence , the buried chemicals could migrate and seep from the canal . The land where the homes were being built was not part of the agreement between the school board and Hooker ; thus , none of these residents knew the canal 's history . There was no monitoring or evaluating of the chemical wastes stored under the ground . Additionally , the clay cover of the canal which was supposed to be impermeable began to crack . The subsequent construction of the LaSalle Expressway restricted groundwater from flowing to the Niagara River . After the exceptionally wet winter and spring of 1962 , the elevated expressway turned the breached canal into an overflowing pool . People reported having puddles of oil or colored liquid in yards or basements . There were 410 children in the school in 1978 . Leadup and discovery ( edit ) Residents were suspicious of black fluid that flowed out of the Love Canal . For years , residents had complained about odors and substances on their yards or the public playgrounds . Finally the city acted and hired a consultant , Calspan Corporation , to do a massive study . In 1977 , a harsh winter storm dumped 33 -- 45 inches ( 84 -- 114 cm ) of snow , significantly raising the water table . The excess water got into the ground water and raised the elevation of the dioxins , which began erupting in residents ' backyards . In the spring of 1977 , the State Departments of Health and Environmental Conservation launched an intensive air , soil , and groundwater sampling and analysis program following qualitative identification of a number of organic compounds in the basements of 11 homes adjacent to the Love Canal . It was also revealed that the standards at the time did not require the installation of a liner to prevent leaching ; this became very common among companies . Contaminants ( edit ) Numerous contaminants dumped in the landfill included chlorinated hydrocarbon residues , processed sludge , fly ash , and other materials , including residential municipal garbage . Data showed unacceptable levels of toxic vapors associated with more than 80 compounds were emanating from the basements of numerous homes in the first ring directly adjacent to the Love Canal . Ten of the most prevalent and most toxic compounds - including benzene , a known human carcinogen - were selected for evaluation purposes and as indicators of the presence of other chemical constituents . Laboratory analyses of soil and sediment samples from the Love Canal indicate the presence of more than 200 distinct organic chemical compounds ; approximately 100 of these have been identified to date . Numerous other chemicals seeped through the ground . Some of the chemicals and toxic materials found included benzene , chloroform , toluene , dioxin , and various kinds of PCB . Type of Waste Physical State Total Estimated Quantity Container Short tons Metric tons Misc . acid chlorides other than benzoyl - includes acetyl , caprylyl , butyryl , nitro benzoyls liquid and solid 400 360 drum Thionyl chloride and misc . sulfur / chlorine compounds liquid and solid 500 450 drum Misc . chlorination - includes waxes , oils , naphthenes , aniline liquid and solid 1,000 910 drum Dodecyl ( Lauryl , Lorol ) mercaptans ( DDM ) , chlorides and misc . organic sulfur compounds liquid and solid 2,400 2,200 drum Trichlorophenol ( TCP ) liquid and solid 200 180 drum Benzoyl chlorides and benzo - trichlorides liquid and solid 800 730 drum Metal chlorides solid 400 360 drum Liquid disulfides ( LDS / LDSN / BDS ) and chlorotoluenes liquid 700 640 drum Hexachlorocyclohexane ( Lindane / BHC ) solid 6,900 6,300 drum and nonmetallic containers Chlorobenzenes liquid and solid 2,000 1,800 drum and nonmetallic containers Benzylchlorides - includes benzyl chloride , benzyl alcohol , benzyl thiocyanate solid 2,400 2,200 drum Sodium sulfide / sulfhydrates solid 2,000 1,800 drum Misc. 10 % of above 2,000 1,800 TOTAL 21,800 19,800 * Interagency Task Force on Hazardous Wastes , Draft Report on Hazardous Waste Disposal in Erie and Niagara Counties , New York , March 1979 Chemical Water & Leachate Air Soil & Sediment Benzene ID * * 6993522700000000000 ♠ 522.7 μg / m ( 3.021 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6990100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 0.8 μg / kg ( 7.0 × 10 -- 5.60 × 10 gr / lb ) α - Benzene Hexachloride 6994320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 μg / l ( 1.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6988200000000000000 ♠ 0.002 -- 0.1 μg / m ( 1.2 × 10 -- 5.78 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID β - Benzene Hexachloride 6995379999999999999 ♠ 38 μg / l ( 0.0027 gr / imp gal ) 6991300000000000000 ♠ 3 μg / m ( 1.7 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID δ - Benzene Hexachloride 6994690000000000000 ♠ 6.9 μg / l ( 0.00048 gr / imp gal ) 6990400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 μg / m ( 2.3 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID γ - Benzene Hexachloride ( Lindane ) 6995499999999999999 ♠ 50 μg / l ( 0.0035 gr / imp gal ) ID 6998200000000000000 ♠ 20 mg / g ( 8.8 gr / oz ) Carbon tetrachloride ID 6991499999999999999 ♠ 5.0 μg / m ( 2.9 × 10 oz / cu in ) Chlorobenzene 6998100000000000000 ♠ 10 mg / l ( 5.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6990100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 172 μg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 9.9422 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6990400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 -- 2.9 μg / kg ( 2.8 × 10 -- 2.03 × 10 gr / lb ) Chloroform 6993200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 3.9 μg / l ( 1.4 × 10 -- 0.000274 gr / imp gal ) 6990500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 -- 24.0 μg / m ( 2.9 × 10 -- 1.387 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6990200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 2.3 μg / kg ( 1.4 × 10 -- 1.61 × 10 gr / lb ) Chlorotoluene 6998750000000000000 ♠ 75 mg / l ( 4.3 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6988800000000000000 ♠ 0.008 -- 7,650 μg / m ( 4.6 × 10 -- 4.4219805 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Dichlorobenzene 6997300000000000000 ♠ 3 mg / l ( 1.7 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6990300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 -- 100.5 μg / m ( 1.7 × 10 -- 5.809 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6993240000000000000 ♠ 240 μg / kg ( 0.0017 gr / lb ) Dichloroethane 6993200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 4.8 μg / l ( 1.4 × 10 -- 0.000337 gr / imp gal ) < 6990400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 -- 2 μg / kg ( 2.8 × 10 -- 1.40 × 10 gr / lb ) Dichlorotoluene 6995949999999999999 ♠ 95 μg / l ( 0.0067 gr / imp gal ) < 6992180000000000000 ♠ 18 -- 74 μg / m ( 1.0 × 10 -- 4.3 × 10 oz / cu in ) 1 , 3 - Hexachlorobutadiene ( c - 46 ) 6992220000000000000 ♠ 22 -- 114 μg / m ( 1.3 × 10 -- 6.6 × 10 oz / cu in ) Pentachlorobenzene 6997250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 mg / l ( 1.4 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6993500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 mg / m ( 0.00022 gr / cu ft ) 6992580000000000000 ♠ 58 μg / kg ( 0.00041 gr / lb ) Tetrachlorobenzene 6997500000000000000 ♠ 5 mg / l ( 2.9 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6989100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 -- 74 μg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 4.27747 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6992110000000000000 ♠ 11 -- 100 μg / kg ( 7.7 × 10 -- 0.000700 gr / lb ) Tetrachloroethylene < 6993300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 -- 0.8 μg / l ( 2.1 × 10 -- 5.6 × 10 gr / imp gal ) < 6990200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 -- 52 μg / m ( 1.2 × 10 -- 3.006 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6990300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 μg / kg ( 2.1 × 10 gr / lb ) Tetrachlorotoluene 6997100000000000000 ♠ 1 mg / l ( 5.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) < 6989100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 -- 0.97 μg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 5.607 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Trichlorobenzene 6992520000000000000 ♠ 52 μg / m ( 3.0 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6989300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 -- 84 μg / m ( 1.7 × 10 -- 4.8555 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6992340000000000000 ♠ 34 -- 64 μg / kg ( 0.00024 -- 0.00045 gr / lb ) Trichloroethylene 6998520000000000000 ♠ 52 mg / l ( 3.0 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6992730000000000000 ♠ 73 μg / m ( 4.2 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Trichlorophenol 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 11.3 μg / l ( 7.0 × 10 -- 0.0007928 gr / imp gal ) ID 6990500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 -- 90 μg / kg ( 3.5 × 10 -- 0.0006300 gr / lb ) Trichlorotoluene 6998340000000000000 ♠ 34 mg / l ( 2.0 × 10 oz / cu in ) 6989500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 -- 43.7 μg / m ( 2.9 × 10 -- 2.5260 × 10 oz / cu in ) ID Toluene 6999250000000000000 ♠ 250 mg / l ( 0.00014 oz / cu in ) 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 6.2 mg / m ( 5.8 × 10 -- 3.584 × 10 oz / cu in ) 0.1 - 104 μg / kg Dioxin ( TCDD ) 1.4 - 5.1 ppt < 2 ppt - 312 ppt 1 , 2 - Dichloroethylene 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 -- 0.1 μg / l ( 7.0 × 10 -- 7.0 × 10 gr / imp gal ) 6993334000000000000 ♠ 334 μg / m ( 1.93 × 10 oz / cu in ) PCB 6996640000000000000 ♠ 0.64 mg / l ( 3.7 × 10 oz / cu in ) 2 - 6 ppm Methylene Chloride < 6993300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 -- 0.3 μg / l ( 2.1 × 10 -- 2.1 × 10 gr / imp gal ) < 6990700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 -- 11.6 μg / m ( 4.0 × 10 -- 6.71 × 10 oz / cu in ) Bis ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) Phthalate 6994809999999999999 ♠ 8.1 -- 24 μg / l ( 0.00057 -- 0.00168 gr / imp gal ) * These analyses are a summation of work carried out by the Toxicology Institute , Division of Laboratories and Research , New York State Department of Health and various laboratories of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and their subcontractors . ID - Identified but not quantitated ug / l - microgram per liter ug / m - microgram per cubic meter Consequences ( edit ) Activism ( edit ) A protest by Love Canal residents , ca . 1978 . In 1976 , two reporters for the Niagara Falls Gazette , David Pollak and David Russell , tested several sump pumps near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them . The Gazette published reports , once in October 1976 and once in November 1976 , of chemical analyses of residues near the old Love Canal dumpsite indicated presence of 15 organic chemicals , including three toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons . The matter went quiet for more than a year and was resurrected by reporter Michael Brown , who then investigated potential health effects by carrying forth an informal door - to - door survey in early 1978 , finding birth defects and many anomalies such as enlarged feet , heads , hands , and legs . He advised the local residents to create a protest group , which was led by resident Karen Schroeder , whose daughter had many ( about a dozen ) birth defects . The New York State Health Department followed suit and found an abnormal incidence of miscarriages . By 1978 , Love Canal had become a national media event with articles referring to the neighborhood as `` a public health time bomb '' , and `` one of the most appalling environmental tragedies in American history '' . Brown , working for the local newspaper , the Niagara Gazette , is credited with not only breaking open the case , but establishing toxic chemical wastes as a nationwide issue as well . Brown 's book , Laying Waste , examined the Love Canal disaster and many other toxic waste catastrophes nationwide . The dumpsite was declared an unprecedented state emergency on August 2 , 1978 . Brown , who wrote more than a hundred articles on the dump , tested the groundwater and later found the dump was three times larger than originally thought , with possible ramifications beyond the original evacuation zone . He was also to discover that highly toxic dioxins were there . Activism tactics ( edit ) ( This section requires additional support and verification ) Activism at Love Canal was initially led by community residents Lois Gibbs and Tom Heiser , with Lois Gibbs emerging as the `` face '' of the movement . Gibbs ' strategies emphasized concerns for children and families of the affected area , with women taking the most prominent public and active roles . Although women 's activism at Love Canal was not explicitly linked to or directly informed by the wider women 's movement of the time , resistance to change within the household led at times to strain within families . Many men also supported women in these efforts , though not always publicly . Men who were hesitant to oppose Hooker Chemical openly for example , were able to contribute to the movement through increased contributions to family labor in the absence of their activist wives . In addition to community organizing and pressuring authorities for appropriate responses , direct - action forms of activism were employed . Tactics included protests and rallies , which were intentionally timed and planned in an effort to maximize media attention . Such events included `` controversial '' methods such as mothers protesting while pushing strollers , marching by pregnant women , and children holding protest signs . Notably , two EPA employees were also held hostage by activists for approximately five hours at the LCHA office , in order to bring their demands to the attention of federal government . Role of community organizations ( edit ) Numerous organizations were formed in response to the crisis at Love Canal , with members ' activism emphasizing variously overlapping interests . In addition to the Love Canal Homeowners Association ( LCHA ) , other key organizations are the Ecumenical Taskforce ( ETF ) , National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and the Concerned Love Canal Renters Association ( CLCRA ) . These organizations are often overlooked in the story of Love Canal , according to research by Elizabeth Blum in ' ' Love Canal Revisited ' ' . The Ecumenical Taskforce ( ETF ) was a religious organization comprised of volunteers from the surrounding area ( verification and details required ) . In conjunction with other citizens ' groups such as LCHA and LCARA , the ETF used their resources and platforms to promote environmental health and gender , class , and racial equality . The NAACP became involved with the Love Canal issue after William Abrams Sr. , president of the Niagara Falls chapter drew concerns to his wife 's fatal liver failure . Abrams involvement drew attention to racial inequality present in the community and concerns about how this could affect comprehensive relocation efforts . Abrams contacted the regional NAACP director who announced that discrimination against minorities at Love Canal would be met with legal action . This involvement inspired additional support and activism , particularly on behalf of members of the renting community , many of whom were also members of the African - American and immigrant communities at the site . ( this section needs clarification / support ) Another subgroup of local residents formed the Love Canal Renters Association ( CLCRA ) . This group 's action sought to address the needs of the ( largely , but not exclusively , African - American ) renter community , whose interests were at times perceived to be in conflict with those held by some members of the ( predominantly white ) property owners represented through the LCHA . In 1980 Lois Gibbs established the Center for Health , Environment , and Justice as a continuation of her activism at Love Canal . Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal homeowners ' Association ( edit ) On August 2 , 1978 , Lois Gibbs , a local mother who called an election to head the Love Canal Homeowners ' Association , began to rally homeowners . Her son , Michael Gibbs , began attending school in September 1977 . He developed epilepsy in December , suffered from asthma and a urinary tract infection , and had a low white blood cell count , all associated with his exposure to the leaking chemical waste . Gibbs had learned from Brown that her neighborhood sat atop the buried chemical waste . In the following years , Gibbs led an effort to investigate community concerns about the health of its residents . She and other residents made repeated complaints of strange odors and `` substances '' that surfaced in their yards . In Gibbs ' neighborhood , there was a high rate of unexplained illnesses , miscarriages , and intellectual disability . Basements were often covered with a thick , black substance , and vegetation was dying . In many yards , the only vegetation that grew were shrubby grasses . Although city officials were asked to investigate the area , they did not act to solve the problem . Niagara Falls mayor Michael O'Laughlin infamously stated that there was `` nothing wrong '' in Love Canal . With further investigation , Gibbs discovered the chemical danger of the adjacent canal . This began her organization 's two - year effort to demonstrate that the waste buried by Hooker Chemical was responsible for the health problems of local residents . Throughout the ordeal , homeowners ' concerns were ignored not only by Hooker Chemical ( now a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum ) , but also by members of government . These parties argued that the area 's endemic health problems were unrelated to the toxic chemicals buried in the Canal . Since the residents could not prove the chemicals on their property had come from Hooker 's disposal site , they could not prove liability . Throughout the legal battle , residents were unable to sell their properties and move away . Federal response ( edit ) On August 7 , 1978 , United States President Jimmy Carter announced a federal health emergency , called for the allocation of federal funds , and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site . This was the first time in American history that emergency funds were used for a situation other than a natural disaster . Carter had trenches built that would transport the wastes to sewers and had home sump pumps sealed off . Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) , better known as the Superfund Act . Love Canal became the first entry on the list . CERCLA created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment . CERCLA also created a National Priorities List , a shortened list of the sites that has priority in cleanup . Love Canal was the first Superfund site on that list . Eventually , the site was cleaned up and deleted off the list in 2004 . Because the Superfund Act contained a `` retroactive liability '' provision , Occidental was held liable for cleanup of the waste even though it had followed all applicable U.S. laws when disposing of it . Health effects ( edit ) At first , scientific studies did not conclusively prove the chemicals were responsible for the residents ' illnesses yet scientists were divided on the issue , even though eleven known or suspected carcinogens had been identified , one of the most prevalent being benzene . Also present was dioxin ( polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ) in the water , a very hazardous substance . Dioxin pollution is usually measured in parts per trillion ; at Love Canal , water samples showed dioxin levels of 53 parts per billion . Geologists were recruited to determine whether underground swales were responsible for carrying the chemicals to the surrounding residential areas . Once there , chemicals could leach into basements and evaporate into household air . In 1979 , the EPA announced the result of blood tests which showed high white blood cell counts , a precursor to leukemia , and chromosome damage in Love Canal residents . 33 % of the residents had undergone chromosomal damage . In a typical population , chromosomal damage affects 1 % of people . Other studies were unable to find harm . The United States National Research Council ( NRC ) surveyed Love Canal health studies in 1991 . The NRC noted the major exposure of concern was the groundwater rather than drinking water ; the groundwater `` seeped into basements '' and then led to exposure through air and soil noted several studies reported higher levels of low - birth weight babies and birth defects among the exposed residents with some evidence the effect subsided after the exposure was eliminated . The National Research Council also noted a study which found exposed children were found to have an `` excess of seizures , learning problems , hyperactivity , eye irritation , skin rashes , abdominal pain , and incontinence '' and stunted growth . Voles in the area were found to have significantly increased mortality compared to controls ( mean life expectancy in exposed animals `` 23.6 and 29.2 days , respectively , compared to 48.8 days '' for control animals ) . New York State also has an ongoing health study of Love Canal residents . In that year , the Albert Elia Building Co. , Inc. , now Sevenson Environmental Services , Inc. , was selected as the principal contractor to safely re-bury the toxic waste at the Love Canal Site . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) in 1979 , residents exhibited a `` disturbingly high rate of miscarriages ... Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics , ranging from industrial workers stricken by nervous disorders and cancers to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers . '' In one case , two out of four children in a single Love Canal family had birth defects ; one girl was born deaf with a cleft palate , an extra row of teeth , and slight retardation , and a boy was born with an eye defect . Aftermath ( edit ) Love Canal residents discuss revitalizing their contaminated neighborhood with EPA Administrator Lee M. Thomas in 1985 When Eckhardt C. Beck ( EPA Administrator for Region 2 , 1977 -- 1979 ) visited Love Canal in the late 1970s , he discerned the presence of toxic substances in the community : I visited the canal area at that time . Corroding waste - disposal drums could be seen breaking up through the grounds of backyards . Trees and gardens were turning black and dying . One entire swimming pool had been popped up from its foundation , afloat now on a small sea of chemicals . Puddles of noxious substances were pointed out to me by the residents . Some of these puddles were in their yards , some were in their basements , others yet were on the school grounds . Everywhere the air had a faint , choking smell . Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces . Robert Whalen , then - New York 's Health Commissioner , also visited Love Canal and believed that the Canal constituted an emergency , stating : `` Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill constitutes a public nuisance and an extremely serious threat and danger to the health , safety and welfare of those using it , living near it or exposed to the conditions emanating from it , consisting among other things , of chemical wastes lying exposed on the surface in numerous places pervasive , pernicious and obnoxious chemical vapors and fumes affecting both the ambient air and the homes of certain residents living near such sites . '' Whalen also instructed people to avoid going into their basements as well as to avoid fruits and vegetables grown in their gardens . People became very worried because many had consumed produce from their gardens for several years . Whalen urged that all pregnant women and children under the age of two be removed from Love Canal as soon as possible . The 99th Street School , on the other hand , was located within the former boundary of the Hooker Chemical landfill site . The school was closed and demolished , but both the school board and the chemical company refused to accept liability . The 93rd Street School was closed some two years later because of concerns about seeping toxic waste . Evacuation ( edit ) The lack of public interest in Love Canal made matters worse for the homeowners ' association , which was opposed by two organizations that sought to disprove negligence . Initially , members of the association had been frustrated by the lack of a public entity that could advise and defend them . Gibbs met with public resistance from a number of residents within the community . Eventually , the federal government relocated more than 800 families and reimbursed them for the loss of their homes . The state government and federal government used $15 million to purchase 400 homes closest to Love Canal and demolished several rings of houses . Litigation and Compensation ( edit ) In 1994 , Federal District Judge John Curtin ruled that Hooker / Occidental had been negligent , but not reckless , in its handling of the waste and sale of the land to the Niagara Falls School Board . Curtin 's decision also contains a detailed history of events leading up to the Love Canal disaster . Occidental Petroleum was sued by the EPA and in 1995 agreed to pay $129 million in restitution . Out of that federal lawsuit came money for a small health fund and $3.5 million for the state health study . Residents ' lawsuits were also settled in the years following the Love Canal disaster . The Department of Justice published a report that noted the sites have been successfully remediated is ready again for use . The Love Canal Area Revitalization Authority sold a few abandoned homes to private citizens . Virtually all remedial activities of the site , other than the operation of the leachate collection system , were completed by 1989 . Abandoned streets on the west side of Love Canal Remediation ( edit ) Looking down 99th Street in Love Canal Houses in the residential areas on the east and west sides of the canal were demolished . All that remains on the west side are abandoned residential streets . Some older east side residents , whose houses stand alone in the demolished neighborhood , chose to stay . It was estimated that fewer than 90 of the original 900 families opted to remain . They were willing to remain as long as they were guaranteed that their homes were in a relatively safe area . On June 4 , 1980 , the state government founded the Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency ( LCARA ) to restore the area . The area north of Love Canal became known as Black Creek Village . LCARA wanted to resell 300 homes that had been bought by New York when the residents were relocated . The homes are farther away from where the chemicals were dumped . The most toxic area ( 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) ) was reburied with a thick plastic liner , clay and dirt . A 2.4 - metre ( 7 ft 10 in ) high barbed wire fence was installed around the area . It has been calculated that 248 separate chemicals , including 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) of dioxin , have been unearthed from the canal . Analysis ( edit ) In 1998 , Dr. Elizabeth Whelan , founder of American Council on Science and Health , wrote an editorial about the Canal in which she stated that the media started calling the Canal a `` public health time bomb '' , an editorial that created minor hysteria . She declared that people were not falling ill because of exposure to chemical waste , but from stress caused by the media . Besides double the rate of birth defects to children born while living on Love Canal , a follow - up study two decades after the incident `` showed increased risks of low birth weight , congenital malformations and other adverse reproductive events '' . However , the same report found a slight decrease in the incidence of cancer rates , and cautions , `` It is important not to over emphasize any single finding but instead to search for interpretable , coherent patterns of findings , since these are more likely to indicate valid and meaningful associations . '' Love Canal , along with Times Beach , Missouri and the Valley of the Drums , Kentucky , are important in United States environmental history as three sites that significantly contributed to the passing of the CERCLA . Love Canal `` become the symbol for what happens when hazardous industrial products are not confined to the workplace but ' hit people where they live ' in inestimable amounts '' . Love Canal was not an isolated case . Eckardt C. Beck suggested that there are probably hundreds of similar dumpsites . President Carter declared that discovering these dumpsites was `` one of the grimmest discoveries of the modern era '' . Had the residents of Love Canal been aware that they were residing on toxic chemicals , most would not have moved there in the first place . Beck noted that one main problem remains that ownership of such chemical companies can change over the years , making liability difficult to assign ( a problem that would be addressed by CERCLA , or the Superfund Act ) . Beck contended that increased commitment was necessary to develop controls that would `` defuse future Love Canals '' . The free market environmentalist movement has often cited the Love Canal incident as a consequence of government decision - makers not taking responsibility for their decisions . Stroup writes , `` The school district owning the land had a laudable but narrow goal : it wanted to provide education cheaply for district children . Government decision makers are seldom held accountable for broader social goals in the way that private owners are by liability rules and potential profits . '' Conclusion ( edit ) In 2004 , federal officials announced that the superfund cleanup has ended , although the actual cleanup ended years earlier . The entire process took 21 years and $400 million . About 260 homes north of the canal have been renovated and sold to new owners , and about 150 acres ( 61 ha ) east of the canal have been sold to commercial developers for light industrial uses . In total , 950 families had been evacuated . The site was removed from the Superfund list . Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness ( edit ) The Niagara Sanitation landfill covers 18.7 acres ( 7.6 ha ) in Wheatfield , New York . The state Department of Transportation moved approximately 1,600 cubic yards ( 1,200 m ) of material from the Love Canal landfill to Niagara Sanitation . Residents of North Tonawanda and Wheatfield suffering severe health problems say the waste was subsequently disturbed during the construction of the LaSalle Expressway in Niagara Falls . The New York Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) contends there is no proof the landfill leaks . A lawsuit asserts that Hooker 's creation of a brine pipeline along the edge of the landfill used to move brine from Wyoming County to its Niagara Falls plant location , may have created a conduit for the landfilled waste to leak out . In popular culture ( edit ) The legacy of the disaster inspired a fictionalized 1982 made - for - TV film entitled Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal . An award - winning documentary by Lynn Corcoran entitled In Our Own Backyard was released in the U.S. in 1983 . Modern Marvels retold the disaster in 2004 . Joyce Carol Oates included the story of Love Canal in her 2004 novel The Falls , but changed the time period of the disaster to the 1960s . The latest history of Love Canal , Love Canal : A Toxic History From Colonial Times To The Present , written by Richard S. Newman , was published by Oxford University Press in 2016 . The film Tootsie has a character attempting to produce a play called `` Return To Love Canal '' . In response to the pitch for the play , Sydney Pollack tells Dustin Hoffman that `` Nobody wants to produce a play about a couple that moved back to Love Canal . Nobody wants to pay twenty dollars to see people living next to chemical waste . They can see that in New Jersey . '' `` Love Canal '' was also a segment in the premiere episode of Michael Moore 's TV series TV Nation , which featured realtors attempting to lure prospective residents to the area . In the 1998 First - person shooter video game , Blood II : The Chosen , the sixth level of the second episode , which takes place in part of the water system of a housing project built by the villains over a pit of radioactive waste , is called `` Love Canal '' in reference to the disaster . See also ( edit ) 102nd Street chemical landfill , a landfill located immediately to the south of Love Canal . Cancer Alley ( in Louisiana ) Landfills in the United States Spring Valley , Washington , D.C. Times Beach , Missouri Valley of the Drums Centralia , Pennsylvania and its mine fire William Ginsberg , member of New York State task force investigating Love Canal in 1979 , and author of state report . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Verhovek , Sam How ( August 5 , 1988 ) . `` After 10 Years , the Trauma of Love Canal Continues '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Colten , Craig E. ; Skinner , Peter N. ( 1996 ) . The Road to Love Canal : Managing Industrial Waste before EPA . Texas : University of Texas Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0292711839 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal Collections - University Archives - University at Buffalo Libraries '' . library.buffalo.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal : A special Report to the Governor & Legislature '' . www.health.ny.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Parry , David W. , Dept. of Architecture , SUNY at Buffalo . `` William T. Love and the Development of Model City . '' Unpublished manuscript , 1975 . Jump up ^ Dickson , David ( 1982 ) . `` United States : Lessons of Love Canal Prompt Clean up '' . AMBIO . Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . 11 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 50 . JSTOR 4312752 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Canal - Public Health Time Bomb '' . www.health.ny.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Berton , Pierre . Niagara : a history of the falls . McClelland & Stewart Inc. 1994 . ISBN 0771012179 ^ Jump up to : Blum 2008 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , p. 9 Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` us census , niagara falls - Google Search '' . www.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Actions At The Love Canal Site '' . The New York Times . February 23 , 1983 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Blum 2008 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dumped On : The Messy Truth About Love Canal , NY '' . My American Odyssey . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Inhabitants of New York '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Census . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zuesse , Eric ( February 1981 ) . `` Love Canal : The Truth Seeps Out '' . Reason Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Glaberson , William ( October 22 , 1990 ) . `` Love Canal : Suit Focuses On Records From 1940 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael H. ( December 1979 ) . `` Love Canal and the Poisoning of America '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 157 , 159 , 161 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Colten & Skinner 1996 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Canal : : Start of a Movement '' . www.bu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Curtin , John . `` United States v. Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp '' . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stroup , Richard , Free - Market Environmentalism ( PDF ) , The Library of Economics and Liberty ^ Jump up to : Levine , p. 13 Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hironaka , Ann ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . Greening the Globe . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107031548 . Jump up ^ Alexander Nazaryan On 10 / 17 / 13 at 2 : 17 PM ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Love Hurts '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gene ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) . `` The Blizzard of ' 77 : Buffalo 's storm for the ages '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ James , Susan Donaldson ( 2008 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Love Canal Kids at 30 : ' Ticking Time Bombs ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Colten , C. , and Skinner , P. ( 1996 ) . The road to Love Canal : Managing industrial waste before EPA , Univ. of Texas Press , Austin , Tex . ISBN 0292711824 Jump up ^ `` New York State Task Force on Toxic Substances Files of Chairman and Assemblyman Maurice Hinchey . '' Rep. L0134 , New York State Archives Jump up ^ Thomas , Lewis , M.D. `` Report of the Governor 's Panel to Review Scientific Studies and the Development of Public Policy on Problems Resulting from Hazardous Wastes . '' Albany , N.Y. : Oct. 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal : A special Report to the Governor & Legislature '' . www.health.ny.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . `` Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in New York State : First Annual Report ; A Joint Report of the New York State Departments of Environmental Conservation and Health , '' Vol . I - III . Albany , N.Y. : 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Love Canal Chronologies - Love Canal Collections - University Archives - University at Buffalo Libraries '' . library.buffalo.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : EPA , OA , OEAEE , OWC , US . `` The Love Canal Tragedy '' . archive.epa.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brown , Michael , Laying Waste : The Poisoning of America by Toxic Chemicals . New York : Washington Square Press , 1981 , ii . Jump up ^ E. Blum , Love Canal Revisited : Race , Class , and Gender in Environmental Activism ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Blum , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Heroism Project - 1970s - Lois Gibbs '' . www.heroism.org . Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Goldman Environmental Prize - Lois Gibbs '' . goldmanprize.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Blum 2008 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Eckardt C. ( January 1979 ) . `` The Love Canal Tragedy '' . EPA Journal . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Depalma , Anthony ( 2004 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Love Canal Declared Clean , Ending Toxic Horror '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Superfund Program : LOVE CANAL , NIAGARA FALLS , NY '' . CERCLA . Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cancer incidence in the Love Canal area . Science , v. 212 , June 19 , 1981 : 1404 -- 1407 . PMID 7233229 `` Data from the New York Cancer Registry show no evidence for higher cancer rates associated with residence near the Love Canal toxic waste burial site in comparison with the entire state outside of New York City . '' Jump up ^ Ember , Lois R. Uncertain science pushes Love Canal solutions to political , legal arenas . Chemical & Engineering News , v. 58 , August 11 , 1980 : 22 -- 29 . Relates the chronology of Hooker Chemical Company and the discovery of toxic chemicals at Love Canal and describes the medical research on the former residents to determine the health effects . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v058n032. p022 Jump up ^ Maugh , Thomas H. , 11 . Health effects of exposure to toxic wastes . Science , v. 215 , January 29 , 1982 : 490 -- 493 ; February 5 : 643 -- 647 . This two - part series first addresses the question `` Just how hazardous are dumps ? '' and then , in `` Biological markers for chemical exposure '' , suggests alterations in chromosomes indicate exposure but long term studies will be necessary to determine the severity of effects of health . Jump up ^ The Risks of living near Love Canal . Science , v . 212 , August 27 , 1982 : 808 -- 809 , 811 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7100924 PMID 7100924 `` Controversy and confusion follow a report that the Love Canal area is no more hazardous than areas elsewhere in Niagara Falls . '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Congressional Research Service , Report No. 83 - 160 L , LIABILITY FOR INJURY RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE : Preliminary Bibliography on the 1983 - 1984 , Intercollegiate Debate Resolution , August 12 , 1983 ^ Jump up to : National Research Council , Committee on Environmental Epidemiology , Environmental Epidemiology , vol. 1 : Public Health and Hazardous Wastes ( Washington : National Academy Press , 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Love Canal '' . www.health.state.ny.us . Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 29 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corp. , 850 Federal Supplement , 993 ( W.D.N.Y. , 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` Occidental to pay $129 Million in Love Canal Settlement '' . U.S. Department of Justice . December 21 , 1995 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 638 Occidental to pay $129 million in Love Canal settlement '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blum 2008 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Michael , Hush Hush : The Dark Secrets of Scientific Research . Buffalo : Firefly Books , 2003 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/docs/report_public_comment_final.pdf Jump up ^ Levine , p. 218 Jump up ^ JD , Penelope Ploughman PhD ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) . Love Canal . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781439641996 . Jump up ^ Newman , Richard S. ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) . Love Canal : A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190262846 . Jump up ^ Residents feel ' trapped ' by Wheatfield landfill , once home to Love Canal waste by Thomas J. Prohaska , Buffalo Evening News , Published Mon , Apr 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/lc.html . Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/region1/education/pdfs/GREENModule1VideoLinks.pdf Jump up ^ Sidney Pollack ( 1982 ) . `` Tootsie '' . Bibliography Blum , Elizabeth D. ( 2008 ) . Love Canal Revisited : Race , Class , and Gender in Environmental Activism . Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1560 - 5 . Colten , Craig E. ; Skinner , Peter N. ( 1996 ) . The Road to Love Canal : Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0292711824 . Levine , Adeline Gordon ( 1982 ) . Love Canal : Science , Politics and People . Lexington , MA : D.C. Heath and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 669 - 05411 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Love Canal Collections in the University Archives , University at Buffalo Libraries Adeline Levine Love Canal Papers at The Buffalo History Museum Love Canal Medical Fund , Inc . New York Heritage : Love Canal Images 2008 Follow Up Study LCCN : sh85078529 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&oldid=843170704 '' Categories : Love Canal Canals in New York ( state ) Disasters in New York ( state ) Environmental issues in New York ( state ) Environmental controversies Environmental disasters in the United States Health disasters in the United States Former landfills in the United States Neighborhoods in New York ( state ) Niagara Falls , New York Pollution in the United States Superfund sites in New York ( state ) Waste disposal incidents in the United States Environmental disaster ghost towns 1978 in the environment Urban decay in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Polski Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the pollution of love canal in new york was caused by ____ | [
"Originally intended as a model planned community, Love Canal served as a residential area before being purchased by Hooker Chemical Company, now, Occidental Chemical Corporation. After its sale, under threat of eminent domain, to the local school district, Love Canal attracted national attention for the public health problem originated from the massive dumping of toxic waste on the grounds. This event displaced numerous families, leaving them with long-standing health issues and symptoms of high white blood cell counts and leukemia. Subsequently, the federal government passed the Superfund law. The resulting Superfund cleanup operation demolished the neighborhood, wrapping up in 2004."
] | [
"massive dumping of toxic waste"
] |
-6300210226166880862 | First Bank of the United States | First bank of the United States - wikipedia First bank of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bank of America , the modern corporation . First Bank of the United States U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark 3rd Street facade ( 2009 ) Location 120 South Third Street Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 39 ° 56 ′ 53.25 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 48.45 '' W / 39.9481250 ° N 75.1467917 ° W / 39.9481250 ; - 75.1467917 Coordinates : 39 ° 56 ′ 53.25 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 48.45 '' W / 39.9481250 ° N 75.1467917 ° W / 39.9481250 ; - 75.1467917 Built 1795 Architect Samuel Blodgett , possibly with James Hoban Architectural style Greek Revival , other NRHP reference # 87001292 Added to NRHP May 4 , 1987 The President , Directors and Company , of the Bank of the United States , commonly known as the First Bank of the United States , was a national bank , chartered for a term of twenty years , by the United States Congress on February 25 , 1791 . It followed the Bank of North America , the nation 's first de facto central bank . Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three - part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power , along with a federal mint and excise taxes , championed by Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation 's credit , and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution . The First Bank building , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , within Independence National Historical Park , was completed in 1797 , and is a National Historic Landmark for its historic and architectural significance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Proposal 3 Opposition 4 Presidential approval 5 Expiration of charter 6 Purchase by Girard 7 Bank building 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1791 , The First Bank of the United States was one of the four major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . In addition to the national bank , the other measures were assumption of the state war debts by the U.S. Government , establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax . The goals of Hamilton 's three measures were to : Establish financial order , clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States . Establish credit -- both in country and overseas -- for the new nation . Resolve the issue of the fiat currency , issued by the Continental Congress immediately prior to and during the American Revolutionary War -- the `` Continental '' . In simpler words , Hamilton 's four goals were to Have the Federal Government assume the Revolutionary War debts of the several states Pay off the war debts Raise money for the new government Establish a national bank and create a common currency `` The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit . The former gives power to the state for the protection of its rights and interests , and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of commerce amongst individuals . '' Alexander Hamilton , December , 1790 report to George Washington Proposal ( edit ) According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790 , Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares . Hamilton , foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million , proposed that the government make the stock purchase using money lent to it by the bank ; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments . The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public , both in the United States and overseas . The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one - quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver ; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds , acceptable scrip , etc . By continuously insisting on these conditions , the First Bank of the United States might technically possess $500,000 in `` real '' money that it could , and would , use as security to make loans up to its capitalized limit of $10 million . However , unlike the Bank of England , the primary function of the bank would be credit issued to government and private interests , for internal improvements and other economic development , per Hamilton 's system of Public Credit . The business it would be involved in on behalf of the federal government -- a depository for collected taxes , making short term loans to the government to cover real or potential temporary income gaps , serving as a holding site for both incoming and outgoing monies -- was considered highly important but still secondary in nature . There were other , nonnegotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States . Among these were : That the bank would have a twenty - year charter running from 1791 to 1811 , after which time it would be up to the Congress to approve or deny renewal of the bank and its charter ; however , during that time no other federal bank would be authorized ; states , for their part , would be free to charter however many intrastate banks they wished . That the bank , to avoid any appearance of impropriety , would : be forbidden to buy government bonds . have a mandatory rotation of directors . neither issue notes nor incur debts beyond its actual capitalization . That foreigners , whether overseas or residing in the United States , would be allowed to be First Bank of the United States stockholders , but would not be allowed to vote . That the Secretary of the Treasury would be free to remove government deposits , inspect the books , and require statements regarding the bank 's condition as frequently as once a week . To ensure that the government could meet both the current and future demands of its governmental accounts , an additional source of funding was required , `` for interest payments on the assumed state debts would begin to fall due at the end of 1791 ... those payments would require $788,333 annually , and ... an additional $38,291 was needed to cover deficiencies in the funds that had been appropriated for existing commitments . '' To achieve this , Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had made nearly a year before -- increase the duty on imported spirits , plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey and other liquors . Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion . Opposition ( edit ) `` Hamilton 's financial system had then passed . It had two objects ; 1st , as a puzzle , to exclude popular understanding and inquiry ; 2nd , as a machine for the corruption of the legislature ; for he avowed the opinion , that man could be governed by one of two motives only , force or interest ; force , he observed , in this country was out of the question , and the interests , therefore , of the members must be laid hold of , to keep the legislative in unison with the executive . And with grief and shame it must be acknowledged that his machine was not without effect ; that even in this , the birth of our government , some members were found sordid enough to bend their duty to their interests , and to look after personal rather than public good . `` It is well known that during the war the greatest difficulty we encountered was the want of money or means to pay our soldiers who fought , or our farmers , manufacturers and merchants , who furnished the necessary supplies of food and clothing for them . After the expedient of paper money had exhausted itself , certificates of debt were given to the individual creditors , with assurance of payment so soon as the United States should be able . But the distresses of ( p. 272 ) these people often obliged them to part with these for the half , the fifth , and even a tenth of their value ; and speculators had made a trade of cozening them from the holders by the most fraudulent practices , and persuasions that they would never be paid . In the bill for funding and paying these , Hamilton made no difference between the original holders and the fraudulent purchasers of this paper . '' Thomas Jefferson , February 4 entry in The Anas `` Let the American people go into their debt - funding schemes and banking systems , and from that hour their boasted independence will be a mere phantom . '' William Pitt , Prime Minister of Great Britain Hamilton 's bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the opposition , which claimed that the bank was unconstitutional , and that it benefited merchants and investors at the expense of the majority of the population . Like most of the Southern members of Congress , Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton : establishing an official government Mint . They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north , not southern agricultural interests , arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals . Furthermore , they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution , which specifically stated that congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money ( rather than mint and bills of credit ) . Bank of the United States check signed by John Jacob Astor in 1792 The first part of the bill , the concept and establishment of a national mint , met with no real objection , and sailed through ; it was assumed the second and third part ( the bank and an excise tax to finance it ) would likewise glide through , and in their own way they did : The House version of the bill , despite some heated objections , easily passed . The Senate version of the bill did likewise , with considerably fewer , and milder , objections . It was when `` the two bills changed houses , complications set in . In the Senate , Hamilton 's supporters objected to the House 's alteration of the plans for the excise tax . '' The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government . Hamilton , then Secretary of the Treasury , argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws and that its relevance to constitutionally authorized powers was weak . Another argument came from James Madison , who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank , or any other governmental agency . His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment : that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States ( or the people ) . Additionally , his belief was that if the Constitution 's writers had wanted Congress to have such power , they would have made it explicit . The decision would ultimately fall on President George Washington , following his deliberate investigation of the cabinet members ' opinions . Presidential approval ( edit ) George Washington initially declared that he was hesitant to sign the `` bank bill '' into law . Washington asked for the written advice and supporting reasons from all his cabinet members -- most particularly from Hamilton . Attorney General Edmund Randolph from Virginia felt that the bill was unconstitutional . Jefferson , also from Virginia , agreed that Hamilton 's proposal was against both the spirit and letter of the Constitution . Hamilton , who , unlike his fellow cabinet members , came from New York , quickly responded to those who claimed incorporation of the bank unconstitutional . While Hamilton 's rebuttals were many and varied , chief among them were these two : What the government could do for a person ( incorporate ) , it could not refuse to do for an `` artificial person '' , a business . And the First Bank of the United States , being privately owned and not a government agency , was a business . `` Thus ... unquestionably incident to sovereign power to erect corporations to that of the United States , in relation to the objects entrusted to the management of the government . '' Any government by its very nature was sovereign `` and includes by force of the term a right to attainment of the ends ... which are not precluded by restrictions & exceptions specified in the constitution ... On February 25 , 1791 , convinced that the constitution authorized the measure , Washington signed the `` bank bill '' into law . On March 19 , 1791 Washington appointed three Commissioners for the taking of subscriptions for this new bank : Thomas Willing , David Rittenhouse , and Samuel Howell . Expiration of charter ( edit ) After Hamilton left office in 1795 , the new Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott , Jr. informed Congress that , due to the existing state of government finances , more money was needed . This could be achieved either by selling the government 's shares of stock in the bank , or by raising taxes . Wolcott advised the first choice . Congress quickly agreed . Hamilton objected , believing that the dividends on that stock had been inviolably pledged for the support of the sinking fund to retire the debt . Hamilton tried to organize opposition to the measure , but was unsuccessful . In 1811 , the U.S. Senate tied on a vote to renew the bank 's charter . Vice President George Clinton broke the tie and voted against renewal . The bank 's charter thus expired in 1811 . In 1816 , the bank was succeeded by the Second Bank of the United States . Purchase by Girard ( edit ) After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 , Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank , later known as Girard Bank . Girard hired George Simpson , the cashier of the First Bank of the United States , as cashier of the new bank , and with seven other employees , opened for business on May 18 , 1812 . He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent . Over its early history the bank was known as `` Girard 's Bank , '' or as `` Girard Bank '' or also as `` Stephen Girard 's Bank '' or even the `` Bank of Stephen Girard . '' Girard was the sole proprietor of his bank , and thus avoided the Pennsylvania state law which prohibited an unincorporated association of persons from establishing a bank , and which required a charter from the legislature for a banking corporation . Bank building ( edit ) Measured drawing of the First Bank from the Historic American Buildings Survey . The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the city served as the national capital , from 1790 to 1800 . In the eighteenth century , Philadelphia was one of the largest cities in the English - speaking world . The bank began operations in Carpenters ' Hall in 1791 , some 200 feet from its permanent home . Design of the bank building is credited to Samuel Blodgett , Superintendent of Buildings for the new capital in Washington , DC. , although it has also been attributed to James Hoban . It was completed in 1795 . The First Bank of the United States has received various designations as a historic building . It was included in Independence National Historical Park when the park was formed in 1956 . The building 's architecture was studied by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1958 . With the rest of Independence National Historical Park , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 , and the bank was then declared a National Historic Landmark on May 4 , 1987 . It is described in the landmark designation as an early masterpiece of monumental Classical Revival design . Until about 2000 , the building housed offices for Independence National Historical Park . A proposal to have it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming . Future plans are for it to house the National Park Service archaeology lab , currently across the street in the old Visitor Center . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Bank Bill of 1791 Federal Reserve Act History of central banking in the United States United States Department of the Treasury Stephen Simpson ( writer ) Outspoken journalist and fierce critic of the 1st Natl Bank and its practices . List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City , Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Bailey , David M. Kennedy , Lizabeth Cohen , Thomas A. ( 2006 ) . The American pageant : a history of the Republic ( 13th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 0618479279 . Jump up ^ `` ALEXANDER HAMILTON 'S FISCAL PROGRAM 1791 -- 1793 '' . Blinn College . Blinn.edu . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Financial Program '' . Digital History . Digital History . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ See ( ed . ) The papers of Alexander Hamilton , Columbia University Press , 1963 p. 256 ) Jump up ^ The First Bank of the United States : A Chapter in the History of Central Banking ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. p. 194 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. pp. 194 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Report on the Bank , in Syrett , ed. , Papers , 7 : 326 - 28 Jump up ^ Further Report on Public Credit , 7 : 226 Jump up ^ See The Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson , 1903 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Cushing , Daniel T. ( 1911 ) . Real Money Versus Banks of Issue Promises To Pay : the Most Important Factor in Civilization and Least Understood . Reprint : London : Forgotten Books ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Coblenz , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` The Fight Goes on Forever : ' Limited Government ' and the First Bank of the United States '' . Southern Illinois University Law Journal . 39 : 408 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westley , Christopher ( Fall 2010 ) . `` The Debate Over Money Manipulations : A Short History '' ( PDF ) . Intercollegiate Review . 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 3 -- 11 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : John Marshall , The Life of George Washington , ( 1838 ) CHAPTER 28 : Defense , Finance , Foreign Affairs -- and the First `` Systematic Opposition '' ( 1790 to 1791 ) Jump up ^ Washington to Hamilton , February 16 , 1791 , in Syrett , ed . Papers 8 : 98 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander ( 1961 ) . Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Vol VIII 1781 - July , 1791 . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Girard 's Bank '' . LOC Authorities . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva ( 1937 ) . Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . PA - 1417 , `` First Bank of the United States '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 18 measured drawings , 3 photo caption pages Jump up ^ 1984 National Register Nomination ^ Jump up to : Baigell , Matthew ( 1969 ) . `` James Hoban and the First Bank of the United States '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 28 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 136 . JSTOR 988511 . Jump up ^ Whiffen , Marcus ; Koeper , Frederick ( 1981 ) . American architecture 1607 -- 1976 . Cambridge : MIT Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0262231050 . Jump up ^ NPS historical marker at building Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for First Bank of the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Civil War Museum Further reading ( edit ) Danzer , Gerald A. ; J. Jorge Klor de Alva ; Larry S. Krieger ; Louis E Wilson ; Nancy Woloch . The Americans . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37716 - 6 . Markham , Jerry ( 2001 ) . A Financial History of the United States . Armonk : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 . Perkins , Edwin J. American public finance and financial services , 1700 -- 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 324 -- 48 . Complete text line free Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Rothbard , Murray ( 2002 ) . A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Von Mises Inst . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 33 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Bank of the United States . Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States ( 1791 ) Documents produced by the First Bank of the United States on FRASER Hamilton 's opinion Jefferson 's opinion Record of the Debate Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. 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"Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution."
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"the Bank of the United States"
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5521216819429319667 | Mission San Diego de Alcalá | Mission San Diego de Alcalá - wikipedia Mission San Diego de Alcalá `` Mission San Diego '' redirects here . For the San Diego Trolley station , see Mission San Diego station . Mission San Diego de Alcalá The church façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá Location in San Diego Location 10818 San Diego Mission Rd . San Diego , California 92108 - 2429 Coordinates 32 ° 47 ′ 4 '' N 117 ° 6 ′ 23 '' W / 32.78444 ° N 117.10639 ° W / 32.78444 ; - 117.10639 Coordinates : 32 ° 47 ′ 4 '' N 117 ° 6 ′ 23 '' W / 32.78444 ° N 117.10639 ° W / 32.78444 ; - 117.10639 Name as founded La Misión San Diego de Alcalá English translation The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá Patron Saint Didacus of Alcalá Nickname ( s ) `` Mother of the Alta California Missions '' Founding date July 16 , 1769 Founding priest ( s ) Father Presidente Junípero Serra Built 1769 Architect Fr . Jose Bernardo Sanchez Founding Order First Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System 1769 -- 1771 Military district First Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Kumeyaay ( Ipai / Tipai ) Diegueño Native place name ( s ) Kosoi , Nipawai Baptisms 6,522 Confirmations 1,379 Marriages 1,794 Burials 4,322 Neophyte population 1,455 Secularized 1834 Returned to the Church 1862 Governing body Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego Current use Parish Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : San Diego Mission Church Designated April 15 , 1970 Reference no . 70000144 U.S. National Historic Landmark Designated April 15 , 1970 California Historical Landmark Reference no . # 242 San Diego Historic Landmark Designated October 6 , 1976 Reference no . 113 Website http://missionsandiego.com Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias , a province of New Spain . Located in present - day San Diego , California , it was founded on July 16 , 1769 , by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people . The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá , a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego . The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California . San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region 's first public execution , in 1778 . Father Luis Jayme , California 's first Christian martyr , lies entombed beneath the chancel floor . The current church , built in the early 19th century , is the fifth to stand on this location . The mission site is a National Historic Landmark . Contents 1 History 1.1 Rancho period ( 1834 -- 1849 ) 1.2 California statehood ( 1850 -- 1900 ) 1.3 20th century and beyond ( 1901 -- present ) 2 Other historic designations 3 Mission industries 3.1 Wine 4 Mission bells 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño ; the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá . Relatively , much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries , thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542 . Cabrillo , a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain , is credited as the first European to encounter San Diego Bay . On the evening of September 28 , 1542 , the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor , whereupon Cabrillo christened it `` San Miguel . '' During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives . Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer , Sebastián Vizcaíno , made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site . Under Vizcaíno 's command the San Diego , Santo Tomás , and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10 , 1602 , and the port was renamed `` San Diego de Alcalá . '' It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego . Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus , the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ( `` New Spain '' ) to Roman Catholicism to save souls and to facilitate colonization of these lands . However , it was not until 1741 -- the time of the Vitus Bering expedition , when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known -- that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California . In 1769 , Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey ( see Timeline of the Portolà expedition ) , thereby securing Spain 's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino . Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot , while a pair of packet ships ( bearing supplies ) traveled up the coast from the Baja California Peninsula . Rancho Period ( 1834 -- 1849 ) ( edit ) On August 9 , 1834 , Governor Figueroa issued his `` Decree of Confiscation . '' The missions were offered for sale to citizens , who were unable to come up with the price , so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain . On June 8 , 1846 , Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico `` ... for services rendered to the government . '' After the United States annexed California , the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862 . Plaque of the Mission San Diego de Alcala California statehood ( 1850 -- 1900 ) ( edit ) President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23 , 1862 , that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church . When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church , it was in ruins . In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings . 20th century and beyond ( 1901 -- present ) ( edit ) Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931 . In 1941 , the Mission once again became a parish church , in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego . In 1976 , Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica . Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits , near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15 , and approximately one mile east of Qualcomm Stadium . The parish is partially funded by a gift shop , and self - guided tours of the grounds and buildings are available to the public for a small donation . Other historic designations ( edit ) California Historical Landmark # 242 California Historical Landmark # 784 -- El Camino Real ( starting point in Alta California ) City of San Diego Historic Designation # 113 Mission industries ( edit ) The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego . The goal of the missions was , above all , to become self - sufficient in relatively short order . Farming , therefore , was the most important industry of any mission . Prior to the establishment of the missions , the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone , seashells , stone , and wood for building , tool making , weapons , and so forth . The missionaries discovered that the Indians , who regarded labor as degrading to men , had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self - supportive . The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture , the mechanical arts , and the raising and care of livestock . Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres ; thus , the neophytes not only supported themselves , but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California . Wheat , corn , wine grapes , barley , beans , cattle , horses , and sheep were the major crops at San Diego . In 1795 , construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission ( the first irrigation project in Upper California ) . The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto , who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed . In his testimony , in the trial that followed , Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto . The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant , encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego , as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove . While not exact , its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805 , Miramar Road , Route 125 ( California ) , Skyline Drive and Division Street . Boundary Street ( which parallels Interstate 805 in the neighborhood of North Park ) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it . Wine ( edit ) See also : History of California wine The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769 . Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines . The vines were of the Mission variety , which were brought to Mexico in the 16th Century . Unfortunately , the initial plantings did not survive , with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings . By at least 1781 , wine was being produced at the mission . One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres . The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823 . Mission bells ( edit ) Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission . The bells were rung at mealtimes , to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services , during births and funerals , to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary , and at other times ; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with ringing the mission bells . This mission had five bells . See also ( edit ) San Diego County portal Catholicism portal Spanish missions in California Santa Ysabel Asistencia Presidio of San Diego USNS Mission San Diego ( AO - 121 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . Union Station ( San Diego ) Notes ( edit ) Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá . A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ( `` bell tower '' ) , before it was reduced to rubble . The painting also shows the enclosed front portico . The `` Alemany Plat '' prepared by the U.S. Land Surveyor 's Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission , later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23 , 1862 . President Abraham Lincoln 's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862 . This is one of the few documents that the President signed as `` A. Lincoln '' instead of his customary `` Abraham Lincoln . '' Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900 . Note the missing Campanario , and the exposed church , which fell into disrepair . Aerial view of the Mission , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Leffingwell , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 71 Jump up ^ Young , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Yenne , p. 24 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 186 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. v , 228 `` The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego , San Luis Rey , San Juan Capistrano , and San Gabriel ... '' Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. 300 -- 301 : as of December 31 , 1832 . An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1 , 1833 and December 31 , 1841 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. 300 -- 301 . 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission ( 1,829 ) , whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte . It was seen in 1774 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego Mission Church '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board '' ( PDF ) . City of San Diego . Jump up ^ Snell , Charles ( September 4 , 1976 ) . `` San Diego Mission Church '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places -- Inventory Nomination Form . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Mission Church '' ( pdf ) . Photographs . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Questions & Answers - Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá '' . Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kroeber 1925 , p. 883 : Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 ( exclusive of those in Baja California ) . Jump up ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas , the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group . Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 8 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 3 : September 28 was the eve of the `` Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael . '' Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , pp. 6 -- 9 : November 10 was the eve of `` St. Martin 's Day '' . Jump up ^ Davidson , p. 2 : `` Sebastian Vizcaino , entering November 11 -- 12 , 1602 , first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port . '' Jump up ^ Morrison , p. 214 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 10 Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 10 : In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé , followed a month later by the San Antonio , which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas . A third vessel , the San José , left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Leffingwell , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Engelhardt 1920 , p. 348 Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 31 -- 32 : Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop J.S. Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19 , 1853 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 223 . From the ' `` California Archives , State Papers , Missions , vol . vi , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Hall , William Hammond ( 1888 ) . Irrigation in California ( Southern ) : The Field , Water - supply , and Works , Organization and Operation in San Diego , San Bernardino , and Los Angeles Counties . California . Office of State Engineer . p. 85 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smythe , William Ellsworth ( 1907 ) . History of San Diego , 1542 -- 1907 : An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States . History Company . p. 77 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Brian T. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Conjugal Violence , Sex , Sin , and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California '' . Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 415 . doi : 10.1353 / sex. 2007.0070 . ISSN 1535 - 3605 . Jump up ^ Dailey , Keli ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Winery guide : San Diego County , uncorked '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra 's Communion wine . Richard Vine ; Bruce Bordelon ; Ellen M. Harkness ; Theresa Browning ( 29 June 2013 ) . Winemaking : From Grape Growing to Marketplace . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4757 - 2656 - 5 . Wycoff , Ann ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide '' . San Diego Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jean L. Jacobson ( 14 June 2006 ) . Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 25120 - 2 . Ian S Hornsey ( 9 October 2015 ) . The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78262 - 631 - 2 . LaMar , Jim ( 25 August 2002 ) . `` Mission '' . Professional Friends of Wine . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . More than a century later , Franciscan monk Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California , at Mission San Diego , in 1769 . Jump up ^ `` Mission '' . Calwineries Inc . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century . The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes . Jump up ^ Charles L. Sullivan ( 1 October 1998 ) . A Companion to California Wine : An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present . University of California Press . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92087 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dwight Furrow ; Lynn Furrow ( 22 November 2014 ) . San Diego , Wine Country : A Tasting Guide . BookBaby . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4835 - 4599 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Winery '' . Social Studies Fact Cards . Toucan Valley Publications , Inc . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Several missions became known for their wine . Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines . Jump up ^ Lynne Newell Christenson ; Ellen L. Sweet ( 2008 ) . Ranchos of San Diego County . Arcadia Publishing . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920 , p. 346 References ( edit ) Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1884 -- 1880 ) . History of California , vols . i -- vii ( 1542 -- 1890 ) . The History Company , San Francisco , CA . Check date values in : year = ( help ) Chapman , Charles E. ( 1921 ) . A History of California ; The Spanish Period . The MacMillan Company , New York , NY . Davidson , Winifred ( January 1955 ) . `` San Diego in One Easy Lesson '' . The Journal of San Diego History . 1 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 3 . Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1920 ) . San Diego Mission . James H. Barry Company , San Francisco , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1922 ) . San Juan Capistrano Mission . Standard Printing Co. , Los Angeles , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Morrison , Hugh ( 1987 ) . Early American Architecture : From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period . Dover Publications , New York , NY . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25492 - 5 . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robinson , W.W. ( 1948 ) . Land in California . University of California Press , Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA . Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Stern , Jean & Gerald J. Miller ( 1995 ) . Romance of the Bells : The California Missions in Art . The Irvine Museum , Irvine , CA . ISBN 0 - 9635468 - 5 - 6 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Advantage Publishers Group , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . Young , Stanley & Melba Levick ( 1988 ) . The Missions of California . Chronicle Books LLC , San Francisco , CA . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3694 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Diego de Alcalá . Official Mission San Diego de Alcala website `` Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcalá : an Ethnohistorical Approach '' by Richard L. Carrico Spanish Wiki page with Fray Pedro Panto _́ s biography Early photographs , sketches of Mission San Diego de Alcala , via Calisphere , California Digital Library Early History of the California Coast , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Listing , photographs , and drawings at the Historic American Buildings Survey Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 101 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcalá&oldid = 857046397 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California 1769 in Alta California Churches in San Diego County , California Museums in San Diego Religious museums in California Basilica churches in California California Historical Landmarks History of San Diego History of San Diego County , California Landmarks in San Diego Mission Valley , San Diego San Diego River National Historic Landmarks in California National Register of Historic Places in San Diego Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California 1769 establishments in California Native American history of California San Antonio - San Diego Mail Line Stagecoach stops in the United States Roman Catholic churches in San Diego Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 06 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who built the san diego de alcala mission | [
"Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias, a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769, by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme, California's first Christian martyr, lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The current church, built in the early 19th century, is the fifth to stand on this location.[16][17] The mission site is a National Historic Landmark.[14][18]\n"
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"Spanish friar Junípero Serra"
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-5954497783101189986 | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Attendance 5 Venues 6 Draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Group stage 9.1 Group A 9.2 Group B 9.3 Group C 9.4 Group D 9.5 Group E 9.6 Group F 9.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Round of 16 10.3 Quarter - finals 10.4 Semi-finals 10.5 Third place play - off 10.6 Final 11 Awards 12 Final ranking 13 Goalscorers 14 Broadcasting 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Attendance ( edit ) Attendance for each game is listed below . Date Venue Match Attendance 6 October New Delhi Colombia vs Ghana 24,300 6 October Navi Mumbai New Zealand vs Turkey 9,727 6 October New Delhi India vs USA 46,351 6 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs Mali 25,342 7 October Goa Germany vs Costa Rica 12,329 7 October Kochi Brazil vs Spain 21,362 7 October Goa Iran vs Guinea 12,329 7 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Niger 2,754 8 October Guwahati New Caledonia vs France 12,640 8 October Kolkata Chile vs England 46,154 8 October Guwahati Honduras vs Japan 13,285 8 October Kolkata Iraq vs Mexico 55,800 9 October Delhi Ghana vs USA 17,500 9 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Mali 18,323 9 October Delhi India vs Colombia 48,184 9 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs New Zealand 20,887 10 October Goa Costa Rica vs Guinea 6,717 10 October Kochi Spain vs Niger 7,926 10 October Goa Iran vs Germany 8,267 10 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Brazil 15,314 11 October Guwahati France vs Japan 9,575 11 October Kolkata England vs Mexico 48,620 11 October Guwahati Honduras vs New Caledonia 11,002 11 October Kolkata Iraq vs Chile 50,286 12 October New Delhi Mali vs New Zealand 23,112 12 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Paraguay 8,895 12 October New Delhi Ghana vs India 52,614 12 October Navi Mumbai USA vs Colombia 22,263 13 October Goa Costa Rica vs Iran 8,549 13 October Kochi Guinea vs Germany 9,250 13 October Goa Niger vs Brazil 15,830 13 October Kochi Spain vs Korea DPR 14,544 14 October Guwahati France vs Honduras 12,831 14 October Kolkata Japan vs New Caledonia 44,665 14 October Guwahati Mexico vs Chile 15,794 14 October Kolkata England vs Iraq 56,372 16 October New Delhi Colombia vs Germany 19,477 16 October New Delhi Paraguay vs USA 34,895 17 October Goa Iran vs Mexico 5,529 17 October Guwahati France vs Spain 13,316 17 October Kolkata England vs Japan 53,302 17 October Goa Mali vs Iraq 9,240 18 October Navi Mumbai Ghana vs Niger 21,286 18 October Kochi Brazil vs Honduras 20,668 21 October Guwahati Mali vs Ghana 3,706 21 October Goa USA vs England 16,148 22 October Kochi Spain vs Iran 28,436 22 October Kolkata Germany vs Brazil 66,613 25 October Kolkata Brazil vs England 63,881 25 October Navi Mumbai Spain vs Mali 37,847 28 October Kolkata Mali vs Brazil 56,422 28 October Kolkata England vs Spain 66,684 Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . 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( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=817641526 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the fifa under 17 world cup 2017 | [
"\n2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup\n\n२०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप\n\n\n\n\n\nTournament details\n\n\nHost country\nIndia\n\n\nDates\n6–28 October\n\n\nTeams\n24 (from 6 confederations)\n\n\nVenue(s)\n6 (in 6 host cities)\n\n\nFinal positions\n\n\nChampions\n England (1st title)\n\n\nRunners-up\n Spain\n\n\nThird place\n Brazil\n\n\nFourth place\n Mali\n\n\nTournament statistics\n\n\nMatches played\n52\n\n\nGoals scored\n183 (3.52 per match)\n\n\nAttendance\n1,347,133 (25,906 per match)\n\n\nTop scorer(s)\n Rhian Brewster (8 goals)\n\n\nBest player\n Phil Foden\n\n\nBest goalkeeper\n Gabriel Brazão\n\n\nFair play award\n Brazil\n\n\n\n← 2015\n2019 →\n\n\n"
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"England"
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7471294453804818659 | U.S. state temperature extremes | U.S. state Temperature Extremes - wikipedia U.S. state Temperature Extremes The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States , in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries . State Record high temperature Date Place ( s ) Record low temperature Date Place ( s ) Alabama 112 ° F / 44 ° C September 5 , 1925 Centreville − 27 ° F / − 33 ° C January 30 , 1966 New Market Alaska 100 ° F / 38 ° C June 27 , 1915 Fort Yukon − 80 ° F / − 62 ° C January 23 , 1971 Prospect Creek Arizona 128 ° F / 53 ° C June 29 , 1994 Lake Havasu City − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 7 , 1971 McNary Arkansas 120 ° F / 49 ° C August 10 , 1936 Ozark − 29 ° F / − 34 ° C February 13 , 1905 Gravette California 134 ° F / 56 ° C July 10 , 1913 Furnace Creek ( Death Valley ) − 45 ° F / − 43 ° C January 20 , 1937 Boca Colorado 118 ° F / 46 ° C July 11 , 1888 Bennet − 61 ° F / − 52 ° C February 1 , 1985 Maybell Connecticut 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 15 , 1995 Danbury − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C February 16 , 1943 Norfolk Delaware 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 21 , 1930 Millsboro − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C January 17 , 1893 Millsboro Florida 109 ° F / 43 ° C June 29 , 1931 Monticello − 2 ° F / − 19 ° C February 13 , 1899 Tallahassee Georgia 112 ° F / 44 ° C August 20 , 1983 * Greenville − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C January 27 , 1940 Chatsworth Hawaii 98 ° F / 37 ° C July 14 , 1957 Puunene * 15 ° F / - 9 ° C January 5 , 1975 Mauna Kea Observatories Idaho 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 28 , 1934 Orofino − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C January 18 , 1943 Island Park Illinois 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 14 , 1954 East Saint Louis − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C January 5 , 1999 Congerville Indiana 116 ° F / 47 ° C July 14 , 1936 Collegeville − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C January 19 , 1994 New Whiteland Iowa 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 20 , 1934 Keokuk − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C February 3 , 1996 * Elkader Kansas 121 ° F / 49 ° C July 24 , 1936 * Alton − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C February 13 , 1905 Lebanon Kentucky 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 28 , 1930 Greensburg − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C January 19 , 1994 Shelbyville Louisiana 114 ° F / 46 ° C August 10 , 1936 Plain Dealing − 16 ° F / − 27 ° C February 13 , 1899 Minden Maine 105 ° F / 41 ° C July 10 , 1911 * North Bridgton − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 16 , 2009 Clayton Lake Maryland 109 ° F / 43 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Cumberland − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 13 , 1912 Oakland Massachusetts 107 ° F / 42 ° C August 2 , 1975 New Bedford − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 22 , 1984 Chester Michigan 112 ° F / 44 ° C July 13 , 1936 Mio − 51 ° F / − 46 ° C February 9 , 1934 Vanderbilt Minnesota 115 ° F / 46 ° C July 29 , 1917 Beardsley − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C February 2 , 1996 Tower Mississippi 115 ° F / 46 ° C July 29 , 1930 Holly Springs − 19 ° F / − 28 ° C January 30 , 1966 Corinth Missouri 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 14 , 1954 * Warsaw − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C February 13 , 1905 Warsaw Montana 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 5 , 1937 Medicine Lake − 70 ° F / − 57 ° C January 20 , 1954 Lincoln ( Rogers Pass ) Nebraska 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 24 , 1936 * Minden − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C December 22 , 1989 * Oshkosh Nevada 125 ° F / 52 ° C June 29 , 1994 Laughlin − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 8 , 1937 San Jacinto New Hampshire 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 4 , 1911 Nashua − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 22 , 1885 Randolph New Jersey 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 10 , 1936 Runyon − 34 ° F / − 37 ° C January 5 , 1904 River Vale New Mexico 122 ° F / 50 ° C June 27 , 1994 Waste Isolation Pilot Plant − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C February 1 , 1951 Gavilan New York 109 ° F / 43 ° C July 22 , 1926 Troy − 52 ° F / − 47 ° C February 18 , 1979 * Old Forge North Carolina 110 ° F / 43 ° C August 21 , 1983 Fayetteville − 34 ° F / − 37 ° C January 21 , 1985 Burnsville North Dakota 121 ° F / 49 ° C July 6 , 1936 Steele − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C February 15 , 1936 Parshall Ohio 113 ° F / 45 ° C July 21 , 1934 Gallipolis − 39 ° F / − 39 ° C February 10 , 1899 Milligan Oklahoma 120 ° F / 49 ° C August 12 , 1936 * Altus − 31 ° F / − 35 ° C February 10 , 2011 Nowata Oregon 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 27 , 1939 Umatilla − 54 ° F / − 48 ° C February 10 , 1933 * Seneca Pennsylvania 111 ° F / 44 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Phoenixville − 42 ° F / − 41 ° C January 5 , 1904 Smethport Rhode Island 104 ° F / 40 ° C August 2 , 1975 Providence − 28 ° F / − 33 ° C January 17 , 1942 Richmond South Carolina 113 ° F / 45 ° C June 30 , 2012 * Camden − 22 ° F / − 30 ° C January 21 , 1985 Landrum South Dakota 120 ° F / 49 ° C July 15 , 2006 * Fort Pierre * − 58 ° F / − 50 ° C February 17 , 1936 McIntosh Tennessee 113 ° F / 45 ° C August 9 , 1930 * Perryville − 32 ° F / − 36 ° C December 30 , 1917 Mountain City Texas 120 ° F / 49 ° C June 28 , 1994 * Monahans − 23 ° F / − 31 ° C February 8 , 1933 * Seminole Utah 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 5 , 1985 Saint George − 69 ° F / − 56 ° C February 1 , 1985 Peter Sinks Vermont 105 ° F / 41 ° C July 4 , 1911 Vernon − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C December 30 , 1933 Bloomfield Virginia 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 15 , 1954 Balcony Falls − 30 ° F / − 34 ° C January 22 , 1985 Pembroke Washington 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 24 , 1961 Wahluke − 48 ° F / − 44 ° C December 30 , 1928 Mazama August 5 , 1961 Ice Harbor Dam Winthrop West Virginia 112 ° F / 44 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Martinsburg − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C December 30 , 1917 Lewisburg Wisconsin 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 13 , 1936 Wisconsin Dells − 55 ° F / − 48 ° C February 4 , 1996 Couderay Wyoming 115 ° F / 46 ° C August 8 , 1983 Basin − 63 ° F / − 53 ° C February 9 , 1933 Moran * Also on earlier date or dates in that state See Also ( edit ) Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . `` State Climate Extremes Committee ( SCsEC ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 2 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 1 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Peter Sinks Temperature Monitoring '' . Utah Climate Center . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) NOAA Satellite and Information Service , National Climatic Data Center NOAA Website - Weather Extremes NOAA Website - Record Highest Temperatures by State NOAA Website - Record Lowest Temperatures by State Extreme temperatures around the world Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Macedonia Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Weather portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state_temperature_extremes&oldid=865746920 '' Categories : Climatology Lists of states of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 21 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the hottest temperature ever recorded in utah | [
"\n\nState\n\nRecord high temperature\nDate\nPlace(s)\nRecord low temperature\nDate\nPlace(s)\n\n\nAlabama\n112 °F / 44 °C\nSeptember 5, 1925\nCentreville\n\n−27 °F / −33 °C\nJanuary 30, 1966\nNew Market\n\n\nAlaska\n100 °F / 38 °C\nJune 27, 1915\nFort Yukon\n\n−80 °F / −62 °C\nJanuary 23, 1971\nProspect Creek\n\n\nArizona\n128 °F / 53 °C\nJune 29, 1994\nLake Havasu City\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nJanuary 7, 1971\nMcNary\n\n\nArkansas\n120 °F / 49 °C\nAugust 10, 1936\nOzark\n\n−29 °F / −34 °C\nFebruary 13, 1905\nGravette\n\n\nCalifornia\n134 °F / 56 °C\nJuly 10, 1913\nFurnace Creek (Death Valley)\n\n−45 °F / −43 °C\nJanuary 20, 1937\nBoca\n\n\nColorado\n118 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 11, 1888\nBennet\n\n−61 °F / −52 °C\nFebruary 1, 1985\nMaybell\n\n\nConnecticut\n106 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 15, 1995\nDanbury\n\n−37 °F / −38 °C\nFebruary 16, 1943\nNorfolk[2]\n\n\nDelaware\n110 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 21, 1930\nMillsboro\n\n−17 °F / −27 °C\nJanuary 17, 1893\nMillsboro\n\n\nFlorida\n109 °F / 43 °C\nJune 29, 1931\nMonticello\n\n−2 °F / −19 °C\nFebruary 13, 1899\nTallahassee\n\n\nGeorgia\n112 °F / 44 °C\nAugust 20, 1983*\nGreenville\n\n−17 °F / −27 °C\nJanuary 27, 1940\nChatsworth\n\n\nHawaii\n98 °F / 37 °C\nJuly 14, 1957\nPuunene*[3]\n\n15 °F / -9 °C\nJanuary 5, 1975\nMauna Kea Observatories[3]\n\n\nIdaho\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 28, 1934\nOrofino\n\n−60 °F / −51 °C\nJanuary 18, 1943\nIsland Park\n\n\nIllinois\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 14, 1954\nEast Saint Louis\n\n−36 °F / −38 °C\nJanuary 5, 1999\nCongerville\n\n\nIndiana\n116 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 14, 1936\nCollegeville\n\n−36 °F / −38 °C\nJanuary 19, 1994\nNew Whiteland\n\n\nIowa\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 20, 1934\nKeokuk\n\n−47 °F / −44 °C\nFebruary 3, 1996*\nElkader\n\n\nKansas\n121 °F / 49 °C\nJuly 24, 1936*\nAlton\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nFebruary 13, 1905\nLebanon\n\n\nKentucky\n114 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 28, 1930\nGreensburg\n\n−37 °F / −38 °C\nJanuary 19, 1994\nShelbyville\n\n\nLouisiana\n114 °F / 46 °C\nAugust 10, 1936\nPlain Dealing\n\n−16 °F / −27 °C\nFebruary 13, 1899\nMinden\n\n\nMaine\n105 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 10, 1911*\nNorth Bridgton\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nJanuary 16, 2009\nClayton Lake\n\n\nMaryland\n109 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 10, 1936*\nCumberland\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nJanuary 13, 1912\nOakland\n\n\nMassachusetts\n107 °F / 42 °C\nAugust 2, 1975\nNew Bedford\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nJanuary 22, 1984\nChester[2]\n\n\nMichigan\n112 °F / 44 °C\nJuly 13, 1936\nMio\n\n−51 °F / −46 °C\nFebruary 9, 1934\nVanderbilt\n\n\nMinnesota\n115 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 29, 1917\nBeardsley\n\n−60 °F / −51 °C\nFebruary 2, 1996\nTower\n\n\nMississippi\n115 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 29, 1930\nHolly Springs\n\n−19 °F / −28 °C\nJanuary 30, 1966\nCorinth\n\n\nMissouri\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 14, 1954*\nWarsaw\n\n−40 °F / −40 °C\nFebruary 13, 1905\nWarsaw\n\n\nMontana\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 5, 1937\nMedicine Lake\n\n−70 °F / −57 °C\nJanuary 20, 1954\nLincoln (Rogers Pass)\n\n\nNebraska\n118 °F / 48 °C\nJuly 24, 1936*\nMinden\n\n−47 °F / −44 °C\nDecember 22, 1989*\nOshkosh\n\n\nNevada\n125 °F / 52 °C\nJune 29, 1994\nLaughlin\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nJanuary 8, 1937\nSan Jacinto\n\n\nNew Hampshire\n106 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 4, 1911\nNashua\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nJanuary 22, 1885\nRandolph\n\n\nNew Jersey\n110 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 10, 1936\nRunyon\n\n−34 °F / −37 °C\nJanuary 5, 1904\nRiver Vale\n\n\nNew Mexico\n122 °F / 50 °C\nJune 27, 1994\nWaste Isolation Pilot Plant\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nFebruary 1, 1951\nGavilan\n\n\nNew York\n109 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 22, 1926\nTroy\n\n−52 °F / −47 °C\nFebruary 18, 1979*\nOld Forge\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n110 °F / 43 °C\nAugust 21, 1983\nFayetteville\n\n−34 °F / −37 °C\nJanuary 21, 1985\nBurnsville\n\n\nNorth Dakota\n121 °F / 49 °C\nJuly 6, 1936\nSteele\n\n−60 °F / −51 °C\nFebruary 15, 1936\nParshall\n\n\nOhio\n113 °F / 45 °C\nJuly 21, 1934\nGallipolis\n\n−39 °F / −39 °C\nFebruary 10, 1899\nMilligan\n\n\nOklahoma\n120 °F / 49 °C\nAugust 12, 1936*\nAltus\n\n−31 °F / −35 °C\nFebruary 10, 2011\nNowata\n\n\nOregon\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 27, 1939\nUmatilla[2]\n\n−54 °F / −48 °C\nFebruary 10, 1933*\nSeneca\n\n\nPennsylvania\n111 °F / 44 °C\nJuly 10, 1936*\nPhoenixville\n\n−42 °F / −41 °C\nJanuary 5, 1904\nSmethport\n\n\nRhode Island\n104 °F / 40 °C\nAugust 2, 1975\nProvidence\n\n−28 °F / −33 °C\nJanuary 17, 1942\nRichmond\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n113 °F / 45 °C\nJune 30, 2012*\nCamden\n\n−22 °F / −30 °C\nJanuary 21, 1985\nLandrum[2]\n\n\nSouth Dakota\n120 °F / 49 °C\nJuly 15, 2006*\nFort Pierre*\n\n−58 °F / −50 °C\nFebruary 17, 1936\nMcIntosh\n\n\nTennessee\n113 °F / 45 °C\nAugust 9, 1930*\nPerryville\n\n−32 °F / −36 °C\nDecember 30, 1917\nMountain City\n\n\nTexas\n120 °F / 49 °C\nJune 28, 1994*\nMonahans\n\n−23 °F / −31 °C\nFebruary 8, 1933*\nSeminole\n\n\nUtah\n117 °F / 47 °C\nJuly 5, 1985\nSaint George\n\n−69 °F / −56 °C\nFebruary 1, 1985\nPeter Sinks[4]\n\n\nVermont\n105 °F / 41 °C\nJuly 4, 1911\nVernon[2]\n\n−50 °F / −46 °C\nDecember 30, 1933\nBloomfield\n\n\nVirginia\n110 °F / 43 °C\nJuly 15, 1954\nBalcony Falls\n\n−30 °F / −34 °C\nJanuary 22, 1985\nPembroke\n\n\nWashington\n\n118 °F / 48 °C\n\nJuly 24, 1961\n\nWahluke\n\n−48 °F / −44 °C\n\nDecember 30, 1928\n\nMazama\n\n\nAugust 5, 1961\n\nIce Harbor Dam\n\nWinthrop\n\n\nWest Virginia\n112 °F / 44 °C\nJuly 10, 1936*\nMartinsburg\n\n−37 °F / −38 °C\nDecember 30, 1917\nLewisburg\n\n\nWisconsin\n114 °F / 46 °C\nJuly 13, 1936\nWisconsin Dells\n\n−55 °F / −48 °C\nFebruary 4, 1996\nCouderay\n\n\nWyoming\n115 °F / 46 °C\nAugust 8, 1983\nBasin\n\n−63 °F / −53 °C\nFebruary 9, 1933\nMoran[2]\n"
] | [
"117 °F / 47 °C"
] |
4802337134527658328 | Feist (singer) | Feist ( singer ) - wikipedia Feist ( singer ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Feist Feist performing at Coachella , 2012 Background information Birth name Leslie Feist ( 1976 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1976 ( age 42 ) Amherst , Nova Scotia , Canada Origin Calgary , Alberta , Canada Genres Indie pop folk baroque pop Occupation ( s ) Musician songwriter Instruments Vocals guitar piano banjo drums Years active 1991 -- present Labels Arts & Crafts , Cherrytree , Interscope Associated acts By Divine Right , Broken Social Scene , Peaches , Chilly Gonzales , Mastodon , Kings of Convenience , Mountain Man , AroarA , Little Wings Website listentofeist.com Leslie Feist ( born 13 February 1976 ) , known professionally as Feist , is a Canadian indie pop singer - songwriter and guitarist , performing both as a solo artist and as a member of the indie rock group Broken Social Scene . Feist launched her solo music career in 1999 with the release of Monarch . Her subsequent studio albums , Let It Die , released in 2004 , and The Reminder , released in 2007 , were critically acclaimed and commercially successful , selling over 2.5 million copies . The Reminder earned Feist four Grammy nominations , including a nomination for Best New Artist . She has received 11 Juno Awards , including two Artist of the Year . Her fourth studio album , Metals , was released on 30 September 2011 . In 2012 , Feist collaborated on a split EP with metal group Mastodon , releasing an interactive music video in the process . Feist received three Juno awards at the 2012 ceremony : Artist of the Year , Adult Alternative Album of the Year for Metals , and Music DVD of the Year for her documentary Look at What the Light Did Now . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Monarch ( Lay Your Jewelled Head Down ) ( 1999 - 2001 ) 2.2 Let It Die ( 2001 - 2006 ) 2.3 The Reminder ( 2006 - 2007 ) 2.3. 1 `` 1234 '' 2.3. 2 `` The Water '' 2.4 Metals ( 2007 - 2013 ) 2.5 Look at What the Light Did Now ( 2013 - present ) 3 Discography 4 Filmography 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Leslie Feist was born on 13 February 1976 in Amherst , Nova Scotia , Canada . Her parents are both artists . Her father , Harold Feist , is an American - Canadian abstract expressionist painter who taught at both the Alberta College of Art and Design and Mount Allison University in Sackville , New Brunswick . Her mother , Lyn Feist , was a student of ceramics from Saskatchewan . After their first child , Ben , was born , the family moved to Sackville . Feist 's parents divorced soon after she was born and Ben , Feist and their mother moved to Regina , Saskatchewan , where they lived with her grandparents . They later moved to Calgary , Alberta , where she attended Bishop Carroll High School as well as Alternative High School . She aspired to be a writer , and spent much of her youth singing in choirs . At the age of twelve , Feist performed as one of 1,000 dancers in the opening ceremonies of the Calgary Winter Olympics , which she cites as inspiration for the video `` 1234 . '' Because her father is American , Feist has dual Canadian - U.S. citizenship , joking later that she was given U.S. citizenship as part of a deal with Apple . Music career ( edit ) In 1991 , at age 15 , Feist got her start in music when she founded and was the lead vocalist for a Calgary punk band called Placebo ( not to be confused with the English band Placebo ) . She and her bandmates won a local Battle of the Bands competition and were awarded the opening slot at the festival Infest 1993 , featuring the Ramones . At this concert she met Brendan Canning , whose band hHead performed immediately before hers , and with whom she joined in Broken Social Scene ten years later . In 1995 , Feist was forced to take time off from music to recover from vocal cord damage . She moved from Calgary to Toronto in 1996 . That year she was asked by Noah Mintz of hHead to play bass in his solo project Noah 's Arkweld . She played the bass guitar in Noah 's Arkweld for a year despite never having played bass before . In 1998 , she became the rhythm guitarist for the band By Divine Right and toured with them throughout 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 . She also played guitar for some live performances by Bodega , but was never an official member of the band . In 1999 , Feist moved into a Queen West apartment above Come As You Are with a friend of a friend , Merrill Nisker , who then began to perform as electro - punk musician Peaches . Feist worked the back of the stage at Peaches ' shows , using a sock puppet and calling herself `` Bitch Lap Lap '' . The two also toured together in England from 2000 -- 2001 , staying with Justine Frischmann of Elastica and MIA Feist appeared as a guest vocalist on The Teaches of Peaches . Feist appears in Peaches ' video for the song `` Lovertits '' , suggestively rubbing and licking a bike . Later , Feist covered this song with Gonzales ( whom she met while touring with Peaches ) on her album Open Season . In 2006 , Feist contributed backup vocals on a track entitled `` Give ' Er '' , which appeared on Peaches ' album Impeach My Bush . Monarch ( lay Your jewelled head down ) ( 1999 - 2001 ) ( edit ) Feist 's solo debut album , Monarch , was released in 1999 . It is composed of ten songs , including `` Monarch '' and `` That 's What I Say , It 's Not What I Mean . '' The album was produced by Dan Kurtz , who would later form Dragonette . Let It Die ( 2001 - 2006 ) ( edit ) In the summer of 2001 , Feist self - produced seven songs at home which she called The Red Demos , which have never been released commercially . She spent more than two years touring throughout Europe with Gonzales . In that same year she joined a group of old friends in forming a new version of Toronto indie rock group Broken Social Scene , adding vocals to many tracks after being forbidden to play guitar by de facto bandleader Kevin Drew . She subsequently recorded You Forgot It in People with the band . While on tour in Europe with Gonzales , they began recording new versions of her home recorded Red Demos , which would later become her major label debut Let It Die . Let It Die featured both original compositions and covers , and Feist has been noted both as a songwriter and as an innovative interpreter of other artists ' songs . After the recording of Let It Die , Feist moved to Paris . While in Europe , she collaborated with Norwegian duo Kings of Convenience as co-writer and guest vocalist on their album Riot on an Empty Street , singing on `` Know How , '' and `` The Build Up . '' She also co-wrote and sang `` The Simple Story '' as a duet with Jane Birkin on her album Rendezvous . Feist in 2005 Feist toured during 2004 , 2005 and 2006 through North America , Europe , Asia , and Australia supporting Let It Die . She won two Canadian Juno Awards for `` Best New Artist '' and `` Best Alternative Rock Album '' in 2004 . Sales of Let It Die totaled 500,000 internationally , and she was awarded a platinum record in Canada , as well as a gold album in France . Fellow Canadian Buck 65 appeared in the Feist - directed music video for `` One Evening , '' which was also nominated for Video of the Year at the 2004 Juno Awards . In 2005 , Feist contributed to the UNICEF benefit song `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' The track `` Mushaboom '' was used in an advert for a Lacoste men 's fragrance , as well as in the film 500 Days of Summer . An album of remixes and collaborations , Open Season , was released on 18 April 2006 . Feist also lent her voice to the two tracks `` La Même Histoire '' and `` We 're All in the Dance '' for the soundtrack to the 2006 film Paris , je t'aime . The Reminder ( 2006 - 2007 ) ( edit ) Feist performing in 2006 In early 2006 , Feist moved to Paris , where she recorded a followup to Let It Die at LaFrette Studios with Gonzales , Mocky , Jamie Lidell , and Renaud Letang , as well as her touring band Bryden Baird , Jesse Baird , Julian Brown of Apostle of Hustle , and Afie Jurvanen of Paso Mino . Feist 's third solo album , The Reminder , was released on 23 April 2007 in Europe , and on 1 May 2007 in Canada , the USA , and the rest of the world . She toured worldwide to promote the album . The album features `` 1234 , '' a song co-written by New Buffalo 's Sally Seltmann , that became a surprise hit after being featured in a commercial for the iPod nano , hitting No. 8 in the US , a rare feat for indie rock musicians and even more notable since it hit the Top Ten on the strength of downloads alone . She has been lauded in the press and was featured on the cover of the New York Times arts section in June 2007 . The Reminder had sold worldwide over 1,000,000 copies and is certified gold in the U.S. The album also won a 2008 Juno Award for `` Album of the Year '' on 6 April 2008 in Calgary , Alberta . Videos for many of the singles were directed by Patrick Daughters , who previously directed the video for `` Mushaboom '' and went on to direct `` 1234 , '' `` My Moon , My Man , '' and `` I Feel It All . '' `` 1234 '' and `` My Moon , My Man '' were choreographed by the acclaimed choreographer & dancer Noemie Lafrance . The video for Honey , Honey features the work of avant - garde puppet troupe , The Old Trout Puppet Workshop . `` I Feel It All '' was featured in the UK teen comedy The Inbetweeners and was used in the film The Accidental Husband . `` Honey Honey '' was featured in The L Word ( episode 5.06 , `` Lights ! Camera ! Action ! '' ) . `` I Feel It All '' was featured in the 2008 film The Women . Popular German DJ Boys Noize remixed `` My Moon , My Man , '' which appears on his 2007 debut album Oi Oi Oi . The DJ has also been known to close sets with the remix . In January 2009 , Bon Iver played a cover of Feist 's `` The Park '' from The Reminder on Australian radio 's Triple J. The song `` Limit to Your Love '' was featured in season 2 , episode 1 of British teen drama Skins , and was used in the film The Accidental Husband . A cover version of the song was released by UK singer - producer James Blake as a single from his 2011 self - titled album . `` 1234 '' ( edit ) Main article : 1234 ( Feist song ) Prior to the airing of an Apple iPod nano commercial featuring this song , The Reminder was selling at approximately 6,000 copies per week , and `` 1234 '' at 2,000 downloads per week . Following the commercial , the song passed 73,000 total downloads and reached No. 7 on Hot Digital Songs and No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; The Reminder jumped from No. 36 to No. 28 on the Billboard 200 , with sales of 19,000 . Following the television advertisement for the iPod nano in the UK , the single beat its original chart position of 102 to become number 8 in the UK charts . Time magazine named `` 1234 '' one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007 , ranking it at No. 2 . Writer Josh Tyrangiel called the song a `` masterpiece , '' praising Feist for singing it `` with a mixture of wisdom and exuberance that 's all her own '' . On 6 April 2008 , Feist won a Juno Award for the single as `` Single of the Year '' . Feist performed an alternate version of `` 1234 '' on Sesame Street during its 39th season ( 2008 ) , teaching children to count to the number four . She said working with the Muppets was a career highlight . `` The Water '' ( edit ) In 2009 , Feist appeared in a short film directed by Broken Social Scene bandmate Kevin Drew that focused on her song `` The Water . '' Feist appears alongside Cillian Murphy and David Fox in the silent role of `` Mother . '' This film was streamed from Pitchfork.com for a week starting on 2 March 2009 . In an interview with the site , Feist described the experience of being in this movie as `` watching a movie while being in a movie . '' Metals ( 2007 - 2013 ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Feist was placed No. 9 on Spinner. com 's 2007 Women Who Rock Right Now . and named both Spin 's and Blender 's Breakout Artist of the Year . After taking Bob Wiseman on the road as her opening act in Europe she acted in his video Who Am I and joined him on drums for You Do n't Love Me , both of which are visible on YouTube . Feist was photographed by Annie Leibovitz for the November 2007 issue of Vanity Fair as part of a photo essay on folk music . On 3 November that year , she performed `` 1234 '' and `` I Feel It All '' on Saturday Night Live . Feist live at the Festival d'été de Québec 2008 ( Québec , Canada ) Feist was on the cover of the Spring 2008 edition of Naked Eye . On 28 April , Feist was interviewed by Stephen Colbert . At the end of the show she performed `` I Feel It All , '' while Colbert donned Feist 's blue , sequined , strapless jumpsuit from the `` 1234 '' video . Feist joined Colbert again on his first - ever Christmas special , A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! , which first aired on 23 November 2008 . She played an angel working for Heaven 's overloaded phone ( prayer ) service . She also accompanied the Disko Bay Expedition of Cape Farewell . On 20 October 2008 , she told The Canadian Press that , following the success of her last album , The Reminder , she felt she needed to step away from the pressures of the music industry to consider her next career move and `` rest for a minute '' . In March 2009 , it was announced that she would make a guest appearance on the track `` You and I '' on Wilco 's seventh album . In 2009 , Feist was featured in the CTV television film `` My Musical Brain '' with neuroscientist and writer Daniel Levitin , based on Levitin 's bestselling book This Is Your Brain on Music . Feist collaborated with Brooklyn band Grizzly Bear on the song `` Service Bell '' for the AIDS charity the Red Hot Organization . This song appears on Red Hot 's album Dark Was the Night , and she joined the band in June 2009 during their Toronto show to sing this song and contribute backing vocals to the song `` Two Weeks . '' She also collaborated with Ben Gibbard on a cover of Vashti Bunyan 's `` Train Song '' for the same Dark Was the Night album . In June 2009 , she re-joined Broken Social Scene at a North by Northeast performance celebrating the launch of the band 's biography entitled This Book Is Broken , in which she is prominently featured . This contradicted various rumors saying that it was unlikely Feist would ever play with the band again ; this was the first of several appearances with BSS . She performed with Broken Social Scene during their concert of 11 July 2009 at Toronto 's Harbourfront Centre , singing and playing guitar through most of the concert , as well as performing a medley of her solo songs with Kevin Drew and his solo songs . The concert was filmed by director Bruce Macdonald and released as This Movie Is Broken . She sings on Broken Social Scene 's most recent album Forgiveness Rock Record . She performed with the band again in June 2010 on Olympic Island , and at the Sound Academy in Toronto on 9 and 10 December 2010 . Feist joined Beck , Wilco , Jamie Lidell and James Gadson in a Los Angeles studio covering Skip Spence 's Oar as part of Beck 's Record Club series , with videos appearing on Beck 's website beginning November 2009 . She also contributed vocals on Constant Companion the second album from Canadian songwriter Doug Paisley . Feist sings on the tracks `` What I Saw '' and the duet `` Do n't Make Me Wait '' . The album was released 12 October 2010 . Her song `` Limit to Your Love '' was covered by British post-dubstep artist James Blake and later remixed as a dubstep track by Benny Benassi and played to high acclaim at the 2011 Ultra Music Festival . On 7 July 2011 , Feist with Radiohead 's Colin Greenwood , Air 's Nicolas Godin , The Hotrats and Soap&Skin performed The Velvet Underground and Nico 's `` Femme Fatale '' at an all - star gig `` The Velvet Underground Revisited '' which took place in Cité de la Musique , Paris . Her album Metals was released on 30 September 2011 . Collaborators include Valgeir Sigurðsson , Chilly Gonzales , and Mocky . The album received widespread acclaim from music critics . It achieved an overall rating of 7.6 / 10 at AnyDecentMusic ? based on 32 reviews . At Coachella , 2012 In 2012 , Feist plans to cover a song from the progressive metal band Mastodon , with Mastodon also covering Feist , and release both songs on a split 7 '' on Record Store Day . They also released a crossfading interactive video for the song ' A Commotion ' . Feist also has a cameo in the 2011 movie The Muppets . In 2012 , she wrote the song `` Fire in the Water '' exclusively for the film The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 . The song was played when Edward and Bella are intimate in their cottage , and has been well received by critics . Her song `` The Water '' was covered on American jazz violinist Zach Brock 's 2012 album Almost Never Was . On 14 January 2013 , it was announced Feist would headline , along with labelmate Broken Social Scene , the Arts & Crafts Field Trip Music Festival to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Arts & Crafts . Look at What the Light Did Now ( 2013 - present ) ( edit ) In September 2010 , Feist announced through her website the release of a documentary film about the creative process of making of The Reminder , called Look at What the Light Did Now . It was directed by Canadian film director Anthony Seck and was shot on Super 8 mm film . The film was released on DVD in December 2010 , and a limited series of screenings were conducted including a Toronto screening at the Royal Ontario Museum , which featured a post-film interview of Feist by George Stroumboulopoulos . The film focuses on the recording of The Reminder as well as the development of the tour through puppetry and projection . The film includes interviews with band member Afie Jurvanen ; producer Chilly Gonzales ; Broken Social Scene bandmates Kevin Drew and Andrew Whiteman ; and video director Patrick Daughters . Bonus materials on the DVD include `` This One Jam '' , an early performance of Feist with Gonzales at Trash Club ; live performances from the Reminder tour ; and two short films : `` The Water '' starring Feist and `` Departures '' starring Kevin Drew and based on an idea by Feist . A CD is also included that contains the documentary soundtrack ( tracks from The Reminder re-interpreted and performed by Gonzales ) , live performances by Feist , as well as two versions of the title track , `` Look at What the Light Did Now '' , one of which was recorded as a duet with the song 's writer , American musician Kyle Field . In April 2017 , Feist released Pleasure , preceding it with the release of the title track `` Pleasure '' as a single in March 2017 . On April 27 , 2017 she introduced the album ( a day ahead of its release ) at Trinity St. Paul , Toronto , before an adoring crowd . She performed the entire content of the album ( in reverse order ) as well as some of her earlier work including , `` I Feel It All '' . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Feist discography Monarch ( 1999 ) Let It Die ( 2004 ) The Reminder ( 2007 ) Metals ( 2011 ) Pleasure ( 2017 ) Filmography ( edit ) List of television and films credits Year Title Role Notes 2007 Departures Herself Is in the process of filming the video for `` My Moon My Man '' ; does not speak 2007 Saturday Night Live Herself `` Brian Williams / Feist '' ( Season 33 , Episode 4 ) 2008 Sesame Street Herself `` The Golden Triangle of Destiny '' ( Season 39 , Episode 1 ) 2008 A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! Angel / Herself 2009 The Musical Brain Herself Documentary 2009 In the Corner . Herself Documentary 2009 Burning Ice Herself Documentary 2009 Love Shines Herself Documentary 2009 The Water The Mother Ivory Tower Unknown Look at What The Light Did Now Herself 2011 The Muppets Smalltown Resident Performs `` Life 's A Happy Song '' with Jason Segel , Amy Adams , `` Walter '' ( Peter Linz ) , and Mickey Rooney 2017 Legion Soundtrack `` The Undiscovered First '' ( Season 1 , Episode 4 ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Feist See also ( edit ) Music of Canada portal Music of Canada Canadian rock List of Canadian musicians List of bands from Canada Category : Canadian musical groups Mononymous persons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Costa , Maddy ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Feist : Review -- Royal Albert Hall , London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 October 2012 ... They are a band in their own right , Mountain Man : Feist leaves them alone to sing one of their own songs and she is almost upstaged , ... Jump up ^ `` A Completely Biased Ranking of the 60 Best Canadian Indie Rock Songs of the 00s Part II '' . Vice , Cam Lindsay Apr 10 2017 Jump up ^ hermesauto ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) . `` The Esplanade 's Mosaic Series returns with Feist , Shugo Tokumaru '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Feist returns to New Zealand for one - off show '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Feist and Mastodon release crossfading interactive new video '' . The Line of Best Fit. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bain , Becky ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` Juno Awards 2012 : Feist , Drake And Justin Bieber Win Big Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Stren , Olivia ( July 2007 ) . `` Dream girl '' . Toronto Life . 41 ( 7 ) : 58 -- 62 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ In an appearance on The Colbert Report on 28 April 2008 , Feist joked that she is a dual citizen and holds a U.S. passport , having been offered American citizenship `` as part of the iPod deal . '' Jump up ^ `` Transcript of episode 4056 of The Colbert Report '' . Nofactzone.net. 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kicking off the 2017 - 18 Taylor Centre Concert Series at MRU '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Citranglo , Christie . `` Broken Social Scene : Back at it again '' . Ithaca Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Feist Inside and Out '' . Toronto Star , April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Feist documentary to be released soon '' . Blogto.com. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Kathryn ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` On my radar : Feist 's cultural highlights '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Everett - Green , Robert ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Grammy girl : Feist '' . The Globe and Mail . pp. R1 , R19 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Feist ( 5 May 2005 ) . `` A Torch Singer with an ancient sound '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Berman , Stuart . This Book is Broken Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Tabassum . `` Feist Delights Interview '' . Exclaim.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Note : reader must define search parameter as `` Feist '' . Jump up ^ `` Feist gets big boost from little iPod '' . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ; `` The Best Top 10 Lists of the Year '' ; `` The 10 Best Songs '' ; Time magazine ; 24 December 2007 ; Page 39 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` ' ' Time ' ' magazine 's Top 10 Songs of 2007 at '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Agrell , Siri ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` Will Feist 's famous number be a monster hit with children ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . p . A1 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` TV '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Women who rock right now : Number 9 '' . spinner.com. 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout of the Year : Feist '' . Spin. 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Of 's & Year 's - End Lists '' . idiomag. 19 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Meagher , John ( 21 December 2007 ) . `` Unforgettable : Feist '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pupo , Mark ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Feist Club '' . enRoute . Air Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` F - ice - t goes to the land of Eist tomorrow '' . 24 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Feist to take a break from music News '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Feist to guest on Wilco album '' . idiomag. 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Social Scene '' . Upfront . Harbourfront Centre . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mazdawg . `` Beck 's Record Club draws Wilco , Feist , and others for Skip Spence remake '' Consequence of Sound `` . Consequenceofsound.net . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` LISTEN : Feist & Friends Cover Velvet Underground '' . SPIN. 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Listen : Feist Covers the Velvet Underground '' . Pitchfork. 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Amy ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Feist announces new album '' , Pitchfork.com . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews of Metals collated by AnyDecentMusic ? '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Feist and Mastodon to Release Split 7 '' . 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arts & Crafts -- A&C Field Trip Festival Featuring Feist And Broken Social Scene GA Tickets on Sale Now Early Bird & VIP Sold Out '' . Arts-crafts.ca . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Look at What The Light Did Now -- Feist '' . Listentofeist.com. 22 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Feist 's Return With Guitar - Driven New Song ' Pleasure ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kate ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Peaches , Feist , Gonzales , Tiga in Indie Flick '' . CHARTattack . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Look at What the Light Did Now -- Feist '' . Listentofeist.com. 3 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leslie Feist . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Feist ( singer ) Official website Feist 's Arts & Crafts artist page Leslie Feist on IMDb Feist 's road to success Feist on Huffington Post -- Metals interview Awards and achievements Preceded by Michael Bublé Juno Award for New Artist of the Year 2005 Succeeded by Daniel Powter Preceded by Nelly Furtado Neil Young Juno Award for Artist of the Year 2008 2012 Succeeded by Sam Roberts Leonard Cohen Feist Studio albums Monarch ( Lay Your Jewelled Head Down ) ( 1999 ) Let It Die ( 2004 ) The Reminder ( 2007 ) Metals ( 2011 ) Pleasure ( 2017 ) Remix albums Open Season Singles `` Mushaboom '' `` One Evening '' `` Inside and Out '' `` Secret Heart '' `` My Moon My Man '' `` 1234 '' `` I Feel It All '' `` How Come You Never Go There '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Broken Social Scene By Divine Right Broken Social Scene Ohad Benchetrit Torquil Campbell Brendan Canning Jason Collett Evan Cranley John Crossingham Kevin Drew Ariel Engle Leslie Feist Sam Goldberg Jr . Emily Haines Marty Kinack Leon Kingstone Lisa Lobsinger Amy Millan David Newfeld Julie Penner Justin Peroff Elizabeth Powell Bill Priddle Charles Spearin Jason Tait Andrew Whiteman Studio albums Feel Good Lost You Forgot It in People Broken Social Scene Forgiveness Rock Record Hug of Thunder Compilations and EPs Live at Radio Aligre FM in Paris Bee Hives EP to Be You and Me Singles `` Stars and Sons / KC Accidental '' `` Cause = Time '' `` Ibi Dreams of Pavement ( A Better Day ) '' `` 7 / 4 ( Shoreline ) '' `` Fire Eye 'd Boy '' `` Forced to Love / All to All '' Featured singles Young Artists for Haiti , `` Wavin ' Flag '' Presents ... Spirit If ... Something for All of Us ... Related articles KC Accidental Metric Stars Feist Apostle of Hustle Do Make Say Think Land of Talk Reverie Sound Revue Cookie Duster The Love Crimes of Gillian Guess This Movie Is Broken Juno Award for Artist of the Year 2000s Shania Twain ( 2003 ) Sam Roberts ( 2004 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé ( 2006 ) Nelly Furtado ( 2007 ) Feist ( 2008 ) Sam Roberts ( 2009 ) 2010s K'naan ( 2010 ) Neil Young ( 2011 ) Feist ( 2012 ) Leonard Cohen ( 2013 ) Serena Ryder ( 2014 ) The Weeknd ( 2015 and 2016 ) Leonard Cohen ( 2017 ) Juno Award for Album of the Year ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000s 2000 : Alanis Morissette -- Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie 2001 : Barenaked Ladies -- Maroon 2002 : Diana Krall -- The Look of Love 2003 : Avril Lavigne -- Let Go 2004 : Sam Roberts -- We Were Born in a Flame 2005 : Billy Talent -- Billy Talent 2006 : Michael Bublé -- It 's Time 2007 : Nelly Furtado -- Loose 2008 : Feist -- The Reminder 2009 : Nickelback -- Dark Horse 2010s 2010 : Michael Bublé -- Crazy Love 2011 : Arcade Fire -- The Suburbs 2012 : Michael Bublé -- Christmas 2013 : Carly Rae Jepsen -- Kiss 2014 : Arcade Fire -- Reflektor 2015 : Leonard Cohen -- Popular Problems 2016 : The Weeknd -- Beauty Behind the Madness 2017 : Leonard Cohen -- You Want It Darker ( 1980 -- 1999 ) BNF : cb145773654 ( data ) GND : 135398843 ISNI : 0000 0000 8005 6004 LCCN : no2004102955 MusicBrainz : f463a056 - ae06 - 445b - bab2 - 449b11482bf2 SUDOC : 086264451 VIAF : 85607504 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feist_(singer)&oldid=845055849 '' Categories : 1976 births 20th - century Canadian singers 21st - century Canadian singers Living people Musicians from Calgary Musicians from Nova Scotia Canadian female guitarists Canadian singer - songwriters Canadian people of American descent Female rock singers Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Artist of the Year winners People from Sackville , New Brunswick People from Cumberland County , Nova Scotia Canadian indie rock musicians Arts & Crafts Productions artists Canadian indie pop musicians Broken Social Scene members Polaris Music Prize winners People from Amherst , Nova Scotia Canadian female pop singers 20th - century Canadian guitarists 21st - century Canadian guitarists Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Adult Alternative Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners 20th - century Canadian drummers 21st - century Canadian drummers 20th - century Canadian pianists 21st - century Canadian pianists Canadian banjoists 20th - century women musicians 21st - century women musicians 21st - century women singers Winners of the Shortlist Music Prize Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 01 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the 4 song on sesame street | [
"Feist performed an alternate version of \"1234\" on Sesame Street during its 39th season (2008), teaching children to count to the number four.[24] She said working with the Muppets was a career highlight.[25]"
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"Feist"
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3360205905051681844 | List of Real Madrid C.F. records and statistics | List of Real Madrid CF Records and statistics - wikipedia List of Real Madrid CF Records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cristiano Ronaldo , pictured here in September 2011 , is Real Madrid 's all - time leading goalscorer with 420 goals in all competitions . Real Madrid C.F. is a Spanish professional association football club based in Madrid . The club was formed in 1902 as Madrid Football ' Club , and played its first competitive match on May 13 , 1902 , when it entered the semi-final of the Campeonato de Copa de S.M. Alfonso XIII. Real Madrid currently plays in the Spanish La Liga. Real Madrid was one of the founding members of La Liga in 1929 , and is one of three clubs , including FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , never to have been relegated from the league . They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first Spanish club to enter the European Cup in 1955 , except for the 1977 -- 78 and 1996 -- 97 seasons . This list encompasses the major honours won by Real Madrid and records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Real Madrid players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . The club currently holds the record for the most European Cup / UEFA Champions League triumphs with 12 , and the most La Liga titles with 33 . Also Real Madrid is the most successful club in international titles with 24 more than any team in the world . The club 's record appearance maker is Raúl , who made 741 appearances from 1994 to 2010 ; the club 's record goalscorer is Cristiano Ronaldo , who has 420 goals in all competitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players 1.1 Appearances 1.1. 1 Others 1.2 Goalscorers 1.2. 1 By competition 1.2. 2 In a single season 1.2. 3 In a single match 1.2. 4 Others 1.2. 5 Historical goals 1.3 Internationals 1.4 Award winners 1.5 Transfers 1.5. 1 Highest transfer fees paid 1.5. 2 Highest transfer fees received 2 Managerial records 3 Team records 3.1 Matches 3.1. 1 Record wins 3.1. 2 Record defeats 3.1. 3 Streaks 3.2 Wins / draws / losses in a season 3.3 Goals 3.4 Points 4 Season - by - season performance 5 Footnotes 6 References Players ( edit ) See also : List of Real Madrid C.F. players Appearances ( edit ) Competitive , professional matches only . Bold indicates player is still active at club level . As of 14 December 2017 Name Years League Cup Europe Other Total Raúl 1994 -- 2010 550 37 132 22 741 Iker Casillas 1999 -- 2015 510 40 152 23 725 Manuel Sanchís 1983 -- 2001 523 67 100 20 710 Carlos Santillana 1971 -- 1988 461 84 87 13 645 5 Fernando Hierro 1989 -- 2003 439 43 103 16 601 5 Francisco Gento 1953 -- 1971 428 74 95 601 7 José Camacho 1973 -- 1989 414 61 90 12 577 8 Pirri 1964 -- 1980 417 67 75 561 9 Míchel 1981 -- 1996 404 53 88 14 559 10 Sergio Ramos 2005 -- present 377 51 108 7 543 Others ( edit ) Player with most major trophies with Real Madrid : 23 Francisco Gento Youngest first - team player : 7003600100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 157 days -- Martin Ødegaard v Getafe CF , 2014 -- 15 La Liga , 23 May 2015 Oldest post-Second World War player : 7004141130000000000 ♠ 38 years , 233 days -- Ferenc Puskás v Sevilla , 1965 -- 66 La Liga , 21 November 1965 Most appearances in La Liga : 550 -- Raúl Most appearances in Copa del Rey : 84 -- Carlos Santillana Most appearances in Copa de la Liga : 12 Carlos Santillana Ricardo Gallego Most appearances in Supercopa de España : 12 Raúl Iker Casillas Sergio Ramos Most appearances in International competitions : 162 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in UEFA Club competitions : 157 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in European competitions : 155 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in UEFA Champions League : 152 -- Iker Casillas Most appearances in UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 16 -- Gregorio Benito Most appearances in UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League : 44 Míchel Most appearances in UEFA Super Cup : 3 Raúl González Roberto Carlos Iker Casillas Dani Carvajal Sergio Ramos Karim Benzema Luka Modrić Marcelo Isco Most appearances in Intercontinental Cup : 3 Pachín Fernando Hierro Raúl González Roberto Carlos Most appearances in FIFA Club World Cup : 6 Cristiano Ronaldo Marcelo Karim Benzema Raphaël Varane Most appearances as a foreign player in all competitions : 527 -- Roberto Carlos Most appearances as a foreign player in La Liga : 370 -- Roberto Carlos Most consecutive League appearances : 171 -- Alfredo Di Stéfano -- from September 27 , 1953 at February 22 , 1959 is 7003197400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 148 days Includes all European club competitive competitions , Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Includes all European club competitive competitions and Intercontinental Cup . Includes European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup . Goalscorers ( edit ) Competitive , professional matches only . Appearances , including substitutes , appear in brackets . As of 22 November 2017 # Name Years League Cup Europe Other Total Ratio Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- present 289 ! 289 ( 277 ) 022 ! 22 ( 30 ) 099 ! 99 ( 94 ) 012 ! 12 ( 15 ) 999 ! 422 ( 416 ) 1.01 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 228 ! 228 ( 550 ) 018 ! 18 ( 37 ) 066 ! 66 ( 132 ) 011 ! 11 ( 22 ) 323 ! 323 ( 741 ) 0.44 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953 -- 1964 216 ! 216 ( 282 ) 040 ! 40 ( 50 ) 049 ! 49 ( 58 ) 003 ! 3 ( 6 ) 308 ! 308 ( 396 ) 0.78 Carlos Santillana 1971 -- 1988 186 ! 186 ( 461 ) 049 ! 49 ( 84 ) 047 ! 47 ( 87 ) 007 ! 8 ( 13 ) 290 ! 290 ( 645 ) 0.45 5 Ferenc Puskás 1958 -- 1966 156 ! 156 ( 180 ) 049 ! 49 ( 41 ) 035 ! 35 ( 39 ) 002 ! 2 ( 2 ) 240 ! 242 ( 262 ) 0.92 6 Hugo Sánchez 1985 -- 1992 164 ! 164 ( 207 ) 019 ! 19 ( 32 ) 023 ! 23 ( 39 ) 002 ! 2 ( 4 ) 208 ! 208 ( 282 ) 0.74 7 Karim Benzema 2009 -- present 123 ! 123 ( 253 ) 015 ! 15 ( 33 ) 041 ! 41 ( 78 ) 005 ! 5 ( 15 ) 185 ! 185 ( 384 ) 0.48 8 Francisco Gento 1952 -- 1970 126 ! 126 ( 428 ) 022 ! 22 ( 74 ) 030 ! 30 ( 95 ) 004 ! 4 ( 4 ) 182 ! 182 ( 601 ) 0.3 9 Pirri 1964 -- 1979 123 ! 123 ( 417 ) 025 ! 25 ( 67 ) 023 ! 23 ( 75 ) 001 ! 1 ( 2 ) 172 ! 172 ( 561 ) 0.31 10 Emilio Butragueño 1983 -- 1995 123 ! 123 ( 341 ) 016 ! 16 ( 39 ) 027 ! 27 ( 75 ) 005 ! 5 ( 8 ) 171 ! 171 ( 463 ) 0.37 By competition ( edit ) Most goals scored in all competitions : 422 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in La Liga : 289 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in Copa del Rey : 49 Ferenc Puskás , 1958 -- 1966 Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in Copa de la Liga : 7 -- Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in Supercopa de España : 7 -- Raúl González , 1994 -- 2010 Most goals scored in International competitions : 107 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in European competitions : 101 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in European Cup : 49 -- Alfredo Di Stéfano , 1953 -- 1964 Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League : 99 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 11 -- Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League : 15 -- Carlos Santillana , 1971 -- 1988 Most goals scored in UEFA Super Cup : 2 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Most goals scored in Intercontinental Cup : 2 -- Ferenc Puskás , 1958 -- 1966 Most goals scored in FIFA Club World Cup : 6 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- present Includes all European club competitive competitions , Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Includes European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup . In a single season ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season in all competitions : 61 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2014 -- 15 Most goals scored in a single La Liga season : 48 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2014 -- 15 Most goals scored in a single Copa del Rey season : 15 -- Ferenc Puskás , 1960 -- 61 Most goals scored in a single Copa de la Liga season : 4 -- Carlos Santillana , 1982 -- 83 Most goals scored in a single European Cup season : 12 -- Ferenc Puskás , 1959 -- 60 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League season : 17 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2013 -- 14 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League group stage : 11 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2015 -- 16 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League knockout stage : 10 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2016 -- 17 Most goals scored in a single UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup season : 8 -- Carlos Santillana , 1982 -- 83 In a single match ( edit ) Most goals scored in a League match : 5 Manuel Alday v Espanyol , 28 February 1943 Antonio Alsúa v Castellón , 2 February 1947 Miguel Muñoz v Lleida , 30 January 1951 Pepillo v Elche , 7 February 1960 Ferenc Puskás v Elche , 22 January 1961 Fernando Morientes v Las Palmas , 9 February 2002 Cristiano Ronaldo v Granada , 5 April 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo v Espanyol , 12 September 2015 Most goals scored in a Copa del Rey match : 6 Benguría v Extremeño , 6 March 1927 Ferenc Puskás v Real Betis , 18 June 1961 Most goals scored in a Copa de la Liga match : 3 Carlos Santillana v Real Zaragoza , 22 June 1983 Most goals scored in a Supercopa de España match : 3 Raúl González v Zaragoza , 2001 Supercopa de España , 22 August 2001 Most goals scored in a European Cup match : 4 Ferenc Puskás , v Eintracht Frankfurt , Final 1959 -- 60 , and v Feyenoord , Preliminary round 1965 -- 66 Alfredo Di Stéfano , v Sevilla , Quarter - final 1957 -- 58 , and v Wiener Sport - Club , Quarter - final 1958 -- 59 Hugo Sánchez v Swarovski Tirol , Second round 1990 -- 91 Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League match : 4 Cristiano Ronaldo v Malmö , Group Stage 2015 - 16 Most goals scored in a UEFA Super Cup match : 2 Cristiano Ronaldo v Sevilla , 2014 UEFA Super Cup , 12 August 2014 Most goals scored in an Intercontinental Cup match : 2 Ferenc Puskás v Peñarol , 1960 Intercontinental Cup , 4 September 1960 Most goals scored in a FIFA Club World Cup match : 3 Cristiano Ronaldo v Kashima Antlers , 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final , 18 December 2016 Others ( edit ) Youngest goalscorer : 7003632300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 114 days -- Alberto Rivera v Celta de Vigo , 1994 -- 95 La Liga , 10 June 1995 Oldest post-Second World War goalscorer : -- 7004141130000000000 ♠ 38 years , 233 days Ferenc Puskás v Sevilla FC , 1965 -- 66 La Liga , 21 November 1965 Most goals scored in European Cup Finals : 7 Ferenc Puskás , four in 1960 and three in 1962 . Alfredo Di Stéfano , one in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 and three in 1960 Fastest goal : 12 seconds -- Iván Zamorano v Sevilla FC , 1994 -- 95 La Liga , 3 September 1994 14 seconds -- Ronaldo v Atlético Madrid , 2003 -- 04 La Liga , 3 December 2003 Fastest hat - trick : 8 minutes Pepillo II v Real Sociedad , 1959 -- 60 La Liga , 10 April 1960 . Cristiano Ronaldo v Granada , 2014 -- 15 La Liga , 5 April 2015 Fastest four goals : 20 minutes -- Cristiano Ronaldo v Malmö FF , 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League , 8 December 2015 Fastest five goals : 39 minutes -- Pepillo II v Elche CF , 1959 -- 60 La Liga , 7 February 1960 . Most hat - tricks in all competitions : 42 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- Present Most hat - tricks in La Liga : 32 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2009 -- Present Most hat - tricks in a single season : 8 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , 2014 -- 15 ( All in La Liga -- once with four goals and once with five goals -- ) . Historical goals ( edit ) Goal Name Date Match 1st ever Arthur Johnson 13 May 1902 Barcelona 3 -- Real Madrid 1 1st in La Liga Jaime Lazcano 10 February 1929 Real Madrid 5 -- Europa 0 1st in European Cup Miguel Muñoz 8 September 1955 Servette 0 -- Real Madrid 2 1000th in La Liga Pahiño 5 November 1950 Athletic 2 -- Real Madrid 5 1000th in European Competition Karim Benzema 16 September 2014 Real Madrid 5 -- FC Basel 1 2000th in La Liga Francisco Gento 9 November 1963 Real Madrid 3 -- Pontevedra 1 3000th in La Liga Juanito 20 January 1982 Salamanca 1 -- Real Madrid 3 4000th in La Liga Iván Zamorano 22 December 1994 Valladolid 0 -- Real Madrid 5 5000th in La Liga Guti 14 September 2008 Real Madrid 4 -- Numancia 3 Internationals ( edit ) First international for Spain : Juan Monjardín , Spain v Portugal ( 17 December 1922 ) Most international caps ( total ) : 167 -- Iker Casillas , Spain Most international caps as a Real Madrid player : 162 -- Iker Casillas , Spain Most international goals ( total ) : 84 -- Ferenc Puskás , Hungary Most international goals as a Real Madrid player : 46 -- Cristiano Ronaldo , Portugal Award Winners ( edit ) Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 , 2016 -- ) The following players have won the Ballon d'Or while playing for Real Madrid : Alfredo Di Stéfano -- 1957 , 1959 Raymond Kopa -- 1958 Luís Figo -- 2000 Ronaldo -- 2002 Fabio Cannavaro -- 2006 Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year The following players have won the FIFA World Player of the Year award while playing for Real Madrid : Luís Figo -- 2001 Ronaldo -- 2002 Zinedine Zidane -- 2003 Fabio Cannavaro -- 2006 , FIFA Ballon d'Or The following players have won the FIFA Ballon d'Or while playing for Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2013 , 2014 The Best FIFA Men 's Player The following players have won the Best FIFA Men 's Player while playing for Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2016 , 2017 European Golden Shoe The following players have won the European Golden Shoe while playing for Real Madrid : Hugo Sánchez -- 1990 ( 38 goals ) Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2011 ( 40 goals ) , 2014 ( 31 goals ) and 2015 ( 49 goals ) UEFA Club Footballer of the Year The following players have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award while playing for Real Madrid : Fernando Redondo -- 2000 Zinedine Zidane -- 2002 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award The following players have won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award while playing for Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 - 18 Transfers ( edit ) Highest transfer fees paid ( edit ) Gareth Bale , signed in September 2013 from Tottenham Hotspur F.C. for £ 85.3 million , became Real Madrid 's most expensive purchase . Real Madrid 's record signings are Gareth Bale and Cristiano Ronaldo . Bale , who signed for the club from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee which according to media reports is £ 85.3 million in September 2013 . Ronaldo , who signed from Manchester United for a fee of £ 80 million in July 2009 . Player From Transfer Fee ( £ millions ) Transfer Fee ( € millions ) Date Ref Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur £ 85.3 € 100 September 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United £ 80 € 94 June 2009 James Rodríguez Monaco £ 63 € 78 July 2014 Kaká Milan £ 56 € 67 June 2009 5 Zinedine Zidane Juventus £ 45 € 77.5 July 2001 6 Luís Figo Barcelona £ 37 € 62 July 2000 7 Ronaldo Inter £ 29 € 46 August 2002 8 Vinícius Júnior Flamengo £ 39.6 € 45 June 2017 9 David Beckham Manchester United £ 24.5 € 37.5 June 2003 10 Arjen Robben Chelsea £ 21 € 36 August 2007 Highest transfer fees received ( edit ) The club 's record sale came on 26 August 2014 , when they sold Ángel Di María to Manchester United for a British record fee of £ 59.7 million . Player To Transfer fee ( £ millions ) Transfer fee ( € millions ) Date Ref Ángel Di María Manchester United £ 59.7 € 75.6 August 2014 Álvaro Morata Chelsea £ 58.5 € 65.5 July 2017 Mesut Özil Arsenal £ 42.4 € 50 September 2013 Robinho Manchester City £ 32.5 € 42 September 2008 5 Gonzalo Higuaín Napoli £ 34.5 € 40 July 2013 6 Nicolas Anelka Paris Saint - Germain £ 22 € 34.5 July 2000 7 Danilo Manchester City £ 26.5 € 30 July 2017 8 Michael Owen Newcastle United £ 17 € 25.5 September 2005 9 Jesé Paris Saint - Germain £ 22.1 € 25 August 2016 10 Clarence Seedorf Inter £ 12 € 25 December 1999 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Real Madrid C.F. managers First full - time manager : Arthur Johnson . Longest - serving manager by time : Miguel Muñoz -- 15 years in two spells from February 1959 to April 1959 and from April 1960 to January 1974 . Longest - serving manager by matches : Miguel Muñoz -- 604 matches . Team records ( edit ) See also : Football records in Spain Matches ( edit ) First competitive match : 1 -- 3 v Barcelona , 1902 Copa de la Coronación , ( Semi-final ) , 13 May 1902 First La Liga match : 5 -- 0 v CE Europa , 1929 La Liga , 10 February 1929 First match at Santiago Bernabéu : 3 -- 1 v Belenenses , 14 December 1947 First competitive match at Santiago Bernabéu : 3 -- 1 v Español , 1947 -- 48 La Liga , 18 December 1947 First Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes match : 3 -- 2 v La Salle , 1952 Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes , 13 July 1952 First Latin Cup match : 2 -- 0 v Belenenses , 1952 Latin Cup , ( Semi-final ) , 22 May 1955 First European Cup match : 2 -- 0 v Servette , 1955 -- 56 European Cup , ( Round 1 - First leg ) , 8 September 1955 First Intercontinental Cup match : 0 -- 0 v Peñarol , 1960 Intercontinental Cup , ( First leg ) , 3 July 1960 First UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup match : 0 -- 0 v Hibernians F.C. , 1970 -- 71 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , ( Round 1 - First leg ) , 17 September 1970 First UEFA Cup match : 2 -- 1 v Basel , 1971 -- 72 UEFA Cup , ( Round 1 - First leg ) , 15 September 1971 First UEFA Champions League match : 0 -- 1 v Ajax , 1995 -- 96 UEFA Champions League , ( Group stage ) , 13 September 1995 First UEFA Super Cup match : 0 -- 1 v Chelsea , 1998 UEFA Super Cup , 28 August 1998 First FIFA Club World Cup match : 3 -- 1 v Al - Nassr , 2000 FIFA Club World Championship , ( Group stage ) , 5 January 2000 Record wins ( edit ) Record League win : 11 -- 2 against Elche ( during the 1959 -- 60 La Liga ) . Record Cup win : 11 -- 1 against Barcelona ( during the 1942 -- 43 Copa del Rey ) . Record European win : 9 -- 0 against B 1913 ( during the 1961 -- 62 European Cup ) . Record home win : 11 -- 2 against Elche ( during the 1959 -- 60 La Liga ) . Record away win : 7 -- 1 against Real Zaragoza ( during the 1987 -- 88 La Liga ) . 8 -- 2 against Deportivo de La Coruña ( during the 2014 -- 15 La Liga ) . Record defeats ( edit ) Record League defeat : 1 -- 8 against Espanyol ( during the 1929 -- 1930 La Liga ) . Record Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Valencia ( during the 1998 -- 99 Copa del Rey ) . Record European defeat : 0 -- 5 against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern ( during the 1981 -- 82 UEFA Cup ) . 0 -- 5 against Milan ( during the 1988 -- 89 European Cup ) . Record home defeat : 0 -- 6 against Athletic Club ( during the 1930 -- 1931 La Liga ) . Record away defeat : 1 -- 8 against Espanyol ( during the 1929 -- 1930 La Liga ) . Barcelona vs Real Madrid 1926 15 - 1 Streaks ( edit ) Longest unbeaten run ( all major competitions ) : 40 matches ( from 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League quarter - finals first leg to day 16 2016 -- 2017 season ) . Longest unbeaten run ( League ) : 121 matches ( from 1956 -- 57 season , to 1964 -- 65 season ) . Longest winning streak ( all major competitions ) : 22 matches ( 2014 -- 15 season ) . Longest winning streak ( League ) : 16 matches ( from day 27 2015 -- 2016 season , to day 4 2016 -- 2017 season ) . Longest winning home streak ( League ) : 31 matches ( from day 36 1987 -- 88 season , to day 28 1988 -- 89 season ) . Longest winning away streak ( League ) : 13 matches ( from day 23 2016 -- 17 season , to day 8 2017 -- 18 season ) . Longest winning streak from first match of season ( League ) : 9 matches ( 1968 -- 69 season ) . Longest drawing streak ( League ) : 4 matches ( from day 23 2006 -- 07 season , to day 26 2006 -- 07 season ) . Longest losing streak ( League ) : 5 matches ( from day 34 2008 -- 09 season , to day 38 2008 -- 09 season ) . Longest streak without a win ( League ) : 9 matches ( 1984 -- 85 season ) . Longest scoring run ( all major competitions ) : 73 matches ( from 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League semi-finals first leg , to day 4 2017 -- 18 season ) . Longest scoring run ( League ) : 54 matches ( from day 27 2015 -- 16 season to day 4 2017 -- 18 season ) . Longest non-scoring run ( League ) : 3 matches ( 2001 -- 02 season ) . Longest streak without conceding a goal ( League ) : 7 matches ( 1997 -- 98 season ) . Longest streak without conceding a goal ( Cup ) : 8 matches ( 2013 -- 14 season ) . Wins / draws / losses in a season ( edit ) Most league wins in a season : 32 in 38 games ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Most league home wins in a season : 18 in 19 games ( during 1987 -- 88 and 2009 -- 10 seasons ) . Most league away wins in a season : 16 in 19 games ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Most league draws in a season : 15 in 34 games ( during the 1978 -- 79 season ) . Most league defeats in a season : 13 in 34 games ( during the 1973 -- 74 season ) . Fewest league wins in a season : 7 in 18 games ( during the 1929 -- 30 season ) . Fewest league draws in a season : 1 in 18 games ( during the 1929 season ) . 1 in 22 games ( during the 1934 -- 35 and 1939 -- 40 season ) . Fewest league defeats in a season : 0 in 18 games ( during the 1931 -- 32 season ) . Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 121 ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Most goals scored in a season in all competitions : 174 ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Season with the best goal difference in a League season : + 89 in 2011 -- 12 season . Fewest league goals scored in a season : 24 ( during the 1930 -- 31 season ) . Most league goals conceded in a season : 71 ( during the 1950 -- 51 season ) . Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 15 ( during the 1931 -- 32 season ) . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 44 matches ( during the 1986 -- 87 season ) . Three points for a win : 100 in 38 matches ( during the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 17 in 18 matches ( during the 1929 -- 30 season ) . Three points for a win : 70 in 42 matches ( during the 1995 -- 96 season ) . Season - by - season performance ( edit ) Main article : List of Real Madrid C.F. seasons Footnotes ( edit ) A . ^ The `` Europe '' column constitutes goals and appearances in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League and UEFA Intertoto Cup . B . ^ The `` Other '' column constitutes goals and appearances in the Supercopa de España , the Copa de la Liga , the UEFA Super Cup , the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Championship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luís Miguel González . `` Pre-history and first official title ( 1900 - 1910 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Xavi one trophy away from becoming most decorated player in Spain '' . Jump up ^ `` Martin Ødegaard becomes youngest debutant in Real Madrid history '' . Inside Spanish Football . 23 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid CF -- Topscorers since 1929 -- 2008 ( Campeonato Nacional de Liga ) '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid Most goals in a season ( Player ) '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Partido Real Madrid - Granada CF '' . lfp.es . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los goles más rápidos de la liga '' . MARCA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Quickfire Ronaldo proves Real hero '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temporada 1959 - 60 '' . Leyendablanca.galeon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the world transfer record '' . BBC Sport. 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Highest Transfer Fees '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT - Football - My Club - M - Man Utd - Ronaldo completes £ 80m Real move '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez : Real Madrid sign Monaco forward '' . 22 July 2014 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kaka completes Real Madrid switch '' . BBC Sport. 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane makes record Real switch '' . BBC Sport. 2001 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Figo 's the Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 2000 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo al Real , ora è vero ( Ronaldo to Real , now it is true ) '' ( in Italian ) . La Gazzetta dello Sport. 31 August 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid sign 16 - year - old Vinícius Júnior from Flamengo for £ 39.6 m '' . Guardian . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham joins Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 2003 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Robben set to complete Real move '' . BBC Sport. 2007 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Di Maria : Man Utd pay British record £ 59.7 m for winger '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Morata is a Blue '' . chelseafc.com. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal sign Real Madrid midfielder for £ 42.4 m '' . BBC Sport. 2013 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Man City beat Chelsea to Robinho '' . BBC Sport. 2008 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuaín : Real Madrid striker completes move to Napoli '' . BBC Sport. 2013 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Anelka to complete £ 22m Paris move '' . BBC Sport. 2000 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City sign Real Madrid defender for £ 26.5 m '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Owen completes move to Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 2005 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jonathan ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Jese Rodriguez seals move to Paris Saint - Germain from Real Madrid '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN / SI -- World Soccer -- Inter Milan signs midfielder Seedorf -- Friday December 24 , 1999 11 : 56 AM . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com ( 24 December 1999 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unbeaten at Home in the League '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid perfect , Barcelona & Atleti net five , Valencia bottom of La Liga '' . espnfc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid beat record with 73 - game scoring streak Real Madrid CF '' . Real Madrid C.F. - Web Oficial . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid record of 100 points a season '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. Culture and lore Yé - yé Quinta del Buitre Galácticos Real , The Movie Goal II : Living the Dream Home stadium Tiro del Pichón Campo de Jorge Juan Campo de O'Donnell Campo de Ciudad Lineal Estadio Chamartín Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium Training ground Ciudad Deportiva Ciudad Real Madrid Academy La Fábrica Real Madrid youth Real Madrid Castilla Real Madrid C ( defunct ) Basketball Real Madrid Baloncesto ( current season ) Real Madrid Baloncesto B Media Real Madrid TV Hala Madrid Rivalries El Clásico El Derbi El Viejo Clásico El Clásico ( basketball ) Discontinued sections Handball Rugby Volleyball Related articles Santiago Bernabéu Trophy Real Madrid Fantasy Manager Real Madrid ( Puerto Rico ) Real Madrid Resort Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Real_Madrid_C.F._records_and_statistics&oldid=817213638 '' Categories : Real Madrid C.F. Spanish football club statistics Real Madrid C.F. - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the highest goal scorer for real madrid | [
"\n\n#\nName\nYears\nLeague[4]\nCup\nEurope[A]\nOther[B]\nTotal\nRatio\n\n\n1\n Cristiano Ronaldo\n2009–present\n289 !289 (277)\n022 !22 (30)\n099 !99 (94)\n012 !12 (15)\n999 !422 (416)\n1.01\n\n\n2\n Raúl\n1994–2010\n228 !228 (550)\n018 !18 (37)\n066 !66 (132)\n011 !11 (22)\n323 !323 (741)\n0.44\n\n\n3\n Alfredo Di Stéfano\n1953–1964\n216 !216 (282)\n040 !40 (50)\n049 !49 (58)\n003 !3 (6)\n308 !308 (396)\n0.78\n\n\n4\n Carlos Santillana\n1971–1988\n186 !186 (461)\n049 !49 (84)\n047 !47 (87)\n007 !8 (13)\n290 !290 (645)\n0.45\n\n\n5\n Ferenc Puskás\n1958–1966\n156 !156 (180)\n049 !49 (41)\n035 !35 (39)\n002 !2 (2)\n240 !242 (262)\n0.92\n\n\n6\n Hugo Sánchez\n1985–1992\n164 !164 (207)\n019 !19 (32)\n023 !23 (39)\n002 !2 (4)\n208 !208 (282)\n0.74\n\n\n7\n Karim Benzema\n2009–present\n123 !123 (253)\n015 !15 (33)\n041 !41 (78)\n005 !5 (15)\n185 !185 (384)\n0.48\n\n\n8\n Francisco Gento\n1952–1970\n126 !126 (428)\n022 !22 (74)\n030 !30 (95)\n004 !4 (4)\n182 !182 (601)\n0.3\n\n\n9\n Pirri\n1964–1979\n123 !123 (417)\n025 !25 (67)\n023 !23 (75)\n001 !1 (2)\n172 !172 (561)\n0.31\n\n\n10\n Emilio Butragueño\n1983–1995\n123 !123 (341)\n016 !16 (39)\n027 !27 (75)\n005 !5 (8)\n171 !171 (463)\n0.37\n\n"
] | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo"
] |
-3672244643788278578 | Pete the Pup | Pete the Pup - wikipedia Pete the Pup Jump to : navigation , search For the Don Marquis character , see Pete the Pup ( archy and mehitabel ) . Pete the Pup Pete the Pup , center , with Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard and Bobby `` Wheezer '' Hutchins in the Our Gang comedy School 's Out , 1930 . First appearance 1927 Last appearance 1938 Portrayed by Pal the Wonder Dog , Lucenay 's Peter , and other dogs Information Nickname ( s ) Petey Species Dog Gender Male Pete the Pup ( original , 1924 -- June 1930 ; second Pete , September 9 , 1929 -- January 28 , 1946 ) was a character in Hal Roach 's Our Gang comedies ( later known as The Little Rascals ) during the 1930s . Otherwise known as `` Pete , the Dog With the Ring Around His Eye '' , or simply `` Petey '' , he was well known for having a circled eye that was added on by Hollywood make - up artist Max Factor and credited as an oddity in Ripley 's Believe It or Not . The original Pete ( sired by `` Tudor 's Black Jack '' ) was an APBT named `` Pal , the Wonder Dog '' , and had a natural ring almost completely around his right eye ; dye was used to finish it off . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Death 3 External links 4 References History ( edit ) Pal the Wonder Dog as Pete , along with Our Gang cast with Director Robert McGowan . When he was about six months old , Pal the Wonder Dog made a cameo appearance in the Harold Lloyd film The Freshman , in 1925 . Pal first started out as `` Tige '' in the Buster Brown series in the 1920s . It was during this time that he acquired the circled eye , and when he was recruited to appear in the Our Gang comedies later that year , Hal Roach simply left it on , creating one of the most recognized dogs in film history . Trainer and owner Lt. Harry Lucenay used one of Pal 's offspring as Pete in the series after Pal was poisoned and died in 1930 . The dog , named Lucenay 's Peter , was bred by A.A. Keller . The second Pete looked very similar to the first Pete but was a mirror image . The circle was on the right eye on the first Pete while it was on the left eye on the second Pete . The second Pete appeared as a puppy on Pups Is Pups and was nearly full - grown on his second appearance , School 's Out . The second Pete 's last Our Gang appearance was The Pooch in 1932 when , in the plot , a dog catcher attempts to kill Pete in a gas chamber but is unsuccessful . So Lucenay 's Peter was the best known . After Lucenay was fired from the Our Gang series in 1932 , he retired Peter to Atlantic City , where he was photographed with children at the Steel Pier . Beginning with Hook and Ladder later in 1932 , an unrelated dog played Pete and until 1938 a few unrelated dogs would play the role , though in less prominent roles than in the early 1930s . In the 1982 cartoon series produced by Hanna - Barbera , he was voiced by Peter Cullen . In the 1994 feature film remake of The Little Rascals , Pete is an American Bulldog , and in the 2014 movie The Little Rascals Save the Day , Pete is a mongrel dog . A parody of Pete appeared breifly in the Bob Hope short Watch the Birdie , produced by competitor , Warner Bros . Death ( edit ) Roach used a number of unrelated dogs to portray Pete in Our Gang until 1938 . Lucenay 's Peter continued on and died of old age on January 28 , 1946 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 16 years / 4 months , two years after the Our Gang series ended . Pete is buried at Los Angeles Pet Memorial Park at Calabasas , Los Angeles County , California , United States . External links ( edit ) Pal the Dog on IMDb Pete the Pup on IMDb Pal the Dog at AllMovie Pete the Pup at AllMovie Pal The Wonder Dog And Pete Pal the wonder dog - online pedigree References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Rick ( 2007 ) . Circus Tricks for Your Dog : 25 Crowd - Pleasers That Will Make Your Dog a Star . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57990 - 816 - 4 . Jump up ^ Commentary by Leonard Maltin , Richard Correll , and Richard W. Bann , from The Harold Lloyd Comedy Collection Giftset , Volume 2 - disc one ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard and Bann , Richard W. ( 1977 , rev. 1992 ) . The Little Rascals : The Life and Times of Our Gang , pp. 281 - 283 . New York : Crown Publishing / Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58325 - 9 Our Gang / Little Rascals Filmography Personnel Films General Spanky ( 1936 ) The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) The Little Rascals Save the Day ( 2014 ) Television The Little Rascals Christmas Special ( 1979 ) The Little Rascals ( 1982 - 1984 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_the_Pup&oldid=836234024 '' Categories : Our Gang Dog actors Fictional dogs 1929 animal births 1946 animal deaths Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the name of the little rascals dog | [
"Pete the Pup (original, 1924 – June 1930; second Pete, September 9, 1929 – January 28, 1946) was a character in Hal Roach's Our Gang comedies (later known as The Little Rascals) during the 1930s. Otherwise known as \"Pete, the Dog With the Ring Around His Eye\", or simply \"Petey\", he was well known for having a circled eye that was added on by Hollywood make-up artist Max Factor[1] and credited as an oddity in Ripley's Believe It or Not. The original Pete (sired by \"Tudor's Black Jack\") was an APBT named \"Pal, the Wonder Dog\", and had a natural ring almost completely around his right eye; dye was used to finish it off."
] | [
"Pete the Pup"
] |
-7524809213557946404 | National Space Research and Development Agency | National space Research and development Agency - wikipedia National space Research and development Agency Jump to : navigation , search The National Space Research and Development Agency ( NASRDA ) is the national space agency of Nigeria . It is a part of the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology and it is overseen by the National Council on Space Science Technology . The Agency based in the Nigerian capital Abuja has a ground receiving station . Nigeria has cooperation in space technology with the United Kingdom , China , Ukraine and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Scope 3 Satellites 4 Future projects 4.1 Satellites 4.2 Satellite build technology 4.3 Satellite launch vehicle and spaceport 4.4 Planetary researches 4.5 Astronauts 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) NASRDA was established on 1 August 2001 after preparation period since in 1998 by Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo and the Nigerian government with a primary objective of establishing a `` fundamental policy for the development of space science and technology '' with an initial budget of $93 million . In May 2006 , the new extended national space program was adopted . Scope ( edit ) The initial scope of the Nigerian Space Programme ( NSP ) to be implemented by the National Space Research and Development Agency ( NASRDA ) should include : The study of basic space science in order to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from the nation 's participation in the space enterprise ; For the attainment of space capabilities , Nigeria 's efforts should focus on research and rigorous education , engineering development , design and manufacture , particularly in the areas of instrumentation , rocketry and small satellites as well as in satellite data acquisition , processing , analysis and management of related software ; The establishment of a national earth observation station for remote sensing and satellite meteorology data acquisition . Such an infrastructure will enhance the indigenous ability to adopt , modify and create new techniques for national resources inventories , monitoring , evaluation and management ; The provision of efficient , reliable and adequate telecommunications services in Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial , commercial and administrative sectors of the economy . The focus areas of the National Space Programme ( NSP ) include : Basic Space Science and Technology to provide the understanding of how the universe works and what its impact is on the world . This will enable us to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from the nation 's participation in the space enterprise . Remote Sensing to help Nigerians understand and manage our environment and natural resources using space - acquired information . This technology will enable us to better understand our land , air and water resources and their associated problems . Satellite Meteorology to study atmospheric and weather sciences using satellite data to facilitate the effective management of our environment . Communication and Information Technology to provide efficient and reliable telecommunications services for Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial , commercial and administrative sectors of the economy . Defence and Security . The Federal Government shall develop a necessary Space Science Technology ( SST ) programme that will address the national needs of Nigeria . For this purpose the government shall establish a Defence Space Command in the Ministry of Defence . The Command shall comprise representatives of the defence , intelligence , security and law enforcement services and report through the Ministry of Defence to the National Space Council . Satellites ( edit ) Five satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into outer space . Early plans to launch a national satellite in 1976 were not executed . The NigeriaSat - 1 was the first Nigerian satellite and built by a United Kingdom - based satellite technology company , Surrey Space Technology Limited ( SSTL ltd ) under the Nigerian government sponsorship for $30 million . The satellite was launched by Kosmos - 3M rocket from Russian Plesetsk spaceport on 27 September 2003 . Nigeriasat - 1 was part of the world - wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System . The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat - 1 were : to give early warning signals of environmental disaster ; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria ; to assist in demographic planning ; to establish the relationship between vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology ; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning ; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders . NigeriaSat - 2 and NigeriaSat - X , Nigeria 's third and fourth satellites , were built as a high - resolution earth satellite by SSTL for DMC system also . It has 2.5 - metre resolution panchromatic ( very high resolution ) , 5 - metre multispectral ( high resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) , and 32 - metre multispectral ( medium resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) antennas . The NigeriaSat - 2 / X spacecraft was built at a cost of over £ 35 million . This satellite was launched into orbit by Ukrainian Dnepr rocket from a Yasny military base in Russia on 17 August 2011 . NigComSat - 1 , a Nigerian satellite ordered and built in China in 2004 , was Nigeria 's second satellite and Africa 's first communication satellite . It was launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency , NASRDA . On 11 November 2008 , NigComSat - 1 failed in orbit after running out of power due to an anomaly in its solar array . It was based on the Chinese DFH - 4 satellite bus , and carries a variety of transponders : 4 C band ; 14 K band ; 8 K band ; and 2 L band . It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa , and the K band transponders would also cover Italy . On 10 November 2008 ( 0900 GMT ) , the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites . According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited , it was put into `` emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs '' . The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008 . On 24 March 2009 , the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology , NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed a further contract for the in - orbit delivery of the NigComSat - 1R satellite . NigComSat - 1R was also a DFH - 4 satellite , and is expected to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2011 as a replacement for the failed NigComSat - 1 . On 19 December 2011 , a new Nigerian communications satellite was launched into orbit by China in Xichang. The satellite according to Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat - 1 which de-orbited in 2009 , would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications , internet services , health , agriculture , environmental protection and national security . NigeriaSat - 1 is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation ( DMC ) design . It has 100 kg mass and carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32 m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km . The payload uses green , red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2 , 3 and 4 . Images are stored in a 1 - gigabyte solid - state data recorder and returned via an 8 - Mbit / s S - band downlink . NigeriaSat - 1 can image scenes as large as 640 x 560 km , providing unparalleled wide - area , medium - resolution data . The data will be used within Nigeria to monitor pollution , land use and other medium - scale phenomena . Launched on 27 September 2003 . NigeriaSat - 2 and NigeriaSat - X with 300 kg mass each - to replace NigeriaSat - 1 , commenced November 6 , 2006 , launched 17 August 2011 . NigComSat - 1 Communications satellite providing rural internet access - launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The satellite was the second Nigerian satellite to be placed into orbit . On 10 November 2008 ( 0900 GMT ) , the satellite was reportedly switched off , because it lost both of its solar arrays . The satellite is a total loss . The satellite was owned and operated by Nigerian Communication Satellite limited , an SPV , incorporated as a state owned enterprise , fully funded and owned by Federal Government of Nigeria . NigComSat Limited is currently being supervised by the Newly created Ministry of communications Technology and regulated by NCC and NBC . NigComSat - 1R - to replace the lost NigComSat - 1 , launched by China on 19 December 2011 with no cost to Nigeria . Future projects ( edit ) Satellites ( edit ) NigComSat - 2 and NigComSat - 3 - more communications satellites to extend Nigerian Communication Satellite ltd capacity , planning to launch in 2012 and 2013 . NigeriaSAT - 1 - dual - aimed military / civil Earth monitoring satellite with synthetic aperture radar , planning to launch in 2015 . Satellite build technology ( edit ) Robert Ajayi Boroffice announced at a public lecture on space technology development that Nigeria will be able to build indigenous satellites in the country without foreign assistance by 2018 . Satellite launch vehicle and spaceport ( edit ) Robert Ajayi Boroffice disclosed also that Nigeria will take advantage of its geographic location to launch into near - equatorial orbit by indigenous developed space launcher from a national spaceport to be built near 2025 - 2028 with possible help from the Ukraine . Planetary researches ( edit ) A Moon planetary probe is planned for launch in 2030 . Astronauts ( edit ) The first Nigerian astronaut is scheduled to launch abroad a foreign spacecraft sometime between 2015 and 2020 . Negotiations with Russia were held in the 2000s for astronaut transportation . Moreover , after Nigerian space partner China launched the Shenzhou rocket in 2011 , China has been planning to take on foreign astronauts . China is seen as a more likely country of choice for flying a Nigerian astronaut to space than Russia given current relations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria has a Satellite in Orbit ! ( NigeriaSat - 1 ) '' . Nairaland . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ NigeriaSat - 2 and NigeriaSat - X Satellites Launched Jump up ^ `` ' Technical problems ' shut down Nigerian satellite '' . AFP . 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nigcomsat - 1 Program -- In - Orbit Delivery Program -- Communications Satellite '' . CGWIC . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria Launches Satellite In China '' . African Spotlight . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ISC Kosmotras starts preparations for new launch campaign '' . ISC Kosmotras. 2011 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 因 故 失效 的 '' 尼 星 1 号 `` 替代 星 将 于 2011 年 发射 升 空 '' . 新华 网. 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria has joined the space race Others should join too '' . Nature . 456 : 35 . 2008 - 10 - 30 . doi : 10.1038 / twas08. 35a . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . GlobalSecurity.org article NigeriaSat - 1 information NigeriaSat - 2 information NigeriaSat - 2 signing press release Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program -- Voice of America , 23 May 2006 External links ( edit ) NASRDA Homepage Space research in Africa Space agencies North Africa ASAL ( Algeria ) NARRS ( Egypt ) CRTS ( Morocco ) CNCT ( Tunisia ) Sub-Saharan GSSTC ( Ghana ) NASRDA ( Nigeria ) SANSA ( South Africa ) Initiatives African Space Agency ( ASA ) Kenya Lebanon Uganda Zambia Observatories in Algeria in Lebanon in Namibia in South Africa Astronomy Egyptian astronomy Astronomical Society of Southern Africa See also Timeline of first orbital launches by country Public - sector space agencies Africa ASAL GSSTC NARRS NASRDA SANSA Americas North America CSA AEM NASA AFSPC NRO USSTRATCOM South America CONAE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC Asia East Asia CNSA CALT CAST CCF CGWIC COSTIND JAXA ISAS NAL NASDA NICT USEF NRSC NADA KARI SaTReC NSPO Southeast Asia LAPAN MNSA PAGASA SSTA IN. Genius GISTDA South Asia SPARRSO ISRO Antrix Corp DoS SUPARCO Southwest Asia MAKA IAIO ISA SAHA ISA NCSR GORS TÜBİTAK UZAY UAESA Central Asia KazCosmos TNSA Europe ASA BSA BISA SRTI CSO DTU Space ECSS ESA EUMETSAT EUSC CNES DLR ISARS HSO ASI Luxinnovation SRON NSC CBK ROSA RKA SRI VKO SSP INTA SNSB SSO TÜBİTAK UZAY UKSA SSAU Oceania CSIRO NZSA World APSCO COSPAR IAA INTELSAT Interkosmos Intersputnik UNCOPUOS UNOOSA European Space Agency See also : Timeline of first orbital launches by country Preceded by the Soviet space program Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency&oldid=783439744 '' Categories : Space agencies Satellite operators Science and technology in Nigeria Government agencies of Nigeria Government agencies established in 1998 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Use British English from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 09 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did nigeria launched its first satellite nigeriasat-1 | [
"Five satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into outer space. Early plans to launch a national satellite in 1976 were not executed. The NigeriaSat-1 was the first Nigerian satellite and built by a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) under the Nigerian government sponsorship for $30 million. The satellite was launched by Kosmos-3M rocket from Russian Plesetsk spaceport on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System.[1] The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders."
] | [
"27 September 2003"
] |
-8613969035310364657 | Middle Ages | Middle Ages - wikipedia Middle Ages Jump to : navigation , search This article is about medieval Europe . For a global history of the period between the 5th and 15th centuries , see Post-classical history . For other uses , see Middle Ages ( disambiguation ) . The Cross of Mathilde , a crux gemmata made for Mathilde , Abbess of Essen ( 973 -- 1011 ) , who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque . The figure of Christ is slightly later . Probably made in Cologne or Essen , the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques : cast figurative sculpture , filigree , enamelling , gem polishing and setting , and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems . In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . Population decline , counterurbanisation , invasion , and movement of peoples , which had begun in Late Antiquity , continued in the Early Middle Ages . The large - scale movements of the Migration Period , including various Germanic peoples , formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire . In the seventh century , North Africa and the Middle East -- once part of the Byzantine Empire -- came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate , an Islamic empire , after conquest by Muhammad 's successors . Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures , the break with classical antiquity was not complete . The still - sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power . The empire 's law code , the Corpus Juris Civilis or `` Code of Justinian '' , was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages . In the West , most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions . Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued . The Franks , under the Carolingian dynasty , briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century . It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions -- Vikings from the north , Hungarians from the east , and Saracens from the south . During the High Middle Ages , which began after 1000 , the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase . Manorialism , the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles , and feudalism , the political structure whereby knights and lower - status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors , were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages . The Crusades , first preached in 1095 , were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims . Kings became the heads of centralised nation states , reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant . Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism , a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason , and by the founding of universities . The theology of Thomas Aquinas , the paintings of Giotto , the poetry of Dante and Chaucer , the travels of Marco Polo , and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages . The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine , plague , and war , which significantly diminished the population of Europe ; between 1347 and 1350 , the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans . Controversy , heresy , and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict , civil strife , and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms . Cultural and technological developments transformed European society , concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology and periodisation 2 Later Roman Empire 3 Early Middle Ages 3.1 New societies 3.2 Byzantine survival 3.3 Western society 3.4 Rise of Islam 3.5 Trade and economy 3.6 Church and monasticism 3.7 Carolingian Europe 3.8 Carolingian Renaissance 3.9 Breakup of the Carolingian Empire 3.10 New kingdoms and Byzantine revival 3.11 Art and architecture 3.12 Military and technological developments 4 High Middle Ages 4.1 Society and economic life 4.2 Rise of state power 4.3 Crusades 4.4 Intellectual life 4.5 Technology and military 4.6 Architecture , art , and music 4.7 Church life 5 Late Middle Ages 5.1 War , famine , and plague 5.2 Society and economy 5.3 State resurgence 5.4 Collapse of Byzantium 5.5 Controversy within the Church 5.6 Scholars , intellectuals , and exploration 5.7 Technological and military developments 5.8 Late medieval art and architecture 6 Modern perceptions 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology and periodisation ( edit ) The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation , or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages ; and the Modern Period . Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the `` Six Ages '' or the `` Four Empires '' , and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world . When referring to their own times , they spoke of them as being `` modern '' . In the 1330s , the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua ( or `` ancient '' ) and to the Christian period as nova ( or `` new '' ) . Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People ( 1442 ) . Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch 's time , and therefore added a third period to Petrarch 's two . The `` Middle Ages '' first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or `` middle season '' . In early usage , there were many variants , including medium aevum , or `` middle age '' , first recorded in 1604 , and media saecula , or `` middle ages '' , first recorded in 1625 . The alternative term `` medieval '' ( or occasionally `` mediaeval '' or `` mediæval '' ) derives from medium aevum . Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th - century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods : Ancient , Medieval , and Modern . The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476 , first used by Bruni . For Europe as a whole , 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages , but there is no universally agreed upon end date . Depending on the context , events such as Christopher Columbus 's first voyage to the Americas in 1492 , the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 , or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used . English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period . For Spain , dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516 , the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504 , or the conquest of Granada in 1492 . Historians from Romance - speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts : an earlier `` High '' and later `` Low '' period . English - speaking historians , following their German counterparts , generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals : `` Early '' , `` High '' , and `` Late '' . In the 19th century , the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the `` Dark Ages '' , but with the adoption of these subdivisions , use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages , at least among historians . Later Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Late Antiquity , Roman Empire , Fall of the Western Roman Empire , and Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties A late Roman sculpture depicting the four Tetrarchs , now in Venice The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the second century AD ; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories . Economic issues , including inflation , and external pressure on the frontiers combined to create the Crisis of the Third Century , with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers . Military expenses increased steadily during the third century , mainly in response to the war with the Sasanian Empire , which revived in the middle of the third century . The army doubled in size , and cavalry and smaller units replaced the Roman legion as the main tactical unit . The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial , or landowning , class , and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns . More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army , which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax - collectors in the empire than tax - payers . The Emperor Diocletian ( r . 284 -- 305 ) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286 ; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers , as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other . In 330 , after a period of civil war , Constantine the Great ( r . 306 -- 337 ) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital , Constantinople . Diocletian 's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy , reformed taxation , and strengthened the army , which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing : excessive taxation , a declining birthrate , and pressures on its frontiers , among others . Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century , diverting soldiers from the empire 's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach . For much of the 4th century , Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period , with a widening gulf between the rich and poor , and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns . Another change was the Christianisation , or conversion of the empire to Christianity , a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries . Map of the approximate political boundaries in Europe around 450 In 376 , the Goths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens ( r . 364 -- 378 ) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans . The settlement did not go smoothly , and when Roman officials mishandled the situation , the Goths began to raid and plunder . Valens , attempting to put down the disorder , was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378 . As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north , internal divisions within the empire , especially within the Christian Church , caused problems . In 400 , the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and , although briefly forced back from Italy , in 410 sacked the city of Rome . In 406 the Alans , Vandals , and Suevi crossed into Gaul ; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern - day Spain . The Migration Period began , when various peoples , initially largely Germanic peoples , moved across Europe . The Franks , Alemanni , and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes settled in Britain , and the Vandals went on to cross the strait of Gibraltar after which they conquered the province of Africa . In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire ; their king Attila ( r . 434 -- 453 ) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447 , Gaul in 451 , and Italy in 452 . The Hunnic threat remained until Attila 's death in 453 , when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart . These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire . By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units , ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century . The deposition of the last emperor of the west , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire . By 493 the Italian peninsula was conquered by the Ostrogoths . The Eastern Roman Empire , often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart , had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories . The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory , but while none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west , Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained ; the reconquest of the Mediterranean periphery and the Italian Peninsula ( Gothic War ) in the reign of Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) was the sole , and temporary , exception . Early Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Early Middle Ages New societies ( edit ) Main articles : Migration Period and fall of the Western Roman Empire The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire . Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as `` invasions '' , they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire . Such movements were aided by the refusal of the Western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration . The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho ( d . 408 ) , Aetius ( d . 454 ) , Aspar ( d . 471 ) , Ricimer ( d . 472 ) , or Gundobad ( d . 516 ) , who were partly or fully of non-Roman background . When the line of Western emperors ceased , many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background . Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common . This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes , including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state . Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar , and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects . Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions . An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities . Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes , instead relying on granting them land or rents . This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed . Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms . Slavery declined as the supply weakened , and society became more rural . A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great , struck in Milan , circa AD 491 -- 501 Between the 5th and 8th centuries , new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government . The Ostrogoths , a Gothic tribe , settled in Roman Italy in the late fifth century under Theoderic the Great ( d . 526 ) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths , at least until the last years of Theodoric 's reign . The Burgundians settled in Gaul , and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s . Between today 's Geneva and Lyon , it grew to become the realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries . Elsewhere in Gaul , the Franks and Celtic Britons set up small polities . Francia was centred in northern Gaul , and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric I ( d . 481 ) . His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods , which included weapons and a large quantity of gold . Under Childeric 's son Clovis I ( r . 509 -- 511 ) , the founder of the Merovingian dynasty , the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity . The Britons , related to the natives of Britannia -- modern - day Great Britain -- settled in what is now Brittany . Other monarchies were established by the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula , the Suebi in northwestern Iberia , and the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa . In the sixth century , the Lombards settled in Northern Italy , replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all . By the late sixth century , this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy , the Kingdom of the Lombards . The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe , although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others . In Gaul for instance , the invaders settled much more extensively in the north - east than in the south - west . Slavs settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula . The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages . The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on , but distinct from , Latin , collectively known as Romance languages . These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries . Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire , but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavic languages to Eastern Europe . Byzantine survival ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna , bodyguards , and courtiers . As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms , the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century . There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire ; most occurred in the Balkans . Peace with the Sasanian Empire , the traditional enemy of Rome , lasted throughout most of the 5th century . The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church , with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe . Legal developments included the codification of Roman law ; the first effort -- the Codex Theodosianus -- was completed in 438 . Under Emperor Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) , another compilation took place -- the Corpus Juris Civilis . Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths , under Belisarius ( d . 565 ) . The conquest of Italy was not complete , as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian 's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests . At the Emperor 's death , the Byzantines had control of most of Italy , North Africa , and a small foothold in southern Spain . Justinian 's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the early Muslim conquests , but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian 's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire , which made raising troops difficult . In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian 's successors . It began gradually , but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium , and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551 . In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube ; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the Eastern emperors to pay tribute . They remained a strong power until 796 . An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice ( r . 582 -- 602 ) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute . This led to a period of peace , but when Maurice was overthrown , the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) controlled large chunks of the empire , including Egypt , Syria , and Anatolia until Heraclius ' successful counterattack . In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories . Western society ( edit ) See also : Early medieval European dress and Medieval cuisine In Western Europe , some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with ecclesiastical than secular affairs . Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared , and while literacy remained important , it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status . In the 4th century , Jerome ( d . 420 ) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible . By the 6th century , Gregory of Tours ( d . 594 ) had a similar dream , but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero , he was chastised for learning shorthand . By the late 6th century , the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book . Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship , but some original works were created , along with now - lost oral compositions . The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris ( d . 489 ) , Cassiodorus ( d. c. 585 ) , and Boethius ( d.c. 525 ) were typical of the age . Changes also took place among laymen , as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits . Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold . Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces . Family ties within the elites were important , as were the virtues of loyalty , courage , and honour . These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society , examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul . Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation . Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men , with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul . In Anglo - Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers , but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries . Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative . Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility . Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology ; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century . Most of the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes . Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform ; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns , but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm . These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies , some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy . Land settlement also varied greatly . Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants . Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside . There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems . Unlike in the late Roman period , there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat , and it was possible for a free peasant 's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord . Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages . Although Italian cities remained inhabited , they contracted significantly in size . Rome , for instance , shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century . Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use . In Northern Europe , cities also shrank , while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials . The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals . Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities , the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity . Officially they were tolerated , if subject to conversion efforts , and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas . Rise of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Early Muslim conquests The early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries . Judaism was an active proselytising faith , and at least one Arab political leader converted to it . Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians ' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts , especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula . All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad ( d . 632 ) . After his death , Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia , starting with Syria in 634 -- 635 and reaching Egypt in 640 -- 641 , Persia between 637 and 642 , North Africa in the later seventh century , and the Iberian Peninsula in 711 . By 714 , Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al - Andalus . The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century . The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks , but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate . The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe , losing control of sections of the Muslim lands . Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula , the Aghlabids controlled North Africa , and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt . By the middle of the 8th century , new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean ; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy . Franks traded timber , furs , swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics , spices , and precious metals from the Arabs . Trade and economy ( edit ) Main article : Medieval economic history The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean . African goods stopped being imported into Europe , first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples . By the end of the 7th century , under the impact of the Muslim conquests , African products were no longer found in Western Europe . The replacement of goods from long - range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages . This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean , such as northern Gaul or Britain . Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods . In the northern parts of Europe , not only were the trade networks local , but the goods carried were simple , with little pottery or other complex products . Around the Mediterranean , pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium - range networks , not just produced locally . The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms . Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century , when it was replaced by silver coins . The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier , while the Anglo - Saxon version was called a penny . From these areas , the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000 . Copper or bronze coins were not struck , nor were gold except in Southern Europe . No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted . Church and monasticism ( edit ) An 11th - century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests , but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas . Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language , practices , and liturgy from the Western Church . The Eastern Church used Greek instead of the Western Latin . Theological and political differences emerged , and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm , clerical marriage , and state control of the Church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities . The formal break , known as the East -- West Schism , came in 1054 , when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other , which led to the division of Christianity into two Churches -- the Western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern branch the Eastern Orthodox Church . The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact , but the papacy was little regarded , and few of the Western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership . Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and Eastern theological controversies . The register , or archived copies of the letters , of Pope Gregory the Great ( pope 590 -- 604 ) survived , and of those more than 850 letters , the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople . The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain , where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo - Saxons to Christianity . Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries , going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent . Under such monks as Columba ( d . 597 ) and Columbanus ( d . 615 ) , they founded monasteries , taught in Latin and Greek , and authored secular and religious works . The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West . The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria . Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life , called cenobitism , which was pioneered by Pachomius ( d . 348 ) in the 4th century . Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony . Benedict of Nursia ( d . 547 ) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century , detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot . Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages , in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families , centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions , and bases for missions and proselytisation . They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region . Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages . Monks were also the authors of new works , including history , theology , and other subjects , written by authors such as Bede ( d . 735 ) , a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries . Carolingian Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Francia and Carolingian Empire Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814 The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries , all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , who were descended from Clovis . The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria . Such warfare was exploited by Pippin ( d . 640 ) , the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne . Later members of his family inherited the office , acting as advisers and regents . One of his descendants , Charles Martel ( d . 741 ) , won the Battle of Poitiers in 732 , halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees . Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria , Mercia , Wessex , and East Anglia , which were descended from the Anglo - Saxon invaders . Smaller kingdoms in present - day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts . Ireland was divided into even smaller political units , usually known as tribal kingdoms , under the control of kings . There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland , of varying importance . The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known , officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III ( r . 752 -- 768 ) . A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought , and gained , authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II ( pope 752 -- 757 ) . Pippin 's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers , exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel , and circulated stories of the family 's great piety . At the time of his death in 768 , Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons , Charles ( r . 768 -- 814 ) and Carloman ( r . 768 -- 771 ) . When Carloman died of natural causes , Charles blocked the succession of Carloman 's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria . Charles , more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne , embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe , eventually controlling modern - day France , northern Italy , and Saxony . In the wars that lasted beyond 800 , he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land . In 774 , Charlemagne conquered the Lombards , which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States . Charlemagne 's palace chapel at Aachen , completed in 805 The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history , marking a return of the Western Roman Empire , since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the Western emperors . It also marks a change in Charlemagne 's relationship with the Byzantine Empire , as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state . There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire . The Frankish lands were rural in character , with only a few small cities . Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms . Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia , in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean . The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor , as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts , who administered the counties the empire had been divided into . Clergy and local bishops served as officials , as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici , who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters . Carolingian Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne 's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the `` Carolingian Renaissance '' . Literacy increased , as did development in the arts , architecture and jurisprudence , as well as liturgical and scriptural studies . The English monk Alcuin ( d . 804 ) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria . Charlemagne 's chancery -- or writing office -- made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule , allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe . Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy , imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains , as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches . An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying , correcting , and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics , with the aim of encouraging learning . New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced . Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language , changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the Church and government . By the reign of Charlemagne , the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin . Breakup of the Carolingian Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Holy Roman Empire and Viking Age Territorial divisions of the Carolingian Empire in 843 , 855 , and 870 Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs , but was unable to do so as only one son , Louis the Pious ( r . 814 -- 840 ) , was still alive by 813 . Just before Charlemagne died in 814 , he crowned Louis as his successor . Louis 's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and , after 829 , civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire . Eventually , Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I ( d . 855 ) as emperor and gave him Italy . Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald ( d . 877 ) , his youngest son . Lothair took East Francia , comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards , leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps . Louis the German ( d . 876 ) , the middle child , who had been rebellious to the last , was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother . The division was disputed . Pepin II of Aquitaine ( d. after 864 ) , the emperor 's grandson , rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine , while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia . Louis the Pious died in 840 , with the empire still in chaos . A three - year civil war followed his death . By the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) , a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy , and his imperial title was recognised . Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern - day Germany . Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands , comprising most of modern - day France . Charlemagne 's grandsons and great - grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants , eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost . In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands , with the crowning of Hugh Capet ( r . 987 -- 996 ) as king . In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier , in 911 , with the death of Louis the Child , and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I ( r . 911 -- 918 ) as king . The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions , migrations , and raids by external foes . The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings , who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland . In 911 , the Viking chieftain Rollo ( d.c. 931 ) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple ( r . 898 -- 922 ) to settle in what became Normandy . The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms , especially Germany and Italy , were under continual Magyar assault until the invader 's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 . The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states , some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily , as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms . New kingdoms and Byzantine revival ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty , First Bulgarian Empire , Christianisation of Bulgaria , Kingdom of Germany , Christianisation of Scandinavia , and Christianisation of Kievan Rus ' See also : Byzantine -- Arab wars ( 780 -- 1180 ) and Byzantine -- Bulgarian wars Europe in 814 Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities . In Anglo - Saxon England , King Alfred the Great ( r . 871 -- 899 ) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century , resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria , Mercia , and parts of East Anglia . By the middle of the 10th century , Alfred 's successors had conquered Northumbria , and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain . In northern Britain , Kenneth MacAlpin ( d.c. 860 ) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba . In the early 10th century , the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and was engaged in driving back the Magyars . Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I ( r . 936 -- 973 ) as Holy Roman Emperor . In 972 , he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire , which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II ( r . 967 -- 983 ) to Theophanu ( d . 991 ) , daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II ( r . 959 -- 963 ) . By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability ; Otto III ( r . 996 -- 1002 ) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom . The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented , and although kings remained nominally in charge , much of the political power devolved to the local lords . Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden , Denmark , and Norway , which gained power and territory . Some kings converted to Christianity , although not all by 1000 . Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe . Besides the settlements in Ireland , England , and Normandy , further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland . Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe , and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907 . Christian Spain , initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north , expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries , establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León . 10th - century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I In Eastern Europe , Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I ( r . 867 -- 886 ) and his successors Leo VI ( r . 886 -- 912 ) and Constantine VII ( r . 913 -- 959 ) , members of the Macedonian dynasty . Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces . The military was reorganised , which allowed the emperors John I ( r . 969 -- 976 ) and Basil II ( r . 976 -- 1025 ) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts . The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning , a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance . Writers such as John Geometres ( fl . early 10th century ) composed new hymns , poems , and other works . Missionary efforts by both Eastern and Western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians , Bulgars , Bohemians , Poles , Magyars , and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus ' . These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples -- the states of Moravia , Bulgaria , Bohemia , Poland , Hungary , and the Kievan Rus ' . Bulgaria , which was founded around 680 , at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea . By 1018 , the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire . Art and architecture ( edit ) Main articles : Medieval art and Medieval architecture See also : Migration Period art , Pre-Romanesque art and architecture , and Carolingian art A page from the Book of Kells , an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century , although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries . By the beginning of the 8th century , the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture . One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , or the `` arms '' of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave . Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church , usually at the west end of the building . Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court , and the monasteries and churches they supported . It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art , but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles . Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo - Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book , and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period . Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories , originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down . Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art , but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo - Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory . There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites , including the Irish Tara Brooch . Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers , including the Insular Book of Kells , the Book of Lindisfarne , and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram , which is one of the few to retain its `` treasure binding '' of gold encrusted with jewels . Charlemagne 's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art , and by the end of the period near life - sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches . Military and technological developments ( edit ) During the later Roman Empire , the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops . The creation of heavily armoured cataphract - type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th - century Roman military . The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers -- ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo - Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths , who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies . During the early invasion period , the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare , which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider . The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier , and weaker , Scythian composite bow . Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour . The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period , with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry . The use of militia - type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period . Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted , a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry , rather than true cavalry . One exception was Anglo - Saxon England , where the armies were still composed of regional levies , known as the fyrd , which were led by the local elites . In military technology , one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow , which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages . Another change was the introduction of the stirrup , which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops . A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe , which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain . High Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : High Middle Ages Society and economic life ( edit ) Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society : those who prayed ( the clergy ) those who fought ( the knights ) , and those who worked ( the peasantry ) . The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism . ( Li Livres dou Sante , 13th century ) The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population . The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347 , although the exact causes remain unclear : improved agricultural techniques , the decline of slaveholding , a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested . As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants . Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities , usually known as manors or villages . These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services , in a system known as manorialism . There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond , with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north . The practice of assarting , or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them , also contributed to the expansion of population . Other sections of society included the nobility , clergy , and townsmen . Nobles , both the titled nobility and simple knights , exploited the manors and the peasants , although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism . During the 11th and 12th centuries , these lands , or fiefs , came to be considered hereditary , and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period . Instead , most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son . The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land , its military service as heavy cavalry , control of castles , and various immunities from taxes or other impositions . Castles , initially in wood but later in stone , began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time , and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals . Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords . Nobles were stratified ; kings and the highest - ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land , as well as other nobles . Beneath them , lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people . Knights were the lowest level of nobility ; they controlled but did not own land , and had to serve other nobles . The clergy was divided into two types : the secular clergy , who lived out in the world , and the regular clergy , who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks . Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population , usually less than one per cent . Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility , the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy . The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class . Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position , as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles , clergy , and peasants . During the 12th and 13th centuries , the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded . But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population . 13th - century illustration of a Jew ( in pointed Jewish hat ) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating Jews also spread across Europe during the period . Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries , but Spanish Jews , long settled in Spain under the Muslims , came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity . Most Jews were confined to the cities , as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants . Besides the Jews , there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe -- pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe . Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male , whether their father , husband , or other kinsman . Widows , who were often allowed much control over their own lives , were still restricted legally . Women 's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks . Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household , child - care , as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house . They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home . At harvest - time , they were also expected to help with field - work . Townswomen , like peasant women , were responsible for the household , and could also engage in trade . What trades were open to women varied by country and period . Noblewomen were responsible for running a household , and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives , but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs . The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns , as they were unable to become priests . In central and northern Italy and in Flanders , the rise of towns that were to a degree self - governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations . Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League , and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean . Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period , allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants . In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered , famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders , Marco Polo ( d . 1324 ) . Besides new trading opportunities , agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields , which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand . Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money , and gold coinage was again minted in Europe , first in Italy and later in France and other countries . New forms of commercial contracts emerged , allowing risk to be shared among merchants . Accounting methods improved , partly through the use of double - entry bookkeeping ; letters of credit also appeared , allowing easy transmission of money . Rise of state power ( edit ) Main articles : England in the Middle Ages , France in the Middle Ages , Germany in the Middle Ages , Italy in the Middle Ages , Scotland in the Middle Ages , Spain in the Middle Ages , and Poland in the Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190 The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state . Kings in France , England , and Spain consolidated their power , and set up lasting governing institutions . New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland , after their conversion to Christianity , became Central European powers . The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád ( d.c. 907 ) after a series of invasions in the 9th century . The papacy , long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings , first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world ; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III ( pope 1198 -- 1216 ) . Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north - east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture . During the early High Middle Ages , Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty , which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period . In 1024 , they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV ( r . 1084 -- 1105 ) over Church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy . His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility . A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V ( r . 1111 -- 25 ) , who died without heirs , until Frederick I Barbarossa ( r . 1155 -- 90 ) took the imperial throne . Although he ruled effectively , the basic problems remained , and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century . Barbarossa 's grandson Frederick II ( r . 1220 -- 1250 ) , who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother , clashed repeatedly with the papacy . His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy . He and his successors faced many difficulties , including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century . Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus ' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241 , 1259 , and 1287 . The Bayeux Tapestry ( detail ) showing William the Conqueror ( centre ) , his half - brothers Robert , Count of Mortain ( right ) and Odo , Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy ( left ) Under the Capetian dynasty the French monarchy slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility , growing out of the Île - de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries . They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror ( duke 1035 -- 1087 ) , conquered England ( r . 1066 -- 87 ) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted , in various forms , throughout the rest of the Middle Ages . Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy , when Robert Guiscard ( d . 1085 ) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily . Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II ( r . 1154 -- 89 ) and his son Richard I ( r . 1189 -- 99 ) , the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France , brought to the family by Henry II 's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine ( d . 1204 ) , heiress to much of southern France . Richard 's younger brother John ( r . 1199 -- 1216 ) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) . This led to dissension among the English nobility , while John 's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta , a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England . Under Henry III ( r . 1216 -- 72 ) , John 's son , further concessions were made to the nobility , and royal power was diminished . The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries , bringing more territories within the kingdom under the king 's personal rule and centralising the royal administration . Under Louis IX ( r . 1226 -- 70 ) , royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe . In Iberia , the Christian states , which had been confined to the north - western part of the peninsula , began to push back against the Islamic states in the south , a period known as the Reconquista . By about 1150 , the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal . Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states , initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba , which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas , who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s . Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century , culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248 . Crusades ( edit ) Main articles : Crusades , Reconquista , and Northern Crusades See also : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers . In the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East , occupying Persia during the 1040s , Armenia in the 1060s , and Jerusalem in 1070 . In 1071 , the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV ( r . 1068 -- 71 ) . The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor , which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland . Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat , they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive . The Turks also had difficulties , losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars . The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria , which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans . The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control . The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II ( pope 1088 -- 99 ) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r . 1081 -- 1118 ) for aid against further Muslim advances . Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part . Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099 . One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East . These were especially brutal during the First Crusade , when the Jewish communities in Cologne , Mainz , and Worms were destroyed , and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction . Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order , the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers , which fused monastic life with military service . The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states . During the 12th and 13th centuries , there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states . Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades , such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem , which had been captured by Saladin ( d . 1193 ) in 1187 . In 1203 , the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople , and captured the city in 1204 , setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire . The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261 , but never regained their former strength . By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland , although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards . Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land : in Spain , southern France , and along the Baltic . The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims . Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades , similar Spanish military religious orders were founded , most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century . Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later , and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries . These crusades also spawned a military order , the Order of the Sword Brothers . Another order , the Teutonic Knights , although founded in the crusader states , focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225 , and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia . Intellectual life ( edit ) Main articles : Renaissance of the 12th century , Medieval philosophy , Medieval literature , Medieval poetry , and Medieval medicine of Western Europe During the 11th century , developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity . There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of `` universals '' . Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism . Scholars such as Peter Abelard ( d . 1142 ) and Peter Lombard ( d . 1164 ) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology . In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe , signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns . Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities . Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism , an attempt by 12th - and 13th - century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts , most notably Aristotle and the Bible . This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas ( d . 1274 ) , who wrote the Summa Theologica , or Summary of Theology . A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th - century manuscript illustration Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts . This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin , and comprised poems , stories , legends , and popular songs spread by troubadours , or wandering minstrels . Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or `` songs of great deeds '' , such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand . Secular and religious histories were also produced . Geoffrey of Monmouth ( d.c. 1155 ) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur . Other works were more clearly history , such as Otto von Freising 's ( d . 1158 ) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , or William of Malmesbury 's ( d.c. 1143 ) Gesta Regum on the kings of England . Legal studies advanced during the 12th century . Both secular law and canon law , or ecclesiastical law , were studied in the High Middle Ages . Secular law , or Roman law , was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century , and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna . This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe . Canon law was also studied , and around 1140 a monk named Gratian ( fl . 12th century ) , a teacher at Bologna , wrote what became the standard text of canon law -- the Decretum . Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra , which allowed more advanced mathematics . Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century . Medicine was also studied , especially in southern Italy , where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno . Technology and military ( edit ) Main articles : Medieval technology , Medieval warfare , and History of science § Science in the Middle Ages Further information : List of medieval European scientists Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint - Cher by Tommaso da Modena , 1352 , the first known depiction of spectacles In the 12th and 13th centuries , Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production . Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill , the first mechanical clocks , the manufacture of distilled spirits , and the use of the astrolabe . Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan , probably working in or near Pisa . The development of a three - field rotation system for planting crops increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two - field system to two - thirds under the new system , with a consequent increase in production . The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently , aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen . Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture , factors that aided the implementation of the three - field system . The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology , leading to the development of large stone buildings . Ancillary structures included new town halls , houses , bridges , and tithe barns . Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon . Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern - post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed . In military affairs , the use of infantry with specialised roles increased . Along with the still - dominant heavy cavalry , armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen , as well as sappers and engineers . Crossbows , which had been known in Late Antiquity , increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries . The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed - face helmets , heavy body armour , as well as horse armour . Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304 , although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon . Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s , and hand - held guns were in use by the 1360s . Architecture , art , and music ( edit ) Further information : Medieval architecture , Medieval art , and Medieval music The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach , Germany In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms , from which the term `` Romanesque '' is derived . Where available , Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials . From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque , the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form . Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe . Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls , openings topped by semi-circular arches , small windows , and , particularly in France , arched stone vaults . The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of façades , especially in France , and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals . According to art historian C.R. Dodwell , `` virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall - paintings '' , of which few survive . Simultaneous with the development in church architecture , the distinctive European form of the castle was developed , and became crucial to politics and warfare . Romanesque art , especially metalwork , was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun ( d . 1205 ) become apparent , and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick . Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts , and wall - painting flourished in churches , often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall , a Christ in Majesty at the east end , and narrative biblical scenes down the nave , or in the best surviving example , at Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe , on the barrel - vaulted roof . The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral , France From the early 12th century , French builders developed the Gothic style , marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows . It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals , and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe . Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England . Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches , which continued to use extensive wall - paintings , now almost all lost . During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops , so that according to Janetta Benton `` by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops '' , and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay - people . Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art , with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses . In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio , followed by the Trecento master Giotto ( d . 1337 ) , greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco . Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art ; many carved ivory objects such as gaming - pieces , combs , and small religious figures have survived . Church life ( edit ) Main articles : Gregorian Reform and Church and state in medieval Europe Francis of Assisi , depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235 , founded the Franciscan Order . Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century , as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life . Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909 , was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear . Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour . It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen , thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords . Monastic reform inspired change in the secular Church . The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX ( pope 1049 -- 1054 ) , and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century . This involved Pope Gregory VII ( pope 1073 -- 85 ) and Emperor Henry IV , who initially clashed over episcopal appointments , a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture , clerical marriage , and simony . The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands , but the papacy insisted on the Church 's independence from secular lords . These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms . The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities . It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors . Sénanque Abbey , Gordes , France The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements . Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms , people sought to participate in new forms of religious life . New monastic orders were founded , including the Carthusians and the Cistercians . The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux ( d . 1153 ) . These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen , who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity , or to live an Apostolic life . Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged . Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome , Jerusalem , and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors , and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence . In the 13th century mendicant orders -- the Franciscans and the Dominicans -- who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging , were approved by the papacy . Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries , but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy . Others joined the Cathars , another heretical movement condemned by the papacy . In 1209 , a crusade was preached against the Cathars , the Albigensian Crusade , which in combination with the medieval Inquisition , eliminated them . Late Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Late Middle Ages War , Famine , and plague ( edit ) Main article : Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines , culminating in the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 . The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures . The years 1313 -- 14 and 1317 -- 21 were excessively rainy throughout Europe , resulting in widespread crop failures . The climate change -- which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century -- was accompanied by an economic downturn . Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie , from a 14th - century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death , a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years . The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe , about one - third of the population . Towns were especially hard - hit because of their crowded conditions . Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited , and in some places fields were left unworked . Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields . Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food , both of which cut into agricultural income . Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings , and popular uprisings broke out across Europe . Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders . The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe , manifested by the foundation of new charities , the self - mortification of the flagellants , and the scapegoating of Jews . Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century ; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages . Society and economy ( edit ) Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death . Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned , as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas . Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe , as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free . Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents . The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period . Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders , and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments . Partly at the urging of landlords , governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death . Non-clergy became increasingly literate , and urban populations began to imitate the nobility 's interest in chivalry . Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 . Although some were allowed back into France , most were not , and many Jews emigrated eastwards , settling in Poland and Hungary . The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , and dispersed to Turkey , France , Italy , and Holland . The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century , fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms . Many banking firms loaned money to royalty , at great risk , as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans . State resurgence ( edit ) Map of Europe in 1360 Strong , royalty - based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages , particularly in England , France , and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula : Aragon , Castile , and Portugal . The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry . Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled . Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient , and the rate of taxation often increased . The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority . Joan of Arc in a 15th - century depiction Throughout the 14th century , French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility . They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France , leading to the Hundred Years ' War , waged from 1337 to 1453 . Early in the war the English under Edward III ( r . 1327 -- 77 ) and his son Edward , the Black Prince ( d . 1376 ) , won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France . The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war . In the early 15th century , France again came close to dissolving , but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc ( d . 1431 ) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453 . The price was high , as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict . Conversely , the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity , doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal . The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture , which had previously been the dominant influence . The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years ' War , and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346 . In modern - day Germany , the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule , but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form . Further east , the kingdoms of Poland , Hungary , and Bohemia grew powerful . In Iberia , the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula ; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century , while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns . After losing the Hundred Years ' War , England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor ( r . 1485 -- 1509 as Henry VII ) became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III ( r . 1483 -- 85 ) at Bosworth in 1485 . In Scandinavia , Margaret I of Denmark ( r. in Denmark 1387 -- 1412 ) consolidated Norway , Denmark , and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar , which continued until 1523 . The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League , a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia . Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce ( r . 1306 -- 29 ) , who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328 . Collapse of Byzantium ( edit ) Main articles : Decline of the Byzantine Empire , Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty , Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars , and Rise of the Ottoman Empire Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261 , they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands . They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople , the city itself , and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea . The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia , the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city - state of Venice . The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe , the Ottomans , who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century . The Ottomans expanded into Europe , reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 . Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396 ; a great army was sent to the Balkans , where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis . Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453 . Controversy within the Church ( edit ) Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a miniature from Froissart 's Chroniques During the tumultuous 14th century , disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1309 -- 76 , also called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' ( a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews ) , and then to the Great Schism , lasting from 1378 to 1418 , when there were two and later three rival popes , each supported by several states . Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414 , and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes , leaving only two claimants . Further depositions followed , and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V ( pope 1417 -- 31 ) as pope . Besides the schism , the Western Church was riven by theological controversies , some of which turned into heresies . John Wycliffe ( d . 1384 ) , an English theologian , was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to Church doctrine . Wycliffe 's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages : Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia . The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus , who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance . The Hussite Church , although the target of a crusade , survived beyond the Middle Ages . Other heresies were manufactured , such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV ( r . 1285 -- 1314 ) and the Hospitallers . The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages , holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist . This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy . The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages , veneration of relics , and belief in the power of the Devil . Mystics such as Meister Eckhart ( d . 1327 ) and Thomas à Kempis ( d . 1471 ) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life , which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation . Besides mysticism , belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread , and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch - hunters . Scholars , intellectuals , and exploration ( edit ) See also : Europeans in Medieval China During the Later Middle Ages , theologians such as John Duns Scotus ( d . 1308 ) and William of Ockham ( d.c. 1348 ) , led a reaction against scholasticism , objecting to the application of reason to faith . Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of `` universals '' . Ockham 's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy . Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law . The lone exception to this trend was in England , where the common law remained pre-eminent . Other countries codified their laws ; legal codes were promulgated in Castile , Poland , and Lithuania . Clerics studying astronomy and geometry , French , early 15th century Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy . The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest , but the secondary subjects of the trivium -- grammar , rhetoric , logic -- were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities . Commercial secondary schools spread , and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise . Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries . Lay literacy rates rose , but were still low ; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500 . The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante ( d . 1321 ) , Petrarch ( d . 1374 ) and Giovanni Boccaccio ( d . 1375 ) in 14th - century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer ( d . 1400 ) and William Langland ( d.c. 1386 ) in England , and François Villon ( d . 1464 ) and Christine de Pizan ( d.c. 1430 ) in France . Much literature remained religious in character , and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin , a new demand developed for saints ' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages . This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement , most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler ( d . 1361 ) . Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church . At the end of the period , the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500 . In the early 15th century , the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe . Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal ( d . 1460 ) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Cape Verde during his lifetime . After his death , exploration continued ; Bartolomeu Dias ( d . 1500 ) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama ( d . 1524 ) sailed around Africa to India in 1498 . The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus ( d . 1506 ) in 1492 that discovered the Americas . The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot ( d . 1498 ) in 1497 , which landed on Cape Breton Island . Technological and military developments ( edit ) Agricultural calendar , c. 1470 , from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi Further information : History of agriculture § Europe One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry . The English also employed longbowmen , but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success . Armour continued to advance , spurred by the increasing power of crossbows , and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand - held guns that were developed . Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears . In agriculture , the increased usage of sheep with long - fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun . In addition , the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool , tripling production . A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments , which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer . Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill , allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing . The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden , increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality . The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions . Late Medieval art and architecture ( edit ) February scene from the 15th - century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy . Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles , which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century , until almost the end of the period . International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400 , producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality , and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons , commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery , ivory caskets , cassone chests , and maiolica pottery . These objects also included the Hispano - Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain . Although royalty owned huge collections of plate , little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup . Italian silk manufacture developed , so that Western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world . In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry . The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building , as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved , as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea . Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common , especially as churches created many side - chapels . Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck ( d . 1441 ) and Rogier van der Weyden ( d . 1464 ) rivalled that of Italy , as did northern illuminated manuscripts , which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites , who also commissioned secular books , especially histories . From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular , though still expensive . There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula , or works printed before 1500 , by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others . Very small woodcuts , nearly all religious , were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century . More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images . Modern perceptions ( edit ) See also : Dark Ages ( historiography ) and Medieval studies Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th - century copy of L'Image du monde The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a `` time of ignorance and superstition '' that placed `` the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity . '' This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment , when scholars favourably contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period . Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world ; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith , and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition . Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages . Science historian Edward Grant writes , `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed ( in the 18th century ) , they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities '' . Also , contrary to common belief , David Lindberg writes , `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the Church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led '' . The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions . One misconception , first propagated in the 19th century and still very common , is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat . This is untrue , as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere . Lindberg and Ronald Numbers , another scholar of the period , state that there `` was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge ( Earth 's ) sphericity and even know its approximate circumference '' . Other misconceptions such as `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , or `` the medieval Christian Church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth , although they are not supported by current historical research . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the year the last Western Roman Emperors were driven from Italy . Jump up ^ A reference work published in 1883 equates the Dark Ages with the Middle Ages , but beginning with William Paton Ker in 1904 , the term `` Dark Ages '' is generally restricted to the early part of the Medieval period . For example , the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Dark Ages this way . See Dark Ages for a more complete historiography of this term . Jump up ^ This system , which eventually encompassed two senior co-emperors and two junior co-emperors , is known as the Tetrarchy . Jump up ^ The commanders of the Roman military in the area appear to have taken food and other supplies intended to be given to the Goths and instead sold them to the Goths . The revolt was triggered when one of the Roman military commanders attempted to take the Gothic leaders hostage but failed to secure all of them . Jump up ^ An alternative date of 480 is sometimes given , as that was the year Romulus Augustulus ' predecessor Julius Nepos died ; Nepos had continued to assert that he was the Western emperor while holding onto Dalmatia . Jump up ^ The English word `` slave '' derives from the Latin term for Slavs , slavicus . Jump up ^ Brittany takes its name from this settlement by Britons . Jump up ^ Such entourages are named comitatus by historians , although it is not a contemporary term . It was adapted in the 19th century from a word used by the 2nd - century historian Tacitus to describe the close companions of a lord or king . The comitatus comprised young men who were supposed to be utterly devoted to their lord . If their sworn lord died , they were expected to fight to the death also . Jump up ^ Dhu Nuwas , ruler of present - day Yemen , converted in 525 and his subsequent persecution of Christians led to the invasion and conquest of his kingdom by the Axumites of Ethiopia . Jump up ^ Muslim armies had earlier conquered the Visigothic kingdom of Spain , after defeating the last Visigothic King Ruderic ( d . 711 or 712 ) at the Battle of Guadalete in 711 , finishing the conquest by 719 . Jump up ^ The Papal States endured until 1870 , when the Kingdom of Italy seized most of them . Jump up ^ The Carolingian minuscule was developed from the uncial script of Late Antiquity , which was a smaller , rounder form of writing the Latin alphabet than the classical forms . Jump up ^ There was a brief re-uniting of the Empire by Charles III , known as `` the Fat '' , in 884 , although the actual units of the empire were not merged and retained their separate administrations . Charles was deposed in 887 and died in January 888 . Jump up ^ The Carolingian dynasty had earlier been displaced by King Odo ( r . 888 -- 898 ) , previously Count of Paris , who took the throne in 888 . Although members of the Carolingian dynasty became kings in the western lands after Odo 's death , Odo 's family also supplied kings -- his brother Robert I became king for 922 -- 923 , and then Robert 's son - in - law Raoul was king from 929 to 936 -- before the Carolingians reclaimed the throne once more . Jump up ^ Hugh Capet was a grandson of Robert I , an earlier king . Jump up ^ This settlement eventually expanded and sent out conquering expeditions to England , Sicily , and southern Italy . Jump up ^ This inheritance pattern is known as primogeniture . Jump up ^ Heavy cavalry had been introduced into Europe from the Persian cataphract of the 5th and 6th centuries , but the addition of the stirrup in the 7th allowed the full force of horse and rider to be used in combat . Jump up ^ In France , Germany , and the Low Countries there was a further type of `` noble '' , the ministerialis , who were in effect unfree knights . They descended from serfs who had served as warriors or government officials , which increased status allowed their descendants to hold fiefs as well as become knights while still being technically serfs . Jump up ^ A few Jewish peasants remained on the land under Byzantine rule in the East as well as some on Crete under Venetian rule , but they were the exception in Europe . Jump up ^ These two groups -- Germans and Italians -- took different approaches to their trading arrangements . Most German cities co-operated in the Hanseatic League , in contrast with the Italian city - states who engaged in internecine strife . Jump up ^ This grouping of lands is often called the Angevin Empire . Jump up ^ Eleanor had previously been married to Louis VII of France ( r . 1137 -- 80 ) , but their marriage was annulled in 1152 . Jump up ^ Louis was canonised in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Jump up ^ Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states . Jump up ^ It had spread to Northern Europe by 1000 , and had reached Poland by the 12th century . Jump up ^ Crossbows are slow to reload , which limits their use on open battlefields . In sieges the slowness is not as big a disadvantage , as the crossbowman can hide behind fortifications while reloading . Jump up ^ The historical consensus for the last 100 years has been that the Black Death was a form of bubonic plague , but some historians have begun to challenge this view in recent years . Jump up ^ One town , Lübeck in Germany , lost 90 per cent of its population to the Black Death . Jump up ^ As happened with the Bardi and Peruzzi firms in the 1340s when King Edward III of England repudiated their loans to him . Jump up ^ Edward 's nickname probably came from his black armour , and was first used by John Leland in the 1530s or 1540s . Jump up ^ Calais remained in English hands until 1558 . Jump up ^ The word `` dunce '' derives from Duns Scotus ' name . Jump up ^ This wheel was still simple , as it did not yet incorporate a treadle - wheel to twist and pull the fibres . That refinement was not invented until the 15th century . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Power Central Middle Ages p. 304 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' Speculum pp. 236 -- 237 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. x Jump up ^ Knox `` History of the Idea of the Renaissance '' ^ Jump up to : Bruni History of the Florentine people p. xvii Jump up ^ Miglio `` Curial Humanism '' Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism p. 112 Jump up ^ Albrow Global Age p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Murray `` Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished ? '' Essays in Medieval Studies p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Flexner ( ed . ) Random House Dictionary p. 1194 Jump up ^ `` Mediaeval '' Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Middle Ages '' Dictionary.com ^ Jump up to : Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 86 Jump up ^ See the titles of Watts Making of Polities Europe 1300 -- 1500 or Epstein Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000 -- 1500 or the end date used in Holmes ( ed . ) Oxford History of Medieval Europe ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ See the title of Saul Companion to Medieval England 1066 -- 1485 Jump up ^ Kamen Spain 1469 -- 1714 p. 29 Jump up ^ Mommsen `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' Speculum p. 226 Jump up ^ Tansey , et al. Gardner 's Art Through the Ages p. 242 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 391 -- 393 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 3 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Heather Fall of the Roman Empire p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 24 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 9 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 24 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 405 -- 406 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 34 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 65 -- 68 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 82 -- 94 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 51 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 56 -- 59 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 80 -- 83 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 59 -- 60 ^ Jump up to : Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans p. 417 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 80 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 79 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 107 -- 109 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 116 -- 134 Jump up ^ Brown , World of Late Antiquity , pp. 122 -- 124 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 95 -- 98 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Collins , Early Medieval Europe , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Collins , Early Medieval Europe , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Backman , Worlds of Medieval Europe , pp. 86 -- 91 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 261 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 82 -- 88 ^ Jump up to : James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 79 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 196 -- 208 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 235 -- 238 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 81 -- 83 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 200 -- 202 ^ Jump up to : Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 206 -- 213 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 126 , 130 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 140 -- 143 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 181 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 45 -- 49 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 80 Jump up ^ Geary Before France and Germany pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 189 -- 193 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 195 -- 199 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 204 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 205 -- 210 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 211 -- 212 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 215 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Gies and Gies Life in a Medieval City pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Jews '' Middle Ages p. 191 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 143 -- 145 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Reilly Medieval Spains pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 15 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Grierson `` Coinage and currency '' Middle Ages Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 218 -- 233 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 328 -- 332 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 170 -- 172 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 10 -- 13 Jump up ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 18 -- 24 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 185 -- 187 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 246 -- 253 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 347 -- 349 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World p. 344 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 371 -- 378 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 20 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 824 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 109 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 117 -- 120 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 302 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 241 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 66 -- 70 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Language and dialect '' Middle Ages p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 427 -- 431 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 139 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 356 -- 358 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 358 -- 359 ^ Jump up to : Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 360 -- 361 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 397 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 141 -- 144 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 336 -- 339 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 378 -- 385 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 387 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 309 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 394 -- 404 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 317 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 435 -- 439 Jump up ^ Whitton `` Society of Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 152 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 439 -- 444 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 385 -- 389 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 500 -- 505 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 318 -- 320 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 321 -- 326 Jump up ^ Crampton Concise History of Bulgaria p. 12 Jump up ^ Curta Southeastern Europe pp. 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Nees Early Medieval Art p. 145 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 29 -- 35 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 247 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 45 , 49 Jump up ^ Kitzinger Early Medieval Art pp. 36 -- 53 , 61 -- 64 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 18 -- 21 , 63 -- 71 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 36 -- 42 , 49 -- 55 , 103 , 143 , 204 -- 208 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 41 -- 49 Jump up ^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 233 -- 238 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 30 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 34 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 39 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 76 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 80 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 88 -- 91 Jump up ^ Whitton `` Society of Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 134 Jump up ^ Gainty and Ward Sources of World Societies p. 352 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 5 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 156 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 37 -- 41 Jump up ^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 311 -- 315 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Singman Daily Life p. 8 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion on the Medieval West p. 33 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 143 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Epstein Economic and Social History p. 54 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Singman Daily Life pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 81 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 60 -- 67 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 160 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 283 -- 284 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 365 -- 380 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 296 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 262 -- 279 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 371 -- 372 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 143 -- 147 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 250 -- 252 Jump up ^ Denley `` Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 235 -- 238 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 364 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 187 -- 189 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 189 -- 196 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 294 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 263 Jump up ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom pp. 285 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Eleanor of Aquitaine '' Middle Ages p. 122 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 286 -- 289 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 289 -- 293 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 355 -- 357 Jump up ^ Hallam and Everard Capetian France p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe p. 345 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 341 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 350 -- 351 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 353 -- 355 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann Medieval Fortress pp. 268 -- 269 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 386 -- 387 ^ Jump up to : Riley - Smith `` Crusades '' Middle Ages pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 397 -- 399 ^ Jump up to : Barber Two Cities pp. 145 -- 149 Jump up ^ Payne Dream and the Tomb pp. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 353 -- 356 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 156 -- 161 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 299 -- 300 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades p. 122 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 205 -- 213 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 213 -- 224 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 232 -- 237 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 247 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Scholasticism '' Middle Ages pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 295 -- 301 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 252 -- 260 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe p. 349 Jump up ^ Saul Companion to Medieval England pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 237 -- 241 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 241 -- 246 Jump up ^ Ilardi , Renaissance Vision , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 246 Jump up ^ Ilardi , Renaissance Vision , pp. 4 -- 5 , 49 ^ Jump up to : Epstein Economic and Social History p. 45 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 68 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 73 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 125 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 124 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 296 -- 298 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 55 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 181 -- 189 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 58 -- 60 , 65 -- 66 , 73 -- 75 Jump up ^ Dodwell Pictorial Arts of the West p. 37 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 295 -- 299 Jump up ^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 240 -- 250 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 195 -- 216 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 185 -- 190 ; 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 250 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 135 -- 139 , 245 -- 247 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 264 -- 278 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 248 -- 250 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Rosenwein Rhinoceros Bound pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 143 -- 144 Jump up ^ Morris `` Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 199 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 155 -- 167 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 185 -- 192 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Famine '' Middle Ages p. 128 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 373 -- 374 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 41 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 370 ^ Jump up to : Schove `` Plague '' Middle Ages p. 269 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 171 -- 172 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 189 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 374 -- 380 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 412 -- 413 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 246 -- 247 ^ Jump up to : Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 234 -- 237 Jump up ^ Vale `` Civilization of Courts and Cities '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 346 -- 349 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Jews '' Middle Ages p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 201 -- 219 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 224 -- 233 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 233 -- 238 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 166 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 169 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Hundred Years ' War '' Middle Ages p. 176 Jump up ^ Barber Edward pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 545 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 317 -- 322 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 423 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 186 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 173 -- 175 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 173 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 327 -- 332 ^ Jump up to : Watts Making of Polities p. 340 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 425 -- 426 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 431 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 408 -- 409 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 385 -- 389 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 446 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Avignon '' Middle Ages p. 45 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Great Schism '' Middle Ages p. 153 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 184 -- 187 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 197 -- 199 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church p. 218 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 213 -- 217 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Knights of the Temple ( Templars ) '' Middle Ages pp. 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 436 -- 437 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 433 -- 434 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 224 Jump up ^ Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 282 -- 283 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 445 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 451 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 454 -- 455 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 511 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 180 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 183 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 188 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 185 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 36 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 38 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 203 -- 204 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 213 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 253 -- 256 Jump up ^ Lightbown Secular Goldsmiths ' Work p. 78 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 257 -- 262 Jump up ^ British Library Staff `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' British Library Jump up ^ Griffiths Prints and Printmaking pp. 17 -- 18 ; 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Lindberg `` Medieval Church Encounters '' When Science & Christianity Meet p. 8 Jump up ^ Grant God and Reason p. 9 Jump up ^ Quoted in Peters `` Science and Religion '' Encyclopedia of Religion p. 8182 ^ Jump up to : Russell Inventing the Flat Earth pp. 49 -- 58 Jump up ^ Grant Planets , Stars , & Orbs pp. 626 -- 630 Jump up ^ Lindberg and Numbers `` Beyond War and Peace '' Church History p. 342 Jump up ^ Numbers `` Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective '' Lecture archive References ( edit ) Adams , Laurie Schneider ( 2001 ) . A History of Western Art ( Third ed . ) . Boston , MA : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 231717 - 5 . Albrow , Martin ( 1997 ) . The Global Age : State and Society Beyond Modernity . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2870 - 4 . Backman , Clifford R. ( 2003 ) . The Worlds of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512169 - 8 . Barber , Malcolm ( 1992 ) . The Two Cities : Medieval Europe 1050 -- 1320 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09682 - 0 . Barber , Richard ( 1978 ) . Edward , Prince of Wales and Aquitaine : A Biography of the Black Prince . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 15864 - 7 . Barlow , Frank ( 1988 ) . The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042 -- 1216 ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49504 - 0 . Bauer , Susan Wise ( 2010 ) . The History of the Medieval World : From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05975 - 5 . 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Europe : A History . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520912 - 5 . Denley , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` The Mediterranean in the Age of the Renaissance , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 235 -- 296 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Dodwell , C.R. ( 1993 ) . The Pictorial Arts of the West : 800 -- 1200 . Pellican History of Art . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 . Eastwood , Bruce ( 2007 ) . Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance . History of Science and Medicine Library . Boston , MA : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 . Epstein , Steven A. ( 2009 ) . An Economic and Social History of Later Medieval Europe , 1000 -- 1500 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70653 - 7 . Flexner , Stuart Berg ( ed . ) . The Random House Dictionary of the English Language : Unabridged ( Second ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50050 - 4 . Gainty , Denis ; Ward , Walter D. ( 2009 ) . Sources of World Societies : Volume 2 : Since 1500 . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 68858 - X . Geary , Patrick J. ( 1988 ) . Before France and Germany : The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504458 - 4 . Gies , Joseph ; Gies , Frances ( 1973 ) . Life in a Medieval City . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell . ISBN 0 - 8152 - 0345 - 4 . Grant , Edward ( 2001 ) . God and Reason in the Middle Ages . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80279 - 6 . Grant , E. ( 1994 ) . Planets , Stars , & Orbs : The Medieval Cosmos , 1200 -- 1687 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43344 - 0 . Grierson , Philip ( 1989 ) . `` Coinage and currency '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Griffiths , Antony ( 1996 ) . Prints and Printmaking . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2608 - X . Hallam , Elizabeth M. ; Everard , Judith ( 2001 ) . Capetian France 987 -- 1328 ( Second ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40428 - 2 . Hamilton , Bernard ( 2003 ) . Religion in the Medieval West ( Second ed . ) . London : Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 80839 - X . Heather , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Fall of the Roman Empire : A New History of Rome and the Barbarians . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532541 - 6 . Henderson , George ( 1977 ) . Early Medieval ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Penguin . OCLC 641757789 . Holmes , George , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Oxford History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285272 - 8 . Ilardi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 259 - 7 . James , Edward ( 2009 ) . Europe 's Barbarians : AD 200 -- 600 . The Medieval World . Harlow , UK : Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 77296 - 0 . Jordan , William C. ( 2003 ) . Europe in the High Middle Ages . Penguin History of Europe . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03202 - 0 . Kamen , Henry ( 2005 ) . Spain 1469 -- 1714 ( Third ed . ) . New York : Pearson / Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78464 - 6 . Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , H.W. ( 2001 ) . The Medieval Fortress : Castles , Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages ( 2004 ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : De Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Keen , Maurice ( 1988 ) ( 1968 ) . The Pelican History of Medieval Europe . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021085 - 7 . Kitzinger , Ernst ( 1955 ) . Early Medieval Art at the British Museum ( Second ed . ) . London : British Museum . OCLC 510455 . Knox , E.L. `` History of the Idea of the Renaissance '' . Europe in the Late Middle Ages . Boise State University . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Lasko , Peter ( 1972 ) . Ars Sacra , 800 -- 1200 . Penguin History of Art ( now Yale ) . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 056036 - X . Lawrence , C.H ( 2001 ) . Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages ( Third ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40427 - 4 . Lightbown , Ronald W. ( 1978 ) . Secular Goldsmiths ' Work in Medieval France : A History . Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 99027 - 1 . Lindberg , David C. ; Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1986 ) . `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Church History . 55 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 354 . JSTOR 3166822 . doi : 10.2307 / 3166822 . Lindberg , David C. ( 2003 ) . `` The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition : Saint Augustine , Roger Bacon , and the Handmaiden Metaphor '' . In Lindberg , David C. and Numbers , Ronald L. When Science & Christianity Meet . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 48214 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Lock , Peter ( 2006 ) . Routledge Companion to the Crusades . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39312 - 4 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Avignon '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Eleanor of Aquitaine '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Famine '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Great Schism '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Hundred Years ' War '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Jews '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Knights of the Temple ( Templars ) '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Language and dialect '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Scholasticism '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 293 -- 294 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . `` Mediaeval '' . The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary : Complete Text Arranged Micrographically : Volume I A-0 . Glascow : Oxford University Press . 1971 . p . M290 . LCCN 72177361 . OCLC 490339790 . `` Middle Ages '' . Dictionary.com. 2004 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Miglio , Massimo ( 2006 ) . `` Curial Humanism seen through the Prism of the Papal Library '' . In Mazzocco , Angelo . Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism . Brill 's Studies in Intellectual History . Leiden : Brill . pp. 97 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15244 - 1 . Mommsen , Theodore ( April 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum. 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 242 . JSTOR 2856364 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . Morris , Rosemary ( 1998 ) . `` Northern Europe invades the Mediterranean , 900 -- 1200 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 175 -- 234 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Murray , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished ? '' . Essays in Medieval Studies . 21 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1353 / ems. 2005.0010 . Nees , Lawrence ( 2002 ) . Early Medieval Art . Oxford History of Art . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284243 - 5 . Nicolle , David ( 1999 ) . Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare In Western Christendom . London : Brockhampton Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 889 - 9 . Numbers , Ronald ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Lecture archive . The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Payne , Robert ( 2000 ) . The Dream and the Tomb : A History of the Crusades ( First paperback ed . ) . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1086 - 7 . Peters , Ted ( 2005 ) . `` Science and Religion '' . In Jones , Lindsay . Encyclopedia of Religion . 12 ( Second ed . ) . Detroit , MI : MacMillan Reference . p. 8182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865980 - 0 . Power , Daniel ( 2006 ) . The Central Middle Ages : Europe 950 -- 1320 . The Short Oxford History of Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925312 - 8 . Reilly , Bernard F. ( 1993 ) . The Medieval Spains . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39741 - 3 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 1989 ) . `` Crusades '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 106 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Rosenwein , Barbara H. ( 1982 ) . Rhinoceros Bound : Cluny in the Tenth Century . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 7830 - 5 . Russell , Jeffey Burton ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Flat Earth - Columbus and Modern Historians . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95904 - X . Saul , Nigel ( 2000 ) . A Companion to Medieval England 1066 -- 1485 . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2969 - 8 . Schove , D. Justin ( 1989 ) . `` Plague '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 267 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Singman , Jeffrey L. ( 1999 ) . Daily Life in Medieval Europe . Daily Life Through History . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30273 - 1 . Stalley , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Architecture . Oxford History of Art . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284223 - 7 . Tansey , Richard G. ; Gardner , Helen Louise ; De la Croix , Horst ( 1986 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages ( Eighth ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 503763 - 3 . Thomson , John A.F. ( 1998 ) . The Western Church in the Middle Ages . London : Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 60118 - 3 . Vale , Malcolm ( 1998 ) . `` The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 297 -- 351 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Watts , John ( 2009 ) . The Making of Polities : Europe , 1300 -- 1500 . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79664 - 4 . Whitton , David ( 1998 ) . `` The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages , 900 -- 1200 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 115 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages 400 -- 1000 . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311742 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Ames , Christine Caldwell ( February 2005 ) . `` Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History ? '' . American Historical Review . 110 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 37 . doi : 10.1086 / 531119 . Cantor , Norman F. ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Middle Ages : The Lives , Works , and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century . New York : W. Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 09406 - 5 . Davis , R.H.C. , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Writing of History in the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern . 0 - 19 - 822556 - 3 : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822556 - 3 . Fleischman , Suzanne ( October 1983 ) . `` On the Representation of History and Fiction in the Middle Ages '' . History and Theory . 23 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 310 . JSTOR 2504985 . Gurevich , Aron ( 1992 ) . Howlett , Janet ( translator ) , ed . Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31083 - 1 . Spiegel , Gabrielle M. ( January 1990 ) . `` History , Historicism , and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages '' . Speculum. 65 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 86 . JSTOR 2864472 . doi : 10.2307 / 2864472 . Smith , Julia ( 2005 ) . Europe After Rome : A New Cultural History , 500 -- 1000 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924427 - 0 . Stuard , Susan Mosher ( 1987 ) . Women in Medieval History and Historiography . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1290 - 7 . Sullivan , Richard E. ( April 1989 ) . `` The Carolingian Age : Reflections on its Place in the History of the Middle Ages '' . Speculum. 64 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 306 . JSTOR 2851941 . doi : 10.2307 / 2851941 . Van Engen , John ( June 1986 ) . `` The Christian Middle Ages as an Historiographical Problem '' . American Historical Review . 91 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 552 . JSTOR 1869130 . doi : 10.2307 / 1869130 . External links ( edit ) ORB The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles and encyclopedia . The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies . NetSERF The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources . De Re Militari : The Society for Medieval Military History Medievalmap.org Interactive maps of the Medieval era ( Flash plug - in required ) . Medieval Realms Learning resources from the British Library including studies of beautiful medieval manuscripts . Medievalists.net News and articles about the period . 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the medieval times start and finish | [
"In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages."
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"5th to the 15th century"
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-4954118483075841548 | Withers | Withers - wikipedia Withers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Withers ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The location of the withers on a horse The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal , typically a quadruped . In many species it is the tallest point of the body , and in horses and dogs it is the standard place to measure the animal 's height ( in contrast , cattle are normally measured to the top of the hips ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Horses 1.1 Conformational issues 2 Dogs 3 Zebras 4 Medical problems 5 References 6 External links Horses ( edit ) The withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae ( most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae ) , which are unusually long in this area . The processes at the withers can be more than 12 inches ( 30 cm ) long . Since they do not move relative to the ground ( as the horse 's head does ) , the withers are used as the measuring point for the height of a horse . Horses are commonly measured in hands -- one hand is 4 inches ( 10.16 cm ) . Horse heights are extremely variable , from small pony breeds to large draft breeds . The height at the withers of an average Thoroughbred is 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) , and ponies are up to 14.2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) . Conformational issues ( edit ) The withers of the horse are considered in evaluating conformation . Generally , a horse should have well - defined withers , as they are considered an important attachment point for the muscles of the torso . Withers of medium height are preferred , as high withers make it difficult to fit a saddle and are often associated with a narrow chest , and low withers ( known as `` mutton withers '' ) do not provide a ridge to help keep the saddle in place . More importantly , the dorsal spinal processes provide an attachment for the muscles that support the shoulder and neck . Horses do not have a clavicle , so the shoulder can freely rotate backwards . If the vertebrae of the withers are long ( front to back ) , the shoulder is more free to move backwards . This allows for an increase of stride length ( and so it can increase the horse 's speed ) . It is also important in jumping , as the shoulder must rotate back for the horse to make his forearm more parallel to the ground , which will then raise the animal 's knees upward and get the lower legs out of the way . Therefore , the withers have a direct impact on one of the most important points of conformation : the shoulder . Dogs ( edit ) In dogs , the height of the withers is often used to determine the dog 's jump height in various dog sports . It is also often a determining factor in whether the dog conforms to the show - quality standards for its breed . Zebras ( edit ) Zebras have very low withers , making it far more difficult for a saddle to stay in place . Medical problems ( edit ) Inflammation of the bursae ( bursitis ) in this region is called fistulous withers . beginning inflammation , not ( yet ) fistulous 20 - day - old fistula ( side ) same , showing lateral emptying first exploration of fistula fistula is narrow , about 8 cm deep References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D. Caroline Coile ( 18 April 2011 ) . Pit Bulls For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 06937 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Sarah ( 2013 ) . Hybrid Equines . Messy Beast . ( `` Textual content is licensed under the GFDL . '' ) Retrieved from http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/hybrid-equines.htm . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , C. Wayne ( 2012 - 03 ) . Bursitis in Large Animals : Fistulous Withers and Poll Evil . Merck Veterinary Manual . Merck & Co. , Inc , , March 2012 . Retrieved from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/90410.htm . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withers&oldid=835117216 '' Categories : Dog anatomy Horse anatomy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Walon 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 . About Wikipedia | where are the withers located on a horse | [
"The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal, typically a quadruped. In many species it is the tallest point of the body, and in horses and dogs it is the standard place to measure the animal's height (in contrast, cattle are normally measured to the top of the hips)."
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"the ridge between the shoulder blades"
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6929164560067838119 | Camel | Camel - wikipedia Camel This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Camel ( disambiguation ) . Camel Dromedary ( Camelus dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Camelidae Tribe : Camelini Genus : Camelus Linnaeus , 1758 Species Camelus bactrianus Camelus dromedarius Camelus ferus † Camelus gigas ( fossil ) † Camelus moreli ( fossil ) † Camelus sivalensis ( fossil ) Synonyms List ( show ) Camellus Molina , 1782 Dromedarius Gloger , 1841 A camel is an even - toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as `` humps '' on its back . Camels have long been domesticated and , as livestock , they provide food ( milk and meat ) and textiles ( fiber and felt from hair ) . As working animals , camels -- who are uniquely suited to their desert habitats -- are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo . There are three surviving species of camel . The one - humped dromedary makes up 94 % of the world 's camel population , and the two - humped Bactrian camel makes up the remainder . The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is now critically endangered . The word camel is derived via Latin : camelus and Greek : κάμηλος ( kamēlos ) from Hebrew or Phoenician : gāmāl . Used informally , `` camel '' ( or , more correctly , `` camelid '' ) refers to any of the seven members of the family Camelidae : the dromedary , the Bactrian , and the wild Bactrian ( the true camels ) plus the llama , the alpaca , the guanaco , and the vicuña ( the `` New World '' camelids ) . The dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) , also known as the Arabian camel , inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa , while the Bactrian ( C. bactrianus ) inhabits Central Asia , including the historical region of Bactria . The critically endangered wild Bactrian ( C. ferus ) is found only in remote areas of northwest China and Mongolia . An extinct species of camel in the separate genus Camelops , known as C. hesternus , lived in western North America before humans entered the continent at the end of the Pleistocene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 1.1 Ecological and behavioral adaptations 1.2 Genetics 1.3 Evolution 2 Domestication 2.1 Textiles 2.2 Military uses 2.2. 1 19th and 20th centuries 2.3 Food uses 2.3. 1 Dairy 2.3. 2 Meat 2.4 Religion 2.4. 1 Islam 2.4. 2 Judaism 2.5 Depictions in culture 3 Distribution and numbers 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biology ( edit ) The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years . A full - grown adult camel stands 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) at the shoulder and 2.15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) at the hump . Camels can run at up to 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg ( 660 to 2,200 lb ) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg ( 660 to 1,320 lb ) . The widening toes on a camel 's hoof provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments . The male dromedary camel has an organ called a dulla in its throat , a large , inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females . It resembles a long , swollen , pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth . Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground , with the male mounting from behind . The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session . Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position . Ecological and behavioral adaptations ( edit ) Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed . The humps are reservoirs of fatty tissue : concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies , helping camels survive in hot climates . When this tissue is metabolized , it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed . This fat metabolization , while releasing energy , causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration ( as oxygen is required for the metabolic process ) : overall , there is a net decrease in water . A camel 's thick coat is one of its many adaptations that aid it in desert - like conditions . Somalia has the world 's largest population of camels . Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water . The dromedary camel can drink as seldom as once every 10 days even under very hot conditions , and can lose up to 30 % of its body mass due to dehydration . Unlike other mammals , camels ' red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape . This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water : a 600 kg ( 1,300 lb ) camel can drink 200 L ( 53 US gal ) of water in three minutes . Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals . Their temperature ranges from 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) by sunset , before they cool off at night again . In general , to compare between camels and the other livestock , camels lose only 1.3 liters of fluid intake every day while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day ( Breulmann , et al. , 2007 ) Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals ; to assist this , camels have a rete mirabile , a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain . Camels rarely sweat , even when ambient temperatures reach 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) . Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat ; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat . Camels can withstand losing 25 % of their body weight to sweating , whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12 -- 14 % dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance . When the camel exhales , water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water . Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies ' hydrated state without the need for drinking . Domesticated camel calves lying in sternal recumbency , a position that aids heat loss The camels ' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand ; a shorn camel must sweat 50 % more to avoid overheating . During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color , reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn . The camel 's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground , which can heat up to 70 ° C ( 158 ° F ) . Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal . When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position , the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body . Camels ' mouths have a thick leathery lining , allowing them to chew thorny desert plants . Long eyelashes and ear hairs , together with nostrils that can close , form a barrier against sand . If sand gets lodged in their eyes , they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid . The camels ' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand . The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water . Camels ' kidneys have a 1 : 4 cortex to medulla ratio . Thus medullary part of camel 's kidneys occupy twice as much area as a cow 's kidney . Secondly , renal corpuscles have a smaller diameter , which reduces surface area for filtration . These two major anatomical characteristics enable camel to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions . Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup , and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires . The camels are able to live in difficult conditions without drinking water due to their ability to produce small and dry droppings as well as they use the water to maintain their body 's temperature to fit with the region surrounding them ( Breulmann , et al. , 2007 ) . The camel immune system differs from those of other mammals . Normally , the Y - shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy ( or long ) chains along the length of the Y , and two light ( or short ) chains at each tip of the Y . Camels , in addition to these , also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains , a trait that makes them smaller and more durable . These `` heavy - chain - only '' antibodies , discovered in 1993 , are thought to have developed 50 million years ago , after camelids split from ruminants and pigs . Genetics ( edit ) Caravan of dromedaries Pyramids of Giza , Egypt The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups , but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached . A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes , building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes ( 2n = 74 ) , and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric , three submetacentric , and 32 acrocentric autosomes . The Y is a small metacentric chromosome , while the X is a large metacentric chromosome . Skull of an F1 hybrid camel Museum of Osteology , Oklahoma The hybrid camel , a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels , has one hump , though it has an indentation 4 -- 12 cm ( 1.6 -- 4.7 in ) deep that divides the front from the back . The hybrid is 2.15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) at the shoulder and 2.32 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) tall at the hump . It weighs an average of 650 kg ( 1,430 lb ) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg ( 880 to 990 lb ) , which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can . According to molecular data , the New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago . In spite of this , these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring . The cama is a camel - lama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are . Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections . The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump . It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas , longer legs than the llama , and partially cloven hooves . Like the mule , camas are sterile , despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes . The wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) about 1 million years ago . Evolution ( edit ) Antelope - like ancient camel , Stenomylus The earliest known camel , called Protylopus , lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago ( during the Eocene ) . It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota . By 35 million years ago , the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas . The hoofed Stenomylus , which walked on the tips of its toes , also existed around this time , and the long - necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene . The direct ancestor of all modern camels , Procamelus , existed in the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene . Around 3 -- 5 million years ago , the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange via the newly formed Isthmus of Panama , where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals , and to Asia via the Bering land bridge . Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger , boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate . This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall . The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus , which vanished along with horses , short - faced bears , mammoths and mastodons , ground sloths , sabertooth cats , and many other megafauna , coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia . Domestication ( edit ) A camel serving as a draft animal Pakistan ( 2009 ) A camel in a ceremonial procession , its rider playing kettledrums Mughal Empire ( c. 1840 ) Petroglyph of a camel Negev , southern Israel ( prior to c. 5300 BC ) `` Joseph Sells Grain '' by Bartholomeus Breenbergh ( 1655 ) ( Note camel with rider , at left ) Like the horse , before their extinction in their native land , camels spread across the Bering land bridge , moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America , to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans . Most camels surviving today are domesticated . Along with many other megafauna in North America , the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America , 12,000 to 10,000 years ago . Although feral populations exist in Australia , India and Kazakhstan , the only wild camels left are the wild Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert . Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia , around 3,000 BC , the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC , as at Shar - i Sokhta ( also known as the Burnt City ) , Iran . Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : E-J for instance mentions that `` In accord with patriarchal traditions , cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels . '' Martin Heide 's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains , then moving into Mesopotamia , and suggests that mentions of camels `` in the patriarchal narratives may refer , at least in some places , to the Bactrian camel . '' while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan . Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir - Hen and Erez Ben - Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian Peninsula , dating to around 930 BC . This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham , Jacob , Esau , and Joseph were written after this time . The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea . The historian Richard Bulliet did not think that the occasional mention of camels meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time . The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism . The official report by Sapir - Hen and Ben - Joseph notes that `` The introduction of the dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) as a pack animal to the southern Levant ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia , promoting both economic and social change ( e.g. , Kohler 1984 ; Borowski 1998 : 112 -- 116 ; Jasmin 2005 ) . This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant ( and beyond ) ( e.g. , Albright 1949 : 207 ; Epstein 1971 : 558 -- 584 ; Bulliet 1975 ; Zarins 1989 ; Köhler - Rollefson 1993 ; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002 ; Jasmin 2005 ; 2006 ; Heide 2010 ; Rosen and Saidel 2010 ; Grigson 2012 ) . Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age ( not before the 12th century ( BC ) ) '' and concludes that `` Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates . The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century ( BC ) and most probably during this time . The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region -- attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I -- raises the possibility that the two were connected , and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade . '' Textiles ( edit ) Main article : Camel hair Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel hair for tents , yurts , clothing , bedding and accessories . Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down , and the fibers are sorted by color and age of the animal . The guard hairs can be felted for use as waterproof coats for the herdsmen , while the softer hair is used for premium goods . The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarns for hand knitting or crochet . Pure camel hair is recorded as being used for western garments from the 17th century onwards , and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used . Military uses ( edit ) Main article : Camel cavalry A special BSF camel contingent Republic Day Parade , New Delhi ( 2004 ) `` Camel Corps at Magdhaba '' Egypt , 23 December 1916 by Harold Septimus Power ( 1925 ) By at least 1200 BC , the first camel saddles had appeared , and Bactrian camels could be ridden . The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel , and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick . However , between 500 -- 100 BC , Bactrian camels attained military use . New saddles , which were inflexible and bent , were put over the humps and divided the rider 's weight over the animal . In the seventh century BC , the military Arabian saddle appeared , which again improved the saddle design slightly . Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa , the Middle East , and into modern - day Border Security Force of India ( though as of July 2012 , the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs ) . The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC . Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules . In the East Roman Empire , the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii , whom they recruited in desert provinces . The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges ( horses are afraid of the camels ' scent ) , a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra . 19th and 20th centuries ( edit ) A camel caravan of the Bulgarian military during the First Balkan War , 1912 The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps , which was stationed in California in the late 19th century . One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia , California , where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum . Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success ( John B. Floyd , Secretary of War in 1858 , recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels ) , the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps : Texas became part of the Confederacy , and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert . France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara in order to exercise greater control over the camel - riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents , as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed . The Free French Camel Corps fought during World War II and camel - mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962 . In 1916 , the British created the Imperial Camel Corps . It was originally used to fight the Senussi , but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I . The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert , though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot . After July 1918 , the Corps began to become run down , receiving no new reinforcements , and was formally disbanded in 1919 . In World War I , the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps , which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels . The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai , Palestine , and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops . The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912 ; it was disbanded in 1944 . Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region . The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II . The Tropas Nómadas ( Nomad Troops ) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara ( today Western Sahara ) . Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975 , the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers . The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback . Food uses ( edit ) Dairy ( edit ) Camels at the Khan and old bridge , Lajjun , Palestine ( now in Israel ) - 1870 's drawing A camel calf nursing on camel milk Main article : Camel milk Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal itself ; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month . Camel milk is rich in vitamins , minerals , proteins , and immunoglobulins ; compared to cow 's milk , it is lower in fat and lactose , and higher in potassium , iron , and vitamin C. Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel 's diet consists of certain desert plants . Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt , as well as butter or cheese , though the yields for cheese tend to be low . Camel milk can not be made into butter by the traditional churning method . It can be made if it is soured first , churned , and a clarifying agent is then added . Until recently , camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds . Developing less wasteful uses of the milk , the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires , who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet . The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest , even for the lactose intolerant . The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local ( West African ) markets . Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions . Additionally , camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm . Meat ( edit ) A Somali camel meat and rice dish . Camel meat pulao , from Pakistan . Camels are the ultimate pillars that support national economies of many developing countries , because they are useful for transport , and provide food in the form of meat and milk ( Tariq et al. , 2010 ) . A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat . The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300 -- 400 kg ( 661 -- 882 lb ) , while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg ( 1,433 lb ) . The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male , ranging between 250 and 350 kg ( 550 and 770 lb ) . The brisket , ribs and loin are among the preferred parts , and the hump is considered a delicacy . The hump contains `` white and sickly fat '' , which can be used to make the khli ( preserved meat ) of mutton , beef , or camel . On the other hand , camel milk and meat are rich in protein , vitamins , glycogen , and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people . From chemical composition to meat quality , the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production . It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics , which include tolerance to extreme temperatures , radiation from the sun , water paucity , rugged landscape and low vegetation ( Aleme , 2013 ) . Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef , but older camels can prove to be very tough , although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked . The Abu Dhabi Officers ' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste . In Karachi , Pakistan , some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat . In Syria and Egypt , there are specialist camel butchers . Camel meat has been eaten for centuries . It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia , usually roasted whole . The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel 's heel . Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions , including Eritrea , Somalia , Djibouti , Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Syria , Libya , Sudan , Ethiopia , Kazakhstan , and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history . Camel blood is also consumable , as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya , where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron , vitamin D , salts and minerals . Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine : for example , a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs . A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver . Religion ( edit ) Islam ( edit ) Camel meat is halal ( Arabic : حَـلَال , ' allowed ' ) for Muslims . However , according to some Islamic schools of thought , a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it . Consequently , these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu ( ablution ) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat . Also , some Islamic schools of thought consider it haram ( Arabic : حَـرَام , ' forbidden ' ) for a Muslim to perform Salat in places where camels lie , as it is said to be a dwelling place of the Shaytan ( Arabic : شَـيْـطَـان , ' Devil ' ) . According to Abu Yusuf , the urine of camel may be used for medical treatment if necessary , but according to Abū Ḥanīfah , the drinking of camel urine is discouraged . The Islamic texts contain several stories featuring camels . In the story of the people of Thamud , the Prophet Salih miraculously brings forth a naqat ( Arabic : نَـاقَـة , ' she - camel ' ) out of a rock . After the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina , he allowed his she - camel to roam there ; the location where the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina . Judaism ( edit ) See also : Food and drink prohibitions According to Jewish tradition , camel meat and milk are not kosher . Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria ; although they chew their cud , they do not possess cloven hooves : `` But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof : the camel , because it brings up its cud , but does not have a ( completely ) cloven hoof ; it is unclean for you . '' Depictions in culture ( edit ) Bowl depicting Bahram Gur and Azada , c. early 13th century , Brooklyn Museum Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs , 250 BC -- 224 AD , Brooklyn Museum Maru Ragini ( Dhola and Maru riding on a camel ) , c. 1750 , Brooklyn Museum The Magi journeying ( Les rois mages en voyage ) - James Tissot , c. 1886 , Brooklyn Museum Distribution and numbers ( edit ) Camels in the Guelta d'Archei , in northeastern Chad There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010 , with 90 % being dromedaries . Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals ( mostly living in the Horn of Africa , the Sahel , Maghreb , Middle East and South Asia ) . The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world , where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life . They provide nomadic people in Somalia ( which has the largest camel herd in the world ) and Ethiopia with milk , food , and transportation . Commercial camel market headcount in 2003 Around 700,000 dromedary camels are now feral in Australia , descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This population is growing about 8 % per year . Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers . A small population of introduced camels , dromedaries and Bactrians , wandered through Southwestern United States after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment . When the project ended , they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released . Twenty - five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush . The Bactrian camel is , as of 2010 , reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals , most of which are domesticated . The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is the only truly wild ( as opposed to feral ) camel in the world . The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 1400 , inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia . See also ( edit ) Animals portal Dromedary Bactrian camel Wild Bactrian camel Camel howdah Camel racing Camel train ( caravan ) Camel wrestling Camelops ( Walmart camel ) Australian feral camel Camel farming in Sudan Camelus moreli Xerocole Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camelus gigas '' . ZipcodeZoo . BayScience Foundation , Inc . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Falconer , Hugh ( 1868 ) . Palæontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer : Fauna antiqua sivalensis . R. Hardwicke . p. 231 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` camel '' . The New Oxford American Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press , Inc. 2005 . 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Jump up ^ Gates , Sara ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Camel Fossils Found In Arctic Suggest Ancient Creatures Roamed Region 3.5 Million Years Ago '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Worboys , Graeme L. ; Francis , Wendy L. ; Lockwood , Michael ( 30 March 2010 ) . Connectivity Conservation Management : A Global Guide . Earthscan . p. 142 . ISBN 9781844076048 . ^ Jump up to : MacPhee , Ross D.E. ; Sues , Hans - Dieter ( 30 June 1999 ) . Extinctions in Near Time : Causes , Contexts , and Consequences . Springer . pp. 18 , 20 , 26 . ISBN 9780306460920 . Jump up ^ Walker , Matt ( 22 July 2009 ) . `` Wild camels ' genetically unique ' '' . Earth News . BBC . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Scarre , Chris ( 15 September 1993 ) . Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World . London : D. Kindersley . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56458 - 305 - 5 . Both the dromedary ( the seven - humped camel of Arabia ) and the Bactrian camel ( the two - humped camel of Central Asia ) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard ( 20 May 1990 ) ( 1975 ) . The Camel and the Wheel . Morningside Book Series . Columbia University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07235 - 9 . As has already been mentioned , this type of utilization ( camels pulling wagons ) goes back to the earliest known period of two - humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C. -- Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels Jump up ^ `` Near Eastern Archaeology : A Reader '' . Books.google.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . `` Camels '' . About.com Archaeology . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bromiley , ed . Geoffrey W. ( 1982 ) . E -- J ( Fully rev. , ( Nachdr . ) . ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0802837820 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard W. ( 1990 ) . The camel and the wheel ( Morningside ed . ) . New York : Columbia university press . pp. 63 , 64 . ISBN 978 - 0231072342 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Heide , Martin ( 2011 ) . `` The Domestication of the Camel : Biological , Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia , Egypt , Israel and Arabia , and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible '' . Ugarit - Forschungen. 42 : 367 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasson , Nir ( Jan 17 , 2014 ) . `` Hump stump solved : Camels arrived in region much later than biblical reference '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sapir - Hen , Lidar ; Erez Ben - Yosef ( 2013 ) . `` The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant : Evidence from the Aravah Valley '' ( PDF ) . Tel Aviv. 40 : 277 -- 285 . doi : 10.1179 / 033443513x13753505864089 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Dias , Elizabeth ( Feb 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Mystery of the Bible 's Phantom Camels '' . Time . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Heide , Martin ( 2011 ) . `` The Domestication of the Camel : Biological , Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia , Egypt , Israel and Arabia , and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible '' . Ugarit - Forschungen. 42 : 368 . Jump up ^ Petrie , OJ ( 1995 ) . `` Harvesting of textile animal fibres '' . FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 122 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 103759 - 0 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumming , Cunnington , Cunnington , Valerie , CW and PE ( 2010 ) . The Dictionary of Fashion History . Oxford : Bloomsbury . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fagan , Brian M , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Transportation '' . The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05130 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . Soldiers ' Lives Through History : The Ancient World . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. xvi . ISBN 9780313333484 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Vimal ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` BSF to ditch camels to ride sand scooters '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gann , Lewis Henry ; Duignan , Peter ( 1972 ) . Africa and the World : An Introduction to the History of Sub-Saharan Africa from Antiquity to 1840 . University Press of America . p. 156 . ISBN 9780761815204 . The camel was acclimatized in Egypt long before the time of Christ and was subsequently adopted by the Berbers of the desert , who used camel cavalry to fight the Romans . The Berbers spread the use of the camel across the Sahara . Jump up ^ Fleming , Walter L. ( February 1909 ) . `` Jefferson Davis 's Camel Experiment '' . The Popular Science Monthly . 74 ( 8 ) . Bonnier Corporation . p. 150 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 04 . Other trials of the camel were made in 1859 by Major D.H. Vinton , who used twenty - four of them in carrying burdens for a surveying party ... All in all , he concluded , the camel was much superior to the mule . ^ Jump up to : Mantz , John ( 20 April 2006 ) . `` Camels in the Cariboo '' . In Basque , Garnet . Frontier Days in British Columbia . Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 51 -- 54 . ISBN 9781894384018 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Southern , Pat ( 1 October 2007 ) . The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History . Oxford University Press . p. 123 . ISBN 9780195328783 . Jump up ^ Nicolle , David ( 26 March 1991 ) . The Desert Frontier . Rome 's Enemies. 5 ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 9781855321663 . Nevertheless the military prowess of desert peoples impressed the Romans , who recruited large numbers as auxiliary cavalry and archers . In addition to providing the Roman Army with its best archers , the Easterners ( largely Arabs but generally known as ' Syrians ' ) served as Rome 's most effective dromedarii or camel - mounted troops . Jump up ^ Herodotus ( 440 BC ) . The History of Herodotus . Rawlinson , George ( trans . ) . Archived from the original on 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . He collected together all the camels that had come in the train of his army to carry the provisions and the baggage , and taking off their loads , he mounted riders upon them accoutred as horsemen . These he commanded to advance in front of his other troops against the Lydian horse ; behind them were to follow the foot soldiers , and last of all the cavalry . When his arrangements were complete , he gave his troops orders to slay all the other Lydians who came in their way without mercy , but to spare Croesus and not kill him , even if he should be seized and offer resistance . The reason why Cyrus opposed his camels to the enemy 's horse was because the horse has a natural dread of the camel , and can not abide either the sight or the smell of that animal . By this stratagem he hoped to make Croesus 's horse useless to him , the horse being what he chiefly depended on for victory . The two armies then joined battle , and immediately the Lydian war - horses , seeing and smelling the camels , turned round and galloped off ; and so it came to pass that all Croesus 's hopes withered away . Jump up ^ `` Cameliers and camels at war '' . New Zealand History online . History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 30 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Posts at Benicia '' . The California State Military Museum . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vitrine N ° 108 ( partie droite ) : LES PELOTONS MEHARISTES '' ( in French ) . Musée de l'infanterie . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Bruce S. ( 6 June 2011 ) . A History of Race in Muslim West Africa , 1600 -- 1960 . Cambridge University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 9781107002876 . Jump up ^ Guillaume , Philippe ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` L'incroyable épopée des méharistes français '' ( The incredible epic of the French méharistes ) . BDSphère ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cameliers and camels at war '' . New Zealand History online . History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 30 August 2009 . pp. 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Woodward , David R. ( 2006 ) . Hell in the Holy Land : World War I in the Middle East . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 36 , 39 , 43 , 56 , 133 . ISBN 9780813123837 . Jump up ^ Murray , Archibald James ( 1920 ) . Sir Archibald Murray 's despatches ( June 1916 -- June 1917 ) . J.M. Dent . p. 123 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 30 . A great deal of the work of supplying the troops on both fronts has been done by the Camel Transport Corps Jump up ^ McGregor , Andrew James ( 30 May 2006 ) . A Military History of Modern Egypt : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 215 . ISBN 9780275986018 . Jump up ^ Federal Research Division ( 30 June 2004 ) . Somalia a Country Study . Area handbook series ( 3rd ed . ) . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 230 -- 231 . ISBN 9781419147999 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian troops using camels '' . WWII in Color . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jupiter Infomedia Ltd ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Bikaner Camel Corps , Presidency Armies in British India '' . IndiaNetzone . Jump up ^ Shelley , Toby ( December 2007 ) . `` Sons of the Clouds '' . Red Pepper . Location . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermandad de Veteranos Tropas Nómadas del Sáhara . `` Los Medios '' ( The Means ) . Historia : Agrupación de Tropas Nómadas ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard W. ( 1975 ) . The Camel and the Wheel . Columbia University Press . pp. 23 , 25 , 28 , 35 -- 36 , 38 -- 40 . ISBN 9780231072359 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camel Milk '' . Milk & Dairy Products . FAO 's Animal Production and Health Division . 25 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Amazing Benefits of Camel Milk Organic Facts '' . www.organicfacts.net . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fresh from your local drome'dairy ' ? '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . 6 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Yagil . Milk Products and Their Uses . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 23 . The belief among the Bedouin of the Sinai Peninsula , is that any internal disease can be cured by drinking camel milk . The milk is said to be of such a strength , and to have such health - giving properties , that all the bacteria are driven from the body . This said to be true only for camels that eat certain shrubs and bushes . The shrubs and bushes are , themselves , used in the preparation of medicines . However , camels which eat straw are said to lose this ability . Jump up ^ Ramet . Camel milk and cheese making . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ramet . Methods of processing camel milk into cheese . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Young , Philippa . `` In Mongolian the Word ' Gobi ' Means ' Desert ' '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . As evening approaches we are offered camel meat boats , dumplings stuffed with a finely chopped mixture of meat and vegetables , followed by camel milk tea and finally , warm fresh camel 's milk to aid digestion and help us sleep . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Camel cheese could enrich Sahara Desert herder '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Morris Communications LLC . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands ' ' crazy ' camel farmer '' . BBC . 5 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Tariq , M. , Rabia , R. , Jamil , A. , Sakhwat , A. , Aadil , A. , & Muhammad S. , 2010 . Minerals and Nutritional Composition of Camel ( Camelus Dromedarius ) Meat in Pakistan . Journal - Chemical Society of Pakistan , Vol 33 ( 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : Yagil . Camels Products Other Than Milk . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Madame Guinaudeau ( 2003 ) . Traditional Moroccan Cooking : Recipes from Fez . London : Serif . ISBN 1 - 897959 - 43 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aleme , A. , D. , 2013 . A Review of Camel Meat as a Precious Source of Nutrition in some part of Ethiopia . Agricultural Science , Engineering and Technology Research . Vol. 1 , No. 4 , December 2013 , PP : 40 -- 43 . Available online at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 ... Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Dustin ( 23 July 2010 ) . `` How to Cook Camel '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . He cut the pieces very small and cooked them for a long time . I decided to try something a bit different the following night and cut the pieces a bit bigger and cooked them for less time , as I like my meat rarer than he does . This was a bad idea . It seems that the more you cook camel , the more tender it becomes . So we had what amounted to two pounds or more of rubber for dinner that night . Jump up ^ Arthur , Rick ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` The Instant Expert : camels , the ships of the desert '' . The National . UAE : Abu Dhabi Media . As the meat can be dry , however , the Abu Dhabi Officer 's Club , for one , serves camel burger with beef or lamb fat mixed in , improving texture and taste . Jump up ^ Jasra , Abdel Wahid ; Isani , G.B. ; Camel Applied Research and Development Network ( 2000 ) . Socio - economics of camel herders in Pakistan . The Camel Applied Research and Development Network . p. 164 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anyone for camel meat ? One hump or two ? Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian , Word of Mouth ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Andy ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` Camel burgers in Abu Dhabi '' . Time Out Abu Dhabi . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , George ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Dubai diners flock to eat new ' camel burger ' '' . CNN World . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bin Saeed , Abdulaziz A. ; Al - Hamdan , Nasser A. ; Fontaine , Robert E. ( 2005 ) . `` Plague from eating raw camel liver '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 11 ( 9 ) : 1456 -- 7 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1109. 050081 . PMC 3310619 . PMID 16229781 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book 1 , Number 0184 '' . Purification ( Kitab Al - Taharah ) . Partial Translation of Sunan Abu - Dawud , Book 1 . Center for Muslim - Jewish Engagement . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Narrated Al - Bara ' ibn Azib : The Messenger of Allah ( peace_be_upon_him ) was asked about performing ablution after eating the flesh of the camel . He replied : Perform ablution , after eating it . He was asked about performing ablution after eating meat . He replied : Do not perform ablution after eating it . He was asked about saying prayer in places where the camels lie down . He replied : Do not offer prayer in places where the camels lie down . These are the places of Satan . He was asked about saying prayer in the sheepfolds . He replied : You may offer prayer in such places ; these are the places of blessing . Jump up ^ Williams , John Alden ( 1994 ) . The Word of Islam . University of Texas Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79076 - 6 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Campo , Juan Eduardo ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Infobase Publishing . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Moshe . `` Cholov Yisroel : Does a Neshama Good '' . Kashrus Kurrents . Star - K. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41 Archived 2015 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dolby , Karen ( 10 August 2010 ) . You Must Remember This : Easy Tricks & Proven Tips to Never Forget Anything , Ever Again . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 170 . ISBN 9780307716255 . Jump up ^ Abokor , Axmed Cali ( 1987 ) . The Camel in Somali Oral Tradition . Nordic Africa Institute . pp. 7 , 10 -- 11 . ISBN 9789171062697 . Jump up ^ `` Drought threatening Somali nomads , UN humanitarian office says '' . UN News Centre . 14 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . A four - year drought is threatening the lives of Somali nomads , and those of the camel herds on which they depend for transportation and milk Jump up ^ Farah , K.O. ; Nyariki , D.M. ; Ngugi , R.K. ; Noor , I.M. ; Guliye , A.Y. ( 2004 ) . `` The Somali and the Camel : Ecology , Management and Economics '' . Anthropologist. 6 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 55 . Somali pastoralists are a camel community ... There is no other community in the world where the camel plays such a pivotal role in the local economy and culture as in the Somali community . According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO , 1979 ) estimates , there are approximately 15 million dromedary camels in the world Plain text version . Archived 2013 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saalfeld , W.K. ; Edwards , GP ( 2008 ) . `` Ecology of feral camels in Australia '' . Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia : a new way of doing business ( DKCRC Report 47 ) . Alice Springs : Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre . ISBN 1 - 74158 - 094 - 3 . ISSN 1832 - 6684 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pople , A.R. ; McLeod , S.R. ( 2010 ) . `` Demography of feral camels in central Australia and its relevance to population control '' . The Rangeland Journal . 32 : 11 . doi : 10.1071 / RJ09053 . Jump up ^ Tsai , Vivian ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Australia Culls 100,000 Feral Camels To Limit Environmental Damage , Many More Will Be Killed '' . U.S. Edition . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bactrian Camel '' ( PDF ) . Denver Zoo . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hare , J. `` Camelus ferus '' . IUCN Redlist . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . References ( edit ) Ramet , J.P. ( 2011 ) . The technology of making cheese from camel milk ( Camelus dromedarius ) . FAO Animal Production and Health Paper . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 103154 - 1 . ISSN 0254 - 6019 . OCLC 476039542 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Vannithone , S. ; Davidson , A. ( 1999 ) . `` Camel '' . The Oxford companion to food . Oxford Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211579 - 0 . Camels and Camel Milk . Report Issued by FAO , United Nations . ( 1982 ) Wilson , R.T. ( 1984 ) . The camel . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 77512 - 4 . Yagil , R. ( 1982 ) . Camels and Camel Milk . FAO Animal Production and Health Paper . 26 . Rome : Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 101169 - 9 . ISSN 0254 - 6019 . Further reading ( edit ) Gilchrist , W. ( 1851 ) . A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant , Camel & Horned Cattle : with instructions for improving their efficiency ; also , a description of the medicines used in the treatment of their diseases ; and a general outline of their anatomy ' . Calcutta : Military Orphan Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camelus . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Camels Wikispecies has information related to Camelus International Society of Camelid Research and Development Six Green Reasons to Drink Camel 's Milk Use of camels by South African police The Camel as a pet Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Tragelaphini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Cape bushbuck ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Heuglin 's gazelle ( E. tilonura ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) ( hide ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Camelids Afro - Asiatic Camelids Bactrian Camel Dromedary Wild Bactrian camel South American Camelids Alpaca Chilihueque Guanaco Llama Vicuña Hybrid Cama Bukht Huarizo ( hide ) Meat Main articles Entomophagy Fish Game Livestock Meat Poultry Seafood Poultry and game Alligator Bear Chicken Crocodile Duck Goose Grouse Kangaroo Monkey Ostrich Partridge Pheasant Bat Pigeon Quail Rabbit Seal Snake Turkey Turtle Venison Livestock and minilivestock Beef Bison Black soldier fly maggots Buffalo Camel Cat Crickets Dog Elephant Frog Goat Grasshoppers Guinea pig Horse Lamb and mutton Llama Mealworm Silkworm Mopane worm Palm grub Pork Veal Yak Fish and seafood Abalone Anchovy Basa Bass Calamari Carp Catfish Cod Crab Crappie Crayfish Dolphin Eel Flounder Grouper Haddock Halibut Herring Kingfish Lobster Mackerel Mahi Mahi Marlin Milkfish Mussel Octopus Orange roughy Oyster Pacific saury Perch Pike Pollock Salmon Sardine Scallop Shark Shrimp / prawn Sole Swai Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Sea urchin Walleye Whale Cuts and preparation Aged Bacon Barbecued Braised Burger Charcuterie Chop Corned Cured Cutlet Dried Dum Fillet / Supreme Fried Ground Ham Kebab Liver Luncheon meat Marinated Meatball Meatloaf Offal Pickled Poached Roasted Salt - cured Salumi Sausage Smoked Steak Stewed Tandoor Tartare List articles Beef dishes Chicken dishes Countries by meat consumption Fish dishes Food and drink prohibitions Goat dishes Lamb dishes Meatball dishes Pork dishes Ham dishes Sausage dishes Sausages Seafood dishes Smoked foods Steaks Veal dishes Related subjects Animal rights Bushmeat Butcher Cannibalism Carnism Christian vegetarianism Cultured meat Ethics of eating meat Factory farming Feed conversion ratio Environmental impact of meat production List of meat dishes Meat cutter Meat tenderness Pescetarianism Pink slime Plant - based diet Preservation Psychology of eating meat Meat paradox Red meat Semi-vegetarianism Slaughter Slaughterhouse Veganism Vegetarianism White meat Taxon identifiers Wd : Q7375 ADW : Camelus EoL : 38902 EPPO : 1CMELG Fossilworks : 42521 GBIF : 2441236 ITIS : 624942 MSW : 14200111 NCBI : 9836 NDL : 00569261 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&oldid=835498538 '' Categories : Camels Camelids Livestock Arab cuisine African cuisine Middle Eastern cuisine Halal food Domesticated animals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with dead external links from November 2016 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Picard Tok Pisin Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Romani Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese ತುಳು Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 147 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when were camels introduced into the middle east | [
"The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that \"The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century [BC])\" and concludes that \"Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I—raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade.\"[79]"
] | [
"not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time."
] |
1728321028631002052 | Computer hardware | Computer hardware - wikipedia Computer hardware PDP - 11 CPU board Computer hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer , such as the central processing unit , monitor , keyboard , computer data storage , graphic card , sound card , speakers and motherboard . By contrast , software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware . Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction . A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system . Contents 1 Von Neumann architecture 2 Sales 3 Types of computer systems 3.1 Personal computer 3.1. 1 Case 3.1. 2 Power supply 3.1. 3 Motherboard 3.1. 4 Expansion cards 3.1. 5 Storage devices 3.1. 5.1 Fixed media 3.1. 5.2 Removable media 3.1. 6 Input and output peripherals 3.1. 6.1 Input 3.1. 6.2 Output device 3.2 Mainframe computer 3.3 Departmental computing 3.4 Supercomputer 4 Hardware upgrade 5 Recycling 5.1 Toxic computer components 5.2 Environmental effects 5.3 National services 6 See also 7 Sources 8 External links Von Neumann architecture ( edit ) Main article : Von Neumann architecture Von Neumann architecture scheme The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture , detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann . This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers , a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , a memory to store both data and instructions , external mass storage , and input and output mechanisms . The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored - program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation can not occur at the same time because they share a common bus . This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system . Sales ( edit ) For the third consecutive year , U.S. business - to - business channel sales ( sales through distributors and commercial resellers ) increased , ending up in 2013 at nearly 6 percent at $61.7 billion . The growth was the fastest sales increase since the end of the recession . Sales growth accelerated in the second half of the year peaking in fourth quarter with a 6.9 percent increase over the fourth quarter of 2012 . Types of computer systems ( edit ) Personal computer ( edit ) Basic hardware components of a modern personal computer , including a monitor , a motherboard , a CPU , a RAM , two expansion cards , a power supply , an optical disc drive , a hard disk drive , a keyboard and a mouse Inside a custom - built computer : power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan The personal computer , also known as the PC , is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price . Laptops are generally very similar , although they may use lower - power or reduced size components , thus lower performance . Case ( edit ) Main article : Computer case The computer case encloses most of the components of the system . It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard , disk drives , and power supplies , and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components . The case is also part of the system to control electromagnetic interference radiated by the computer , and protects internal parts from electrostatic discharge . Large tower cases provide extra internal space for multiple disk drives or other peripherals and usually stand on the floor , while desktop cases provide less expansion room . All - in - one style designs from Apple , namely the iMac , and similar types , include a video display built into the same case . Portable and laptop computers require cases that provide impact protection for the unit . A current development in laptop computers is a detachable keyboard , which allows the system to be configured as a touch - screen tablet . Hobbyists may decorate the cases with colored lights , paint , or other features , in an activity called case modding . Power supply ( edit ) Main article : Power supply unit ( computer ) A power supply unit ( PSU ) converts alternating current ( AC ) electric power to low - voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer . Laptops are capable of running from a built - in battery , normally for a period of hours . Motherboard ( edit ) Main article : Motherboard The motherboard is the main component of a computer . It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU , the RAM , the disk drives ( CD , DVD , hard disk , or any others ) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots . Components directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include : The CPU ( central processing unit ) , which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function , and is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer . It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan , or water - cooling system . Most newer CPUs include an on - die graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . The clock speed of CPUs governs how fast it executes instructions , and is measured in GHz ; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz . Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling . The chipset , which includes the north bridge , mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system , including main memory . Random - access memory ( RAM ) , which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU . For example , when a web browser is opened on the computer it takes up memory ; this is stored in the RAM until the web browser is closed . RAM usually comes on DIMMs in the sizes 2GB , 4GB , and 8GB , but can be much larger . Read - only memory ( ROM ) , which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution , a process known as Bootstrapping , or `` booting '' or `` booting up '' . The BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) includes boot firmware and power management firmware . Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface ( UEFI ) instead of BIOS . Buses that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound . The CMOS battery , which powers the memory for date and time in the BIOS chip . This battery is generally a watch battery . The video card ( also known as the graphics card ) , which processes computer graphics . More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks , such as playing intensive video games . Expansion cards ( edit ) Main article : Expansion card An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus . Expansions cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard . Storage devices ( edit ) Main article : Computer data storage A storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing , porting and extracting data files and objects . It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently , and can be internal or external to a computer , server or any similar computing device . Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers . Fixed media ( edit ) Data is stored by a computer using a variety of media . Hard disk drives are found in virtually all older computers , due to their high capacity and low cost , but solid - state drives are faster and more power efficient , although currently more expensive than hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte , so are often found in personal computers built post-2007 . Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability . Removable media ( edit ) To transfer data between computers , a USB flash drive or optical disc may be used . Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems ; the majority of machines have an optical disk drive , and virtually all have at least one USB port . Input and output peripherals ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral Input and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis . The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems . Input ( edit ) Input devices allow the user to enter information into the system , or control its operation . Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard , but laptop systems typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse . Other input devices include webcams , microphones , joysticks , and image scanners . Output device ( edit ) Output devices display information in a human readable form . Such devices could include printers , speakers , monitors or a Braille embosser . Mainframe computer ( edit ) Main article : Mainframe Computer A mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer . They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises . An IBM System z9 mainframe Departmental computing ( edit ) Main article : Minicomputer In the 1960s and 1970s , more and more departments started to use cheaper and dedicated systems for specific purposes like process control and laboratory automation . Supercomputer ( edit ) Main article : Supercomputer A supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe , but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks . As of June 2016 , the fastest supercomputer in the world is the Sunway TaihuLight , in Jiangsu , China . The term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology . Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time . In mid 2011 , the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop , or 1 quadrillion ( 10 ^ 15 or 1,000 trillion ) floating point operations per second . Super computers are fast but extremely costly so they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets . Super computers typically run military and scientific applications . Although they cost millions of dollars , they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed . For example , large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies , and healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country . Hardware upgrade ( edit ) When using computer hardware , an upgrade means adding new hardware to a computer that improves its performance , adds capacity or new features . For example , a user could perform a hardware upgrade to replace the hard drive with a SSD to get a boost in performance or increase the amount of files that may be stored . Also , the user could increase the RAM so the computer may run more smoothly . The user could add a USB 3.0 expansion card in order to fully use USB 3.0 devices , or could upgrade the GPU for extra rendering power . Performing such hardware upgrades may be necessary for older computers to meet a programs ' system requirements . Recycling ( edit ) Because computer parts contain hazardous materials , there is a growing movement to recycle old and outdated parts . Computer hardware contain dangerous chemicals such as : lead , mercury , nickel , and cadmium . According to the EPA these e-wastes have a harmful effect on the environment unless they are disposed of properly . Making hardware requires energy , and recycling parts will reduce air pollution , water pollution , as well as greenhouse gas emissions . Disposing unauthorized computer equipment is in fact illegal . Legislation makes it mandatory to recycle computers through the government approved facilities . Recycling a computer can be made easier by taking out certain reusable parts . For example , the RAM , DVD drive , the graphics card , hard drive or SSD , and other similar removable parts can be reused . Toxic computer components ( edit ) The central processing unit contains many toxic materials . It contains lead and chromium in the metal plates . Resistors , semi-conductors , infrared detectors , stabilizers , cables , and wires contain cadmium . The circuit boards in a computer contain mercury , and chromium . When these types of materials , and chemicals are disposed improperly will become hazardous for the environment . Environmental effects ( edit ) According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency only around 15 % of the e-waste actually is recycled . When e-waste byproducts leach into ground water , are burned , or get mishandled during recycling , it causes harm . Health problems associated with such toxins include impaired mental development , cancer , and damage to the lungs , liver , and kidneys . That 's why even wires have to be recycled . Different companies have different techniques to recycle a wire . The most popular one is the grinder that separates the copper wires from the plastic / rubber casing . When the processes is done there are two different piles left ; one containing the copper powder , and the other containing plastic / rubber pieces . Computer monitors , mice , and keyboards all have a similar way of being recycled . For example , first each of the parts are taken apart then all of the inner parts get separated and placed into its own bin . National services ( edit ) Recycling a computer is made easier by a few of the national services , such as Dell and Apple . Both companies will take back the computer of their make or any other make . Otherwise a computer can be donated to Computer Aid International which is an organization that recycles and refurbishes old computers for hospitals , schools , universities , etc . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal Computer architecture Electronic hardware Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computing hardware List of computer hardware manufacturers Open - source computing hardware Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Parts of computer '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ von Neumann , John ( 1945 ) . `` First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Markgraf , Joey D. ( 2007 ) . `` The Von Neumann bottleneck '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US B2B Channel sales reach nearly $62 Billion in 2013 , According to The NPD Group '' . NPD Group . 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How long should a laptop battery last ? '' . Computer Hope . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Domingo , Joel . `` SSD vs. HDD : What 's the Difference ? '' . PCMag . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Benj . `` Evolution of the Solid - State Drive '' . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Alba , Davey . `` China 's Tianhe - 2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers '' . IEEE . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to recycle your old computer '' . Digital Trends . 18 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Inc , Chris Keenan - Newtech Recycling . `` Newtech Recycling Specializes in Computer Disposal , Laptop Disposal , Desktop Disposal Mainframe Disposal and Server Disposal '' . www.newtechrecycling.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Toxic Components of Computers and Monitors '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Going On with Electronic Waste ? -- Electronics TakeBack Coalition '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wire Recycling '' . All-Recycling-Facts.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Computer equipment recycling -- Essential Guide '' . ComputerWeekly . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Jack ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` How can I safely recycle my old PCs ? '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Computer hardware at Wikimedia Commons Learning materials related to Computer hardware at Wikiversity Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Refreshable braille display Sound card Webcam Softcam Video card Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Sound card Video card Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the hardware parts of the computer | [
"Computer hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.[1] By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.\n"
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"the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card, speakers and motherboard"
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5379387782258436248 | Lean wit It, Rock wit It | Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It - Wikipedia Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' Single by Dem Franchize Boyz featuring Peanut and Charlay from the album On Top of Our Game Released January 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 17 ) Recorded 2005 Genre Snap southern hip hop Length 3 : 51 Label So So Def Recordings EMI America Songwriter ( s ) Carlos A. Valente Jamall Willingham Gerald Tiller Bernard Leverette Maurice Gleaton D'Angelo Hunt Charles Hammond Robert Hill Producer ( s ) Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton Dem Franchize Boyz singles chronology `` I Think They Like Me '' ( 2005 ) `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' ( 2006 ) `` Ridin ' Rims '' ( 2006 ) `` I Think They Like Me '' ( Remix ) ( 2005 ) `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' ( 2006 ) `` Ridin ' Rims '' ( 2006 ) `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' is a song by Atlanta rap group Dem Franchize Boyz from their album On Top of Our Game . The recording features Peanut and Charlay and was produced by Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton . The song peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton produced the recording . The music video shows them snap dancing . The song is considered to be the turning point in Dem Franchize Boyz career as it brought them into mainstream hip hop and also wide spread the subgenre of snap music . Lyrics from the chorus of the song were sampled in the Twenty One Pilots song `` Holding on to You '' . Contents 1 `` Coming Undone wit It '' ( Mash - Up Official Remix ) 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links `` Coming Undone Wit It '' ( mash - up official remix ) ( edit ) Korn and Dem Franchize Boyz did a mash - up of their respective hit singles at the time , `` Coming Undone '' and `` Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It '' , titled `` Coming Undone Wit It '' . The mashup was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Scott Spock from The Matrix , and was first released on AOL in April 2006 . The mash - up has new parts by both groups exclusively for the song . A video for `` Coming Undone Wit It '' was released on the DVD portion of Korn 's Chopped , Screwed , Live and Unglued . This is the official remix to `` Coming Undone '' and `` Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Mainstream Top 40 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Hot Rap Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dem Franchize Boyz Jizzal Man Parlae Pimpin Buddie Albums Dem Franchize Boyz On Top of Our Game Our World , Our Way Singles `` White Tee '' `` I Think They Like Me '' `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' `` Ridin ' Rims '' `` Talkin ' Out da Side of Ya Neck ! '' `` Turn Heads '' Featured singles `` Everytime tha Beat Drop '' `` Pimped Out '' Related articles Discography This 2000s hip hop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It&oldid=853102236 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles Dem Franchize Boyz songs Snap music Southern hip hop songs Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Novelty and fad dances Hip hop dance 2000s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 12 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did lean wit it rock wit it come out | [
"\"Lean wit It, Rock wit It\"\nSingle by Dem Franchize Boyz featuring Peanut and Charlayfrom the album On Top of Our GameReleased\nJanuary 17, 2006 (2006-01-17)Recorded\n2005Genre\nSnapsouthern hip hopLength\n3:51Label\nSo So Def RecordingsEMI AmericaSongwriter(s)\nCarlos A. Valente Jamall WillinghamGerald TillerBernard LeveretteMaurice GleatonD'Angelo HuntCharles HammondRobert HillProducer(s)\nMaurice \"Parlae\" GleatonDem Franchize Boyz singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"I Think They Like Me\" (2005)\n\n\"Lean wit It, Rock wit It\" (2006)\n\n\"Ridin' Rims\" (2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Think They Like Me\"(Remix)(2005)\n\n\"Lean wit It, Rock wit It\" (2006)\n\n\"Ridin' Rims\" (2006)\n"
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"January 17, 2006"
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2034649434096511377 | Lyra | Lyra - wikipedia Lyra For other uses , see Lyra ( disambiguation ) . Lyra Constellation List of stars in Lyra Abbreviation Lyr Genitive Lyrae Pronunciation / ˈlaɪrə / , genitive / ˈlaɪriː / Symbolism Lyre , harp Right ascension 18 14 to 19 28 Declination 25.66 ° to 47.71 ° Quadrant NQ4 Area 286 sq. deg . ( 52nd ) Main stars 5 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 25 Stars brighter than 3.00 1 ( Vega ) Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) Brightest star Vega ( α Lyr ) ( 0.03 ) Messier objects Meteor showers Lyrids June Lyrids Alpha Lyrids Bordering constellations Draco Hercules Vulpecula Cygnus Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 40 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of August . Lyra ( / ˈlaɪrə / ; Latin for lyre , from Greek λύρα ) is a small constellation . It is one of 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy , and is one of the 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union . Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre , and hence is sometimes referred to as Vultur Cadens or Aquila Cadens ( `` Falling Vulture '' or `` Falling Eagle '' ) , respectively . Beginning at the north , Lyra is bordered by Draco , Hercules , Vulpecula , and Cygnus . Lyra is visible from the northern hemisphere from spring through autumn , and nearly overhead , in temperate latitudes , during the summer months . From the southern hemisphere , it is visible low in the northern sky during the winter months . Vega , Lyra 's brightest star , is one of the brightest stars in the night sky , and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism . Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of stars known as Beta Lyrae variables . These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg - shaped and material flows from one to the other . Epsilon Lyrae , known informally as the Double Double , is a complex multiple star system . Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula , the second - discovered and best - known planetary nebula . Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Features 3.1 Stars 3.2 Deep - sky objects 3.3 Exoplanets 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Lyra can be seen on the right of this c. 1825 star map from Urania 's Mirror . In Greek mythology , Lyra represents the lyre of Orpheus . Made by Hermes from a tortoise shell , given to Apollo as a bargain , it was said to be the first lyre ever produced . Orpheus 's music was said to be so great that even inanimate objects such as trees , streams , and rocks could be charmed . Joining Jason and the Argonauts , his music was able to quell the voices of the dangerous Sirens , who sang tempting songs to the Argonauts . At one point , Orpheus married Eurydice , a nymph . While fleeing from an attack by Aristaeus , she stepped on a snake that bit her , killing her . To reclaim her , Orpheus entered the Underworld , where the music from his lyre charmed Hades . Hades relented and let Orpheus bring Eurydice back , on the condition that he never once look back until outside . Unfortunately , near the very end , Orpheus faltered and looked back , causing Eurydice to be left in the Underworld forever . Orpheus spent the rest of his life strumming his lyre while wandering aimlessly through the land , rejecting all marriage offers from women . There are two competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus . According to Eratosthenes , Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice to Dionysus due to his regard for Apollo as the supreme deity instead . Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart . Ovid tells a rather different story , saying that women , in retribution for Orpheus 's rejection of marriage offers , ganged up and threw stones and spears . At first , his music charmed them as well , but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears . Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky by Zeus , and Orpheus ' bones buried by the muses . Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures . The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre , either enclosed in its wings , or in its beak . In Wales , Lyra is known as King Arthur 's Harp ( Talyn Arthur ) , and King David 's harp . The Persian Hafiz called it the Lyre of Zurah . It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour , Praesepe Salvatoris . In Australian Aboriginal astronomy , Lyra is known by the Boorong people in Victoria as the Malleefowl constellation . Lyra was known as Urcuchillay by the Incas and was worshipped as an animal deity . Characteristics ( edit ) Lyra is bordered by Vulpecula to the south , Hercules to the east , Draco to the north , and Cygnus to the west . Covering 286.5 square degrees , it ranks 52nd of the 88 modern constellations in size . It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere 's summer , and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42 ° S. Its main asterism consists of six stars , and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5 . The constellation 's boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a 17 - sided polygon . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18 14 and 19 28 , while the declination coordinates are between + 25.66 ° and + 47.71 ° . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) adopted the three - letter abbreviation `` Lyr '' for the constellation in 1922 . Features ( edit ) The constellation Lyra as it can be seen by the naked eye . Stars ( edit ) See also : List of stars in Lyra The brightest and by far the most well - known star in the constellation is Vega , a main - sequence star of spectral type A0Va . Only 7.7 parsecs distant , is a Delta Scuti variable , varying between magnitudes − 0.02 and 0.07 over 0.2 days . On average , it is the second - brightest star of the northern hemisphere ( after Arcturus ) and the fifth - brightest star in all , surpassed only by Arcturus , Alpha Centauri , Canopus , and Sirius . Vega was the pole star in the year 12,000 BCE , and will again become the pole star around 14,000 CE . Vega is one of the most - magnificent of all stars , and has been called `` arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun '' . Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed , as well as the first to have a clear spectrum recorded , showing absorption lines for the first time . The star was the first single main - sequence star other than the Sun to be known to emit X-rays , and is surrounded by a circumstellar debris disk , similar to the Kuiper Belt . Vega forms one corner of the famous Summer Triangle asterism ; along with Altair and Deneb , these three stars form a prominent triangle during the northern hemisphere summer . Vega also forms one vertex of a much smaller triangle , along with Epsilon and Zeta Lyrae . Zeta forms a wide binary star visible in binoculars , consisting of an Am star and an F - type subgiant . The Am star has an additional close companion , bringing the total number of stars in the system to three . Epsilon is a more famous wide binary that can even be separated by the naked eye under good conditions . Both components are themselves close binaries which can be seen with telescopes to consist of A - and F - type stars , and a faint star was recently found to orbit component C as well , for a total of five stars . In contrast to Zeta and Epsilon Lyrae , Delta Lyrae is an optical double , with the two stars simply lying along the same line of sight east of Zeta . The brighter and closer of the two , Delta Lyrae , is a 4th - magnitude red bright giant that varies semiregularly by around 0.2 magnitudes with a dominant period of 79 days , while the fainter Delta Lyrae is a spectroscopic binary consisting of a B - type primary and an unknown secondary . Both systems , however , have very similar radial velocities , and are the two brightest members of a sparse open cluster known as the Delta Lyrae cluster . South of Delta is Gamma Lyrae , a blue giant and the second - brightest star in the constellation . Around 190 parsecs distant , it has been referred to as a `` superficially normal '' star . The final star forming the lyre 's figure is Beta Lyrae , also a binary composed of a blue bright giant and an early B - type star . In this case , the stars are so close together that the larger giant is overflowing its Roche lobe and transferring material to the secondary , forming a semidetached system . The secondary , originally the less massive of the two , has accreted so much mass that it is now substantially more massive , albeit smaller , than the primary , and is surrounded by a thick accretion disk . The plane of the orbit is aligned with Earth and the system thus shows eclipses , dropping nearly a full magnitude from its 3rd - magnitude baseline every 13 days , although its period is increasing by around 19 seconds per year . It is the prototype of the Beta Lyrae variables , eclipsing semidetached binaries of early spectral types in which there are no exact onsets of eclipses , but rather continuous changes in brightness . A long - exposure image of Lyra Another easy - to - spot variable is the bright R Lyrae , north of the main asterism . Also known as 13 Lyrae , it is a 4th - magnitude red giant semiregular variable that varies by several tenths of a magnitude . Its periodicity is complex , with several different periods of varying lengths , most notably one of 46 days and one of 64 days . Even further north is FL Lyrae , a much fainter 9th - magnitude Algol variable that drops by half a magnitude every 2.18 days during the primary eclipse . Both components are main - sequence stars , the primary being late F - type and the secondary late G - type . The system was one of the first main - sequence eclipsing binaries containing G - type star to have its properties known as well as the better - studied early - type eclipsing binaries . At the very northernmost edge of the constellation is the even fainter V361 Lyrae , an eclipsing binary that does not easily fall into one of the traditional classes , with features of Beta Lyrae , W Ursae Majoris , and cataclysmic variables . It may be a representative of a very brief phase in which the system is transitioning into a contact binary . It can be found less than a degree away from the naked - eye star 16 Lyrae , a 5th - magnitude A-type subgiant located around 37 parsecs distant . The brightest star not included in the asterism and the westernmost cataloged by Bayer or Flamsteed is Kappa Lyrae , a typical red giant around 73 parsecs distant . Similar bright orange or red giants include the 4th - magnitude Theta Lyrae , Lambda Lyrae , and HD 173780 . Lambda is located just south of Gamma , Theta is positioned in the east , and HD 173780 , the brightest star in the constellation with no Bayer or Flamsteed designation , is more southernly . Just north of Theta and of almost exactly the same magnitude is Eta Lyrae , a blue subgiant with a near - solar metal abundance . Also nearby is the faint HP Lyrae , a post-asymptotic giant branch ( AGB ) star that shows variability . The reason for its variability is still a mystery : first cataloged as an eclipsing binary , it was theorized to be an RV Tauri variable in 2002 , but if so , it would be by far the hottest such variable discovered . In the extreme east is RR Lyrae , the prototype of the large class of variables known as RR Lyrae variables , which are pulsating variables similar to Cepheids , but are evolved population II stars of spectral types A and F. Such stars are usually not found in a galaxy 's thin disk , but rather in the galactic halo . Such stars serve as standard candles , and thus are a reliable way to calculate distances to the globular clusters in which they reside . RR Lyrae itself varies between magnitudes 7 and 8 while exhibiting the Blazhko effect . The easternmost star designated by Flamsteed , 19 Lyrae , is also a small - amplitude variable , an Alpha Canum Venaticorum variable with a period of just over one day . Another evolved star is the naked - eye variable XY Lyrae , a red bright giant just north of Vega that varies between 6th and 7th magnitudes over a period of 120 days . Also just visible to the naked eye is the peculiar classical Cepheid V473 Lyrae . It is unique in that it is the only known Cepheid in the Milky Way to undergo periodic phase and amplitude changes , analogous to the Blazhko effect in RR Lyrae stars . At 1.5 days , its period was the shortest known for a classical Cepheid at the time of its discovery . W and S Lyrae are two of the many Mira variables in Lyra . W varies between 7th and 12th magnitudes over approximately 200 days , while S , slightly fainter , is a silicate carbon star , likely of the J - type . Another evolved star is EP Lyrae , a faint RV Tauri variable and an `` extreme example '' of a post-AGB star . It and a likely companion are surrounded by a circumstellar disk of material . Rather close to Earth at a distance of only 16 parsecs ( 52 ly ) is Gliese 758 . The sunlike primary star has a brown dwarf companion , the coldest to have been imaged around a sunlike star in thermal light when it was discovered in 2009 . Only slightly farther away is V478 Lyrae , an eclipsing RS Canum Venaticorum variable whose primary star shows active starspot activity . One of the most peculiar systems in Lyra is MV Lyrae , a nova - like star consisting of a red dwarf and a white dwarf . Originally classified as a VY Sculptoris star due to spending most time at maximum brightness , since around 1979 the system has been dominantly at minimum brightness , with periodic outbursts . Its nature is still not fully understood . Another outbursting star is AY Lyrae , an SU Ursae Majoris - type dwarf nova that has undergone several superoutbursts . Of the same type is V344 Lyrae , notable for an extremely short period between superoutbursts coupled with one of the highest amplitudes for such a period . The true nova HR Lyrae flared in 1919 to a maximum magnitude of 6.5 , over 9.5 magnitudes higher than in quiescence . Some of its characteristics are similar to those of recurring novae . Deep - sky objects ( edit ) Messier 56 is composed of a large number of stars , tightly bound to each other by gravity . In Lyra are the objects M56 , M57 , and Kuiper 90 . M56 is a rather loose globular cluster at a distance of approximately 32,900 light - years , with a diameter of about 85 light - years . Its apparent brightness is 8.3 m . M57 , also known as the `` Ring Nebula '' and NGC 6720 , has a diameter of one light - year and is at a distance of 2,000 light - years from Earth . It is one of the best known planetary nebulae and the second to be discovered ; its integrated magnitude is 8.8 . It was discovered in 1779 by Antoine Darquier , 15 years after Charles Messier discovered the Dumbbell Nebula . Astronomers have determined that it is between 6,000 and 8,000 years old ; it is approximately one light - year in diameter . The outer part of the nebula appears red in photographs because of emission from ionized hydrogen . The middle region is colored green ; doubly ionized oxygen emits greenish - blue light . The hottest region , closest to the central star , appears blue because of emission from helium . The central star itself is a white dwarf with a temperature of 120,000 kelvins . In telescopes , the nebula appears as a visible ring with a green tinge ; it is slightly elliptical because its three - dimensional shape is a torus or cylinder seen from a slight angle . It can be found halfway between Gamma Lyrae and Beta Lyrae . Another planetary nebula in Lyra is Abell 46 . The central star , V477 Lyrae , is an eclipsing post-common - envelope binary , consisting of a white dwarf primary and an oversized secondary component due to recent accretion . The nebula itself is of relatively low surface brightness compared to the central star , and is undersized for the primary 's mass for reasons not yet fully understood . NGC 6791 is a cluster of stars in Lyra . It contains three age groups of stars : 4 billion year - old white dwarfs , 6 billion year - old white dwarfs and 8 billion year - old normal stars . NGC 6745 is an irregular spiral galaxy in Lyra that is at a distance of 208 million light - years . Several million years ago , it collided with a smaller galaxy , which created a region filled with young , hot , blue stars . Astronomers do not know if the collision was simply a glancing blow or a prelude to a full - on merger , which would end with the two galaxies incorporated into one larger , probably elliptical galaxy . A remarkable long - duration gamma - ray burst was GRB 050525A , which flared in 2005 . The afterglow re-brightened at 33 minutes after the original burst , only the third found to exhibit such an effect in the timeframe , and unable to be completely explained by known phenomena . The light curve observed over the next 100 days was consistent with that of a supernova or even a hypernova , dubbed SN 2005nc . The host galaxy proved elusive to find at first , although it was subsequently identified . Exoplanets ( edit ) In orbit around the orange subgiant star HD 177830 is one of the earliest exoplanets to be detected . A jovian - mass planet , it orbits in an eccentric orbit with a period of 390 days . A second planet closer to the star was discovered in 2011 . Visible to the naked eye are HD 173416 , a yellow giant hosting a planet over twice the mass of Jupiter discovered in 2009 ; and HD 176051 , a low - mass binary star containing another high - mass planet . Just short of naked - eye visibility is HD 178911 , a triple system consisting of a close binary and a visually separable sunlike star . The sunlike star has a planet with over 6 Jupiter masses discovered in 2001 , the second found in a triple system after that of 16 Cygni . One of the most - studied exoplanets in the night sky is TrES - 1b , in orbit around the star GSC 02652 - 01324 . Detected from a transit of its parent star , the planet has around 3 / 4 the mass of Jupiter , yet orbits its parent star in only three days . The transits have been reported to have anomalies multiple times . Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth - like planet , it is now accepted that the irregularities are due to a large starspot . Also discovered by the transit method is WASP - 3b , with 1.75 times the mass of Jupiter . At the time of its discovery , it was one of the hottest known exoplanets , in orbit around the F - type main - sequence star WASP - 3 . Similar to TrES - 1b , irregularities in the transits had left open the possibility of a second planet , although this now appears unlikely as well . Lyra is one of three constellations ( along with neighboring Cygnus and Draco ) to be in the Kepler Mission 's field of view , and as such it contains many more known exoplanets than most constellations . One of the first discovered by the mission is Kepler - 7b , an extremely low - density exoplanet with less than half the mass of Jupiter , yet nearly 1.5 times the radius . Almost as sparse is Kepler - 8b , only slightly more massive and of a similar radius . The Kepler - 20 system contains five known planets ; three of them are only slightly smaller than Neptune , and two while the other two are some of the first Earth - sized exoplanets to be discovered . Kepler - 37 is another star with an exoplanet discovered by Kepler ; the planet is the smallest known extrasolar planet known as of February 2013 . In April 2013 , it was announced that of the five planets orbiting Kepler - 62 , at least two -- Kepler - 62e and Kepler - 62f -- are within the boundaries of the habitable zone of that star , where scientists think liquid water could exist , and are both candidates for being a solid , rocky , earth - like planet . The exoplanets are 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter of Earth respectively , with their star Kepler - 62 at a distance of 1,200 light - years . See also ( edit ) Uttara Ashadha Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The nearby stars are Vega , the red dwarf double star GJ 747 , and the brown dwarf 2MASS 1835 + 3259 . Jump up ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 42 ° S and 64 ° S , stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable . Jump up ^ Assuming the visual binary Epsilon is counted as single stars , and only one of Delta1 and Delta2 Lyrae is counted as part of the pattern . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion ( 2007 ) . Stars and Planets Guide , Collins , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 725120 - 9 . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13556 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lesley Brown : The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. 1 : A − M. Clarendon Press , Oxford 1993 , p. 1651 Jump up ^ Bistue , Belen ( May 23 , 2016 ) . Collaborative Translation and Multi-Version Texts in Early Modern Europe . Routledge . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 1317164350 . ^ Jump up to : Ridpath , Ian . `` Star Tales - Lyra '' . Star Tales . self - published . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard Hinckley ( 1963 ) ( 1899 ) . Star Names : Their Lore and Meaning . Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21079 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` World_Archaeological_Congress. pdf '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomy of the Boorong . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . 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Jump up ^ Jenkins , Jon M. ; Borucki , William J. ; Koch , David G. ; Marcy , Geoffrey W. ; Cochran , William D. ; Welsh , William F. ; Basri , Gibor ; Batalha , Natalie M. ; Buchhave , Lars A. ; Brown , Timothy M. ; Caldwell , Douglas A. ; Dunham , Edward W. ; Endl , Michael ; Fischer , Debra A. ; Gautier , Thomas N. ; Geary , John C. ; Gilliland , Ronald L. ; Howell , Steve B. ; Isaacson , Howard ; Johnson , John Asher ; Latham , David W. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ; Monet , David G. ; Rowe , Jason F. ; Sasselov , Dimitar D. ; Howard , Andrew W. ; MacQueen , Phillip ; Orosz , Jerome A. ; Chandrasekaran , Hema ; Twicken , Joseph D. ; Bryson , Stephen T. ; Quintana , Elisa V. ; Clarke , Bruce D. ; Li , Jie ; Allen , Christopher ; Tenenbaum , Peter ; Wu , Hayley ; Meibom , Søren ; Klaus , Todd C. ; Middour , Christopher K. ; Cote , Miles T. ; McCauliff , Sean ; Girouard , Forrest R. ; Gunter , Jay P. ; Wohler , Bill ; Hall , Jennifer R. ; Ibrahim , Khadeejah ; Kamal Uddin , AKM ; Wu , Michael S. ; Bhavsar , Paresh A. ; Van Cleve , Jeffrey ; Pletcher , David L. ; Dotson , Jessie L. ; Haas , Michael R. ( 2010 ) . `` DISCOVERY AND ROSSITER - McLAUGHLIN EFFECT OF EXOPLANET KEPLER - 8b '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 724 ( 2 ) : 1108 -- 1119 . arXiv : 1001.0416 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 724.1108 J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 724 / 2 / 1108 . Jump up ^ Gautier , Thomas N. ; Charbonneau , David ; Rowe , Jason F. ; Marcy , Geoffrey W. ; Isaacson , Howard ; Torres , Guillermo ; Fressin , Francois ; Rogers , Leslie A. ; Désert , Jean - Michel ; Buchhave , Lars A. ; Latham , David W. ; Quinn , Samuel N. ; Ciardi , David R. ; Fabrycky , Daniel C. ; Ford , Eric B. ; Gilliland , Ronald L. ; Walkowicz , Lucianne M. ; Bryson , Stephen T. ; Cochran , William D. ; Endl , Michael ; Fischer , Debra A. ; Howell , Steve B. ; Horch , Elliott P. ; Barclay , Thomas ; Batalha , Natalie ; Borucki , William J. ; Christiansen , Jessie L. ; Geary , John C. ; Henze , Christopher E. ; Holman , Matthew J. ; Ibrahim , Khadeejah ; Jenkins , Jon M. ; Kinemuchi , Karen ; Koch , David G. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ; Sanderfer , Dwight T. ; Sasselov , Dimitar D. ; Seager , Sara ; Silverio , Kathryn ; Smith , Jeffrey C. ; Still , Martin ; Stumpe , Martin C. ; Tenenbaum , Peter ; Van Cleve , Jeffrey ( 2012 ) . `` KEPLER - 20 : A SUN - LIKE STAR WITH THREE SUB-NEPTUNE EXOPLANETS AND TWO EARTH - SIZE CANDIDATES '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 749 ( 1 ) : 15 . arXiv : 1112.4514 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 749 ... 15G . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 749 / 1 / 15 . Jump up ^ Fressin , Francois ; Torres , Guillermo ; Rowe , Jason F. ; Charbonneau , David ; Rogers , Leslie A. ; Ballard , Sarah ; Batalha , Natalie M. ; Borucki , William J. ; Bryson , Stephen T. ; Buchhave , Lars A. ; Ciardi , David R. ; Désert , Jean - Michel ; Dressing , Courtney D. ; Fabrycky , Daniel C. ; Ford , Eric B. ; Gautier III , Thomas N. ; Henze , Christopher E. ; Holman , Matthew J. ; Howard , Andrew ; Howell , Steve B. ; Jenkins , Jon M. ; Koch , David G. ; Latham , David W. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ; Marcy , Geoffrey W. ; Quinn , Samuel N. ; Ragozzine , Darin ; Sasselov , Dimitar D. ; Seager , Sara ; Barclay , Thomas ; Mullally , Fergal ; Seader , Shawn E. ; Still , Martin ; Twicken , Joseph D. ; Thompson , Susan E. ; Uddin , Kamal ( 2011 ) . `` Two Earth - sized planets orbiting Kepler - 20 '' . Nature . 482 ( 7384 ) : 195 -- 198 . arXiv : 1112.4550 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 482 ... 195F . doi : 10.1038 / nature10780 . PMID 22186831 . Jump up ^ Grant , Andrew ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Most Earthlike planets yet seen bring Kepler closer to its holy grail '' . ScienceNews.org . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lyra . `` Lyra '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 177 . Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 180 medieval and early modern images of Lyra ) Stars of Lyra Bayer α ( Vega ) β ( Sheliak ) γ ( Sulafat ) δ δ ε ζ ζ η ( Aladfar ) θ ι κ λ μ ( Alathfar ) ν ν Flamsteed 16 17 19 Variable R ( 13 ) V RR RV RZ TT TZ UZ XY AY CC CN CY DM EP EZ FL HK HP HR KX MV V344 V361 V404 V473 V477 V478 V533 V542 V543 V545 V550 V558 HR 6845 6847 6853 6901 6968 6984 6997 7016 7017 7019 7030 7033 7041 7043 7044 7064 7073 7081 7112 7115 7118 7132 7140 7146 7162 7181 7202 7204 7212 7237 7238 7244 7253 7272 7280 7284 7302 7338 7345 7346 7359 7376 7382 HD 177830 180314 181068 Gliese Gliese 758 GJ 4063 Kepler 7 8 9 13 14 19 20 21 24 25 26 30 37 38 46 53 55 59 60 62 65 75 83 88 91 92 93 94 95 98 100 102 103 104 105 109 128 130 131 138 177 238 277 279 282 350 410 444 Other GSC 02634 - 01087 GSC 02652 - 01324 KSw 71 LHS 6343 2MASS 1835 + 3259 WASP - 3 WASP - 58 WISE 1828 + 2650 List The 88 modern constellations Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula Lists of constellations Constellation history The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans obsolete constellation names Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias Coordinates : 19 00 00 , + 40 ° 00 ′ 00 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyra&oldid=846171520 '' Categories : Lyra ( constellation ) Constellations Northern constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 21 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | brightest star in the constellation lyra dan word | [
"Vega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of stars known as Beta Lyrae variables. These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. Epsilon Lyrae, known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula, the second-discovered and best-known planetary nebula.\n"
] | [
"Vega"
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6220460453026223280 | Auburn Tigers football | Auburn Tigers Football - wikipedia Auburn Tigers Football Jump to : navigation , search Auburn Tigers 2017 Auburn Tigers football team First season 1892 Head coach Gus Malzahn 6th season , 40 -- 19 (. 678 ) Other staff Chip Lindsey , OC Kevin Steele , DC Stadium Jordan -- Hare Stadium ( Capacity : 87,451 ) Field Pat Dye Field Year built 1939 Field surface Grass Location Auburn , Alabama NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Southeastern Conference Division Western Past conferences Independent ( 1892 -- 1893 ) SIAA ( 1892 -- 1920 ) SoCon ( 1921 -- 1932 ) All - time record 762 -- 434 -- 47 (. 632 ) Bowl record 23 -- 16 -- 2 (. 585 ) Claimed nat'l titles 2 ( 1957 , 2010 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 2 ( 1958 , 2004 ) Conference titles 12 ( 8 SEC , 3 SIAA , 1 Southern ) Division titles 8 Rivalries Alabama ( rivalry ) Georgia ( rivalry ) LSU ( rivalry ) Heisman winners Current uniform Colors Burnt Orange and Navy Blue Fight song War Eagle Mascot Aubie the Tiger Marching band Auburn University Marching Band Outfitter Under Armour Website www.auburntigers.com The Auburn Tigers football program represents Auburn University in the sport of American college football . Auburn competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Auburn officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1892 . The Tigers joined the Southeastern Conference in 1932 as one of the inaugural members of the conference and the Tigers began competing in the West Division when the conference divided in 1992 . Auburn officially claims two national championships , but has been recognized with five national championships from NCAA documented selectors . Auburn has achieved twelve undefeated seasons and won twelve conference championships , along with eight divisional championships . The Tigers have made forty - one post season bowl appearances ; including eleven historically major bowl berths . The Tigers have the 12th most wins in FBS history with over 700 victories and have finished ranked in the Top 25 of either the AP or Coaches polls 37 times , including finishing in the top ten 18 times ( ranked 12th nationally for top ten finishes ) . The Tigers have produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterback Pat Sullivan in 1971 , running back Bo Jackson in 1985 , and quarterback Cam Newton in 2010 . Auburn has also produced twenty - nine consensus All - American players . The College Football Hall of Fame has inducted a total of 12 individuals from Auburn , including 8 student - athletes and four head coaches : John Heisman , Mike Donahue , Ralph Jordan , and Pat Dye . Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan , who coached from 1951 to 1975 , led Auburn to its first national championship and won a total of 176 games , the most by any Auburn coach . Auburn 's home stadium is Jordan -- Hare Stadium , which opened in 1939 and becomes Alabama 's fifth largest city on gamedays with a capacity of 87,451 . Auburn 's archrival is in - state foe Alabama . The Tigers and Crimson Tide meet annually in the Iron Bowl , one of the biggest rivalries in all of sports . The Tigers are currently led by head coach Gus Malzahn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program Success 2 Championships and Undefeated Seasons 2.1 National championships 2.1. 1 1913 season 2.1. 2 1957 season 2.1. 3 1983 season 2.1. 4 1993 season 2.1. 5 2010 season 2.1. 6 Summary 2.2 Undefeated seasons 2.3 Conference championships 2.4 Divisional championships 3 Rivalries 4 Total program achievements 5 Traditions 5.1 Tiger Walk 5.2 `` War Eagle '' 5.3 Toomer 's Corner 5.4 Wreck Tech Pajama Parade 6 Current coaching staff 7 Head coaches 8 Award winners 8.1 Statues 8.2 Retired numbers 8.3 Hall of Fame 8.4 National awards 8.5 1st Team All - Americans 9 Bowl games 10 Endnotes 11 External links Program success ( edit ) Auburn has the 13th most wins in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision . In terms of winning percentage , Auburn ranks as the 9th most successful team in the past 25 years with a 71 % win rate ( 213 -- 86 -- 5 ) and 9th over the last half century ( 1955 -- 2010 ) with 69 % . Of the 93 current I-A football programs that been active since Auburn first fielded a team 116 years ago , Auburn ranks 14th in winning percentage over that period . The College Football Research Center lists Auburn as the 14th best college football program in history , with eight Auburn squads listed in Billingsley 's Top 200 Teams of All Time ( 1869 -- 2010 ) . The Bleacher Report placed Auburn as the 18th best program of all time in their power rankings conducted after the 2010 season . In 2013 , College Football Data Warehouse , a website dedicated to the historical data of college football , listed Auburn 13th all - time . After the 2008 season , ESPN ranked Auburn the 21st most prestigious program in history . The Associated Press poll statistics show Auburn with the 11th best national record of being ranked in the final AP Poll and 14th overall ( ranked 503 times out of 1058 polls since the poll began in 1936 ) , with an average ranking of 11.2 . Since the Coaches Poll first released a final poll in 1950 , Auburn has 26 seasons where the team finished ranked in the top 20 in both the AP and Coaches Polls . Auburn has also had success against teams ranked number one in the nation . The Tigers have beaten four teams ranked number one in the nation . Year Opponent Result Site 1942 vs. Georgia W 27 -- 13 Columbus , Georgia 1994 vs. Florida W 36 -- 33 Gainesville , Florida 2001 vs. Florida W 23 -- 20 Auburn , Alabama 2013 vs. Alabama W 34 -- 28 Auburn , Alabama Championships and undefeated seasons ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) Five Auburn teams have been awarded a National Championship by an NCAA documented selector -- 1913 , 1957 , 1983 , 1993 , and 2010 . However , only the 1957 title , awarded by the Associated Press , and the BCS National Championship in 2010 are claimed outright by the University . Four additional teams have also been named national champions by a minor selector , though none are recognized -- 1910 , 1914 , 1958 , and 2004 . Year Coach Selector Record Notes 1957 Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan AP 10 -- 0 SEC Champions Gene Chizik AP , Coaches , BCS 14 -- 0 SEC Champions , Won BCS Title Game † in 1993 Auburn was ineligible for the SEC Championship Game and postseason bowl game . 1913 season ( edit ) Main article : 1913 Auburn Tigers football team The 1913 team was coached by Mike Donahue and was undefeated at 8 -- 0 , outscoring opponents 224 -- 13 . Auburn , led by senior captain Kirk Newell , finished as SIAA champions for the first time in school history . Newell , also a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha , went on to be a World War I hero and member of the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame . The Tigers were retroactively awarded a national title by The Billingsley Report . 1957 season ( edit ) Main article : 1957 Auburn Tigers football team The 1957 Auburn Tigers , led by coach Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan , finished with a perfect 10 -- 0 record , marking the school 's first ever SEC championship . Auburn was recognized as national champions by the AP Poll even though they were on probation and did not participate in a bowl game . This was the school 's first recognized national championship . The 1957 title is shared with Ohio State , who was named the national champion by the Coaches ' Poll . This was the first of only two times in the history of the AP championship that it was awarded to a team on probation not allowed to participate in a bowl game ( it would occur again in 1974 with Oklahoma ) . 1983 season ( edit ) Main article : 1983 Auburn Tigers football team The 1983 Auburn Tigers , led by head coach Pat Dye and running back Bo Jackson , finished 11 -- 1 after playing the nation 's toughest schedule . Their only loss came against # 3 Texas , who defeated the Tigers , 20 -- 7 . Auburn went on to defeat # 8 Michigan , 9 -- 7 , in the Sugar Bowl . Despite entering the bowl games ranked third in both major polls , and with both teams ranked higher losing their bowl games , the Tigers ended ranked third in the final AP poll . The New York Times ranked Auburn number one at the conclusion of the season , but several other retroactive polling found Auburn at number 1 , including the Billingsley Report . The universally recognized national champions for 1983 are the Miami Hurricanes . 1993 season ( edit ) Main article : 1993 Auburn Tigers football team Head coach Terry Bowden led the 1993 team to a perfect season in his first year on the Plains . The Tigers were the only undefeated team in major college football , however were banned from playing on television or post-season games due to NCAA violations . Rival Alabama was sent to the SEC Championship Game as the substitute representative of the Western Division . Auburn finished ranked fourth in the nation by the Associated Press . However , Auburn was on NCAA probation in 1993 and ineligible for post season play . 2010 season ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Auburn Tigers football team The Tigers , led by second year head coach Gene Chizik , completed a 12 -- 0 regular season record and defeated South Carolina in the 2010 SEC Championship Game . On October 24 , 2010 , Auburn was ranked first in the BCS polls for the first time in school history . On January 10 , 2011 , Auburn defeated Oregon in the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona , 22 -- 19 , to win their first BCS National Championship , and second claimed national title . Their quarterback , Cam Newton , became a Heisman Trophy winner . He had a total of 2,854 yards passing and 30 passing touchdowns . He also rushed for 1,473 yards and 20 touchdowns . Summary ( edit ) The following table summarizes the source and totals for Auburn 's national championship seasons . Source Championships Years AP / Coaches ' Poll / BCS ( 1936 -- present ) Two 1957 ( AP ) , 2010 CFBDW ( recognized ) Three 1913 , 1957 , 2010 CFBDW ( all ) Five 1913 , 1957 , 1983 , 1993 , 2010 Claimed by Auburn Two 1957 , 2010 Undefeated seasons ( edit ) Since its beginnings in 1892 , Auburn has completed twelve undefeated seasons . This includes seven ( 7 ) perfect seasons in which the Tigers were undefeated and untied . Year Coach Record 1893 D.M. Balliet / G.H. Harvey 3 -- 0 -- 2 1897 John Heisman 2 -- 0 -- 1 1900 Billy Watkins 4 -- 0 1904 Mike Donahue 5 -- 0 1913 Mike Donahue 8 -- 0 1914 Mike Donahue 8 -- 0 -- 1 1932 Chet A. Wynne 9 -- 0 -- 1 1957 Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 10 -- 0 1958 Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 9 -- 0 -- 1 1993 Terry Bowden 11 -- 0 Tommy Tuberville 13 -- 0 Gene Chizik 14 -- 0 Total Undefeated Seasons : 12 ( 7 Perfect ) Conference championships ( edit ) Auburn officially recognizes that it has won outright or a share of 12 total conference championships , including 3 SIAA Championships , 1 Southern Conference Championship , and 8 SEC Championships . Conference Championships Conference Conference Championships Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Southern Conference Southeastern Conference 8 Total Conference Championships 12 Conference affiliations : Conference Affiliations Player Year Independent 1892 -- 1894 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1895 -- 1920 Southern Conference 1921 -- 1932 Southeastern Conference 1933 -- present Year Conference Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1913 SIAA Mike Donahue 9 -- 0 8 -- 0 1914 † SIAA Mike Donahue 8 -- 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 -- 1 1919 † SIAA Mike Donahue 8 -- 1 5 -- 1 1932 † SoCon Chet A. Wynne 9 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 1 1957 SEC Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 SEC Pat Dye 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 SEC Pat Dye 9 -- 1 -- 2 6 -- 0 -- 1 1988 † SEC Pat Dye 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 1989 † SEC Pat Dye 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 SEC Tommy Tuberville 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 SEC Gene Chizik 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 2013 SEC Gus Malzahn 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 Total Conference Championships : 12 ( 3 SIAA , 1 Southern , 8 SEC ) † Denotes co-champions Additional championships : During Auburn 's time in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , three teams tied for a share of the conference championship , though they are not officially recognized by the University : Conference Conference Year Head Coach 1900 1900 Walter H. Watkins 1904 1904 Mike Donahue 1910 1910 Mike Donahue Divisional championships ( edit ) Since divisional play began in 1992 , Auburn has won the SEC Western Division championship and gone on to the conference title game on 5 occasions and is 3 -- 2 in the SEC Championship Game . The most recent appearance came in 2013 , as Auburn completed the regular season 11 -- 1 , and defeated Missouri , 59 -- 42 , in the 2013 SEC Championship Game . Auburn has also shared the western division title , but did not play in the championship game due to tiebreakers on 3 occasions . Auburn also finished the 1993 season in first place in the division but was not eligible for the division title . Year Division Coach Overall Record Conference Record SEC Championship Game Result 1997 † SEC West Terry Bowden 10 -- 3 6 -- 2 # 11 Auburn 29 , # 3 Tennessee 30 2000 SEC West Tommy Tuberville 9 -- 4 6 -- 2 # 18 Auburn 6 , # 7 Florida 28 2001 † SEC West Tommy Tuberville 7 -- 5 5 -- 3 LSU won divisional tiebreaker 2002 † SEC West Tommy Tuberville 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 Arkansas won divisional tiebreaker SEC West Tommy Tuberville 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 # 3 Auburn 38 , # 15 Tennessee 28 2005 † SEC West Tommy Tuberville 9 -- 3 7 -- 1 LSU won divisional tiebreaker SEC West Gene Chizik 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 # 1 Auburn 56 , # 19 South Carolina 17 2013 † SEC West Gus Malzahn 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 # 3 Auburn 59 , # 5 Missouri 42 Division Championships 8 † Denotes co-champions Rivalries ( edit ) Primary Auburn Football Rivalries : All - Time Records Name of Rivalry Rival Games Played First Meeting Last Meeting Record Streak Latest win Iron Bowl Alabama 81 1893 2016 35 -- 45 -- 1 3 losses 2013 , 34 -- 28 Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry Georgia 120 1892 2016 55 -- 57 -- 8 3 losses 2013 , 43 -- 38 The Tiger Classic LSU 52 1901 2017 22 -- 29 - 1 1 loss 2016 , 18 -- 13 Auburn -- Tennessee Tennessee 52 1900 2013 28 -- 21 -- 3 6 wins 2013 , 55 -- 23 Auburn -- Florida Florida 83 1912 2011 43 -- 38 -- 2 3 wins 2011 , 17 -- 6 Auburn -- Georgia Tech Georgia Tech 92 1892 2005 47 -- 41 -- 4 2 losses 1987 , 20 -- 10 Total program achievements ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Champions 1957 , 2010 Unclaimed National Champions 1910 , 1913 , 1914 , 1958 , 1983 , 1993 , 2004 Conference Champions 1913 , 1914 , 1919 , 1932 , 1957 , 1983 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 2004 , 2010 , 2013 Undefeated Seasons 1893 , 1897 , 1900 , 1904 , 1913 , 1914 , 1932 , 1957 , 1958 , 1993 , 2004 , 2010 Divisional Champions 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2010 , 2013 Heisman Trophy Winners 1971 , 1985 , 2010 Final Top 10 ( AP ) 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 Final Top 10 ( Coaches ) 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 Bowl Appearances 1936 , 1937 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1963 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Bowl Victories * 1937 , 1954 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 Years listed for Bowl victories are seasons for which they occurred . Traditions ( edit ) Tiger walk ( edit ) Before each Auburn home football game , thousands of Auburn fans line Donahue Drive to cheer on the team as they walk from the Auburn Athletic Complex to Jordan -- Hare Stadium . The tradition began in the 1950s when groups of kids would walk up the street to greet the team and get autographs . During the tenure of coach Doug Barfield , the coach urged fans to come out and support the team , and thousands did . Today the team walks down the hill and into the stadium surrounded by fans who pat them on the back and shake their hands as they walk . The largest Tiger Walk occurred on December 2 , 1989 , before the first ever home football game against rival Alabama -- the Iron Bowl . On that day , an estimated 20,000 fans packed the one block section of road leading to the stadium . According to former athletic director David Housel , Tiger Walk has become `` the most copied tradition in all of college football '' . `` War eagle '' ( edit ) Nova , `` War Eagle VII '' Main article : War Eagle There are many stories surrounding the origins of Auburn 's battle cry , `` War Eagle '' . The most popular account involves the first Auburn football game in 1892 between Auburn and the University of Georgia . According to the story , in the stands that day was an old Civil War soldier with an eagle that he had found injured on a battlefield and kept as a pet . The eagle broke free and began to soar over the field , and Auburn began to march toward the Georgia end - zone . The crowd began to chant , `` War Eagle '' as the eagle soared . After Auburn won the game , the eagle crashed to the field and died but , according to the legend , his spirit lives on every time an Auburn man or woman yells `` War Eagle ! '' The battle cry of `` War Eagle '' also functions as a greeting for those associated with the University . For many years , a live golden eagle has embodied the spirit of this tradition . The eagle was once housed on campus in The A. Elwyn Hamer Jr . Aviary ( which was the second largest single - bird enclosure in the country ) , but the aviary was taken down in 2003 and the eagle moved to a nearby raptor center . The eagle , War Eagle VI ( nicknamed `` Tiger '' ) , was trained in 2000 to fly free around the stadium before every home game to the delight of fans . The present eagle , War Eagle VII ( nicknamed `` Nova '' ) , continues the tradition . War Eagle VI is believed to be the inspiration behind the 2005 -- 2006 Auburn Cheerleading squad 's chant , `` Tigers , Tigers , Gooooooo Tigers ! '' Toomer 's corner ( edit ) The intersection of Magnolia and College streets in Auburn , which marks the transition from downtown Auburn to the university campus , is known as Toomer 's Corner . It is named after Toomer 's Drugs , a small store on the corner that has been an Auburn landmark since 1896 . Hanging over the corner were two massive old oak trees , planted in 1937 , and whenever there was cause for celebration in the Auburn community , toilet paper could usually be found hanging from the trees . Also known as `` rolling the corner '' , this tradition originated after Auburn upset # 2 Alabama in the 1972 Iron Bowl , The famous ' Punt Bama Punt ' Game . `` We beat the ' number 2 ' out of Alabama . '' Until the mid-1990s the tradition was relegated to only to celebrating athletic wins . The oak trees were cut down by the university in April , 2013 , as a result of them being poisoned by Harvey Updyke Jr. , a fan of rival Alabama . Wreck Tech Pajama parade ( edit ) The Wreck Tech Pajama Parade originated in the 1930s , when a group of mischievous Auburn ROTC cadets , determined to show up the more well - known engineers from Georgia Tech , sneaked out of their dorms the night before the football game between Auburn and Tech and greased the railroad tracks . According to the story , the train carrying the Georgia Tech team slid through town and did n't stop until it was halfway to the neighboring town of Loachapoka , Alabama . The Georgia Tech team was forced to walk the five miles back to Auburn and , not surprisingly , were rather weary at the end of their journey . This likely contributed to their 45 -- 0 loss . While the railroad long ago ceased to be the way teams traveled to Auburn and students never greased the tracks again , the tradition continues in the form of a parade through downtown Auburn . Students parade through the streets in their pajamas and organizations build floats . Current coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position Alma mater Year Entering Gus Malzahn Head Coach Henderson State 5th Rodney Garner Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line Auburn 5th Kevin Steele Defensive Coordinator Tennessee 2nd Chip Lindsey Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Alabama 1st Kodi Burns Co-Offensive Coordinator / Wide Receivers Auburn 2nd Greg Brown Secondary Coach UTEP 1st Travis Williams Linebackers Coach Auburn 2nd Larry Porter Tight Ends / Recruiting Coordinator Memphis 1st Tim Horton Running Backs / Special Teams Arkansas 5th Herb Hand Offensive Line Coach Hamilton College 2nd Ryan Russell Strength Coach West Liberty State 5th Head coaches ( edit ) Auburn Head Coach Head Coach List of Auburn Tigers head football coaches Auburn has had 25 head coaches , and 1 interim head coach , since it began play during the 1892 season . From 2013 to present , Gus Malzahn has served as Auburn 's head coach . The team has played more than 1,150 games over 119 seasons . In that time , seven coaches have led the Tigers in postseason bowl games : Jack Meagher , Ralph Jordan , Pat Dye , Terry Bowden , Tommy Tuberville , Gene Chizik , and Gus Malzahn . Billy Watkins , Mike Donahue , Chet A. Wynne , Jordan , Dye , Tuberville , Chizik , and Malzhan won a combined twelve conference championships . During their tenures , Jordan and Chizik each won national championships with the Tigers . Award Winners ( edit ) A number of Auburn players and coaches have won national awards , including 66 players being named as college football All - Americans . The Tigers also have eleven coaches and players that have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in Atlanta . Statues ( edit ) Auburn Tigers Player Statues No . Player Position Tenure Cam Newton QB 7 Pat Sullivan QB 1969 -- 71 34 Bo Jackson RB 1982 -- 85 HC John Heisman HC 1895 - 99 Retired numbers ( edit ) The Tigers have retired three numbers to date , honoring the following players : Auburn Tigers retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Pat Sullivan QB 1969 -- 71 88 Terry Beasley WR 1969 -- 71 34 Bo Jackson RB 1982 -- 85 Hall of Fame ( edit ) Players Year Inducted Coaches Year Inducted 1954 -- Jimmy Hitchcock 1956 -- Walter Gilbert 1991 -- Pat Sullivan 1994 -- Tucker Frederickson 1998 -- Bo Jackson 2002 -- Terry Beasley 2004 -- Tracy Rocker 2009 -- Ed Dyas 1951 -- `` Iron Mike '' Donahue 1954 -- John Heisman 1982 -- Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 2005 -- Pat Dye National awards ( edit ) Players Heisman Trophy Best player Walter Camp Award Best player Maxwell Award Best player 1971 -- Pat Sullivan , QB 1985 -- Bo Jackson , RB 2010 -- Cam Newton , QB 1971 -- Pat Sullivan , QB 1985 -- Bo Jackson , RB 2010 -- Cam Newton , QB 2010 -- Cam Newton , QB Davey O'Brien Award Best quarterback Manning Award Best quarterback Outland Trophy Best interior lineman Lombardi Award Best lineman / linebacker Jim Thorpe Award Best defensive back Rimington Trophy Best center 2010 -- Cam Newton 2010 -- Cam Newton 1958 -- Zeke Smith , G 1988 -- Tracy Rocker , DT 1988 -- Tracy Rocker , DT 2010 -- Nick Fairley , DT 2004 -- Carlos Rogers , CB 2014 -- Reese Dismukes Coaches Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Coach of the Year Eddie Robinson Award Coach of the Year Sporting News Award Coach of the Year Home Depot Award Coach of the Year Bowden Award Coach of the Year Broyles Award Best assistant coach 1993 -- Terry Bowden 2004 -- Tommy Tuberville 2010 -- Gene Chizik 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 1993 -- Terry Bowden 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 1993 -- Terry Bowden 2004 -- Tommy Tuberville 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 2010 -- Gene Chizik 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 2010 -- Gene Chizik 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 2004 -- Gene Chizik 2010 -- Gus Malzahn 1st Team All - Americans ( edit ) Name Position Years Source Jimmy Hitchcock HB 1932 † WCFF , AP , NEA Walter Gilbert 1937 AP Monk Gafford RB 1942 INS Caleb `` Tex '' Warrington 1944 FWAA , WCFF , AP Travis Tidwell RB 1949 Williamson Jim Pyburn WR 1954 Joe Childress RB 1955 FWAA Frank D'Agostino 1955 AFCA , AP Fob James RB 1955 INS Jimmy Phillips DE 1957 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , NEA , INS , UP , Time Zeke Smith OG 1958 † , 1959 AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , CP , TSN , NEA , Time Jackie Burkett 1958 AFCA , Time Ken Rice OT 1959 , 1960 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , CP , TSN , NEA , UPI , Time Ed Dyas RB 1960 FWAA Jimmy Sidle RB 1963 FWAA , AP Tucker Frederickson RB 1964 † FWAA , WCFF , NEA , CP , FN , AP , Time Jack Thornton DT 1965 NEA Bill Cody LB 1965 Freddie Hyatt WR 1967 TFN David Campbell DT 1968 NEA Buddy McClinton DB 1969 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , CP , FN , UPI Larry Willingham DB 1970 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , FN , TSN , PFW , CP , NEA , UPI , Time Pat Sullivan QB 1970 , 1971 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , FN , TSN , UPI Terry Beasley WR 1970 , 1971 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , FN , TSN , NEA , UPI , Time Mike Fuller FN Ken Bernich LB 1974 † AFCA , WCFF , AP Neil O'Donoghue PK 1976 TSN Keith Uecker OG 1981 Mizlou Bob Harris SS 1982 Donnie Humphrey DT WTBS Gregg Carr LB 1984 † AFCA , WCFF , AP , UPI Bo Jackson RB 1983 † , 1985 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , UPI Lewis Colbert 1985 AFCA , TSN Ben Tamburello 1986 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF Brent Fullwood RB 1986 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , SH , TFN , UPI Aundray Bruce LB 1987 † AFCA , WCFF , SH , TFN , UPI Kurt Crain LB AP Stacy Searels OT AP , TFN Tracy Rocker DT 1987 † , 1988 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , UPI Walter Reeves TE 1988 TSN Benji Roland DT 1988 TSN Ed King OG 1989 , 1990 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , SH , UPI , TFN Craig Ogletree LB 1989 TSN David Rocker DT 1990 † AFCA , WCFF , AP , UPI Wayne Gandy OT 1993 † AP , FWAA , SH , UPI Terry Daniel 1993 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , SH , TFN Brian Robinson SS 1994 † WCFF , AP , TFN Frank Sanders WR 1994 AP , FWAA , SH Chris Shelling SS 1994 FWAA , SH Victor Riley OT 1997 AFCA Takeo Spikes LB 1997 TSN Damon Duval PK 2001 † AFCA , WCFF , AP Karlos Dansby LB 2003 AFCA , ESPN Marcus McNeill OT 2004 , 2005 † AP , CBS , FWAA , SI , Rivals , CFN , WCFF , TSN , ESPN Carlos Rogers CB 2004 † AP , FWAA , WCFF , SI , Rivals , CFN , ESPN , CBS Junior Rosegreen SS SI , CBS Carnell Williams RB AFCA Ben Grubbs OG 2006 Rivals , ESPN , PFW Cam Newton QB 2010 † AFCA , AP , Rivals , SI , WCFF , TSN , CBS Lee Ziemba OT 2010 † AFCA , FWAA , SI , WCFF Nick Fairley DT 2010 † AP , FWAA , Rivals , SI , WCFF , ESPN , CBS , TSN Steven Clark 2011 AP , SI , Rivals , PFW Tre Mason RB 2013 TSN Chris Davis PR 2013 TSN , CBS Reese Dismukes 2014 † WCFF , AP , AFCA , FWAA , CBS , ESPN , Scout Carl Lawson DE 2016 FWAA † Denotes consensus All - American ‡ Denotes unanimous All - American Bowl games ( edit ) Auburn football teams have been invited to participate in forty - one ( 41 ) total bowls and have posted a record of twenty - three wins , sixteen losses and two ties ( 23 -- 16 -- 2 ) . W / L Date PF Opponent PA Bowl Attendance 01 - 01 - 1937 7 Villanova 7 Bacardi Bowl 12,000 01 - 01 - 1938 6 Michigan State 0 Orange Bowl 18,972 01 - 01 - 1954 13 Texas Tech 35 Gator Bowl 28,641 12 - 31 - 1954 33 Baylor 13 Gator Bowl 28,426 12 - 31 - 1955 13 Vanderbilt 25 Gator Bowl 32,174 01 - 01 - 1964 7 Nebraska 13 Orange Bowl 72,647 12 - 18 - 1965 7 Mississippi 13 Liberty Bowl 38,607 12 - 28 - 1968 34 Arizona 10 Sun Bowl 32,307 12 - 31 - 1969 7 Houston 36 Bluebonnet Bowl 55,203 01 - 02 - 1971 35 Mississippi 28 Gator Bowl 71,136 01 - 01 - 1972 22 Oklahoma 40 Sugar Bowl 80,096 12 - 30 - 1972 24 Colorado Gator Bowl 71,114 12 - 29 - 1973 17 Missouri 34 Sun Bowl 30,127 12 - 30 - 1974 27 Texas Gator Bowl 63,811 12 - 18 - 1982 33 Boston College 26 Tangerine Bowl 51,296 01 - 02 - 1984 9 Michigan 7 Sugar Bowl 77,893 12 - 27 - 1984 21 Arkansas 15 Liberty Bowl 50,108 01 - 01 - 1986 16 Texas A&M 36 Cotton Bowl Classic 73,137 01 - 01 - 1987 16 Southern California 7 Florida Citrus Bowl 51,113 01 - 01 - 1988 16 Syracuse 16 Sugar Bowl 75,495 01 - 02 - 1989 7 Florida State 13 Sugar Bowl 75,098 01 - 01 - 1990 31 Ohio State 14 Hall of Fame Bowl 52,535 12 - 29 - 1990 27 Indiana 23 Peach Bowl 38,962 01 - 01 - 1996 14 Penn State 43 Outback Bowl 65,313 12 - 31 - 1996 32 Army 29 Independence Bowl 41,366 01 - 02 - 1998 21 Clemson 17 Peach Bowl 75,562 01 - 01 - 2001 28 Michigan 31 Florida Citrus Bowl 66,928 12 - 31 - 2001 10 North Carolina 16 Peach Bowl 71,827 01 - 01 - 2003 13 Penn State 9 Capital One Bowl 66,334 12 - 31 - 2003 28 Wisconsin 14 Music City Bowl 55,109 01 - 03 - 2005 16 Virginia Tech 13 Sugar Bowl 77,349 01 - 02 - 2006 10 Wisconsin 24 Capital One Bowl 57,221 01 - 01 - 2007 17 Nebraska 14 Cotton Bowl Classic 66,777 12 - 31 - 2007 23 Clemson 20 Chick - fil - A Bowl 74,413 01 - 01 - 2010 38 Northwestern 35 Outback Bowl 49,383 01 - 10 - 2011 22 Oregon 19 BCS National Championship Game 78,603 12 - 31 - 2011 43 Virginia 24 Chick - fil - A Bowl 72,919 01 - 06 - 2014 31 Florida State 34 BCS National Championship Game 94,208 01 - 01 - 2015 31 Wisconsin 34 Outback Bowl 44,023 12 - 30 - 2015 31 Memphis 10 Birmingham Bowl 59,430 01 - 02 - 2017 19 Oklahoma 35 Sugar Bowl 54,077 Endnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Colors '' . Auburn Tigers . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prestige Rankings : Scoring system explanation '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` AUBURNTIGERS.COM : : Auburn University Official Athletic Site Auburn University Official Athletic Site : : Football '' . www.auburntigers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Division I-A All - Time Wins '' . College Football Data Warehouse. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I-A Winning Percentage 1986 -- 2010 ( 25 years ) '' . Stassen College Football Information . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I-A Winning Percentage 1955 -- 2010 '' . Stassen College Football Information . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I-A Winning Percentage 1892 -- 2010 '' . Stassen College Football Information . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Billingsley 's All Time Top Programs '' . College Football Research Center . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Billingsley 's Top 200 Teams of All Time '' . College Football Research Center . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Joe Penkala . `` College Football '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` College Football Data Warehouse '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Rankings '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Prestige Rankings : Nos. 21 -- 119 '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Final AP Poll Appearances Summary '' . AP Poll Archive. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Total AP Poll Appearances Summary '' . AP Poll Archive. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn in the Polls '' . College Football Data Warehouse. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ 1942 Georgia Bulldogs football team # 1942 season Jump up ^ `` Auburn Football History and Tradition '' . Auburn University Athletics Department . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Traditions '' . Auburn University . 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Sports Hall of Fame and Museum -- Birmingham , Alabama '' . ashof.org . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Yearly Totals '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The best Walk in America '' . ESPN.com. 2003 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Finebaum on college football 's craziest rivalry '' . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Tony ( 2000 ) . Southern fried football : the history , passion , and glory of the great Southern game . Triumph . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 093 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Auburn to name Chizik as coach '' . ESPN.com. 2008 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide , pp. 136 -- 143 ^ Jump up to : 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide , pp. 184 -- 193 Jump up ^ The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` National Poll Rankings '' ( PDF ) . 2010 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision Records . NCAA.org . pp. 68 -- 77 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AuburnTigers.com -- Official Athletics Site of the Auburn Tigers -- Traditions '' . auburntigers.com . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy Winners '' . heisman.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Alder , James . `` Walter Camp Award Winners '' . About.com . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Outland Trophy Winners '' . Football Writers Association of America . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Rotary Lombardi Award Website -- Winners '' . Rotary Club of Houston . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Jim Thorpe Award -- Past Winners '' . The Jim Thorpe Association . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rimington Trophy '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Previous Winners '' ( PDF ) . American Heart Association . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Previous Winners '' . Home Depot . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chizik picks up another coaching honor '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Former Winners of the Broyles Award '' . Rotary Club of Little Rock . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Official website Auburn Tigers football Venues Drill Field ( 1892 -- 1910 ) Drake Field ( 1911 -- 1939 ) Legion Field ( alternate , 1926 -- 1991 ) Jordan -- Hare Stadium ( 1939 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama : Iron Bowl ( James E. Foy , V - ODK Sportsmanship Trophy ) Arkansas Clemson Florida Georgia : Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry Georgia Tech LSU Tennessee Tulane Culture & lore History Traditions Aubie `` War Eagle '' Marching band Toomer 's Corner Punt Bama Punt Bo Over the Top Earthquake Game Prayer at Jordan -- Hare Kick Six ( Kick Bama Kick ) Porter Cup People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Auburn University Located in : Auburn , Alabama Academics History of Auburn University Publications : Southern Humanities Review Athletics Auburn Tigers Football Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Swimming and diving Gymnastics Rivalries : Iron Bowl Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry Tiger Bowl Facilities : Jordan -- Hare Stadium Samford Stadium - Hitchcock Field at Plainsman Park Auburn Arena Campus Main : Auburn University Chapel Jule Collins Smith Museum of Fine Art Donald E. Davis Arboretum Old Rotation Samford Hall Langdon Hall Other : Auburn University at Montgomery Auburn - Opelika Robert G. Pitts Airport Rural Studio Student life Auburn University Marching Band WEGL The Auburn Plainsman Committee of 19 Notable Auburn University people Ask Foy Traditions Auburn University traditions Aubie Tiger Walk Toomer 's Corner War Eagle Outreach Alabama Cooperative Extension System Founded : 1856 Southeastern Conference football Eastern Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores Western Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Ole Miss Rebels Texas A&M Aggies Championships & awards SEC Championship Game All - time standings Southeastern Conference football individual awards SEC Football Legends Seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auburn_Tigers_football&oldid=809441519 '' Categories : Auburn Tigers football Sports clubs established in 1892 1892 establishments in Alabama Hidden categories : Pages using infobox NCAA football school with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 03 : 27 . About Wikipedia | who did auburn lose to in football this year | [
"\n\nW/L\nDate\nPF\nOpponent\nPA\nBowl\nAttendance\n\n\nT\n01-01-1937\n7\nVillanova\n7\nBacardi Bowl\n12,000\n\n\nW\n01-01-1938\n6\nMichigan State\n0\nOrange Bowl\n18,972\n\n\nL\n01-01-1954\n13\nTexas Tech\n35\nGator Bowl\n28,641\n\n\nW\n12-31-1954\n33\nBaylor\n13\nGator Bowl\n28,426\n\n\nL\n12-31-1955\n13\nVanderbilt\n25\nGator Bowl\n32,174\n\n\nL\n01-01-1964\n7\nNebraska\n13\nOrange Bowl\n72,647\n\n\nL\n12-18-1965\n7\nMississippi\n13\nLiberty Bowl\n38,607\n\n\nW\n12-28-1968\n34\nArizona\n10\nSun Bowl\n32,307\n\n\nL\n12-31-1969\n7\nHouston\n36\nBluebonnet Bowl\n55,203\n\n\nW\n01-02-1971\n35\nMississippi\n28\nGator Bowl\n71,136\n\n\nL\n01-01-1972\n22\nOklahoma\n40\nSugar Bowl\n80,096\n\n\nW\n12-30-1972\n24\nColorado\n3\nGator Bowl\n71,114\n\n\nL\n12-29-1973\n17\nMissouri\n34\nSun Bowl\n30,127\n\n\nW\n12-30-1974\n27\nTexas\n3\nGator Bowl\n63,811\n\n\nW\n12-18-1982\n33\nBoston College\n26\nTangerine Bowl\n51,296\n\n\nW\n01-02-1984\n9\nMichigan\n7\nSugar Bowl\n77,893\n\n\nW\n12-27-1984\n21\nArkansas\n15\nLiberty Bowl\n50,108\n\n\nL\n01-01-1986\n16\nTexas A&M\n36\nCotton Bowl Classic\n73,137\n\n\nW\n01-01-1987\n16\nSouthern California\n7\nFlorida Citrus Bowl\n51,113\n\n\nT\n01-01-1988\n16\nSyracuse\n16\nSugar Bowl\n75,495\n\n\nL\n01-02-1989\n7\nFlorida State\n13\nSugar Bowl\n75,098\n\n\nW\n01-01-1990\n31\nOhio State\n14\nHall of Fame Bowl\n52,535\n\n\nW\n12-29-1990\n27\nIndiana\n23\nPeach Bowl\n38,962\n\n\nL\n01-01-1996\n14\nPenn State\n43\nOutback Bowl\n65,313\n\n\nW\n12-31-1996\n32\nArmy\n29\nIndependence Bowl\n41,366\n\n\nW\n01-02-1998\n21\nClemson\n17\nPeach Bowl\n75,562\n\n\nL\n01-01-2001\n28\nMichigan\n31\nFlorida Citrus Bowl\n66,928\n\n\nL\n12-31-2001\n10\nNorth Carolina\n16\nPeach Bowl\n71,827\n\n\nW\n01-01-2003\n13\nPenn State\n9\nCapital One Bowl\n66,334\n\n\nW\n12-31-2003\n28\nWisconsin\n14\nMusic City Bowl\n55,109\n\n\nW\n01-03-2005\n16\nVirginia Tech\n13\nSugar Bowl\n77,349\n\n\nL\n01-02-2006\n10\nWisconsin\n24\nCapital One Bowl\n57,221\n\n\nW\n01-01-2007\n17\nNebraska\n14\nCotton Bowl Classic\n66,777\n\n\nW\n12-31-2007\n23\nClemson\n20\nChick-fil-A Bowl\n74,413\n\n\nW\n01-01-2010\n38\nNorthwestern\n35\nOutback Bowl\n49,383\n\n\nW\n01-10-2011\n22\nOregon\n19\nBCS National Championship Game\n78,603\n\n\nW\n12-31-2011\n43\nVirginia\n24\nChick-fil-A Bowl\n72,919\n\n\nL\n01-06-2014\n31\nFlorida State\n34\nBCS National Championship Game\n94,208\n\n\nL\n01-01-2015\n31\nWisconsin\n34\nOutback Bowl\n44,023\n\n\nW\n12-30-2015\n31\nMemphis\n10\nBirmingham Bowl\n59,430\n\n\nL\n01-02-2017\n19\nOklahoma\n35\nSugar Bowl\n54,077\n\n"
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"Oklahoma"
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4887032827221457403 | List of UFC records | List of UFC records - wikipedia List of UFC records Jump to : navigation , search Below is a list of records held in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fighting 1.1 Most bouts 1.1. 1 In any bout 1.1. 1.1 All fighters 1.1. 1.2 By division 1.1. 2 In a title bout 1.1. 2.1 All fighters 1.1. 2.2 By division 1.1. 3 In a calendar year 1.2 Most total fight time 1.2. 1 In any bout 1.2. 1.1 All fighters 1.2. 1.2 By division 1.2. 2 In title bouts 1.2. 2.1 All fighters 1.2. 2.2 By division 1.3 Most PPV Main Events 2 Winning 2.1 Most wins 2.1. 1 In any bout 2.1. 1.1 All fighters 2.1. 1.2 By division 2.1. 2 In a title bout 2.1. 2.1 All fighters 2.1. 2.2 By division 2.1. 3 In a calendar year 2.2 Highest win percentage 2.3 Longest winning streaks 3 Finishes 3.1 Most finishes 3.1. 1 In any bout 3.1. 1.1 All fighters 3.1. 1.2 By division 3.1. 2 In a title bout 3.1. 2.1 All fighters 3.1. 2.2 By division 3.1. 3 In a single event 3.2 Fastest finishes 3.2. 1 In any bout 3.2. 1.1 All fighters 3.2. 1.2 By division 3.2. 2 In a title bout 3.2. 2.1 All fighters 3.2. 2.2 By division 3.3 Latest finishes 3.3. 1 In any bout 3.3. 1.1 All fighters 3.3. 1.2 By division 3.3. 2 In a title bout 3.3. 2.1 All fighters 3.3. 2.2 By division 3.4 Highest finishes per win percentage 4 Knockouts 4.1 Most knockouts 4.1. 1 In any bout 4.1. 1.1 All fighters 4.1. 1.2 By division 4.1. 2 In a title bout 4.1. 2.1 All fighters 4.1. 2.2 By division 4.1. 3 In a single event 4.2 Fastest knockouts 4.2. 1 In any bout 4.2. 1.1 All fighters 4.2. 1.2 By division 4.2. 2 In a title bout 4.2. 2.1 All fighters 4.2. 2.2 By division 4.3 Latest knockouts 4.3. 1 In any bout 4.3. 1.1 All fighters 4.3. 1.2 By division 4.3. 2 In a title bout 4.3. 2.1 All fighters 4.3. 2.2 By division 4.4 Highest knockouts per win percentage 5 Submissions 5.1 Most submissions 5.1. 1 In any bout 5.1. 1.1 All fighters 5.1. 1.2 By division 5.1. 2 In a title bout 5.1. 2.1 All fighters 5.1. 2.2 By division 5.1. 3 In a single event 5.2 Fastest submissions 5.2. 1 In any bout 5.2. 1.1 All fighters 5.2. 1.2 By division 5.2. 2 In a title bout 5.2. 2.1 All fighters 5.2. 2.2 By division 5.3 Latest submissions 5.3. 1 In any bout 5.3. 1.1 All fighters 5.3. 1.2 By division 5.3. 2 In a title bout 5.3. 2.1 All fighters 5.3. 2.2 By division 5.4 Highest submissions per win percentage 6 Decisions 6.1 Most decision bouts 6.1. 1 All fighters 6.1. 2 By division 6.2 Most unanimous decision wins 6.2. 1 All fighters 6.2. 2 By division 6.3 Most split decision wins 6.3. 1 All fighters 6.3. 2 By division 6.4 Most decision bouts in one event 6.5 Highest decision wins per win percentage 7 Striking 7.1 Most significant strikes landed 7.1. 1 Career 7.1. 1.1 In any bout 7.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 7.1. 1.1. 2 By division 7.1. 1.2 In title bouts 7.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 7.1. 1.2. 2 By division 7.1. 2 In a single bout 7.1. 2.1 In any bout 7.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 7.1. 2.1. 2 By division 7.1. 2.2 In a title bout 7.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 7.1. 2.2. 2 By division 7.1. 3 In a single event 7.2 Highest significant strike percentage 7.3 Highest significant strike landed per minute 8 Knockdowns 8.1 Most knockdowns 8.1. 1 Career 8.1. 1.1 In any bout 8.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 8.1. 1.1. 2 By division 8.1. 1.2 In title bouts 8.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 8.1. 1.2. 2 By division 8.1. 2 In a single bout 8.1. 2.1 In any bout 8.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 8.1. 2.1. 2 By division 8.1. 2.2 In a title bout 8.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 8.1. 2.2. 2 By division 8.1. 3 In a single event 9 Takedowns 9.1 Most takedowns 9.1. 1 Career 9.1. 1.1 In any bout 9.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 9.1. 1.1. 2 By division 9.1. 1.2 In title bouts 9.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 9.1. 1.2. 2 By division 9.1. 2 In a single bout 9.1. 2.1 In any bout 9.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 9.1. 2.1. 2 By division 9.1. 2.2 In a title bout 9.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 9.1. 2.2. 2 By division 9.1. 3 In a single event 9.2 Highest takedown percentage 9.3 Highest takedowns landed rate 10 Submission attempts 10.1 Career 10.1. 1 In any bout 10.1. 1.1 All fighters 10.1. 1.2 By division 10.1. 2 In title bouts 10.1. 2.1 All fighters 10.1. 2.2 By division 10.2 In a single bout 10.2. 1 In any bout 10.2. 1.1 All fighters 10.2. 1.2 By Division 10.2. 2 In a title bout 10.2. 2.1 All fighters 10.2. 2.2 By division 10.3 Highest submission attempt rate 11 Championships 11.1 Most title reigns 11.2 Longest single title reigns 11.2. 1 By division 11.3 Longest combined title reigns 11.3. 1 By division 11.4 Youngest champions 11.5 Oldest champions 11.6 Multi-division champions 12 Tournaments 12.1 Multiple tournament wins 13 Bonuses 13.1 Most overall 13.2 Most Performance of the Night bonuses 13.3 Most Fight of the Night bonuses 13.4 Most Knockout of the Night bonuses 13.5 Most Submission of the Night bonuses 14 Attendances 14.1 Overall 14.2 United States 15 Finances 15.1 Highest Pay - Per - View buys 15.2 Highest Pay - Per - View buys for a non-championship main event 15.3 Lowest Pay - Per - View buys for a championship main event 15.4 Biggest gates 16 References 17 External links Fighting ( edit ) Most bouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Active UFC fighters in bold Fighter Division / s Bouts 1 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 27 Frank Mir Heavyweight Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight 4 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 26 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight Lightweight Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight Donald Cerrone Welterweight Middleweight 8 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 25 Josh Koscheck Welterweight Middleweight Jump up ^ 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 1 of 25 bouts in second deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 170 lbs . ) class ( now known as Welterweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Bouts Heavyweight Frank Mir 27 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 27 Middleweight Michael Bisping 27 Welterweight Josh Koscheck 24 Matt Hughes Lightweight Jim Miller 24 Featherweight Jeremy Stephens 26 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 15 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 13 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Holly Holm Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate 9 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 8 Jump up ^ 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 1 of 24 Welterweight bouts in second deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 170 lbs . ) class ( now known as Welterweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Wins Losses Draws Total 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 13 0 15 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 9 6 0 15 3 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 0 13 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 0 12 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 11 0 6 . B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 5 5 11 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Randy Couture 9 Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 10 Middleweight Anderson Silva 13 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 14 Lightweight B.J. Penn 8 Featherweight Max Holloway 14 Bantamweight Renan Barão 6 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 8 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 In a calendar year ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Year Bouts 1 . Chris Leben Middleweight 2006 5 Roger Huerta Lightweight 2007 Donald Cerrone Lightweight 2011 Daron Cruickshank Lightweight 2014 Neil Magny Welterweight 2014 2015 Uriah Hall Middleweight 2015 Ross Pearson Lightweight Welterweight 2016 Jump up ^ Does not include multiple - bout tournaments Most total fight time ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Time ( hh : mm : ss ) 1 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 6 : 27 : 49 2 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 5 : 48 : 40 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 5 : 28 : 12 4 . Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight 5 : 26 : 01 5 . B.J. Penn Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 5 : 23 : 31 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Time ( hh : mm : ss ) Heavyweight Roy Nelson 3 : 22 : 33 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 5 : 00 : 53 Middleweight Michael Bisping 4 : 58 : 22 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 5 : 28 : 12 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 4 : 45 : 33 Featherweight Cub Swanson 3 : 07 : 50 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 3 : 29 : 04 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 3 : 50 : 57 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 : 25 : 00 Holly Holm Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate 2 : 05 : 39 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood 0 : 12 : 44 Valérie Létourneau Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 2 : 33 : 39 Jump up ^ 1 : 11 : 33 Light Heavyweight bout time in first deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 02 : 31 Light Heavyweight bout time in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Time ( hh : mm : ss ) 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 4 : 14 : 28 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 3 : 45 : 57 3 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 3 : 33 : 00 4 . B.J. Penn Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 3 : 24 : 05 5 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 3 : 13 : 54 By division ( edit ) Most ppv main events ( edit ) Fighter Division / s PPV Main Events Total 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 64 , 67 , 73 , 77 , 82 , 90 , 97 , 112 , 117 , 126 , 134 , 148 153 , 162 , 168 , 183 , 200 , 208 19 Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 65 , 69 , 79 , 83 , 87 , 94 , 111 , 124 , 129 , 154 , 158 , 167 , 217 2 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Japan , 28 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 68 , 74 , 91 , 102 , 105 , 109 18 3 . Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight 13 , 19 , 22 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 40 , 44 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 66 , 106 , 133 16 4 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 37.5 , 43 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 62 , 66 , 71 , 76 , 88 , 115 12 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 128 , 135 , 140 , 145 , 152 , 159 , 165 , 172 , 182 , 197 , 214 11 6 . Rich Franklin Middleweight Catchweight Light Heavyweight 56 , 58 , 64 , 72 , 77 , 93 , 99 , 103 , 115 , 147 10 B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 35 , 63 , 80 , 84 , 94 , 101 , 107 , 118 , 127 , 137 1. ^ Minimum 10 pay - per - view main events . Winning ( edit ) Most wins ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins 1 . Michael Bisping Middlewieght Light Heavyweight 20 Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 3 . Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight 19 Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 18 6 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 17 Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 16 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 16 Middleweight Michael Bisping 20 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 19 Lightweight Jim Miller 17 Featherweight Max Holloway 14 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 10 T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 13 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 7 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 8 In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Wins 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 12 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 3 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 9 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Randy Couture 6 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 9 Middleweight Anderson Silva 11 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 12 Lightweight B.J. Penn Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 8 Bantamweight Renan Barão Dominick Cruz Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 In a calendar year ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Year Dates Events Opponents Wins Roger Huerta Lightweight 2007 Feb 3 Apr 7 Jun 23 Aug 25 Dec 8 UFC 67 UFC 69 TUF 5 UFC 74 TUF 6 John Halverson Leonard Garcia Doug Evans Alberto Crane Clay Guida 5 Neil Magny Welterweight 2014 Feb 1 May 10 Jun 28 Aug 23 Oct 25 UFC 169 UFC Fight Night 40 UFC Fight Night 43 UFC Fight Night 49 UFC 179 Gasan Umalatov Tim Means Rodrigo de Lima Alex Garcia William Macário Jump up ^ Does not include multiple - bout tournaments Highest win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins Losses Draws NC % 1 . Tony Ferguson Lightweight Welterweight 13 0 0 92.31 % 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 20 0 0 90.90 % 3 . Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 9 0 0 90.00 % Don Frye Openweight 9 0 0 90.00 % 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 17 0 88.23 % 6 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 15 0 86.67 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Longest winning streaks ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Began Ended Winning streak 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight Jun 28 , 2006 Jul 6 , 2013 16 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight Aug 25 , 2007 Active 13 2 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 000000002011 - 03 - 19 - 0000 Mar 19 , 2011 Jul 29 , 2017 13 3 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Jun 8 , 2012 Active 12 4 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight Nov 12 , 1993 May 27 , 2006 11 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight January 4 , 2014 Active 11 Jump up ^ currently active streak Finishes ( edit ) Most finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes 1 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 14 Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 3 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 13 Donald Cerrone Welterweight Lightweight Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 6 . Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight 12 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 13 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 10 Tito Ortiz Middleweight Anderson Silva 11 Welterweight Matt Hughes 12 Lightweight Joe Lauzon 12 Featherweight Max Holloway 7 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 6 Urijah Faber Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 6 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 6 Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Paige VanZant Rose Namajunas Jump up ^ 1 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 2 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 9 2 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 8 3 . Ronda Rousey Bantamweight ( W ) 6 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 6 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Jump up ^ 4 of 5 finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 5 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Finishes Heavyweight Brock Lesnar Stipe Miocic Randy Couture Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 6 Middleweight Anderson Silva 9 Welterweight Matt Hughes 8 Lightweight B.J. Penn Featherweight Jose Aldo Conor McGregor Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 6 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Finishes 1 . UFC 2 March 11 , 1994 15 2 . UFC Fight Night 55 November 7 , 2014 11 3 . UFC 4 December 16 , 1994 10 UFC 6 July 14 , 1995 UFC 7 September 8 , 1995 Ultimate Ultimate 1996 December 7 , 1996 UFC Fight Night 13 April 2 , 2008 UFC on Fuel TV 10 June 8 , 2013 UFC Fight Night 65 May 10 , 2015 UFC Fight Night 68 June 6 , 2015 Fastest finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Time 1 . Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet Welterweight UFC Fight Night 3 Knockout 0 : 06 2 . Todd Duffee Tim Hague Heavyweight UFC 102 Knockout 0 : 07 Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick Featherweight UFC 140 Knockout Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh Light Heavyweight UFC 149 Knockout 5 . Don Frye Thomas Ramirez Heavyweight UFC 8 Knockout 0 : 08 James Irvin Houston Alexander Light Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 13 Knockout Leon Edwards Seth Baczynski Welterweight UFC Fight Night 64 Knockout Makwan Amirkhani Andy Ogle Featherweight UFC on Fox 14 Knockout Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Time Heavyweight Todd Duffee Tim Hague UFC 102 Knockout 0 : 07 Light Heavyweight Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh UFC 149 Knockout 0 : 07 Middleweight Mark Weir Eugene Jackson UFC 38 Knockout 0 : 10 Welterweight Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet UFC Fight Night 3 Knockout 0 : 06 Lightweight Gray Maynard Joe Veres UFC Fight Night 11 Knockout 0 : 09 Featherweight Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick UFC 140 Knockout 0 : 07 Bantamweight Erik Perez Ken Stone UFC 150 Knockout 0 : 17 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Hector Sandoval UFC Fight Night 114 Knockout 0 : 15 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Knockout 11 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 Knockout 12 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Maryna Moroz Joanne Calderwood UFC Fight Night 64 Submission 1 : 30 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Type of finish Time 1 . Conor McGregor José Aldo Featherweight UFC 194 Knockout 0 : 13 2 . Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 3 . Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello Heavyweight UFC 55 Knockout 0 : 15 4 . Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 175 Knockout 0 : 16 Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 Submission By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello UFC 55 Knockout 0 : 15 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC 15.5 Submission 0 : 16 Middleweight Rich Franklin Nate Quarry UFC 56 Knockout 2 : 34 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Robbie Lawler UFC 201 Knockout 2 : 12 Lightweight Rafael Dos Anjos Donald Cerrone UFC on Fox 17 Knockout 1 : 06 Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo UFC 194 Knockout 0 : 13 Bantamweight Renan Barão Urijah Faber UFC 169 Knockout 3 : 42 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez UFC on Fox 9 Knockout 2 : 08 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Knockout 11 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Carla Esparza UFC 185 Knockout 9 : 17 Latest finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 2 . Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson Featherweight UFC Fight Night 57 Submission 4 : 56 3 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 Submission 3 : 43 4 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 Technical Submission 3 : 30 5 . Demetrious Johnson Ray Borg Flyweight UFC 216 Submission 3 : 15 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 Knockout 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Alexander Gustafsson Glover Teixeira UFC Fight Night 109 Knockout 5 1 : 07 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 Submission 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 Knockout 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 Knockout 5 2 : 37 Featherweight Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson UFC Fight Night 57 Submission 5 4 : 56 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 Knockout 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 Submission 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 Knockout 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Paige VanZant UFC Fight Night 80 Submission 5 2 : 25 In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 2 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 Submission 3 : 43 3 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 Submission 3 : 30 4 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 Submission 3 : 10 5 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 Knockout 3 : 09 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 Knockout 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 Knockout 4 : 42 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 Submission 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 Knockout 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 Knockout 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 Knockout 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 Knockout 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 Submission 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 Knockout 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest finishes per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes Wins % 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 11 11 100 % Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 14 14 3 . Gabriel Gonzaga Heavyweight 11 12 91.67 % B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 11 12 5 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.00 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC wins . Knockouts ( edit ) Most knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts 1 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 12 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 11 Anthony Johnson Light Heavyweight Middleweight Welterweight 4 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 10 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Heavyweight Jump up ^ 1 of 10 knockouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockouts Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 10 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 10 Middleweight Anderson Silva 8 Welterweight Matt Brown 9 Lightweight Melvin Guillard 7 Featherweight Conor McGregor 6 Max Holloway Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 5 Flyweight John Lineker Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Paige VanZant Jump up ^ 1 of 10 knockouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 7 2 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Matt Hughes Welterweight 5 . 8 Fighters - By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockouts Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 5 Middleweight Anderson Silva 7 Welterweight Matt Hughes 5 Lightweight B.J. Penn Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Knockouts 1 . UFC 92 December 27 , 2008 8 UFC on Fox 7 April 20 , 2013 UFC Fight Night 45 July 16 , 2014 UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 Fastest knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Time 1 . Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet Welterweight UFC Fight Night 3 0 : 06 2 . Todd Duffee Tim Hague Heavyweight UFC 102 0 : 07 Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick Featherweight UFC 140 Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh Light Heavyweight UFC 149 5 . Don Frye Thomas Ramirez Heavyweight UFC 8 0 : 08 James Irvin Houston Alexander Light Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 13 Leon Edwards Seth Baczynski Welterweight UFC Fight Night 64 Makwan Amirkhani Andy Ogle Featherweight UFC on Fox 14 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Todd Duffee Tim Hague UFC 102 0 : 07 Light Heavyweight Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh UFC 149 0 : 07 Middleweight Mark Weir Eugene Jackson UFC 38 0 : 10 Welterweight Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet UFC Fight Night 3 0 : 06 Lightweight Gray Maynard Joe Veres UFC Fight Night 11 0 : 09 Featherweight Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick UFC 140 0 : 07 Bantamweight Erik Perez Ken Stone UFC 150 0 : 17 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Hector Sandoval UFC Fight Night 114 0 : 15 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis UFC 175 0 : 16 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 12 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Cortney Casey Cristina Stanciu UFC Fight Night 91 2 : 36 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Time 1 . Conor McGregor José Aldo Featherweight UFC 194 0 : 13 2 . Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello Heavyweight UFC 55 0 : 15 3 . Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 175 0 : 16 4 . Frank Shamrock Igor Zinoviev Light Heavyweight UFC 16 0 : 22 5 . Tito Ortiz Evan Tanner Light Heavyweight UFC 30 0 : 32 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello UFC 55 0 : 15 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Igor Zinoviev UFC 16 0 : 22 Middleweight Rich Franklin Nate Quarry UFC 56 2 : 34 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Robbie Lawler UFC 201 2 : 12 Lightweight Rafael Dos Anjos Donald Cerrone UFC on Fox 17 1 : 06 Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo UFC 194 0 : 13 Bantamweight Renan Barão Urijah Faber UFC 169 3 : 42 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez UFC on Fox 9 2 : 08 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis UFC 175 0 : 16 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Carla Esparza UFC 185 9 : 17 Latest knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 5 3 : 09 2 . Ricco Rodriguez Randy Couture Heavyweight UFC 39 3 : 04 3 . Stipe Miocic Mark Hunt Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 65 2 : 47 4 . B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez Lightweight UFC 107 2 : 37 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Bantamweight UFC 173 2 : 26 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 4 : 42 Middleweight Rich Franklin Evan Tanner UFC 53 3 : 25 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 5 2 : 26 Flyweight John Lineker Alptekin Ozkilic UFC Fight Night 45 4 : 51 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Lauren Murphy Kelly Faszholz UFC Fight Night 83 4 : 55 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 5 3 : 09 2 . Ricco Rodriguez Randy Couture Heavyweight UFC 39 3 : 04 3 . B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez Lightweight UFC 107 2 : 37 4 . T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Bantamweight UFC 173 2 : 26 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Joe Soto Bantamweight UFC 177 2 : 20 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 4 : 42 Middleweight Rich Franklin Evan Tanner UFC 53 3 : 25 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Henry Cejudo UFC 197 2 : 49 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Holly Holm Ronda Rousey UFC 193 0 : 59 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest knockouts per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts Wins % 1 . Shawn Jordan Heavyweight 6 6 100 % Ricco Rodriguez Heavyweight 5 5 2 . Roy Nelson Heavyweight 8 9 88.89 % Derrick Lewis Heavyweight Matt Mitrione Heavyweight 5 . Mark Hunt Heavyweight 6 7 85.71 % Thiago Silva Light Heavyweight Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 12 14 1. ^ Minimum 5 UFC KOs . Submissions ( edit ) Royce Gracie holds the record for most UFC submission wins . Most submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submissions 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 10 2 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 9 Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 5 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 8 6 . Kenny Florian Lightweight Welterweight 7 Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight Cole Miller Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 8 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 5 Middleweight Demian Maia 5 Thales Leites Welterweight Chris Lytle 6 Lightweight Nate Diaz 7 Featherweight Charles Oliveira 6 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 6 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submissions 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 2 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Ronda Rousey Bantamweight ( W ) Matt Hughes Welterweight Jump up ^ 2 of 3 submissions in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 3 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Submissions Heavyweight Brock Lesnar Maurice Smith Frank Mir Minotauro Nogueira Mark Coleman Andrei Arlovski Fabricio Werdum Light Heavyweight Jon Jones Frank Shamrock Middleweight Anderson Silva Welterweight Matt Hughes Lightweight B.J. Penn Anthony Pettis Featherweight - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Jump up ^ 2 of 3 submissions in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 3 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Submissions 1 . UFC 2 March 11 , 1994 10 2 . UFC 4 December 16 , 1994 8 UFC on Fuel TV 10 June 8 , 2013 4 . Ultimate Ultimate 1995 December 16 , 1995 6 The Ultimate Fighter 6 Finale December 8 , 2007 UFC Fight Night 17 February 7 , 2009 UFC on Fuel TV 2 April 14 , 2012 UFC Fight Night 80 December 10 , 2015 UFC Fight Night 90 July 7 , 2016 Fastest submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Time 1 . Oleg Taktarov Anthony Macias Heavyweight UFC 6 0 : 09 2 . Joe Charles Kevin Rosier Heavyweight UFC 4 0 : 14 Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 Justin Martin Eric Martin Heavyweight UFC 12 5 . Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 0 : 16 Marcus Aurelio Ryan Roberts Lightweight UFC Fight Night 13 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Justin Martin Eric Martin UFC 12 0 : 14 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC Japan 0 : 16 Middleweight Rory Singer Ross Pointon The Ultimate Fighter 3 Finale 0 : 44 Welterweight Dennis Hallman Matt Hughes UFC 29 0 : 20 Lightweight Marcus Aurélio Ryan Roberts UFC Fight Night 13 0 : 16 Featherweight Chas Skelly Maximo Blanco UFC Fight Night 94 0 : 19 Bantamweight Patrick Williams Alejandro Pérez UFC 188 0 : 23 Flyweight Ben Nguyen Tim Elliott UFC Fight Night 110 0 : 49 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Maryna Moroz Joanne Calderwood UFC Fight Night 64 1 : 30 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight submission in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Time 1 . Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 0 : 14 2 . Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 0 : 16 3 . Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia Heavyweight UFC 51 0 : 47 4 . Frank Mir Tim Sylvia Heavyweight UFC 48 0 : 50 5 . Tito Ortiz Yuki Kondo Light Heavyweight UFC 29 1 : 52 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia UFC 51 0 : 47 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC Japan 0 : 16 Middleweight Anderson Silva Dan Henderson The 82 9 : 52 Welterweight Matt Hughes Frank Trigg UFC 45 3 : 54 Lightweight Anthony Pettis Benson Henderson UFC 164 4 : 41 Featherweight - - - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 18 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Chris Cariaso UFC 178 7 : 29 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale 11 : 26 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight submission in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Latest submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 5 4 : 59 2 . Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson Featherweight UFC Fight Night 57 4 : 56 3 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 3 : 43 4 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 3 : 30 5 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 3 : 10 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Mirko Cro Cop Pat Barry UFC 115 4 : 30 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Jeremy Horn UFC 17 1 : 28 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Benson Henderson Brandon Thatch UFC Fight Night 60 3 : 58 Lightweight B.J. Penn Kenny Florian UFC 101 3 : 54 Featherweight Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson UFC Fight Night 57 5 4 : 56 Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Paige VanZant UFC Fight Night 80 5 2 : 25 Jump up ^ At UFC 17 , the main event was scheduled for three rounds . One 15 - minute round , followed by two 3 - minute overtime rounds . The bout ended at 1 : 28 in the second round . This is equivalent to 1 : 28 in the modern UFC 's fourth round . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 5 4 : 59 2 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 3 : 43 3 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 3 : 30 4 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 3 : 10 5 . Renan Barão Michael McDonald Bantamweight UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Fabrício Werdum Cain Velasquez UFC 188 2 : 13 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Jeremy Horn UFC 17 1 : 28 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Carlos Newton Pat Miletich UFC 31 2 : 50 Lightweight B.J. Penn Kenny Florian UFC 101 3 : 54 Featherweight - - - - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale 1 : 26 Jump up ^ At UFC 17 , the main event was scheduled for three rounds . One 15 - minute round , followed by two 3 - minute overtime rounds . The bout ended at 1 : 28 in the second round . This is equivalent to 1 : 28 in the modern UFC 's fourth round . Highest submissions per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s SUBs Wins % 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 10 11 90.91 % 2 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.00 % 3 . Gunnar Nelson Welterweight Catchweight 6 7 85.71 % 4 . Oleg Taktarov Openweight 5 6 83.33 % 5 . Rousimar Palhares Welterweight Middleweight 6 8 75.00 % 1. ^ Minimum 5 UFC SUBs . Decisions ( edit ) Most decision bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins Losses Draws Total 1 . Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight 11 7 0 18 2 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight 11 5 0 16 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight Lightweight 6 10 0 4 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 9 5 15 5 . Sam Stout Lightweight 8 6 0 14 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 10 0 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Losses Draws Total Heavyweight Roy Nelson 9 0 10 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 5 5 11 Rashad Evans 7 Middleweight Michael Bisping 9 0 12 Welterweight Rick Story 8 5 0 13 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 11 5 0 16 Featherweight Darren Elkins 9 0 11 Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki 7 0 9 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz 0 7 Zach Makovsky Tim Elliott Joseph Benavidez 6 0 Demetrious Johnson 0 Women 's Featherweight Holly Holm 0 0 Germaine de Randamie 0 0 Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington 0 6 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 0 0 6 Jump up ^ 1 of 5 Light Heavyweight decision wins in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Most unanimous decision wins ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s UD wins 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 10 2 . Jon Fitch Welterweight Middleweight 9 Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 4 . Rafael dos Anjos Lightweight 8 Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight Darren Elkins Featherweight Lightweight Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight Ryan Bader Light Heavyweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter UD Wins Heavyweight Jared Rosholt 5 Light Heavyweight Ryan Bader 8 Middleweight Michael Bisping 8 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 10 Lightweight Rafael dos Anjos 8 Featherweight Darren Elkins 8 Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki Raphael Assunção Urijah Faber T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Joseph Benavidez Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington Miesha Tate Alexis Davis Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 Most split decision wins ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s SD wins 1 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight 5 2 . Rashad Evans Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Benson Henderson Lightweight Welterweight John Howard Welterweight Middleweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter SD Wins Heavyweight 14 Fighters Light Heavyweight Rashad Evans Middleweight 7 Fighters Welterweight John Howard Rick Story Robbie Lawler Jake Shields Lightweight Gleison Tibau 5 Featherweight Dennis Bermudez Yair Rodríguez Renato Moicano Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki Yves Jabouin Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Bethe Correia Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight 7 Fighters Most decision bouts in one event ( edit ) Event Date Venue City Decisions 1 . UFC 169 Feb 1 , 2014 Prudential Center Newark , U.S. 10 UFC Fight Night 36 Feb 15 , 2014 Arena Jaraguá Jaraguá do Sul , Brazil UFC Fight Night 84 Feb 27 , 2016 The O2 Arena London , U.K. UFC Fight Night 101 Nov 27 , 2016 Rod Laver Arena Melbourne , Australia Highest decision wins per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Dec . Wins Wins % 1 . Gray Maynard Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.0 % 2 . Benson Henderson Lightweight Welterweight 9 11 81.82 % 3 . Darren Elkins Featherweight 9 12 75.0 % 4 . Nik Lentz Featherweight Lightweight 8 11 72.73 % Evan Dunham Lightweight 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC wins . Striking ( edit ) Most significant strikes landed ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes 1 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 1533 2 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 1378 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 1254 4 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 1210 5 . Evan Dunham Lightweight 1160 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Strikes Heavyweight Junior dos Santos 899 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1021 Middleweight Michael Bisping 1350 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 1254 Lightweight Evan Dunham 1160 Featherweight Max Holloway 935 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 939 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 914 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 80 Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington 399 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood 115 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 1055 In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes 1 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Strawweight ( W ) 971 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 940 3 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 819 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 812 5 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 584 By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Strikes 1 . Nate Diaz Donald Cerrone Lightweight UFC 141 238 2 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) UFC 211 225 3 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Valérie Létourneau Strawweight ( W ) UFC 193 220 4 . Cub Swanson Artem Lobov Featherweight UFC Fight Night 108 209 5 . Jessica Andrade Rosi Sexton Bantamweight ( W ) UFC Fight Night 30 206 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Strikes 1 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) UFC 211 225 2 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Valérie Létourneau Strawweight ( W ) UFC 193 220 3 . Carlos Condit Robbie Lawler Welterweight UFC 195 176 4 . Johny Hendricks Robbie Lawler Welterweight UFC 171 158 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Joe Soto Bantamweight UFC 177 151 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Strikes 1 . UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 1490 2 . UFC Fight Night 89 June 18 , 2016 1391 3 . UFC on Fox 24 April 15 , 2017 1374 4 . UFC Fight Night 98 November 5 , 2016 1268 5 . UFC Fight Night 108 April 22 , 2017 1268 Highest significant strike percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 740 1213 61.01 % 2 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 778 1315 59.16 % 3 . Fábio Maldonado Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 717 1218 58.87 % 4 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 718 1246 57.62 % 5 . Fabrício Werdum Heavyweight 581 1022 56.85 % 2. ^ Minimum 1000 significant strike attempts . Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Alistair Overeem Heavyweight 391 525 74.48 % 2 . Don Frye Openweight 127 191 66.49 % 3 . Josh Barnett Super Heavyweight Heavyweight 392 637 61.54 % 4 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 740 1213 61.01 % 5 . Evan Tanner Middleweight Light Heavyweight 388 647 59.97 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Highest significant strike landed per minute ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes / minute 1 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 6.49 2 . Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) Bantamweight ( W ) 6.45 3 . Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 5.82 4 . Evan Dunham Lightweight 5.68 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight Catchweight 5.67 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Knockdowns ( edit ) Most knockdowns ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockdowns 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 18 2 . Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight 14 Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 4 . Melvin Guillard Lightweight Welterweight 13 Maurício Rua Light Heavyweight Lyoto Machida Middleweight Light Heavyweight Anthony Johnson Welterweight Middleweight Light Heavyweight Thiago Alves Welterweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockdowns Heavyweight Junior dos Santos 12 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 14 Middleweight Anderson Silva 13 Welterweight Thiago Alves 13 Lightweight Melvin Guillard 13 Featherweight Max Holloway 7 Bantamweight Cody Garbrandt 7 Flyweight John Lineker 7 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino - 1 Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Ronda Rousey Leslie Smith Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Angela Hill In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockdowns 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 2 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 7 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 6 5 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 5 Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Knockdowns 1 . Forrest Petz Sammy Morgan Welterweight UFC Fight Night 6 5 2 . Nate Marquardt Dean Lister Middleweight UFC Fight Night 8 Brad Blackburn James Giboo Welterweight UFC Fight Night 14 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Knockdowns 1 . Frank Mir Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira Heavyweight UFC 92 Gray Maynard Frankie Edgar Lightweight UFC 125 Anderson Silva Rich Franklin Middleweight UFC 77 Conor McGregor Eddie Alvarez Lightweight UFC 205 Georges St - Pierre Jon Fitch Welterweight UFC 87 Lyoto Machida Rashad Evans Light Heavyweight UFC 98 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Knockdowns 1 . UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 15 2 . UFC 160 May 25 , 2013 12 3 . UFC on Versus 4 June 26 , 2011 11 4 . UFC 84 May 24 , 2008 10 UFC 85 June 7 , 2008 UFC 87 August 9 , 2008 UFC 96 March 7 , 2009 UFC Fight Night 21 March 31 , 2010 UFC on FX 6 December 15 , 2012 The Ultimate Fighter 16 Finale December 15 , 2012 UFC Fight Night 77 November 7 , 2015 UFC 202 August 20 , 2016 Takedowns ( edit ) Most takedowns ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 90 2 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 84 3 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 67 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 65 5 . Johny Hendricks Welterweight 61 Clay Guida Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Takedowns Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 34 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 58 Middleweight Rafael Natal 36 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 87 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 84 Featherweight Dennis Bermudez 38 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 49 Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Liz Carmouche 15 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Cláudia Gadelha 26 Jump up ^ 8 of 58 Light Heavyweight takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 58 Light Heavyweight takedowns in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 66 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 48 3 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 42 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 28 5 . Sean Sherk Lightweight Welterweight 27 Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight Jump up ^ 15 of 27 title takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Rounds Takedowns 1 . Khabib Nurmagomedov Abel Trujillo Catchweight ( 158.5 lbs ) UFC 160 21 2 . Sean Sherk Hermes Franca Lightweight UFC 73 5 16 3 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 14 4 . Luigi Fioravanti Luke Cummo Welterweight UFC 82 13 5 . Tim Elliott Louis Smolka Flyweight UFC on Fox 24 12 Johny Hendricks Carlos Condit Welterweight UFC 158 Colby Covington Bryan Barberena Welterweight UFC on Fox 22 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Rounds Takedowns 1 . Sean Sherk Hermes Franca Lightweight UFC 73 5 16 2 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 14 3 . Georges St - Pierre Dan Hardy Welterweight UFC 111 11 Cain Velasquez Junior dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 155 5 . Dominick Cruz Demetrious Johnson Bantamweight UFC on Versus 6 10 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Takedowns 1 . UFC 171 March 15 , 2014 55 2 . UFC 194 December 12 , 2015 49 3 . UFC Fight Night 66 May 16 , 2015 47 UFC on Fox 22 December 17 , 2016 5 . UFC Fight Night 24 March 26 , 2011 46 Highest takedown percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 87 118 73.73 % 2 . Tim Elliott Flyweight 35 52 67.31 % 3 . Ramsey Nijem Lightweight Welterweight 30 48 62.50 % 4 . Nate Marquardt Welterweight Middleweight 32 52 61.54 % 5 . Karo Parisyan Welterweight 53 89 59.55 % 1. ^ Minimum 25 UFC TDs . Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Rogério Nogueira Light Heavyweight 100 % Tim Sylvia Heavyweight 3 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 7 8 87.50 % 4 . Alex Caceres Bantamweight Featherweight 9 11 81.82 % 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight 5 80.00 % Robbie Lawler Welterweight Middleweight 16 20 2. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Jump up ^ 2 of 7 takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest takedowns landed rate ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns / 5 minute round 1 . Ramsey Nijem Lightweight Welterweight 1.77 2 . Karo Parisyan Welterweight 1.76 3 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 1.54 4 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 1.43 5 . Ricardo Almeida Welterweight Middleweight Light Heavyweight 1.41 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Submission attempts ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division Attempts 1 . Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight 39 2 . Chris Lytle Welterweight 31 3 . Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight 29 4 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 25 5 . Matt Brown Welterweight 24 Joe Stevenson Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight Cole Miller Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division Attempts 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 12 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 10 3 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight 9 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 8 5 . B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 7 Jump up ^ 8 of 9 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 9 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Attempts 1 . Cole Miller Leonard Garcia Lightweight UFC Fight Night 11 10 2 . Hermes Franca Rich Crunkilton Lightweight UFC 42 9 3 . James Wilks DaMarques Johnson Welterweight TUF 9 Finale 8 Ivan Salaverry Andrei Semenov Middleweight UFC 37 5 . 10 fighters - - - 7 By Division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Attempts 1 . Georges St - Pierre Dan Hardy Welterweight UFC 111 6 2 . Kenny Florian Sean Sherk Lightweight UFC 64 Frank Shamrock John Lober Light Heavyweight UFC Brazil Dave Menne Gil Castillo Welterweight UFC 33 5 . 11 fighters ( 12 bouts ) - - - Jump up ^ 4 of 4 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) ) By division ( edit ) Highest submission attempt rate ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submission attempts / 5 minute round 1 . Dustin Hazelett Lightweight Welterweight 1.379 2 . Renato Sobral Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 1.054 3 . Rousimar Palhares Welterweight Middleweight 1.047 4 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 0.908 5 . Royce Gracie Openweight Catchweight 0.828 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Championships ( edit ) Main article : List of UFC champions Most title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Reigns 1 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 5 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 2 . José Aldo Featherweight Dominick Cruz Bantamweight Matt Hughes Welterweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Conor McGregor Lightweight Featherweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Tim Sylvia Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Heavyweight Longest single title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title Days 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 2457 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 2064 3 . José Aldo Featherweight 1848 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 1871 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 1501 Fighter Title Defenses 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 11 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 9 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 8 5 . José Aldo Featherweight 7 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Days Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 896 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1501 Middleweight Anderson Silva 2457 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 2064 Lightweight B.J. Penn 812 Featherweight Max Holloway 108 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz 1117 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 1871 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 268 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 1074 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 968 Division / s Fighter Defenses Heavyweight Randy Couture Tim Sylvia Brock Lesnar Cain Velasquez Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 8 Middleweight Anderson Silva 10 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 9 Lightweight B.J. Penn Frankie Edgar Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 7 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak Longest combined title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title / s No. of reigns Days 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 2457 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 2204 3 . José Aldo Featherweight 2193 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 1871 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 1577 Fighter Title / s No. of reigns Defenses 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 11 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 9 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 8 5 . José Aldo Featherweight 7 Matt Hughes Welterweight ^ Jump up to : currently active streak By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Days Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 1281 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1501 Middleweight Anderson Silva 2457 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 2204 Lightweight B.J. Penn 812 Featherweight José Aldo 2193 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz 1456 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 1871 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 268 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 1074 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 968 Division / s Fighter Defenses Heavyweight Randy Couture Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 8 Middleweight Anderson Silva 10 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 9 Lightweight B.J. Penn Frankie Edgar Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 7 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak Youngest champions ( edit ) Jon Jones holds the record for the youngest UFC champion . Fighter Title Won / Awarded Age 1 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Mar 19 , 2011 23 years , 244 days 2 . José Aldo Featherweight Nov 20 , 2010 24 years , 73 days 3 . Josh Barnett Heavyweight Mar 22 , 2002 24 years , 133 days 4 . Carlos Newton Welterweight May 4 , 2001 24 years , 261 days 5 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 25 years , 13 days 2. ^ José Aldo was awarded the Featherweight Championship at UFC 123 but did not fight in his first UFC bout until UFC 129 , at which point he was 24 years and 234 days of age . Aldo successfully defended his title at UFC 129 . Oldest champions ( edit ) Fighter Title Last Held Age 1 . Randy Couture Heavyweight Nov 15 , 2008 45 years , 147 days 2 . Fabrício Werdum Heavyweight May 14 , 2016 38 years , 290 days 3 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 7004141310000000000 ♠ 38 years , 251 days 4 . Daniel Cormier Light Heavyweight Jul 29 , 2017 38 years , 132 days 5 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Jul 6 , 2013 38 years , 84 days . Multi-division champions ( edit ) Fighters who have won championships in multiple weight classes . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . Randy Couture is notably the first champion to hold belts in two different divisions , and one of the few to reclaim a title after being defeated . Conor McGregor is notably the first and only fighter thus far to hold multiple titles simultaneously . Champion Division Won Lost Defenses Reign Total reign Randy Couture Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 ( UFC Japan ) Jan ? , 1998 ( stripped ) 0 00 ? days 1,478 + days Nov 17 , 2000 ( UFC 28 ) Mar 22 , 2002 ( UFC 36 ) 490 days Light Heavyweight Sep 26 , 2003 ( UFC 44 ) Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) 0 127 days Aug 21 , 2004 ( UFC 49 ) Apr 16 , 2005 ( UFC 52 ) 0 238 days Heavyweight Mar 3 , 2007 ( UFC 68 ) Nov 15 , 2008 ( UFC 91 ) 623 days B.J. Penn Welterweight Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) May 17 , 2004 ( stripped ) 0 107 days 919 days Lightweight Jan 19 , 2008 ( UFC 80 ) Apr 10 , 2010 ( UFC 112 ) 812 days Conor McGregor Featherweight Dec 12 , 2015 ( UFC 194 ) Nov 26 , 2016 ( stripped ) 0 350 days 709 days ( ongoing ) Lightweight Nov 12 , 2016 ( UFC 205 ) -- 0 359 days ( incumbent ) Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Nov 18 , 2006 ( UFC 65 ) Apr 7 , 2007 ( UFC 69 ) 0 140 days 2,206 days ( ongoing ) Apr 19 , 2008 ( UFC 83 ) Dec 13 , 2013 ( vacated ) 9 2,064 days Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 ( UFC 217 ) -- 0 2 days ( incumbent ) Tournaments ( edit ) Multiple tournament wins ( edit ) Fighter Tournament Wins 1 . Royce Gracie UFC 1 , UFC 2 , UFC 4 2 . Dan Severn UFC 5 , The Ultimate Ultimate Don Frye UFC 8 , The Ultimate Ultimate 2 Mark Coleman UFC 10 , UFC 11 Mark Kerr UFC 14 , UFC 15 Bonuses ( edit ) Nate Diaz holds the record for most UFC bonuses . Main article : List of UFC bonus award recipients Most overall ( edit ) Fighter No. of bonuses 1 . Nate Diaz 15 Joe Lauzon 3 . Anderson Silva 13 4 . Donald Cerrone 12 5 . Frankie Edgar 10 Chris Lytle Most Performance of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter POTN bonuses 1 . Conor McGregor 6 2 . Ronda Rousey Stipe Miocic Anthony Johnson Charles Oliveira Donald Cerrone Gunnar Nelson Demetrious Johnson Most Fight of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter FOTN bonuses 1 . Nate Diaz 8 2 . Frankie Edgar 7 Diego Sanchez Joe Lauzon 5 . Edson Barboza 6 Clay Guida Chris Lytle Sam Stout Most Knockout of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter KOTN bonuses 1 . Anderson Silva 7 2 . Vitor Belfort 5 3 . Chris Leben Lyoto Machida Roy Nelson Most Submission of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter SOTN bonuses 1 . Joe Lauzon 6 2 . Nate Diaz 5 3 . Demian Maia Cole Miller 5 . Clay Guida Chris Lytle Jim Miller Charles Oliveira Attendances ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Attendance 1 . UFC 193 Rousey ( c ) vs. Holm Nov 14 , 2015 Etihad Stadium Melbourne , Australia 56,214 2 . UFC 129 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Shields Apr 30 , 2011 Rogers Centre Toronto , Ontario , Canada 55,724 3 . UFC 198 Werdum ( c ) vs. Miocic May 14 , 2016 Arena da Baixada Curitiba , Brazil 45,207 4 . UFC on Fox 14 Gustafsson vs. Johnson Jan 24 , 2015 Tele2 Arena Stockholm , Sweden 30,000 5 . UFC 124 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Koscheck Dec 11 , 2010 Bell Centre Montreal , Quebec , Canada 23,152 United States ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Attendance 1 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York , New York 20,427 2 . UFC 171 Hendricks vs. Lawler Mar 15 , 2014 American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas 19,324 3 . UFC 68 Sylvia ( c ) vs. Couture Mar 3 , 2007 Nationwide Arena Columbus , Ohio 19,049 4 . UFC 203 Miocic ( c ) vs. Overeem Sep 10 , 2016 Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland , Ohio 18,875 5 . UFC 207 Nunes ( c ) vs. Rousey Dec 30 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada 18,533 Finances ( edit ) Highest Pay - Per - View buys ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City PPV Buys 1 . UFC 202 Diaz vs. McGregor Aug 20 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,650,000 2 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 UFC 100 Lesnar ( c ) vs. Mir Jul 11 , 2009 Mandalay Bay Events Center Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 4 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York , New York , U.S. 1,300,000 5 . UFC 194 Aldo ( c ) vs. McGregor Dec 12 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,200,000 UFC 200 Tate ( c ) vs. Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,200,000 Highest Pay - Per - View buys for a non-championship main event ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City PPV Buys 1 . UFC 202 Diaz vs. McGregor Aug 20 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,650,000 2 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 3 . UFC 114 Rampage vs. Evans May 29 , 2010 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,050,000 4 . UFC 189 Mendes vs. McGregor Jul 11 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 825,000 5 . UFC 79 St - Pierre vs. Hughes Dec 29 , 2007 Mandalay Bay Events Center Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 750,000 5. ^ For an interim championship . Lowest Pay - Per - View buys for a championship main event ( edit ) UFC 1 -- 100 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 42 Apr 25 , 2003 Hughes ( c ) vs. Sherk 35,000 UFC 35 Jan 11 , 2002 Pulver ( c ) vs. Penn 3 . UFC 45 Nov 21 , 2003 Hughes ( c ) vs. Trigg 40,000 4 . UFC 39 Sep 27 , 2002 Couture vs. Rodriguez 45,000 UFC 38 Jul 13 , 2002 Hughes ( c ) vs. Newton UFC 101 -- 200 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 174 Jun 14 , 2014 Johnson ( c ) vs. Bagautinov 115,000 UFC 191 Sep 5 , 2015 Johnson ( c ) vs. Dodson 3 . UFC 177 Aug 30 , 2015 Dillashaw ( c ) vs. Soto 125,000 UFC 186 Apr 25 , 2015 Johnson ( c ) vs. Horiguchi 5 . UFC 179 Oct 25 , 2014 Aldo ( c ) vs. Mendes 180,000 UFC 201 -- 300 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 215 Sep 9 , 2017 Nunes ( c ) vs. Shevchenko 100,000 2 . UFC 212 Jun 3 , 2017 Aldo ( c ) vs. Holloway 175,000 3 . UFC 208 Feb 11 , 2017 Holm vs. de Randamie 200,000 4 . UFC 201 Jul 30 , 2016 Lawler ( c ) vs. Woodley 240,000 5 . UFC 209 Mar 4 , 2017 Woodley ( c ) vs. Thompson 250,000 6. ^ For a vacant championship . Biggest gates ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Gate 1 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York , New York , U.S. $17,700,000 2 . UFC 129 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Shields Apr 30 , 2011 Rogers Centre Toronto , Ontario , Canada $12,075,000 3 . UFC 200 Tate ( c ) vs. Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $10,700,000 4 . UFC 194 Aldo ( c ) vs. McGregor Dec 12 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $10,500,000 5 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $9,100,000 MMA portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GSP 's training camp is his ultimate moment of truth , MMAfighting.com , November 8 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest knockout in UFC , Duane Ludwig thrilled to be recognized by Dana White '' . mmamania.com. April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conor McGregor knocks out Jose Aldo in fastest KO in UFC MMAweekly.com , December 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jon Jones stripped of title , Daniel Cormier vs. Anthony Johnson for belt headlines UFC 187 '' . mmafighting.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MMA All - time Record Holders '' . sportsillustrated . Jump up ^ Holly Holm knocks out Ronda Rousey to win bantamweight title Herald Sun , November 15 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UFC_records&oldid=809008881 '' Categories : Ultimate Fighting Championship Mixed martial arts lists Sports records and statistics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia | who has the longest win streak in mma | [
"\n\n\nFighter\nDivision/s\nBegan\nEnded\nWinning streak\n\n\n1.\nAnderson Silva\nMiddleweight\nLight Heavyweight\nJun 28, 2006\nJul 6, 2013\n\n16\n\n\n\n2.\nGeorges St-Pierre\nWelterweight\nMiddleweight\nAug 25, 2007\n\nActive\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n2.\nJon Jones\nLight Heavyweight\n000000002011-03-19-0000Mar 19, 2011\nJul 29, 2017\n\n13[a]\n\n\n\n3.\nDemetrious Johnson\nFlyweight\nJun 8, 2012\n\nActive\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n4.\nRoyce Gracie\nWelterweight\nOpenweight\nCatchweight\nNov 12, 1993\nMay 27, 2006\n\n11\n\n\n\n5.\nMax Holloway\nFeatherweight\nJanuary 4, 2014\n\nActive\n\n\n11\n\n\n"
] | [
"Anderson Silva"
] |
4839611213880993264 | Mercedes-Benz A-Class | Mercedes - Benz A-Class - wikipedia Mercedes - Benz A-Class Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mercedes - Benz A-Class Overview Manufacturer Daimler - Benz ( 1997 - 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 - 2007 ) Daimler AG ( 2007 - present ) Production 1997 -- present Body and chassis Class Subcompact car ( 1997 -- 2012 ) Compact car ( 2012 -- present ) Layout FF Layout ( 1997 - present ) F4 Layout ( 2013 - present ) The Mercedes - Benz A-Class is a compact car ( subcompact in its first two generations ) produced by the German automobile manufacturer Mercedes - Benz . The first generation ( W168 ) was introduced in 1997 , the second generation model ( W169 ) appeared in late 2004 , and the third generation model ( W176 ) was launched in 2012 . It is often referred to rather affectionately by fans as the ' Baby Benz ' . Originally launched only as a four - door hatchback in 1997 , the second generation W169 introduced a three - door hatchback . In the markets that the A-Class is or has been sold in , it has represented the entry level model of Mercedes - Benz . Having grown by 68 cm ( 27 in ) since the original model , the 2012 A-class is now longer than the first - generation B - class . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( W168 ; 1997 -- 2004 ) 1.1 History 1.2 Engines 1.3 Safety 1.4 Production 2 Second generation ( W169 ; 2004 -- 2012 ) 2.1 Initial release 2.1. 1 Mercedes - Benz A-Class `` F - Cell '' ( 2004 -- ) 2.2 2008 update 2.2. 1 A-Class Special Edition 2009 ( 2009 -- ) 2.2. 2 Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-CELL ( 2010 -- ) 2.2. 3 A 180 Final Edition ( 2012 -- ) 2.3 Technical data 2.4 Production 3 Third generation ( W176 ; 2012 -- present ) 3.1 Concept A-Class ( 2011 ) 3.2 Models 3.2. 1 Driving school package ( 2012 -- ) 3.2. 2 A 45 AMG ( 2013 -- ) 3.3 Engines 3.4 Transmissions 3.5 Equipment 3.6 Marketing 3.7 Production 4 Concept A Saloon 5 References 6 External links 6.1 W169 6.2 W176 6.3 Blue Efficiency First generation ( W168 ; 1997 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) W168 Overview Production 1997 -- 2004 1999 -- 2005 ( Brazil ) Assembly Germany : Rastatt Brazil : Juiz de Fora Thailand : Thonburi ( TAAP ) Designer Steve Mattin ( 1994 ) Body and chassis Body style 5 - door hatchback Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.4 L M166 I4 1.6 L M166 I4 1.9 L M166 I4 2.1 L M166 I4 Diesel 1.7 L OM668 I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 5 - speed Automatic 5 - speed Semi-automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,423 mm ( 95.4 in ) 2,593 mm ( 102.1 in ) ( LWB ) Length 3,606 mm ( 142.0 in ) 3,780 mm ( 148.8 in ) ( LWB ) Width 1,719 mm ( 67.7 in ) Height 1,587 mm ( 62.5 in ) History ( edit ) The A Class was launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show in the autumn of 1997 , the W168 A-Class was quite unusual for Mercedes - Benz featuring a front wheel drive layout and unusual tall but yet short body . One innovation of the W168 was a frontal - impact absorption system called the `` Sandwich '' ( see patents DE4326 9 and DE4400132 in the name of Mercedes - Benz ) . In the event of a violent frontal impact , the engine and transmission would slide underneath the floor below the pedals rather than entering the passenger compartment . This was the first complete exterior designed by Coventry University trained Steve Mattin , for which he was named Autocar magazine 's ' Designer of the Year ' . Earlier , Mattin had mostly worked on design for the W210 E-Class in 1991 . Concurrent to the W168 , he designed the exterior of the W220 S - Class . The final design freeze occurred in January 1995 , at 32 months before August 1997 start of production . The W168 became infamous in 1997 after flipping over during the traditional `` elk test '' performed by the Swedish automobile publication Teknikens Värld . According to the report , the W168 overturned when manoeuvring to avoid the `` elk '' . Mercedes initially denied the problem , but then took the surprising step of recalling all units sold to date ( 2,600 ) and suspending sales for three months until the problem was solved by adding electronic stability control and modifying the suspension . The company spent DM 2.5 billion in developing the car , with a further DM 300 million to fix it . Between 1997 and 2004 , 1.1 million first generation A-Class models had been sold . The A-Class was facelifted in 2001 , with minor alterations to the front and rear bumper design and the addition of a new 170 mm ( 6.7 in ) longer wheelbase version . It was launched at the Geneva Motor Show . Engines ( edit ) All A-Class models are powered by four - cylinder engines , with 1.4 L and 1.6 L petrol models at launch ( M 166 series ) , followed by two versions of a 1.7 L diesel engine ( OM 668 series ) . In 1999 , a larger 1.9 L petrol model was added , with the 2.1 the last W168 version to be launched in 2002 . Fuel Model Year Code Motorname Motorcode Displacement Rated Power Torque Speed Petrol A 140 1997 -- 2004 168.031 M 166 E 14 166.940 1397 cm3 60 kW ( 82 PS ) @ 5000 / min 130 Nm @ 3750 / min 170 km / h ( 106 mph ) A 140 ( Automatik ) 2000 -- 2004 168.031 M 166 E 16 red . 166.960 red . 1598 cm3 60 kW ( 82 PS ) @ 5000 / min 140 Nm @ 2500 / min 166 km / h ( 103 mph ) A 160 1997 -- 2004 168.033 M 166 E 16 166.960 1598 cm3 75 kW ( 102 PS ) @ 5250 / min 150 Nm @ 4000 / min 182 km / h ( 113 mph ) A 190 1999 -- 2004 168.032 M 166 E 19 166.990 1898 cm3 92 kW ( 125 PS ) @ 5500 / min 180 Nm @ 4000 / min 198 km / h ( 123 mph ) A 210 Evolution 2002 -- 2004 168.035 M 166 E 21 166.995 2084 cm3 103 kW ( 140 PS ) @ 5500 / min 205 Nm @ 4000 / min 203 km / h ( 126 mph ) Diesel A 160 CDI 1998 -- 2001 168.007 OM 668 DE 17 A red . 668.941 1689 cm3 44 kW ( 60 PS ) @ 3600 / min 160 Nm @ 1500 -- 2400 / min 158 km / h ( 98 mph ) A 160 CDI ( Modellpflege ) 2001 -- 2004 168.006 OM 668 DE 17 LA red . 668.940 red . 1689 cm3 55 kW ( 75 PS ) @ 3600 / min 160 Nm @ 1500 -- 2800 / min 163 km / h ( 101 mph ) A 170 CDI 1998 -- 2001 168.008 OM 668 DE 17 LA 668.940 1689 cm3 66 kW ( 90 PS ) @ 4200 / min 180 Nm @ 1600 -- 3200 / min 175 km / h ( 109 mph ) A 170 CDI ( Modellpflege ) 2001 -- 2004 168.009 OM 668 DE 17 LA 668.942 1689 cm3 70 kW ( 95 PS ) @ 4200 / min 180 Nm @ 1600 -- 3600 / min 182 km / h ( 113 mph ) Safety ( edit ) Test Score Points Overall : N / A N / A Adult occupant : 27 2001 -- 2004 Facelift A 140 Classic 1997 -- 2001 Pre-facelift A 140 Classic Fun 2001 -- 2004 Facelift A 140 Classic Interior Production ( edit ) DaimlerChrysler invested EUR 900 million in developing the Rastatt plant where the A-Class is produced , and created 1600 new jobs ( for a total of 4700 ) . A further 600 people work in the office building at the plant site . Mercedes - Benz began W168 production on 17 February 1999 at its new Brazilian facility in Juiz de Fora , Minas Gerais . The Brazilian plant was the company 's first factory in South America dedicated to passenger cars , with an investment of USD 840 million and 10,000 employees . The factory initially produced A-Class and C - Class models , assembling them from pieces manufactured in Germany . The target for the cars was regional markets ( from Argentina to Mexico ) with modifications made to the cars to suit local conditions , like a protection for the motor base . On 15 August 2005 the factory stopped production of A-Class cars . Second generation ( W169 ; 2004 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) W169 Overview Production 2004 -- 2012 Assembly Germany : Rastatt Thailand : Thonburi Automotive Assembly Body and chassis Body style 3 - door hatchback 5 - door hatchback Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.5 L M266 I4 1.7 L M266 I4 2.0 L M266 I4 NA / T Diesel 2.0 L I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual CVT automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,568 mm ( 101.1 in ) Length 3,838 mm ( 151.1 in ) ( 2004 ) 3,883 mm ( 152.9 in ) ( 2008 ) Width 1,764 mm ( 69.4 in ) Height 1,593 mm ( 62.7 in ) Initial release ( edit ) Pre-facelift A 150 3 - door Pre-facelift A 150 Elegance 5 - door The W169 is constructed with high - strength steel alloys with bonded joints . It has a large number of airbags including optional rear side airbags ( for side - impacts in the backseats ) , optional side - curtain airbags , and standard head and thorax - protection side airbags . The front airbags are adaptive with two - stage gas generators operating according to the severity of accident . The force exerted by the seat belt system during a collision adapts dynamically depending upon the collision characteristics . The ' active ' head restraints ( standard for driver and front passenger ) give enhanced protection from neck injury , especially during rear collisions . The angle of the A-pillar is flatter than the windshield angle . The cargo capacity of the W169 was increased by 15 percent compared with the W168 . Seven types of motors are available , and all are four - cylinders : four petrol ( gasoline ) ( A 150 , A 170 , A 200 , A 200 Turbo ) and three diesel ( A 160 CDI , A 180 CDI , A 200 CDI ) partnered with either five - or six - speed manual gearbox . A continuously variable transmission system called `` Autotronic Constantly Variable Transmission '' ( CVT ) is an optional feature . The petrol A 200 Turbo provides 193 hp ( 144 kW ) and 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) of torque ( rotational force ) ; the diesel A200 CDI has 140 hp ( 104 kW ) and 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) . The most powerful model can take the car from a standstill to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in 8.0 seconds , and has a top speed of 218 km / h ( 135 mph ) . The newly developed direct - injection CDI diesel units use a common - rail direct injection system that improves fuel consumption and reduces exhaust emissions and noise levels . All the engines meet the tight EU4 emissions limits . A particulate filter system is available as an option for the diesel units which reduces the particulate emissions by about 99 % without the need for additives . The A-Class is a front wheel drive car and features traction control ( ASR ) as standard , as well as electronic stability control and anti-lock brakes ( ABS ) . Handling is improved by precision tracking and anti-roll support , and by a Parabolic Rear Axle . A `` Selective Damping System '' , in which the shock absorber forces respond differently according to conditions , is standard . For example , under normal conditions it operates at soft absorption ; while cornering at speed it changes to full damping force . Sales of the W169 were targeted at 50,000 units in 2004 . Dr. Joachim Schmidt , Executive Vice President Sales and Marketing , Mercedes Car Group , said that target had been reached even before vehicles arrived in dealer showrooms . Japan models went on sale in 2005 - 02 - 04 . Early models include 5 - door right drive versions of A 170 , A 170 Elegance , A 200 Elegance. 5 - door right drive version of A 200 TURBO Elegance was added in 2005 - 11 - 10 . Due to the body width was larger than 1700mm , it could not be registered as small car in Japan . ( See Vehicle size class # Japan ) Mercedes - Benz A-Class `` F - Cell '' ( 2004 -- ) ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz A-Class F - Cell concept See also : Mercedes - Benz F - Cell It is a version of 5 - door A-Class hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with 88 PS ( 65 kW ; 87 hp ) electric motor . It has a driving range of 160 km ( 99 mi ) . Three A-Class F - Cell cars were used in 2003 Frankfurt International Motor Show for press shuttle service . On June 18 , 2004 , 4 production F - Cell vehicles were delivered to Deutsche Telekom and BEWAG / Vattenfall Europe in Berlin . In 2007 , the A-Class F - Cell were delivered to Landsvirkjun and Reykjavik Energy . A DHL version of F - Cell was unveiled in FC EXPO 2008 . 2008 update ( edit ) Pre-facelift interior The W169 Model facelift changes included redesigned front and rear bumpers and lights , and stop - start function option on A 150 and 170 models . Active Park Assist enables the car to parallel park itself , with only throttle and brake inputs required from the driver . The five - door Saloon and the three - door Coupé vehicles were unveiled in spring 2008 , alongside the refreshed 2009 M - Class and B - Class . Early models include A 160 CDI , A 180 CDI , A 200 CDI , A 150 , A 170 , A 200 , A 200 TURBO . Japan models went on sale in 2008 - 08 - 20 . Early models 5 - door versions of A 170 , A 170 Elegance . Japan models of A 170 was renamed to A 180 in 2009 - 08 - 24 . Facelift A 160 5 - door Facelift A 150 3 - door Facelift A 150 Avantgarde 5 - door A-Class Special Edition 2009 ( 2009 -- ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 5500 units ) version for all model variants of the A-Class vehicles . It includes BlueEfficiency package , black radiator louvres , 16 - inch titanium silver light - alloy wheels in a new 9 - spoke design ( tyre size 195 / 55 R16 ) , a `` Special Edition '' badge on the mirror triangle , two - tone colour scheme in black and grey , Audio 20 radio with CD player and Bluetooth hands - free system and the Light and Sight package with a rain sensor , automatically dimming rear - view mirror , an illuminated vanity mirror in the sun visor , separately adjustable reading lights in the rear , a reading light for the driver and illuminated front foot wells , Seating Comfort package ( height - adjustable front passenger seat , seat cushion angle adjustment and lumbar supports for the driver and front passenger ) . Standard exterior features also include fog lamps and a free choice of metallic paint finish . Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-Cell ( 2010 -- ) ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-CELL was introduced in September 2010 and debuted at the October 2010 Paris Motor Show . The E-Cell has a range of 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) capable of developing a peak output of 70 kW ( 94 hp ) , a continuous power rating of 50 kW ( 67 hp ) and a maximum torque of 290 N m ( 214 lb ft ) . The Mercedes A-Class E-Cell can accelerate from 0 -- 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) in 5.5 seconds , and its top speed is 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . Tesla Motors , as part of its collaboration with Mercedes - Benz , is building electric powertrain components for the E-Cell . The 36 kWh battery contains approximately 4,000 individual lithium - ion cells . Mercedes has developed a modular system for electric vehicles with battery and fuel - cell . This system allows the efficient use of shared parts in all the brand 's electric vehicles . Thanks to the modular approach the electric drive of the A ‐ Class E ‐ Cell is also used in the B ‐ Class F ‐ Cell , and the energy storage units in the A ‐ Class EV are the same as the battery in the Smart fortwo electric drive . A limited production of 500 A-Class E-Cell electric cars will be built , for trial purposes , at the Mercedes Rastatt plant , near Stuttgart beginning in September 2010 . As part of a demonstration program , the cars will be leased to selected customers in several European countries , including Germany , France , and the Netherlands . Daimler is not planning to sell the electric version outside Europe . A 180 Final Edition ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 300 units ) version of 5 - door right drive A 180 for Japan market . It included calcite white body colour , black interior colour , sport package ( chrome exhaust tip , 17 - inch 7 - spoke alloy wheels , chrome iridium silver front grille , stainless acceleration and brake pedals with rubber stud , leather wrapped sport steering wheel and silver shift knob , silver meter panel ) , bi-xenon headlight and headlight washer , cornering lights , fog lamp ( front / rear ) , rain sensor , sun visor with illuminating mirror , anti-glare mirror , ' Final Edition ' emblem , floor mat with ' Final Edition ' silver logo plate . The vehicle went on sale in 2012 - 05 - 28 . Technical data ( edit ) Specification A160 CDI A180 CDI A200 CDI A150 A170 A200 A200 Turbo Length 3,838 mm ( 151.1 in ) Width 1,764 mm ( 69.4 in ) Height 1,593 mm ( 62.7 in ) Wheelbase 2,568 mm ( 101.1 in ) Luggage ( l ) 435 -- 1995 ( 3 doors ) 435 -- 1485 Empty weight ( 5 - doors ) 1,325 kg ( 2,921 lb ) 1,345 kg ( 2,965 lb ) 1,365 kg ( 3,009 lb ) 1,225 kg ( 2,701 lb ) 1,240 kg ( 2,734 lb ) 1,305 kg ( 2,877 lb ) ( 3 doors ) 1,300 kg ( 2,866 lb ) 1,320 kg ( 2,910 lb ) 1,340 kg ( 2,954 lb ) 1,195 kg ( 2,635 lb ) 1,210 kg ( 2,668 lb ) 1,275 kg ( 2,811 lb ) Tank Capacity 54 L ( 14.3 US gal ; 11.9 imp gal ) Tank Reserve 6 L ( 1.6 US gal ; 1.3 imp gal ) Cylinders 4 / in - line 4 - valv / cyl Displacement cc 1991 1991 1991 1498 1699 2034 2034 Engine 2.0 L Diesel 2.0 L Diesel 2.0 L Diesel 1.5 L Petrol 1.7 L Petrol 2.0 Petrol 2.0 Petrol Fuel per 100 km 4.9 L 5.2 L 5.4 L 6.2 L 6.6 L 7.2 L Rated Output kW / hp / PS ( rpm ) 60 / 82 / 83 ( 4200 ) 80 / 109 / 111 ( 4200 ) 103 / 140 / 142 ( 4200 ) 70 / 95 / 96 ( 5200 ) 85 / 116 / 118 ( 5500 ) 100 / 134 / 136 ( 5750 ) 142 / 193 / 196 ( 4850 ) Rated Torque 180 N m ( 133 lb ft ) ( 1400 -- 2600 ) 250 N m ( 184 lb ft ) ( 1600 -- 2600 ) 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) ( 1600 -- 2600 ) 140 N m ( 103 lb ft ) ( 3500 -- 4000 ) 155 N m ( 114 lb ft ) ( 3500 -- 4000 ) 185 N m ( 136 lb ft ) ( 3500 -- 4000 ) 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) ( 1800 -- 4850 ) Acceleration 0 -- 100 km / h ( sec ) 15.0 10.8 9.5 12.6 10.9 8.0 Top Speed km / h 165 km / h ( 103 mph ) 184 km / h ( 114 mph ) 202 km / h ( 126 mph ) 173 km / h ( 107 mph ) 188 km / h ( 117 mph ) 195 km / h ( 121 mph ) 218 km / h ( 135 mph ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 5 - speed manual 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual Wheels 6j x 15 6j x 15 6j x 16 6j x 15 6j x 15 6j x 16 6j x 16 Tires 185 / 65R15 185 / 65R15 195 / 55R16 185 / 65R15 185 / 65R15 195 / 55R16 195 / 55R16 Specification W169 ( 5 door ) W168 ( long wheelbase ) W168 ( standard ) length 3,838 mm ( 151.1 in ) 3,776 mm ( 148.7 in ) 3,606 mm ( 142.0 in ) width 1,764 mm ( 69.4 in ) 1,719 mm ( 67.7 in ) 1,719 mm ( 67.7 in ) height 1,593 mm ( 62.7 in ) 1,589 mm ( 62.6 in ) 1,575 mm ( 62.0 in ) wheelbase 2,568 mm ( 101.1 in ) 2,593 mm ( 102.1 in ) 2,423 mm ( 95.4 in ) VDA boot capacity L 435 -- 1370 470 -- 1180 390 -- 1040 Production ( edit ) As of December 4 , 2006 , 371,700 second generation A-Class model had been sold since September 2004 , making a total of 1,500,000 A-Class produced at DaimlerChrysler 's Rastatt plant in ten years . As of June 26 , 2009 , the 750,000 th second generation A-Class vehicle was built at Rastatt plant . As of February 1 , 2012 , 1 million second generation A-Class model had been delivered since autumn 2004 . Third generation ( W176 ; 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) W176 Overview Production 2012 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Assembly Rastatt , Germany Kecskemét , Hungary Uusikaupunki , Finland ( Valmet ) Aguascalientes , Mexico ( Nissan ) Designer Mark Fetherston ( 2009 ) Body and chassis Body style 5 - door hatchback Platform Mercedes - Benz W176 Related Mercedes - Benz B - Class ( W246 ) Mercedes - Benz CLA - Class Mercedes - Benz GLA - Class Infiniti Q30 Infiniti QX30 Renault Mégane Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.6 L M270 I4 T 2.0 L M270 I4 T Diesel 1.5 L OM607 I4 1.8 L OM651 I4 2.2 L OM651 I4 Transmission 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,699 mm ( 106.3 in ) Length 4,292 mm ( 169.0 in ) Width 1,780 mm ( 70.1 in ) Height 1,433 mm ( 56.4 in ) Mercedes - Benz A 200 Urban Night - Paket ( Germany ; pre-facelift ) Interior The production version of the third generation of A-Class vehicles was based on the 2011 Concept A-Class , and was unveiled at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show , It has an entirely different design , and larger than the previous two generations of the A-Class , with a total length of 4,292 mm ( 169.0 in ) , making it a fully - fledged small family car for the first time . The vehicles were available in some markets from September 2012 . Japan models went on sale in January 2013 . The third generation A-Class is designed to be a direct competitor to the BMW 1 Series and Audi A3 . It is intended to be more dynamic than its predecessor and is focused on younger owners . Concept A-Class ( 2011 ) ( edit ) The Concept A-Class is a 3 - door concept car that previewed the design of the third generation A-Class and was unveiled in 2011 New York Auto Show . It included M270 four - cylinder gasoline engine rated 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) , radar - based collision warning system with adaptive brake assist , and exterior design language from Mercedes - Benz 's F800 concept . Models ( edit ) Driving school package ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) Designed for the German RoadSense programme , the basic driving school package includes adaptation of the cockpit to accommodate the twin sets of pedals , a control switch in the centre console for driver 's footwell illumination and warning signal for the twin sets of pedals , twin rearview mirrors , the Light and Sight package and the Seat Comfort package . The package is also part of the special A-Class `` toBE '' model , with deliveries from January 2013 . A 45 AMG ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) The A 45 AMG is a performance version of the A-Class , fitted with a 2.0 - litre four - cylinder turbo engine rated 360 PS ( 265 kW ; 355 hp ) @ 6000rpm and 450 N m ( 332 lbf ft ) @ 2250 - 5000rpm , AMG Speedshift DCT 7 - speed sports transmission with Momentary M mode , 4MATIC all - wheel drive , 3 - stage ESP with ESP Curve Dynamic Assist and `` ESP Sport Handling '' mode , AMG sports suspension with independently developed front and rear axles , high - performance braking system with 350 x 32 millimetres front brake discs and 330 x 22 millimetres rear brake discs , and is identifiable by the `` twin blade '' radiator grille , AMG light - alloy wheels in twin - spoke design and two square chrome - plated tailpipes . The vehicle was originally announced to be unveiled in first quarter of 2013 , and was later unveiled in Geneva Motor Show . Sales release date was set to 8 April 2013 , with Germany market launch beginning in June 2013 . Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Australia ; pre-facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Germany ; pre-facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Europe ; facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Japan ; facelift ) Engines ( edit ) The A-Class is powered by a range of 4 - cylinder petrol and diesel engines , with the 1.5 diesel engines being versions of a Renault unit . Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type / code Power@rpm , Torque@rpm A 180 BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 1,595 cc ( 97.3 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 16 AL red . ) 122 PS ( 90 kW ; 120 hp ) @ 5000 , 200 N m ( 148 lbf ft ) @ 1250 -- 4000 A 200 BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 1,595 cc ( 97.3 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 16 AL ) 156 PS ( 115 kW ; 154 hp ) @ 5000 , 250 N m ( 184 lbf ft ) @ 1250 -- 4000 A 250 BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 20 AL ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 5500 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1200 -- 4000 A 250 4MATIC BlueEFFICIENCY 2013 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 20 AL ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 5500 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1200 -- 4000 A 250 Sport 2012 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 20 AL ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 5500 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1200 -- 4000 A 45 AMG 2013 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 twin - scroll turbo ( M 133 DE 20 AL ) 360 PS ( 265 kW ; 355 hp ) @ 6000 , 450 N m ( 332 lbf ft ) @ 2250 -- 5000 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type / code Power@rpm , Torque@rpm A 160 CDI 2013 -- 1,461 cc ( 89.2 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 607 DE 15 LA ) 90 PS ( 66 kW ; 89 hp ) @ 4000 , 220 N m ( 162 lbf ft ) @ 1750 -- 2750 A 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY ( OM 607 ) 2012 -- 1,461 cc ( 89.2 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 607 DE 15 LA ) 109 PS ( 80 kW ; 108 hp ) @ 4000 , 260 N m ( 192 lbf ft ) @ 1750 -- 2500 A 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY ( OM 651 ) ( 7G - DCT Only ) 2012 -- 2014 1,796 cc ( 109.6 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 18 LA red . ) 109 PS ( 80 kW ; 108 hp ) @ 3200 -- 4600 , 250 N m ( 184 lbf ft ) @ 1400 -- 2800 A 200 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 2014 1,796 cc ( 109.6 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 18 LA ) 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) @ 3600 -- 4400 , 300 N m ( 221 lbf ft ) @ 1600 -- 3000 A 200 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2014 -- 2,143 cc ( 130.8 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 22 LA ) 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) @ 3400 -- 4400 , 300 N m ( 221 lbf ft ) @ 1400 -- 3400 A 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 2014 2,143 cc ( 130.8 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 22 LA ) 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) @ 3000 -- 4200 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1600 -- 3000 A 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2014 -- 2,143 cc ( 130.8 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 22 LA ) 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) @ 3400 -- 4000 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1400 -- 3400 Transmissions ( edit ) Model Years Standard Optional A 180 BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 180 BlueEfficiency Edition 2013 -- 6 - speed manual n / a A 200 BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 250 4MATIC BlueEfficiency 2013 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 250 BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 250 Sport 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 45 AMG 2013 -- 7 - speed automatic ( AMG Speedshift DCT ) n / a A 160 CDI 2013 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 180 CDI BlueEfficiency ( OM 607 ) 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) ( 2014 -- ) A 180 CDI BlueEfficiency Edition 2013 -- 6 - speed manual n / a A 180 CDI BlueEfficiency ( OM 651 ) 2012 -- 2014 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 200 CDI BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 220 CDI BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a Equipment ( edit ) Drive Kit Plus for iPhone , Mercedes - Benz phone module with Bluetooth , roof box 400 with Alustyle Quickfix carrier bars , Mercedes Sport product range ( a spoiler lip for the front apron , a gleaming black radiator grill , gleaming black exterior mirror casing and waistline trim strip , a roof spoiler and rear apron trims with a diffuser look ) , light - alloy wheels were developed for the A-Class vehicles . The A-Class in Australia comes standard with 9 airbags . The phone module went on sale on 4th quarter 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Sport products were produced for the A-Class ( W 176 ) vehicles . Marketing ( edit ) As part of the A-Class launch , Mercedes - Benz started the ' A Rock ' concert series with British alternative rock band Placebo . The 5 - concert tour took place in Paris , Rome , Zurich , Hamburg , Madrid between June and July 2012 . Mercedes - Benz A 180 Urban ( Germany ; facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 180 Urban ( Germany ; facelift ) Production ( edit ) Production of A-Class began at Mercedes - Benz Rastatt plant in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz signed an agreement with the Finnish supplier Valmet Automotive to expand A-Class vehicle production , where Valmet will produce more than 100,000 units for Daimler from 2013 through 2016 . Production of A-series BlueDirect 4 - cylinder engines took place at Mercedes - Benz engine production plant in Kölleda . Concept a Saloon ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz Concept A Sedan previewed the design of a new four - door entry - level sedan . A production version is set to reach by the end of 2018 and will be part of Mercedes ' eight - model compact car line - up . The planned introduction of the A-Class sedan came in response to customers ' calls for a more practical alternative to Mercedes ' existing price - leading four - door model , the CLA . The model will have a range of four - cylinder petrol and diesel engines , including a 400bhp - plus turbocharged 2.0 - litre petrol unit in a range - topping A45 4Matic variant . A petrol - electric plug - in hybrid version is also planned , which will offer a pure - electric driving range of up to 31 miles . Alongside standard front - wheel drive , the A-Class sedan will also support Mercedes ' multi-plate clutch 4Matic four - wheel drive system in combination with most engines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ europe.autonews.com/article/19970303/ANE/703030836/a-class-sets-new-record-for-mercedes Jump up ^ http://blog.caranddriver.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Mercedes-Benz-A-class-sketch.jpg Jump up ^ `` Merc 's baby to be made wider '' . Irish Independent . 19 December 1997 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ANDREWS , EDMUND ( 11 December 1997 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz Tries to Put a Persistent Moose Problem to Rest '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes bends '' . The Economist. 13 November 1997 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rastatt Plant celebrates production of 1,500,000 th Mercedes - Benz A-Class '' . Media.daimler.com. 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz A-class '' . Car and Driver . Feb 2001 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mercedes - Benz A-Class : A class apart '' . Mercedes - Benz . 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes Benz A Class Euro NCAP -- For safer cars crash test safety rating '' . Euro NCAP . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . Thonburi Automotive Group -- Thonburi Phanich . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ A クラス を フル モデル チェンジ Archived 2006 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ A クラス の スポーティ モデル 「 A 200 ターボ アバンギャルド 」 を 追加 Archived 2006 - 12 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Press Kit : History of fuel cell development at Mercedes - Benz -- Technical Data Jump up ^ History of fuel cell development at Mercedes - Benz Archived 2014 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz A-Class F - Cell in Iceland Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ の 究極 の エコカー F - Cell ( エフ ・ セル ) DHL 仕様 車 を FC EXPO 2008 に 展示 Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The new - generation A-Class -- Model facelift changes at a glance ( Selection ) : New features in the A-Class Jump up ^ The new - generation A-Class -- The A-Class once again sets the standards for safety , comfort and environmental protection Jump up ^ The new - generation A-Class -- Technical data A-Class Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ A クラス を 一 部 改良 Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ A クラス ・ B クラス の モデル 名称 を 変更 Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A-Class Special Edition 2009 : Excitingly sensible , sporty and attractive '' . Media.daimler.com. 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz Introduces the Battery - Powered A-Class E-CELL ; Production Run of 500 '' . Green Car Congress . 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Nino Marchetti ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Mercedes A-Class E-Cell EV Hits Paris '' . Earth Techling . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Loveday ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz unveils the limited production A-Class E-Cell electric vehicle '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Mercedes A-Class to Debut at Paris Auto Show Using Tesla Battery Tech -- Benzworld.org -- Mercedes - Benz Discussion Forum '' . Benzworld.org . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Motavalli ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz to Produce 500 E-Cell A-Class Electric Cars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurent J. Masson ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` Quick Drive : Electric Mercedes A-Class E-Cell '' . PluginCars.com . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ A 180 FINAL EDITION を 限定 発売 Archived 2012 - 10 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Production milestones at Rastatt plant : Mercedes - Benz delivers 500,000 th B - Class and 750,000 th A-Class '' . Media.daimler.com. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More than One Million A-Class Models of the Current Generation Delivered to Customers '' . Media.daimler.com. 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kecskemét , Mercedes - Benz Werk Daimler > Unternehmen > Daimler weltweit > Europa '' . Daimler . Archived from the original on 22 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Valmet Automotive to manufacture the new Mercedes Benz A-Class in Finland '' . Valmet Automotive . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes Expecting to Join Nissan in New Mexican Assembly Complex '' . TheDetroitBureau.com. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz A-Class hatches new level of refinement for its class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Concept A-Class hatches ahead of New York and Shanghai Jump up ^ The A-Class for driving schools : Passing the test with flying colours Jump up ^ AMG vehicles pose for family portrait to celebrate 45 - year anniversary , tease future Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz A45 AMG is Affalterbach 's first big leap into the little pond Jump up ^ The Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG : Driving Performance for the new generation Jump up ^ http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/a-class/35587/new-mercedes-a-class-details . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` How to spec a Mercedes - Benz A-Class '' . What Car ? . 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Mercedes - Benz A-Class : The drive system -- The petrol engines : Powerful , responsive and super-clean '' . Media.daimler.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Mercedes - Benz A-Class : The drive system -- The diesel engines : Economy right across the board '' . Media.daimler.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Mercedes - Benz A-Class : The drive system -- The 7G - DCT dual clutch transmission : Dynamic and efficient '' . Media.daimler.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Available now from sales partners . New A-Class original accessories : A good connection , every time Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Sport extends its portfolio : Sporty emphasis for the A-Class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz begins a series of concerts to mark the launch of the new A-Class : A ROCK -- Mercedes - Benz presents Placebo live in concert Jump up ^ Mercedes A-Class enters production , utility variant confirmed Jump up ^ Daimler Expands Production Capacities for the New Mercedes - Benz A-Class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz taps Valmet to build new A-Class ^ Jump up to : Kable , Greg ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz Concept A Saloon brings the fight to BMW , Audi '' . Autocar . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes - Benz A-Class . W169 ( edit ) Press kit : New - generation A-Class ( W169 ) Press kit : New Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-CELL ( W169 ) W176 ( edit ) Chassis tuning for Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( W176 ) Blue efficiency ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz A 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY Exterior and Interior in 3D Full HD Mercedes - Benz vehicles A marque of Daimler Current Cars CLA CLS Crossovers / SUVs GLA GLC GLE GLS Roadsters / sports cars SL SLC AMG GT Project One Vans V Citan Sprinter Commercial trucks Arocs Atego Axor Actros Econic Unimog X Zetros Buses and coaches Citaro Sprinter Minibus Tourismo Historic 10 / 30 PS 190SL C - Class / CLC - Class R - Class Simplex SSK SLR McLaren SLS AMG T1 T2 Vaneo Vario W110 W114 W120 W123 W124 W191 W201 Racing cars 300 SLR W25 W125 W125 Rekordwagen W194 W196 Concepts Bionic BlueZERO C111 C112 Concept A Sedan Concept EQA ConceptFASCINATION EQ ESF 2009 Experimental Safety Vehicle F - Cell F - Cell Roadster F100 F125 F200 Imagination F700 F800 GT Concept Ocean Drive Silver Lightning Vario Research Car Vision CLS Vision SLA Vision Mercedes - Maybach 6 Commons ( hide ) `` previous -- Mercedes - Benz road car timeline , 1990s -- present Model Body 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Hatch W168 W169 W176 W245 W246 Saloon W201 W202 W203 W204 W205 Estate S202 S203 S204 S205 Saloon W124 W210 W211 W212 W213 Limousine V124 V212 Estate S124 S210 S211 S212 S213 Saloon W126 W140 W220 W221 W222 Limousine V126 V140 V220 V221 V222 Pullman VF140 VF220 CLA 4 - door coupé C117 Shooting brake X117 CLS 4 - door coupé W219 W218 Shooting brake X218 CLC / C Coupé CL203 CL203 C204 C205 Cabriolet A203 A203 A204 A205 CLK / E Coupé C124 C208 C209 C207 C238 Cabriolet A124 A208 A209 A207 A238 CL / S Coupé C126 C140 C215 C216 C217 Cabriolet A217 SLK / SLC Roadster R170 R171 R172 SL R129 R230 R231 SLS / GT Coupé C197 GT Roadster R197 GT SLR Coupé C199 Roadster R199 Speedster Z199 Vaneo MPV W414 W251 V W447 GLA Crossover X156 GLK / GLC / GLC Coupe SUV X204 X253 SUV Coupé C253 M / GLE SUV W163 W164 W166 SUV Coupé C292 GL / GLS SUV X164 X166 Off - road vehicle W460 / 461 W463 X Pickup Truck BR 470 Citan LCV W415 Vito & Viano MB100 W638 W639 W447 Sprinter T1 W901 - W905 NCV3 Vario T2 W670 Unimog Tractor / Truck U435 U437 Model Body 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_A-Class&oldid=804245097 '' Categories : Mercedes - Benz vehicles Euro NCAP small family cars Subcompact cars Compact cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles Hatchbacks Cars introduced in 1997 Vehicles with CVT transmission 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Touring cars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | mercedes benz a class front or rear wheel drive | [
"The A-Class is a front wheel drive car and features traction control (ASR) as standard, as well as electronic stability control and anti-lock brakes (ABS)."
] | [
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] |
6770327947612034110 | Maine gubernatorial election, 2018 | Maine gubernatorial Election , 2018 - wikipedia Maine gubernatorial Election , 2018 Maine gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 06 ) 2022 → Nominee Shawn Moody Janet Mills Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Paul LePage Republican Elections in Maine Federal offices ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential caucuses Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 United States House elections 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1848 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) People 's vetoes 2009 Question 1 2011 Question 1 2018 Question 1 ( Jun ) Citizen initiated referendums 2012 Question 1 2014 Question 1 2015 Question 1 2016 Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 2017 Question 1 Question 2 2018 Question 1 ( Nov ) City of Portland ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 The 2018 Maine gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next governor of Maine . It will occur along with elections for the U.S. Senate , U.S. House , and other state and local elections . Incumbent Republican Governor Paul LePage is term limited and can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term in office . The primaries for this election were the first in Maine to be conducted with ranked choice voting ( RCV ) , as opposed to a simple plurality , after voters passed a citizen referendum approving the change in 2016 . An advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court held that RCV would be unconstitutional for general elections for governor and the state legislature . This led state legislators to vote to delay its implementation pending approval of a state constitutional amendment . Backers of a `` people 's veto '' turned in enough signatures to suspend this law until a June referendum vote , which restored RCV for future primary and congressional elections . Governor Paul LePage threatened not to certify the results of the primary elections , saying he would `` leave it up to the courts to decide . '' He also called the use of ranked - choice voting the `` most horrific thing in the world . '' Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap said the results would be binding regardless of whether LePage certified them . The Republican nominee is businessman and 2010 independent candidate for governor Shawn Moody . The Democratic candidate is Attorney General Janet Mills . State Treasurer Terry Hayes and businessman Alan Caron have qualified for the ballot as independents . Former State Senator and former Mayor of Lewiston and Auburn John Jenkins , conservative activist Aaron Chadbourne and perennial candidate Kenneth Capron are running write - in campaigns . Contents 1 Background 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Nominated 2.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 2.1. 3 Withdrawn 2.1. 4 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Democratic primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 3.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 3.1. 3 Failed to make ballot 3.1. 4 Withdrawn 3.1. 5 Declined 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Polling 3.4 Results 4 Green Independent primary 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Withdrawn 5 Libertarian primary 5.1 Candidates 5.1. 1 Withdrawn 6 Independents 6.1 Candidates 6.1. 1 Declared 6.1. 2 Withdrawn 6.1. 3 Failed to make ballot 6.1. 4 Declined 7 General election 7.1 Predictions 7.2 Endorsements 7.3 Polling 7.4 Results 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Paul LePage is term - limited , having been elected twice consecutively in 2010 and 2014 . LePage did not win a majority of the vote either time ( receiving 37.6 % in a crowded four - way race in 2010 and 48.2 % in a three - way race in 2014 ) , with Democrats accusing independent candidate Eliot Cutler of splitting the anti-LePage vote in both instances , though Cutler finished closer to LePage than Democratic candidate Libby Mitchell in the 2010 election . Maine 's history of governors elected without majorities , including LePage , was one impetus for the citizen 's referendum to implement ranked choice voting . Though it was approved by voters in a 2016 referendum , the Maine Legislature voted to delay and potentially repeal RCV for all elections after an advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court ruled it unconstitutional for general elections for state offices . RCV supporters succeeded in a people 's veto effort to prevent the delay , which suspends it until a June 2018 referendum vote . RCV supporters were victorious in the June referendum , and ranked - choice voting will remain in place for state and federal primaries and federal general elections . Republican primary ( edit ) Speculation that U.S. Senator Susan Collins was considering running for governor arose during the 2015 Maine Legislative session when Representative Matt Moonen ( D - Portland ) introduced a bill to strip the governor ( LePage ) of the power to appoint replacement U.S. Senators in the event of a vacancy and to instead have a special primary and general election . Moonen denied that he was motivated by Collins 's possible candidacy , saying he was interested only in counterbalancing Republican - sponsored bills to change how the Maine Attorney General and Maine Secretary of State are chosen . Moonen said Collins had told him speculation about her running for governor was `` silly . '' Collins , who was the 1994 Republican nominee for governor , told MPBN News on January 4 , 2016 that though she was `` baffled '' by the rumors about her being interested in running for governor , many had encouraged her to run , and she would not rule it out . In October 2017 , Collins said she would not run for governor in 2018 . No Republican candidate has ruled out challenging the results of a ranked - choice primary in court . Mary Mayhew called for the immediate repeal of RCV , calling it a `` scam '' and `` probably illegal '' . The Maine Republican Party filed a federal lawsuit in U.S. District Court in Bangor on May 4 , 2018 , seeking to bar the use of RCV for its own primary on the grounds that requiring the party to use it violates its First Amendment rights to choose its nominee as it sees fit . U.S. District Court Judge Jon Levy rejected the suit on May 29 . Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Shawn Moody , businessman and independent candidate for Governor in 2010 Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Ken Fredette , State House Minority Leader Garrett Mason , State Senate Majority Leader Mary Mayhew , former Commissioner of the Maine Department of Health and Human Services Withdrawn ( edit ) Deril Stubenrod , write - in candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Mike Thibodeau , Maine Senate President Declined ( edit ) Rick Bennett , former chairman of the Maine Republican Party , former President of the Maine Senate , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2012 and nominee for ME - 02 in 1994 Susan Collins , U.S. Senator and nominee for governor in 1994 Nick Isgro , Mayor of Waterville Bruce Poliquin , U.S. Representative ( running for reelection ) Peter Vigue , businessman Endorsements ( edit ) show Ken Fredette Federal politicians Marco Rubio , United States Senator from Florida and 2016 presidential candidate show Garrett Mason Federal politicians Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas and 2016 presidential candidate show Mary Mayhew Federal politicians Newt Gingrich former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Local and statewide politicians Susan Austin , State Representative Richard Bradstreet , State Representative Richard Campbell , State Representative Paul Chace , State Representative Garrel Craig , State Representative Scott Cyrway , State Senator Robert Foley , State Representative Phyllis Ginzler , State Representative James Hamper , State Senator Jeffery Hanley , State Representative Matthew Harrington , State Representative Stephanie Hawke , State Representative Gary Hilliard , State Representative Chris Johansen , State Representative Jonathan Kinney , State Representative Bob Macdonald , former Mayor of Lewiston Richard Malaby , State Representative Beth O'Connor , State Representative Lester Ordway , State Representative Michael Perkins , State Representative John Picchiotti , State Representative Jeffrey Pierce , State Representative Dwayne Prescott , State Representative Deborah Sanderson , State Representative H. Stedman Seavey , State Representative Abden Simmons , State Representative Paula Sutton , State Representative Timothy Theriault , State Representative Karleton Ward , State Representative Other individuals Adrienne Bennett , former spokesperson for Governor Paul LePage show Shawn Moody Individuals Rick Bennett , former President of the Maine Senate , former Chair of the Maine Republican Party Ann LePage , First Lady of Maine Newspapers Bangor Daily News Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error RCV round Ken Fredette Garrett Mason Mary Mayhew Shawn Moody Undecided SurveyUSA April 26 -- May 1 , 2018 546 ± 4.8 % Round 1 10 % 15 % 19 % 34 % 22 % Round 2 -- 25 % 26 % 49 % -- Round 3 -- -- 34 % 65 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Susan Collins Mary Mayhew Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 1 -- 2 , 2017 672 -- 33 % 44 % -- 23 % 28 % -- 62 % 10 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Shawn Moody 53,436 52.6 Republican Garrett Mason 21,571 21.2 Republican Mary Mayhew 14,034 13.8 Republican Blank ballots 7,203 7.1 Republican Ken Fredette 5,341 5.3 Total votes 101,585 100.0 Democratic primary ( edit ) Campaign signs for Democratic candidates for Governor Betsy Sweet , Mark Eves and Adam Cote at the 2018 Maine Democratic convention at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée in Lewiston . Almost all Democratic candidates said that they would abide by the results of the ranked - choice primary , with only Janet Mills refusing to comment on the issue because it was being heard by the courts . Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Janet Mills , Maine Attorney General Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Adam Cote , attorney , Iraq War veteran and candidate for ME - 01 in 2008 Donna Dion , former Mayor of Biddeford Mark Dion , State Senator and former Cumberland County Sheriff Mark Eves , former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives Diane Russell , former State Representative Betsy Sweet , former director of the Maine Women 's Lobby Failed to make ballot ( edit ) Dominic A. Crocitto Steve DeAngelis , schoolteacher J. Martin Vachon Withdrawn ( edit ) James Boyle , former State Senator Patrick Eisenhart , retired United States Coast Guard Commander Sean Faircloth , former Mayor of Bangor and former State Senator Kenneth Forrest Pinet Declined ( edit ) Justin Alfond , former State Senator and former President of the Maine Senate Yellow Light Breen , CEO of the Maine Development Foundation Adam Goode , former State Representative Troy Jackson , State Senate Minority Leader Stephen King , author Chellie Pingree , U.S. Representative Hannah Pingree , former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives Lucas St. Clair , nonprofit executive ( ran for ME - 02 ) Endorsements ( edit ) All endorsers are Democrats unless otherwise specified show Adam Cote Federal politicians Tom Allen , former US Representative for ME - 01 , nominee for US Senate in 2008 Local and statewide politicians Justin Alfond , former President of the Maine Senate Peter Baldacci , Penobscot County Commissioner Frank Bemis , former Presque Isle Town Council Chair Todd Brackett , Sheriff of Lincoln County Michael Brennan , former Mayor of Portland , former State Senator , candidate for ME - 01 in 2008 Marilyn Canavan , State Representative Alan Casavant , Mayor of Biddeford , former State Representative Justin Chenette , State Senator Janice Cooper , State Representative Tom Cote , Mayor of Sanford Annie Graham , former State Representative Jon Hinck , former State Representative and former Portland City Councillor Adam Lee , former Auburn City Councillor David Lemoine , former State Representative Nate Libby , State Senator , Senate Minority Whip Colleen Madigan , State Representative Anne - Marie Mastraccio , State Representative Patrick K. McGowan , former State Representative , candidate for Governor in 2010 , nominee for ME - 02 in 1990 and 1992 , former Small Business Administration Regional Administrator Cynthia Mehnert , Orono Town Councillor Cecil Munson , Former Augusta City Councillor Kevin O'Connell , Brewer City Councillor Peter O'Donnell , former Mayor of Portland Patrick Paradis , former State Representative and former Augusta City Councillor Josh Plourde , former Bangor City Councillor Christina Riley , State Representative David Rollins , Mayor of Augusta Michael Sanphy , Mayor of Westbrook Stephen Stanley , State Representative Spencer Thibodeau , Portland City Councillor Dan Tremble , Bangor City Councillor Anna Turcotte , Westbrook City Councillor Linda Valentino , State Senator Wayne Werts , former State Representative Organizations Maine Council of Machinists Newspapers Bangor Daily News show Steve DeAngelis ( failed to make ballot ) Individuals Timothy Simons , actor show Mark Dion Local and statewide politicians Benjamin Collings , State Representative Other individuals Francine Breton , Former Cumberland County Jail Administrator Moses Sebunya , United States Department of Homeland Security , civil rights activist , former President of the NAACP in Maine show Mark Eves Local and statewide politicians Joe Baldacci , former Bangor City Councillor Seth Berry , State Representative Dale Denno , State Representative Patrick Eisenhart , former gubernatorial candidate ( 2018 ) Sean Faircloth , Bangor City Councillor , former Mayor of Bangor , former State Senator , former gubernatorial candidate ( 2018 ) Richard Farnsworth , State Representative Ryan Fecteau , State Representative Roger Fuller , State Representative Drew Gattine , State Representative Anne Haskell , former State Senator Erik Jorgensen , State Representative Chuck Kruger , former State Representative Thomas Longstaff , State Representative Louis Luchini , State Representative Jay McCreight , State Representative Jennifer Ellen Parker , State Representative Deane Rykerson , State Representative Linda Sanborn , former State Representative John Alden Spear , State Representative Ben Sprague , Mayor of Bangor Joan Welsh , former State Representative Individuals Adam Lee , small business owner and environmental activist Warren Silver , former Maine Supreme Judicial Court justice Organizations Iron Workers Local 7 Working Families Party ( also endorsed Sweet and Russell ) show Janet Mills Local and statewide politicians Joseph E. Brennan , former Governor of Maine ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , former US Representative for Maine 's 1st congressional district ( 1987 -- 1991 ) , former Maine Attorney General ( 1975 - 1979 ) , nominee for Governor in 1990 and 1994 , nominee for US Senate in 1996 , candidate for Governor in 1974 Lynn Bromley , former State Senator Emily Cain , former State Senator , nominee for ME - 02 in 2014 and 2016 , executive director of EMILY 's List Margaret Craven , former State Senator Jerry Davis , former State Representative Lois Galgay Reckitt , State Representative Dawn Hill , State Senator Helen Rankin , former State Representative Other individuals Maura Healey , Massachusetts Attorney General Nick Wilson , executive director , Maine Gun Safety Coalition Organizations Emily 's List show Diane Russell Organizations Working Families Party ( also endorsed Sweet and Eves ) show Betsy Sweet Local and statewide politicians Everett `` Brownie '' Carson , State Senator Clare Davitt , Bangor City Councillor Beth Edmonds , former President of the Maine Senate Karen Kusiak , former State Representative , candidate for State Senate Dale McCormick , former Maine State Treasurer , former State Senator , candidate for ME - 01 in 1996 Ethan Strimling , Mayor of Portland , former State Senator , candidate for ME - 01 in 2008 Mike Sylvester , State Representative Charlotte Warren , State Representative Barb Wood , former Portland City Councillor , Vice President of the Equality Maine Foundation Other individuals Ben Cohen , cofounder , Ben & Jerry 's Cenk Uygur , journalist , host of The Young Turks Marianne Williamson , writer Organizations Southern Maine Democratic Socialists of America Working Families Party ( also endorsed Eves and Russell ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error RCV round Adam Cote Donna Dion Mark Dion Mark Eves Janet Mills Diane Russell Betsy Sweet Undecided SurveyUSA April 26 -- May 1 , 2018 649 ± 4.2 % Round 1 9 % 2 % 10 % 16 % 32 % 4 % 5 % 24 % Round 2 13 % -- 13 % 20 % 42 % 5 % 6 % Round 3 13 % -- 13 % 22 % 43 % -- 8 % Round 4 14 % -- 15 % 24 % 48 % -- -- Round 5 -- -- 19 % 26 % 55 % -- -- Results ( edit ) Democratic primary results Party Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Democratic Janet Mills 41,735 33.1 % + 2,307 44,042 35.5 % + 5,903 49,945 40.8 % + 13,439 63,384 54.1 % Democratic Adam Cote 35,478 28.1 % + 2,065 37,543 30.2 % + 5,080 42,623 34.8 % + 11,243 53,866 45.9 % Democratic Betsy Sweet 20,767 16.5 % + 2,220 22,987 18.5 % + 6,957 29,944 24.4 % - 29,944 Eliminated Democratic Mark Eves 17,887 14.2 % + 1,634 19,521 15.7 % - 19,521 Eliminated Democratic Mark Dion 5,200 4.1 % - 5,200 Eliminated Democratic Diane Russell 2,728 2.2 % - 2,728 Eliminated Democratic Donna Dion 1,596 1.3 % - 1,596 Eliminated Democratic Write - ins 748 0.6 % - 748 Eliminated Total votes 132,250 100.0 % Green Independent primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Withdrawn ( edit ) Jay Parker Dresser , candidate for ME - 02 in 2016 Betsy Marsano , activist Libertarian primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Withdrawn ( edit ) Richard Light Gilbert P. Doughty Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kenneth A. Capron , perennial candidate , systems analyst and fraud investigator ^ ( write - in candidate ) Alan Caron , President and CEO of Envision Maine Aaron D. Chadbourne , writer and activist ^ ( write - in candidate ) Terry Hayes , Maine State Treasurer John Jenkins , former Mayor of Lewiston , former Mayor of Auburn and former Democratic State Senator ^ ( write - in candidate ) Capron and Jenkins failed to qualify for the ballot , but are continuing their campaigns as write - in candidates Chadbourne is a registered Republican , but filed his write - in candidacy on June 14 , 2018 , two days after Shawn Moody won the Republican nomination . Withdrawn ( edit ) Ethan Alcorn , businessman Failed to make ballot ( edit ) Karmo Sanders Declined ( edit ) Eliot Cutler , attorney and candidate for governor in 2010 and 2014 Angus King , U.S. Senator and former governor ( running for re-election ) Peter Vigue , businessman Dick Woodbury , former state senator General Election ( edit ) The general election will use plurality voting , not ranked - choice voting . Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Tossup January 26 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Lean D April 6 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Tossup August 16 , 2018 Daily Kos Tossup May 31 , 2018 Endorsements ( edit ) Endorsements in bold were made after the primaries on June 12 , 2018 show Terry Hayes ( I ) Local and statewide politicians Andrea Boland , former State Representative ( D -- Sanford ) Leslie Fossel , former State Representative ( R -- Alna ) Denise Harlow , State Representative ( I -- Portland ) Norm Higgins , State Representative ( I -- Dover - Foxcroft ) Bryan Kaenrath , former State Representative ( D -- South Portland ) Stanley Short , former State Representative ( D -- Pittsfield ) Ed Suslovic , former Mayor of Portland Individuals Eliot Cutler , attorney and independent candidate for governor ( 2010 and 2014 ) Organizations Unite America show Janet Mills ( D ) Local and statewide politicians Joseph E. Brennan , former Governor of Maine ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , former US Representative for Maine 's 1st congressional district ( 1987 -- 1991 ) , former Maine Attorney General ( 1975 - 1979 ) , nominee for Governor in 1990 and 1994 , nominee for US Senate in 1996 , candidate for Governor in 1974 Lynn Bromley , former State Senator Emily Cain , former State Senator , nominee for ME - 02 in 2014 and 2016 , executive director of EMILY 's List Adam Cote , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Margaret Craven , former State Senator Jerry Davis , former State Representative Mark Dion , State Senator and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Mark Eves , former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Lois Galgay Reckitt , State Representative Dawn Hill , State Senator Helen Rankin , former State Representative Diane Russell , former State Representative and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Betsy Sweet , former director of the Maine Women 's Lobby and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Other individuals Maura Healey , Massachusetts Attorney General Jay Inslee , Governor of Washington , chairman of the Democratic Governors Association Nick Wilson , executive director , Maine Gun Safety Coalition Organizations Emily 's List League of Conservation Voters Planned Parenthood show Shawn Moody ( R ) State and local politicians Rick Bennett , former President of the Maine Senate , former Chair of the Maine Republican Party Ken Fredette , State House Minority Leader , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Garrett Mason , State Senate Majority Leader , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Mary Mayhew , former Director the Maine Department of Health and Human Services Mike Thibodeau , President of the Maine Senate , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Paul LePage , Governor of Maine Other individuals Adrienne Bennett , former spokesperson for Governor Paul LePage Matt DiBenedetto , NASCAR driver Ann LePage , First Lady of Maine Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Shawn Moody ( R ) Janet Mills ( D ) Terry Hayes ( I ) Alan Caron ( I ) Undecided Suffolk University August 2 -- 6 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 39 % 39 % 4 % 3 % 16 % Results ( edit ) Maine gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Independent Alan Caron Independent Terry Hayes Democratic Janet Mills Republican Shawn Moody Total votes See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked choice voting '' . Boston Globe . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Supreme Judicial Court rules ranked - choice voting unconstitutional '' . Bangor Daily News . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Ranked choice voting delayed until 2021 '' . Jump up ^ `` Voters will decide in June whether Maine keeps its ranked - choice voting law '' . Portland Press Herald . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilsen , Ella . `` Maine 's governor is threatening not to certify the results of Tuesday 's primary '' . Vox . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam . `` Maine Gov. Paul LePage ' Probably ' Wo n't Certify Primary Election Results '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Republican Sanford loses in South Carolina after Trump urges his ouster '' . CNBC . Maine Secretary of State Matt Dunlap said the election results would be binding anyway , the Portland Press Herald said . Jump up ^ Steve Benen ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Republican Governors Association exploits its pawn in Maine '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maine lawmakers seek to end strategic voting , ' spoilers ' with petition for ranked - choice voting '' . Bangor Daily News . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the problem with our current voting system ? '' . The Committee for Ranked Choice Voting . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ranked - choice voters submit signatures for ' people 's veto ' ballot initiative '' . February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berman , Russell ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Maine Voters Overrule Their Leaders '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Lawmaker says his bill is n't about Susan Collins running for governor '' . Bangor Daily News . March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collins Says She Is Baffled By Rumor She Is Running For Governor '' . MPBN News . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Janet . `` Susan Collins to Remain in U.S. Senate '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidates for Blaine House signal they might challenge outcome of a ranked - choice vote '' . Portland Press Herald . April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leary , Mal ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` GOP Files Suit To Block Ranked - Choice Voting '' . MPBN . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leary , Mal ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Judge : Maine GOP Must Use Ranked - Choice Voting In Primary '' . MPBN . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Moody announces GOP gubernatorial bid run by LePage insiders '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine House Minority Leader Fredette announces he 's running for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republican Garrett Mason to announce gubernatorial bid this week '' . Bangor Daily News . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mary Mayhew launches campaign to replace LePage in 2018 '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Maine 's first 2018 gubernatorial candidate , but do n't expect him to win '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Maine Senate President Mike Thibodeau quits GOP race to succeed LePage '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Bennett wo n't run for governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Susan Collins planning to run for governor in 2018 ? '' . Bangor Daily News . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Collins declines run for Maine governor '' . Politico . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calder , Amy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Waterville Mayor Nick Isgro considering run for governor '' . Morning Sentinel . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats seek to wipe out the last GOP House member in New England - The Boston Globe '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Michael ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who 's jockeying for a head start in the race to become Maine 's next governor ? '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ken Fredette ( @ KenFredetteME ) ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Proud to have the endorsement of Senator @ marcorubio . And thank you Sen. Rubio for your vote on the tax reform bill which will bring real tax relief to Maine families and businesses ! ! # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Garrett Mason ( @ GarrettMason ) ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ tedcruz for your endorsement ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Newt Gingrich endorses Mary Mayhew . May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm pleased to announce that 28 members of the Maine State Legislature have endorsed my candidacy for Governor ! '' . Twitter . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Lewiston Mayor Bob Macdonald Endorses Mary Mayhew for Governor '' . MayhewForMaine.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrienne Bennett Endorses Mary Mayhew for Governor '' . MayhewForMaine.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Moody ( @ Moody4gov ) ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Happy to receive former GOP State Chairman and Maine Senate President Rick Bennett 's endorsement this morning . Rick agrees we must grow Maine 's economy , ensure fiscal responsibility , and protect our liberties . # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Republican convention delegates hear that Maine governor 's race ' is going to be a war ' '' . Portland Press Herald . May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In a Republican primary that leaves out moderates , Shawn Moody is top choice '' . Bangor Daily News . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/results18.html#nonrank ^ Jump up to : Thistle , Scott ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Maine Attorney General Janet Mills says she 'll run for governor in 2018 '' . Press Herald . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Michael ; Christopher Cousins ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Adam Cote to run for governor in Maine as political outsider '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Grant ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Former mayor announces run for governor '' . The Courier . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Former Maine sheriff enters race for governor as a Democrat '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-speaker Mark Eves launches Maine gubernatorial run '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Portland state Rep. Diane Russell joins governor 's race '' . August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kevin Miller ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Progressive Activist Betsy Sweet announces bid for Maine governor - '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filings for Dominic Anthony Crocitto '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Collins ' support for GOP tax bill could waver if Trump , McConnell ca n't keep promises '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the candidates for Maine 's 2018 governor race '' . Portland Press Herald . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kevin ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Democrat Jim Boyle withdraws from Maine governor 's race '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Shepherd ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday offered a glimmer of hope for solar energy fans '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faircloth Drops Out Of Gubernatorial Race , Endorses Mark Eves '' . WABI 5 . February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Pinet , Kenneth Forrest '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billings , Randy ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Portland 's departing state senators set off a chain reaction '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thistle , Scott ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Alfond rules out run for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Cousins ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King for governor : Horror story or best seller ? '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher Cousins ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATE : King continues attack on LePage , says ' I will not run ' for governor '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Thistle ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Pingree says she wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bukaty , Robert ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lucas St. Clair Says He 's Running for Congress , Shaking Up Democratic Primary Field '' . MPBN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Former Congressman Tom Allen formally endorses @ CoteForMaine in email to Cote supporters # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Justin Alfond ( @ JustinAlfond ) ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Cote is the best choice for Governor , and my first choice to be our Democratic nominee . Please join me in supporting Adam for Governor on June 12th . @ CoteForMaine # mepolitics coteformaine.com/form/180529eom ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Cote Endorsed by Over Two Dozen Local Elected Officials '' . Adam Cote for Governor . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Momentum for Change '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collins , Steve ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Nate Libby throws his support to Adam Cote in race for governor '' . Lewiston Sun Journal . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Stephen S. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Cote is the leader rural Maine needs '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Another big endorsement for @ CoteForMaine as the Maine Council of Machinists , Maine 's largest trade union , has formally endorsed the Democratic candidate for governor . # mepolitcs '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Adam Cote offers Democrats a new path in June primary '' . Bangor Daily News . May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Timothy Simons ( @ timothycsimons ) ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Hey guys . Do n't forget that you can help get big money out of politics by supporting @ SteveDforME . He 's running as a clean elections candidate for governor of Maine , and you can donate at stevedforme.com '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Mark Dion for Governor - Official Campaign Video . April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Lee Endorses Mark Eves for Governor '' . MarkEvesForME.com . March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Eisenhart Drops Out of Democratic Gubernatorial Primary , Endorses Eves Campaign '' . MarkEvesForME.com . March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haskell , Anne ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Maine needs champion of the needy , so choose Mark Eves for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Workers union endorses Mark Eves for governor '' . Fiddlehead Focus . May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Working Families Party ( June 5 , 2018 ) . Maine has three progressive candidates for Governor and a brand new voting system . ^ Jump up to : Janet Mills ( @ JanetMillsforME ) ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm honored to have the endorsement of former AG and Governor , Joe Brennan . `` A lifelong Democrat , a founder of the Maine Women 's Lobby , and a person known and respected in all corners of Maine , Janet Mills will lead Maine with character , compassion and dignity . '' # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bromley , Lynn ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Mills ' vision , values make her best choice for Blaine House '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomorrow , our campaign is hosting a grassroots rally the Maine State Library in Augusta . Emily 's List director Emily Cain , Sen. Dawn Hill , and Sen. Margaret Craven will talk to supporters and voters about Janet 's record fighting for women and working families , and her vision for Maine 's future '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Jerry ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Attorney General Mills was unwavering , effective during time in Legislature '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Janet Mills in South Portland '' . NGPVAN . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Helen ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Experienced , tough Janet Mills would make an excellent governor '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maura Healey ( @ maura_healey ) ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Good luck to my sister in service @ JanetMillsforME on Primary Day ! # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Nick ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Janet Mills a leader for sensible gun laws '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who We Are - Maine Gun Safety Coalition '' . ^ Jump up to : `` EMILY 's List Endorses Janet Mills for Governor of Maine '' . emilyslist.org . January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Former Brunswick Senator Brownie Carson has endorsed Betsy Sweet ( @ Sweet4Governor ) in the gubernatorial race # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Davitt , Clare ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` I had n't done it yet and I should have sooner but I 'm endorsing Sweet For Governor . I hesitated only because of my new position as a public figure and a concern over a complication between my public service where I will work with whomever becomes our next governor and my personal opinions '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mailers -- Betsy Sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` First stop , Waterville ... with the amazing Karen Kusiak and Colleen Madigan ❤ ️ . Here . We . Go '' . Facebook . June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Former State Treasurer Dale McCormick helped me hand out @ Sweet4Governor signs today at the convention ! OG Betsy supporter . # howsweetitis # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Former Portland City Councillor and current VP of @ EqualityMaine Foundation Barb Wood endorses Betsy Sweet ( @ Sweet4Governor ) # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Portland mayor Ethan Strimling ( @ mayorstrim ) endorses Betsy Sweet ( @ Sweet4Governor ) in email to Sweet supporters ahead of this weekend 's Democratic Convention . # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Mike ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Proud to be with these folks ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warren , Charlotte ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Team Sweet ! Just imagine how SWEET it could be ! -- with Alex Michaud , Betsy Sweet and Nasreen Yousef at Public Market House - from Charlotte Warren '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Maine Activist Vows To Protect Water And Native Tribes . February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Marianne. `` 2018 endorsements '' . SisterGiant.com . Jump up ^ Sykes , Kate ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Press Release : Southern Maine DSA Endorses Betsy Sweet in June primary for Maine State Governor '' . SouthernMaineDSA.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/results18.html#nonrank Jump up ^ `` Candidate and Committee Information for Dresser , Jay Parker Lunt '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats might have found the Mainer they want to challenge Poliquin '' . July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Lesson One from GOP debate : It 's still all about LePage '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Light , Richard '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Doughty , Gilbert P '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Capron , Kenneth A , '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Caron may be next to enter 2018 governor 's race '' . Portland Press Herald . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filings for Mr Aaron D. Chadbourne '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Jenkins eyeing possible gubernatorial race '' . Lewiston Sun Journal . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former mayor of both Lewiston and Auburn files to run for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Ethics Commission '' . Jump up ^ `` No joke : Karmo Sanders , the ' Marden 's Lady , ' wants to run for governor '' . MPBN News . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whit Richardson ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Would Eliot Cutler run for governor again ? ' No , I 've taken a vow ' '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mistler , Steve ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` LePage Steps up Criticism of Sen. Angus King '' . Maine Public Broadcasting Network . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will run for governor in 2018 ? '' . Bangor Daily News . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Shawn M. ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Independent Terry Hayes : `` I 'm Beholden to Maine Voters , Not Parties or Wealthy Donors '' `` . IVN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Norm Higgins Endorses Hayes '' . Hayes for Maine . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Hayes Photograph '' . Facebook . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Eliot Cutler is recruiting independents to run for the Maine Legislature '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Centrist Project Sees Opportunity in Maine to Disrupt Two - Party Duopoly - IVN.us '' . May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bottari , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Maine Democrats hold ' unity rally ' for gubernatorial nominee Janet Mills '' . WMTW - TV . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Janet Mills ( @ JanetMillsforME ) ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you to Governor @ JayInslee for joining me today to stand up for Maine people who voted overwhelmingly last year to approve Medicaid expansion . As governor , I will honor their will '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Maine Conservation Voters Action Fund endorses Janet Mills for governor '' . Penobscot Bay Pilot . June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Anthony ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` In an unsurprising but still noteworthy move , @ PPFA has endorsed @ JanetMillsforME # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Thistle , Scott ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Shawn Moody tells Republicans at rally he 'd carry on LePage 's legacy '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WGME ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Shawn Moody unveils new advertisement on NASCAR vehicle '' . WGME - TV . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Maine Secretary of State -- Elections Division Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official campaign websites Kenneth Capron ( I ) for Governor Alan Caron ( I ) for Governor Aaron Chadbourne ( I ) for Governor Terry Hayes ( I ) for Governor John Jenkins ( I ) for Governor Janet Mills ( D ) for Governor Shawn Moody ( R ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Elections and referendums in Maine Gubernatorial elections 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Referendums 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maine_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=856964030 '' Categories : Maine elections , 2018 Maine gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the candidates running for governor of maine | [
"Maine gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nShawn Moody\n\nJanet Mills\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nPaul LePage\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Maine gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nShawn Moody\n\nJanet Mills\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nPaul LePage\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Shawn Moody",
"Janet Mills"
] |
-5965882007131819850 | Can't Fight This Feeling | Ca n't Fight This Feeling - wikipedia Ca n't Fight This Feeling Jump to : navigation , search For the Junior Caldera song , see Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( Junior Caldera song ) . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Single by REO Speedwagon from the album Wheels Are Turnin ' B - side `` Break His Spell '' Released December 31 , 1984 ( UK ) January 23 , 1985 ( US ) Format Vinyl Recorded August 1984 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Kevin Cronin Producer ( s ) Kevin Cronin , Gary Richrath , Alan Gratzer REO Speedwagon singles chronology `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' ( 1984 ) `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' ( 1984 ) `` One Lonely Night '' ( 1985 ) `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' ( 1984 ) `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' ( 1984 ) `` One Lonely Night '' ( 1985 ) `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon . The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23 , 1985 . The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon 's 1984 album Wheels Are Turnin ' . It was the group 's second number - one hit on the U.S. charts ( the first being 1981 's `` Keep on Loving You '' , also written by Kevin Cronin ) and reached number sixteen in the UK . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' has appeared on dozens of ' various artists ' compilation albums , as well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums . REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert ; they were introduced by Chevy Chase , mentioning that the song was a number - one single at the moment in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 In popular culture 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) Two different music videos exist for the song . One is a basic video , appearing almost homemade , featuring the band in the studio . It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano , attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song ( starting off in G major , he later decides he can sing it better in A ) . After Cronin exchanges some laughs with his bandmates , the song officially begins ; the video essentially consists of the band members lip - synching to the original track of the song . It then concludes with Cronin uttering the line , `` That warmed the cockles of my cockles ! '' The other version of the video is much more `` professional , '' and makes various references to the life - cycle . Both videos have been shown at various times on VH1 Classic ( now known as MTV Classic ) . In popular culture ( edit ) It was referred to in The CW show Supernatural , in season 2 episode 5 , `` Simon Said '' . Jo Harvelle turns this song on for Dean Winchester in Harvelle 's Roadhouse . Later , he sings it in the car ( claiming the song had stuck in his head to a very confused Sam Winchester ) . It was also featured in the South Park episode Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy . It was featured prominently in advertisements for the film , Horton Hears a Who ! , and sung by the major characters near the end of the film as the titular character celebrates his vindication and his charges ' salvation . In 2016 , the song was used in the UK and US on ads for Sheba cat food . Personnel ( edit ) REO Speedwagon Kevin Cronin - lead vocals Gary Richrath - guitar Bruce Hall - bass , backing vocals Neal Doughty - keyboards Alan Gratzer - drums , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Canada ( CHUM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( The Record ) 5 Canadian RPM Singles Chart Germany Media Control Charts 34 Irish Singles Chart 5 Radio Luxemburg Singles 13 New Zealand Singles Chart 33 Poland ( LP3 ) 21 South African Singles Chart 8 Swedish Singles Chart 15 UK Singles Chart 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary US Top Rock Tracks 5 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks 89 US Cash Box US Radio & Records ( R&R ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Rock Digital Songs 32 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 33 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 33 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Cash Box 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/reo-speedwagon-mn0000327735/biography Jump up ^ List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 Jump up ^ `` Reo Speedwagon Artist '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon , Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( Appears On ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon , Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( version 2 : performance ) '' . YouTube . 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon , Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( version 1 ) '' . YouTube . 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural - Dean Winchester sings REO Speedwagon '' . YouTube . 2007 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! ( Ca n't Fight This Feeling ) '' . YouTube . 2008 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ REO Speedwagon , Wheels are Turnin ' . Sony Music Entertainment . 1984 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1475 -- Saturday , March 30 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary : April 6 , 1985 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 42 , No. 5 , April 13 , 1985 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. April 13 , 1985 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon - Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . officialcharts.de . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart '' . The Irish Charts . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Note : REO Speedwagon must be searched manually . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon Singles '' . umdmusic.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling - R.E.O. Speedwagon '' ( in Polish ) . LP3 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling in South African Chart '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK album and singles database '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Note : REO Speedwagon must be searched manually . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2012 . Menomonee Falls , WI : Record Research , Inc. p. 703 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 205 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Artist Chart History -- REO Speedwagon '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 23 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ REO Speedwagon Jump up ^ Charts ! Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Rock Digital Songs for REO Speedwagon . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 43 , No. 16 , December 28 , 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1985 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- REO Speedwagon -- Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- R.E.O. Speedwagon -- Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Chart successions Preceded by `` Careless Whisper '' by Wham ! featuring George Michael Billboard Hot 100 number one single March 9 , 1985 - March 23 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` One More Night '' by Phil Collins Preceded by `` Careless Whisper '' by Wham ! featuring George Michael US Cash Box number - one single March 9 , 1985 - March 23 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Material Girl '' by Madonna Preceded by `` Shout '' by Tears for Fears Canadian RPM number - one single April 13 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Tears Are Not Enough '' by Northern Lights REO Speedwagon Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Alan Gratzer Mike Blair Joe Matt Gregg Philbin Terry Luttrell Bob Crownover Joe McCabe Marty Shepard Bill Fiorio Steve Scorfina Gary Richrath Mike Murphy Graham Lear Miles Joseph Carla Day Melanie Jackson Jesse Harms Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon R.E.O. / T.W.O. Ridin ' the Storm Out Lost in a Dream This Time We Mean It R.E.O. You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Nine Lives Hi Infidelity Good Trouble Wheels Are Turnin ' Life as We Know It The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken Building the Bridge Find Your Own Way Home Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon Live albums Live : You Get What You Play For Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Extended Versions Hi Infidelity Then Again ... Live Setlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon Live Live in Germany 1982 Live Chicago 1979 Live At Moondance Jam Metro Center Rockford Illinois , 15th July 1983 Compilation albums A Decade of Rock and Roll 1970 to 1980 Best Foot Forward The Hits The Second Decade of Rock and Roll 1981 to 1991 Keep On Loving You -- Best Starbox Believe in Rock and Roll Only The Strong Survive Premium Best The Ballads Take It On The Run Simply The Best Keep On Rollin ' The Essential REO Speedwagon Rock Breakout Years : 1981 Collections Greatest Hits , Steel Box Collection Playlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon The Box Set Series Singles `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' `` Reelin ' '' `` Keep Pushin ' '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' ( live ) `` Roll with the Changes '' `` Time for Me to Fly '' `` Only the Strong Survive '' `` Keep On Loving You '' `` Take It on the Run '' `` Do n't Let Him Go '' `` In Your Letter '' `` Tough Guys '' `` Out of Season '' `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' `` Sweet Time '' `` The Key '' `` Stillness of the Night '' `` Good Trouble '' `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' `` One Lonely Night '' `` Live Every Moment '' `` Wherever You 're Goin ' ( It 's Alright ) '' `` That Ai n't Love '' `` Variety Tonight '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Here with Me '' `` Live It Up '' `` Love Is a Rock '' `` I Needed to Fall '' `` Find Your Own Way Home '' `` Ca n't Stop Rockin '' ( W Styx ) Video albums FM Live Infidelity Wheels are Turnin ' A Video Anthology 1978 -- 1990 Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Real Artist Working Live Aid ( 1985 ) XM Artists Confidential PBS `` SoundStage '' Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon , The Yule Log DVD Out of Nowhere : Champaign Music Scene Documentary Live in Germany 1982 Live at Moondance Jam Related articles Discography Book : REO Speedwagon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Fight_This_Feeling&oldid=800838197 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1985 singles REO Speedwagon songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles 1980s ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Kevin Cronin 1984 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Gary Richrath Song recordings produced by Kevin Cronin Rock ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 00 : 18 . About Wikipedia | who sings i can't fight this feeling | [
"\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad[2] performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985.[3]"
] | [
"REO Speedwagon"
] |
2334831805102575071 | Wheeler Peak (New Mexico) | Wheeler Peak ( New Mexico ) - wikipedia Wheeler Peak ( New Mexico ) For other summits , see Wheeler Peak . Wheeler Peak Wheeler Peak Highest point Elevation 13,167 ft ( 4,013 m ) NAVD 88 Prominence 3,409 ft ( 1,039 m ) Parent peak Vermejo Peak Listing North America highest peaks 119th US highest major peaks 98th U.S. state high point 8th Coordinates 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.556855136 ° N 105.416947028 ° W / 36.556855136 ; - 105.416947028 Coordinates : 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.556855136 ° N 105.416947028 ° W / 36.556855136 ; - 105.416947028 Geography Wheeler Peak Location Taos County , New Mexico , U.S. Parent range Taos Mountains Topo map USGS Wheeler Peak Climbing Easiest route Williams Lake Wheeler Peak and surrounding peaks , viewed from Eagle Nest , New Mexico Wheeler Peak is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is located northeast of Taos and south of Red River in the northern part of the state , and just 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) southeast of the ski slopes of Taos Ski Valley . It lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains . The peak 's elevation is 13,167 feet ( 4,013 m ) . Formerly named Taos Peak , after the nearby town of Taos , New Mexico , it was renamed Wheeler Peak in 1950 . A plaque at the summit states that the mountain was : Named in honor of Major George Montague Wheeler ( 1842 -- 1905 ) who for ten years led a party of surveyors and naturalists collecting geologic , biologic , planimetric and topographic data in New Mexico and six other southwestern states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nearby peaks and features 2 Climbing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Nearby peaks and features ( edit ) Just north of Wheeler Peak is Mount Walter . At 13,141 feet ( 4,005 m ) it is the second highest named summit in New Mexico , but it is not usually considered an independent peak as it has only about 53 feet ( 16 m ) of topographic prominence . It is sometimes mistaken for Wheeler Peak , since it is along the standard route to Wheeler . Lake Fork Peak at 12,881 feet ( 3,926 m ) lies just across Williams Lake and to the west of Wheeler Mountain . Taos Ski Valley lies to the northwest of Wheeler Peak , while both the town of Taos and Taos Pueblo are about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the southwest . Wheeler Peak is the focus of the 19,661 - acre ( 79.57 km ) Wheeler Peak Wilderness area in the Carson National Forest . Much of the mountain area just south of the peak is on Taos Pueblo land . Some 48,000 acres ( 190 km ) was returned to the pueblo from the Carson National Forest in 1970 and another 764 acres ( 3.09 km ) in 1996 . Climbing ( edit ) The standard route on Wheeler Peak is along the north ridge . The route starts at the parking lot for Taos Ski Valley , and proceeds east along an old road to a broad saddle at Bull - of - the - Woods Meadow . It then turns south and winds its way among minor peaks and small valleys to gain Wheeler Peak from the north , going over the summit of Mount Walter along the way . This is a practical route , even in winter , due to low ( but nonzero ) avalanche exposure . An alternate route is to hike south from Taos Ski Valley to Williams Lake , then take a newly constructed switchback trail to the top . This trail was completed in 2011 by a Forest Service trail crew from the Gallatin National Forest , 8 people working 12 hours per day , building 4 miles of new trail with hand tools to the top in 14 days . Another alternate route is to begin from the nearby ski resort of Red River . From the town of Red River drive 6.4 miles south on NM 578 , then 1.3 miles on FR 58 to the trailhead parking area . From the parking area Wheeler peak is about 7 miles on Forest Trail 91 . This route passes two alpine lakes , Lost Lake and Horseshoe Lake . Wheeler Peak has a summit register as do many major western peaks . Panorama from Wheeler Peak See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal California portal Mountains portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of the United States List of U.S. states by elevation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wheeler '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak , New Mexico '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Julyan , Bob ; Tom Till ( 1999 ) . New Mexico 's Wilderness Areas : The Complete Guide . Westcliffe Publishers . p. 73 . ISBN 1 - 56579 - 291 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Public Law 104 - 333 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWheeler Peakat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Wheeler Peak '' . SummitPost.org . `` Wheeler Peak Wilderness '' . U.S. Forest Service . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain Highest Natural Points of U.S. States and Selected Additional Areas Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Additional Areas American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State of New Mexico Santa Fe ( capital ) Topics Index Census - designated places Cuisine Bizcochito Chile Culture Delegations Geography Government History Nuevo México Territory Landmarks Military National Guard Civil War World War II Music New Mexico music New Mexicans Hispanos Pueblos and Tribes Paleontology Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of New Mexico Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Apachian zone Central New Mexico Chicoma Mountain Chihuahuan Desert Colorado Plateau Eastern New Mexico Llano Estacado Manzano Mountains Mogollon Plateau Northern New Mexico Permian Basin Rio Grande Rocky Mountains San Juan Basin San Luis Valley Sandia Mountains Shortgrass prairie Sangre de Cristo Mountains Wheeler Peak ( highest point ) Southwestern New Mexico Cities Alamogordo Albuquerque ( Metropolitan Area ) Artesia Carlsbad Clovis Corrales Deming Española Farmington Gallup Grants Hobbs Las Cruces Las Vegas Los Alamos Los Lunas Lovington Portales Raton Rio Rancho Roswell Ruidoso Santa Fe Silver City Socorro Sunland Park Taos Tucumcari Counties See : List of counties in New Mexico Bernalillo Catron Chaves Cibola Colfax Curry De Baca Doña Ana Eddy Grant Guadalupe Harding Hidalgo Lea Lincoln Los Alamos Luna McKinley Mora Otero Quay Rio Arriba Roosevelt San Juan San Miguel Sandoval Santa Fe Sierra Socorro Taos Torrance Union Valencia Mountains of New Mexico Big Burro Mountains Soldiers Farewell Hill Big Hatchet Mountains Big Hatchet Peak Black Range Black Mountain ( Catron County ) McKnight Mountain Chuska Mountains Beautiful Mountain Cookes Range Massacre Peak Jemez Mountains Cerro Grande Chicoma Mountain Redondo Peak Magdalena Mountains South Baldy Manzano Mountains Manzano Peak Mogollon Mountains Mogollon Baldy Whitewater Baldy Organ Mountains Organ Needle Peloncillo Mountains Steins Peak Pyramid Mountains Pyramid Peak Raton - Clayton Volcanic Field Capulin Volcano Sierra Grande Sacramento Mountains Cathey Peak San Andres Mountains Salinas Peak San Augustin Mountains San Mateo Mountains ( Cibola County ) Mount Taylor West Blue Mountain Sangre de Cristo Mountains Cimarron Range Baldy Mountain ( Colfax County ) Mount Phillips Taos Mountains Venado Peak Wheeler Peak Others Baldy Mountain ( Taos County ) Hermit Peak Santa Fe Baldy Truchas Peak Mount Walter Zuni Mountains Haystack Mountain Mount Sedgwick Others Aden Crater Alamo Hueco Mountains Animas Mountains Brazos Mountains Caballo Mountains Canjilón Mountain Canyon Creek Mountains Capitan Mountains Capulin Peak Cedar Mountain Range Datil Mountains Dirty Point Doña Ana Mountains Eagle Peak East Potrillo Mountains Elephant Butte ( Hidalgo County ) Elephant Butte ( Sierra County ) Fajada Butte Florida Mountains Fra Cristobal Range Franklin Mountains Granite Peak Guadalupe Mountains Guadalupe Mountains ( Hidalgo County ) Hosta Butte Hueco Mountains Huérfano Mountain Jicarilla Mountains Jornada del Muerto Volcano Ladron Peak Little Burro Mountains Little Hatchet Mountains Luera Mountains Nacimiento Mountains North Oscura Peak Ocate Peak Ortiz Mountains Picacho Mountain Robledo Mountains San Antonio Mountain San Mateo Mountains ( Socorro County ) Sandia Mountains Sierra Aguilada Sierra Blanca Sierra de las Uvas West Potrillo Mountains Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Peak_(New_Mexico)&oldid=830626841 '' Categories : Mountains of New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains Landforms of Taos County , New Mexico Highest points of U.S. states Carson National Forest North American 4000 m summits Mountains of Taos County , New Mexico Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Nederlands پنجابی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 00 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the highest elevation in new mexico | [
"Wheeler Peak is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is located northeast of Taos and south of Red River in the northern part of the state, and just 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of the ski slopes of Taos Ski Valley. It lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains. The peak's elevation is 13,167 feet (4,013 m).\n"
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"Wheeler Peak"
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6646774510893601633 | Norse activity in the British Isles | Norse activity in the British Isles - wikipedia Norse activity in the British Isles Jump to : navigation , search See also : Viking expansion § British Isles , Viking Age § Northwestern Europe , and Invasions of the British Isles § Viking raids and invasions The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Norse activity in the British Isles occurred during the Early Medieval period when members of the Norse populations of Scandinavia travelled to Britain and Ireland to settle , trade or raid . The Norse peoples who came to the British Isles have been generally referred to as Vikings , but it is a matter of debate if the term Viking represented all Norse settlers or just those who raided . At the start of the Early Medieval period , Norse kingdoms of Scandinavia had developed trade links across southern Europe and the Mediterranean , giving them access to foreign imports such as silver , gold , bronze and spices . These trade links also extended westward into Ireland and the British Isles . In the last decade of the 8th century AD , Norse raiders sacked a series of Christian monasteries located in what is now the United Kingdom , beginning in 793 , with a raid on the coastal monastery of Lindisfarne on the east coast of England . The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth - Jarrow Abbey , and in 795 they attacked again , raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland 's west coast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Scandinavia 2 Viking raids : 793 -- 850 AD 2.1 Treasure hoards 3 Invasion and Danelaw : 865 -- 896 3.1 England 3.2 Norse settlement in the British Isles 4 Second invasion : 980 -- 1012 4.1 England 5 Invasions of 1066 6 Evidence 6.1 Written records 6.2 Archaeological evidence 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) During the Early Medieval period , Ireland and Britain were culturally , linguistically and religiously divided into various peoples . The languages of the Celtic Britons and Gaels were descended from the Celtic languages spoken by those of Iron Age Europe . In Ireland , parts of western Scotland , as well as the Isle of Man , people were speaking an early form of Gaelic known as Old Irish . There may have been another pre-Indo - European language spoken by the Erainn up until the 8th century in what is today Kerry , but this is likely to have been Celtic or some other Indo - European language . In Western Britain , which includes ; Cornwall , Cumbria , Wales , and Southwest Scotland , the Celtic Brythonic languages were spoken , with modern descendants such as Welsh and Cornish still being used . In Northern Britain , past the Forth and Clyde rivers which constitutes a large portion of modern - day Scotland , dwelled the Picts who spoke the Pictish language . Due to the scarcity of writing in Pictish , all of which can be found in Ogham , views are conflicted as to whether Pictish was Celtic like the southernly languages , or perhaps even a non-Indo - European language like Basque . However , most inscriptions and place names hint towards the Picts being Celtic in language and culture . Most peoples of Britain and Ireland had already predominantly converted to Christianity from their older , pre-Christian polytheistic religions . In contrast to the rest of the isles though , much of southern Britain was considered to be part of Anglo - Saxon England , where Anglo - Saxon migrants from continental Europe had settled during the 5th century CE , bringing with them their own Germanic language ( known as Old English ) , a polytheistic religion ( Anglo - Saxon paganism ) and their own distinct cultural practices . By the time of the Viking incursions though , Anglo - Saxon England had too become mostly Christian . The Isle of Man had supported its own agrarian population , but it is widely believed that it was Brythonic - speaking before Old Irish ( later to become Manx ) spread there . Gaelicisation could have taken place before the Viking age or perhaps during it , when the area was settled by Norse - Gaels who practised their own culture . In northern Britain , in the area roughly corresponding to modern - day Scotland , lived three distinct ethnic groups in their own respective kingdoms ; the Picts , Scots and Britons . The Pictish cultural group dominated the majority of Scotland , with major populations concentrated between the Firth of Forth and the River Dee , as well as in Sutherland , Caithness , and Orkney . The Scots were , according to written sources , a tribal group which had crossed to Britain from Dalriada in the north of Ireland during the late 5th century . Archaeologists have not been able to identify anything that was unique to the kingdom of the Scots , noting similarities with the Picts in most forms of material culture . The Britons were those dwelling in the Old North , in parts of what have become southern Scotland and northern England , and by the 7th or 8th centuries , had apparently come under the political control of the Anglo - Saxons . By the mid-9th century , Anglo - Saxon England was divided into four separate and independent kingdoms ; East Anglia , Wessex , Northumbria , and Mercia , the latter of which was the strongest military power . Between half a million and a million people lived in England at this time , with society being rigidly hierarchical . This class system had a king and his ealdormen at the top , under whom were the thegns , or landholders , and then the various forms of agricultural workers below them . Beneath all of these was a class of slaves , who may have made up as much as a quarter of the population . The majority of the populace lived in the countryside , although a few large towns had developed , namely London and York , which were centres of royal and ecclesiastical administration . There was also a number of trading ports , such as Hamwic and Ipswich , where foreign trade took place . Scandinavia ( edit ) A 20th century replica of a Viking longship , known as the Hugin Society in 8th century Scandinavia was , unlike parts of the British Isles , still pre-literate , existing in the final stages of European prehistory , known to archaeologists as the Iron Age . In Scandinavia , the 8th century proved to be `` a period of rapid technological , economic and social development '' which would lead the region out of the Iron Age and into what has come to be known as the Viking Age . At the start of the Early Mediaeval period , the Norse populations saw themselves primarily as inhabitants of specific locations , such as Jutland , Vestfold and Hordaland . It would only be in the later centuries that the national identities would develop amongst the Scandinavians , dividing them into such national groups as the Danes , Swedes and Norwegians . The Late Iron Age peoples of Scandinavia had not yet been converted to Christianity as the peoples of Britain and Ireland had , and instead followed Norse paganism , a polytheistic set of beliefs that revered such deities as Odin , Thor , Frey and Freyja . Scandinavian society was heavily dependent on fishing herring , and when that failed , the seafaring Norse sailors turned to navigating around much of Europe during the Early Mediaeval period . The Norse populations of Scandinavia had developed trade links with many areas of Europe , obtaining large quantities of gold in the late 5th century , most of which had been found in Sweden , and to a lesser extent , Norway . Viking raids : 793 -- 850 AD ( edit ) In the final decade of the 8th century AD , Norse raiders attacked a series of Christian monasteries located in the British Isles . In the British Isles , Christian monasteries had often been positioned on small islands and in other remote coastal areas so that the monks could dwell there in seclusion , devoting themselves to worship without the interference of other elements of society . At the same time , it made them isolated and unprotected targets for attack . Historian Peter Hunter Blair remarked that the Viking raiders would have been astonished `` at finding so many communities which housed considerable wealth and whose inhabitants carried no arms . '' These raids would have been the first contact many Norsemen had with Christianity , but such attacks were not specifically anti-Christian in nature , rather the monasteries were simply seen as ' easy targets ' for raiders . Lo , it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land , and never before has such a terror appeared as we have now suffered from a pagan race , nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made . Behold the church of St Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God , despoiled of all its ornaments . Archbishop Alcuin of York on the sacking of Lindisfarne . The first known account of a Viking raid taking place in Anglo - Saxon England comes from 789 , when three ships from Hordaland ( in modern Norway ) landed in the Isle of Portland on the southern coast of Wessex . They were approached by the royal reeve from Dorchester , whose job it was to identify all foreign merchants entering the kingdom , and they proceeded to kill him . It is likely that other raids ( the records for which have since been lost ) occurred soon after , for in 792 King Offa of Mercia began to make arrangements for the defence of Kent from raids perpetrated by `` pagan peoples '' . The next recorded attack against the Anglo - Saxons came the following year , in 793 , when the monastery at Lindisfarne , an island off England 's eastern coast , was sacked by a Viking raiding party on 8 June . The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth - Jarrow Abbey . In 795 they once again attacked , this time raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland 's west coast . This monastery would be attacked again in 802 and 806 , when 68 people dwelling there were killed . Following such devastation , the monastic community at Iona abandoned the site and fled instead to Kells in Ireland . In the first decade of the 9th century AD , Viking raiders began to attack coastal districts along Ireland . In 835 , the first major Viking raid in southern England took place and was directed against the Isle of Sheppey . Treasure hoards ( edit ) Various hoards of treasure were buried in England at this time , some of which may have been deposited by Anglo - Saxons attempting to hide their wealth from Viking raiders , and some of which may have instead been buried by the Viking raiders themselves as a way of protecting their looted treasure . One of these hoards , discovered in Croydon ( historically part of Surrey , now part of Greater London ) in 1862 , contained 250 coins , three silver ingots and part of a fourth as well as four pieces of hack silver in a linen bag . Archaeologists interpret this as loot collected by a member of the Viking army . By dating the artefacts , archaeologists came to believe that it was likely that this hoard had been buried in 872 , when the army wintered in London . The coins themselves came from a wide range of different kingdoms , with Wessex , Mercian and East Anglian examples found alongside foreign imports from Carolingian - dynasty Francia and from the Arab world . Not all such Viking hoards in England contain coins , however -- for example , at Bowes Moor , Durham , 19 silver ingots were discovered , whilst at Orton Scar , Cumbria , a silver neck - ring and penannular brooch were uncovered . The historian Peter Hunter Blair believed that the success of the Viking raids and the `` complete unpreparedness of Britain to meet such attacks '' became major factors in the subsequent Norse invasions and colonisation of large parts of the British Isles . Invasion and Danelaw : 865 -- 896 ( edit ) From 865 the Norse attitude towards the British Isles changed , as they began to see it as a place for potential colonisation rather than simply a place to raid . As a result of this , larger armies began arriving on Britain 's shores , with the intention of conquering land and constructing settlements there . England ( edit ) Main article : Danelaw Viking invasions of England Great Heathen Army ( 865 -- 78 ) Englefield Reading Ashdown Basing Marton Edington / Ethandun Cynwit The Danelaw Buttington First Stamford The Holme Tettenhall Tempsford Derby Second Stamford Corbridge Brunanburh Stainmore Maldon First Alton St Brice 's Day Pinhoe Ringmere Cnut 's invasion ( 1015 -- 16 ) Assandun Brentford Harald 's invasion ( 1066 ) Fulford Stamford Bridge In 866 , Norse armies captured York , one of the two major cities in Anglo - Saxon England . In 871 , King Æthelred of Wessex , who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings , died and was succeeded to the throne by his younger brother , Alfred the Great . Meanwhile , many Anglo - Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands , and handed over land to the invading Norse settlers . In 876 , the Northumbrian monarch Healfdene gave up his lands to them , and in the next four years they gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well . King Alfred continued his conflict with the invading forces , but was driven back into Somerset in the south - west of his kingdom in 878 , where he was forced to take refuge in the marshes of Athelney . Alfred regrouped his military forces and defeated the armies of the Norse monarch of East Anglia , Guthrum , at the Battle of Edington . Following Guthrum 's defeat , in 886 the Treaty of Wedmore was signed between the ( Norse - controlled ) East Anglian and Wessex governments that established a boundary between the two kingdoms . The area to the north and east of this boundary became known as the Danelaw because it was under the control of Norse political influence , whilst those areas south and west of it remained under Anglo - Saxon dominance . Alfred 's government set about constructing a series of defended towns or burhs , began the construction of a navy and organised a militia system whereby half of his peasant army remained on active service . Although there were continuous attacks on Wessex by new Viking armies , the kingdom 's new defences proved a success and in 896 the invaders dispersed , instead settling in East Anglia and Northumbria , with some instead sailing to Normandy . Alfred 's policy of opposing the Viking settlers was continued under the regime of his daughter Æthelflæd , who married Æthelred , Ealdorman of Mercia , and also under the regime of her brother Edward the Elder . In 920 the Northumbrian government and the Scots governments both submitted to the military power of Wessex , and in 937 the Battle of Brunanburh led to the collapse of Norse power in northern Britain . In 954 Erik Bloodaxe , the last Norse King of York , was expelled from the city . Norse settlement in the British Isles ( edit ) The early Norse settlers in Anglo - Saxon England would have appeared visibly different from the Anglo - Saxon populace , wearing specifically Scandinavian styles of jewellery , and probably also wearing their own peculiar styles of clothing as well . There was also a difference in the style of hair worn by Norse and Anglo - Saxon men , with the former typically wearing a hair style that was shaved at the back and left shaggy on the front , whilst in contrast to this the latter typically wore their hair long . Second invasion : 980 -- 1012 ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's domains , in red England ( edit ) Under the reign of Wessex King Edgar the Peaceful , England came to be further politically unified , with Edgar coming to be recognized as the king of all England by both Anglo - Saxon and Norse populations living in the country . However , under the regimes of his son Edward the Martyr , who was murdered in 978 , and then Æthelred the Unready , the political strength of the English monarchy waned , and in 980 Viking raiders from Scandinavia once more started making attacks against England . The English government decided that the only way of dealing with these attackers was to pay them protection money , and so in 991 they gave them £ 10,000 . This fee did not prove to be enough , and over the next decade the English kingdom was forced to pay the Viking attackers increasingly large sums of money . Many English began to demand that a more hostile approach be taken against the Vikings , and so , on St Brice 's Day in 1002 , King Æthelred proclaimed that all Danes living in England would be executed . It would come to be known as the St. Brice 's Day massacre . The news of the massacre reached King Sweyn Forkbeard in Denmark . It is believed that Sweyn 's sister Gunhilde could have been among the victims , which prompted Sweyn to raid England the following year where Exeter was burned down . Hampshire , Wiltshire , Wilton and Salisbury also became victims to the viking revenge attack . Sweyn continued his raid in England and in 1004 his viking army looted East Anglia , plundered Thetford and sacked Norwich , before he once again returned to Denmark . Further raids took place in 1006 -- 1007 , and in 1009 -- 1012 Thorkell the Tall led a Viking invasion into England . In 1013 Sweyn Forkbeard returned to invade England with a large army , and Æthelred fled to Normandy , leading Sweyn to take the English throne . Sweyn died within a year however , and so Æthelred returned , but in 1016 another Norse army invaded , this time under the control of the Danish King Cnut son of Sweyn Forkbeard . After defeating Anglo -- Saxon forces at the Battle of Assandun , Cnut became king of England , subsequently ruling over both the Danish and English kingdoms . Following Cnut 's death in 1035 , the two kingdoms were once more declared independent and remained so apart from a short period from 1040 to 1042 when Cnut 's son Harthacnut ascended the English throne . Invasions of 1066 ( edit ) The Battle of Fulford took place at Fulford near York , on 20 September 1066 , when an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway and Tostig Godwinson , his English ally , fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar . When King Harold II of England heard of this defeat he marched his English army from the south coast of England to meet the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge . The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near the village of Stamford , East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066 . The Norwegian invasion was repelled but before the English Army had fully recovered , the Normans -- under the leadership of Duke William II of Normandy ( William the Conqueror ) -- invaded Anglo - Saxon England . William defeated Harold II of England 's army at the Battle of Hastings . Evidence ( edit ) Written records ( edit ) Archaeologists James Graham - Campbell and Colleen E. Batey noted that there was a lack of historical sources discussing the earliest Viking encounters with the British Isles , which would have most probably been amongst the northern island groups , those closest to Scandinavia . The Irish Annals provide us with accounts of much Norse activity during the 9th and 10th centuries . The Viking raids that affected Anglo - Saxon England were primarily documented in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , a collection of annals initially written in the late 9th century , most probably in the Kingdom of Wessex during the reign of Alfred the Great . The Chronicle is however a biased source , acting as a piece of `` wartime propaganda '' written on behalf of the Anglo - Saxon forces against their Norse opponents , and in many cases greatly exaggerates the size of the Norse fleets and armies , thereby making any Anglo - Saxon victories against them seem more heroic . Archaeological evidence ( edit ) The Norse settlers in the British Isles left remains of their material culture behind , which archaeologists have been able to excavate and interpret during the 20th and 21st centuries . Such Norse evidence in Britain consists primarily of Norse burials undertaken in Shetland , Orkney , the Western Isles , the Isle of Man , Ireland and the north - west of England . Archaeologists James Graham - Campbell and Colleen E. Batey remarked that it was on the Isle of Man where Norse archaeology was `` remarkably rich in quality and quantity '' . However , as archaeologist Julian D. Richards commented , Scandinavians in Anglo - Saxon England `` can be elusive to the archaeologist '' because many of their houses and graves are indistinguishable from those of the other populations living in the country . For this reason , historian Peter Hunter Blair noted that in Britain , the archaeological evidence for Norse invasion and settlement was `` very slight compared with the corresponding evidence for the Anglo - Saxon invasions '' of the 5th century . See also ( edit ) Kingdom of the Isles Scandinavian Scotland Orkney Earldom of Orkney History of Shetland Orkneyinga saga Viking Age Category : Norse activity in Scotland References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keynes 1999 . p. 460 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . pp. 56 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Blair 2003 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Blair 2003 . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ DeVries . The Norwegian Invasion . pp. 255 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blair , Peter Hunter ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Anglo - Saxon England ( Third Edition ) . Cambridge , UK and New York City , USA : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53777 - 3 . Crawford , Barbara E. ( 1987 ) . Scandinavian Scotland . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Leicester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7185 - 1282 - 8 . DeVries , Kelly ( 2003 ) . The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 . Woodbridge , Suffolk : Boydell Press . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 027 - 2 . Graham - Campbell , James & Batey , Colleen E. ( 1998 ) . Vikings in Scotland : An Archaeological Survey . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 0641 - 2 . Richards , Julian D. ( 1991 ) . Viking Age England . London : B.T. Batsford and English Heritage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6520 - 4 . Keynes , Simon ( 1999 ) . `` Vikings '' . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England ( Eds : Michael Lapidge , John Blair , Simon Keynes and Donald Scragg ) . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 460 -- 61 . External links ( edit ) BBC History - The Vikings ( hide ) Vikings Viking Age Culture Old Norse language Norse pantheon Norse mythology Norse religion Norsemen Danegeld Berserker Homelands and colonies Sweden Norway Denmark Iceland Greenland Vinland Faroe Islands Orkney Islands Shetland Islands Finland Danelaw Normandy North Sea Empire History Viking expansion British Isles Scotland Battles Tactics and warfare Sack of Paris Siege of Paris Brunanburh Cnut the Great 's Invasion of England Stamford Bridge Arms and armour and fortifications Halberd Atgeir Skeggöx Dane axe Sword Ulfberht Ingelrii Ring fortress Historical figures Erik the Red Leif Erikson Snorri Sturluson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norse_activity_in_the_British_Isles&oldid=803214249 '' Categories : Viking Age in the British Isles Anglo - Norse England Norse activity in Scotland Hidden categories : Articles needing more viewpoints from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the vikings first reach the shores of britain | [
"In the last decade of the 8th century AD, Norse raiders sacked a series of Christian monasteries located in what is now the United Kingdom, beginning in 793, with a raid on the coastal monastery of Lindisfarne on the east coast of England. The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and in 795 they attacked again, raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland's west coast.[5]"
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"793"
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